Hi, my name is Tracy Tokahama Espinosa and this is a video on part one, how COVID has changed assessment, evaluation, feedback, curriculum, time and space in the student profile and education. I'm a professor at Harvard University's Extension School. I teach a course called the Neuroscience of Learning, an Introduction to Mind, Brain, Health and Education, and this video is based on my new book, Bringing the Neuroscience of Learning to Online Teaching. This is a flipped conference video, so this means that we're going to be asking you to watch this video, send in your questions, come ready to discuss some of the questions that we're going to pull from your ideas in the synchronous encounter so that we can sort of debate and pull these apart a little bit further. Then we'll follow up using a reflection and extending your knowledge through some bundles or many library references. So today, as promised, we've already presented the problem and the opportunities posed by COVID. We've introduced the book and now we're going to be focusing in on four of those topics. As we do this, I'm just keep a pen handy and note down any ideas that come to you because we are going to ask you to send those in to have a reflection and maybe debate and discuss these ideas a little bit more profoundly when we're together in the synchronous meeting. So typically, I'm not saying that your schools do this, but a typical way that we used to relate the concepts of assessment of evaluation and feedback, which are different, but part of a similar type of process, is that we would use assessment to basically diagnose and get a baseline of where a student might be starting. And then we would go through a standardized test, for example. Then we do activities, we'd give them feedback and eventually after some formative evaluation, we'll have a summative test that would sort of sum up what is that child's ability, A, B, C, D, 90%, 70%, did he actually master a standard, for example. Now, as I say, many of you might not follow this particular baseline structure, but it was brought into question by COVID because we began to look at this idea of standardized testing because it began to be halted. We couldn't put large numbers of kids into the same room to give them a timed test. Through into the spotlight, the way we do testing, and in the United States, the kids take an average of 112 tests, K12, that's a whole lot of testing time and days lost to testing. There are entire school districts that finish their school year in April because kids have to test in May. Back to the day when I was in school, I think I remember we went all the way to the end of June, but that no longer seems to be the case. So we've sort of shortened the school year to accommodate for testing, which can serve a certain purpose, but it does make us question our tools, mainly because multiple choice tests do not evaluate all of the competencies that we hope to have in school. So if we think about our objectives, what is it that we hope to achieve at the end of the day? Many schools have mission statements, right? And they are full, full of characteristics and attitudes, almost nothing with the knowledge and skills, but they do take a lot about attitudes. They talk about kids who love learning or who dare to err and they innovate and they enjoy learning and that they maximize their own potential and their lifelong learners and all of these wonderful things. But then we measure that how by giving a test. Now, that is really questionable because we know if all learning, anything you learn, school out of school, in school or out of school, it's knowledge, dates, facts, formulas, Google-able stuff, right? Skills, the ability to apply the knowledge and or attitudes. So we know knowledge, skills and attitudes play into all of this, but if we're only using multiple choice tests, it's pretty clear we are not actually measuring the competencies we're after. So we just have to acknowledge if all we're looking for dates, facts, formulas, terrific. Let's keep up with a standardized task. But if we're looking at skill sets and attitudinal changes, we have to sort of modify our tools. So this brings into question what are the options? I was told by one of the people who runs the 3D transcript consortium who are trying to look at alternative ways of testing that universities are actually really open to the idea of doing things sort of differently. You still kind of get this resistance at K-12 because they say, well, in order to get into university, the norm is you have to take a test. Well, when the SATs sort of got slammed by COVID, when people couldn't go to the test, almost 60% of students who signed up from couldn't actually take them, universities dropped the requirement. And many of them said for good. Many of them said they will be either optional or they'll be faded out over time, which is a fascinating idea. Now this opened the door back up to these conversations with universities about alternative measurements. What else could we use to say a kid deserves to go on to university aside from a standardized test? And many universities have already been accepting things like e-portfolios, they love that. But what schools were really discovering during the pandemic is the utility of e-portfolios. They could be used, for example, by more actors. Kids from one grade level to another grade level, the teachers could actually follow progress over grade levels or parents could be showing these things or students themselves could actually see their progress and growth. And so there were benefits in terms of actors. There was also benefits in terms of not just measuring a final product, the end number or score on a test, but looking at a kid's process and progress over time. How did that kid evolve to be the engineer he is today or the artist that he has become? How do we see these milestones throughout his lifetime that point to that? And so measuring an e-portfolio goes way beyond what a standardized test would because it does measure the individual over time, something that a standardized test wouldn't be able to do. So e-portfolios have been around before the pandemic, but what was very interesting is that they got picked up in use during the pandemic because standardized tests weren't available. We needed to document and assess students in some way. And then the beauty of e-portfolios became apparent to everybody across the board that they were a superior tool in the sense they gave a more complete picture, a more holistic vision of that individual student. So all of this is to make us really question, you know, the way we used to do evaluation. Is it really to determine the worth of a kid or his success in school? Does a score really explain that? Or should we be thinking about evaluation as a teaching tool? Isn't it really just to do the SCAP analysis? Here's my test. This is where I want you to be. Here's my objective. Now, where's the kid? Now, what do I have to do? Where do we have to teach to fill in that gap of knowledge so he reaches that objective? So COVID was beautiful for stimulating a new way to envision evaluation as not being something scary or to judge somebody, but more as a tool to help us learn better. And some new instruments came out of all of this.  But other things began to emerge and these were things like intelligent or cognitive tutors or personalized tutors or learning analytics. These digitally assisted technologies were interesting, but almost I would say a little bit dangerous and because many of them were programmed to look at the average or typical pathway to success. There is no average in education. So it's really very hard. You can have a lot of outliers here that get red flagged because they don't follow a typical path. So we have to be very careful about how we use these things. Cognitive tutors, personalized tutors are a little bit different because they're focused on basic individual knowledge. So they're filling gaps of knowledge that an individual will have. That's very distinct from predicting behaviors of an individual successful student. What makes a successful student? So we have to be careful. There are certain limitations of the types of technology that are coming out to assist teachers in identifying student needs. At this next level, we have this concept of feedback which is huge and became even more important during COVID because we realized that those individual personalized exchanges with students made a whole lot of difference in their learning. But even more than that, which is so interesting, is that we coined a new term during COVID, which is beautiful, is feed forward, mainly because we identify this idea that when students were trained to habituate a new kind of thinking about their mistakes, okay, okay, what will you do better the next time? Rather than lamenting the past, and rather than giving them information to correct a checklist of errors that they might need to fix for next time, shifting them to a mentality of how would you do this differently the next time? Plan ahead, mistakes are a part of learning. How would you now think about this, given what you know now? So the idea is to shift, have this perspective taking in where you're looking towards a future-oriented outcome as opposed to lamenting just what happened in the past. And third, this idea of evaluation in which we put so much weight on the summative aspects of evaluation, something really fascinating that blossomed out of the pandemic, was this big question, why are we educating? What are we supposed to be teaching? What is the point of fourth grade? How will I know if the kid really deserves to graduate? All of these different questions came back because of the limited amount of time and contact many teachers had with their students. And so this older idea of mastery learning returned. It was basically a big self-questioning. What does it really mean to be ready for kindergarten or to have successfully done, achieved everything needed for fifth grade? And this big rethink that went way beyond just looking at what standards were being suggested. What do we mean at a social-emotional level? What do we mean as far as basic thinking skills? Not just the types of skill sets they can do, what level of math or how many words they can read, but going way beyond that, what does mastery mean at each level? And these conversations really change the teacher's focused on curriculum, which is the next question. So before we go there though, please write down a few ideas here. Are there questions or comments you have about these initial ideas or thoughts about evaluation, diagnosis, feedback, assessment, and how they might have changed? Or do you have additional ideas that you'd like to talk about when we meet? Please write those down. The second big idea has to do with curriculum. Really, the bottom line question, what is worth teaching? In an international comparative study I did in 2018, it was very clear that most countries around the world teach basically the same things. Everybody has math, everybody has language. Most have things of history or civics. Everyone has science and some kind of aesthetics or art or philosophy course. Some have vocational training, some have things related to foreign language. Those are subjects, but that doesn't really tell you what's worth teaching. So the bigger questions really started to come up when teachers were trying to prioritize. Well, if we only have this much time left and we have to do it in this modality, what should we really do? Why? Why are we educating? Are we just creating cogs in a wheel? Are we trying to get really innovative thinkers? Or how can we meet this span, this whole spectrum of students that are in the class at the same time? How do we respond to the individual gaps that might exist and at the same time bring the whole group forward? Are we really evaluating the things that are important in education? And have we used all the possible tools that are out there? Just what really, as far as content was concerned, should be prioritized? So all of those questions really made a lot of schools rethink this core idea that we have good schools so that we can produce good students so that we have good society. That's okay, but when we had less time during COVID and we had to decide what do you really prioritize? It was fascinating to see what inevitably bubble to the surface was mental health. Almost every school that we worked with during COVID pointed out to us the real importance of making sure that kids were okay before they went on to hire or to thinking to try to grasp math concepts or whatever. And so just the ability to be together was a huge idea. So prioritizing mental health was important. And then if everybody was in a good place, we could talk about thinking. We could get them to think more critically. That was so much more important and a better use of prioritizing time than trying to teach curriculum and content, which made us really think again, what is the curriculum? What does this really mean? At what age level? What should we really be teaching? So they stepped back and they looked at their larger macro goals as opposed to those minimal standard type things but trying to understand what it was more globally we were after for each level of education. And interesting enough, one of the more creative solutions we found over and over and over again was that teachers knew and decided that it was much better to work together. They themselves saw the collaboration was the key. And so designing a certain problem-based learning activity or a project around which different school subjects could work, for example, we could have science and art and physical education working on a similar project together that saved the student's time. It was a much more authentic type of learning. It achieved many more of the learning goals that they were after and it took less time, which was really fascinating. So the teachers began to embrace other types of teaching methodologies that seemed to be more transdisciplinary in nature and that prioritized this higher order thinking about concepts as opposed to the very specific knowledge-based understanding of this topic. So this sort of led to this newer kind of a model that we had to have healthy individuals mentally and physically that then they could really maximize the potential to learn. When they had their mind and body together they were able to focus. And this was very obvious during COVID when many kids' parents lost their jobs. Sometimes kids didn't know where their next meal was. Some people were kicked out of their housing and there was a lot going on. So we realized that those basic fundamental needs had to be prioritized, getting up to mental health and then thinking about thinking before they could get to higher order thinking. One of the biggest lessons we found, however, is that mental health of teachers was the key to everything. Why? It's kind of like this idea of the Stortis. Do you remember the Stortis? I know we haven't got an airplane in a long time but they usually tell you, put your own mask on first before assisting others. If you are a train wreck you're not gonna be able to help others. And so the idea was, have we created those spaces for teachers? And what was really evident in the first half of 2020 at least was that teachers ended up being the caregivers of the students and of the parents. They were teaching double time, triple time and nobody was really taking care of the teachers. There were some initiatives that began to grow in May, June, July over the summer of 2020 that started to kick in. But this idea of valuing and prioritizing and understanding the self, take care of yourself physically and mentally as teachers to be able to then take care of those around you slowly gained ground throughout the whole COVID epidemic and where people were sort of given permission to have a bit of self-compassion. And that was a huge beneficial leap when teachers themselves as well as their schools began to value and give time for teachers for self-care. All of this of course, really was at another scale in universities which continued to the stage of being in an existential crisis. A lot of things happened and mainly it was the way students reacted. They decided that they weren't going to spend lots of money to go physically to a dorm to be locked into the dorm to learn online when they could just do that from their homes. And so the cost benefit analysis really caused hundreds of thousands of students to rethink education. And some of them did different things which was really interesting and hopefully universities are picking up on this. But many students went off and did micro certificates.  I'm going to be doing this micro certificate that's offered by MIT or Harvard or USC or something like that. I'm gonna be doing a micro certificate in X topic in sustainable energy systems or in neuroscience or in other things. They decided to go that route rather than pay for a four year experience on campus. This led to some really very interesting cooperation almost like a quadruple helix model where you have businesses, you have universities, you have governments and you have private sector NGOs. You have people working together towards common goals. So a concrete example is a business in Silicon Valley tells a community college in San Francisco that we need 200 people that know how to do X, this kind of programming, can you get them to us? So they do these micro credentials in that specific programming language and the people are then guaranteed a job. So a lot of those kids decided maybe I don't have to go to college for four years to do these things because there's a job waiting for me at the other end of these kind of structures. So this is really putting the universities into a real big rethink, what is our goal? What is our purpose? How are we gonna manage this in the future? So think about that and if you have other questions related to curriculum, what is important to teach? And also these physical structures, what does university mean? What does it mean to advance K through 12 or should we just be looking at mastery levels of learning? Love to hear your comments on that. The third huge idea has to do with time and space which is a really big aha moment before we used to always think of education in terms of space, our classroom or our school, right? Or we do home work. All of these things were very space oriented and this is one of the biggest deceiving factors. This is why many parents said I want my kids to really go and learn because learning takes place in school. Well, we've had this huge shift of understanding that learning is actually time-based. So if we think instead of space, if we think more of asynchronous and synchronous, what do you need to do in your own time to rehearse in your own time so that when we come together, we can all sort of have this deeper look at a new concept in synchronous time. The shift there was huge. And so getting teachers to actually now think of synchronous and asynchronous versus the spaces they were in really was one of the most impacting ways that education has changed probably forever. And the time and space change occurred at least on these four different levels and we'll have one quick slide about each one of them. The first one is a school calendar that this was already a trend before COVID hit, but going to school for a 12-month cycle, having the same amount of school days, but just having more regular breaks throughout is the way we are gonna be heading. Mainly, think about it, COVID, there's so much learning loss that a lot of schools are saying what summer vacation? And a lot of them were saying we have to upskill teachers so we know that last year's summer vacation was lost. So the shift towards having a 12-month school year paying teachers for a 12-month school year. We understand that teachers worked about three times as much during COVID than they did in a regular school year just because they were learning themselves. They had to restructure a whole another education. Oftentimes the schools offered the option to go back face-to-face or to stay online. So teachers were teaching this kind of a hybrid or blended model of learning. So they were actually teaching the same thing twice or doing twice the effort to integrate the kids that were online as well as those face-to-face. We know that the energy and effort to prepare for that kind of a structure takes time, which means that teaching is likely to move into this year-round profession where hopefully teachers are paid for those 12 months but also recognize them that having more than four perhaps is basically impossible if you're gonna be catering to students in distinct modalities at the same time. A second idea related to time and space was understanding that there are distinct benefits and limitations to synchronous and asynchronous work. What has to happen when you're face-to-face? You have to think on your feet. You have to work at the pace of the regular class there. Asynchronous work can be pretty much at your own time. So we know that there's benefits and drawbacks on both of these. We also know that distinct tools and activities lend themselves to different types of things. So we know that social interaction, there's a lot more activities that can occur synchronously than asynchronously. And we also know that when teaching content, when different people have different starting points with information, it's probably benefited by taking the extra time doing it asynchronously, doing it in your own time when you get to choose how much rehearsal you really need. So understanding that made a big change in the way teachers were planning their classes. And finally, we work with a lot of teachers thinking about a decision tree. So if you have an objective that's really clearly stated in your mind, I want my kids to improve their handwriting skills or I want them to collaborate more. Well, you have to decide, is that better rehearsed asynchronously or synchronously? How does a kid learn that best? Once you've decided that, then you decide if those things should happen online or an offline modalities. And once you've decided if it's online or offline, then you have to think about how, are you gonna teach this implicitly or explicitly? For example, I'm gonna teach kids about collaboration in a asynchronous online gaming implicit learning structure where they're learning to collaborate, but they don't even know that they're learning to collaborate, but I'm asking them to play this particular game, which is then in this digital technology structure, it's not analog. But if I want the kid to rehearse handwriting skills, I'm not gonna have them do that synchronously with me, right? I'm also gonna do that asynchronously, but if they offline and it's an explicit instruction and I'm gonna use an analog tool, right? So different objectives will have to be approached using a distinct balance of asynchronous and synchronous activities. So if you have any thoughts about space and time and how that's been changed by COVID, I would love to get those and we can dig deeper when we meet each other. Finally, the last part has to do with this changing student profile. And I am so sorry to say this, but this is not the last pandemic. We have been warned by people in the United Nations that other pandemics are actually on the horizon, but there's things that might be even worse and more immediate, for example, climate change. We know that extreme weather is going to keep some people out of school, changing tides, changing weather patterns, heat, hurricanes. A lot of these things will actually keep people from going to school anyways. So the idea is there's additional motivation for looking at doing things in a more hybrid manner, not depending only on face-to-face interaction. But we also know, interesting enough, that when we went to the online modality, there were some groups who had been traditionally excluded as learners, people with illnesses who are in hospitals or the prison population or pregnant teens or those kids who dropped out to work so they could support and supplement their family income. There was a lot of kids who had been pushed out of that space of schooling, who now found, with the newly discovered online structure, they could actually attend school. They could actually get their degrees, they could actually finish, which was a huge change, a huge sea change in what we think about education. It actually gave access to many more people who had been traditionally excluded. But on top of that, we also saw that there were different kinds of demographic changes. People were beginning to go back to school because they realized, well, online, they're not gonna notice that I'm 70 and I use a cane. So a lot of older people were actually heading back to school. But we also saw, and even teachers, we saw how we needed to retrain and upskill and try to improve different types of skill sets within our own craft of teaching, for example, learning how to go online. Those things became daily fare. We are at a moment when we are changing. Many economies are changing and they're circling around skill sets that nobody has yet. And so this is gonna be a thing of the future. We're all gonna need to learn how to go back to school. And what's the best way to do that? Is the best way to do that, to haul everybody into the local community college? Possibly. But other options that might be more interesting would be to do some of these things online. This leads to the last point, which I think is probably one of the most exciting things that's going on. When we went online, a lot of teachers realized, well, this is hard, but some of them became really great at that. And the great math teacher in Ecuador, she's teaching eighth grade geometry, right? She did a great job. Well, other people heard about that. And the school in Argentina and the school in Spain contact her and say, any chance you can teach our students as well. And she was thinking, well, different time zones, I guess this can really work. Let's do it. She was able to supplement her income, which is really interesting. The school didn't have to drop math for that year. The students got a top grade teacher. All that was fantastic. But there was a fourth benefit to all of that. She would say, okay, let's do study problems. We're gonna meet on this state all together. Now, the minute she brought in people from distinct nationalities to solve the same problems, they expanded their understanding of the ideas. Oh, that's how you do math in Spain. Oh, that's different from the way we do it in Ecuador. You lay out your problem in this way. They began to talk. They began to exchange ideas. Now, think of this in this global schoolhouse idea that Salcan introduced in 2012, this imaginary way that everybody could have the best teacher, but then you could also have a mixed schoolhouse with distinct perspectives. We know that the only way to reduce bias is by having contact with the other. Well, that's really the only great way that you can do this theory is theory, but actually being in contact with people is distinct. I see this every year in my class at Harvard, we have this year 19 different nationalities and it's such a kick to see how they approach the information and how they learn in different ways and how they teach each other because they're different. Our typical school rooms or schools have been local. You go physically to a place that's walkable and you only talk to the same kind of people and think the same way. That does not allow you the greater perspective taking that is possible now in online learning. So if you have questions or comments about that, please send those in. I'd love to duck about this a lot more with you guys. Finally, all of this just brings into focus huge inequities that exist. And we have to really think about this. It really exacerbated many of the already existing inequities in society. The OCD makes it really clear that schools that were doing okay before the pandemic were still doing okay and the ones that weren't did even worse. And so poor infrastructure, lack of internet, all of those things are a reality. There are wonderful new ideas out there. For example, Raspberry Pi where you have something that projects out signal so that you can for $400 put a box in the middle of that school and it can project out and everybody on their own telephones could have the lesson. So there's technology that's sort of being leveraged in that direction but is that enough? Is that the way to do things? And we have to think whether or not as the UN is now claiming, internet is a right. Just like water is a right. Well, internet, people should have access. If we want equity, we have to then be more equitable in the distribution of resources. But the bigger idea, and we've known this forever and you guys know this better than anybody, I suppose that there's no quality education without quality teachers. Teachers are the lynchpin in every single system. You cannot have quality education without quality teachers. During the pandemic, some teachers received a lot of extra support and a lot of extra resources and a lot of extra time to do things and some didn't. They just didn't. And the poor public school teachers were pretty much left to find their own way. A good friend of mine ended up packing materials into her car and dropping them off on the doorsteps of her sixth grade class because nobody else was supporting these kids. That's just wrong. So there's a lot of things that are coming out of this that make us really think, what is the role of teacher education? How do we prepare teachers better to leverage this technology? How do our tea departments sort of morph into being more than just the guys that help you with the PowerPoint and your email and be the people who now can facilitate access to some of these better tools that save teachers time so that they can be more human with those kids, right? And this leads back to this idea of this changing profile of teachers that has to include content knowledge. You have to know your subject, pedagogical knowledge. You really need to know how to teach, but you also need to know the technology and you need to know how the brain learns. If you don't have all of those pieces, the new teacher profile is not fulfilled. So all of this points to new policy and research questions. A whole new set of questions has been born out of this COVID pandemic. And so we invite you to reflect on that as well. So if you have questions about practices, policies and research, also write those down and make sure that you send them in. So thank you for watching this video. Again, please don't forget to send in your questions or comments so that we can select some of those to talk about when we meet synchronously. I can't wait to have a deeper discussion about each of these topics with you. Thank you.


All right, so VO2 Max, what is it and how does it relate to running economy and where is the lactate threshold come into all this? Because these three elements, running economy, VO2 Max and lactate threshold, they combine into a performance, okay? So essentially those three are the main elements of someone's ability to perform aerobically as a distance runner. So let's look at how they relate to each other and how to best understand these concepts. All right, so I'm not going to spend this video going in depth on each of the concepts, but I do want to give it a little bit of an overview and then we want to tie them together and take a look at how they relate to each other. Okay, so first of all, let's talk about the concept of VO2 Max. It stands for volume of oxygen, VO2 Max. So it essentially means the maximum amount of oxygen that your body can utilize, okay? When we're dealing with distance running, it's mostly aerobic, which means that we use oxygen inside the mitochondria to burn fuels and create energy for movement, okay? And the more oxygen you can utilize, the faster you're going to be able to run. It's typically measured in milliliters of oxygen per kilo body weight per minute, okay? So it's a minute volume and it's either an absolute amount in liters or a relative amount per kilo in milliliters. The VO2 Max can be looked at as your capacity, okay? It's your ceiling. You can run faster and faster and faster up to your VO2 Max ceiling and from that point onwards, you're not going to be able to utilize any more oxygen. Above your max, the energy is going to come from anaerobic metabolism, which is self-limiting in several ways. So we're just going to talk about aerobic running today. So up to that max, that is your capacity, okay? Over time, over training, you can of course increase that max, increase the ceiling, and run even faster, okay? That's your max, it's your ceiling. Now your running economy, on the other hand, is how much oxygen does it cost to run at a particular pace? Or how much oxygen do you spend running a kilometer, for example? So this is similar to how many miles on a gallon you'll get from a car, or how many kilometers on a liter of fuel. So some cars, they just use more fuel for doing the same work. Other cars are more economical and they save fuel, but they do the same, they can still drive at the same speed as a more costly car. Well, it's the same thing with us humans and animals. When we move, it costs oxygen. We use oxygen to create that movement, to burn the fuel. Now some runners, they are just more economical than others, and you can train, of course, you can improve your running economy. In fact, it's one of the most trainable aspects of your physiology, your running economy. It gets better and better the more you run, typically. And there are some other things we can do as well. I've talked about running economy in this video. Check it out. A simple way to look at it is, you know, if I was boxing while I was running, I would waste energy on that, right? And it would cost me more oxygen, even though I'm running at the same pace. If I stopped boxing, I could probably run a little faster at the same intensity level, at the same oxygen cost, because I'm now spending the oxygen I have available, right? Imagine that the ceiling, the VO2 max, that's the oxygen that I'm able to utilize. And I want to make the most of it. So I want to run as economical as possible with an efficient stride, and utilize the oxygen that I have available the best I can. So even if you have two runners with the same VO2 max, let's suppose they're both at 70 milliliters per kilo per minute, that's a pretty elite type VO2 max, both at 70, yet they're on the treadmill side by side. They're measuring, we're measuring their oxygen consumption with the lab equipment. They're both at 70 milliliters of oxygen, that's their VO2 max, yet one of them runs faster than the other. What's going on there? Well, they have the same ceiling, but one of the runners is able to make more energy, utilize that fuel more efficiently and run faster. So the interesting metric is not necessarily VO2 max, but velocity at VO2 max, which is the VO2 max. So your velocity at max, that's more interesting than your max per se. So some runners are really at the top elite level, but their VO2 max has been measured as low as 68. But they're actually at their very top of the world elite marathoning, but their max is just 68. Well, they make the most out of that 68. They have a really economical body, where someone else might be at the same level internationally, running the same pace, but actually using 80 milliliters of oxygen, and they're more wasteful therefore of their oxygen consumption. Of course, the dream athlete would be one with a really high VO2 max and a really good running economy. So they can really, really get the most out of both of those. Now, that's running economy and VO2 max. Then there's a third factor, which is lactate threshold. And lactate is a byproduct, we could say, of carbohydrate metabolism. And when you're running at fairly high intensities, like a marathon or half marathon, or especially 10K, 5K, 3K, and faster, there's a higher and higher percentage of your energy is going to come from carbohydrate metabolism. And that means more lactate. Well, the lactate is not really the problem. The problem is the hydrogen ions, the acid that's created in this process. So lactic acid goes into becoming lactate and hydrogen ions. And these hydrogen ions, they reduce the pH in your muscles and basically create an acid environment, which interferes with some of the enzymes that are necessary for aerobic metabolism and for creating movement. So that means you're going to be limited in your performance. And when you go past the lactate threshold, that's the point at which lactate in the blood, using that as an indicator only, the lactate itself in the blood is not really a problem. It's a fuel, actually. It can be converted back into energy. But we use that as a gauge. And as long as we're clearing lactate as fast as we're producing it, it stays the same in the blood. But at a certain point, it starts rising exponentially. And the only way to get it down again is to dramatically reduce the pace. And so at this point, we've reached our lactate threshold. So you can imagine if you have the ceiling being your Rio2Max and your running economy being how much oxygen you use at any given submaximal and maximal intensity, then your lactate threshold is going to be how close to your maximum, your Rio2Max, can you get before this lactate accumulation or before this acidity starts getting out of hand? So by moving your lactate threshold up towards the ceiling, by improving your lactate threshold, essentially your ability to clear lactate, the better you do that, the higher that lactate threshold climbs towards your maximum. And the more you can get out of that maximum again, because you're able now to sustain a higher pace for longer without being limited by the acidity, okay? So in a sense, we could say that if the ceiling is there, there's a net under the ceiling, which stops you from getting up to the actual ceiling. And that's your lactate threshold. And the higher up that net is, the higher percentage of your max you can sustain for longer. Of course, there are other factors as well that matter in a performance like nutrition, hydration, muscle fatigue, all kinds of stuff like that. It's going to be potential limiters to your performance. But given that these things are okay and that you're hydrating well and you've trained your muscles to endure the pounding of a marathon, for example, et cetera, your hard data, if you want to talk about it like that, like the raw physiological aspects that are going to affect your performance is always going to be that VO2 max, your running economy, and your lactate threshold. How high can you go? You can't really go beyond your max, can you? So that's how high can you go? That's your VO2 max. How much can you use off that VO2 max before you start accumulating too much acid? That's your lactate threshold. How far up can you get? You can never get all the way up, but you can get pretty close. Elite athletes are very close to their max in terms of their lactate threshold. And of course, at any point, how much oxygen, how are you using that oxygen that you have available? Are you wasting it with inefficient running strides? Are you wasting it with unnecessary movement and poor efficiency?  So those are the three aspects, and they always combine into producing a performance. Okay, that's a very brief overview. I mean, we could go way more in depth, of course. If you're interested in coaching, I mean, we could talk about this in the coaching session if you're interested in learning more, or maybe how to apply training principles to improve your VO2 max or to improve your lactate threshold or your running economy. There are specific types of workouts we can do to target each of these aspects of your fitness, even though they're all going to improve with training always, at any level almost. Like any type of workout is going to improve all three factors usually, but there are specific workouts we could do to target each one particularly. And if you're interested in that, or maybe a custom training plan, I do over custom training plans on a subscription basis, as well as a standalone plan if you're interested in that without coaching. Please check out my website. There's a link in the description. I'll put a link here as well where you can read more about it and maybe contact me for some coaching if you're interested. In the meantime, stay healthy, focus on consistency in training. That's the number one factor in order to produce growth and improvements just staying consistent, staying injury free day after day after day, week after week, month after month, year after year. It takes time to build. Physiology is interesting, so if you have any questions, feel free to post them down below. I hope this overview made a little sense to you. If you have any questions to what I said, and also you can send me a message on Loan Endurance, the Facebook page, or on my website even. Thanks for watching. Please subscribe if you like these kind of videos, and I'll see you around.


perfect. So I started using it in 2018 and it was like just I think it was revolutionary because I had folks reading and talking to each other about the text where as before I could barely get them to do the re like I was trying to force them to do the reading by giving them a quiz that I would like punish them for if they got things wrong it's really not what I want that's not how I wanted to teach history at all so this was a it was a really great tool and I've been using it ever since then and it's been consistently like one of my favorite aspects of the classroom I've gotten really good responses from students as well who really like to see their classmates opinions and their analysis alongside the text too when they're reading.


From around the globe, it's theCUBE with digital coverage of Actifio Data Driven 2020 brought to you by Actifio. Welcome back, I'm Stu Miniman and this is theCUBE's coverage of Actifio Data Driven 2020. Really excited to dig into a fun topic. I have a CUBE alumni with us. He is a DevOps author and researcher. Gene Kim, Unicorn Project is the most recent. Gene, great to see you. Thanks for much for joining us. Stu, great to see you again here at the Actifio conference. This is fantastic. Yeah, so your new book, it was much awaited out there. Unicorn's always discussed out there, but the Phoenix project, as I said, is really the seminal book when people say, what is that DevOps thing and how do I do it? So why don't you give us a little bit as to the Unicorn project, why it was important, why we're excited to dig into this and we'll tide into the discussion we're having here for the next normal at Actifio. Oh, for sure, yeah, in fact, yeah, as you might have heard in the keynote address, you know, what vexed me after the Phoenix project came out in 2013 is that there are these still looming problems that still remain seven years after the Phoenix project was written. And, you know, these problems, I think, are very important around, you know, what does it really take to enable developers to truly be productive instead of being locked in a tundra of technical debt? Two is, you know, how do we unlock truly the power of data so that we can help everyone make better decisions, whether it's a developer or anyone within the business units and the organizations that we serve? And then three is like, what are really the behaviors that we need from leadership to make these amazing transformations possible? And so the Unicorn project really is the Phoenix project retold, but instead of through the eyes of ops leadership, just told through the eyes of a phenomenal developer. And so it was amazing to revisit the Phoenix project universe in the same timeline, but told from a different point of view. And it was such a fun project to work on just because, you know, to relive the story and just expose all these other problems not happening, not on the ops side, but from the development and data side. Yeah, there's always, there's characters in there that I know I personally and many people I talk to can really associate with.   Talked a bit more about the organization and there are the five ideals in the book. So maybe if you can strongly recommend, of course, anybody at ending active view got to copy the books, they'll be able to read the whole thing, but, you know, give us the bumper sticker on some of the key learnings. Yeah, for sure. Yeah, so the five ideals, represents five ideas I think are just very important for everyone in the organization to understand, especially leadership. The first ideal is locality and simplicity. In other words, when you need to get something done we should be able to get it done within our team without having to do a lot of communication, coordination with people outside of our team. The worst, the most horrible feeling is that in order to do a small little thing, you actually have to have a coordinated action that spans 15 teams, right? And that's why you can't get anything done, right? And so that's so much the hallmark of large complex organizations. The second ideal is what I think the outcomes are, which is focus, flow, and joy. You know, I've now started to, for the first time in 20 years, self-identified not as an ops person, but as a developer. And I really now understand why we got into technology in the first place is so that we can solve the business problem by hand, unencumbered by minutia, and that allows for a sense of focus, flow, and even joy. And I love how Dr. Mahaley Chew sent Mihaly described. He said, flow is a state that we feel when we love our work so much that we lose track of time and maybe even sense of self. And so I think that we all in technology understand that is how it is on the best of days and how terrible it is when we don't have that sense of flow. Third ideal is improvement of daily work, being even more important than daily work itself. The notion is greatness is never free. We must create it and must prioritize it for the psychological safety and the fifth is customer focus. So those are all things I think are so important for modern leaders because it really defines the future of work. Yeah, we love that flow when it happens. Otherwise we're stuck in that waiting place as you quoted Dr. Chew. So one of my favorite books there also. So Gene, for this audience here, there was, yes, CICD is wonderful and I need to be able to move and ship fast, but the real transformational power for that organization was unlocking the value of data, which is I think something that everybody here can. So maybe to talk a little bit about that, we've almost talked too much. Data is the new oil and things like that, but it's that, allowing everybody to tap in and leverage real time what's happening. We're just at the early parts of the industry being able to unlock that future. Oh yeah, I love that phrase, data is a new oil, especially since oil, the last 50 years, the standard pours 500 was dominated by a resource extraction oil company and so forth. And now that is no longer true, it's dominated by the tech giants. And Columbia, there was a Columbia Journalism Review article that said data is not only the new oil, it is really the new soil. And for me, my area of passion for the last seven years has been studying the DevOps Enterprise community where we're taking all the learnings that were really pioneered by the tech giants, Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Google, Microsoft, and seeing how they're being adopted by the largest, most complex organizations on the planet, the best known brands across every industry vertical. And it is so true that where the real learning gets exploited is through data. This is how we get to know our customers better. This is how we understand their wants and needs. This is how we test and make offers to them to see if they like it or not, to see if they value it or not. And so for me, one of the best examples of this was the target transformation and Adidas, how it was just an amazing example of to what lengths they went to, to liberate developers from being shackled by ancient systems of records, data warehouses, and truly enabled developers to get access to the data they need, modify it, even delete information, all without having to be dependent on integration teams that were essentially holding them hostage for six to nine months. And these programs really enabled some of the most strategic programs at their organizations, enabling hundreds of projects over the years. So I think that is really just showing to what extent the value that is created by unlocking data for individuals. I'm sorry, see one more thing that I'm just always dazzled by. My friend, Chris Berg, he told me that somewhere between a third and a half of all company employees use data in their daily work. They either use data or manipulate data as part of the daily work, which that population is actually larger than the number of developers in an organization. So it just shows you how big this problem is and how much value we can create by addressing this problem. Well, it's interesting, if it's only a third, we still have work to do. What we've been saying for years is, when you talk about digital transformation, the thing that separates those that have transformed and those that have it is data needs to be at the core. I just can't be doing things the way I was or doing things off intuition, being data-driven. I'm sure you know the saying, Jean, if you're not, if you don't have data, you're just some other person with an opinion. Yeah, yeah, that's a great point. And in Risto Salasmo's amazing book, Transforming Nokia, he said exactly that. And he said something that was even more astonishing. He said, there's not only at the core, but data also has to be at the edges. He was describing at Amazon, anyone can do an experiment at booking.com. Anyone can do an experiment to see if they can create value for the customer. They don't need approvals from committees or their manager. This is something that is really, truly part of everyone's daily work. And so to me, that was a huge aha moment that says, to what degree our cultures need to change so that we can not only use data, but also create learnings and create new data that the rest of the organization can learn from as well. Yeah, one of the other things, I definitely felt in your book, you synthesize so much of the learnings that you've had over the years from the DevOps Enterprise Summit. The question I have for you is, you hear some of these great stories, but the question is, are companies, are they moving fast enough? Are they transforming the entire business? Or have they taken, we've got one slice of the business that is kind of modernized and we're going to get to the other 30 pieces along the way. But, there's wholesale change, 2020 has had such a big impact. What's your thoughts on how we are doing in the enterprise on pace of change these days? That's a great question. I mean, I think some people, when they ask me, how far are we into kind of total adoption of DevOps? This newer, better way of working and I would say probably somewhere between five and seven percent, right? And the math I would take them through is, there are about 20 million developers on the planet, of which, at best, I think a million of them are working in a DevOps-type way. But yet, that's only growing. I think it was an amazing presentation at the DevOps Enterprise Summit in London that was virtual from nationwide building society, the largest organization of its kind. It's a large financially, mutually owned organization for housing in the UK. And they talked about how post COVID, post lockdown, suddenly they found themselves able to do the miraculous things that would have normally taken four years in four weeks. And I think that's what almost every organization is learning these days, is when survival is at stake, we can throw the rules out the window, right? And do things in a way that are safe and responsible, but create, satisfy the business urgent needs, like provisioning tens of thousands of people to work from home safely. I think this shows, I think it's such a powerful proof point of what technology can do when it is unleashed from, perhaps unnecessarily burdensome rules and process. And I think the other point I would make, Stu, is that what has been so rewarding is the population of these technology leaders presenting at DevOps Enterprise, they're all being promoted. They're all being given new responsibilities because they are demonstrating that they have the best long-term interest of the organization at heart. And they're being given even more responsibilities because to make a bigger impact to the organization. So I'm incredibly optimistic about the direction we're heading and even the pace we're going at. Well, Gene, definitely 2020 has put a real highlight on how fast things have changed, not just work from home, but the homeschooling, telehealth, there are so many things out there which there was no choice but to move forward. So the second presentation you participated in was talking about that next normal. So give us a little bit of stuff. What does that mean? What are we should be looking at going forward? Yeah, it was great to catch up with my friend, Paul Forty, who I've known for many, many years and now VP of sales at Actifio. And yeah, I think it is amazing, the academic Dr. Colada Perez, she said in every turning point where that sets the stage for decades of economic prosperity usually comes by something exactly like what we're going through now, a huge economic recession or depression following a period of intense re-regulation of this new technologies unlocking new ways of working. And she pointed exactly to what's happening in the COVID pandemic in terms of how much the way we're working is being revolutionized, not by choice, but out of necessity. And as she said, we're now learning to what degree we can actually do our daily work without getting on airplanes or meeting people in person. I have so many friends in the travel industry. I think we all want normalcy to return, but I think we are learning potentially, there are more efficient ways to do things that don't require a day of travel for a couple hour meeting and a day to return. So I think this is being demonstrated. I think this will unlock a whole bunch of ways of interacting that will create efficiency. So I don't think we're going, as you suggested, there will be a new normal, but the new normal is not going to be the same as your old normal. And I think it will be in general for the better. So, Gene, you've gotten to see some of the transformation happening in the organizations when it comes to developers. The DevOps Enterprise Summit, the state of DevOps. I think five years ago, we knew how important developers were, but there was such a gap between, well, the developers are kind of in the corner, they don't pay for anything, they're not tied to the enterprise. And today, it feels like we have a more cohesive story, that there is that, as you put in the Unicorn project, it's business and IT and the developers can actually drive that change and the survival of the business. So, are we there yet? Success, are the developers now have a seat at the table or what do you see that we still need to do? Yeah, I think we're still, I mean, I think we're getting there, we're closer than ever. And as my friend, Chris O'Malley, the CEO of the famously resurgent mainframe vendor, Compuware said, you know, it is, everyone is aware that you can't do any major initiatives these days without some investment in technology, right? In fact, you can't invest in anything without technology. So, I think that is now better understood than ever. And, you know, just the whole digital disruption. I think is really, no one needs to be convinced that if we, large complex organizations don't change, they're at risk of being decimated by the organizations that can change using and exploiting technology to their benefit and to the other person's detriment. So, and that primarily comes through software and who creates software developers. So, by the way, I love the Stripe CE, it was a CFO Stripe who said the largest constraint for them is, and their peers is not access to capital, it is access to development talent. And I think when you have CFOs talking like that, right? It does, it suggests that something really has changed in the economic environment that we all compete in. So, I mentioned on the research side, one of the things I've loved reading over the years is that fundamental discussion that going faster does not mean that I am sacrificing security or, you know, the product itself, you know, in the last couple of years, it's, you know, what separates those really high performing companies and, you know, just kind of the middle of the ground. So, what advice would you give out there to make sure that I'm moving my company more along to those high performing methods? Yeah, right, just to resonate with that, I was interviewing a friend of my, Mike Nygaard, a long time friend of mine, and we were talking on, and we were recalling the first time we both heard the famous 2009 presentation doing 10 deploys a day every day at Flickr by John Osbaugh and Paul Hammond. And, you know, we were both incredulous, right? We thought it was irresponsible, reckless, and maybe even immoral what they were doing, because, you know, I think most organizations were doing three a year, and that was very problematic. How could one do 10 deploys a day? And I think what we now know with decisive evidence, especially through the state of DevOps research, is that, you know, for six years, 35,000 plus respondents, the only way that you can be reliable and secure is to do smaller deployments more frequently, right?  So, you know, at this point, I think the research is so decisive that, you know, we can, there's a whole book, Accelerate, that really makes the case for that. This is something that I now have moral certainty or even absolute certainty of, right? It's, you know, self-evident to me, and I think we should have confidence that that really is true. Wonderful. Well, Gene, thanks so much for giving us the update. Really appreciate it. Some really good sessions here in Actifio, as well as the book. Thanks so much. Great to talk to you. Stu, it's always a pleasure to see you again, and thank you so much. All right, that's our coverage from Actifio Data Driven. Be sure to check out thecube.net for all of the on-demand content, as well as, as I said, if you're part of the show, definitely recommend reading Gene's book, The Unicorn Project. I'm Stu Miniman, and thank you for watching theCUBE.


Trade it and upgrade it now at Appalachian Wireless and receive up to $700 off when you trade your old eligible device in and upgrade to a new iPhone 14 Pro Max or Samsung S23 Ultra on an unlimited Appalachian advantage plan because we are you. We are Appalachian Wireless. On Saturday, April 15th, the Lonesome Pine Driving Academy in Pound, Virginia will be having a Driver Improvement Clinic. The clinic will allow anyone who participates to wipe driving citations from their record and add safe driving points to their license. Reservations can be made by calling<PHONE_NUMBER> and walk-ins are also welcome. Yes, we are offering a Driver Improvement Clinic or Driver Improvement class on Saturday, April 15th and the class is primarily designed for anyone that has gotten any type of traffic citation and has gone to court and the judge has allowed or ordered them to attend driving school which will eliminate that ticket or citation and keep it off their record. It's also available class for anyone that has been DMV directed for any reason to attend a Driver Improvement Clinic. They can take it voluntarily to get safe driving points added to their license and some insurance companies even offer a discount for attending this particular class. The class itself begins at 8 a.m. and there is an $80 registration fee. It will consist of learning through video lessons and conversation. It's predominantly video instruction. It's a simple thing. A lot of conversation. We try to make it as interactive as possible and as pleasant as possible for everyone to really enjoy what they're doing and really learn something about driver safety, keep everyone safe, prevent accidents, just be more aware of all the safe driving behaviors on the road and a little bit more aware and cautious of some of the dangers and bad habits. I just want to invite everyone to come in, visit us, take advantage of this opportunity to clear citations, clear points from their license. DMV allows this class to be taken voluntarily and it will give them five safe driving points on their license.


You can't cancel who God has called. Critics can speak, gossips can slander. Petty people might even try to get others to share in their dislike of you.  In fact, what others do with the intention to harm you will end up working out for your own good.  So just keep your eyes on Jesus. Speak the truth, the Word of God. Walk in the Spirit and make no apologies. Nobody can fight the favor on your life.


the jack Benny program presented by America's largest-selling cigarette lucky strike Lucky strike first again with tobacco man Yes Lucky strike is the overwhelming choice of the independent tobacco experts the auctioneers buyers and warehousemen For a recent impartial survey he finds more of these experts smoke lucky strike regularly Then the next two leading brands combined. To you as a smoker, that fact is extremely important. Because these experts look to a cigarette for enjoyment. Real deep down smoking enjoyment. Now aren't you looking for the same thing? Then light up a lucky and puff by puff. You'll see. LSMFT, LSMFT. Lucky strike means fine tobacco. And fine tobacco means real smoking enjoyment for you. That's why you like Lucky Strike. Phil Harris, Rochester, Dennis Day, and you're thoroughly Don Wilson. Ladies and gentlemen, we'd like to take you out to Jack Benny's home in Beverly Hills. At the moment, Rochester is busy in the kitchen while Jack is in the other room polishing the silver. Phew.  Oh well, there are only four pieces left. Three dimes and a quarter. Gosh, look how they shine. They were green when I took them out of my pocket. I'll never wait that long again. Quiet, Polly. And remember Polly, now Daddy's giving a very important dinner party tonight. Remember what I taught you. How do you do, Mr. Coleman? How do you do, Mr. Coleman? That's right. How do you do, Mrs. Coleman? Hiya, Toots. Polly, I wish you'd pay more attention. Oh boss. Yes, Rochester. What time are Mr. and Mrs. Coleman coming over for dinner? Oh, they'll be here about 7.30. They'll give me time to fix some order. Oh yes. What are we going to have, Rochester? Cheese and crackers, anchovies and sardines. No, no hard-boiled egg? No, Polly didn't come through this week. Oh, she didn't, eh? Rochester, hand me that Halloween mask. Here you are. Polly. Who? Rochester, the egg bro. You sure scared her, boss. It's a double yogurt. Yeah, two yogurt. My son, my son. You're young yet. You'll have more. You fix the orders. I'll go out in the yard and pick some flowers for the table. You sigh the song begins. Just speak, I'll play my violin. It's magic. The stars desert the skies. It happens even in van Nuys. It's magic. See, look at that backyard. Everything's growing so nicely. I wish I were a little luckier, though. Tomatoes go to 60 cents a pound. I'm stuck with an acre of beans. Oh, well, last spring I made money on my pigs. See, what kind of flowers should I get for the table? I think I'll take some of these bluebells. They match my eyes. Now, Ronnie's my guest. I'll pick gardenia. They kind of match his hair. Now, I think I'll take some of these roses, too. That ought to be enough. You sigh the song begins and then I play my violin. It's lousy. La, la, la, la, la, la. Oh, Rochester. Rochester, get me a base for these flowers. Yes, sir. And say, boss, why don't you out-pollinate another egg? Another egg? Yeah, she said it was a repeat for the West Coast. Release it this morning being your time. Stop being so silly and start setting the table. Okay. Oh, boss. What? Are we gonna use napkins or shall I put on a long tablecloth? We'll use napkins tonight. What about those on the buffet? The man brought those this afternoon. Wait a minute. These are funny-looking napkins. That's what I thought. So I asked the man to leave his phone number. Here it is. Good. I'll call him up. Hmm. Never seen napkins like these before. Hello, NAPS diaper service. See, this is Jack, then. Did you leave some napkins for me? Sorry, wrong number. Well, Rochester, do the best you can with them, would you? Come in. Oh, hello, Mary. Hello, Jack. I came over since I could. Oh, did you stop by the market and get those things I asked you? Yeah, but tomatoes were 60 cents a pound, so I bought beans. Beans? Now, I got a backyard full of them. I supply the market. I could have bought those beans for myself and cut out the middleman. Heavens to Boston. All right, so I made a mistake. Put me in irons. Mary, it isn't that. Oh, hello, Polly. Polly want to crack her? Polly want to ride Chris. A ride, Chris? She's on a diet. Mary, would you like to... Mary, what are you laughing at? Polly being on a diet reminded me of something mama wrote me in her letter. Oh, you got a letter from your mother? Would you like to hear it? Yes. What does Plainfield's answer to Halloween have to say? Just a second. I'll read it to you. My darling son, Mary. Son? Mama wanted a boy. Oh. Mary, dear, we're all feeling well and hope you are the same. First of all, I want to tell you that your cousin, Louis, went on a diet and lost a lot of weight. It's a very strict diet. In 30 days they wouldn't let him have anything but bread and water.   However, Babe tried the bathing suit on yesterday and something's wrong. Either the manufacturer left something off the suit or nature left something off Babe. I knew she couldn't do it. I think it's her fault that she hasn't much of a figure. She's so bow-legged. She can wear two different stockings that you never notice it. You know, Babe has such peculiar legs. When she walks down the street, she looks like she's kicking herself, forbidding on UCLA. Exactly. That's more. Mary, you remember your Uncle Oliver. Well, Oliver got himself a job in the local bakery as a pretzel bender. He's pretty good, too. You ought to see Oliver twist. Mary, your mother's pretty good. That's a swell gag. I'd best read that joke to Jack as he's jerk enough to like it. Maybe I am, I don't know. So best regards and let us hear from you soon. Your loving mother, Charlie. Charlie? Her mother wanted a boy, too. Well, Mary, they can say what they want to about your mother, and most people do. Now, Mary, would you like to help me set the table? I want it to look nice when the Coleman's get here. But you know, it's still pretty warm. Why don't you serve dinner out on the patio? Say that's a good idea. Oh, Rochester, we're going to have dinner out on the patio. Paddy only. What are you staring at the wall for? Mary. Mary, that echoed you. You must have heard it. Jack, if you don't stop imagining things, you'll go crazy. I'm not imagining things. I heard it. I know I did. Well, try to get your mind off of it. Okay, I'll try. I'm sorry, but I'm having trouble with the napkins. With the napkins? Yeah, I keep folding them into squares, and they keep folding themselves back into triangles. You better check on the dinner. Okay. The Wilson came in a while ago. He wants to see you. He's in the library. Well, Don Wilson? Oh. Oh, hello, Don. Hello, Jack. The sportsman couldn't come over, so they asked me to talk to you about the commercial for the program. Oh. Meanwhile, I've been looking through your scrapbook all about your trip to Europe. Oh, yes. It's interesting, isn't it, Don? Certainly is. Gosh, what beautiful pictures. Yeah. Don. Don, look at this one here taken in Switzerland. Aren't the mountains beautiful with the snow-capped peaks and waterfalls? Yes. What do people eat there? Oh, cheese and hot chocolate and a lot of dairy things. And Don. Don, look at this picture taken in Glasgow, Scotland. The Highlands of Scotland is so picturesque and charming. It's really inspiring. What do people eat there? In Scotland? Oh, meat and potatoes. You know the same as we do. Oh, look here, Don. Here's a picture taken in Amsterdam, Holland. Ah, what a country, Holland. With the canals and dice and windmills. What do people eat there? I don't know. Fish, vegetables, a lot of things. Jack, what's this picture down here? Don, I'm glad you noticed that. That was taken during the war when I was in the South Pacific. That's a little island surrounded by coral reefs with a few palm trees waving in the breeze and the water is crystal clear and the sand is as white as ivory. What do people eat there? Each other, they're cannibal. I can't understand you, Don. I'm showing you such beautiful pictures. All you can think of is food. Look at this one here, the one with the donkey. That was taken in Ireland. Oh, boy, Ireland. I've always wanted to go there. It must be a beautiful country. Oh, it is, Don. It is.   Well, I certainly wish we had some Say, I've got it Call Jack up and tell him I broke my leg Oh, darling You can't tell him you broke your leg You told him that the last time and he found out you didn't Well, this time I will break it It's not necessary After all, he's not going to ask you to dance with him Well, can't you call him up and say I have a cold and my doctor doesn't want me to be among crowds No, that wouldn't work either Jack told me this was to be an intimate dinner and there won't be many people No, not at first But the place a bit jammed when the greyhound bus stops for sandwiches It isn't really so bad, normally but remember the night the sheriff was taking a busload of convicts to San Quentin Never forget it You know, it's bad enough going to Benny's house but the people he surrounds himself with that Phil Harris fellow What an atrocious character This isn't so bad, he's rather attractive too He's got nice hair So is Lassie and she doesn't drink She did, she couldn't lap it up as fast as he can The most ridiculous is that Dennis' day I know, but at least Dennis has an excuse Oh, what's that? He's nuts On Wilson, fellow You know, I can't understand him at all What do you mean? Well, once I was telling him about Last Horizon I gave him the most beautiful description of Shangri-La and when I finished, he said, what do people eat there? Mary Livingston will be there and she's very nice Oh yes, Mary is lovely But how Benny could take that girl out of the May Company and drag her down to this island? Let's finish dressing The sooner we get there, the sooner we can leave I wonder what Jack's serving for dinner Oh, probably the same thing as always baked beans under glass I hope he's more careful with the linen tonight Last time we had dinner there I wiped my lips with a napkin and got stuck with a safety pin Ronnie Yes, darling Last one dressed as a rotten egg Mary, the table's all set Looks nice, doesn't it?  So what? Trying to find the mashed potatoes was like looking for Chloe Looking for Chloe, looking for Chloe I like the table as it is Now let's see, I'll put Benita's chair next to me Ronnie's chair next to you The hide chair next to Ronnie And... The hide chair In case he brings his Oscar Isn't it? Now let's, uh... Oh, boss, Mr. Harris called a while ago and said you promised to lend him your tuxedo tonight So I laid it out on the couch Oh, yes, his didn't come back from the cleaners Jack, where would Phil be going that he has to wear a tuxedo? Well, his band has been engaged to play at the Hollywood Bowl But the Hollywood Bowl is closing for the season I know, they want to make sure of it Oh, I just... I just thought of something Rochester Yes, Mr. Bailey Now, Rochester, I want this to be the classiest dinner that I've ever given So get the candlesticks off the mantleteens I think it would give it just the right touch of continental flavor to have dinner by candlelight Uh, uh, wait a minute, Jack I'm not dressed for such an occasion You're going to eat by candlelight Why didn't you give me notice? You let the country the country didn't give us none? What happened this morning? I just stepped out of a hot bath when the man came not only turned off the heater he blew cold air on me Here are the candles, boss Put them in the center of the table I still think it'll be too dark Well, okay If you want electric lights I'll go out of the switchbox and connect the wires myself Come on The switchbox is out in the service port There it is, over there Boss, here's a pair of pliers and screwdriver and a roll of tape Thanks This won't take long at all Mary, hand me my rubber gloves Yes, doctor Don't be funny Jack What? Maybe you shouldn't fool around with electricity I know what I'm doing Here, hold this flashlight Okay Now, let's see I'll take this wire and connect it over there Did the lights go on, Rochester? Uh-uh Now I'll take this wire and put it over like that Did that do it, Mary? Uh-uh I better take these two wires and hook them onto the bottom two wires like this Did that fix it, boss? Gee, I couldn't let go Mary, when I touched those wires did that do anything? Yeah, one of your eyebrows has a Tony Well, it didn't ring, so I walked right in Hello, Rochester Uh, Phil, what are you so sad about? What am I so sad about? Yeah, what's the matter with you? Well, I... Jackson Jackson, it's you Well, of course it's me Boy, am I glad to see you then you can lend me your tuxedo Of course I can I had Rochester laid out on the couch didn't you notice it? Sure, I saw the tuxedo but when I opened the door and saw all those flowers and the candles burn and I wouldn't touch it for a million dollars And say, Phil, the Coleman's are coming over and the flowers are for decoration I'm using the candle because the lights are out Uh, say, Phil how come we didn't see you last week? Where were you? Oh, Alice's mother came to town and I had to show her around Boy, we really had a time Henry's, Francois's, Dominic's I never heard of those restaurants They ain't restaurants, them as pool rooms Pool rooms Phil, you took Alice's mother to a pool room? She loves the game Phil, you don't think she talked Alice into marrying me just because I'm pretty? This is ridiculous Ah, wait a minute, Phil Are you trying to say that Alice's mother wanted you for a son-in-law just so you can play pool with you? Of course, she was concerned I couldn't marry Alice fast enough What? All during the ceremony she was standing in the back you chalking up Oh, stop chalking up Even the preacher got confused The preacher? Yeah, he says, you promise to love, honor and keep one foot on the floor? Now look, Phil, believe me you're a very charming fellow I just love to stand here and listen to you make things up but I'm having the Coleman's over for dinner and I haven't time Okay, okay, Jackson I can take a hit You'll find the tuxedo on the cow Thanks, here's the three bucks So long, kid Mix the lights Oh, I'm not going to bother with her now we'll just have to leave the candles Holy smoke, look how late it is I wonder what's keeping the Coleman's Is my tie on straight? Looks very nice, yes Thank you Oh, Ronnie, I happened to look out of the window and I noticed Jack has candles on the table Candles on the table? Well, that's Benny for you Candle, light and seven up Oh, Bonita, I'd give anything if we didn't have to go Anything Oh, darling, what's the difference? It's only one night I know, but he's such a bore talks about himself all the time Will you ever forget that night we ran into him in London? But, Ronnie, Jack was only trying to make conversation Conversation? Bonita, I didn't mind when he told me he broke all existing records at the Palladium And I didn't mind when he told me that the king and the queen couldn't get tickets But when he told me they were going to move his dressing room to number 10 Downing Street I could have spit in his eye For being enthusiastic Well, perhaps not But, Bonita, his method of advertising his engagement at the Palladium was disgraceful Well, it was rather flamboyant Flamboyant?  I'll get it Yes? I beg your pardon Is this Jack Benny's house? Well, Jack Benny lives next door Next door? But that's a parking lot Only the front lawn Well, I'm sorry I bothered you but I got to deliver this stuff to Mr. Benny He called up the market and said something went wrong with his oven and he told me to hurry over with four cans of hash Hash? Do you hear that?  Bonita Bonita Oh, oh, oh Ronnie, what's the matter? Ronnie! What are you all for yet? Bonita, we don't have to go I broke my leg You maternity ward You'll never look for me there An impartial survey covering all the southern tobacco markets reveals this important fact More independent tobacco experts smoke Lucky Strike regularly than the next two leading brands combined Yes, Lucky Strike First again with Tobacco Man Remember, these are the experts the independent auctioneers, buyers and warehousemen Year after year they can see the makers of Lucky Strike consistently select and buy that fine, that light that naturally mild tobacco And more of these experts smoke Lucky Strike regularly than the next two leading brands combined You've heard the survey results Now, here's what Mr. Frank A. Brown, veteran tobacco warehouseman from Stoneville, North Carolina recently said Season after season, I've seen the makers of Lucky Strike buy fine, ripe tobacco Tobacco you just can't beat for smoking quality I'll smoke Lucky's 29 years A Lucky Strike smoker for 29 years And Mr. Brown, like you, looks to the cigarette he smokes for enjoyment Real deep down smoking enjoyment So light up a Lucky yourself And puff by puff you'll see LSMFT, LSMFT Lucky Strike means fine tobacco And naturally fine tobacco means a really enjoyable smoke for you Yes, puff by puff, pack by pack You'll like Lucky Strike So next time you buy cigarettes ask for Lucky Strike Good night, folks This is NBC, the national broadcasting company


Welcome to Road to Riot. I'm Ledriv and this is the last episode of 2019. It's been an amazing year We've gotten to work with some really great partners and sponsors that we'd like to thank so we'll throw all their logos up here Thank all of them for making so many awesome opportunities happen And we'd also like to thank all of you guys for making Road to Riot possible This channel couldn't exist without all of you guys supporting us by watching the channel by Shopping in our store for all the drone parts that you need So thank you for making Road to Riot a thing We love getting to do this and we can't wait for everything that the next year has in store on that note We thought that the best way to end this year is with a community spotlight episode which we haven't done in a long time where we find awesome FPV clips and Share them with you guys because there's so much amazing FPV content out there and we want to share the love So let's get right into it. Our first category is sick tricks and rips So these are some videos that feature either one really awesome trick or a couple of cool tricks This is window washer FPV and we featured this pilot on community spotlight before in fact He used to go by a different pilot handle He was doing a lot of this what I like to call building dancing Usually buildings with a lot of glass windows. So one time when we featured him I said, oh man, he should change his name to window washer FPV and he actually did.  This is window washer. That's a good pilot name And he's still killing it with this same building dancing style. I love seeing how he can take a pretty simple obstacle it's just a wall and Make a lot of different moves out of that one element also at the time of recording this video He has 1.99 Thousand subscribers. He's so close to two So make sure to check his channel out and help him get over that 2000 subscriber mark a link to his channel and all the pilot channels featured in this community spotlight Will of course be in the description here. We got Chris Wind this video I love because it has a really polished look in that he's got just the perfect amount of motion blur He's got a nice color grade on it. He's got a really cool song He's chosen, but it's actually just a like a one take raw Line and it's a really exciting line the whole time. He's getting a lot of good flow in he's exploring a really Expansive area and it's just it's just a good captivating watch polished package I really like this is a sick rip hola FPV. I Really like his wall rides. I I'm not exactly sure how he's doing such long Rides on the wall. I almost think he must be using a really high up tilt Oh, and that shaft dive was sick. This is just such a cool Abandoned building location. I believe in Quebec. Yes a bandeau in Quebec and he's tearing it up So inside he's getting that tight proximity stuff and when he's outside He's getting that really high speed wall ride action that I just love so much last video in this category is by basic Flies check out this Maddie flip in this bandeau that was so cool in the description He explains that he was really proud of this of this run But that his GoPro was broken and his SD card was corrupted So all he was left with was the DVR But I wanted to include this because that happens to everyone and it's so frustrating when your best run Doesn't get recorded on the high-def camera But I'm glad that he shared it anyway because he is tearing it up.  I want to fly this one. All right. Our next category is bursts These are videos that I wanted to recognize where someone is doing something for the first time They're sharing their growth and evolution in this sport and that's awesome Mal Zanar. Hope I said that right. Mal Zanar FPV. By the way, only 11 subscribers. This guy is very new He's so new that this is the first video. He's ever posted and also this is his first time diving a building and He's doing a great job Another reason that I really wanted to spotlight this is that he's doing building dives the right way This is at a remote location There's clearly no one below him all risk has been mitigated So I'm really happy to see a new pilot pushing themselves But still being very responsible with it You can push the limits and do epic stuff while still being Responsible and mitigating risk So I also love this raw part of the experience when it lands and you see him like Like we've all felt that when we're pushing the limits. So thanks Mal Zanar for sharing that experience in such an honest way And doing it in your first ever YouTube video. That's awesome Eduardo Zane only 48 subscribers in this video. He's sharing his First ever Maddie flip, which is one of my favorite tricks. The Maddie flip is a pretty advanced trick It's like a reverse power loop you go over something and then push back through it And to take it to the next level. He's doing it at a pretty crazy spot. He calls it a rusty bandeau So really exciting to see someone pushing themselves at an epic location and for a first Maddie flip, dude That was Good job In this last one for first is a little bit different of a first This is Ryan Tann's first ever TV gig So Ryan is getting to use his FPV skills to film for a TV show I believe called Caesar's recruit takes place in Asia and this is like a reel of the b-roll that he captured For the TV show. It's mixed with dialogue from the show I don't know anything about the show I don't think it plays in America But he's getting to do a lot of car chasing and fly in cities and it's really awesome to see FPV being used in more mainstream media and that a pilot in our community Who does racing and does freestyle is getting to do that So great job Ryan on your first TV gig and I hope you get a lot more gigs in the future Want to pause for a quick second because this video is brought to you by quad box So one of the pilots that we're featuring in this community spotlight.  It's a monthly subscription box every month You get a box of FPV goodies a cool t-shirt a tool a drone part lots of fun stuff The December quad box actually featured a full set of these new 6s version of the blaster motor So that was a pretty cool box and I think January is gonna be pretty good, too So one of the pilots that we are featuring here is going to receive January's quad box on us All right, let's get to the next category, which is always a favorite location location location So these are not just cool locations that someone's getting to fly out But it's that person making the most of that location and doing something really great with it So first up we got Florian Lepreol Getting to fly a French castle and what's extra cool is that there are like race gates set up So it's this fun mix of drone racing elements and historic architecture beautiful landscapes He's exploring the whole area and Florian's just a great pilot So love this video this moment where he gets to fly with the birds that just that's awesome Oh, and then he's like going between the features of the rooftop. There's a lot of good moments in this video Patrick's FPV so this is really unique Patrick's has posted a lot of videos where he is flying from this Barge I believe that he works on this barge and gets to fly from the boat pretty often It's just a really unique experience that he's sharing with us because he's just out at sea There's nothing to be seen on the horizon for miles The aesthetic of this video is just really unique in that like the horizon almost disappears You can't see where the sea ends and the sky begins But you see the texture of the water and you see this giant boat almost Floating in this endless space and then you also get to see a little bit of Patrick's himself He orbits himself Standing on one of the boat balconies. You should check out his channel There's actually another one of these boat videos where he encounters some dolphins and that's really cool I ended up showing this one because I think just with the fog and the way the horizon disappears It is the prettiest one that I saw Patrick's I would actually love to see a vlog from you about your experience Working on a ship and getting to fly from the ship if that's something you're into doing Pretty cool to see that our last up in the locations category We've got D-Rec fpb. I love Derek He has been involved with rotor right in various ways for a long time now He is an awesome dude and in this video He sets out with as he says one single goal to inverted orbit or as I like to call a trippy spin around a waterfall What that's that's a really? really aspirational challenge and this is just such a gorgeous waterfall you can see on most sides of the waterfall It's gonna be wide open, but then yeah, there's a cliff behind one side. So you're gonna have to hold your Orbit very close to the stream of water. He kind of shows the whole Process and you can kind of get a sense for how he's freaking out and you see the bailouts And you can relate and then finally on the third try and Nails it and it's so sick. It's so sick. That is something I would love to get to do someday Great job, Derek. Our next category is young rippers So these are young FPV pilots the future pro FPV racers and freestylers And it's just really cool to see such young people getting into FPV because it is it is a Complicated hobby and sport to be able to build and tune and pilot these things takes a lot of skill that to FPV is only nine years old and a lot of his videos are More focused on racing. So if you visit his channel again link in the description to all the channels we're featuring You can see a lot of him practicing racing and you can keep up with the improvement But in this video, he's doing a little more freestyle So, you know, that's the one that we had to feature here because we love freestyle So yeah, he's just got a really solid foundation for flying It's such a young age and that's so exciting to see and I really hope that he sticks with it and continues to develop his skills because he could grow up and be Really really good pilot gun woo FPV is only 15 years old And he's only been flying for one year and look at some of the crazy stuff this dude does this dive Oh my gosh, that's so crazy. This young dude is going to really cool spots and tearing it up This I'm so jealous of this spot. Where is that? I think it's Korea. Yeah I want to go to Korea just to tear up this building. This is so cool And then he can dive into the look at that the whole thing you can dive inside the whole building That's so epic dude. That's so epic Stick with it gun woo the last young ripper that we're featuring is bubby FPV We have featured him before the first time he ever made a vlog and What I'm really excited to see is he's kept up with the vlogging and Man, the improvement is so impressive. He's so much more comfortable talking to the camera And in this video that we are featuring he is actually taking on doing a trick tutorial And I've always said that doing trick tutorials provides a great format for doing a video It pushes you as the video creator to actually have to convey specific information and explain something and Hopefully do it in a creative way and the viewer actually gets the benefit of getting to learn something and improve their Own skills as a result of watching your videos So I'm just so pleased to see that bubby has not only stuck with pushing himself as an FPV pilot But also as a video maker and is doing tutorial stuff now and he explains it pretty well He's got the stick overlay so you can see what he's doing and he's doing the trick which by the way This is a tough trick that machine is only 14 years old awesome stuff Bobby, please keep making videos like this our final category for this community spotlight is such cinema Even though here at rotor riot we mostly do freestyle We love this cinematic aspect of FPV drones because it's just such a unique camera platform So let's take a look at what some of these pilots are doing first up We've got that flying Ryan in a video titled FPV plus tennis equals amazingness and This is kind of like a one-take sinewop video and what I like is that he starts with the establishment showing Like a country club golf course situation And then comes into the tennis court and then starts going back and forth with the players mixing in slow-mo and sound effects And it's just a unique video. I don't think I've seen a sinewop tennis video before I Will say that the whole time watching this video. I kept hoping that the tennis ball would end up hitting the drone You could have made that happen man. I would have taken it to the next level, but this is a really cool video This video is by East speedy.  We featured him before I've met him several times He's a really great guy, too And this video is just it's like a super edit what looks like an awesome vacation in Colombia he's getting to chase waves and surfers on waves and fly through Cliffed valleys and chase people jumping off those cliffs in the waters just a really great high energy Good vibes video and it just makes you want to be there like I want to go to Columbia and cliff jump that looks so Fun, I also I like how he's mixing in like handheld shots And you can't always tell immediately if it's the handheld shot or a drone shot So it's not just about the drone flying. He's just making good video clips this next video by mr. G. Seeks is Another exploration of an awesome place. This is a tour of Coracola Island in Croatia and it's just so creative what he does throughout the whole video he starts with this top-down shot that like cuts to the looks like a jump down and he's using Transitions and zooms in like a really creative way and of course mixing in FPV flying And I just love like the fast pace and the cool transitions and the beautiful scenery island exploration in 60 seconds It's really cool, but this is just like a really jam-packed 60-second video kind of feel as the viewer like you're thrown into this right from the start with that drop down And you're just rushing through the island seeing all the scenery and then You're out of it 60 seconds and the last video for this category and for this community spotlight is by the one and only Finke we feature this guy so many times he is So awesome and what's really cool about this video is he's showing behind the scenes of His life as a professional FPV drone pilot the coolest part of this video is because he shows you the behind the scenes of this choreographed flight in a Martial arts facility and it's so cool to see the different perspectives of This video because in the end result people are appearing out of nowhere. He times the Camera and the people coming in and out of scenes so that people are just seemingly Appearing and disappearing But then when you watch what's actually going on and how well timed it is and people are playing to the angle and Doing things like getting the drone to land on the head of One of the fighters and how someone snuck up from behind grabbed it and held it on his head for that perspective This shows so many creative uses of the Cinewap flying. I love this Oh my gosh, it is just so cool to see how well thought out this is this is taking Cinewap flying to the next level So that is going to do it for this episode of community spotlight I really hope that you guys check out all of the pilots and video makers that we featured here Links in the description to everyone. They're all super talented and some of them have very little subscribers They deserve your attention. We're gonna pick out one of these pilots and give them a quad box I'm gonna go ahead and pick Basic flies. I just thought that was a really cool Bando run loved the freestyle loved the variety of tricks and I know I showed his clip That was just DVR cuz the the crashed GoPro But check out his channel because he's got a lot of other great edits that are in full HD He's super talented. So basic flies Hope you enjoy your quad box. Happy New Year's everybody. I'm so excited for what 2020 holds We really appreciate your support all this year and look forward to everything that we're gonna do together in the coming year I'm LaDrib and this has been community spotlight By the way, every time we make one of these episodes someone Comments on the ear pod we wear this so that when we're watching the videos I can hear the music and Talk about it without it. There's a reason I'm just saying it's not a fashion statement It's just