Okay, good morning and welcome. We will continue with study of the books that have been assigned for this course. We have completed the book of Hebrews and we recently completed James. We will now go to Jude. It's just one so I thought why not do Jude today and then we will do 1st and 2nd Peter in the coming weeks. So that's the book for us. We will pray and get started. Let's pray together. Father, we thank you for this opportunity to study your word Lord as we look at the different scriptures Lord. For today we pray Holy Spirit that you will speak to our hearts Lord. We know that your word is living and active oh God, sharper than any two-edged sword. Father we pray that it will impact our lives and help us oh God to always live Lord according to your word and your purposes. For us Father we ask for your blessings upon. Thank you once again in Jesus name we pray. Amen. Let's turn to the book of Jude. One of us can read the whole chapter. It's just one chapter so we'll go through the whole thing and then I'll go ahead and explain the way we did yesterday. Jude chapter 1 verse 1. You can hear me faster. The whole chapter. Jude chapter 1 verse 1. Jude a born servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James. To those who are called sanctified by God the Father and preserved in Jesus Christ. Mercy, peace and love be multiplied to you. Beloved, when I was very diligent to write to you concerning your concerning our common salvation I found it necessary to write to you exhorting you to content earnestly for the faith which was once for all delivered to the saints. For certain men have kept an unnoticed who long ago were marked out of this condemnation and godly men who turn the grace of God into learness and deny the only Lord God and our Lord Jesus Christ. But I want to remind you though you once knew this that the Lord having saved the people out of the land of Egypt after were destroyed those who did not believe and the angels who did not keep their proper domain but left their own above he has reserved in everlasting chains and the darkness for the judgment of the great day. I saw them in Gomorrah and the cities around them the similar manner to this having given themselves over to sexual immorality and gone after strange flesh or set forth as an example suffering the vengeance of eternal fire likewise also these dreamers defiled the flesh with a authority and speak evil of dignitaries yet Michael the archangel in confronting with the devil and he disputed about the body of Moses dare not bring against him a rivaling accusation but said the Lord Rebecu but these speak evil of whatever they do not know and whatever they know naturally like fruit, beast in these things they corrupt themselves both of them for they have gone into the way of Cain have run greedily in the error of for profit and perished in the rebellion of Korah. These are spots in your love feast while they feast with you without fear serving only themselves they are clouds without water carried about by the heavens laid atom trees without fruit twice dead pulled up by the roots raging waves of the sea foaming up their own shame when wandering starts for whom is reserved a blackness of darkness forever now Enoch the seventh from Adam prophesied about these men also saying behold the Lord comes with ten thousand office things to execute judgment on all to convert to convict all who are ungodly among them all their ungodly deeds which they have committed in an ungodly way and of all the harsh things which godly sinners have spoken against him these are grumblers complainers walking according to their own lust and their mouth great swelling words flattering people to gain advantage but you beloved remember the words which was spoken before by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ how they told you that there would be mockers in the last time who would walk according to their own ungodly lust these are sensual persons who cause divisions not having the spirit but you beloved building yourself upon your most holy faith praying in the Holy Spirit keep yourself in the love of God looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life and on some have compassion making a distinction but others save with fear pulling them out of the fire having eaten the garment defiled by the flesh now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy to God our Savior who alone is wise be glory and majesty dominion and power both now and forever Amen thank you Jeffy now very very long passage there but thankfully Jude is only one chapter so you completed reading the whole book of Jude and we'll now try to learn from what Jude is speaking about so yeah I'll try to summarize it for us now Jude is a letter written to the believers by Judas the full name is actually Judas the half brother of Jesus so James was a half brother of Jesus Judas is a half brother of Jesus it's nice to see the transformation that his brothers had and we saw earlier when we talked about James that they did not believe initially but after the resurrection the brothers believed so what a life transformation they now have put their trust in Jesus not because he's a family member but look at Jude also he says born servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James he could have just said brother of James and Jesus but no he's putting himself in submission to the authority of Christ he knows that this is the Messiah so born servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James actually they both are brothers okay so it's wonderful to see a transformed life and he's speaking to the believers how do we know that to those who are called sanctified by God and the Father and preserved in Jesus Christ so they are believers and it begins with blessings and he speaks mercy peace love be multiplied to you so he takes the authority as one of the people in leadership and you know he is releasing blessings upon God's people and he starts his letter he says look beloved that's the way to address God's people okay they are they are loved by God and they are the beloved even to the brethren so beloved while I was very diligent to write to you concerning our common salvation I found it necessary to write to you exorting you to content honestly for the faith which was once for all delivered to the saints now the point he's making is when he picked up his pen or whatever he used those days he actually wanted to speak regarding salvation and the usual matters related to salvation and how to you know live one's Christian life but it's as if the Holy Spirit changed the theme of his writing that's what he means he says I felt like the Holy Spirit is giving me another theme so he heard from the Lord and he is going to address a matter what is this matter Paul writes about this matter in Acts chapter 20 where he wants the Ephesian church and he says look there will come a time okay where there will be people rising up within you who are evil so you've got to watch out for yourselves watch out for your own lives and he also commands the shepherds to take care of the flock because there will be people among the congregation who will come into the congregation and Paul calls them savage wolves okay savage wolves that's pretty strong what do wolves do you know they attack and they you know destroy the sheep and that will be the result of the deeds of these savage wolves and our congregation or the people of God should not become prey to savage wolves so even Paul warned us about these matters and said commit yourself to the word of God because the word of God will build you up and be careful because there will come a time and such people will rise up now in the book of Ephesians you know when we notice what he actually wrote to them so in the book of Acts we saw the warning and in the book of Ephesians he writes to them he says that we all need to grow up to maturity because unless we are mature we will be people who are tossed to and fro and carried about by every wind of doctrine meaning when these people come these wrong teachers and false prophets and they bring their kind of teaching unless a believer is strong what can happen to the believer you know he is like being carried by the wind wind is flowing to the north okay let's move to the north wind is blowing to the south let's move to the south there's no stability there's no firmness there's no steadfastness because the believer is still immature the believer is not strong in the word believer is not able to identify what is the truth and what is not so there is an emphasis on the maturing of the believer so that the believer can identify when there are false teachings when there is evil being propagated so you know Paul talks about all these things in Ephesians chapter 4 and he says that sometimes there is a trickery of men okay the cunning craftiness and deceitfulness plotting of men but when a believer becomes mature he or she would be able to identify so maturity is the antidote for all the believers as we are maturing we can overcome even if such false teachers arise so now we are understanding that God gave Jude or Judas a theme and that theme was a warning against people who are preaching wrong things and living an ungodly life so he continues further to talk about all all such people so let's go ahead from verses 5 to 7 you know he says that the people of God right first they were brought out of the land of Egypt but then what happened to them they were still destroyed what was the issue what was the issue so he's pointing out different issues in in the kind of faith that people carried unbelief later on they entertained unbelief because of which they were destroyed now he's referring in verse 6 to angels who did not keep their proper domain even they God has you know reserved in everlasting chains for the day of judgment so he's pointing out to unbelief and disobedience which is not acceptable by God so these angels who are these angels these angels we can refer back to Genesis chapter 19 okay who we know they engaged in unnatural sexual union with human beings and these are all things that are not right because God gave them their sphere of functioning and their authority and instructions but they left their proper domain they did not follow the authority of God the instructions of God and they did whatever they wanted so they were rebellious what did we see earlier unbelief now rebellion now this has led to them being reserved for the day of judgment so those are the angels that we are talking about now he's also referring to in verse 7 Sodom and Gomorrah Sodom and Gomorrah we know it was a very sinful you know twin city where again you know people were practicing sexual immorality and that God was angry with them and you know fire was the consequence of their disobedience to God so these are all bad examples of unbelief of rebellion of disobedience and it's as if Jude is putting it out for the believer to see and say look these things are not good for us give me better stay away from these things because we know the consequences of the people who engaged in this manner and it's a warning to be warned look at these examples and be warned because the consequences are destruction now let's read on from verse 8 he goes ahead and he sort of explains in more detail what these ungodly people are like and he you know he gives that characteristics so we'll go ahead and we will read them he says they these dreamers defile the flesh they reject authority they speak evil of dignitaries so these are the characteristics what what what are features that we can see again we can see pride we can see rebellion we can see a disregard for authority you know lack of submission we can see that you know they they don't have reverence like they just speak evil and it says over here speak evil of dignitaries dignitaries could refer to the authority structures of God right and even like let's say heavenly beings but when it comes to these people who are ungodly they don't mind they don't mind speaking against anything anyone even if they are heavenly hosts so you know they are fine to do that and that's not good and in verse 9 you know he goes on to elaborating on this speaking evil of dignitaries he says yet Michael the archangel in contending with the devil when he disputed about the body of Moses dared not bring against him a reviling accusation but said the Lord rebuke you so we understand that there is a you know that there is something about contending regarding the body of Moses now people ask the question what is this about you know Moses like all other prophets died and he was buried what is this contending for the body of Moses see we don't have much clarity there are certain themes in the book of Jude we will again see it'll talk about Enoch okay Enoch prophesied and we don't have too much information about Enoch Enoch walked with the Lord in the book of Genesis that is there and now we're reading that Enoch prophesied so we've got to work with the information that we have we don't have to go into the details of finding out because sometimes what happens people try to look way too much in extra biblical content and they they get unnecessarily obsessed right on on things that the Bible is unclear about so if we don't have too much information there's no need to go searching for information that cannot be validated so regarding this body of Moses regarding Enoch we don't have much information actually but I know there are people in the Christian circle who write a lot about these matters but then how do we validate because scriptures are not giving us more light but yeah there is some incident in which there is a dispute regarding the body of Moses but the point we have to understand here is the angel archangel Michael who is who is fighting with the devil respects God's order or authority structure so he does not speak an accusation carelessly against the devil right so there is a structure there is a way there are authority gateways there are many things that we have to consider and the main idea is submission to authority respecting the authority that God has put in place so that's the main point that even Michael respected the structure he did not just speak an accusation against Satan but what did he do he said let the Lord rebuke you because the Lord has the authority to do that something which he did not have the authority to do he did not do okay so that is regarding this now however the ungodly people they do that they don't care what authority they have or they don't have they'll just be ready to speak about anyone and everyone however they like but that's not good and then he goes on he says more characteristics of these people they speak evil of whatever they do not know whatever they know naturally like brute beasts in these things they corrupt themselves so speaking accusations about anyone everyone he says what to them for they have gone in the way of Cain have run greedily in the error of Balaam for profit and perished in the rebellion of Korah again the same matters that he spoke of earlier what was the sin of Cain unbelief he did make an offering to God but we studied in the book of Hebrews that able sacrifice was accepted because there was faith in that sacrifice Cain rejected because of unbelief that is the problem with Cain the way of Cain and what did that lead to it led to a lot many other sins he went from unbelief to hatred and eventually what does hatred do why should we not keep hatred or the root of bitterness in our spirit because it will lead to murder and that's what happened in the case of Cain where unforgiveness hatred bitterness and before you know it Cain has murdered his brother able today maybe people don't murder like literally murder but with our words we can hurt we can even kill isn't it with our words we can damage somebody's reputation with the words that we speak we call that slander and that is not good so unforgiveness bitterness can lead to all these things and so we have to be careful that is the way of Cain unbelief leading to other sins and then he talks about Balaam what about Balaam Balaam had his own priority he did not have God's priority yes he was a prophet but he wanted profit okay a profit for profit and that was not good he was ready to do anything ready to prophesy anything to get that is evil and Jude points that out to have personal agenda and you know wanting one's own benefit above the purposes of God that is Balaam's problem and Kora what was the rebellion of Kora you know we read about Kora in the times of Moses the sin of Kora was that in numbers 22 to be exact that's where we oh sorry number 16 that's where we read about Kora so his issue was he resented God given authority he knew Moses and Eren were in charge but he was not content with what God called him to do and he was not ready to submit to Godly authority over his life and you know he rejected he rejected the authority of Moses and God was very upset with him so that is the rebellion of Kora who is not ready to respect Godly authority so when these things happen Jude is just pointing out look unbelief rebellion personal agenda these form the heart of these ungodly people and they are ready to talk about anyone anything and by these matters we can understand you know who they are now moving on to verse 12 he says there are spots in your love feasts while they feast with you without fear serving only themselves so you know it's quite a self-explanatory ungodly people they are living for themselves they may be part of the fellowship but they have their own you know they they have their own focus and we must be careful and he also says they are clouds without water carried about by the winds late autumn trees without fruit twice dead pulled up by the roots it simply goes against what Jesus taught us in John 15 Jesus said that the branches must bear fruit but he says these ungodly people there's no fruit there's all the talk but when we examine the lives there's no results which can only come by genuine faith power of the word power of the spirit right so as believers discerning you know discerning by the features the characteristics the attitudes the behavior and the fruit of certain people who are disrupting the work of God Jude is presenting a warning he's saying if you see these things be warned be careful identify such people don't go with their teachings okay the way Paul said they are wolves he says so it'll destroy going with them following their teaching will destroy our faith so initially he said content for the faith meaning the genuine faith which has been given to us we carry a responsibility to preserve it make it grow and hand it over to the next generation okay so that they can take it to the next level so that is the responsibility which we all carry and that's the point that Jude is trying to make with this letter to the believers content for the faith identify the son if there are people who are capable of corrupting that faith okay so let's read on uh so he says yeah they don't have any fruit and he goes on uh from verse 14 talks about uh you know okay let's let's just read he says now Enoch the seventh from Adam prophesied about these men also saying behold the Lord comes with ten thousands of his a of his saints to execute judgment on all to convict all who are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have committed in an ungodly way and of all the harsh things which ungodly sinners have spoken against him so he is just saying he's using the example of Enoch prophesying but what is the point the point is he's saying there is a judgment so for the wrongdoing there is going to be consequences God himself will judge the Lord comes with ten thousands of his saints what is this it's talking about the uh end times isn't it when the Lord will return uh with his people and there will be a time when the Lord Jesus is going to judge and notice he says ungodly sinners have spoken against him end of verse 15 so the evil that has not just been spoken against uh the truth not just been spoken against godly people but also the evil that has been spoken against God himself what are the consequences God will judge it will not go unnoticed so there is going to be a consequence for such sin okay and we must remember that it's not like God is letting it all go and yeah nothing will happen see they are still thriving no there is going to be a judgment and consequence for evil now once again he moves into explaining more of the characteristics of the ungodly he says from verse 16 they are grumblers complainers walking around to their own lusts and they mouth great swelling words flattering people to gain advantage so you know we can think of someone who's really disrupting the body of believers and disturbing the body of believers but they may have a nice uh aura to them because it says flattering people to gain advantage looking like someone who's good looking like someone who's wanting to do nice things but what exactly is going on they are damaging with their attitudes with their behavior with their words okay so these are the characteristics of ungodly people now this is what ungodly people are like right not submitting to authority rebellious no faith sinful not careful about words so many things grumblers complainers they are part of the the fellowship they are flattering people and yet you know they are evil before the Lord God will judge them and we must discern them so this was all about ungodly people now he starts to speak to the believers so from verse 17 he says but you beloved remember the words which were spoken before by the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ yes there will be such people but you you what should you do we must remember God's word we must remember God's instruction even in the last days and verse 18 how they told you that there would be mockers in the last time who would walk according to their own ungodly lust so he's saying also remember that you were already told by Paul okay he says apostles you were told by Paul and we are going to study the book of 2nd Peter shortly and even Peter talks about false prophets he talks about ungodly people and the consequences of their sin so the apostles Paul told us Peter told us it's not a surprise when in the last day such people rise up ungodly people so remember their words we knew these people are going to come and they are going to try to damage the faith but you be warned of these things okay verse 19 again he says these are sensual persons who cause divisions not having the spirit so by their actions we can understand you know what what they are doing and they're not carrying the spirit of God in them right it's selfishness and pride with which they are working now one is you beloved you need to know these things don't get shocked because we have already been told second what we should do verse 20 he says but you beloved building yourself up on your most holy faith praying in the Holy Spirit verse 21 keeping yourselves in the love of God looking for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ unto eternal life so he's saying yes these things will happen but you just make yourself strong how to make oneself strong praying in the spirit okay keeping ourselves in the love of God and seeking God seeking God for his mercy unto eternal life so here are our responsibilities now we can't change if these things happen around us but we can definitely take responsibility of our faith and be strong in God so that is what we can do and then he goes on he says and on some have compassion making a distinction but others save with fear pulling them out of the fire hating even the garment defiled by the flesh so he says when we see people wandering away from God what should we do we must try to bring them back remember even James said that someone who's wandering away you're saving a soul if you try to bring them back so on some we can we can work with them we can have compassion and we can help them out for some we may have to be little firm and strict so he says say others save with fear so we are being a little strict but what is the result of that we are just trying to help them okay so that must be the outcome and while doing that okay another very important thing for us to be careful about now we work with people who may get into sin and they may go far away from the Lord and we are here trying to correct them pray for them you know counsel them bring them out but we have to be careful for ourselves so he says hating even the garment defiled by the flesh so we have to be very clear to protect ourselves know what is right what is wrong and we should not also put ourselves in a vulnerable position so that there is a danger there also so we must really hate what is wrong hate the sin not the sinner okay and be very clear about that and be careful while we are correcting them when can that happen when we know for sure you know what is right what is wrong what is acceptable and what is not and finally you know he closes off with a blessing and and he says now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy to God our Savior who alone is wise be glory and majesty dominion and power both now and forever amen so he says i'm warning you about these matters but we have a God who is strong we have a God who can help we have a God who can give grace okay and he is able to keep us from stumbling so we don't have to fall into all these sins that we just discussed because if you rely on the Lord if you keep walking towards maturity our God is able to keep us from stumbling and or even on the last day you know ultimately he we need to hold on till the end isn't it that's what Jesus said so how to hold on till the end God will help us he will present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy okay so that is so beautiful and getting to the finish line right and having joy i'm sure your batch knows it because you're coming to the finish line of your course this year victoriously and just i think in along the same lines when we reach heaven when we reach that spot when we are finally before the heavenly Father having uh fulfilled God's purpose and having held on to the faith before his present presence of his glory with exceeding joy can you think with me that as much as we are happy God is also happy in that moment how will that be so we'll be in the presence of God we'll be filled with joy God will be filled with joy now here is a child here is a son here is a daughter they finish the race they kept the faith they were strong in it and you know there is rejoicing in heaven and that is the moment that you know we are hungry for that's the moment that we are all waiting for and we hear the words of our heavenly Father say you know well done a good and faithful servant and so Jude is blessing he's saying even if such things happen around us you keep yourself strong and look to that finish line that one day we can stand there and verse 25 to God our savior who alone is wise be glory and majesty dominion and power both now and forever amen so exalting God as he closes this if there are any more thoughts any any other things that we want to talk about so far we can do you think it's relevant for Jude to warn us like this yeah yes we we can you know see that because during his times you know maybe there there were there were things that were going on which he was not happy about there there could have been issues now if we study church history we do see that there have been compromises you know time and again there have been things that that took place in the church that really tried to affect the faith which was handed over by the early church like if you go back to the time when you know the church and state separation happened you know Constantine I think it has to do with AD 306 337 around that time we know they separated church and state okay and the state started dictating a lot of things for the church so whatever the state said is what people were doing and then there was this whole distinction between clergy lady and then eventually you know we we see at the time of Martin Luther we see there were practices in the church which were not at all they did not have any basis biblically and so you know Martin Luther he comes and he contends in the 17th century so there there were battles to go back to the actual faith which was handed over by the apostles so it has happened in history even today you know we do run the risk of seeing this faith diluted and we must not let that happen you must not let that happen by anyone else or by ourselves also so firstly this is a very personal thing we must determine to be strong in the word and keep ourselves true to the word and when we do that you know we become those channels who are keeping that faith and also if there are others you know discerning if there are others who are having these qualities that we are talking about over here then we should be warned and if we can save some wonderful but then if they are not willing to listen then at least we must protect the faith and you know keep it pure so just some additional thoughts anything else that you may want to discuss we can talk about so when we do 2nd Peter it will be like a repetition of Judas because he'll say almost the same things that Judas is saying all right I think we've got an idea of what Judas is stating in this book and you can use David Kozik's commentary to study further we also did a sermon not so far away just last year December and it's quite elaborate it's called content for the faith and you can download it from apcw.org it'll be very helpful to study the book of Jude as well so let's pray and close then I want to request one of us to please go ahead and pray yes pray father in heaven we thank you for this wonderful lesson we've had about our little brother Jude we know that the the book was so brief but it is filled with a lot of knowledge wisdom and understanding so let us know that it was written for those who were there those days and those of us who are here in the present Lord let us try to put everything that we've learned into practice so that we can see how we can get against the work of the devil I do pray the name of the father son the horse brings whatever blesses amen amen amen thank you thank you uh lupeka thank you everyone god bless you uh we shall meet uh after the Easter weekend so uh have a blessed time of worship and uh yeah we'll come back together and learn more from the books of first and second Peter thank you and bye for now


I stay folks so you're doing I'm just going to share my video for the little section. I just realize I can't see my slides anymore, which is somewhat confusing. Um, you can share your share your video and then be able to reshare your your slides afterwards. There we go, that's cool. That's what I was looking for. So hallo. Yes. My name is Sarah Thomas. I'm the Scotland Programme Coordinator for Wikimedia UK. ac yn ymweliwch ymweliwch diwethaf wrth am gweithio wecamediadau a activism. Rwy'n gobeithio gweithio bwysig, pepper o blaeswn i'r gweithio'r 30-menu penderfyniadauил na'r 15 ysgall, ac mae'r fydd yn adeiladau i'r sefydliwyd gyda i weithio, eu gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio ar y maffio gweithio'r gweithio. Yn gynghi'n dod eich llai, mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio. Here I said I'm the Scotland Programme Co-ordinator for Wikimedia UK, I've been being enthusiastic at people about open knowledge since 2015. I'd also like to draw attention here, if you're registered for the conference, I've received an email today about the launch of the Wikimedia and Education booklet. We've been working on this for quite a long time now, Wikimedia UK and the University of Edinburgh is a collection of case studies about using Wikimedia in education. ac mae'n amlwg i'r ffordd yw'r cyd-dweithio yn eistedd yn gweithio'r gweithio. Mae'r ffordd yn gweithio'r cyd-dweithio, a'r gweithio'r cyd-dweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Yn y ffwrdd yw hwnnw, mae'n rhoi'r llwythu yn ystrysydd dechrau Eudio 20, yna'r unrhyw ffordd o Ordeithas Gwyl-Ea-20. Mae'n rhai rhai ffordd o'r llwyddiad yn Gweith-Dwyll-Dwyll yn Feb. yw'r bach yn coronavirus sydd y gallu diogelio ar y cyfnodd. Mae'r gŵr yma'r gweithio'r wych chi'n edrych eu ddweud arall y gallu gwahodd ac yn ymgyrchu, mae'r gweithio'r Bryn Madaethau a'r Ffynchiru. Ac e'r ymgyrch yn ymgyrch yn ymdill, ac mae'n gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio. Why is it important to me because it was an enduring theme of the day? This idea that engagement with the Wikimedia project has a direct link to activism. As a phrase, as a concept, it's something that I first came across in an interview with a Wikipedia editor called Lucas Reynoso, who was studying at the University of Edinburgh, when he said that he liked editing Wikipedia because it allowed him to become an activist of knowledge. This theme was really interesting to me, not least, because I knew I was giving this presentation Gwlyaeth ydyn ni'n dweud o'i ddifŷch yn y byddwyr. Yn y cesenni, yn yr ystod, rydyn ni'n gweinio'r phatysgol a philio mewn cyfuniau y project enghreifyddol ei ddegwyddon â'r cyfnodau cyfnodol a'r cyfnodol, a'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud, oherwydd mae'n rhan o'r cyfnodol o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r cyfnodol yn y cyfnodol. Felly, oherwydd yn y cwybol, rydyn ni'n yn dweud, Be ghaith cyfaint iawn o'r cyfaint awdurdodd llun o'r cydweithio cydweithio'r cydweithio'r cydweithio'r cydweithio'r cydweithio sy'n mynd i gael ohi ffau gwybod honno i'r ddulliannol. Mae'n gweithio'r cydweithio'r cydweithio, mae'n fawr i'r gwahanol a'r wybod yw i gael cymran i trackun o'r cydweithio'r cydweithio'r cydweithio'r cydweithio. I believe that open practice is important because I believe that general public deserves access to high quality, accurate information. I believe that a general public that has access to high quality, accurate information, can in theory make more informed decisions. Informed decisions are in theory better decisions and in theory better decisions should lead us towards a better society. So for me, open practice has a moral and ethical dimension. I think there is a need for this. There is a need for us to be providing high quality, accurate information. And that's because people are in such high quality, reliable information. I'm hoping that this slide will come out. These are some screen grabs that I took last week of the page views on Wikipedia for various Wikipedia articles to do with coronavirus. So this is the one for coronavirus, the general coronavirus. 14.8 million people looked at that in the period between the 1st of February and the 25th of March. If I move on to the next one, this is coronavirus 2019, which is the specific strain that's affecting us at the moment. 6.8 million people looked at that during the same time period. This is the one that really blows my mind. The page for the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic, the particular events that's happening, 15.6 million people looked at that article during that time period with an average of 1.1 million people per day looking at that information. Those numbers have gone slightly down slightly now. I'm going to tweet out the link to that with some links in there after this. And you'll be able to see that now fewer people are looking at that. But basically the TLDR on this is that people are in search of information. Open knowledge letters stand on the shoulders of science. This is the thing that we keep on saying. Open knowledge leads us to cures faster. People like the Welcome, BloodWise, Cancer Research UK all know this. If you get a grant from them, then you have to publish your findings openly because open research leads us to cures faster. This does, of course, assume this idea that we should publish things openly and that this will lead us to better society. Assumes, of course, that anyone's reading. This is one of the most depressing things I've ever seen on the internet. These are the page views for the European Union. English Wikipedia for the European Union, taken on the 27th of June, the 22nd of June, so that's 55,998, 55,000. The 23rd of June, 100,000. And the 24th of June, which the eagle-eyed among you will recognise as the day after the referendum in the UK on the European Union, 1.2 million. So that's the day after more people looked at it. So when 1.2 million people look at the Wikipedia article on the EU on the day after the 2016 UK referendum, compared to just 56,000 the day before, you can sometimes be left wondering what the point is. The starting point that we have here is that access to information is key. The access to information is what we need. But it's a fallacy, of course, to believe that access to information purely on its own equals instant enlightenment. Information literacy, the desire to look for information, to be able to understand it, to ask intelligent questions of it should, to my mind, be a key skill for the effective participation in democracy. We keep getting asked to make big, huge, life-changing decisions based on incomplete and inaccurate information, and that is not good enough. Knowledge is knowing that to mark the wisdom is not putting it into a fruit salad. So to my mind, knowledge is nothing without literacy. Just providing information isn't if, isn't enough. People have to want to look for it. We have to understand how to be able to interpret it. Perhaps a lesson in the comparison of these two events and those screen grabs is not about public consciousness, about a desire for information, and the role of public discourse in determining what it is that people look for. I nearly put those two events in the opposite order, to be honest, because it was a bit more hopeful, but I thought that that would have been a bit too easy. Knowledge is nothing without literacy. At Wikimedia UK, we know a bit about literacy. We know a bit about digital literacy and media literacy and data literacy. Last year, two years ago, we did a bit of research mapping Wikimedia project engagement against existing digital literacy frameworks in the UK. I highly recommend that you take a look at that.  It really has revealed to us how the work that we do engages with these existing frameworks of data literacy, information literacy, media literacy, and how that kind of core belief that engaging with our projects can really help with those. One of the things that I want to touch on here is neutral point of view. So neutral point of view is a really central ten of Wikimedia. It is a pillar of Wikimedia, and it comes back. It really speaks to the idea that Wikipedia should not be biased, that as far as possible it can be neutral and that it reflects just the facts. There's been a lot of pixels built on non-political action within Wikipedia. It's also crucial in the idea of reaching consensus. Catherine Mayer, the CEO of the Wikimedia Foundation, has pointed out that Wikimedia is the one place on the internet where you go for an argument and you become more reasonable over time. But open practice is not non-political. Open practice to me is intrinsically linked to issues of justice. Neutral point of view can be difficult for a couple of reasons, primarily because nothing is ever truly neutral. The complete object of view is really difficult. It can tie people up in an obfuscation of privilege and the occasional mischaracterisation of the endeavor to plug particular gaps in knowledge as being a soapbox or agenda. This is unfortunately where we sometimes see the on-wiki perpetuation of off-wiki societal issues, the recreation of bias. The ways in which knowledge is produced is not neutral and it is in effect of privilege to believe that it is. For the most part, the Wikimedia community is also aware of its own issues with systemic bias, for example around gender. It's also been well documented how some countries have banned or sort of restrict access to Wikipedia, including Turkey, China and Russia. In this way we understand that providing free access to information is a political and in some context radical act. This slide I've got is the Wikimedia Foundation's strategic movement strategy for 2018-2020. I've pointed to the last aspect there of knowledge equity. This is something that Lorna Campbell talked about yesterday. Knowledge equity, looking at the gaps in knowledge. Looking at structural bias, looking at how it is that knowledge gets on to the biggest encyclopedia in the world. We've been aware in the Wikimedia community of these issues for a long time. We've been working to address it at a community level and a strategic level. One of Wikimedia UK's strategic goals for the upcoming years is that of addressing underrepresented content with focus on those voiced left out by structures of power and privilege. This for me is where learning intersects with agency and of learning as a political act. Dr Al John did some research on editor funds at the University of Edinburgh a couple of years ago. The key quote from the work that she's done around that around looking at the editor fund and the process of becoming a Wikipedia editor is that learning becomes personal but it triggers forms of agency. We have this movement and we see that it's reproduced in a lot of the work that we do with Wikimedia and Education. We have this movement from learners being a passive consumer of knowledge to an active producer of knowledge. That's really a key shift in the way that we think about learning and that we think about ourselves as learners in the way that we approach information. Being involved in the production of knowledge gives you agency and insight to a degree which is not possible from the passive subject position of being a consumer of knowledge. Here's when I want to move on to some of the projects that we've been involved in helping people to move from that passive consumer of knowledge to that active producer of knowledge and how that intersects with activism. The first of these was Brave Edit. This is a project that we undertook with Amnesty International as a worldwide project and this looked at getting primarily biographies of women human rights defenders into Wikipedia. There was also a lot of other work that went around with that and getting these women's stories and the causes for which they work known onto Wikipedia. This was an interesting one actually because normally you wouldn't ask people permission to put their biography onto Wikipedia. But there was a lot of work that was done by Amnesty International in the background to ensure that those women actually wanted their work being promoted. Because for some of them obviously there was an element of safety in that that we had to consider to come back to our theme of care to consider whether or not those people actually wanted their work to be up and out there. But this was an element of where we had people working in activism for Amnesty International to have a real opportunity to get these women's stories told to get that information up into Wikipedia. The second one that I want to point to is Art and Feminism. Art and Feminism has been going now for, I want to say, five years. And it happens that every year around about International Women's Day and it's about closing the gender gap on Wikipedia. We know that there is a gender gap on Wikipedia and about getting more articles and more coverage of women and feminism and art. That one in particular has become particularly popular and particularly successful over the last few years. The Dumfries Stone Carving project in the slides I've linked out both to a blog post that I wrote about this and to a paper that I gave at heritage.myself.tarabeel from the Dumfries Stone Carving project about how engagement with the Wikipedia project for community heritage projects helps to give those projects more longevity, the outputs of those projects more longevity after the end of the project. I've done a lot of work with Tara in doing the kind of things in the Dumfries Stone Carving project was about a community heritage project, kind of taking ownership of their project, looking at this incredible history of stonework in Dumfries Stone Carving in Dumfries and getting that content out into many different formats, one of which was Wikimedia Commons. Getting that output out there meant that once that project finishes and the project has now finished, those images are kind of released into public consciousness. The Survey of Scottish Witchcraft, which has been an absolutely fantastic project, which was a data literacy project working with the Survey of Scottish Witchcraft, a great piece of research done by the university of Edinburgh. Getting that information into Wikidata, which allowed a data visualisation intern at the university to put together and a lot of other people at the university to put together this incredible website, this incredible research. One of the things that I really took away from that is that data visualisation gives such an entry point into understanding data and understanding cultural history in a way that just a regular database can't. There's been an awful lot of media interest in that. Moving on now, this is the last one, kind of bring it up today, the COVID-19 task force. So there was a great wired piece that I've linked to you on there. There are two Wiki projects on English Wikipedia, on Wiki project medicine dealing specifically with COVID-19. And another that's Wikidata. Again, looking at COVID-19 and trying to get the best quality of information out there on Wikipedia as possible. So, yeah, this is just to wrap up there. Engagement with the Wikimedia projects for open education is for civic engagement and democracy. I want people to get involved with the knowledge activist. Thank you very much.


hey guys so I'm outside today this one focused here we go and I'm vlogging for the first time so forgive me if I'm all over the place but today I am going to an event it's a natural hair event and it's this youtuber her name is actually Ashley and she's throwing an event for us naturalistas we're doing a product swap so this should be interesting and sorry I'm out of breath I'm not used to holding the camera and I had to get out of the public street because I feel so weird like I feel like people are gonna stare at me but yeah we're downtown Boston right now and I'm on the other one the other side of Newberry Street so yeah I'm on my way now and I will be there soon I'll try to vlog when I go in but yeah I'm gonna see the event I get to see another fellow youtuber who is actually quite popular so I'm kind of excited and nervous because I'm by myself but yeah come with me and join this journey with me so how it works is when you know people get here we're just gonna open the floor to you guys and myself and Lisa Lisa where are you so we're gonna be behind the tables just taking your tickets if you guys have any questions about products as you can see there's tons of products here some products just don't work for everybody it's okay like I was talking to Lisa in the car and for example like we like certain products and our hairs are totally totally different like our textures are completely different so it's not about your texture that makes a product work for you it's much much more I know enough where it's okay when a product doesn't work for you don't feel discouraged like oh man like my hair is just trash because it doesn't work for me like this is why we're having this event and that this is why there will be another one later this year I'm thinking around like summertime you know your hair kind of switches up in the summertime so maybe the end of summer swap out some products that you like it didn't work for me or you know there's something better out there for you so how it works is you just come up here you browse the live selection that we got going on here I have everything from co-wash is all the way down to oils and edge control so if you came here just looking for deep conditioners there's a section there for you so what you're gonna do is just give us one of your tickets and then you'll take your product and at the end whatever's left you know we might give away you guys can take some extras if you see but it'll be donated to the teens at the boys and girls from Manchester I was there I worked there for almost 10 years and I feel like teens get no love I feel like you know they're like you go to high school and they're like you got it you know do your own thing and a lot of girls have questions about their hair that's an awkward time I'm sure not the only one like middle school high school is an awkward time especially like with how you look you're like you're going through puberty that you're like what's going on so I always go there like once a month and bring products and share my tips and just talk to the girls there so whatever's left over I'll bring to them they're ready now so they're very very excited and so yeah that's that's pretty much it so if you any questions I'm here and if you have any hair questions Sherita's here what I want to just explain to you guys there's a wall here that says share your curl tips that's all you have to do just help another curly girl out we've had a few events last year what I know you were came to one of them here like one or two events but it's not enough there has to be more so this year it's definitely going to change so this is the first one of 2018 that's good I had so many I'm like all right let me give this way you just got like mad products I've never seen in my life before right now I know you guys have been chatting with her for a little bit but she's gonna just chat take any questions that you guys have about hair Sherita if you don't know if you guys came in she's a the owner and that head stylist at the loft studio in Medford and not too far from here she's done she went and washed my hair gave me this detox I didn't even know what that was and she it was amazing I what time was that when I did a 12-day wash and go and so she did a detox really good and she did a wash and go with a cute twist on side and I don't know if you guys saw my mohawk that I didn't do that so I literally gave her this picture I'm like Sherita this is so dope can we do this she got it on point it was perfect so Sherita stand up and if you guys have any questions please feel free to ask Sherita and after this I'm really excited we're going to be doing a giveaway for her salon I've been in Medford for three years but I've been in the hair industry for over 20 years so I've been doing hair for a long time and natural hair has always been a passion of mine because I'm natural and that's always been natural so it's always been something that I'm very passionate about and I just love working on natural hair so if you have any questions any comments feel free we kind of talked about length retention so someone had said that their hair never grows and I said that all hair grows how many agree with that okay so everybody here grows that's not the issue the issue that we have is length retention so there is a difference so your hair is growing out of your scalp but you're not retaining the length on your head so at the same rate that your hair is growing it's breaking and it could be because over manipulation the hair is dry you know you're just not taking care of your hair properly so that can cause breakage so that's why you're not seeing the length retention on average it's in half an inch a month so that equates to six inches a year so if your hair has been the same length January 2017 you're at January 2018 and your length is pretty much the same then you need to check your regimen you need to find out what's going on with your hair because your hair is breaking and that's true it's funny tree says that because she knows I've been dealing with like who knows what with my hair so my hair I don't know like last year my hair was really tight and like my curls were really really like I would say I had if we did the hair chart I had like 3c4a in the back like going on now I'm what like 3b3c a little bit so she's been helping me out with that but that was another issue that I had was length retention and just my routine wasn't right so it's okay to switch up your routine I know once you find it you're like yes I found this worse but like six months later a year later like your hair might be like and eat something else or maybe the product that you're using like I feel like my hair like tends to change like products that I use when I first went natural I could not use anymore I'm like this doesn't even work like I love the curl enhancing smoothie but like before that was like my go-to wash and go product now I'm like I might need to add something else so it's totally okay hey guys I made it back from the event I'm back home in my office room here and it was really good I really liked it I got to meet actually Ashley she's really nice and really sweet and I met some other girls to be honest like I'm so bad at like networking have not been all that stuff but I don't think it went too bad yeah and all of the girls are really nice everyone in there was beautiful like it was ridiculous we got goodie bags so I'm gonna show you what I got in the goodie bag okay so I got this detangling brush by texture pro and I guess it's supposed it's meant to be used on wet hair that's what it looks like yeah by wet brush it's not supposed to snag your hair so I got a new brush guys also from the same I can't vlog see look at me I'm all I cannot from the same company I got a detangling comb which I like this one this is like it looks like it has a silicone texture to it so that it's supposed to glide through your hair not snag on it and I got the typical yeah I have this comb that everyone and their mama has and I stopped using it because it snags my hair because of the little in between each teeth there's a I don't even know what you call it there's a line there that's where it stag snags on my hair so I stopped using that and I've only been using my deadman brush for that reason but yeah I'm gonna see about this new brush and new comb I in the goodie bag I got the shea moisture curling enhancing smoothie this isn't the best product for me here so I may give this to someone that uses it my mom I probably just give it to her because she uses this but I'm not a big fan of this product but it I mean I used to use it all the time I liked it back in the day back in the day a few years ago I liked it but I don't like it that much anymore so I probably give that to my mom and then we have which I'm excited for I've tried some of these products because of my mom because she has them and hurt she's a product junkie she's the one that should have went to this event to be honest she would have loved it but yeah there's a this is a Jane Carter solution hair kit there's a bunch of products in here and let me see let me see what's in here it looks like it's all travel-sized stuff so we have a cleansing and conditioning co-wash interesting a revive in repair hair mask I haven't used the hair mask in a while so I'll be trying this freeze-free styling smoother so it's like this is a styling product slumber party creamy creamy leave-in conditioner I love my leave-in conditioners so I'll definitely be trying this one renewable difference detox shampoo I'm not crazy about shampoos I like what I like I have the kinky curly and the what's that brand called that I always forget I have another moisturizing shampoo but I have two shampoos that's it but I'll be trying this just to give it a try and then we have the complex for replenish and repair oil so yeah that's everything right there I almost forgot to show you guys the stuff I got from swap like that was the whole point of going what you say you need my help why so yeah I forgot to show you guys what I swapped out I didn't show what I brought to the swap that I was giving away but these are the products that I got from the swap and one of them is the diva curl ultra defining gel I don't really need I don't need another gel I just wanted to try this and the value of this product I don't know exactly how much but I know it's $20 or a little bit over that so I thought it was worth it to try and then this product I've never seen before but I was interested in it it's called can't believe it's not honey it's a deep conditioning it says agave deep conditioning hair caramel so I don't know if you've ever seen like the hair caramels like that a te I forgot the name of the brand on Instagram but it's supposed to like really soften your hair and new growth and just make it really buttery soft so that's why I was interested in this this is basically what this like the same thing as that other product so I will be probably trying this one tomorrow since I am washing my hair but yeah the event was really fun I had a great time I hope my footage isn't horrible I tried to get as much as I could but still be in the moment at the same time not be vlogging the whole time but yeah I had fun I hope to do it again I hope you guys enjoyed this little mini vlog yeah if you're interested in seeing me vlog more if I go somewhere let me know down below comment down below and make sure you like this video and I will see you guys in the next one thanks


What is the importance of knowing your destination? In today's fast-paced business world, having a clear vision is crucial for success. Where are you going? If you don't know, you won't get there. For your small business to succeed, you must know the trends to follow.


Joining us now is Mark Van Naam, co-founder of Principal Technologies. Welcome, Mark. Thanks, Dave. It's great to be here. It's great to have you here. We'd like to hear the Principal Technologies story. We know that you are an independent testing lab, but tell us the story. Sure. Here's the short form. We're in our 20th year. We created the company with the idea that the best way to sell products was to tell the truth, which may not seem radical, but often is. And so we started out trying to prove the advantages of products. We work primarily in the technical space. We work with most of the big tech companies. And over the years, what we learned was that, although we were coming up with great facts that people could use for buying decisions and they were very successful for companies, companies were then having to turn them into marketing materials. So we created a studio team, and we started enlarging the range of collateral we delivered so that today we do the testing and research, and in some cases even software development necessary to prove competitive advantages. And then we packaged that up into compelling collateral that helps companies win in the attention economy and sell their products, all telling the truth. Talk to me about the numbers of customers that you work with, the numbers of projects that you do. Give me a sense of the kind of scale we're talking about. Sure. We, as I said, have been in business for 20 years. This is our 20th year. We've done at this point, I believe, several thousand engagements. In a typical year, we will do more than 100 engagements, each of which will typically have many components and many different tests, different pieces of collateral and so on. We've worked with more than 50 tech-leading companies, as well as about as many people in non-tech areas with our e-learning practice. But for this purpose here, the main audience is 50-plus tech companies. So it's many dozen tech companies over the years.  What do those conversations look like when maybe someone is trying to nudge you? How do you deal with that? So this is obviously a key question about our business model and one that we considered when we started the company. The first thing to note is that anybody looking at our results, looking at any report, or looking at any company that is paid to do work has the very reasonable question that could come to them, which is, why should I trust you? And our answer from the beginning is don't trust us. Verify. So unlike just about anybody else in the industry, from the beginning we give away the entire methodology, what we now call the science behind the report, for every engagement we do. So we don't say, hey, we just tested this.  Make available in a separate document attached to the report the complete methodology, the system information, the software information, everything about what we did, the detailed steps so that if you have the right hardware, software and expertise, you can reproduce what we did. This means you don't have to trust us. You can verify it and it puts our work out on display for everybody. Mark, thank you so much for spending time with us and telling us a little about what your company does and how you do it. Well, thanks for having me.


Okay. Hi. I am really excited to be here, and I really appreciate Singapore user group organizers and the crews and everyone in this auditorium for having me today. I'm not sure how many of you here have experienced serverless development, but if you have ever tried developing large-scale systems with serverless architecture, I guess you have probably faced with this topic that I'm going to talk about today, complexity. Today I will talk about how to simplify design complexities using serverless architecture on AWS based on my experiences with using the new services that have been recently announced. Before getting started, I'd like to introduce myself just for a moment. My name is Sonu Kim from South Korea. I was born and raised in South Korea, but I started at university in Japan. I started my career as software developer in Japan, Tokyo, and currently I am working in serverless focused tech consulting company. I have personally liked or admire Singapore. I like the diversity food and people in Singapore, especially as for the diversity, I've never seen it like Singapore in my entire life. I just live in Japan and Korea, so it is very new to me. I've been here in Singapore twice before for a trip, and every time I visit Singapore, I met a lot of awesome people and had good memories. So I thought the next time I visit Singapore, I hope to have a chance for something related to my work. But the COVID-19 situation has not allowed me to do it for almost like three years. Now I am very happy to be here in Singapore again for the AWS community event, which is my favorite part of my job. As for my background, I have been working as a full stack AWS serverless engineer in Japan for several years. I have experienced the project, especially in developing IoT platforms with fully serverless architecture on AWS and web services and mobile applications for those IoT products. During the corona situation, I turned over my career to attack start-up. Now I am supporting several of that teams as my customer and contributing serverless communities and serverless development ecosystem. Okay, let's get down to the main topic today. Today's session has three main topics on the screen, and also please check the items listed in the key takeaways for the specific information to be given in this session. So the first agenda is why does complex serverless design need to be simplified? What is the complex serverless design and why is that a problem? Let's make this clear. As you can see, here is a sample of serverless system diagram. Some of you might think that it is just a typical serverless backend and it looks so familiar and easy to understand most part of the system.  On the other hand, some of you might think this seems too complicated to understand most part of the system because it is too specific with a lot of duplicated services. Well, one thing all of you might agree is that it is difficult to grasp the big picture of this system at a glance compared to the monolithic architecture. So as you see, it is hard to know what this system is like, so I grip them according to the process they do. Then we can see several microservices divided into the business domain, system features, and so on. Well, also you can see a lot of asynchronous events passing between each services. This architecture may be good way while the system is small. We can even say it is a sophisticated design in the context of serverless architecture. But what if this is a platform for a service with tens of thousands of users? If there is a problem in the system, how to investigate? If there is a missing property in the middle of asynchronous process, how do you trace and fix it? If you want to make a quick release for a promotion like Before Christmas or Chinese New Year, how do you quickly add features and deploy them without any downtime? In addition, dividing into microservices is a good practice. We all know that, for example, it is hard to manage all the resources with a single confirmation stack. However, you will have to make dependencies between microservices because of some reasons that make sense at that moment. Soon after it is going to be difficult to keep the microservices completely stateless, including deployment ordering and so on. For example, when you need to update your entire system, you have to deploy off-service first, then deploy IoT service, then deploy device API service, and finally, you are able to deploy the product service. And I think this is quite a common problem that occurs quite a lot in the real world. So you may face these pain points by this situation. Loss of agility and design flexibility, which is the key benefits of serverless. For example, you will see that it is not easy to identify the scope of impact when adding new features or refactoring. Difficulty in troubleshooting and user increase. Let's say a user has some sort of issue, have to trace the logs of the user request and find the cost that matters. So how do you keep traceability in a long sequence, including asynchronous processes? Degraded testability and degraded developer experience. You can use local stack or packed for asynchronous testing. But does that provide you with a good developer experience? Of course, it depends on the situation. But I would say setting up and testing AWS account and conducting end-to-end testing might be a better choice for large workload on serverless. It should be difficult to run everything in local development environments that connect to degrading developer experience. Okay. So why do we need to keep serverless and reduce complexity to solve those pain points? First thing, from a general perspective, it is one of the essential processes to streamline your business logic in serverless context. Excellent serverless design can be used as a map of business logic. There may be an efficient business logic that degrades the benefits of serverless. Also, still, we have no worries about managing the servers or containers. There's well-known term undifferentiated heavy lifting, and serverless is the best way to offload that works must be done, which is not directly related to your business value. If you choose serverless, you should focus on your application logic and secure your team's energy and time on further business requirements. So what can you do to simplify the complex serverless design? The first thing I would like to note is to arrange unnecessary Lambda functions and triggers. I understand the convenience of implementing Lambda functions for various use cases. However, just like a program source code needs refactoring sometimes, I suggest to consider reorganizing your Lambda functions in other services with Amazon EventBridge. An effective way to reduce unnecessary Lambda functions and triggers is using EventBridgePipes, which was announced recently at ReInvent 2022. EventBridgePipes connects and event sources to targets with data filtering and mapping tools. So you don't need to write integration code or implement ETL process yourself. For example, there is a practice to use a Lambda function for reach rise or error handling when a step function is called fails from SQS. It sounds that Lambda function is not for business logic, so I wonder if it is really necessary. Now you can replace that Lambda function by applying automatic reach rise in case of errors or setting optional dead letter queue as the built-in feature of EventBridgePipes. Also, in the case you want to pass data coming from DynamoDB streams to other services, you need to implement Lambda function to log data or just pass data to the other service. With EventBridgePipes, you can send the records directly to various services such as CloudWatch logs, Kinesis, step functions, and so on. This means that you are able to replace even the microservices with a single EventBridgePipe. Also, there is one of the new features that is announced last year, the EventBridge scheduler. Let's say you have to design a feature that sends mobile notifications to users. Note that if you send notifications to all your users, the user will tap the notification and open the app all at once. You will get a lot of traffic and your workload might burst or be throttled. So one of the effective practices is to split the sending requests with time intervals. In that case, you can make a delay using step functions or using the SQS delay queue. As you see on the left side, you can do it by step functions workflow like this or design Lambda functions with SQS to implement the time interval. However, now the components for setting the time interval can be replaced by using flexible time window of the EventBridge scheduler. If you set the value as 15 minutes, the task will be triggered within 15 minutes. We don't know when it's going to be triggered exactly, but at least we can make time intervals without implementing it ourselves. If you off the flexible time window, then the task will be triggered exactly on time. And I think this could be also a good solution for several specific use cases. There is also a useful EventBridge feature, API destination. This API destination not only allows asynchronous calls to external API and points, but also allows retries, stat letter keys and rate limits to be set so we can eliminate the need to implement these processes. It can be configured as the target of EventBridge pipes. So in the case of combining with EventBridge pipes, there may be some cases you can remove the Lambda function just for calling external APIs. Next, I'm going to talk about step functions, which is popular for serverless workloads. Let's say you had to design a workload, a transactional ordering process for e-commerce, just like the diagram on the slide. I saw this kind of workflow many times, and I think there are pain points like this. There are multiple nested workflows for error handling and recovering process, which is not directly related to your own business logic, like handling system errors from external system. And there are lots of conditional branches depending on success and failure status. In the end, once the workflow is set, it is not easy to be changed. So one of the good solutions to replace transactional workflow is the event-driven approach. I suggest considering a three-factor app design for the transactional process like the workflow that I showed in the previous slide. The client makes a connection to the GraphQL server and gets ready to subscribe to the events. When the client sends order requests to the GraphQL server, in this diagram, it's app sync. It writes an order record to DynamoDB. Then, new order record is processed by each microservices, depends on its status. For example, first, on ordering status, the first lambda will check if the stock is available, then update the status to stock valid. Then on stock valid status, the order service lambda is triggered and handle the order process. Lastly, on order valid status, the payment service lambda is triggered and handle the payment process. So with payment-approved status, all ordering sequence is fine. It works well with the service. It's good to keep loose coupling between microservices. I just want to note that this is not a perfect solution for every case because it requires many new learning costs for example like GraphQL and message handling on front-end. But if your team is full-sac, please take this into consideration for your system core design. When you are working on three-factor app or any other event-driven workloads, we will definitely need some kind of tracing method to debug or trace a single long sequence containing a lot of asynchronous processes. Basically, you can primarily consider utilizing AWS X-ray. However, you should consider cross-account tracing in the case of multi-account backend. Also, you still need a method to record asynchronous event application. In that case, you have to inject a tracing ID to a synchronous event context. It will help you when you trace a long sequence including asynchronous processes. I suggest having or considering this kind of practice to handle like tracing ID or correlation ID. Another basic thing you should do when tracing is to be able to produce structured JSON logs. You can use tracing ID or request ID to list the logs of a series of processes in a sequential manner. There are useful libraries for JSON logging, such as adepts lambda power tools for typescript or Python. Here is another suggestion for reducing complexity. Next, JS, which is a server-side rendering framework for ReactJS, and NoxJS, which is also a server-side rendering framework for ViewJS. Both of them support lambda as their build target. That means you don't need to use Fargate or AdMuner just for provisioning server-side rendering applications anymore. Unless you need to configure a static outbind IP address, you can remove network configurations on your system diagram. I'm afraid to say you don't need VPC just for provisioning server-side rendering apps anymore. Next, consider bundling API logic as a single lambda function. Combining API gateway lambda functions in DynamoDB is a very famous pattern for serverless RESTful API. Let me note this at first. Serverless BAS practice is single-purpose functions, so a lambda function should keep its logic simple and small with clearly defined scope and responsibility. However, if you create a lambda function for each and every API operation, you will have to create many lambda functions with almost the same boilerplate for API logic. When you have to create a single use case with multiple API calls, you have to collect all logs from different log streams. Also, lots of lambda functions, lots of cold starts. I would say for web API logic, creating one lambda function makes better sense. Well, some of you might be concerned that I am using lambda functions for too much work, and it is bad practice. Basically, I agree with that. However, in context of web API design, I'm afraid to say that it is actually more efficient and clean with those libraries on the slide. If you are using Node.js, there is the lambda API. At every serverless hero, Jeremy Daley created this with Express-friendly API routing interfaces. If you are using Python, you can use AWS Challenges with API routing decorators. If you are using Java, there is Power Jamda with API routing annotations. I personally released many products on my work with lambda API and Power Jamda with a single lambda function for API logic, and never made a problem yet. Let's go on to the last part of our agenda. Architectural approaches with Amazon EventBridge. I spoke some features of Amazon EventBridge. I suggest reorganizing microservices with using Amazon EventBridge. You might think that isn't it a single point of failure? Is that too dependent on one service? I would like to introduce some points of view to consider when dealing with those questions. At first, you can use EventBridge with a centralized design. It is easy to integrate applications or microservices with minimal changes. You can just add a rule with an event filter and send the events to the rule. If you are using multiple AWS accounts, you can use a single AWS account as an event passing dedicated accounts. However, as you can see, if the EventBridge in a certain region stops for a while, it can be a single point of failure. Also, here is another example. There is no concern, single point of failure, and each service has its event bus to communicate with other event buses. It is a distributed pattern. It's actually good for multiple DevOps teams to collaborate on large-scale development and keep their services autonomy. If the EventBridge in a certain region fails for a while, you can route the event to another region in the same database account. So you can minimize the effects of the failure. However, it does not help with reducing complexity. Here is a summary of each pattern, centralized and distributed pattern. I would not mention that which one is better or which one is, well, good in some cases, because it depends on the situation. However, you can refer these patterns to optimize some part of your system that can be improved. The diagrams are actually based on the situation in 2020, but now there are some more features for a failover in the EventBridge. So please check that if you have to care the downtime, well, there are solutions you can use for region failure. I didn't mention it in this presentation because it's, well, quite out of the topic, but there is some kind of method to do it. That's it. Thank you very much for listening and attending this session, and please feel free to ask me any questions about the content. And lastly, I just came from Japan, and I guess it was quite out of blue for you both. If you are interested in me, my work, or doing or expanding your business in Japan, please check my company website and contact us. That's all. Thank you very much. Ladies and gentlemen, do you have any questions for... So no, we have time for one or two questions. Maybe you can ask...


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