Okay, and it says it is streaming. Hold on. Let's give it a minute here. Yeah, because you remember Kamal said he did not want to give me a different key because of the confusion. Okay, it's streaming now. Yeah, you're good. All right, great. I'll mute that site so that I can't hear the YouTube one, which would be a bit... That's correct, yeah. And then you'll see the questions on the right-hand side. There you go. There's Tom. Tom's in there, and he's helping out with questions. Do you see his questions there, or is it good morning and live? Yeah, I can, yeah. Okay, great. Great, Moby. We're all set to go then. Okay, well, welcome, everybody. We're just here for 53 minutes. And if you haven't seen any of my webinars before, I've done two with bookmarks and a pro trader, and I've done a live impromptu stream of the London Open with Bruce pretty about a year ago now. I will move across to my bio. Yep, apologies. It tends to magnify every time I do that. Okay, so I've been trading futures for 10 years. Before that, I've done a variety of careers. I've worked in law, merchant banking, telecommunications. I've got an avid love of technology. I've used just about every software trading platform there is. I've used investor RT like Tom, I've used multi-charts. I currently use Sierra for my detailed analysis and coding, and I have used bookmarks since the day it was launched, and I was one of the very first people to take up the introductory offer of the lifetime license. So I've been around with bookmarks for about nine years. I live in Australia, actually live in Western Australia, so my time focus has to be from a practical perspective, the ETH session. I'm actually awake, not necessarily at my desk, but I am awakened around during the Asian Open. That's the Japan Open and China Open. I consider them together because they're within an hour of each other. And the London Open, and I'm usually around for the first two to three, maybe four hours of the New York Open. Okay, I need to just read a couple of disclaimers. So let's just get this down to 33%. Okay, the first one's a general disclosure. All book map limited materials, information, and presentations are for educational purposes only, and should not be considered specific investment advice nor recommendations. There's also a risk disclosure. Trading futures, equities, and digital currencies involve substantial risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors. Path performance is not necessarily indicative of future results. Okay, let us go to having a live stream, and that is the point of this, and basically what we are doing here, and it'll establish itself over the next few weeks. I'm actually awake for part of July, but when I'm around, the idea that I had with Bruce was to set this up as a breakfast radio show. You're driving in your car on the way to work, and you're listening to information and hopefully being a little bit entertained on the market before the very, very serious business of the volatility of the New York Open happens at 9.30. So what I wanted to do was to quickly recap what's happened overnight in the Asian and European sessions and help people prep for the RTH Open. Because some of the people who are watching this, whether it's live or recorded, will not have seen anything I've done, I was going to start this session with a very quick recap of my basic strategy and also a quick explanation of my book map screens today which are pretty much identical for ES and NQ. Okay, I will just... I will try to keep the stream going on the left-hand side so that we can watch what ES is doing, bearing in mind that we're in the bottom half of yesterday's range and we're not far off yesterday's low. Right, so my basic strategy is... it's linked to Wycoff, which has been around about 100 years, but essentially it is the big players, for whatever reason, moving the market from A to B, whether it's A above and B below or A below and B above. I don't particularly care why they move it, but we see the same things again and again and we just want to get a section of a move. I also equate it these days, especially with stop runs and things like that, of fuel. So a modern way of looking at Wycoff is that you need the fuel to get from London to New York and you're playing. So where book map comes in is... book map helps us tremendously with showing us where that fuel might be and on this slide I've got here a couple of the sources of the fuel might be stop runs and retests of where big players came in, both of which book map can help enormously with. This is something I've got in common with Tom and I highly recommend you watch his webinars when you get a chance. I believe that we are not here to predict the future. I also believe, and this is on the basis of 10 years' worth of experience and getting as many things wrong as you possibly can, that each and every trade, simply because we cannot predict the future, is better off as an equal trade and by equal I mean that you have an equal dollar value risk. I built a tool in Sierra, you can build it on any platform, so that every single trade I take, regardless of whether I've got a stop of one point in the AS or 10 points in the AS or the equivalent in the NQ, is the same dollar value including commissions. The idea there is simply that I cannot tell, before I tell a trade, whether it is going to be one of the, is going to have the result of one of the better trades that I've done before, so I don't know whether this trade is going to work or not. In other words, I have to accept, and I've had to accept over the last 10 years, every single trade that you enter at the time you enter it is a 50-50 casino bet and it only counts as one of your high probability trades after the event, i.e. after you've either been stopped out or you've reached your target or targets. And for that reason I highly recommend, since you don't know whether this trade is going to be one of the winners or losers or even get you up to your third or fourth scale, that you put the same risk on and you let the market show you whether it is going to be or not. So when we start talking about streaming, to me, I mean, at the moment we've got, if we flick over to ES Live here, you've got a couple of pink icebergs. I think I've got the icebergs in pink, which I think is the default colour for everybody. And if I was to take a trade here and if we have a nice big fat band of liquidity protecting us here and I was trying to get a couple of points, that to me would be worth as much as a 10-point trade because I'm risking the same amount. So for the purposes of this streaming, let's just talk about it as a $100 risk. So I honestly do not care when I'm looking at the markets whether I'm going to get a big swing or a small swing. I've been known to scalp. In scalping terms, in NQ, in the ETH session, you can have a tighter stop as four points, five points, six points. And ES, it can be as low as one point. And if you do have such a tight stop, then it is much easier to hit your 3R target or your 2R target or even your 1R target because you just have to match the distance to that stop. Anyway, since I started looking at my screens, let's have a look at what is on my screen today. Okay, right. The heat map is pretty much default. I think I've tuned it down an absolute fraction and I've tuned down the size of the volume dots a fraction. But apart from that, it is bog standard straight out of the box. Again, I've learned the hard way. You can waste too much time messing around, getting settings to be perfect, whereas part of the magic of this tool is the aggregation and the intelligence of the tool itself in changing all the colors to reflect the current liquidity. So in other words, you just leave it alone and let it show you what to do. But that being said, one of the things that I absolutely love is to zoom in and out. So we're talking zooming in horizontally on time and zooming in vertically. There's quite a few streamers out there and they have a YouTube channel and they just show you a stream of a static book map or one where you can't actually control it yourself. I highly recommend that most of the value comes from actually physically dragging your mouse inside book map and seeing what is going on. So if we went back and we drag back and we saw what happened at this moment, which was 07.15 and we saw the big stop run and then an ice being placed, we can only do that with our own instance or installation of book map. Anyway, back to what is on my book map screen, which might not be on everybody else's. Okay, I have the liquidity marker. So I want to know, both in ES and NQ, which should have, yep, it's got lots of them, exactly where people are taking or placing large amounts of liquidity. In NQ, especially in the ETH, especially these markers are normally the boundaries of the market makers. So you'll often see them moving it from A to B and you'll get clear indication with these liquidity markers that that's roughly where they're transacting from. So you also, in ES, you get big changes when things are about to happen. So here, another instance of where it's useful is this little play of taking, adding liquidity, removing it, adding or removing it right before we have the next move down. Okay, the other thing that I have from a liquidity perspective, I have the outside liquidity, which is a relatively new tool inside book map. I've only been using it for the last month or so. Prior to that, I had to do that manually in Sierra. So I've got this one, let me just show you. Where is outside liquidity? I've basically just got it to show me the 30 closest levels to the best buy, the best bidder and ask. So I'm basically looking for what is happening by way of a push-pull seesaw mechanism right now. At the moment, you've got 2.5 below and 2 above. If there's a great big disparity, and I don't think at this time of the day, that is a huge disparity, but I can't show you any other examples. By the way, I might just pause and quickly read the chat. That can give you an indication of the overall direction. So I'm not talking about the instantaneous direction of the next minute or so, but just the overall direction of the next hour or so. And if I flick to NQ and have a quick look at that. NQ is being a little bit more helpful because it's a thinner market. These two numbers here are a little bit more reliable. In AES, it's so thick that it would have to be a big, big difference, say about 4,000 versus 2,000 for me to really pay attention to the outside liquidity marker. Apart from that, I've got, as I said, the volume dots, the volume bars, bog standard. And when I look across at the columns, I have a notes column. This is, again, something that you need to do yourself. What I did was I built a very short code in Sierra so that I can mark something on my chart in Sierra and instantaneously and by instantaneous, I mean about 75 seconds, it appears in this column here. I just find that an incredibly quick and convenient way of monitoring the key levels. One of the things that I'm always looking for, and again, I think this is something I have in common with Tom, is a look above and fail or a look below and fail. So I'll often mark a key swing high in this column with a certain color just so that I'm aware, as and when we pop up there, that it was there in case we've, for example, scrolled off the screen and book map and I'd forgotten that was the last reasonable swing high. Okay, what else have I got? I've got the current order book. I have it in number format only because I have such a simple layout that it is the way of showing me the spread. So if we go to enqueue and we zoom in a little bit and we can see that the spread is actually not too bad. Two ticks spread, but in the ETH in the wee Asian hours that can be a four tick spread or sometimes even a five tick spread. So it's just something to note. It's also something that really helps your eye with watching price action where you can see the bid and ask move a little bit better. Okay, and the only other thing that I have over here in the columns is Delta. So this is just the volume profile and I'm only showing Delta. And again, it resonates or it's aligned with my view on how fuel moves the market. So if we have a really, really big move down and we have really big red numbers there, to me, as long as we're not in a pure trend situation, that's fuel to have a nasty, sharp shock upwards. So I'm just watching that and especially in enqueue if that goes really, really red and we're really in the middle of action now so this is not a very good example. That is normally a really good guide that we might get a stop run in the other direction or a quick reversal in the other direction. Okay, the other thing that I have on my charts here is one of the market pulse add-ons. This is, again, something new that book maps introduced this year. I'm finding it very useful. Again, I often trade in the ETH hours where it can be very, very dull unless we have relative volume, which is something that most people talked about over the last 10 years. Unless we have a high relative volume, we can get really, really dull action and nothing is happening and we should be doing absolutely nothing. I've turned the volume off on these meters but the beauty about this is with this one which is just the volume pressure, if that changes out and we suddenly do have a spurt of action and by a spurt of action I mean real action so we might have an ETH, something like the last three minutes of action being about 20 or 30 in ES and then suddenly it jumps to 100 and you get the corresponding sound notification. That's just an indication that it might be worth considering a trade right about now or in the next few minutes when a setup occurs. The other market pulse one here is just the price change. It's a little bit like any other form of extreme rotation oscillator and again it's just an objective measure of how far price has moved from its average over the last X minutes. In my case it's about three minutes. So that is my book map screen for today. I will now stop and have a quick look at the questions. Yeah, Captain Price, I agree with your observation about market pulse. What I'm also hoping because I've seen it mentioned in Discord is that the market pulse API will be opened up to us especially the DOM so that we'll be able to for example code our own pulling and stacking version of market pulse and that would be really really good. I mean I'm a visual person. I have used Jigsaw amongst every other platform I've used but I do not like just watching numbers in columns. It's just not my cup of tea. I'm much better with color shading and yeah just having a market pulse version of how the book is being tugged from one side to another would be really really good. Okay, any other questions? Let's have a look at the chat. Just opening up the Discord chat. That's just you Thomas and it's saying hello. I don't think there are any other questions. So let's have a quick look at some action from today. So my recommendation for my general recommendation for ETH is NASDAQ over ES simply because you get better rotations. By the way for the purposes of this stream now that I'm switching off my little presentation notes I've got Bruce's permission to show ES and NQ. It's on trading view. This is a very very basic trading view chart. If you're going to trade ES or NQ in ETH my strongest recommendation is that you have some way of watching them in tandem. Here's a one minute chart but you can do it on a five minute or whatever basis. They move together.  It's never that simple. We do not know from one second to the next simply because we don't know what the future will bring which one is leading. The magic seven that have been driving the markets all year are represented to my knowledge very heavily in both the ES and NQ. I'm just simply saying that it might be ES one moment it might be NQ one moment. What I tend to do, I haven't got it on this screen because we've got book map in tabs but I'll have book map ES to the right and book map NQ to the left not just the actual price action of a one minute chart but also where the liquidity is where the stop runs are where the icebergs are having both of those side by side is absolutely critical. You'll get so much clarification so many times over where one is guiding you and it can be liquidity something as simple as pulling and stacking just pressure down through the book but just having them work together is critical. Going back to what I said about equal value risk what we want here as well this again this is my personal opinion I believe you should have as many reps as possible I don't mean over trading I mean as many reps of valid setups as you have repetitions that is for reps during the course of your trading week you might have absolutely no trades today you might have 30 yesterday but they've all got to be valid vetted setups even though you know that when you take an individual trade it's a complete lottery and it is 50-50 the very moment that you enter. The other I mean I wonder if I can scribble on me I thought I had epic pen pulled up but I don't so I might just pull up my little drawing tool here as well and I'll use the trading view as a whiteboard so we can keep watching the market I'm hoping it's there come on epic pen there we go okay so if we've got a risk and say we're risking one dollar this is hypothetical and this is part of the psychology of repetitions if we are trading that that is potentially what we're losing so in fact it's better if I just write this down so minus one, minus one, minus one you'll often hear I've seen it so many times on Twitter or wherever when you've got a setup that is your favorite setup or it's this fabulous setup you should bet the house you should press and press and press and I'm saying that is very very much the exception in my view if you have made about 10R in ETH one of your favorite setups in your very first setup in RTH and you press 5R on that one fine but otherwise if you take say three times the risk you would on a setup and it is your first trade of the day and you go down minus 3R or minus 300 dollars or minus whatever it is that you're betting per trade that is a psychological hammer blow and it's really something that is harder and harder to recover from it also encourages two behaviors which I feel are a tremendous detriment to retail traders and we're all retail traders the first behavior is that you are going to start ignoring your stops because you're not going to want to take that R or that minus 3R with your first trade or your second trade and the other thing is you're going to start veering towards percentage probability of wins neither of those are contrary to what people are about helpful to your overall trading if you have 20 repetitions and you lose 10 and you think oh I'm only going to break even for the day because I've only won 10 that's not likely to be the case because if you took your 20 value setups it is likely that 1 or 2 or 3 or even 4 or 5 of those are going to run much further than 1R and if you have set up your scales properly or you just trail a winner past your 1R you could have a 2, 3, 4, 5R winner on one of those trades and that completely changes the outlook of your balance sheet at the end of the day so just one of those things that I just want to stress about that applies just as much as it does to anything else please don't bet the house on one trade and please, please, please accept your stops right, let's talk about what's actually happening right now so this is similar to yesterday I'm not expecting this to be a repeat scenario I'm now moving over to watching ES live let me get rid of epic pen so I can control my cursor okay, yeah right, I've got a highlighted cursor from epic pen what happened yesterday in ETH before we got to the open knives chain to Bruce when this actually happened was that we had quite a few icebergs both in ES and NQ let's have a look if NQ's got any, we haven't got any in NQ at the moment where they collected and collected and collected before 9.30 and they basically aggregated their positions and then just rode the market upwards certainly in NQ for about a good 30 minutes, an hour after the open so it's interesting that we've got the situation here where we've got two tiny icebergs so far when they've collected next to nothing but it's the same kind of behaviour my suspicions are that it's not going to be what happened yesterday in terms of looking and where we might go it's something that I use other things I think Tom uses profile, I use profile, I use options and I look to marquee levels in book mat before the market opens and I strongly encourage other people to do that so I might just stop and have a look at the questions again do you use market pulse NQ ES together to get an additional insight okay, yes I do I've got one example here, this is not exactly how I have it set up on my screen but I've got it here so we can actually get some information from where either of these two markets are really, really busy and they're not at the moment yes, I have the price change and the volume pressure hour goes side by side so if this was my ES chart I'd have the volume pressure here and the market pulse one which just looks like that one right next to it okay, and I'd have the same for NQ okay and any other questions yeah, Moby I'd just jump in wondering if you, so you're using price change and volume pressure I looked at both, having both volume pressure and volume pressure and balance and what it did for me and especially the audible alerts and again I won't turn those on because they will just annoy everybody listening to this webinar the real gain from ETH as I mentioned earlier is when we get something happening when the algos turn on a lot of the time in ETH when those algos turn on are fairly predictable times the opens that I mentioned they're also half hour or on the half hour or on the hour time blocks so for example a late Asian reversal might be at 1am Eastern time, New York time so just you can have an idea that the algos may get switched on around that time but if you have something flashing big big bars and it's not just the bars it's the actual number in the volume pulse thing at the moment you can see the ES says 400 there and NQ says 117 now if it said 400 in Asia I would stop what I was doing and pay attention because that's a huge number and that is such an advantage because a lot of the time we started talking about the type of action we get in NQ and maybe this is just really an introductory webinar today and a lot of the time you're going to get a lot of chop and the reason why you get so much chop is because you've got less fuel you've got less participants in those sessions so unless you get some big third party player that's decided to use that overnight session to drive the ES 50 points up or the NQ 100 points up or whatever the typical action you've got is just smallish market mayors playing market makers playing tennis with each other or ping pong with each other and so they have to go chop chop chop backwards and forwards backwards and forwards to get 20 point moves or 10 point moves in NQ so when you suddenly see the volume pressure go from say 50 to 400 you know that something else has happened or is happening and it might be the move of the day or the move of the night does that answer your question on that one? on the price change algo is just I use that in two different ways obviously when markets are trending I'll call this a trend because it's a decent swing down just like a mini trend you'll see that the price change will hit its bottom extremities but when you're trying to get in and say we were trying to short this market here we'd be looking at the top extremities and it does a really really good job if I turn the cursor on properly so you can find out where the price extremities on the price change algo were you can find out that they were very very useful three of those would have been winning so you were only going for two points or two and a half points they would have all been winning trades on the basis that a win is one R so it serves that purpose of an extreme pullback it also serves the purpose where it is chopping in table tennis fashion because you're looking at help from shorting at the top of the range and longing at the bottom of the range I'm not saying it's any more useful than something like RSI or whatever but it's just right in your face and the way the book map does things it's calculated down to the micro micro seconds so you can really really zoom in so I do find it useful from that perspective when the API is opened we can code one based on pulling maybe I'd prefer to use that if I managed to code a good one but no I do find it useful I mean I know you Bruce for example you have your stops your SI subchart there or you have your CVT I've seen that on quite a few people I just like seeing the stops there I've made the ones that are not aggregated semi-transparent and that's like 50% transparency and the ones that are aggregated and I've got a pre-layer aggregation I think it's only about 50 on ES but I just like seeing them because it's information to me that can be of use even though it may not be a trigger if it's not in the right location it's just good information to have okay yep yep thanks Moby I was just curious I know that you've kind of embraced the market pulse and found some nice setups for your market pulse volume pressure and balance volume pressure and balance as well maybe if I'd been focused on just talking about live streaming I'd already marked up a zone I know yesterday's low was just one level I like marking up zones wider than one level we're quite clearly let me just explain what's on this trading view chart so people can see why the shading is there the dark shading which is that's a dark color for me it's just a representation it's just a very very approximate representation of developing values so basically as it leaves this we are forming a new value below so we the Anki rejected it or sort of broke out a value underneath test it and so I'd be looking at shorts on the basis that we're looking for value below and again ES is pretty much identical because that's how they move in ETH so I would have been looking for shorts so then we move along here I mean we've got yesterday's low so we think we're looking for shorts what's the most obvious place they're going to go to it's yesterday's low you know there are reasons there are always reasons why the market wants to move so what do we have on our chart and you know this is the beauty about having control of a book map instance yourself you can zoom out so we can go and we missed that so you know what do we do when we miss something we just say oh well that looks like a valid setup but we missed it and there will be other opportunities that come along so we decided in our minds that we're looking for shorts and then we zoom in and we drag this along a bit and we have a lovely SI I tend to ignore the icebergs unless they're either resting or they're huge so by resting I mean this green iceberg below remained valid and in existence so in other words it forms a potential and I use the word potential quite lightly target below so we're looking for any pops up to short and what gives us pop up that gives us pop up and that's the market pulse price change okay and that is set to 3 minutes I think it just if I just find what the setting is because I can't remember just right click on it there yeah I don't have to drag it in I suppose I could right click there as well so yeah pretty much default other than the training period the training period is 3 minutes why is it 3 minutes I love 3 minute charts there is no more science than that it can be anything you want it to be if you have a lower value at 3 minutes I think the default is 5 minutes you're going to get more instances of green and red extremities I don't mind those because I'm partly using it as a trigger guideline so that is not the same as saying I'm using it as a trigger I'm using it as a guide to help me objectively find areas which may be good pullback locations on this downtrend so yeah so in other words that's bog standard with a 3 minute training period and it has given us 1 entry there 2 entries 3 entries and we had a clear first target of yesterday's lows around there and you know there are two ways of doing a stop and determining your R here again I'm saying that in my mind say my R today is $100 it's going to be a percentage of my account balance or whatever it is so I'm saying that the way of determining what that R is in terms of ticks or points you know there are lots of different ways one that I've done it might be a pure volatility base so you can have it as some kind of formula based on a short term ATR so you can do it on that basis because you're willing to accept the stop and because your target is not huge the other one you know you look inside book map and find out the most likely locations or you look in your little 1 minute chart and you take a fairly obvious stop location of just above the previous swing high but there may be something better in book map I mean that's why we use this tool because it helps us microscopically enhance our own trading plan but yeah I'm just saying so I'm just saying provided these pullbacks are your vetted valid setups it gave you a guide to three separate entries so if you were taking short smallish wins which is still the same as a big win then you would have had three wins okay let's have a look sorry let me have a look at the chat again ah yes sure yeah again this is more of my first webinar I'm just looking at the question from T and I can't really I can't tell whether it's Tom or somebody else yeah somebody's saying that FDAX is used yeah sure I've got I mean I think it's quite clear I've got trading view on my screen I've got lots of screens there's a screenshot in the in the shared workstation channel where you can see my screen setup so I've got two giant 4k monitors which are not being displayed here so I have a few trading view charts up so yes I agree with you that the DAX is always very useful in the European session what goes with it changes from time to time sometimes I have the euro stocks sometimes I have one of the currencies sometimes I have an inverse calculation of DXY yeah and in the Asian session I'll always have a form of Nikai whether it's a CFD version or the real thing and I'll have a form of the China 50 up there so I can see what both Japan and China are doing and you know it will change from day to day sometimes they'll both be useful sometimes one will be useful neither of them will be useful and ES and NQ just want to do their own thing but it is information that is definitely worth having if you are going to be trading Asia yeah some of the other things I like looking at gold you know gold is very very interesting in Asia for two reasons one it has a correlation with currencies and secondly it is heavily traded in that session so it is good information to have one source of information that it gives you is that if gold is dull then and your relative volume statistic for today for ES is low then do not trade this Asian session go out on your bicycle and go and cycle 50Ks just do not waste your money and your time trying to trade this session yeah so that was just answering your question of how I use correlations or confluences in the Asian market the other thing about the European session we are breaking down we are well below yesterday's like this was a lovely trend down wasn't it yeah so when briefs that market belts if you had a trailing stop so after you had hit your 1R and you just trailed onwards you would still be in that trade so if you had a two point stop you should have got 4R on the very first trade there anyway yeah in the European session we don't just have the DAX we also have the US pre open markets which open I forget the hour now if I have a look it gets 4 o'clock 4am sorry Bruce yeah sorry I'm just Prius on your like you're showing these great entries on the pulse tool yeah yeah and I'm wondering maybe you can kind of detail just a bit of like you know how are you using app to look for slicing into that entry yeah sure let's look at the first one here because that's the one that you really want to get into rather than the second or the third one so yeah when we look at the first one let's go back to what really happened here okay and we've got the delta dots here so when it says the volume of 2, 3, 7 you've got to take that with a pinch of salt I like knowing the exact volume it's one of those things that I do I go around in my prep for the RTH open looking at the ONH session to see where the biggest trades were let's assume this was an absolutely huge trade anyway we've got a big pop up here you've got a big run up or in my terms that's a big run up we've been at the liquidity below and we've run up and we've run up 8, 9 points okay and you can see from the delta column that at this stage if I drag it further over you have a lot of fuel to go down you've got 800 or so maybe more than 800 potentially trapped buyers so I'm thinking in Wycoff terms I'm not going to bring that picture up again but I'm thinking that if we have a good move down off this where we have this trap fuel that you can have a second move as well so in other words there's lots of names for it Elliot's second wave, new momentum low whatever you want to call it so I'm looking for a move with a bit of drama to it showing some real intent of the sellers and then I want to get in on the pullback so I'm just waiting for the market pulse to catch up here okay so I'm saying that through this move here which was through to about 743, 744 that yeah so basically that move there if we zoom in and drag that down whether it's that one there or that one there they both had the probability that it would have a second continuation move so at that stage I'm looking for another pop up or I'm looking for a zone which has like a double top or a retest zone so you have a move down then you have a pop up you might have got that, you didn't get a market pulse but you've got somewhere where they're rejecting off so you're looking in, you're zooming in here and you're seeing what is happening and whether we can get in assuming they're going to take out this low and at this stage let me zoom out again, yeah you've got the overarching target down here at the 4393 mark 4393.50 you've got an area where they may want to reject again and you've got market pulse here and you've also got 50 Exceated Iceberg there and 109 there and you've got a liquidity coming and a bit of pressure to push the price down a bit so I'm saying that this little entrance here was the ideal one if you were going to get in and you could have a very very tight stop here you could go ridiculously tight and just be beyond this so that might just be 3 ticks, 4 ticks that is too tight in my idea but you could go just the other side of this liquidity and so I'd say you could easily have a 2 point stop there and one recommendation I do make and this is nothing to do with RTH but in EDH the more that you're prepared to take small stops and the more successful overall you'll be because you won't get stuck in these trades which go against you forever and you'll get some reasonable scales on trades that do go your way so I'm saying that market pulse would have helped us here with the liquidity coming in to push the price down so you feel comfortable you could even move your stop directly behind there once it starts to move down you get your 1R at 2 points your stops just above here waiting for market pulse to catch up and then we get another market pulse sort of entry there which is a good sign if it cannot get any higher and the 1R stop again was just above this level which has gone yellow now and we're getting a bit of distribution here so in other words they're absorbing the buyers and you're still in hopefully you haven't moved your stop to break even and you're giving this thing a chance because one of the keys, I mean this is the big overlap I've got with Tom's auction market theory is they just love to test and test and test before they fail so this is like the extreme of that little mini profile where they're just collecting and collecting and then they're about to drop and create a new little V-Pok of this move and then move down towards the target which is 439350 does that answer your question Bruce? Yeah that was great Moby thank you and when we zoom in the way the liquidity is by having your own installation the way you get to see the increase in the pressure down just by the colouring getting redder and redder, yeah that's great that gives you a bit of comfort when you're in that trade just seeing whether we've got another entry on the market pulse, no we didn't although we have one there, I don't know I'd have to have something else before I was just going to jump in there I mean you've got the belief that we're heading towards yesterday's low and that it's been down towards it earlier in the ETH session so there may have been a way of scalping that one in but it's hindsight and it's probably best not to speculate too much on hindsight, it's better to do it at the right edge you've got this resting iceberg we've got six minutes left I like resting icebergs that are above as targets I'm not so au-fait about using resting icebergs below as targets I mean I'd like to see what happens when it gets down there and fills it up and I'm speaking about this early in case they take a huge amount and then they ramp it up at the open but I don't like using that as a target for a trade okay we haven't looked at NQ so we should have a quick look at NQ during all this move while ES was and what we can see from, let me just click that one we can see from the correlated charts that NQ had the same kind of move but it's interesting to see what kind of action we would have got there I think what time was the first ES move sorry my own book map's a little bit sluggish because it's been going for about two days I should have rebooted overnight I did not get up early instead I went for a run in the swim anyway let's have a quick look so the types of ways you get in this time of the day and the big caveat of me talking about shorts in ES and NQ at this time of the day is that this hour the power hour after people wake up in New York tends to be the most bullish hour at eight o'clock after they've been moving down potentially in Europe you'll often find a retrace or ramp between eight and nine in ES but this is the opposite today which is good so let me look I mean one thing we can see straight off the bat is how useful the SI is there I mean one of the things that you've got to look at you've got to look where the liquidity is the size of these SI stops and where they're moving with the liquidity marker but again that's hindsight it's pretty best if we just focus on what's happening right now let's have a look and with NQ I do not like zooming in too much because it moves about three times as far as ES whereas in ES you'll have the vertical scale virtually one tick or you might just zoom out a little bit so you've still got one tick but you've squashed it a bit in NQ I like having it at a point so I've just got to zoom out a little bit more about that level why just because I get to see the liquidity a little bit better the liquidity that's a bit further away NQ has got this absolute love of moving in in round handles I think Scott Puccini talks about it and by round handles I mean five and ten points especially the ten handles so being able to see the liquidity ten handles away is important to me even if I've only got a small book map window it also lets us see things like resting liquidity just a little bit further away will tend to happen in NQ and ETH and again this is just a very very rough guide rule whatever you want to call it but it's not something that applies every time and please don't ever treat it as such you often get this big band of liquidity where NQ loves to do this it will go almost to it it will convince you that it's going to hit that liquidity but it will then turn around just when people think it's going to hit it and then it will go a long long long way away and then when people think it's going to hit the next liquidity or the next key level below it will reverse and go straight to this liquidity it is the most common thing that NQ will do in ETH so if you can program your head to get that gut feel where you think oh my god this is definitely going to do it then you should turn that into a trigger in your own mind that that's a perfect time to go in the absolute opposite direction so in other words I'm saying that NQ is counterintuitive anything you think it is going to do it usually does the absolute opposite in ETH please I'm just aware that we're at 2059 so we are coming right up to the one hour of this okay Moby at your discretion here I wouldn't mind moving just to the last section of yeah I just let me yeah it was just really to help people part of this is the breakfast show so let's have a quick look at prep for today's open so one of the big things that we've had are Fed speakers so you've got Fed's Bostich which has already happened ECV's Panetta you've got one piece of read information today which is the S&P PMI at 9.45 and other than that we have Friday options expires so yeah so if we're doing a pre-market prep you've always always in these Fed speaker days got to check when they're speaking and when that might interact you've got to remember the times of day for reversals I mean I'm not going to harp on about this too much because we've got some great speakers in the book map live sessions and we've got Tom himself at 11 o'clock so you've always just got to be aware of the calendar you've got to be aware of the macro themes I just thought I'd do something fun I got if I can get this yeah I got mid-journey to do a logo for book map so this is an AI generated logo for book map I just used a fairly bland prompt and got that which I think is actually quite nice and the idea there is that we are still in this AI bubble so the market run-up has been driven by AI and until that bubble properly pops we are in it okay market structure marking the key levels use your cloud notes it is your friend remind yourself of your plan and your setups so that you do not need to see them when you're in the heat of battle during the session be wary of volatility at the open it's a double-edged sword you know if you were long in NQ yesterday great if not you would have been bankrupt if you hadn't been stopped out and make sure you do all the mental and physical prep before the session to make sure you're in peak condition because it is a war out there and the most important one that I can ever say to anybody before the training session is keep an open mind the worst thing you can do is have a closed mind where you've decided what the market will do and you will not accept the market telling you what it wants to do and yeah I'll probably wrap it up there because it's only supposed to be an hour and I don't really want to get in the way of anybody before the RTH breeze alright great that was excellent Moby looking forward to your stream so Wednesdays and Fridays but let's see you will be here next Wednesday and Friday correct but after that you will be away for some weeks yeah okay okay alright well yeah and future sessions I mean I might have a I might spend 15 minutes doing something you know like talking about strategy whatever but most of the time will be yes live streaming yeah yeah excellent yeah this was the first one and you know I just wanted to interject a few questions along the way but you will be you know front lines and looking for insights here in book map that and looking at the way that you use book map and read order flow yeah and we missed that little turnaround we had the the 100 iceberg at the low there and then they bounce just off it or just before it and then nice little move back up going right back to yesterday's low so that would have been a beautiful trade there you've got a stop run you've got two stop runs 261 and 181 and yeah that could have been a very useful hide behind so you set your stop just behind that iceberg except they can hit your stop easily and you've got two R straight there so again the beauty of ETH is that you can keep your stop small yeah yeah that's that's really really good advice and I like the way you mentioned the beauty of ETH as well is you can scale in I wouldn't necessarily say I scale in I'd say I scale out Bruce I'd rather take my stops so you know if the typical I mean an NQ stop in ETH assuming we're not having a crazy day a day like today would be something where between 4 and 10 points your stop I would not scale in on that one because of what NQ can do and it can do real damage it is far better to take that one R stop and get in again because otherwise you can get stuck in you suddenly find your 40, 50, 60, 80 points down before you know it it is a crazy crazy vehicle yeah yeah no I agree with you a point of discussion on that is probably the most important thing is to take the stop I mean don't worry about the profits just worry about the losses because when you get the move they move very nicely that's what I've seen at least that's right there's something that Tom's spoken about many times as well scaling out is so important because the idea is you're minus one R and you're going one R with your wins and then all of a sudden you have a 5R or a 6R with the NQ as you said it could just run you could get a 10R have absolutely no idea enter that trade and all of a sudden that's your day done or your day set up yeah exactly okay well great thank you Moby and we'll see you next Wednesday okay cheers thanks son


My name is Naveeth. I am working on UIDI card data. So right now we have downloaded all the CSV formatted data and I have just cloned the HTML standard, HTML examples from the D3. So right now what I am doing is I am just passing all the CSV data which is in the format which is required in D3 graphs. There are different types of graphs like stack bar or grouped stack bar. So that requires a kind of formatted data. So I am just passing the CSV files and writing the scripts to just pass those original CSV files into the format required by those D3 graphs and once I get to that I just pass the data to those graphs and it will be working. So this is the first iteration I am trying. So once it gets done what I have to do is just plug all of the input data to those scripts and I have the output data ready and that's the graphs. That's it. Fantastic.


Everybody forced here rip in 2021 prison football hobby three bucks number 40 Random team style you can always find the results of late in sports cards.com. There's a link in chat currently Thanks for joining and good luck everybody One sec to the text real quick I honestly don't mind it that much Yeah, I'm used to it It's not like that in the playoffs, right? As long as long as it's like hockey where there's no like shootouts in the playoffs. I'm cool with it Yeah, it doesn't I yeah, it is what it is. It gives a big advantage of the home team But like, you know, you got to figure you got a score more than just that ghost runner to win Mm-hmm. I honestly don't mind it round tree got Devontae Smith Blue ice Joe mix and bangles out of 99 silver Broncos out of Jerry Judy. Yeah, how do you feel about a mic? I'm pretty indifferent. I Don't like 18 in games. I'll say that so I think that's the That's the biggest thing here Barley hyper Rams Jalen Ramsey to 175 silver Packers Devontae Adams. I guess it benefits the home team more I mean home team always has an advantage when you get the extras Purple Blake Jarwin Cowboys out of 125 silver Miles Gaskin Dolphins gas can Vontae rookie got purple ice I you for the Niners numbered to 225 emergent Jalen waddle. Yeah, I was saying my mic fire move Blu-wave to to at well Rams rookie to 199 and Ruby wave rookie auto Colts Quitty pay To 149 big ref is up. Ernest Jones. Blu-wave Bucks is Devin white to 199 fireworks Justin Jefferson Davis Mills Smith You got Ruby wave Daniel Jones Giants to 149 silver rookie Packers and Mari Rogers Yeah, I kind of agree with her though. They play so many games regular season Mac Jones rookie with they're getting rivet next year or they haven't decided yet. I think right Colson and purple power Saints to 49 I'm gonna kind of hope they keep it. It's Yeah, I'm not the biggest fan either Eddie Elijah Moore Jake funk hyper rookie Cowboys Kelvin Joseph out of 175 and Silver Saints Drew Brees. I Like them a movie restructure to either. I like a play-in. I'm fine with the expansion I didn't a play in felt weird. It's like, why would you go to one more game when you just played 162 anyway? Like make it a series or something orange Andy Dalton bears out of 249 make the postseason for potentially just nine innings like come on now Justin Fields bears orange Great card for the bears gonna get that mag for you. It'll be number to 249 Sweet color match to 31 of 249 their Bolton Mons purple Jags Miles Jackson 125 and purple power emergent rookie Jalen wild dolphins 49 nice waddle 17 that's his jersey number nice. You can make this one. Yeah, I'll make that jersey number waddle It's a 49 emergence. Is it supposed to go away? I thought it was permanent I'm indifferent. I prefer to keep it for regular seasons. I want to say like No one's gonna be watching like a 7 p.m. Start time game that goes like 17 innings Burns the entire bullpen you got like your third bit you got like backup third baseman pitching like I don't I don't want to see that Words if you're baseball and you want viewership Yeah, I'm just step backwards. I'm on Ross St. Brown Lions rookie Got Ruby wave Darius Slayton Giants to 149 a red wave summer rookie Jabril Cox Cowboys So he's the basketball set Ruby They walk they walk the Devers that's probably the right move here That's the right move Boogie Baschum Bajoko purple Thurman Thomas Bills Number two 125. Yeah, I thought they were supposed to take it away I want to see what those new bases look like the big bases. Yeah, orange wave Zach Wilson boom 54 of 60 jets Orange is the color for football tonight so far Big card silver Antonio Brown bucks Single but no one scored bases loaded now Zach Wilson rookie for the Jets or the yinbo blue ice Tyron Matthew chiefs Number two ninety nine. Did we get a late jump like I have no idea Then they was that's how long single Judges pretty strong though. Got a good arm Samuel Campbell Hyper is set Williams Broncos rookie to 175 Jalen Smith glass rookies had some like Printing air at the top. Yeah, same here My dokes Turner hyper for the Jags James Robinson to 175 Scronic Powell green scope Ross Blacklock Texans to 75 silver auto bucks Chris Godwin Tony Franks Darren Waller orange out of 249 Raiders silver for the Lions Jared Goff Palmer tremble blue wave Curtis Martin to 199 Jets silver for the Pats Damien Harris Mike Zanina to the 60 day. I L now and the rays have been hit hard with the injuries Purple ice bears Walter Peyton to 225 Newman, there's a Lawrence base rookie for the Jags Red wave rookie cold stay out of yinbo to 149 red wave rookie auto Lions leave on was a Rique to 149 Kyle Pitts rookie base Falcons blue wave Daniel Sorenson chiefs to 199 Heals new recruits insert last one. Thanks everybody for joining the good luck Red wave Niners Nick Bosa to 149 silver Panthers rookie Chiba Hubbard. They ding on the corner there Gonna send an empty boxer wrapper for the Panther spot. So if we get that replaced struck out of Xander You just need to get the ghost runner Drew breeze purple Saints out of 125 Told you guys you can't out Red Sox the Red Sox Purple ice saving Collins rookie for the Cardinals to 225 silver Eagles Derek Burnett. I did mark Tom Wallace Seth Williams Navy camo Texans Larry Tunsel to 25 Using that from now on Bateman base got Ellinger orange prism Saints Latavius married to 249 silver Broncos von Miller Ravens legend Was he on the Ravens? He was when last year was like him Freeman and Bell. We had at one point a bunch of running back J2f L. A. Calvin Joseph purple ice Taysum Hill Saints to 225 silver paint manning Colts Fantasy football like first and second round Yeah, Mary Jefferson blue wave rookie Davis Mills Texans 48 of 199 Congrats Texans That mag for you Travis Kelsey all out Good break few nice rookie quarterback cards Stokes Micah Parsons Blue wave Chase Claypool Steelers to 199 fireworks blue ice Patrick Mahomes a second for the Chiefs in 99 Nice numbered Mahomes now 25 and 99 there's Evans Jalen Phillips hyper for the Panthers Sam Darnold the 175 Color match green scope Packers auto Donald driver to 49 Pretty color match I Couldn't believe when I write that role Oh, yeah, the heart of the lineup to this might be over Stack fly them home Felton Harris blue ice Vince Young Titans to 99 They're moving Whitlock back to the pen to which is the right move Purple power Javante Williams there you go Broncos the 49 Nice good break red wave rookie auto giant scary bright well to 149 Rogers trash DJ Chark orange or 249 for the Jags and Zach Wilson insert break Okay, so let's get NC filled up. It's just the Patriots left there on sale. Actually, uh, no NTS sold out Sorry NTS sold out All right, just follow us up. We'll get your link for that one word Don't want to break here Recap real quick at autos Gary bright. Well Javante Williams purple power to 49. That was a nice one for the Broncos Uh, Mahomes in 99 fireworks Donald driver green scope auto Levi was a rique Chris Godwin quitty pay and Jerry Judy Got blue wave Davis Mills congrats Texans to 199 purple power jersey number waddle to 49 Emergent there for the Dolphins orange rookie bears Justin Fields at 249 and orange wave jets Zach Wilson to 60 Big cards. Thanks again everybody for joining. We've got some NT and Prisma up next


In the previous lecture, we have learnt about the solidification of molten metal inside the mould. And, we have also learnt how to control the grain structure and how to overcome the problems that are likely to arise during solidification inside the mould. Now, once we pour the molten metal inside the mould after some time it solidifies and we have to take the casting outside and we need to process it further so that we can get the casting which can be handed over to the customer. Now, in this process we have to what is a further process the casting, this is known as the shakeout, fettling and finishing. So, the title of this lecture will be Shakeout, Fettling and Finishing. There are three parts, first we will see the shakeout. What is shakeout? When the molten metal has solidified the solidified casting is removed from the sand in the moulding boxes. This operation is known as shakeout and here we can see the solidified casting is being taken out from the mould means we break the mould and we take the solidified casting outside. And here also we can see this is the solidified casting and surrounding the casting we can see that is the broken mould. So, breaking that mould and taking this solidified casting is known as shakeout. Now, how to carry out this shakeout? Methods of shakeout, one is dumping of the mould assembly upside down on a bench or ground. Just take the mould box inside thus there is solidified casting and make it upside down on a bench or a ground. The mould will be dropping down from the moulding boxes and the mould also at the same time it will be breaking into pieces, the casting can be taken outside. Second thing is second method is the break the sand mould by striking against the sand mould right with a metal rod or a hammer. No need to put the what say moulding box on a bench or make no need to make it upside down. Take some rod or a hammer and strike it, the mould will be broken and the casting can be taken out and this also can be achieved by using machines. So, these are the different machines are available. One machine is the punch out machine, another one is the shakeout tables and decks, next one vibrating shakeout conveyors, next one rotary separators, next one robots and manipulators. We will see this quickly punch out machines, first we will see punch out machines. In punch out machines the entire mould and the casting are ejected from the moulding box using a punch right. So, this moulding box in along with the mould and the solidified casting will be kept on this machine and there will be a punch will be there. The mould box will be held rigidly and this punch will come and push the mould. What happens the mould will be coming out of the moulding box at the same time it will be broken and the casting can be taken out. So, that is the punch out machine. Next one is the shakeout tables and decks. Now, shakeout tables separate the mould and the casting by making vibrations to the table and here we can see here is a table right. So, on this table we place the moulding box along with the mould and the casting. Now vibrations will be given to this table then what happens as the table is vibrating the mould will be breaking and it will be what say coming out of the box and the casting can be taken out. So, that is the shakeout table and decks and the next one is the vibrating shakeout conveyors. Now, these are the conveyors right. So, these conveyors are available in about 100 meters long and width up to 4 meters. On this conveyors the what say moulding box will be kept along with the solidified casting. Now, this will be vibrating as it is what say bringing the mould right. So, it will be vibrating and because of that the mould will be broken and the casting can be taken out. Next one is the rotary separators. It offers improved sand break up and automatic break off of gates and often razors. Now here we can see rotary what say separators are there right it is a kind of cylindrical structure and it will be rotating and this moulding box generally small and medium size moulding boxes along with the mould and solidified casting can be kept inside this rotary separator. Now, as this is rotating what happens the mould inside the box will be breaking. In this process the casting comes out not only that not only the casting comes out what happens is the gates and often even the razors will be separated from the casting. Now, one must remember that when we are pouring molten metal into the mould you should not think that the metal will be solidifying only inside the cavity metal will be solidifying inside the gating system means inside the sprue inside the runner inside the gates inside the razor everywhere metal will be solidifying. But we do not want everything we want only the required component the metal that has solidified inside the sprue the metal that has solidified inside the runner inside the ingates and inside the runner is not part of the casting that has to be removed. Now, sometimes because of this rotary what say mechanism these extra what say elements like the sprue gates runner will be broken because of this rotary mechanism. So, that is an additional advantage of this rotary separator. Next one robots and manipulators can also be used for the shakeout purpose. Now, sometimes the most what say one of the problems in the foundry is the dust problem. Sometimes if the dust is too much the operator cannot go there at such times robots and manipulators can be used. So, the manipulator can be what say program such that it goes to the mould and it takes the mould and it breaks the mould and take the casting outside and the operator can be what say placed in a such a place that there is no dust contact between him right. In that way robot will help so that the operator can be free from the dust. So, robots and manipulators can also be used for the shakeout purpose. So, so far we have completed the shakeout. Next one is the fettling. What is fettling? Fettling means it includes the following operations removal of cores from the casting whenever we want to make hollow castings we place cores generally these cores are made up of coarse sands right. So, these cores are again to be removed when we are doing the shakeout these cores may not be removed. So, in the fettling operation we will be removing the cores. Next one removal of gates, razors, runners from the casting remember that metal will be solidifying inside the sprue, inside the runner, inside the ingates and also inside the razor. These are not part of the castings now these are to be removed. Now in the fettling operation we remove these gates, razors and runners under the sprue from the casting. So, that also comes under fettling. Next one removal of fins and other unwanted projections from the castings. Generally sometimes fins will be what say taking place right. So, always we use generally two moulding boxes the cope and the drag upper box is the cope and the lower box is the drag between sometimes if the sand is not what say edge properly not leveled properly there will be what say narrow gap between these two boxes. Then metal will go and solidify there solidify is there then what happens a fin will be created. Now these fins are to be removed that also comes under fettling. Next one removal of adhering sand and oxide scales from the casting. Now during the shakeout right of course the mould will be broken and we take the casting outside, but the casting will not be totally free from sand some sand will be adhering to the casting. So, this sand is to be removed sometimes even oxides will be adhering to the casting these oxides are to be removed. So this process is also comes under fettling. So fettling means all these processes all these activities come under fettling. Now let us see how to carry out all these fettling operations one by one first let us see removal of course from the casting how to remove the course from the casting. Removal of course from the casting is achieved through the following methods. One is hammering or vibrations imparted to the course. Second one poking with a metal rod third one pneumatic wrapping or hydroblasting right. So hammering or vibrations can be imparted to the course and course will be removed they will be crushed and they can be removed. Next one we can use a metallic rod and we can poke it then the what is it will be crushed and it can be taken out. Next pneumatic wrapping or hydroblasting means pneumatic wrapping means what is a high pressurized air will be exposed to the place where there is a core and because of that high pressurized air the core will be broken and it will be falling down or high pressurized water that is the it will be used that is the hydroblasting. So any of these can be used so that is all about the removal of course from the casting. Next what is a part of the fettling is removal of gates, razors, runners from the casting. Metal solidifies inside the sprue metal solidifies inside the runner inside the ingates and also inside the razor. We need to remove all these elements gating elements now that also is part of fettling how to do that right several methods are available for removing gates, razors and runners from the casting the choice depends upon type of metal or alloy. Size of the casting next one size of the runners, gates and razors. Commonly used methods of removing gates, razors and runners are one is the chipping hammers next one flogging means severe striking next one sawing it could be hawksaw or the bandsaw next one abrasive wheel slitting, next one machining, next one flame cutting, next one plasma cutting any of these methods can be used to remove the elements of the gating system means the sprue, runner, ingates and the razor. Now we can see this is the chipping hammer right so we can see here. So they are particularly suited in case of grey iron castings and brittle materials. The gates and razors can easily be broken by heating with the hammer and we when we strike with this hammer so these elements of the gating system can be broken very easily. Next one flogging, flogging means striking very severely right so using this method also one can remove the elements of the gating system next one sawing right. So these saws may be handsaw or power saw type they are used for cutting the ferrous like steel, mullible iron and for non ferrous materials except aluminium mostly the handsaws are used for small and medium castings but power saws are used for the heavy castings. Next one abrasive wheel slitting these machines can work with all metals but are specially designed for hard metals which cannot saw or sheared and it is more expensive than other methods. Next one is the flame cutting this type of method is specially used for ferrous materials and large sized castings with razors and gates are very heavy. In this method the gas cutting flames and arc cutting methods may be employed and it is not for small casting sometimes there will be heavy castings will be there right the riser may be very big risers now with handsaw it may not be possible to remove that riser at such times we use the gas cutting flames right. So we can easily remove that and also using the arc cutting methods we can easily remove such heavy what say elements of the gating system. Next step of the fat line is the removal of fins and other unwanted projections from the castings. How to do that fins and other unwanted projections can be removed by the following methods. One is the chipping, second one is the sawing, third one flame cutting, fourth one flames carving, next one grinding, next one abrasive belt machines, next one rotary tools and finally trimming and sizing. Any of these methods can be used for removing the unwanted fins from the castings and the last step of fat line is the removal of adhering sand and oxide scales from the casting. How to do this one is the hand methods, second one is the mechanical methods under the mechanical methods we have generally four methods are there one is the tumbling, second one is the air blasting and short blasting, third one is the hydro blasting, fourth one is the chemical cleaning. Tumbling a horizontal barrel is filled with the castings which is then rotated there will be a horizontal barrel will be there inside we place the castings and usual media include water or other lubricants it will be filled with water or lubricants. As the barrel is rotating what happens castings will go up and will go down and in this process the oxides will be removed but this method can be used only for small and moderate size castings and here we can see these are the rotating barrels used in the tumbling. So here we fill the media may be water or the lubricating oils and we put the castings inside and the barrel will be rotating as it is rotating the casting goes up and goes down goes up and goes down in this process the oxides will be removed from the casting. Next one air blasting and short blasting air blasting utilizes an air compressors energy to deliver air and media mix at speeds to impact the parts being exposed. Now here we use air and also certain what say abrasive materials now here we can see in this the compressed air will be coming like this and one stream of this compressed air will be going through the nozzle yes this is the nozzle and another part of the what say compressed air is coming and here there is a what say blast media what say collection is there there it will be opening when this compressed air is comes and it lifts the gate the what say abrasive what say particles will be falling down. Now these abrasive particles here we can see they will be mixing with the compressed air to get the mixture of the compressed air and the abrasive particles will be flowing through this nozzle and this nozzle will be exposed to that place of the casting where there are oxides. Now when they are high pressurized air along with the abrasive particles hit the place the oxides will be removed because of the kinetic energy of the abrasive particles. So this is the air blasting and short blasting next one is the hydro blasting it refers to the use of high pressure pumps to enter the high pressure water high pressure jet to the casting surface this method is mainly applied to the surface of the larger pieces of casting to clear sand and to clear the course. So when the casting is very big so pressurized water will be exposed to that place where there is sand is adhering or oxides are there so they will be removed. So we have completed the shake out and the fettling the third part of this process is the finishing finishing of the casting it is the last stage in cleaning of the casting. It includes grinding for better surface finish next one rotary filing that is also for better surface finish next one for machining means if there is any dimensional deviation we do the machining next one chemical treatment to achieve the required what say surface finish and also to achieve the required geometrical accuracy next one polishing and buffing surface treatment and finally painting. So all these come under the finishing operations. Now these are well known grinding, rotary filing, machining and chemical treatment so I will be what say explaining the polishing and buffing and the surface treatment. So first let us see this polishing and buffing. Polishing and buffing are finishing process for smoothing a work pieces surface using an abrasive and a work wheel or a leather strap. So here we can see so this is a polishing wheel. So technically polishing refers to process that use abrasive glued to the work wheel. Here we can see this is the leather wheel and abrasives are glued to this leather wheel. Now this will be used to polish the casting while buffing uses a loose abrasives applied to the work wheel. So extremely small material is removed from the work piece. The main aim of polishing and buffing is not to remove the material not to achieve geometrical accuracy but to achieve extreme surface finish. Now the purpose of surface treatment next one let us see the surface treatment of castings. First of surface treatment one is to improve the appearance, second one is to improve corrosion resistance, next one objective of surface treatment is to improve wear resistance, next objective is to improve mechanical properties on the surface. So when we do the surface treatment any or all of these could be the objectives. Now methods of surface treatment one is electroplating, second one is the tinning and galvanizing, third one is the anodizing, fourth one pickling, fifth one carburizing, sixth one nitriding and nitro carburizing, seventh one flame and induction hardening, eighth one hard facing. Now let us see all these one by one electroplating, electroplating is the process of plating one metal onto another metal mostly for decorative purpose or to prevent corrosion. There are also specific types of electroplating such as copper plating, silver plating and chromium plating. Now what is the purpose of electroplating one is to improve the appearance, second one is for protection means protection from corrosion protection from wear. Next one to achieve special surface properties may be surface may be soft we want hard surface inside we do not want hard see in such case we go for the electroplating. Next one engineering to improve engineering or mechanical properties of the casting in such a case we can go for electroplating and here we can see this is the principle of electroplating right. So, it depends what say on the principle of the electrochemical what say decomposition. Now here is an anode and here is the cathode and an emf is applied then what happens and electrolyte is present in this tank then what will happen material will be removed from the anode and it will be decomposed it will be deposited on the cathode. The same principle will be applied in this electroplating means the casting will be made as the cathode and the material with which we want to give a coating will be made as the anode and these two will be kept inside the electrolyte and emf will be applied then what will happen material will be removed from the that what say material which we are using as the coating and it will be deposited on the casting and same here also we can see this is the silver electroplating. So, silver here it is used as the anode and may be for example there is a spoon right then what will happen when we pass the electricity material will be removed from the silver and it will be deposited on the spoon which is the cathode. Next one is the tinning and galvanizing what is tinning and galvanizing tinning is the process of applying a protective tin coating to steel or iron components to prevent rusting. So, to prevent rusting or to what say achieve corrosion resistance we do this tinning it is done in two ways one is the hot dipping second one is the electroplating. In the case of the hot dipping we melt the tin in a container and the casting will be taken and it will be dipped inside the molten tin and it will be taken out then what will happen a tin layer of tin will be applied on the casting surface. So, that is the tinning next one is the using electroplating also we can give use do the tinning means electrolyte will be made as the anode and the casting will be made as the cathode. Now, an emf will be applied and they will be kept inside an electrolyte then what will happen material will be removed from the what say tin and it will be deposited on the casting. So, that is how we can do the tinning using electroplating operation also. Next one is the galvanizing process galvanization is the process of applying a again protective zinc coating in the previously it was tin coating now it is the zinc coating to steel or iron components to prevent rusting again our objective is to improve the corrosion resistance. This galvanizing process consists of four fundamental steps one is the surface preparation next one pre-fluxing next one galvanizing next one finishing. So, these four steps one has to follow when he is doing galvanizing now here we can see different steps involved in galvanizing process can be seen. First one is the so this is the component this is the component first step is the caustic cleaning means with an alkali it should be cleaned thoroughly next one after cleaning it should be removed. Next step is the pickling pickling means if any unwanted material is there unwanted scales are there. So, those will be removed in a chemical or a mild acid next one after that again rinsing because that acid has to be removed if that acid layer is present on the casting what will happen it keeps on reacting with the casting so that must be removed. So, we are doing rinsing next one flux solution after that it will be dried out next one here we can see here is a zinc bath means molten zinc is inside a container now the casting will be taken and it will be dipped inside the zinc bath then it will be taken out and it will be dried out next it will be cooled down and then it will be inspected whether the zinc is applied all around or not like that it will be inspected. So, this is these are the sequence followed in the galvanizing process so galvanizing means applying a thin coating of zinc around the casting or next process for the surface treatment is the anodizing. Anodizing is again an electrochemical process that converts the metal surface into a decorative, durable, corrosion resistant and anodic oxide finish. Aluminium is ideally suited for anodizing although other nonferrous metals such as magnesium and titanium can also be used or next step next method in the surface treatment process is pickling. Pickling what is pickling? Pickling is the process of removal of a thin layer of metal from the surface of the casting by using an acid like nitric acid hydrofluoric acid or a mixture of such acids the ultimate objective of pickling is to remove scales and oxides from the surface of the casting. Sometimes oxides will be there scales will be there it is very difficult to remove using the hydroblasting or pneumatic blasting at such times we use the pickling. So what is there in pickling there will be a tank will be there in that tank then what say acid will be there like nitric acid or hydrofluoric acid the casting will be kept inside this what say container for a predetermined time then what will happen the acid will be reacting with a thin layer of the casting and that layer will be removed in this process even the scales will be removed from the casting. Now the casting will be free from the casting what say what say oxides it will be free from the rough surface finally we get a casting with a better surface finish. Now there are three pickling methods are there one is tank immersion pickling next one is this spray pickling third one is the circulation pickling. In the tank immersion pickling what happens there will be a tank and inside that tank there will be acid the casting will be kept inside that tank for a predetermined time and the acid will be reacting all around the casting if there are scales scales will be removed if there is a rough surface that rough surface will be reacting and finally a what say free surface fine surface will be created on the casting that is the tank immersion pickling next one spray pickling. So, this is what say used for the it is an on set pickling process but requires appropriate acid disposal techniques and safety measures. What is this if the casting is a small casting or a medium size casting we can put it inside the tank if that casting is a heavy casting how can we put it inside the tank it is not possible at such times we go for the spray pickling means yes we take the big casting and wherever there are scales there is what say sprinkle acid. So, that acid will be reacting with the scales and those scales will be removed but we need to wash it after the what say spray pickling is over and also appropriate measures have to be taken so that these acids will be disposed very safely. Next one is the circulation pickling what is this in this the circulation in the circulation pickling involves circulating pickling mixture through the component like a pipe. Suppose if the casting is a big cylindrical pipe and it cannot be kept inside a tank and also certainly the spray pickling will not do then what to do certainly we have to go for the circulation pickling what happens inside the circulation pickling the acid will be flowing through this what say cylindrical casting inside. So, the inner surface will be finished the inner surface it will be improved the scales that are present inside the inner surface will be removed so that is the purpose and objective of circulation pickling. Next one is the carburizing carburizing is a process used to case harden the component by adding carbon content to the surface between 0.7 to 1.2 percent weight percentage the objective is to case harden means we want to harden the surface not the entire casting the carbon penetrates into the surface of the casting by diffusion and hardens the surface it is possible to apply carburizing medium to 1 a section of the part sometimes the entire surface of the casting need not be what say hardened by carburizing method 1 at a what say a particular place we want to harden the surface that is also possible. Now, carburizing methods there are 3 methods one is the pack carburizing second one is the gas carburizing third one is the liquid carburizing in the pack carburizing parts are packed in a carbon powder or cast iron shavings and heated in a furnace for 12 to 72 hours at about 900 degrees centigrade then what happens the component is packed inside the carbon powder or cast iron shavings carbon is released due to reduction reaction is then that carbon diffuses into the surface then it hardens the surface. So, that is the pack carburizing. Next one gas carburizing generally the casting is repeatedly heated with the carburizing flame of oxyestrin gas torch and quenched in a carbon rich fluid such as oil. Now, we use the gas welding. So, we use the oxyestrin gas estrin and oxygen then again in this what say flame there will be 3 types of flames will be there one is the carburizing flame neutral flame and the oxidizing flame we use the carburizing flame means the proportion of estrin will be more means the what say flame contains rich carbon. Now, with this flame with this carburizing flame we heat the surface of the casting then what happens the carbon that is present in this carburizing flame will be diffusing into the surface of the casting then surface of the casting will be hardened and then it will be quenched in a oil. So, that is the gas carburization. Next one liquid carburizing what is this the components are immersed in a molten carbon rich bath at an elevated temperature. So, the there will be a bath which contains a molten carbon and it will be at an elevated temperature and the component will be will be immersed in that bath then what will happen the carbon from the what say this rich carbon bath will be diffusing into the surface of the casting and the surface of the casting will be hardened. So, carburizing is for hardening the surface of the casting may be the entire surface or a part of the surface. The next process of the surface treatment is nitrating and nitrocarburizing both nitrating and nitrocarburizing are no temperature treatments that produce thin and hard layers on the surface of a steel casting to improve its wear resistance. The purpose of carburizing is to what say harden the surface whereas, the purpose of nitrating is to improve the wear resistance of the surface. Both in both the treatments diffuse nitrogen into the surface of the components to form a thin layer nitrogen will be diffused in the previous case it was carbon now it is nitrogen. Orderly nitrogen is inert at the treatment temperatures whereas, ammonia acts as a source of nascent hydrogen as it cracks on the component. So, we need the nascent nitrogen for that purpose we use ammonia. Now, let us see the nitrating in nitrating the nascent nitrogen diffuses into the component and forms a thin layer. The treatment temperature is low and no need for quenching hence there will be less distortion. In the case of the carburizing what happens after the carburization is over after the diffusion of the carbon is over we used to quench. So, in the process of quenching there will be distortion of the casting means there will be irregular deviations of the geometry here no such distortion takes place. The layer produced by nitrating is harder than the layer produced by carburizing. As far as the hardness is concerned nitrating produces better hardness compared to the carburizing. Next one however, it is a typical heat treatment time is 60 hours as against 12 hours for carburizing. Carburizing right it requires only 12 hours whereas, nitrating requires 60 hours. Now, there are three types of nitrating process one is the gas nitrating, second one is the salt bath nitrating, third one is the plasma nitrating. In the gas nitrating right when ammonia comes in contact with the heated work piece it dissociates into nitrogen and hydrogen. This nitrogen diffuses into the surface of the casting and forms a nitrate layer. So, this is the gas nitrating. Now, what about the salt bath nitrating? Nitrogen bearing salts which are maintained between 500 to 630 degrees centigrade produce a highly uniform release of nitrogen at the interface of the work piece right. So, when the hydrogen bearing salts are heated at about 500 to 600 degrees centigrade nascent nitrogen is released. So, when we place the work piece inside this bath then what will happen? This nitrogen will be diffusing into the surface of the casting. Then what will happen? It will be what is a hardening the surface of the casting. Next one is the plasma nitrating. In this technique intense electric fields are used to generate ions or the plasma of the nitrogen gas around the surface to be nitrated. Then what will happen? The nitrogen plasma penetrates into the compound component and forms a thin layer which is very hard. So, that is the plasma nitrating. Next one is the nitro carburizing. It is little different from the nitrating process right. It is a thermo chemical diffusion process where nitrogen and also carbon and a very small degree of oxygen will be diffusing into the surface of the steel part forming a compound layer at the surface and a diffusion layer. Now, what is the one should know the difference between nitrating and nitro carburizing. Nitrating means we are only sending the nascent nitrogen inside the surface of the casting whereas, in the case of the nitro carburizing we are sending nitrogen carbon and an extremely small amount of oxygen also. All these three will be going together they will be diffusing into the surface of the casting and they harden the surface. In addition to the wear resistance that. So, you see the basic purpose of nitro nitrating is to improve the wear resistance right. In addition to wear resistance nitro carburizing provides corrosion resistance and aesthetically pleasing black finish on the component. Apart from improving the wear resistance it also improves the corrosion resistance this nitro carburizing and also it gives an aesthetically pleasing look to the casting and also it also improves the fatting resistance. So, that is all about the nitro carburizing. Next one is the flame and induction hardening. So, this is the next method in the surface treatment process flame and induction hardening. Flame hardening is a surface hardening method used for steel components. The steel component to be hardened is heated using oxyestrene gas above the transformation temperature then it will be quenched in a spray of water. The thickness of the surface layer hardened by this method will range from 1 mm to 10 mm. So, this is the flame hardening means we will be heating the cast component using the oxyestrene flame and suddenly it will be quenched with a spray of water. So, this is the flame hardening. So, here we can see yes the component is being heated by the what is a flame then it will be quenched. Next one is the induction hardening. Induction hardening is also used to harden the surface of the steel components and it is similar to flame hardening. Now, the component to be hardened is kept inside a water cooled copper coil and high electricity is passed through the copper coil means if we want to what is a induction harden a component that component will be kept inside a copper cooled what is a copper right water cooled copper coil. The component will be inside this coil and high electricity will be passing through that coil and inside that coil there is the component. Now, what happens and because of the passing of the what is a because of the electromagnetic induction eddy currents will be developed inside the what is a component. Now, as the eddy currents are passing through the component what happens if the component offers resistance to the eddy current then what happens if it offers the resistance right that too these eddy currents will be passing around the surface of the casting then what will happen, but the surface of the casting is offering resistance to the flow of eddy currents then what will happen heat will be generated. Now, then the component will be heated up then yet such times it will be suddenly quenched with water then what will happen the surface of the casting will be hardened. So, this is the induction hardening and here we can see yes this is the magnetic field right. So, this is the copper coil this is the copper coil right and this is the component and we are passing the current through this coil then what happens on the surface of the casting there is induced current in the pot this induced current or the eddy current is due to electromagnetic induction as the what is a eddy current is passing through the component the surface will be heated up then it will be quenched and the maybe the setup may look like this right. So, this is the power supply and this is the coil this is the coil and right this is the component and here we can see this is the quench water next quench water next this is the water cold this is the copper tubing and then what happens when we pass the electricity eddy currents will be developed and the surface will be heated up and suddenly it will be quenched. The machine looks like this induction hardening machine yes this is the coil and this is the coil and this is the what is a casting and you see as we pass the what is a main current primary current through the coil because of the electromagnetic induction the surface of the casting will be heated up like this then it will be taken up and it will be quenched inside the water. Next we will see the hard facing under the methods of surface statement now the question is what is this hard facing hard facing is a deposition of hard and wear resistant material on a component surface by building right. So, we take hard and wear resistant material and that will be taken in the form of an electrode then it will be deposited on the what is a components surface by building. There are several techniques of hard facing one is the gas welding next one is the arc welding TIG welding and laser welding in all these cases the hard and wear resistant material will be melted and a thin layer of this material will be deposited on the components surface. The welded surface is much more resistant to wear and abrasion. Now what is happening the material the component may not be so hard in the beginning and it may not have so much of wear resistance in the beginning. Now we are taking a material which has got which is very hard and which has got highest wear resistance now this material we are taking and we are depositing a thin layer around that component then what will happen the welded surface is much more resistant to wear and abrasion. So, we are hardening the component on the surface and also we are enhancing the wear resistance of the component at the surface. So, that is the principle of hard facing. Now it is how this hard facing is carried out. So, this is the component now this is the gas torch and as the gas torch is progressing around the work piece the component will be the material the hard face material will be taken in the form of a filler rod and that will be melted and that will be deposited around the surface. So, not only by using the gas torch there are other ways just now we have seen it can be done using arc welding it can also be done by TIG welding or it can also be done using laser welding. In any of this process or using all of this process this hard facing can be carried out. Friends in this lecture we have learnt about the surface treatment of the castings under that we have seen different methods of the surface treatment. One method is the electroplating another method is tinning and galvanizing and another method is anodizing another method is pickling another method is carburizing another method nitriding and nitro carburizing and another method flame and induction hardening and the last method is the hard facing. So, with this we are completing the surface treatment of the castings and we will meet in the next lecture. Until then bye. Thank you.