me of the best and uh that tops has i'm kind of with you brizzy i think i think bogart then resigning bogarts could be the key to keeping debbers as well they're they're very close they're very close very close brothers man got buster posie quad relic giants 10 of 99 flew over the dodgers kershaw 95 150 or at least be in serious talks and offer him a real contract you know offers not like lowball him if he gets a crazy deal somewhere else then he's probably gone but i i don't know his market i don't know show hey jersey card 49 to 50 angels glad copper clemens purple 13 and 99 blue jays i don't know the story signing was a mistake it's been a it's been a tough year he's been playing better since he got back his defense has been pretty good um i'll give another year before i start panicking on story i guess kessen here a dual bat relic auto brewers brew crew 21 of 399 got copper rookie alec thomas debacks not a good start obviously the contract we'll see and considering that that he's a second baseman now and second base across like the entire major league baseball is pretty terrible like he's a pretty far above average second baseman got canvass daryl strawberry mets tom glavin auto braves 43 of 125 and copper frank robin i'm not giving back to the rocks no way no way man all right let's do a recap yeah i mean devours could stay without xander if they give him like a crap ton of money but rocky uh rocky times ahead it's going to be a very uh tense off season for red sox fans all right relics otani to 50 angels giants posi to 99 quad relic judge and stand in dual patch yankies to 10 that's awesome man uh posi again to 75 that time giants quad relic red sox infield there to 75 quad relic castillo reds to 50 cal and mount castle to 50 for the orioles there's a red sox again being fueled to 99 that time white sox patchcard gilito stroman cubs to 99 a monkata patched up 35 white sox got yankies brett gardener quad to 99 patchcard giants sammy or logan web just sammy logan web to 35 there really nice twins patches there on the quad here to 25 with the bat relics on the bottom dodgers bellinger bat relic gardener again for the Yankees to 75 a lot of duplicates here a dodger's quad to 99 max kepler to 25 twins corbin for the gnats to 35 uh jeff mcneal gnats to 75 gillard parry mariners to 25 jeff mcneal gnats to 99 cubs soriano to 50 and hayward for the cubs to 25 all right you got autos now that's glavin for the braves at 125 here a brewer's dual relic auto 399 osmer padres to 300 bucks in twins to 299 dodgers garvey to 150 cubs derrick lee numbered to 200 dodgers max munsey to 125 yankees alfonso soriano triple relic auto to 200 cardinals nolan aronato to 199 that is Gavin sheets ricky auto white socks to 25 wade bogs raised to 50 on that one dodgers austin barns to 299 raise austin meadows to 25 blue jay's george springer to 125 austin meadows again 399 angels jaren walsh to 150 riley jumbo patch auto braves 3 at 15 nice hit braves that is uh burley to 25 white socks andrew jones dual relic auto braves to 50 grondal to 357 black black black frame a black flame black frame 505 luke boy yankees dual auto red sox pd and veritec to 15 and then this was the book again to 25 atelier auto book fillies gt romuto 16 to 25 that's gonna do it thanks again everybody we've got uh more museum up next see you guys in a bit tiktok thanks for liking and following yeah these are always cool guys lsc baseball has a few spots left daytime there's a full sellout promo of all the brakes sell out so uh up for grabs so one person that had bought into an lsc baseball break today so match channel not these breaks you're going to be entered into a random and we're giving away a box sealed box of a museum collection so a few spots left over there guys i'm dropping the brake scheduling for you right now full sellout promo going on over there oh link's already there shana already got it for you guys yeah sorry nothing bigger chris that was a tough case all around though we'll have to finish with the strongest divisions one here you want you want the unsealed box steven well if you join over there you can you can just have matt unseal it before he puts it on camera if you want yeah man tiktok just has people saying whatever is usually i just don't say anything that one was just too like that one was too funny oh boy so many breakers have different camera angles these days to like show you that is sealed and all this other stuff there's no funny business going on now guys full sellout promo lsc baseball so if you bought into those breaks trying to get that channel going grab a few more spots maybe hit something big maybe just maybe when a sealed box a museum collection hey all righty guys last one here let me get the random ready you're right on time brandon o curt s jason l john a keneth sh keneth sl randoming 2022 top museum collection baseball hobby 12 bucks full case number five random divisions good luck there's a seven three and four seven times we got to get some big hurt we got two seven times on the names here one two three four five six seven keneth sl down to jason l and seven times on the divisions now one two three four five six and seven al central down to al west yeah keneth sl al central john a nl central keneth sh al east brandon o nl west curt s with the nl east and jason l with the al west we'll get the results posted we're gonna start in just a moment here we've got a pretty good division nl east is good met's braves filly is all in that division that's have soto too i mean it's pretty solid all right guys i'll be right back and we'll get started right on time 250 eastern more group breaks at 5 p.m eastern and again matt's doing that full sellout promo he just has a few breaks left guys a few spots left so three boxers too so nothing nothing crazy expensive so appreciate it guys you gotta leave football on friday rakeshaw is for dawn racy lead football that you'll have the pen pals ricky autos which will be technically the first rookie on card auto of the 2022 ricky class in their pro unis they'll have like the bust and you'll be able to see that it's like you'll be able to clearly tell all it's a bronco jersey oh it's a whatever jersey so not like full uni but yeah technically the first on card auto of the 2022 rookies so you'll have like picket will have his steelers colors malik will is in his titans yep all the good stuff all the good stuff you got to put on some sports or something not a lot on today i don't think there's anything on today champions league but we don't have paramount plus on the tv so and there's no baseball on today it's all baseball talk shows so ease what it is be back in just a minute guys we need one once for every team in the break actually that's what we need man last case wasn't the best we got out we got to finish strong here for daytime thanks everyone for filling in the breaks and sanitizer here hang on i left my water bottle i was not in miami on labor day victor i was working saw me right uh dude that'd be cool if i was riding jet skis in miami around labor day it's a little more fun than top loading i like top loading but let's do it everybody forest here ripping 2022 tops museum collection baseball hobby this is full case number five 12 12 box full case number five random divisions i'll leave the results right there you can always find those late sports cards dot com good luck everybody let's finish our daytime strong here need some big stuff case five a case five a full case five we started again at five p.m eastern guys i p.m eastern soccer breaks i think are sold out for museum collection optic basketball p y t's uh there's an eminence case tonight that has spots up random hit eminence and uh the memorabilia which is all sold out but you're gonna not gonna want to miss a big finish tonight so you're gonna want to see every single one of the last few breaks eminence we had a lot of people here earlier yeah this is when it starts to slow down in chat because it's like the acronym well hot takes you got there i almost lost my mind about there when james a couple days ago it's always about freaking out about that one when i top loading starting off with the barry zito all over the a's 225 a l west barry zito that was on the Todd father wasn't the derby yeah the Todd father man quad jersey wilson gertrera's 45 and 99 nl central and blad senior i would like to i can't afford that wonder right now keep buying other things jersey card white sox frank thomas 46 of 50 al central and red 15 to 50 al east man a mariana robera yeah sgc is what in bokeh sgc grading in bokeh i think wander rookie canvas for the al east at a ryan mount castle al east triple relic auto there you go numbered 142 of 399 pretty good first box here zito auto is cool mount castle solid hit wander canvas and a copper nolan ryan as well he's al west all the time i think did he ever did all right pitch flight with the bets maybe we'll see anything other than i'm gonna tell you angel astros rangers i think that's cornered sgc or psd i don't know as usually for thicker cards i prefer becket that's what most people would say you play for another team i think started with 66 with the mats okay it was it was the mess though who's george curvy calvary angels okay got an auto for the angels garret anderson 36 at 299 al west so new york cali copper ricky anderson houston you finish with the rain some mess for a year the messes always have good pitchers seems like they got a lot in their history nice dual jersey auto aroly shatman al east numbered 36 of 50 i don't know the answer that ac to be honest after my meds i think it's 18 braves man when they had the three-headed monster it was so mad it was my favorite because it was so little was not much to him the boy who carved you up the painter right i like thomas you got oh that's a nice color there look at the royals patches here what marifield six at 25 al central quad patch card a copper brison stott nle stroki we have these for uh 394 99 three shipping three shipping worldwide canvass salvatore Perez you got a patch card maximancy nl west 2035 and a blue louis robert one of four 150 al central on the white socks louis robert frame here yep frame gatto our frame gatto is coming in box three little early in the case silver coming up it's a blue rookie brison stott 108 of 150 nice when they're nl east stott's pretty solid there's an abram's rookie snell revera oh that's a nice one you got silver frame with a gold ink auto evan rodriguez al west 12 of 15 nice punch i think he's supposed to sign with silver ink on the silver frame either way it looks fantastic heck yeah man one of the best catchers to do it congrats al west uh random divisions full case 799 999 800 dual jersey auto al central max kepler number 140 of 399 copper louis robert sayus a zuki rookie jersey card rookie jossiah gray 43 of 50 nl east and copper trout oh my god dude the gene cigar bat flip is so excessive jeez all like a base hit what the hell settle down gene cigar dude he's getting he's getting thrown at uh canvas a's konseko quadruple dodge monsi turner bettson and bellinger 44 of 75 i'm all for bat flips what do it he didn't hit like a 500 footer oh my god he launched the bat one for them the ball of bat i bet oh my god gene cigar that's hilarious you see that gene cigar bat flip last night sam you see the gene cigar bat flip no it's like a walk-off like single and he like dude the bat he threw the bat like yeah like 30 feet wow oh my god yeah i was gonna say man you could battle like that if you hit it like 500 but oh it's on your thumbnail uh pooholson j rod i think you gotta see what it looks like did i just that is j rod i was like did i put like marco gonzalez or something like that i jumped off the stream for a second this morning canvas judge you go alies got a nl central auto jack clarity 35 of 125 cardinals are being sneaky right now guys they're looking really good the nl the nl playoffs are gonna be just bloodbath we just do uh we just do sealed boxes so it's just uh hobby boxes rookie dual jersey auto mj melendez for the al central 102 of 149 flair he's been good and then not to mention they fleece the Yankees in the montgomery trade red max 12 of 50 for the nl central he's like the one guy that would really actually help right now i know it's it's we thought it was weird at the time and it's still weird yeah i would pay a horrible jersey quarry cluber 44 50 al east copper of garig you know the book that's what we need quad jersey jared walsh 45 of 99 al west and a copper derrick jeter it's kind of weird but i guess the trade worked out for the cardinals so far i mean obviously it's more than a few months you need to actually judge a trade but wow jumbo patch two of five pita lanzo that is freaking awesome congrats on that one that's definitely a number patch one of the corners of the zero that's sick two of five nl east jumbo patch polar peat polar peat look at that one mags copper wilson contraris and a copper o'neill cruiser key for the nl central i'm a red sox fan too it's been a it's been a weird year here wander franco hot streaks and cold streaks you know canvas yachty molina quad relic wilson contraris 37 to 75 nl central and a campanella to 150 that goes current day dodgers which is nl west so yeah the tigers man the tiger is probably the biggest disappointment this year right bucky dent auto 139 to 299 for the al east maybe the red sox gotta get their biggest disappointment too 399 latty al east and sox brewers are kind of slumping now to piders disappointing but only because of one player pretty much do a relic auto brandon lau for the al east brandon lau is 217 to 399 and copper erin judge annuals very disappointing too but that's just how it goes for the angels i guess they're like the chargers they're just a cursed team cursed uh well the sox better signed devils otherwise i don't know what i'll do so probably extend devils hopefully i don't let it get to his last season that would be pretty terrible got rookie auto jake burger 250 al central and huskens blue 53 150 and i don't know what i'll do like what as a red sox fan what would i root for if they don't resign devils you traded vets to have the ability to assign a player in the future like this so i don't know man i don't know claud jersey chris taylor 57 and 99 and al west i'll have to call out if that happens though copper ricky brindell accrues and al east take a day to mourn the loss of rock all come dressed in all black morning the loss he's he's still alive would he's not not with us 39 50 bat relic larry walker and al west 38 of them 38 of them copper cow kike for another 10 million that's pretty solid i like i like that extension that's a sneaky deal yeah good good to plug a hole for next year got canvas uh mattingly for the al east oh nice roist louis dual jersey rookie auto al central 116 of 149 there you go al central with the roist louis twins are good at this and copper verlander twin's another curse franchise can't keep bucks nor worse louis healthy yeah yeah we'll see baseball's a very streaky sport you can make like two sneak like small signings and it changes your team dynamic it's weird now red sox will bounce back i didn't spend a really streaky team they've been injured recently um but the rest of the vision has also been very good very good bobby wit canvas artist proof zander bogart to red sox al east artist proofs are are limited to 50 rookie copper torkelson al central we'll see yeah we're talking about world series picks earlier i'm having a tough time i think whoever wins the nl is gonna win the world series but who do i think is gonna win the nl i do heck if i know you got canvas louis robert al central eric osmore quad relic nl west 11 to 25 got the braves are red hot the mets are still very good the dodgers are great the cardinals are really good right now crazy dual jersey nl central nado and goldy 24 50 copper peat dodger shows can see dodger strokes that'd be an interesting one j rod rookie we've got hunter dozier dual relic auto al central number 44 of 399 and blue rookie brandom marsh al west 650 150 big shawn and super forest there i thought of that one on the way here did i've had kensameh there all day no one told me is it on the schedule yeah i don't even know when to be here i just show them like look at me i'm the breaker now and then it's like is anyone gonna show up for thursday but i forgot we'll be gone that makes sense cj abram as we got auto rookie gavin sheets for the al central got copper big dumper rookie for the al west well that was early holland no right now it's the big dumper yeah he's pretty excited after man city won their first champions league match 4 nil yesterday canvas tatsis nl west and louis severino dual jersey auto al east numbered 160 to 299 we're talking about a go city talking about how big of a soccer fan you've become and i i told kensameh i'm like shawn it's honestly like giving for some competition for the biggest soccer fan in the entire all north america dude i bet he's the one that got me going on oh yeah sayus azuki rookie a corbin burns three colored brewers patch 22 a 25 nl central copper gwin did i literally watch soccer what was that when we were texting remember that was it two days ago saturday all day yeah i was watching all day saturday all day quad relic josh donaldson al east 25 or 75 finally i do enjoy it and purple each he wrote 5 and 99 al west and i never would have yeah even thought about it no man no it's been enjoyable because you had a psg and got this on yesterday yeah see that's good stuff yeah no i really do like it this was random divisions uh full case was 800 dollars per spot like uh quad relic jared walsh 39 is 75 al west copper illo hymen as dude you can watch any of the boondas league of the league other all in they all have english broadcast that's all like you watch esbm plus it's all english rois louis really so i'll watch the league of games too on esbm plus yeah i got camis schmitz oh nice patch there cabin bizio 410 al east got part of the uh some part of the little blue jays across the front there or toronto because it's the white that's the it's the white jersey that's a nice one salvador freds 77 and 99 al central my dad texted me a picture of uh tops apparently released 12 boxes a case six series one yeah looks good looks good did you see it yes it looks good it looks pretty solid torque and and green got a power king jr auto 102 of 125 al east i like a nice cow got a copper shohei that looks good that looks better than i think 2021 for sure yeah probably 2020 as well to be honest it's different though it's very different yeah because it has like a player space it's definitely better than it is you know bad i guess it's more good than that whoo al east jumbo patch auto mariana revera 14 of 15 that is a big one go into kenneth sh that is freaking nasty that is freaking awesome congrats kenneth sh that's my inner saman playing in my head right now get that magnet a copper Kirby heck yeah man it's fun because you just see some different things right it's so you got a good night tonight yeah i got four six boxes and four k's you got the memory yeah agner williams clemente auto raleigh fingers a's 4125 al west yeah that's a sick one purple rookies say it's a zuki 1299 l central there you go hunter green has rookies in this waist louis cj abrams say it's a zuki there's another couple i'm missing that it's like oh they got rookies what's that autos are just rookies so far like the aros and green and stuff like that it just went right he's still oh neil cruz doesn't have autos in this either which i found strange uh accuracy yeah ac on the canvas got a yankees jersey garrick cold 30 to 50 al east and a copper george brett yeah see that's how sand all day i was like the car those have like just been very good and like they're getting overshadowed because of like the dodgers mezzan braves but they're going to be the force to be reckoned with quadrelik petalonzo 64 of 99 n l east blue brice harper 42 of 150 n l east and they got arguably the mvp front runner right now goldie yeah i would think so no one else really i mean other guys come to mind but as far as like consistently all season it's probably him that's nice triple relic auto n l central barry larkin always one of the cleanest six for a long time man 24 25 oh goldie and not have both been really good for like a decade so goldie is putting together like a hall of him caliber career honestly like he's just been very consistent at the plate mvp this year and maybe gets a ring at some point even yeah a few more years of really high production i mean for sure putting together the case not a will be just because of his glove alone the hobby boxes so the four mini box boxes those are uh 394 99 canvas poppy there he is al east we've got an auto jesse winker n l central nine of 250 copper rookie rois lewis al central yeah judge is just going to go over the money brings him it's going to be his last big con it's the only big contract really so whoever pays him a judge is going to the highest bidder for sure quad relic nado 94 and 99 n l central and a copper bachette so i don't even know necessarily his decision it's just whoever pays him the most is where he's going to go i think for judge it's the Yankees if it's the Yankees if it's someone else someone else patch card rafael devers street color 18 to 35 al east they haven't won a ring with him yet have they red griffy 750 uh al s not running close forever oh nine they won the only thing that's a millennium oh that's nice dual relic auto bobeshet al east like that red alternate there too 24 25 nice bow copper j ram this is a sick bow yeah bobeshet is level and again we're in central florida so that's a lot of guys canvass big show al west we've got auto wet marifield 69 of 125 al central copper hobby bias yeah new mount castle and rally green ball with the haggardy yep mark bellhorn went to the highest while i went to red sox legends oh yeah quad relic indian rindone 44 of 75 al west copper akunia copper rizzo also uh blake luvia you ever heard about yeah i did the best prospect blue chap right there yeah done one of my high school rivals uh jeff agwell went there oh that's pretty cool that's cool yeah legend got a patch card or oldest Chapman 13 to 35 al east recolor alec thomas rickie 136 of 150 rickie i said rickie a few times there al west that's another guy yeah that's a good one too yeah cubs legend mark bellhorn one of our uh last one guys we had like a ton of hockey players went there like and it's dual relic auto illoy hymenez numbered 154 of 199 al central and there's a copper on the back of rocky's chris Bryant all right give me one sec i have to do a recap so your school went to yeah jonathan quick that went there he went to a prep school near me that everybody everybody from the area who was good at sports would go to the prep schools instead of going to the public schools yeah and like spencer night the goalie on the panthers he went there oh really yeah i mean quick he graduated with my tonic cup winner played hockey there and he was all right guys here we go we got al east the oldest Chapman patch of 35 al west anthony rindone to 75 got al east devils at 35 al west nado to 99 nl east pete lanzo to 99 al east garrick cold of 50 al east cavin bizio to 10 jaren walsh al west to 75 now i haven't hold it yet either uh donaldson to 75 al east you sound like they did that tonight patch card burns nl central to 25 nado and goldie to 50 nl central nl west eric osmar to 25 a larry walker nl west to 50 um chris taylor nl west to 99 nl central contraris to 75 al west jared walsh to 99 al east cory cluber to 50 nl west quad relic to 75 that's dodger's quad there that al your nl east rookie joziah gray 43 of 50 max muncie patch to 35 nl west al central whit marifield some really nice looking patches there 6 to 25 frank thomas al central 46 of 50 and nl central wilson contraris 45 and 99 got our ink now al central himenez dual relic auto to 199 al central marifield 69 to 125 got al east bobeshet 24 25 on the dual relic auto that's a nice one uh winker to 250 nl central nl central barry larkin triple relic auto to 25 al west auto raleigh fingers 41 of 125 al east towerpkins jr to 125 louis severino al east dual relic auto 299 rookie auto uh gavin sheets 10 to 50 al central hunter doger al central auto there the relics 44 399 al central rois louis rookie dual jersey auto number 116 149 rookie auto jake burger to 50 al central al east brandon lau 399 al east bucky dent to 299 mj melendez al central to 149 nl central jack flaredy to 125 al central max kepler to 399 al east eroldish Chapman out of 50 got triple relic auto mount castle to 399 for the al east god garret anerson to 299 al west barry zito al west to 25 evan riga's the 15 on the metal frame auto al west pudge rodriguez the jumbo patch auto mariano revero 14 to 15 al east and nl east jumbo patch pita lanza 205 that'll do it thanks again everybody i'll talk to you in just a moment thanks for watching tiktok make sure you guys notice a follow will be live again periodically throughout the night i would imagine yeah links in the bio we're always live on twitch and youtube group ricks and personal seven days a week all right guys uh sam's got your group ricks tonight i thought it was kenzie but i forgot we won't be here this weekend smh my head for myself but hey that's what happens you may work before five p.m okay uh yeah guys got a bunch of stuff tonight got soccer breaks i think are full i'm gonna do a refresh here the the memorabilia breaks are full eminence case you got to get filled up select football optic basketball more museum collection baseball of course guys here is a break schedule make sure you check it out we live again in about an hour and a half take care everybody see you and i'll


Okay, I think I better start, it's time. So my name is Eliakas Nivansky, I'm working for PostgreSQL Consulting, and that will be probably one of the last talks about PostgreSQL today, the number one is in our room. And this is actually not about the PostgreSQL itself because these recommendations can be easily applicable to another database like Oracle, DB2, or even MySQL, but more or less. And in this checklist, explain checklist, there will be PostgreSQL-specific things. And I try to cover the most important topics of Linux tuning to improve PostgreSQL performance because it's actually a quite huge thing, and it's about a full three-hour tutorial. In the talk format, I can cover only several things, but they are actually very important if you are trying to work with PostgreSQL on Linux. Hopefully, a lot of Oracle DBAs, they say that to administer PostgreSQL on Linux, it's not the kind of the gentleman work because you need to be 20% database administrator and 80% Linux administrator. They think that, okay, Oracle is well integrated in the operating system and can do everything by itself, and the database administrator can be only very high-flying person, which thinks about how to optimize some query. Yes, in Postgres, that's not so easy, at least yet. And you need to know something about how Linux works with such specific workloads like a database. So, what is all about? The modern Linux kernel really improved very fast, especially last two or three years, probably if you are at this conference, you know this already. And there are a lot of settings which you can change and those settings can change the behavior of your database and sometimes they can change it very drastically. What I mean is that if you put your database through PostgreSQL on Linux, probably even with not-so-heavy workloads, you will face some performance issues because some default settings or even start U-turn settings can seriously affect your performance. So, that is one thing, and another thing, if you really have a very heavy workload, for example, quite successful website or any other application, you definitely need to tune Linux to take all benefits from the new versions of Linux kernel. Basically, then we are talking about tuning something in Linux. We have such concepts as tuning targets. It's easy. If you have some CPU intensive tasks, you can do something with Linux scheduler and probably you will win. Or if you have some memory intensive tasks, you can tune something with memory usage swap or something like that. But the database is quite a complex thing and actually it's quite impossible to change one small thing in Linux and see that, okay, our database performs quite fast after it. All these targets should be tightly connected and well-balanced. For example, if you have to tune your database for better higher performance, you need to match the hardware you have. And if you, for example, have a lot of memory on such installation, you can tune the memory targets. But if you have bad disks underneath, that probably cannot help in any way because the bottleneck moves to the disk. So with the database, the better idea is to use something like throughput approach. For PostgreSQL or like any other database, the additional problem to well-balance in all these targets is that if any database is actually very hungry for resources, one can try to run a database with a web server or some Java application, for example, on one machine and actually it brings a lot of concurrency and usually you wish to use the separate server for a database system. And like I said previously, we need to think about so-called throughput approach. What is all about? Your PostgreSQL processes are working with user transactions and the most intensive load on your server is actually the buffer cache. So then your database reads some data from the disk. It puts the same block, normally it's 8K size if you do not recompile your PostgreSQL for some specific need. And PostgreSQL uses operating system kernel buffer cache and it maintains its own buffer cache. So actually your pages which you read from this are internal buffer and in the Postgre server buffers. And on modern installations it can easily be 46 gigabytes of server buffers and even more. Such machines today are quite cheap, relatively cheap I would say, and there are a lot of such installations. And the basic idea behind the improved PostgreSQL performance is to maximize the speed PostgreSQL can read this page from kernel buffer and shared buffers to deliver it to end user or the throughput how fast PostgreSQL can actually write it to disk. And of course the second topic is quite painful and you need to tune all these layers, all these steps and balance them quite well to have a good performance. And the second thing is PostgreSQL actually has write-head log. I think most of you know what it is, Oracle calls it 3D log and that's basically the log of transaction. And PostgreSQL actually needs to write it to through operating system. So there are plenty of bottlenecks which can be existed on any level. So we need to look at the tuning charges to improve this page travel time. This is the small part of the problem actually but probably the most important one. So to make this travel more efficient we need effective memory, effective disk throughput and of course everything should be on the proper hardware because if you have some laptop style machine probably you can do some things quite fast but it can be not so secure like on proper server and still you cannot achieve such performance like if you have a proper rate controller and proper disk under this rate controller. So it's impossible to switch some magic button in Linux to make PostgreSQL run very fast if hardware doesn't match it. So what does it mean more effective work with memory? Let's not do your member thing. That's a more complex thing. The first is in Yuma, the second is huge pages and the third is working with Swap. It's relatively simple but we actually have a lot of things that can confuse the database administrator and to drive him to the wrong direction. So the Yuma. Yuma usually can be not proper set it up and it looks like some CPU suddenly is very overloaded and it looks like this CPU is there on the CPU which works with a huge amount of memory and the performance of Postgres drops drastically. What is actually going on here? Yuma is non-uniform memory access. So I have some theme about this. For example we have two CPUs and our processor architecture allows us to have CPU and its own block of memory and these super blocks are interconnected. That's a usual approach in the modern processor architecture. So if Yuma is enabled, that means that operating system Linux in our case actually knew what is going on underneath at the hardware physical architecture and if the CPU allocates some pages on its own local memory and operating system thinks that this CPU needs more memory, it allocates it through interconnect from another piece of memory and our clever Yuma-aware system knows that the access time to this and that memory is not the equal. So the operating system actually can an application to optimize being aware of this non-equal access time. So basically the Yuma then it worked is a good thing and it's actually designed to improve performance. But this is the first thing that can be confusing using with force spread. So what can actually happen if we have such application like a database server which has a huge amount of shared memory? Usually this ends up with one memory and CPU not actually works with all these shared buffers. And this is a huge problem. So force spread is quite a better idea if you have Yuma support in your processor to disable this Yuma and switch it off. That's not a very clear terminology here because these enable, disable, switch off and switch it on actually very often confuse the Linux and database engineers. So what actually you need to do and how it can affect your performance? If you, for example, have some software like ES6 to VMware or something like that, it can benefit if you leave the settings with Yuma like default one. I mean the Yuma is disabled. That's okay for it. That means the Yuma works actually. If memory interleaving, I'm sorry, is disabled. Disabled memory interleaving in BIOS actually means that your Yuma is up and running and it's working with this approach then your operating system is aware that you have non-uniform access times to your memory nodes. For Postgres, it's a bad idea because it can run into this situation then all shared buffers are on the one CPU. So for Postgres, it can be a bit non-trivial but you need to enable memory interleaving so effectively you need to switch Yuma off. And for Postgres, it actually means that you have quite a better performance. You can do that in different ways. First, the simplest one is to enable memory interleaving in BIOS or just switch Yuma off in the kernel for switching it off during startup time. Another possibility is to use Sysetail and SetsDon'tReclaimMode to zero. So you can follow this post of one of Postgres Go committer robot tasks that he described the problems with Yuma and this post was in the time then Linux kernel introduced this possibility to switch ReclaimMode to zero. So some information about these you can find by this address. Another thing is huge pages and actually you can diagnose that you have problems with huge pages using something like SystemTap or Perf but you definitely do not need these to see if you have the problems with huge pages because if you have enough large sharded folders I mean 32 gigabytes or more or something like that you definitely need to use huge pages. So what is all about? Operating system allocates memory in small chunks. That's quite effective for small memory allocation for random memory allocation but a database is the thing that needs a huge sharded bar per speed and in that case it's more effective to allocate it in not so small pieces but in huge chunks mostly because of a way like operating system works. The operating system needs to translate virtual memory addresses to the physical memory address and this procedure is not free and operating system tries to put the results of this operation in the special cache which calls Translation Lukasite Buffer or TLB and the TLB is the cache and it has all the problems which cache actually can have. That means if your cache is quite huge it will be cache misses and it will be huge. You will have an overhead in your memory just to maintain this structure in memory. So the approach is quite straightforward you need to use the huge pages which are supported in Linux kernel for quite a long time now and first step you need to enable these huge pages in Linux kernel and then you need to make your postgres to use that and that can be tricky actually because the application should be aware of if it can use huge pages. So how you can do that with postgres cloud? Previously before the version 9.3 you can use the huge TLBFS library after you enable the huge pages in Linux kernel and tell Linux how many huge pages you want to use with your database installation. For example, if you use a dedicated postgres cloud server which means the only database runs on it you can think that you will need about 25% of total memory for shared buffers and you need to be sure that kernel buffer and shared buffers can reside in this memory plus for example 10 or 20% thinking about that you actually choose the exact value for huge pages. In 9.3 things improve to be in terms of some aspects of postgres cloud performance. For example, now you do not need to use some system kernel parameters to increase shared memory because since 9.3, postgres cloud used a map instead of system 5 way of allocation shared memory. But effectively these things lead to the huge pages support and postgres 9.3 was broken because moving to a map actually disables the possibility to use huge database library to manage huge pages for the postgres and there was no such tool to make postgres using huge pages. But in 9.4 and 9.5 actually the things change and the postgres has a specific parameter in postgres code which you can use in this parameter you can enable huge pages disable or set it to try mode. Try mode is the safest one because if postgres starts and can allocate shared buffers from huge pages it actually do this. And if not it allocates shared buffers from normal pages. It's the safest way because if you just force it to on postgres can not start because huge pages are not available for example something like that. And this is a good thing if you have some installation which uses not only Linux but for example FreeBSD and on FreeBSD postgres scale cannot work with huge pages in that way so off for FreeBSD is quite okay because this mechanism is not supported on FreeBSD. The important thing is also to disable transparent huge pages. That's not must do actually but most likely you will need to do that. What is the problem with transparent huge pages?  Actually all you need to know about transparent huge pages in terms of postgres is a bit more smart mechanism of managing huge pages. So Linux can manage them more smart. That means if it can merge two huge pages into one if they feel it's not to the top it do that and for many applications that can be a benefit and if you have a lot of memory on your server it also can be a huge benefit because the memory allocation will be much more effective. But with postgres there were some problems with drastically degrees off performance than transparent huge pages were enabled. Most likely you will not benefit from transparent huge pages if you have not terabytes of memory on your machine but the possibility that your performance dropped if you have some bug in Linux kernel which was actually quite common with huge pages with a lot of postgres in older kernels like 3.4, 3.6 it can be a problem for you. So you can experiment with that and see if on your particular workload on your particular installation you can benefit from huge pages but the safest way is just to switch them off and work with normal huge pages. What's wrong with swap? Previously we can recommend to people to switch it off totally on the database server mostly because you have a lot of memory on machine and what's the purpose of swap? But on the modern kernels it's not so straightforward so if you have a lot of memory you still can see that some processes are swapping and if your database server isn't swapped that means it doesn't work properly and everything will be very very slow. So what is actually the problem? What is actually the symptom? For example you have 64 gigabytes of memory on your machine and you can see that only half of it is used and still the swap is active and something is in swap. That's not the behavior you expect to see. So what is the better solution for postgres? Now if you set VM swappiness to zero that means if a home killer comes it actually can kill the postgres file server if it runs out of memory. That's a bad thing because from one point of view you use your memory quite effective you never can go to swap and everything is fast but it's quite unsafe because if you go to swap Linux actually will kill your postgres code process and that's bad. So on the modern kernels there is a slightly better idea to set this parameter to something like one or two or some low number. And by default I believe it's about six or seven. That actually regulates how swap can be used and influences the estimate, the schedule of things, the obligation will consume the memory. So if you have something like one or two in this setting that means your operating system will use most of the memory and only then goes to the swap. If you, for example, set to ten the operating system will use your swap quite faster than you expect. So never switch it to zero but you do not need a swap so frequently on the database server so do not set this one to very high numbers. The second step of this page traveling challenge is actually the write performance and for database it's the essential bottleneck. So most of the problems with database performance are usually the checkpoint problems, the write-hat-walk-syncing problems and overall the write performance. We call it normally checkpoint spike. What is actually, what is actually is. Then PostgreSQL runs on some heavy workload. You can see from time to time the huge IO utilization on the database device which means here is the last column of IO stats I put on the graph and you see that from time to time it's near 100% this huge spike. And the second thing is the PostgreSQL system with your Fidget-Start-Digi writer. This view shows how many pages are written by process checkpoints which performs syncing of the pages written to the write-hat-log to the blog storage. How it works. I just can return to this thing with a throughput approach. Then some pages turn to be dirty, the blue pages. That means that if you change something running Update in SQL and change one single row which resides inside some red page it becomes blue one. That means the whole page is marked as dirty one. And that means that the information we need to recover it to previous state or to redo it to the current state we write to write-hat-log and the pages on disk and these dirty pages are inconsistent. So you need information from write-hat-log the old version of this page, the clean one to put it together and to get the new version. That's basically how write-hat-log works. And the synchronizing of these one performs mostly the special dedicated process Checkpointer. The Checkpointer process starts flushing the pages to the disk. It actually takes all pages which are dirty insured barfers and send them through the kernel barfer to IOSystem. And at this moment you have a lot of S-syncs in your system and you have so-called Checkpoint spike. This is the thing on the blue graph which really effectively stops your database performance because the new database is running on 90% utilized disk. Everything will be very, very slow. And these things actually happen periodically because your Checkpointer process comes and starts flushing pages to the disk. So if you correlate to graphics the IOS and these pages start with the right system view on Postgres you can easily see that definitely your problem is not that periodically someone calls backup or some users try to update something in huge amounts. The problem is that you have definitely to create the web. You have a lot of barfers written by Checkpointer and you have huge disk utilization. And at this point you need to change several settings on your hardware in your Linux and in PostgreSQL to make this not so painful. What is going on actually if you have default configuration of Linux? By default for example in Debian these settings due to ratio and due to background ratio are quite crazy. These settings are percent and that presents from the total amount of memory on your server which operating system can see. That means for example you have 128 gigabytes of memory in your machine. You're flushing from barfers cache of Linux kernel. Only start then you have at least 10% of that figure filled with dirty pages. That means before you reach the 12 gigabytes of dirty pages nothing will happen. If you take a look on modern fast rate controllers 12 gigabytes cache on modern rate controller is still a fantastic one. So 2 gigabytes that's good, that's well enough. If you have no cache on your rate controller that's even worse a problem because your operating system actually do nothing but from time to time it receives instruction to put a lot of information to disk and at this moment everything actually has. The first step is to change these settings. The good idea is to set it in byte to match your disk subsystem throughput.  These exact figures are for rate controller which has half gigabytes of battery backed cache. You can easily calculate them for your own rate controller. And if you actually have no rate controller these figures should be even smaller because then you have no rate controller or you have no SSDs with a supercapacitor which can handle its open cache on SSD. That means that your throughput is quite smaller and these crazy default settings which are common in most Linux will decrease your performance drastically. Then I think you actually need to set up your hardware properly. For example, you cannot benefit from cache on your rate controller if you have no battery. That's quite a funny thing but then you order your rate controller usually the battery is the optional thing. So one endeavor controller, I mean mega-rate or the self-clone they support a bit better backed cache but double check if the battery is installed. If it is not, the rate controller by default do not use this cache because it's unsafe. It tries to protect you from shooting through your lens. So I have actually separate talk about setting up the hardware part and you can check this link on YouTube with detailed instructions and actually you can see if it's set up properly on your rate controller. These IO issues, they are quite important and actually a lot of troubles go through these IO related issues but in modern Linux kernel there are a lot of nice features which can be, for example, very good for desktop or laptop but it can be very bad for your database server. One of such things is schedule settings which you can change for the system curtail. These relatively new features and they actually can really improve your Linux desktop performance but on database server it can be very painful. The first one is actually some limit in nanoseconds. During these periods of time the scheduler thinks that the process is hot enough and that means that the scheduler will not attempt to migrate it to another CPU. Obviously if this process is a database server process such migration to another CPU is a very expensive operation and it will certainly affect your performance. So your intention is to set this option to the reasonably high figure to not allow the scheduler to migrate your popular processor to another CPU. And the second one is the auto group enables. That means that all processes which are running from the same virtual terminal will be, the scheduler will try to group them on the single CPU. Just imagine the PostgreSQL which is a traditional prefog based application and use normal heavy Linux spread to do its job. One and every process of PostgreSQL are on the single CPU. That's definitely not the thing you would like to see.  There is a good explanation in a PostgreSQL hacker list with a good example then the problem of some PostgreSQL installation was quite well solved by changing the parameters. And actually you need a relatively new kernel to work with this because there were several bugs in Linux kernels. I don't know exactly the version because these parameters are quite new and bugs are imminent. This is an example of just very stupid, very light test using a PostgreSQL default PG benchmark which my colleague performed. And you can see that changing these parameters just slightly improves the performance and if you have more complex database work load it will be even more drastically. So try to figure out how these settings are configured on your exact installation and probably you can benefit about this.  Actually by default they usually are quite reasonable but I have seen more than once the hosting providers they change these for dedicated servers and if you do not change that then you get the server and put your database on it. You will have a very unexpected result. So the most appropriate for database work load is a CPU frequency with performance governor. The reason is that a CPU frequency is a bit more than driver and it works with poor saving policy better and the performance is the only option you can use with a database server. If you try to be poor safe that actually means that the operating system will try to reschedule your PostgreSQL processes and that will be not just lowering them all down a bit and have a constant difference with maximum performance settings that mean that you have unpredictable reniton all these processes. So your database performance can be actually very unpredictable for example when you try to optimize SQL query once and have the results like six seconds then you run the same query second time and quite different results. So you definitely need to make sure that you have no such things like on demand, over save, user space or something like that or conservative. Just check it if you have the server which was not set up by your operation engineer. So I really thank you to my colleagues who every day perform new research about these when we meet new tasks in field operations and if you have some questions I will be happy to answer about that. That's a good question. Ok, with Oracle things are much better now but for example in times of Oracle 9 they were not so quite good because if you use 11.2 or version 12 it actually helps you to improve these settings while you're in silence. But in older versions the situation was pretty the same like with modern PostgreSQL. The second thing is actually Oracle can do a lot of different approaches to for example IO. PostgreSQL is just doing everything Oracle IO subsystem is much more complicated. So that's why these recommendations are more or less applicable to both Oracle and PostgreSQL. The second part of your question is how frequently I have seen the problems with these actually probably every day because if the new client comes to support you definitely see some problems with that. For example then the X4 file system was introduced and adopted. Every second database server I have seen was with an enabled barrier mounted with the barrier and actually if you have a barrier enabled that means then check pointer starts to flush your databases to the disk and the journal was not written. It starts to restore to the kernel buffer and if you have 32 gigabytes of kernel buffer it will be very painful. And this setting actually was not well covered in any documentation related to PostgreSQL. That's the common problem.  They are quite often default. Probably the number two in this line is this zone reclaim mode. And this is actually the problem with which one cannot so easily recognize because actually okay from time to time we have problems with one CPU is overloaded. That's quite common thing. Or someone disabled swap totally and some killer came and killed PostgreSQL. That happens actually more frequently than one can expect. So these set of settings actually not my own list but the list which is created by the emergency cases. Welcome. Yeah, sure. They will be on the wiki page. PostgreSQL wiki with conference slide scale. I believe you can Google this. PostgreSQL wiki scale 14. I actually don't know but I hope there will be some link on the schedule. Actually this talk is slightly improved in one or two slides but these slides are quite easy to find on slide share by the Linux students for PostgreSQL performance. Actually based on feedback I improved some things because people were confusing about these enable, disable and sound not actually straightforward. More questions? There are some actually but on Amazon you actually have no such plenty of space to tune something. But if you can actually you probably need for example to change these Linux settings like poor safe and policy scheduler or even dirty. But on Amazon actually there are some tricks how to manipulate Amazon throughput to get the best money to performance figures. But this is actually not about the Linux students. What's all about Amazon? I think the answer is quite common. I mean that for all cloud applications and for databases especially there is a rule stamp about that. That means if you want to have some flexibility that means you do not know how much database resources you will need in two months while your startup is growing up. You definitely need, you definitely can choose Amazon as a yes or hero for something like that. And you will benefit through these flexibility. But if you have a really heavy workload and you can choose between bare metal and virtual cloud appliances the second one will be definitely more expensive than bare hardware and probably some kind of support or in-house or some remote support or something like that. So if you need to maximize your throughput most likely Amazon will be more expensive than bare metal. Personally I have run into the problem that throughput in terms of Amazon this means transactions per second. But this is not the good metric for the database because on the virtual appliances you often can have some not quite smooth latency. And even if some transaction with average throughput quite nice if even one transaction will wait for some non-trivial time for example one second or two seconds it can actually kill the database performance if it will be for example flashing the dirty pages to the disk or if your optimizer will plan another access method in this time. So for database quite important is to maintain good latency and good throughput. The cloud services of the presence they can guarantee throughput but the latency can be not so smooth like it can be on bare metal. So if you need performance better use bare metal with good local rate controller. So anyway if you have some questions you can write me and I can answer. Just mention that you have the talk on the scale. So thank you.


Hey there lads and ladies, it is Petrifying Pumpkins here and I am back yet again with a firewall zero hour news update, the very first one since the game has in fact launched. So I'm sure many of you are playing this game now, many of you are having a good time, I myself am lovin'us and I will have a review at some point, but right now I'm so early into the game I'm still only like level 10, there's so much more to be unlocked. I think I may need to put in like 30 or 40 hours before I feel comfortable doing a review on this game, but it hasn't all been smooth sailing, now there has been some issues in particular matchmaking issues and host issues. So I'm sure if you're like me, you've probably experienced where you come together with your friends, you group up in a squad of four and then you try and join a public match and then something happens, you get an error message, get split up or maybe some of your team goes on to the enemy side or then there could be other times when you're in a match and then whoever the host is leaves and then everyone gets kicked, so that's like another issue that people are having, including myself, but First Contact have recently taken to Twitter and they've updated their own blog to address these issues and talk to the community about what's happening in regards to fixing those issues. So I'm just going to read it out here, I'm going to have the source in the description and they've been reading our comments, they've been listening to our feedback, they've even joined my streams and we've been talking to them so we've heard some of this from them, from the horse's mouths as it was, but in this particular thing they're addressing these two issues, now I know there's other things that people want, there's things like three rounds instead of just one round and stuff like that, but I think they're really just prioritizing the basics because these are fixes, those other things are kind of like additions, you know, so the first thing is setting up a squad with squad mates, so they say here that they are aware that sometimes friends are placed on separate teams once in the lobby. We are evaluating and improving squad handling and understand that people want to play public contract mode with friends to earn XP, now they say that because it is possible, it's like it's much easier to play with friends in private matches for some reason, it seems like a much easier time to get everyone together, but once you go public that's when the issues come in, they're looking at it, they're working on it right now. Then the second thing to talk about is host performance, so they say here that they currently use a peer-to-peer format, so please be aware that it is possible that quizzing early may affect everyone else's game. We are working on improved in-game messaging and a way to protect the loss of progression, i.e. crypto and XP for players when this happens. Now I have seen people react to that second one already that they're not happy, they think that just getting the crypto and the XP isn't enough and that they want it be something like a host migration or dedicated servers or whatever, instead I hope myself that host migration is something that does appear at some point, I don't know how difficult that is to implement in a game, but this is at least a start, they're definitely listening, this is what they're working on right now, hopefully in the future they'll keep expanding, keep solidifying the structure that they have in place there and improving upon us. And they end the blog post here, it's like thanking everyone for the great response of course and they really want you to know that they're listening to feedback, so keep giving your feedback, they want to hear that, they're very interactive with the community, they know they're very involved, which is great to see and I hope before long we will see that first patch that really improves the matchmaker. So guys that is it for this video, just a quick little update about a lot of the issues people are complaining about, I see a lot of people saying it's in the comments and stuff like that as well. Now I am getting a lot of entries as well, I just want to point out for the top 10 plays, well I'm pretty sure it's going to be a top 10 plays at this point because I'm getting a bunch of entries, a lot of you are submitting stuff and I thank you very much for that, it's going to be very cool, once I get time to do it, I might leave it a week before I start working on it so that you know everyone's had a week to play us and then they can submit their stuff, but I would just like to re-esterize that if you could please, I can only accept like the shorter clips, if you're sending me in big long videos, I just don't have the time to like download that whole thing and then search for that part and then cut us and all that kind of stuff. So if you can just send me the actual specific moment that will be a big help and also I might do like an early impressions video soon hopefully and then later on a proper review in between the constant streams that I'm doing right now and thank you all so much for watching those streams by the way and commenting and stuff like that, it's been fantastic so far, the growth has been cool, I've already passed 900 now, it's kind of crazy, I didn't even get to celebrate the 100, you know, this is this is mad, so thank you very much for watching lads and ladies, if you like this and what nows, please consider doing all the usual shies, I appreciate that very much and I'll see you in the next one, bye bye.


so what do you do when you finish uni and you're officially finished all of your exams and everything and you're waiting for your pin? it is one of those where it's sort of like you're in limbo waiting and waiting and waiting for everything to be official but I've been doing a lot of volunteering I've been doing a lot of extracurricular stuff I was Elsa some of you might have seen on my Instagram and things I was Elsa for the day at our project give them a fair I'll put the picture here just in case you didn't see it it was amazing and then over the weekend I had the weekend off I've picked up a few bank shifts over the week and today I'm off to uni to talk about politics we have a journalist coming to the uni and they wanted to interview some people about what it's really like out on placements and how the struggle is very real out there in the NHS and the staff shortages so that's gonna be really interesting I will update you what's happened after that and then the rest of the week I have off I haven't got much going on and waiting for some more shifts before I move because I really need money and that's it that's it for now so I have filled my space with a lot of extracurricular activities technically they're not extracurricular anymore so I'm not at uni but you know what I mean I've been doing a lot to fill up the gaps and fill up my time whilst waiting for my pin and start my new job in January and then I've got two weeks off guys over Christmas and I'm going away I don't know where I'm going it's a surprise so I will video that as well but yeah I just wanted to do a little update what I've been doing and what it's like when you're just waiting for your pin it's not much fun guys so that's me back from my interview at the uni it was really really nice and it was really nice to see my friend and I don't mind I don't think she minds me saying her name so I'm gonna say it my friend Kirsty card she is on Facebook she's on Instagram she actually works for Birmingham Live now which is amazing so she was actually doing my interview I didn't even know I didn't recognise her I didn't oh my god it was amazing it was really nice to see Kirsty anyway and she was doing the interviews for Birmingham Live at the uni all about the NHS and the staffing levels and who were all voting in the elections it was sort of an insight to that so it was a little bit nerve-racking because I don't like publicly announcing who I'm voting for but I did and yeah it went really well I think it went all right she didn't ask me too many difficult questions they were all standard and I felt like I answered as much as I could I think but yeah all in all it's been a good day so yeah so the rest of the week I'm going to be doing book reviews I've got a few book reviews to do which I'm gonna post separately in a different vlog have a look for them and yeah that is my week until the big move this is it excuse the face excuse the PJs but I'm finishing my packing today and my last thing that I'm doing taking these bits down it's really emotional guys but here we go that's it done finished packing and now I'm off to my new adventure down in Portsmouth with my new job starting in January which is really really exciting but this is still sad it's really sad to believe in somewhere that I've made friends I've spent the last three years of my life at university dedicated nursing well to be dedicated to being a student nurse and now it's all just come to an end I don't know why I'm emotional but it's really emotional but I know that I've got an amazing future ahead of me I'm really excited to get into my new job I just need to add it is almost the time of the month for me so this might be why I'm so emotional but it's just so sad seeing everything so better but yes onwards and upwards to my newly qualified nurse post down in Portsmouth and I've got some really exciting plans ahead of me and I've got a really exciting future and I've got a load of things I really want to positive change that I want to make hopefully it's going to happen we'll see but here's to the next chapter guys I just want to thank you all so so so much for following my journey this is not the end although I don't know why but it feels like it right now but this is not the end I'm going to keep vlogging I'm going to show you my journey it's show you what my future holds hopefully do some vlogs that's going to help you on your way as well motivate you keep you going on this journey but this isn't the end this is just a new chapter for me and just want to say thank you thank you so much for those youth that have been there from the very start I appreciate you and I'm gonna cry again but some of you have followed my journey from the start and it's just so nice it like people don't understand how how much it really means to me and those people that I've met you can see how genuinely like just how much you wore my soul to hear all of the positive things and to hear that I've inspired quite a few of you to come into nursing to keep going to keep motivated and it's just so lovely that you've been there throughout my whole of my journey you've watched my stories and that I've helped you to do that I've encouraged you I've motivated you in some way and I've inspired you and I think that's just amazing because that's why I created this channel I didn't create it for to be YouTube famous or to get loads of money there's no money in YouTube guys I don't do my vlogs for that I do my vlogs because I want to make change I want to make a difference and if any of you are down south give me a shout give me a wave and we'll have to meet up and say hello and do amazing things down south together because that would make a day so don't be a stranger give me a shout give me a comment give me a like inbox me whatever you want to do just let me know you're down south and we can sort something out that would be amazing


So I did one thing, and because of this suddenly everybody thought I've become some kind of an enemy. But, you know, family drama started, my mother started crying. So once a month I went to college just to check if they're keeping their part of the deal. What was aimless wandering? Now it's become formidable knowledge. Speaking of schooling and parents and careers, you know, we are in… right now we are in an age where there's so many different off-beat careers coming on, right? We have new tubers, we get this question all the time, you know. How did you talk to your parents about it? How do we convince our parents about this journey, new career that we have? Can't you convince your parents and tell them that this is what you… Or what… how did that discussion go? Did that happen where you had to sit them down and tell them that this is what I'm going to do for the rest of my life? I want to do YouTube now like this. Did that happen with YouTube? Doing YouTube right now. Well, not everybody can be convinced about everything, okay? Some things are just done. So just to give you an example, when I… when I passed my 12th standard, at that time it was called PUC. After that I decided I will educate myself. I don't want to go to college. This is a family where everybody is educated, not going to college is like sacrilege. At least today there is a little more flexibility. Those days it's like if you don't go to college, you're finished.  That was a generation, if you don't go to college, you lost your life, you… on the street, that's about it. So they were terrified of this. My father being a physician, he was just freaked about it. He is a very studious man, all his life was second, third in everything that he has done. So he couldn't believe this, that I want to educate myself. So I did one thing. And because of this suddenly everybody thought I've become some kind of an enemy.  I did one thing.  But I never was putting on weight or anything because my level of physical activity was such. I could just run up a coconut tree, I was made like that. So I was every day cycling about fifty, sixty kilometers, swimming in the Cauvery and going back like this, so eating this. I decided to go to my city university library. Every day when they opened at nine, I went eight in the evening, they closed. That entire time I sat there, read all kinds of stuff. From Homer to popular mechanics, to national geographic, to literature, to geography, this, that, whatever. Whatever came my way, every day for one year I read like this, just all kinds of things. But the most important thing for me was, though I was such a huge eater at that time, this one year I went without a meal. Morning I ate as much as I could, breakfast at home and I went there and sat there the entire day without a meal, which was a huge achievement for me because without food I could stay. This kind of expanded my way of looking at life. But, you know, family drama started, my mother started crying.  Then I said, if I must go to college, I'll go for literature. My father said, what will you do, reading poetry? You must become a doctor. He has a seat ready for me in the, you know, military, medical college, everything. I said no. Then they said, okay, at least do engineering. Then I said, see. If I say I don't want to be a doctor, if you told me become a veterinary doctor, Ayurvedic doctor, at least a witch doctor, I would look at it. If I say no doctor, you say engineer. I'm not going to listen to this. Your problem is society, your problem is not me. So I just went for literature and these three years, I went there in the beginning and they all had ready-made notes, the teachers, they would read. And everybody writing down, those days fountain pens, karakara, karakara, it makes noise. It just irritated me. I said, I don't want to listen to this karakara noise. I gave them a suggestion. If you give that notes wherever you've got it, we will photocopy it and give it back to you. We don't have to come, you don't have to come. Then, you know, if I'm there, I'll ask hundred questions. So they didn't like it. Then I made a deal with all the teachers that they'll give me attendance. That was my only concern. So once a month I just… Once a month I went to college just to check if they're keeping their part of the deal. My life is so similar.  Just wandering aimlessly. But today, like when I went for the Rally for Rivers board where all the top experts are there, some questions came up when I just telling them casually, they said, Sadhguru, how do you know all this? I said, what… what was aimless wandering? Where I paid absolute attention to everything, from a worm to an insect to anything and everything I paid attention. Now it's become formidable knowledge. I never intended to learn anything, I just paid attention because it was life. And this is all it takes.