Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss that the conditional probability of event B given event A as the fraction of event A's outcomes that also belong to event B and interpret the answer in terms of the model. Let us see the following illustration. A family has two children. What is the conditional probability that both are boys given that at least one of them is a boy. So let us first write the sample space of the total outcomes of two children. The outcomes can be both are boys. First is boy and second is girl. First is girl and second is boy or both are girls. So the sample space is given by the set containing ordered pairs BB that is both are boys, BG first is boy and second is girl, GB first is girl and second is boy and GG both are girls where B is boy and G is girl and this is the required sample space. Now let event A be at least one of them is a boy. So favorable outcomes for event A will be given by the set containing the ordered pairs as BB, BG and GB we should note that in all these ordered pairs we have at least one boy. Also we let event B as both are boys. So favorable outcomes for event B will be given by the set containing an ordered pair that is BB as we have only one ordered pair in the sample space that contains both boys. Now favorable outcomes for both events A and B that is event A intersection B will be equal to the set containing an ordered pair given by BB. Now we have to find the probability that both are boys given that at least one is boy that is we need to find the probability of occurrence of event B given event A which is given by probability of event A intersection B upon probability of event A where probability of event A is greater than 0 and this is equal to probability of event A intersection B will be equal to probability of the set containing an ordered pair that is BB upon probability of event A and favorable outcomes for event A is given by the set. So we write probability of the set containing ordered pairs BG, GB, BB. Now we know that probability is given by number of favorable outcomes upon total number of outcomes. So here we have probability of event A intersection B and number of favorable outcomes for event A intersection B is 1 upon total number of outcomes will be given by 1, 2, 3, 4 that is 4 as we have 4 elements in the sample space. So we write 4 upon probability of event A and number of outcomes favorable to event A is 1, 2, 3. So we write 3 upon total number of outcomes that is 4. So this is equal to 1 upon 3. Now see there are three elements in event A and probability of occurrence of event B given event A is one-third of event A's outcomes and that particular outcome is the ordered pair BB which is also in event B. Similarly, conditional probability of occurrence of event A given event B will be a fraction of event B's outcomes which are also in event A. We should also note that if both events A and B have same outcomes that is set for event A is equal to set for event B then set A intersection B is also equal to set A and set B. Then we say that probability of occurrence of event B given event A will be equal to 1. This completes our session. Hope you enjoyed this session.


6th ranked team in the country. No stranger to this tournament, Coach. 15th time in it. How's it feel to be back in this one, back in St. Peter? It's awesome. It's definitely one of the highlights of the year, for sure. We look forward to this. And I think it's a special, it's more of a special event just because of Coach Wilkinson and his passing. And we, as Division III coaches and players, need to realize how important he was to Division III men's tennis. It's sad, and we honor all that he's done at this tournament. You kind of feel his presence lingering here, can't you? Absolutely. I remember when I was a freshman, my coach Bob Hansen at the time was telling me, we owe Steve so much for what he's done for Division III. Awesome.  You've won this thing five times. For you, how does your approach change? Does it differ very year to year? Or is it kind of business as usual for your team? Yeah, I think that it depends on the team you have. Sometimes you have younger teams, and you have to make sure they understand the importance of it and how special the term of it is. But in terms of the preparation, we don't change much. Sure. And it's definitely one of the high marks of the season, and we just want to make sure we put our best foot forward. Well, you started out the year last weekend. Couple wins for your team. Bright spots from that opening weekend. What do you like about your team? You know, we have some younger players in the lineup that definitely flashed against AUM. And when you're playing a team of that quality, it's fun to watch the young guys play. It's their really first chance. Sure. So you get a little feedback from that. And what we like about the indoor national tournament, especially for the younger guys, is it simulates the NCAA championships. So you get a chance to see how they perform under pressure.  And Eric Halpern. For sure, these guys got to be pay setters for this young team of yours. Absolutely, you know, I cannot believe that they're seniors. That time goes by so fast. They were a part of the 2012 national championship team. And they just, they've been through the fire. They know how to compete under pressure. And they're wonderful role models for all the younger guys. For sure. And it's great for these young guys to get thrown into the fire like this right away, isn't it, Coach? Absolutely. And it's fun, you know? And I think that Gustavus does an amazing job putting on this event.  So it's just, it's amazing. Well, it's great to have you back in St. Peter. I look forward to an exciting weekend of some good Division III tennis. Coach Browning, good luck this weekend. Thanks for joining me. Appreciate it. Can you hear me, Coach? I can. All right. I am now with the head coach of the Trinity University Tigers here back in St. Peter. No stranger this tournament as well. I'm with Russell McMindus. Am I saying that? McMindus. McMindus, all right. Well, welcome back. I know you guys like to come up here. And you like to see the snow. And you like it cold.  No, absolutely. I mean, being from Texas, it's a whole different world for us up here. And so the guys love it. It's a different experience. Something that's very unique for them. And so yeah, it's just a lot of fun. The guys embrace it. Yeah, you like coming to this tournament. What is it about this tournament that you like so much? What does your team like so much about it? Well, I think just the fact that it just kind of breaks free a little bit from the traditional dual match format that we play all spring long. It's unique. It's a prestigious invite-only, top-in-the-country type event. And just to get to play indoors. I mean, we obviously down in the South don't play hardly ever inside. So it's just a unique setting. It's a very team-driven setting, especially the intimate with only the three courts in play. It's just been a lot of fun for us. And we'll continue to come to it as long as we're invited. Three courts is playing. There's a lot of energy in here always too, isn't there? Absolutely. It's kind of an interesting story with your squad. You were here last spring. Coach, you defeated Gustavus in the third round of the NCAA tournament and moved on from there. Kind of fun for the guys to come back up to St. Peter in a little different setting last year was hot when you were here. Now it's kind of cold and you're inside. Now that's absolutely. We've been coming up to Gustavus for different matches. It seems like for years now. But yeah, it's very different from the spring to the indoors. And we like, because Gustavus always brings a crowd. It always creates an electric atmosphere. We know with it being indoors and cold and kind of the retreat for even the fans coming inside. So we're expecting a pretty rowdy group tonight. And our guys are pumped for it. We're excited. For sure. It should be a fun match. Like I said, you've been here before. You've been in this tournament many times before. Ask you the same question as I asked Coach Browning. How does your approach change from year to year? Or does it at all? No, I mean, we just, it's a good kind of building block tournament for us. Kind of see where we are. This is our first Real Division III exposure for the year. And we just come out here and just try to provide the team energy, big doubles energy, get off to good starts. And then it is a little different because you've got a longer dual match format. Trying to get some of the guys. We played some matches back home where we had some of these staggered starts so that some of the guys that may go on second get a kind of a feel for what that lull is like between doubles and singles. So, you know, that part is different and kind of the nutrition part of it, making sure they've got plenty of food and re-warmup and stuff like that. But other than that, you know, we just try to take it. It's a lot of fun to be here. It's an honor to be here. So let's just go play hard and have a good time. Well, to finish up here, I got to ask you about we got a big doubles matchup. You just said a lot of energy starts off the weekend in doubles. Aaron Skinner going to start out the day. He's a top double tandem along with Jordan May for you. Taking out a Gustavus doubles team, that's really good too. So this would be a good start to the weekend. Yeah, doubles has been something, you know, both programs has kind of been built on for years. Sure. And, you know, fortunately, we've both been able to fill out our rosters to be more complete. But, you know, for both Tommy and myself, our team, you know, the pulse always starts with doubles. I mean, we were both rooted in that. And I know they've got some guys that know how to play it and play it right. And that's, I think, what we love playing about the Division III so much as you see a little bit more of the high intensity, true doubles play than you would if you play some of the scholarship programs where they're just a bunch of singles guys. But, you know, we're excited. Our guys are ready to go. And they're expecting a heck of a match tonight. I'm expecting one, too. It's going to be loud in here, man. Good luck, coach. Thank you very much. Appreciate it, Tom. Take those from you. Thank you. Good much. Yeah, absolutely. That's always great. Yeah. Justin and Josh back in training. All right. All right, pre-game show continuing here, the pre-tournament show I should say here at the Swanson Tenor Center. I'm now with Roger Fulmer, the head coach of the Washington University Bears, number two seed in this year's tournament, heading to the year ranked fifth in the nation. No stranger to this tournament. Either coach, I'll ask you the same question as I asked the two previous coaches. Does your approach change to when you come into the ITA indoors year to year? Is it kind of business as usual for your squad? For some of these guys, it's their first time playing in a bubble. I know Jason Hogan from Texas. He hasn't played much indoor tennis in general, but he's never played in a bubble. So I told the guys before last night again in the hotel, you're in the middle courts. I guess that's two and five. You have a higher ceiling to work with. You're on the out courts, and you're on an outside. Whether it's the Deuce Court on one side or the Ad Court on the other, be careful of the lanterns, things like that. Other than that, I grew up in a bubble myself in St. Louis, Missouri at Sunset Tennis Center. So I've seen this and just let them know sometimes it can be a little colder, but definitely better than outside. That's for sure, especially with the snow we got last night. Well, your squad won the 2014 title in this tournament last year. Any added pressure coming into the season's ITAs? Talked about it. I think last year, repeating as conference champs might help their confidence to know that they can do that. That's the first time we've ever done that. Emery's basically had the stranglehold on our conference, the UAA, and they've won this tournament, I think, more than anybody five times. So I think that was a big step last year. And probably the momentum was built by winning indoors first and then conference in April. So I think that helped, but we really haven't spoken about, hey, let's try to repeat this champs because we know all these teams here are good and half these schools are from our conference with Carnegie M&A. Absolutely. In case. So, but it's a great tournament. I try to come here almost every time that there's one year we didn't come, we just saved money and do something else in another year. Same thing, I think that's a couple years ago and Kenyon won it. We saved money for the Hawaii trip. Absolutely. Kind of a closer trip for your squad, for sure. Well, you started out this season last weekend and went over to PAW. You look pretty surgical in that one. Bright spots as you open up the season here. What do you like about your team so far? We're still figuring out how I think after this weekend playing three matches in a row, we'll be good for their endurance. Indoor tennis is quicker. It's more like serving nerves, as they say, worse to get outside. It's going to be more patience and grinding. But I think here it'll be good with this three-quart format. Your guys at 4, 5, and 6, they're going to taste a pressure tennis, I guess you could say. For sure. Looks down your roster. You got kind of a good mix of veterans and young talent on this team. What are you going to be looking for from your squad this weekend, goals for the weekend, I should say? The doubles is really key, I mean, especially in our format with the smaller colleges, division two, three, NAI, junior college, and Coach Wilkinson, now he was basically the founder of, let's give each doubles point a point, and don't pull a match off like they do in division one doubles. I just think that's silly. There's no other sport where they're starting, and then you're down by 20 points, oh, let's go to the second half. Whereas I love the fact that each one of these matches and doubles counts for a point.  Maybe at one doubles, because you lost in two and three doubles, and they're getting pulled, and you don't have that result, you know? So I'm so glad that we have that format, and again, Coach Wilkinson is the reason for that.  I know you gotta get down and do your job here. Look forward to an exciting weekend, but thanks for joining me, Coach Fulmer from Washington University here and the pre-championship show at the Swanson Tennis Center, hi. Tournament preview, basically. All right, let me get my notes here. Coach Gerard, can you hear me? Yeah. All right, I am now with head coach Andrew, Andy or Andrew, and either one? Andy. Andy Gerard of Carnegie Mellon University. First of all, welcome to St. Peter, Minnesota, and we got some snow for you. How was the trip? Oh, thanks, it's great to be back here, and I'm actually from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Okay. This is great. Right up your alley then. But it's a great experience for the players to get to travel out here and see another part of the country. And yes, we've been out here for a couple indoor championships and I've had great experiences. Yeah, absolutely. Your squad comes into this tournament. The sixth seed ranked ninth overall in the country at four and two this year already, Coach. You've already got some matches under your belt. Bright spots on your team as you look forward to this weekend here.  We've had some strong teams in the past, but this has definitely been our deepest team and we're going to need it. We're a little banged up this weekend. So I'm expecting you will get most of our guys that are here in the lineup at some point over the weekend. And yeah, should be fun. Well, nothing like being banged up and then getting thrown into the fire at this tournament, Tom. Well, it's a great experience and our guys have been training hard and they're ready for it. Other thoughts on this weekend. You know, what excites you the most about the opportunity to play in such a tournament? And it's kind of a different format the coach have talked. You know, you only got three courts going on at the same time. It's inside, it's tight, there's a lot of energy. What are you looking for for your team this weekend, goals for the weekend, I should say? Sure, and I think all those things are great things in terms of preparing us for our ultimate goal of the answer by championship. And yeah, it's a great, you know, early season tournament experience for, you know, we have a wide mix of upperclassmen and some younger guys. And it's a really great test for everyone to get to see what this is like and get to experience, you know, an intense competitive atmosphere. And I mean, it's a really great, you know, great training. How about your first round, Masha? Thoughts on that?  So, I mean, we'll have to play really well to give ourselves a chance to win. Got some young guys in the lineup today? We do, we do, yeah, we have, yeah. Fresh, I think we have every class represented in the lineup. Really? Well, no better experience for them than for sure against Emory. That's right, yeah. Well, thanks, coach, thanks for coming to me. Joe Coach Gerard here. We're gonna keep rolling through as this tournament gets underway. We'll take a little break here, find another head coach and then we'll keep it going here. We got all six courts streamed live right behind me. We're gonna have Kenyon and Wash, you going at it and then Coach Gerard's tartans over there taken on Emory in just a little bit. Thanks, coach. Thanks. All right, we're rolling along here. Can you hear me, coach? Yeah, so this is, how does this get shown? This is Aaron live right now, actually. Excellent. So people are tuning into it as we talk right now. Scott Tilke joins me, the head coach of the Kenyon College men's tennis team, the number seven seed in this year's tournament, ranked 12th nationally. Well, how does it feel to be back in the indoors here, coach? Always feels good to be here. It's a great environment here. So being in the bubble, it's always loud, it's always very competitive, so I enjoy it. Well, the last time you were here in this tournament, it was 2013 in St. Peter, I should say. You took the title in that year. Favorite memory from that weekend? Obviously, the favorite memory is the entire match came down to a third set tiebreaker, four matches all, and our guy won the tiebreaker 7-4 and played just a great breaker, and it was a good day. Yeah, I remember capping right there actually behind us. It was an exciting match, wasn't it? Yes, yes. And he added pressure because of that. You guys kind of, one at the last time was here, or is that just kind of business-as-usual approach for your team? I mean, I think we like playing here in the bubble. We have a few guys that were on the team that are still playing for us, so they have that memory. So I think it'll help us. I don't think it really adds any pressure, but it will certainly help us play well here. Well, you're off to a busy start in 2015 here. You defeated Case Western, and then you lost to Chicago last weekend, and also had other matches before that as well. Bright spots from your team early in the season as you head into this weekend. What do you like from your team so far? Well, I think the good thing is beating Case Western was a good win for us. They beat us in the first round of indoors last year. So it was a good win to get that going. And then I think everybody sort of found out that the University of Chicago is they had the number one recruiting class in the country, and obviously, it's going to pay off for them. For a good reason. It looked like two. Yeah, that was a good match. But into the fire once again for your team here, saying we got eight of the top 15 teams in the country here. What excites you about this squad as you head into this tournament specifically? What are you going to be looking for the most this weekend? I'm hoping that the experience that we have pays off. We have almost nothing but upperclassmen in the starting lineup in singles. And we have a new freshman that's in the starting lineup in doubles. So I think our experience should pay off for us. It's a lot of tough teams, so we will see how that pays off for us. But I think it's going to be tremendously competitive for the whole weekend. Should be competitive. It should be fun in here, man. Good luck this weekend, Coach Tilke. We're going to take a little break, and we're going to keep rolling through the coaches here. We're still live at the Swanson Tennis Center. Matches are getting away in about 30 minutes here. All right, tournament preview continuing here at Swanson. I am with head coach of the Case Western Reserve Spartans, Todd Wachowski joins me here. Fifth seed in this tournament, eighth team in the country coach. Relatively new kid on the block in terms of appearances in this tournament. You were in it last year. What do you like about this thing to start out the year so much? Well, I just think that you get three matches guaranteed in the beginning of the season. It helps you grow up fast. For us last year to be in it for the first time, it was good, even though we had an older team. We hadn't been in these experiences before. So it helped us when it came time for UAAs and for the NCAAs at the end of the year to kind of know how to pace yourself in a three-day event where you got three matches that you have no breathing room in. It's an interesting point and that you learned from that last year. Maybe your approach changes a little this year, I would imagine, too. You learn from it and move on to the next year. Right. It was a little different because we hosted last year. So again, this feels like a new experience.  So you've got guys waiting. So the whole system changes this year again, so. Well, you started out the year last weekend. I think it was 6-3 loss to Kenyon, who's also in this tournament. And then you got a grind-out win. You defeated Chicago. Am I correct? Correct, yep. Tell me about that opening weekend, bright spots for your club, maybe improvements as you move forward into the opening, or I should say, the ITAs this weekend?  It was two weekends ago. Two weekends ago. You know, that match, those two matches were key for us to have in the very beginning of our schedule because nine out of our 12 spots are new from last year. So you've got six singles and six doubles. Out of those positions, the only people that are the same are CJ at one doubles, CJ and Will at one and two singles. Everybody else is in a new spot. So even, you know, Louis Swerke played third doubles last year, now he's at one. So, you know, he's kind of a rookie there. And then three through six or never played in the singles lineup in an important match before. So when we played Kenyon, you know, I didn't know and no one knew what to expect because you have a brand new team, you know? But I told them from the start of this year that we need to grow up really, really fast. We're young. Even if we are a sophomore or a junior, it's our first time playing. So, you know, we're only gonna be as good as we grow up quickly.  You know, they had a really quick turnaround that match against Kenyon ended at like 11 p.m. And it went a while. And Chicago, I mean, it's, you know, number one recruiting class in the country. I mean, these guys are really good. Chicago is gonna be a top 10 team in the country. Just wait another month and then it'll happen. So for us to get that win, I think it gave us a lot of confidence going into playing Hopkins because it's almost the same exact team. Really, really talented, very, very good players.  Well, wow.  I mean, you're getting thrown into the fire here. Yeah. Taking on three more ranked teams this weekend as well. Yeah. Technically, we have fifth, I think, you know, we rank 40 teams nationally. Yeah. And we have 15 matches guaranteed against the top 40 team. And we've played two. So, you know, there's a long way to go. It's a long way to go. Well, it's such a long young lineup this weekend here in the bubble. What are the goals for you? What are you looking for from your team this weekend? You know, nothing really is quantitative. I mean, we just wanna keep progressing and getting better. The quantitative things are just the things that we chart that we do within the matches. The wins and losses, they'll come if we do the right things. And we just stay the course. But I just wanna see us get better and always keep getting better and finishing stronger than we start. So, I mean, that's our number one focus. Sure. Well, good luck. It's gonna be an exciting weekend here, coach. Welcome to Minnesota. And good luck with the rest of the way. Yeah. I just wanna say appreciate you guys putting their lives together. Absolutely. You yourself, I know, and your event management did a really, really good job in the last two weeks to get it going. I think you guys deserve a lot of credit. And this is huge for our recruiting in Division III tennis, you know, that recruits can be out there watching this. Absolutely. Seeing the exposure. I think it's, you know, what you've done here is single-handedly gonna start changing the game. For sure. So I'll say thank you. Yeah, well, Case Western, tune in at 5 p.m. everywhere. 6 p.m. center on the East Coast. Good luck again this weekend, coach. All right, thank you. Pre-tournament show here from Swanson, the Swanson Tennis Center, continuing here in St. Peter, Minnesota. Ethan Armstrong, bringing you live the pre-game show talking to the respective head coaches from each squad. Let's go ahead. Little information just for your information here. Right now, Kenyon and WashU are warming up behind me. That is at courts one through three over there. We got courts four through six. Hey, coach. Go ahead and pop those on. Chuck, Ethan Armstrong. Go ahead and pop those on, then you... All right, there we go. All right, can you hear me? Yep. Chuck Willenberg, or Willenberg's board, excuse me, of John Hopkins University out of Baltimore Mail and joining me. Well, coach, you've been in this tournament before. Yeah. Does the approach change this year? Is it pretty much standard, let's go? Let's throw it into the fire and let's get some matches under our belts. Well, first it's a great honor to get the team into the tournament. It's been coaching this my 11th year at Hopkins and we were kind of the outside looking in and trying to get our program to the point where we can get into this tournament and compete with the best teams. And fortunately, the last few years we've been there. And last year we kind of broke through and beat Emory in the first round and Kace in the second round in the semis and then unfortunately lost the finals. But I told the team that the last, all the four teams that got to the semifinals made the final eight. So the importance, if you can do well here, it spells well for the rest of the season. That's been touched on a little bit earlier with the other coaches, how similar this tournament is to the NCAA tournament and you literally learn pacing throughout the weekend and nutrition and all that and all those factor and it'll be the same thing this weekend. Sure. I mean, you want to prepare yourself to play the very best and this is a good way to start the season and see where you stand and if you have to make changes and see where your players stand against the other top teams. Well, you've had a dual match in the fall against Amherst but really truly, this is kind of the season opener here for you, isn't it? You got Kace Western to start it out. How's practice gone over the first month of the year? How do you like where your team's at right now? You know, the fall season, we had a really good fall season. Our number one player, Mike Bucksbaum, won the ITAs and singles and doubles and went on into the small college nationals and did well and when he played the Amherst match, like you said in the fall, he won his singles and doubles and so we really feel like we got a special player playing number one and I feel like actually Mike has been, some of the guys have been pushing him pretty hard and beating some challenge matches so I feel like the depth is there and we have a lot of seniors, we have six seniors on the team and that's traditionally in D3, the seniors laden teams have done very well in the post season so I feel like we've gone, we've been battletest the last few years and guys know what to expect and the practice has been intense and we've been getting better so I think we're coming in with good, great expectations. Great expectations, especially from a veteran crew. I mean, I look at a lot of these rosters, it's a good mix of veterans and young talent and it'll be exciting to see Hopkins and see what they can do this year. Yeah, well we're looking forward to it and we're happy to be here. Absolutely, well welcome back coach and good luck the rest of the weekend. Coach Willenborg joins me here of John Hopkins University, we'll take a little break and then we're gonna get underway here. All right, thanks a lot. All right, we are going to be joined by coach Tommy Valentini here in one second as he pops on the headphones. Can you hear me coach? I gotcha. Put that microphone right there and then welcome. Thank you. It's really happening here. We're really doing it. We're really doing it. We're really doing it. Well your club plays at five p.m. so you get a little break here as the other matches get underway. First of all, let's touch on a little of the prep work that went into this weekend. It just seems like this whole thing came together at just the right time and putting together a special product here I think. Well, it's always been a dream. I referenced it to someone earlier in the week that it's always been sort of a Wilkes size dream to try to pull this off and you guys have just been wonderful. I mean, everybody at Gustavus has just pulled together to make this thing happen and make it a reality and I think what it's gonna mean for College Tennis and Division III College Tennis is just huge and so my thanks and all of our thanks to you and to Dobo and everybody, physical, planning, athletic, department, Gustavus, technology, media services. Everybody was a huge team effort to get this thing done and I think we're starting to see the level of appreciation that our guests here are showing. Yeah and we just had all the coaches come on and they kind of said the same thing that this is so huge for recruiting and just exposure of NCAA Division III men's tennis as well and it's just gonna be such a huge thing. We do live stats here every year when we host a coach and we get thousands of people tuned into that. I can't wait to see the numbers when we've got live video going on. It's very exciting, very exciting. But other than that, a great field again. Maybe one of the best fields maybe that we've had here we got eight to the top 15 teams in the country. Your first round matchup is with Trinity University. It's kind of funny that they were here last spring and they're always in this tournament. They're kind of like coming up here seeing the snow and then battling inside. Little about your match here. A little maybe a redemption complex on your sir side but it's a new year. If anything, there's gonna be a lot of energy in the bubble tonight. It should be a fun night. The five o'clock Friday match when you get a chance to host the indoor tournament here is just usually pretty electric. Yeah. I think there'll be a lot of people tuning in which is amazing. In the matches it's just a blast. I mean, last year's match with them was quite a thrill and being real close down the wire and really just sharing an exceptional experience with those guys last year. I think both of us, both of our groups of young men came away with a real appreciation for how special that match was. Yeah, absolutely. And our hats off to them for the run they put together after they left St. Peter last spring. And they're fantastic. I mean, they're deep, they're talented. They've added Krull at the top who's I think gonna emerge as a real force here in division three. And they're well coached. Russ does a great job and always has them really well prepared.  Fortunately, we're gonna see them at home. And for us, it's really almost unrealistic to look at it as redemption from last year with the amount of changes in our group this year. So more than that, we celebrated what our group did last year and what they accomplished over their time. But this is a new group for us and we're excited to see them for the first time at the top national level here.  You had NAIA matches against NAIA in opponents division two opponents in Florida to start early at the end of January. Got a couple of regional wins last weekend. What do you like about this team so far early in the year? What's the character of this club right now? Well, I think we've got some guys back that have been in the mix a little bit. There's gonna be more asked of them in terms of where they're playing in the lineup and their leadership roles here coming up this weekend and this year, but they've done a really nice job so far of setting the type of tone and living out our values on and off the court and they're bringing the young guys along. And then we have a pretty unique mix of some guys that have worked hard for a couple of years and are gonna get some looks in that top group here to start off. And then we've got three freshmen that are gonna play in the starting lineup tonight. So to have them on this stage this early in their career is, there's gonna be a learning curve. There's no doubt about it. And we're just trying to keep them relaxed. I don't know if they'll ever have played in a match where they're gonna feel a type of excitement that they're gonna feel in the night. So we're just trying to keep them focused on the things that are within their control and have them enjoy the moment. And we're pleased with how they're coming along, but this is gonna be a big part of that process. I look at the field of eight teams in this tournament. It's kind of interesting. We get a really good mix. Some teams are built with young talent and veteran leadership. You look at a team like Johns Hopkins. It's got all veterans on that team. Look at a team like Case Western. It's all newcomers. So it's really, it's kind of cool to look across the eight teams and see what makes up these top 15 caliber teams in this tournament. Right, yeah. I mean, there's always a wide mixture. And you just kind of hope if you have young guys, they're ready to embrace the moment. I mean, I think division three is in a place now where the talent level is as high as it's ever been. And I think the depth, the overall depth of division three men's tennis is as deep as it's ever been. And so all of these teams are great teams. And, you know, I think their makeup will change a little bit throughout the course of the year, but the level is just fantastic. No matter what age guys are coming in, they're coming in at as high a level as we've ever had. And it's really, it's really a pleasure to have it all unfolding here in this weekend.  You know, what are you gonna be looking for? So, you know, wins and losses take care of itself. But you know, what, from a coaching perspective, what are you watching for this weekend? Yeah, I mean, I think this is the first time where you get the top level national dual match exposure and really the feel of those matches. Sure. And it's such a, the duels can go on for so long that there's so many ebbs and flows on a three court setup that you're really looking for the guys to stay composed. You're looking for them to sort of maintain a level of focus that maybe they haven't been used to needing to maintain before until this event. And really, I just wanna see them come together, play with good energy and experience these moments for the first time and really embrace them. I mean, I think more than anything else, just embrace the moment, enjoy the moment, be great hosts and ambassadors. It's such a privilege to have the event here at Gustavus to welcome all these guests into our home. And then as far as on court, you know, we'll look for their great effort. We try to be as positive as we can and hope for the highest level of sportsmanship. And if we take care of those things, like you said, hopefully the rest will take care of themselves. But to see our new group, everybody in a new spot this year is gonna be really exciting. And to finish off your coach, you know, a lot of the other coaches touched on it a little bit and how appreciative they were of coach Wilkinson of really establishing this tournament and driving it forward and driving division three. His presence still kind of lingers here. You can feel it, can't you? But it should be a special weekend. I'm for sure with his passing a couple weeks ago, it's a sad deal, but all these coaches here have so much respect for him. That's very apparent. And they just kind of wanna honor his memory this weekend. That's kind of the sense that I've been getting here. People have just been wonderful. I think one of the reasons why coach stayed in division three for so long was because he had such a deep appreciation for the community and for the friendships. And I think he'd be thrilled with the way people have come together. The coaches that are coming in for the weekend sort of spearheaded a commemorative patch to honor him that will all wear throughout the weekend, which is incredible. The ITA has created the Steve Wilkinson Team Sportsmanship Award, which will be a part of this event this year and every year moving forward, which is another just tremendous honor. And I think coach would be really thrilled with not only the level of play that we're gonna see, but he would be thrilled with the way people are treating each other around here and that we keep moving forward and keep improving and keep building on what he really pioneered and helped create. And it's the outpouring of support that we got from our colleagues in division three when he passed away, it was overwhelming. And people's appreciation and what they were expressing has just meant the world to us. Not only that they're honoring him and understanding that division three tennis really, he's one of the sets of shoulders on which the whole sport stands. Absolutely. But also, being there for us in a difficult time I think really speaks to the type of community that we have in division three and I think those two things combined really, really mean the world to us. So I still keep looking for him to come through the bubble or come on to the curtain on a practice every day and certainly for these matches. So this will be the first one of these I've ever gone through without him and you just keep trying to handle those moments as best you can. But he's definitely, if there's one building where he's at, he's in this one this weekend. Yeah, you can feel it for sure, coach. Well, if anything, this weekend we've got full weekend of matches on the docket. We got a couple of tonight with your squad going on. As a whole, I think this is just a great opportunity to fan for fans around the country this year to get exposure to division three tennis. A lot of the other coaches have talked about it a little bit, but this really emulates the NCAA tournament in a way, the format of it and how you approach the weekend. But if anything, we're gonna see some good tennis this weekend.  But from one step back, it's an opportunity to play three nationally ranked teams, you know, in a short period of time and learn a lot about yourself and see, you know, kind of where you stand as the season unfolds and how you need to improve and how you need to get better. And so I think, you know, once we get, like I said, one step away from, you know, what's going on in front of us right now, I think everybody really appreciates the opportunity and it's a long weekend and it's a fun weekend. It's a grind for every team, but I don't think there's any place any of us in division three would rather be than right here this weekend. So we'll all embrace it. It's a grind, it's action-packed, it's going to be long, but it's going to be fun the whole time. Thanks, coach, for joining me. We're going to wrap things up here from the Swanson Tennis Center. We're looking forward to get this thing going. Thanks again. Everybody out there, once again, tune in to Gustavus.edu slash athletics. There you're going to find a portal with every court, whether it's right behind us, the Dahlstrom court, the Jackson court, the Scansi court in front of us, the Colder court, Gibbs court, court six, which we dubbed the Wilkinson court commemoratively this weekend. But they're all going to be available for you. So tune in to the Gustavus Athletics website. That's where you can find those streams. Tune in also there. We are going to be tracking live stats so you can see how things are going, how the matches are progressing as well as the team score. Thank you, coach Valentini, for this opportunity. This is really doing it here. I think you hit it right on the head with that one. It's going to be a fun weekend. We'll take a little break right here and then we'll get things rolling at Swanson. Thanks for doing it. And again, just a huge, huge thanks to you, Ethan, and sports information and Tim Kennedy with Marketing and Communications, our vice president at Gustavus and Tom Brown with Gustavus Athletics and Matt Dobosinski, our own dobo with media services and making it all happen.  So thanks for all your work. It really means the world to us. Absolutely. Keep tuning in, ladies and gentlemen. We'll be back in a little bit. All right, ladies and gentlemen, we're going to wrap things up here from Swanson Tennis Center in our tournament preview, 15th annual ITA national indoor division three men's championship. Right now, we got going on right behind me is Kenyon College taking on Washington University. And also right in front of me, we got Carnegie Mellon going on or going against Emery. Those matches began at 1130. Later today, we're going to have Gustavus taking on Trinity. Johns Hopkins taking on Case Western at 5 p.m. Tomorrow morning matches began at 830 a.m. Then they go at 2 p.m. And then finally tomorrow night at 730 p.m. That's why it is such a long weekend here in the Swanson Tennis Center. Like I said, tune into Gustavus.edu slash athletics to find the portal with all the live streams going on. You can also find the live stats link there as well. There's also a live chat on the side of the YouTube page that you can tune into. If you have a question about what's going on here this week and go ahead and pop that on there, we'll try to get to it as fast as we can. Ethan Armstrong. I'm Ethan Armstrong, the SID here at Gustavus. I will be here along with Nick Homer all weekend. We'll be tracking the progress of how this whole thing unfolds. That's pretty much it for us today. To kick things off on Friday, we'll be back with another pregame show before the championship matches on Sunday, set to begin at 9 a.m. Thanks for listening and watching to the ITA National Championship here at the Swanson Tennis Center. I'm going to stay so long and tune into the rest of the courts the rest of the weekend. Thanks, ladies and gentlemen.


Coming to you from our GIS studios, I'm Nisha Charles and this is your Midday News Brief. CELUSHA draws closer to introducing more advanced ICT technology into the agriculture industry. Under a project named Advancing ICTs for Climate Smart Agriculture Practices, the Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute CARDI hosted a one-day workshop to discourse ICT interventions for the sector. The CARDI workshop held in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and technical partners such as the OECS Commission and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture, EECA brought together several industry stakeholders including students. The activity focused on market intelligence as a strategy to better manage climatic variability. On the 31st of May, St. Lucia concluded hosting duties in the 2019 DEFCA hackathon. Developing the Caribbean DEFCA is the region's leading event for exploring how digital and data impacts national development. DEFCA each year brings together a diverse community of innovators spanning the public sector, NGOs, technologists, researchers and notable international partners across multiple countries. The hackathons are software development contests providing unique opportunities in the field of ICT for aspiring and professional developers to network while using tech innovation to solve some of the region's biggest challenges. St. Lucia was one of six countries in the region to host the DEFCA 2019 hackathon. Back of St. Lucia has launched its first dual currency ATM at the Bureau des Charges station at the Huronara International Airport. Customers and visitors alike now have the option of withdrawing their funds in eastern Caribbean or United States dollars. Back of St. Lucia officials say that the introduction of the dual currency ATM at the Huronara International Airport is the first of many exciting products and features utilizing modern technology that the BOSL will be rolling out in the weeks and months ahead. This new service forms part of the ongoing efforts by the bank not only to enhance the convenience services available to customers but also its contributions towards enhancing the digital economy of St. Lucia. And that's it for your midday news brief. Thanks for watching.


I'm going to start to get out of here. She's one of the founders and Nancy Ray and Charles David. I wanted to shoot to them anyway. Good morning, Mr. President. Good morning. Good morning. Hi, it's good to see you again. This is Ray. Do you want to move right over there? And this is Mr. Louis. Feel good. Nice to see you. This is Sylvia Lowry, the founder and the executive director. Alright, it's going to break everything. It's pretty rigid going there. This is my brother. This is my sister. And this is the guy that I used to be with. We've repaired that thing three times. I sure appreciate this. I've always said that there's one thing that's wrong in our system. I hope the children won't hate them for this.  If I give them to us when we're too young. No, this is beautiful. Thank you very much. You're exactly right. That's my whole life and I figured we'd better do it. Well, I thank you very much. I know nine times up Pykes Peak. And a couple followed in your footsteps. Mrs. Ray, I have the pleasure of presenting this to you as the 1982 mother of the year. Recognition of outstanding courage and leadership. I'm pleased to be able to. Congratulations. Congratulations. Mrs. Hahn, I'm honored to represent all mothers who have multiple sons. The role of a saint. Mr. Louis Utzer, you are the 1982 national father of the year. MS father of the year for outstanding courage and leadership. And I'm very proud and pleased to present that to you. Congratulations. Thank you very much. The whole thing I did is fell down. He said, Mike, he fell down and got back up. That's my best. And all of you. It's a great honor to have you all here. It's a great pleasure to see you. What's your signature? Pleasure. Michael Ray? Nice to see you. Michael Ray. Michael Ray? Michael Ray. Michael Ray? Michael Ray, you are both? Michael Ray, you are both? Michael Ray you are both? All of us are young and old together. Michael Ray. Michael Ray. I never got to see him race once. He did a good job. When I may get to see him, I may get to see him come under a bridge. I understand that in really, yes, in June and July for a lot of money to be given to the Olympic Committee, he is racing from New Orleans all the way to St. Louis and I'm supposed to be there in St. Louis and maybe for the first time I'll see if we can get to see him. You know what I used to accuse him of? We should have gave him a bar of soap so he could take a shower. We're back and it gets wet. Yes, yes.  They are good for you. And a set of cufflinks for you. And a pin for you so the lady can have a pin. And then you can have a tie bar. Thank you. Thank you. Let me help you hold that. How about you? That's something that sealed, but inside the jar are jelly beans. And for you. Thank you. We run the government on jelly beans. We run the state of California.  I should. I'm sorry. I'm sorry. This is new. And of course, this is what? This is the second one. Okay. Thank you. You're welcome. I suppose I'm afraid we're going to have to do that. I should have. I was out to that little alma mater. No, it is today and the purest art. Cartoon. I just want to be a little gray. I don't know what you're going to say. I'm going to put it in to you as you look in the picture. Me and a gown and mortarboard facelier. And on her back was written. Alma mater. And I have the same time. My senior year, there were 55 men in the varsity squad. It was coeducational. It was the only conference at that time in the United States. It provided more pro players than the big league protocol in any other conference in the country. It was the only conference in which you could be hired as an assistant coach or a physical ed instructor or play summer baseball for money and still retain your amateur standing. My senior year, I was a swimming coach. There were seven physical ed instructors. Years that I played parsley.  That was my favorite to an audience when I was doing the general electric theater. That was me and the.


When the NCDDA was first established, drug policy in Europe was mainly built on ideological and moral convictions. But very early on the NCDDA started constructing method and tools which acted as a lens through which EU members states could view their drug problems in a quite harmonized way. The agency also disseminated good policy practice that addressed common challenges. And this contributed to the convergence of national policies into what can be called a common model for managing the drug phenomena today. While working at the NCDDA and within its scientific committee, I have come to understand the complexity of the European drugs problem and the importance role the agency plays at the bridge between science and policy. Working with the NCDDA colleagues challenges my perspectives and I find that this coming together of diverging views is a great way to approach our work.


Welcome viewers to our ongoing program nuclear free future coming to you from Burlington, Vermont from Channel 17 town meeting TV Center for media and democracy. I am your host Margaret Harrington, and please welcome via zoom during this COVID time are very West Kevin camps are beyond nuclear welcome Kevin. Hi Margaret, good to be here. Yes, it's so good to see you and I see the map of Vermont right behind your, your right shoulder there. Yes, and I know you've been very active throughout this the time of of the decommissioning of Vermont Yankee and the topic that we have chosen to do is climate change and the hazards of nuclear transport. So, Kevin, to launch us into our 2021 year. Could you tell us what are the main things that are on your mind as a as an anti nuclear activist and relevant in particular to our our situation here in Vermont. Sure. Well it's interesting that at 12 noon on January 20 2021 Vice President Harris and President Biden took their old sub office. So it's a new era in major ways, soon to be confirmed as budget committee chairman in the US Senate is Bernie Sanders. And interestingly, ironically, also that same evening, the Vermont Endicap nuclear decommissioning citizens advisory board subcommittee on national policy also had a meeting, and what's been really kind of simmering at the end of all last year, and even before that was a position that the Endicap took in 2015 at the behest of Yankee atomic the original owner of Vermont Yankee, but also the owner of such other New England atomic reactors as Yankee row in Massachusetts and Yankee and others, the advocacy in support of consolidated interim storage facilities. And so it's really been sticking out like a sore thumb for many years, and there's been pushback including by certain members of the endicap panel. And last night the subcommittee met to really establish a new pathway going forward to reconsider the position, reevaluate their position, decide what their position is. So it's very relevant to Vermont. It's a really untenable position that they've taken and not fixed in all these five, six years since I mean just on the face of it, the environmental injustice of simply moving Vermont Yankees waste out to Texas and or New Mexico into majority communities, specifically now Latino communities that live right there that have already born a tremendous burden of not only fossil fuel pollution from the Permian Basin, the most active oil and gas fields on the planet, unfortunately, worse than Saudi Arabia and worse than Alberta Canada, but also, in a sense, they have born the brunt of the worst of the atomic age thus far from Los Alamos beginning in 1943 to uranium mining in northwest New Mexico, early on in the 1950s to the waste isolation pilot plant, which is military plutonium waste being dumped permanently underground. That is 16 miles away from the whole tech New Mexico site. Now, whole tech New Mexico and North Star waste control specialists in Texas, wanting to add high level radioactive waste to the environmental justice burdens out there. And of course you can't just magically teleport the wastes out there. They would have to travel through most states in the lower 48. And that includes Vermont. It's not just a question of Vermont exporting its own waste elsewhere. But if you look at the details of the maps for the transportation routes other New England atomic reactors would have to ship their wastes through Vermont to get out west. And while the industry as is its way would like to downplay the risks of high level nuclear waste transportation that nothing possibly could go wrong. A lot could go wrong, and hence our slogans for the risks mobile Chernobyl in terms of the road and rail shipments, floating Fukushima's in terms of the barge shipments that are possible. Dirty bombs on wheels in terms of the security risks of attackers actually attempting to blow up the shipments in strategic locations like major urban centers that they would pass through. Because they're going to pass through 100 of the biggest cities in the United States on their way out west. And even mobile x-ray machines that can't be turned off in terms of the inevitable gamma and neutron radiation doses that will be inflicted on people who live along these transportation routes because these containers are not designed to contain all of the radiation some is streaming out, even under routine shipment conditions without an accident without an attack. So all of that is in play with this subcommittee and then the committee of the end of cap and that's why Vermonters and residents of Massachusetts and residents of New Hampshire because that is the composition of the end of cap. There's represent representation from all three states given Vermont Yankees location should all be engaged in trying to get the end of cap to take a better position on consolidated interim storage facilities. So, Kevin, the good news is that this is not a done deal. It is not has not been decided or set in stone that there will be a transport of nuclear waste of high level nuclear waste out out to whole tech, which would be an intermediate storage, interim storage facility. And according to what what I have learned from you and other advocates over the years is that it's actually illegal to put this waste into an interim storage until there is a permanent storage site. Right. Yeah. In addition to being an environmental injustice and not consent based because there is not consent from New Mexico or Texas for these proposals, just as there is no consent for the Yucca mountain dump on western Shoshone land in Nevada. They are not legally binding requirements unfortunately consent based citing and environmental justice are not legally binding. They're certainly morally binding. And maybe we can get them to become legally binding through congressional legislation at some point. But what is legally binding and we are supposed to be a nation of laws rule of law is a law like the nuclear waste policy act of 1982 as amended, which has its flaws believe you me like singling out Yucca mountain Nevada against the will of the people of Nevada and the western But there is a legal prohibition as you mentioned against consolidated interim storage at least if the US Department of Energy is going to be involved in the absence of a permanent repository. There is no permanent repository in the United States Yucca mountain has been canceled and may become even more canceled now that Biden is president because it was under the Obama administration. It's been said by the Vice President that Yucca mountain was canceled. There have been attempts to resurrect it by especially congressional Republicans since now that Biden is president I hope that his administration will simply put the final nail in the coffin of the Yucca mountain dump and get it off the table. Since there is no permanent repository and the Department of Energy has estimated it will take until at least the year 2048 and and likely now further beyond that to open the first repository. Before the Department of Energy can't be involved in consolidated interim storage at New Mexico or Texas, specifically in the ways of taking title, taking ownership to the commercial irradiated nuclear fuel, paying for the interim storage costs and that would include transportation that would include building the facilities in Texas and New Mexico operating the facilities there. There are multi billion dollar schemes, and the companies involved like Coltec and New Mexico, like a Rano of France and waste control specialists of Texas in Texas. They don't want to spend the money. They want the Department of Energy that is the taxpayers to spend the money, which is, as you said Margaret illegal. And it's not a done deal. I mean we have a coalition that includes beyond nuclear. It includes Sierra Club nationally. It includes grassroots coalition of groups that is called don't waste Michigan and others it's seven grassroots groups from across the country. We are all in federal court we are in the second highest court in the land, the DC court of appeals, just under the Supreme Court with our cases against Coltec and New Mexico and waste control specialists in Texas. Finally the court has ruled that we have to wait until the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has issued a record of decision granting the licenses to those facilities. Something that could happen this year they are finalizing the paperwork, things like the final environmental impact statement, and the final safety evaluation report at the Nuclear Regulatory Commission at the staff level, which then tease it up for commissioners to simply rubber stamp the construction and operating licenses which they seem keen to do. Although we'll see what the change in leadership under the Obama administration. If things change, but it is not a done deal. Those are just the formal official proceedings then you've got the court of public opinion. You've got grassroots resistance, not just in the southwest but nationwide. So, it is not a done deal the fight is on and that's why I mentioned and the cap in Vermont because that hard one subcommittee formation to get that official endorsement of consolidated interim storage removed at the end of cap would be a huge victory for environmental justice. How do you see it unfolding, I mean, given their track record they've been, they were formed in 2014 or 15 right, and they've been discussing this for for seven six or seven years. So how, and where does, where does their decision fit into the Department of Energy's overall judgment on this and decisions. Um, you know, thank you to groups like Vermont Yankee decommissioning Alliance and Vermont citizens awareness network for winning this movement at the end of cap to form this subcommittee to reevaluate its position. The position that the end of cap took in 2015 at the behest of the nuclear industry was really rushed. And in fact, most panelists didn't even know the decision was going to happen before it happened. So it was a very bad process. They simply endorsed the position of Yankee atomic and in the meetings during 2020 and the end of cap meets about once a season once every three months the full committee, the full panel. And then the subcommittee now is going to meet in between. There were indications from panelists that they didn't know about the previous position they didn't agree with the previous position. Some are opposed to the previous position. So hopefully this bad position that was taken in a great big hurry with no due process in 2015. And by the the chair of the end of cap at the time can be reevaluated and a much more responsible position can be taken. In terms of the relevance at the national level it is very important I mean you've got us representative Peter Welsh, who has kind of depended on not the end of caps irresponsible position but other pressures from the likes of energy in Vermont, and even now North Star which owns the Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant to simply get the waste out of Vermont. And he's still thought as to how it's going to leave, how it's going to travel and where it's going to go. And he has voted that way for years now, irresponsibly. And so, perhaps with a change at the end of cap that will create some momentum. And certainly viewers should be contacting us representative Welsh to change his position on the Yucca mountain dump in Nevada on consolidated interim storage in New Mexico and Texas. The environmental injustice alone is reason enough for him to be voting against these proposals. And then, as mentioned, Bernie Sanders being you know a top contender in the Democratic primary for president, and now being a powerful committee chair in the US Senate has a lot of sway at the federal level. And hopefully with his good position, because he has come out against consolidated interim storage. He has come out against the Biden administration. One thing I should mention is, you know, climate is a part of our conversation today the Biden administration has come out swinging on climate, just in the last couple days of being in office. And the one thing to keep in mind though is that this whole issue of consolidated interim storage. This boost unfortunately from the Obama administration blue ribbon Commission on America's nuclear future, which issued its final report in January of 2012 after a two year public engagement process where people spoke out strongly against consolidated interim storage they did not the blue ribbon Commission did not listen to us. So that you know Biden had a hand in that in that he was Vice President of that Obama presidency. And I wanted to get Biden to reconsider that previous position from eight years ago about consolidated interim storage. Another top recommendation of the blue ribbon Commission was consent based citing. And they certainly do not have that in New Mexico in Texas in Nevada. So that is grounds for reconsidering the current proposals for dumps in those three states. And I feel that that the Biden administration now can be moved to reconsider the current plans for consolidated interim storage because they are faulty. They are not based on consent based citing. Kevin, could you, could you show, could you tell us what, how, how is the federal government sitting at what level to the states decisions, for instance, if the Vermont legislature decided that no there would be no transport of nuclear waste from Vermont from North Star Vermont Yankee right now, or at any time out to interim storage. How would, how would that and the federal government, the Department of Energy Department of Defense, whoever is involved they, and they decided that, yes, we're going to have interim storage of high level nuclear waste. How would that be a fight between states and federal federal government. It's all in the mix. It's a great big tug of war. I mean, one, one thing that's going on is, you know that Peter Welsh, now that the Democrats are back in control of the House. He is a senior Democrat in the US House. So he has a date of the Senate. Yeah. Well, Peter Welsh in the US House, Bernie Sanders in the US Senate. Have big sway because of their seniority in each chamber. And you know Peter Welsh is on the powerful energy and commerce committee. That's where he's been making these votes in favor of consolidated interim storage in favor of the Aka Mountain dump. And we're hopeful that given his political power. He can change his bad position into a better position. Something we've been calling for. We called for it for all two years of the Blue Ribbon Commission it fell on deaf ears is the need for hardened on site storage, or in places that may be unsuitable for on site storage as due to climate change for example hardened near site storage and Vermont Yankee being on the banks of the Connecticut River. Climate change is a real issue. Also reactors on the on the shores of the Great Lakes. Also reactors on the seacoast I mean with rising sea level with historic flooding on rivers with historic high waters in the Great Lakes, we have to consider moving the wastes from where they are right now, further inland to higher ground, but a thousand or 2000 miles across the country to the border of Texas and New Mexico, but rather miles inland, perhaps, or not even that just to higher ground to get them out of the floodplain that is getting worse because of climate change. So those are the kind of positions we we need leadership on from folks like Welsh and Sanders, and I'm hopeful that with a Biden administration speaking so strongly and taking action on climate, I mean, Biden on day one rejoined the climate agreement internationally. So there is hope. His nominee for energy secretary, Jennifer Granholm a former governor of Michigan is also speaking strongly on climate she's had good renewable energy policy. For example, offshore wind in the Great Lakes was a very responsible careful policy that she had as a governor of Michigan. Unfortunately, and I'm a member of the board of don't waste Michigan, still 2030 years in now. Her position on nuclear power was less responsible, it was neutral at best and actually simply in in alliance with the nuclear utilities of Michigan. I think we have work to do, even on President Biden, even on an energy secretary Jennifer Granholm if she's confirmed. Even Biden's choice for climate czar domestically, which is not needing Senate confirmation so Gina McCarthy former EPA administrator under Obama is in at the White House has good climate policy under Obama's clean power plan, the nuclear power industry did not get the massive subsidies that it saw. That was a huge victory and you know, hats off to Tim Judson at nuclear information and resource service on that issue. He organized the coalition in DC, who met with the Obama EPA on that issue and really want a victory with the clean power plan that it did not subsidize nuclear power. So she's now in a powerful position as climate czar at the White House. She to like Jennifer Granholm has skeletons in her closet on nuclear power so for example on the very last day of the Obama administration, no exaggeration. Gina McCarthy signed an EPA policy called protective action guidelines in nuclear emergencies, increasing the allowable concentration of radioactive poisons in food in water drinking water in air in the environment during a nuclear emergency that was ill defined and without time limit. It's a huge giveaway to the nuclear lobby in this country. The George W Bush administration had tried to pass that change and did not. Again, hats off to people like Diane Derigo at nears, who have have led coalition efforts against that for years and decades. Well, under Gina McCarthy in the Obama administration on the last day in office she signed off on that horrible regulatory rollback. Today it will never be invoked but the nuclear emergency definition was so ill defined that it could be anything from a low level radioactive waste transportation accident to a major atomic reactor meltdown and anything in between. Not only did it establish bad rules for a nuclear emergency situation, it also set a bad precedent for other areas of nuclear environmental protection in terms of radioactive waste dumps leaking atomic reactors allowed to release radioactivity into the environment. If it's okay during a nuclear emergency well maybe we can consider weakening the rules elsewhere in the nuclear industry. And that was Gina McCarthy so we need my point is we need to push back on President Biden on Gina McCarthy at the White House climate czar's office. If confirmed, Grandholm as energy secretary to get them in better positions. So we have our work cut out for us not only in Vermont but across the country. Right and the issues that you bring up aren't not even about the, the people, the educators and the people in some power throughout the country who who still consider nuclear power to be a green energy. This is what we came up against here in Vermont before the decommissioning, or the closing of Vermont Yankee that there were huge advertisements and then the print papers, and all over that nuclear energy is green energy. And that that is raising its head again, as you well know, right, both in academia and in in people who are advisors to legislators. So, well now that the Trump era is thankfully over to some extent now that Trump is out of office. And I mean, during even the first days of the Trump administration was it all seems so bewildering and chaotic. But I realized that we've been facing that in the nuclear power fight for decades. The nuclear power industry is a propagandistic industry, they have bottomless coffers, often it's public money that they're subsidized with in all kinds of ways, the same as true of the nuclear weapons industry of course. They use their vast resources to try to bamboozle the public about how clean and green nuclear power is well, that's our challenge is to push back and to educate the public about the truth on these matters. You know, in terms of nuclear power being some kind of climate change solution I mean the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research, Dr. Bryce Smith who was chief scientist at the time in 2006, wrote the book the best book I've ever read about why nuclear power is not the solution to the climate crisis. It was entitled insurmountable risks. What they pointed out in their book was, look at how much nuclear power costs, look how long it takes to deploy. It cannot solve the climate crisis the climate crisis is too fast breaking. And if you spend that much money on nuclear you can't spend it on energy efficiency and renewables, which are the actual solutions. So you will not only not solve the problem, you will make sure that you can't solve the problem you've wasted all the money on a dead end nuclear power. The insurmountable risks part was a long list of the problems that nuclear power itself brings with it. One of the top ones for IER was nuclear weapons proliferation everywhere that nuclear power goes nuclear weapons are a half step behind if the holders of that technology, choose to use it that way. Uranium enrichment, if you enrich to weapons grade you've got weapons usable highly enriched uranium. You use reprocessing of high level radioactive waste to separate out plutonium, it is weapons usable and reactors make plutonium in the waste. So weapons proliferation. The dilemma of the radioactive waste problem that is still unsolved some 80 years into this problem, you know on Rico Fermi first split the atom fired up the first atomic reactor in the Manhattan project on December 2 1942. And we haven't solved the first cup full of high level radioactive waste that he generated, we don't know what to do with it. So that that has to start begging some questions, we can't seem to solve this high level radioactive waste problem. And then other issues that that book brought up before Fukushima was the risk of catastrophic accidents so they mostly focused on Chernobyl, three mile island, but the potential for as bad or worse. Fukushima happened five years after the book came out. And we, with our aged reactors and places like upstate New York. Some are more than 50 years old on the Lake Ontario shoreline there. We're pushing the envelope on age related breakdown phase atomic reactor disasters. And you know, we would add this was not in the book but we would add things like uranium mining and its impact on Native Americans in the Southwest, for example, all of these insurmountable risks that nuclear power has never addressed. It's been around since 1957 in the United States at shipping port Pennsylvania, the first so called civilian atomic reactor, built by the nuclear Navy as sort of a propagandistic. Our friend the atom nuclear power is the way to go move by the Eisenhower administration in 1957, which was unfortunate because the Truman administration in 1948 had said solar is the future. It was the newly commissioned. Unfortunately Eisenhower decided to go down the nuclear power road, but the reason that they did so was for nuclear weapons purposes to justify the expansion of uranium mining and processing. And all things nuclear was being sold by the Eisenhower administration as our friend the atom, the peaceful atom. And it was really a propaganda move there's a great book by Arjan Machajani of IER called the nuclear power deception. And those deceptions continue in the year 2021 we have to fight against them at every turn. Kevin, what are, what are the issues that Vermonters can keep in mind right now and act upon. I would encourage Vermonters and folks in Massachusetts and New Hampshire to regular regularly attend and follow developments of the Vermont nuclear decommissioning advisory panel. Take part, it is a public forum there are opportunities for public comment, public questions, you can even communicate with the end of cap in between meetings through email and other ways. Get them in a better position Vermont has been a leader on these issues by the closure of Vermont Yankee against all odds that was very hard one in 2014 it was grassroots people power that led to that victory. And we need Vermont's leadership on decommissioning now and also high level radioactive waste policy in this country so I encourage that participation, not only to defend your own self interests as a state but also to help the country. Get to a better position on environmental justice. Thank you, Kevin camps and what will sign off now. If you have is any, any, any, anything that you'd like to say to close our meeting and will invite you back in in hope in a hopeful year of 2021. It is a very hopeful time, despite it all. I'm reminded of something that Franklin Delano Roosevelt would say that then john Dingell of Michigan the longest serving member of Congress in history would say, and also Barack Obama, all Democrats, they would say, I know you're right. Now make me do it. That was FDR's phrase. And it's a bit frustrating that leaders like that know what's right and require the public to make them do it but that's the way things work. And that's what I call upon folks in Vermont listening to do to get Peter Welsh into a better position to help Bernie Sanders on his good positions. They know you're right now make them do it. This is the nature of our democracy, and it's a very hopeful time in that regard. Thank you Kevin camps of beyond nuclear and good to see you till next time. My pleasure. Thanks for having me. Look forward to it. Thanks. Thank you.