Yeah, the producers say that it is fantastic Friday and that only happens when we have good news from West Indies cricket because they have a slight lead with nine wickets in hand heading into the third day of the pink ball test against Australia. The wind is lead by 35 runs after ending the day on 13 for one in their second innings following a surprise declaration by the Aussies earlier in the day. Gerard Marseille has the recap of day two. Kevin Sinclair alongside a new partner, Kymar Roche, walking to the middle intent on adding to the wind is his overnight score of eight for 266. The debutant was unrattled by the Aussie bowlers, taking the role of aggressor in his 31 run partnership with Roche. But Roche's resilience innings would come to an end when a mix of hubbund between the peer and he was run out with a score nine for 297. However, the Guyanese reached a milestone in fine style. Even better this time around. That's a beauty and not only that, but for Sinclair. Nathan Lyon got his man the very next ball to dismiss the wind is for three hundred and eleven the first time in five innings. They passed the three hundred run mark against Australia. Steve Smith and Usman Kuwaja could not have been prepared for what was about to happen. Kymar Roche and Azari Joseph got the ball rolling, taking a wicket each in their first over. The two both lethally and Australia soon found themselves reeling at the dinner break at four for 24 when the rose delivered a golden duck to track his head. Four for 24 became five for 54 when Azari Joseph repelled that Mitchell Marseille's effort. Luckily for the home team, ICC test player of the year, Usman Kuwaja was still at the crease. I was able to reconstruct the innings. Alex Carey took a counter-attacking approach to put some pressure back on the windies. He was aggressive, striking boundary after boundary in his 96 run partnership with Kuwaja, bringing up his half century in just 38 deliveries. Shamar Joseph would be the one to end his onslaught. Aggression being Carey's ultimate demise, Australia, six for 150. The other Joseph, Azari, took Australia to tee at seven for one 61 with the wicket of Mitchell Stark, but Kuwaja was still there frustrating the windies bowlers, his patience rewarded with a house entry after the interval. 50 for Usman Kuwaja, his 26th in-test cricket. I love him in Queensland, he's keeping innings together with Usman. This captain Pat Cummings picked up where Carey left off. There was a sense of a possible declaration when the pier changed gears. Cummings and Kuwaja together put on an 81 run partnership for the eighth wicket, and even after the opener departed for top score 75, Cummings pushed on for his first test 50 in almost six years. The declaration speculation was indeed accurate when Cummings said he had enough after Azari got his fourth wicket, removing Nathan Lyon. Australia declaring on nine for 289, 22 runs behind the visitors. West Indies opener is Tejnorei Shandapoal and Craig Brathwit had just about 10 overs to survive the day, but taking the same approach as the first innings was there on doing, Shandapoal gone off the review for Caught Behind. Australia clawing their way back into the game, West Indies in a day two on one for 13, a lead of 35 runs. A lead of 35 runs heading into the third day of this second and final test against Australia at the Gabba in Brisbane. And Lancet Mariah, what a performance from this inexperienced at West Indies side so far. They have played brilliantly. We saw the bowling quality from the first test, but in the first innings, the batting also came to the party. And what we have after two days is an unexpected contest. Yeah, I'm so happy that, you know, they win these players, of course, despite going to Australia and, you know, being seen as underdogs, being described as on the strengths, be all odds against them. I think, you know, the West Indies players after leaving Australia would have to leave with their heads held high, despite the overall results. For me, Ricardo, I expected worse results. I have to say, like, as much as I try to be very positive and optimistic, where cricket is concerned, especially for me, just all the odds were against the windy steam. I have to say, I'm very, very impressed with the debutants. Of course, Kevin Sinclair, Shamar, Joseph, they have really, really stepped up. And for me, they've even, they've played cricket like what I would have expected from the senior players, to be honest. You know, Kevin Sinclair batting at that number and then putting up a respectable 50 to help the total go to 300. It was a total 300. 311, yeah. Yeah, 311. So for me, it's as if, you know, these players have understood the assignment and they have taken the opportunity with both hands and I'm very proud of them. Yeah, you know what? And when a team is showing the kind of fight that this young West Indies team is showing, you have to look at their team management and so on, because it's obvious that Coach Andre Coley and the team management is doing a good job keeping them mentally attuned to their jobs. Because although they lost the first test inside three days, there were aspects of their performance in the first test that belied the fact that the game ended inside three days. And in fact, on the result sheet, it looks like an embarrassing loss, but they bowled reasonably well and it was the batting that failed them. And now they're batting better than they did in the first test, bowling as well as they did in the first test. And this is a very encouraging performance here from this West Indies team. Yeah, of course, a lot has been made of the declaration from Pat Cummings. Two hundred and eighty nine for nine, a friend of mine called me this morning and she said, I don't understand. Why would they declare when they are behind? And I saw to explain a few reasons, I think one of them being that the thinking is that the new ball, the new pink ball at night will move around a lot more and there will be opportunities to get wickets. And I think Pat Cummings was thinking if you can get two, three wickets before the close of play in the 10 overs, then that will be a significant advantage for the Australians. Maybe more of an advantage than getting another 10, 15, even 20 runs to get closer to the 311 made by the West Indies. I must admit that I also thought to myself, Lance and Mariah, that the decision was also made because in it is a hint of disrespect. I think so. In it as well, I must admit that is a suggestion that listen, we feel that despite the fact that this test match has been so competitive, we are still significantly better than the West Indies team. And I say that, meaning if Australia were taking on India, that's not a declaration I think they would have made in that situation. But I think given all the circumstances, it's not a bad one. It was an aggressive move. And I can't complain about aggressive moves like that in Test Cricket. Plus, there's rain in the forecast and so they might have been mindful of that as well. I don't believe that it is uncharacteristic of Australia to make a decision like this. That's how they play cricket. They're a bold team. And I take the point that they are confident enough against their opposition to do it. But I think they could have made this kind of decision even against a stronger team than the West Indies, because that's how they play cricket. I take the point they may not have done it against India. Which is why I reference India, Lance, because when you say stronger teams, West Indies is at the bottom of the barrel. So I think I almost said Bangladesh, but I'm not going to do that. But there are other teams that are not significantly stronger than the West Indies. Those are the teams I suspect you are talking about, but they definitely wouldn't do it against the lives of India or South Africa in top form or England in top form. I don't think they would do it against those teams. It is not unlike them to make a decision like that as far as they... It's not the first time I've seen Australia do this, declaring even on a deficit, because based on the state of the game, they want to put themselves in as best of a chance to win the game. And the fact is that they were expecting that they could have taken maybe two or three wickets before the close-up play. They only got one. So their experiment was only partially successful. Anyway, it was a good day for the young West Indies as they scored a crucial win in the Under-19 World Cup at Pottrest Room in South Africa, the Caribbean side, held their nerve to beat top of the table England by two wickets in their Group B encounter. Player of the match, Nathan Edward, took three for 28 to help dismiss the English youth for 192, led by Hasma Shayk, sub-54, before scoring an on-beat in 49 he did to get the winness to 198 for eight with nine overs to spare. Skipper, Stefan Pascal, top-scored with 58. And a good win here by the West Indies on the 19s. The England team are actually leaders of Group B, as we said. And I'm continuing to be impressed by this young West Indies team. They have a lot of quality and they're playing with a lot of confidence. And I'm hoping that they'll go far in this tournament. Yeah, and what I liked is it. With the bat, there was a combination of players stepping up. We had Stefan Pascal getting 58, Jordan Johnson with 31, Nathan Edward, 49, not out. So for me, again, you're seeing intent. And of course, with the batsmen, you feel as if the runs can come from anywhere. And I like when that happens in a squad where you don't really have to depend on one person to score runs. So that for me was a really positive sign. I know Ricardo, you had some reservations with how they were dismissed. Was it bad? Yeah, of course. This team has been bowling well. The team has been fielding well, ground feeling, and they have been catching well as well. I still, that's a brilliant catch. One of quite a few in this innings. I still have my concerns, though, about how they approach a number of these run chases. I have my concerns about the fact that batsmen keep getting starts and not pushing on. With good reason, yeah. And getting out softly, that's an area, soft dismissals. So that is disappointing for me. And I just feel that when you play the likes of Australia and New Zealand, who have so far been excellent at this tournament, you can't be giving away your wickets like that. You can't always depend on your number six, seven, eight, nine, and 10 batsmen to get the job done for you. But you are right, Lance. This is a high quality team with a lot of talent. I just feel that they can be a lot more pragmatic, especially when it comes on to the batting in how they approach their innings. And I don't think we could disagree with the point, Ricardo, because a lot of the dismissals, especially from the top order batsmen, have been soft dismissals. And the victories that they have had so far and even the defeat that they suffered against the whole South Africa, the top performers with a bat were middle and lower batters. So the top order batsmen, saved from the captain Pascal, who got a half century today, haven't really delivered in the way that we expect them to. But you know what? I like to look at the other side of the coin and suggest that it is to come. They haven't done it yet, but the business end of the tournament is still to come. So I'm expecting the top order batsmen to come good when they need to. But I like the confidence that they're playing with. And I know some of the dismissals have been soft, but some of the dismissals have been soft because they're playing with so much confidence. But you are right, Ricardo. There's a thin line line, that's what I get what you're saying. There's a thin line between recklessness and confidence. And one of the things I don't want them to get any habit of doing is what our senior players would have done previously. Like you play as if you're playing T20 cricket or 50 over cricket. And I'm saying T20 because I don't want to even push it to 50 over. Well, they're playing T20 cricket, that's part of the problem. In my estimation, at least. But let me say that I'm right. Today was a massive victory. We can't underestimate how massive it was to beat an informed England team in the way that they did. As I said, the bowling performance was high-quality. The fielding was exceptional, and you have to give them credit. I also want to point out quickly in terms of the change in format for this tournament because we're accustomed to four groups, top two advancing to the quarterfinals, and then you get knockout, quarterfinal, semi-final matches into the final. This time, top three teams advance. You have a super six-phase, two groups of six. You carry forward the points for the teams who advance from the first round of the competition. So you have two groups of six, and the top two from each of those groups advance to the semi-finals of the competition. So the West Indies are through to the super six-phase, and they will carry forward two points to that stage as well, like England will, and quite likely, like South Africa will. And we are, of course, presuming that they will beat Scotland in the final group game. Yeah, and I just want to say before we close the segment that I quite like the fact that some of the top performers in this Western is on the 19 team, as we have been seeing in recent cycles, are from the Eastern Caribbean. Young Nathan Edwards from St. Martin. This is his second consecutive on the 19 World Cup. The first player from St. Martin to go to two World Cups in the on the 19s, of course. Casey Carty, who helped the West Indies win in 2016, was the first. And really, Joel Andrew from Antigone, Barbuda, has been the star performer so far. So I quite like the fact that a lot of the top performers in this setup are from the Eastern Caribbean and not from the traditional TNT, Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana, and so on. So I like the fact that there is this spread that we are seeing now among our young talented teenagers in the Caribbean with players coming from the Windwards and Leeward Islands. We go to break. We'll be back with more on the sports mat zone after this.


Hello, Myself P. V. Ekhande, working as an assistant professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering at Vulture Institute of Technology, Solapur. Today we are going to study regarding the single acting reciprocating pump and in that we will be observing the working and construction of single acting reciprocating pump along with the basic classification of reciprocating pump. At the end of this session, students will be able to understand construction and working of single acting reciprocating pump. Basically, the pumps can be classified as dynamic pressure pumps and positive displacement pump. Dynamic pressure pump and positive displacement pump, in that there is a huge difference. In dynamic pressure pump, actually we will not get the high pressure but the discharge will be more whereas in case of the positive displacement pump, we will get the high pressure development whereas the discharge may be lower as compared to the dynamic pressure pumps. Under the dynamic pressure pumps, we have the centrifugal pumps, popular operator pumps and turbines whereas under the positive displacement pump, we have the reciprocating pumps and rotary pumps. Under the reciprocating pumps, we have the piston type of the pumps and the diaphragm type of the pumps whereas under the rotary pumps, we have the gear type of the pump, low pump, screw type of the pumps, vent type of the pump, then we have the rotary plunger type of the pumps. So these are the 5 pumps which comes under the rotary type whereas under the reciprocating we have the piston or the diaphragm type and under the dynamic pressure pump, we have the centrifugal, popular or turbine operator pumps. Think of the difference between positive and non-positive displacement pump related to pressure developed. So in positive displacement pump, very high pressure can be developed whereas it cannot be in case of non-positive displacement pump. Now we will see regarding the single acting reciprocating pump. These pumps are used for lifting of the water from low level to high level or delivering the water from one point to another point. When we consider the construction of this reciprocating pump, it has got similar construction as compared to IC engine. In the IC engine we have the cylinder, piston, then the walls are there, cooling arrangement is there. So similar to that, there is a cylinder and piston arrangement along with the walls which are provided for the entry and exit of the working fluid and in this case, when we consider the pump which is operating the working fluid as a water, it itself act as a cooling agent. That's why it don't require the special cooling arrangement as like IC engines. In IC engines, air cooled engines are provided with the fins on the periphery of the cylinder whereas in the water cooled engine, there is a cooling water jacket which is provided on the cylinder. That is not required in case of the reciprocating pump which is either single acting reciprocating pump or double acting reciprocating pump. Now we will consider the construction of the single acting reciprocating pump which has got the cylinder, then piston, piston rod is there which is connected to the connecting rod and the crank and there is a shaft on which crank is mounted and this mechanism is given power with the electric motor. So electric motor rotates the shaft of the crank, crank rotates through one, rotates and to which the connecting rod is connected which converts the rotary motion into reciprocating motion and there are two extreme positions for the piston that is inner dead center position or outer dead center position. Accordingly there is a positions on this center line which is indicated as a inner dead center which is at this location when the crank reaches this point and outer dead center position is at this location when the crank reaches at this position and it has got the inline position with the connecting rod when these two positions are there and piston will have the extreme right hand position when it reaches the outer dead center position and when it reaches the inner dead center position it has got the inner dead center position, extreme inside position when it has got the inner dead center position over here. Now at the end of the cylinder the pipes are connected which is called as a suction pipe and delivery pipe. So one end is provided with the delivery pipe which delivers the water or the liquid to the over a tank which is kept on the terrace whereas the other pipe which is connected to the cylinder that is provided for lifting of the water from the storage area which is called as a sump well or which is called as a storage tank. From this tank the water is taken inside the cylinder through this pipe line which is called as a suction pipe and at the end of this pipe there is a suction wall provided which is called as a non-return type of the wall or one way directional wall which is required at suction port as well as exit port or we call that as a delivery port. So one wall is provided as a delivery wall and other is as a suction wall both are unidirectional wall which allows the liquid entry in only one direction. So that is regarding the construction of this single acting reciprocating pump. Now when we consider the working of this in this what happens suppose initially the piston is at the left hand extreme position which is called as a inner position during the reciprocating motion from inner most position to the outer most position. Now what will happen inside this compartment when the piston moves in the right hand direction there is a vacuum creation inside this zone that is because of the because of the movement of the piston on this piston the o-ring is mounted which is of rubber type which provides the silt type portion and due to this the vacuum is created inside this region. Now due to this vacuum creation there is a pressure difference between the water which is stored in the sump on which the atmosphere pressure is acting which is a positive pressure and vacuum pressure is a negative pressure. Now this pressure difference causes water entry from suction pipe inside this cylinder portion till the piston reaches the outer date position or outer most position or here that is extreme right hand position. Now when the half revolution is completed that is from IDC to inner or dead center position during that there is a entry of the water suction stroke is completed. Now when the crank rotates for the further when 80 degrees angle there is a movement of the piston from outer most position to the inner most position. Now during this what happens the water which is inside this compartment is subjected to pressure or the pressure force which is because of the piston surface and its movement in the inner inward direction. Now this force which is acting on the water is higher as compared to the atmospheric pressure or what will happen this unidirectional suction wall will get closed because of the pressure which is acting on this side and the water which is now to be delivered to the tank for that purpose this delivery wall will get opened and now the water inside this compartment rush through this pipeline through this delivery wall delivery pipe towards the tank portion. Now this continues till the piston moves from outer dead position to the inner dead position or outer most position to inner most position during this the water will get delivered to the tank portion. Now again when the piston reaches this inner most position and start moving in the outer most direction right hand direction again the vacuum will get created over here and entry of the water through this pipeline will be inside the cylinder and then during this what will happen the water column which is inside this pipe will close the delivery wall because this is unidirectional wall so water will not rush inside the cylinder portion in the reverse direction rather it is restricted over it over the delivery wall that will be retained inside the pipe only because of that now the water inside this column will be at the atmospheric pressure and vacuum pressure which is inside this because of that the water will rush from this side to the compartment and the piston movement will be continued. When the piston reaches the outer most position again the same thing will happen when it start moving in the inner direction it will closes the suction wall opens the delivery wall because on this side there is only atmospheric pressure whereas water is subjected to high pressure that is why now water rush into the delivery pipe and that gets delivered in the delivery tank which is stored in the tank restored in the terrace stored on the terrace and water will get discharged in this compartment in this tank. So like this the strokes are completed and the water will get delivered from some to the delivery tank so this is regarding the working of this thank you.


The punitive approach to drug policy known as the war on drugs has been widely criticized by medical professionals, scientists, activists and politicians as ineffective, racist, unscientific and inhumane. However, this ideology continues to be embraced by many conservative politicians worldwide due to its feasibility and political convenience. The Global Commission on Drug Policy has repeatedly emphasized that the illegal nature of the drug trade has created a lucrative black market leading to corruption at the highest levels of government and that the collusion between high-ranking officials and drug traffickers poses a significant threat to global security, governance and development. Russia is a visionary example of how global drug prohibition can empower criminal politicians to gain and consolidate power, as well as justify massive investments in law enforcement, security and militants' fears. Alexander Litvinenko, a former Russian Federal Security Service officer, gained international attention after his assassination in 2006. The inquiry into his assassination, also known as Litvinenko report, alleges that before coming to the presidency, Putin was complicit with his closest ally, Viktor Ivanov, who later becomes the head of the Russian Drug Control Service and other individuals involved in trafficking and money laundering for a Colombian drug cartel. The war on drugs has fueled Putin's powers. The weight, the authority and the wealth were achieved through careful integration of the legal and illegal economies, including the drug markets. Later, the war on drugs led by the Putin administration has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands. Others have suffered mental and physical health deterioration, both their partners and limbs became disabled, being deprived of freedom in prisons and rehabilitation camps and subjected to torture and systemic inhumane treatment, violence and deprivation of civil and political rights. The tough on drugs and zero tolerance to people who use them approach became the party line and formed the basis of the national drug strategies. The government has explicitly refused to prevent AIDS, tuberculosis and overdoses and has cut access to essential medicines for people suffering from drug dependency, using anti-western ideology as justification. Despite the brutality of this war, its victims remain unrecognized and invisible as their deaths and suffering go unnoticed. We started the work of the Andrea Lecoe Foundation in 2009. The same year, the Russian Minister of Health announced that the government would no longer support any harm-addiction programs as the influence of the West. We started by publishing a story of our friend Kostya Proletarsky, a harm-addiction advocate from St. Petersburg who died of AIDS related to tuberculosis meningitis shortly after his release from a Russian penal colony. During his final interview, Kostya recounted his experiences at prison facility number four in Karelia, Russia, highlighting inhumane treatment and torture, including in a guest chamber. He also shed light on the inadequate provision of HIV and TB treatments within the Russian penal system. Kostya's story serves as a poignant example of the challenges faced by numerous individuals with drug dependencies in Russia. Instead of receiving adequate treatment and support, many have encountered repression, imprisonment and degrading treatment, resulting in deaths. Since 2009, we have provided unauthorized harm-addiction services on the streets of Moscow and documented rights violations of people who use drugs. Besides giving needles, naloxone and health assistance, we meticulously documented cases, provided legal aid and supported strategic litigation. Since 2011, we have rigorously submitted reports to all the relevant UN treaty bodies calling them to respond to their horrific crimes and systematic abuses against the victims of the war on drugs in Russia. In 2020, during COVID pandemic, our organization was attacked by Yevgeny Prykoshny's media and some doom and deputies for distributing information of the hardships of people who use drugs during the lockdown in Moscow. And we had to take down our archive from the internet. We are currently working on its recovery. Not only has the Russian drug policy increasingly focused on criminalization, penalization and mass imprisonment, the government has silence information about drugs and effective drug treatments, making it a crime to provide it. Our organization, as many other NGOs combatting AIDS, was registered as foreign agent and fined many times under various pretense, such as providing information on how to reduce drug related harms. Drugs have been used as a tool of political repression, enabling the incarceration of journalists and activists and suppression of civil society. The Russian anti-drug crusade has become one of the peers of the Russian anti-Western ideology, one of the reasons to attack Ukraine and a trump card on the international diplomacy table. Equipped with the International Drug Control Convention, the Russian sabotaged every step towards the mock humane and reasonable global drug policy, peace with drugs and the world without AIDS. Even before Russia occupied Ukraine in 2014, Russian propaganda perpetuated the narrative of being the world's saviors from the drug plague, suggesting that the revolution in Ukraine was fueled by the West, which allegedly promoted drug addiction and distributed drugs. This notion of liberating Ukraine from the drug scourge became a recurring theme for the Russian officials. On February 25, 2022, just one day after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, Putin declared that he was saving the country from the game of drug addicts. The Russian government consistently implied that the war in Ukraine was a war on drugs. As a direct consequence, immediately after the occupation of Crimea, access to essential healthcare services for people who use drugs was severed in accordance with the Kremlin policy. Today, access to vital treatments is restricted in all the newly occupied territories and we have minimal information about the victims. Putin should be held accountable for his crimes committed in the name of the war on drugs in Russia and in Ukraine. Justice should be sought and full political, civil and social rehabilitation should be provided to all the victims. The global prohibitionist regime creates an environment conductive to the rise of authoritarian leaders who abuse power and commit crimes against their own citizens, other nations and humanity. The global war on drugs is a political failure and it must end. The memory of Putin's regime's crimes against the Russian population affected by drug problems should not be dismissed even amid the regime's more recent war crimes. The war on drugs ideology provides a template for tyrants to wage an invisible, deadly one-side war against the most vulnerable populations. Repressions and killings in the name of the war on drugs must be exposed, accounted for and stopped in Russia and globally. The war on drugs ideology should be dismantled. The project of the Andrelikova Foundation aims to consolidate evidence of these massive crimes, raise awareness and contribute to the restoration of historical justice.


Hello and welcome to NewsClick. 33 years ago, Bhopal was struck by a terrible tragedy, a massive gas leak. This toxic gas spread across more than half the city, leaving five and a half lakh people injured and killing 20,000 people over the next several years. Today we have with us N. D. J. Prakash from the Bhopal Gas Pedits Angash Syokh Samiti. He is here to discuss what the current state of the victims is and how this still being neglected by the state. Welcome, sir. So it's been 33 years and we see that the victims have still not been given adequate compensation. They still are not able to afford their healthcare or lead dignified lives. So what is the state of this compensation? What are the current status of this? Roughly in injury cases, those victims got 50,000 and in death cases, they were given average one lakh each. But subsequently in 2010, the Government of India on its own decided to raise compensation in death cases to 10 lakhs. That won't do. Also in 2010, the Government of India filed a curative petition against the settlement and which they claimed another additional 7,000 crores. But that curative petition which was filed in 2010 is still pending for the Supreme Court. But before the Government of India filed the case before the Supreme Court, the Bhopal Gas Pedits Angash Syokh Samiti and Bhopal Gas Pedits Mahilal Dukh Sangatan, we had filed, we had challenged the settlement earlier and it was on the basis that the whole thing was reopened. We questioned the number of victims because the settlement was based on the assumption that only one lakh, 5,000 victims including 3,000 dead, were dead and injured. But in 2004, the Claims Courts determined that there were more than 5,70,000. So we said that, accordingly, because the Government itself has admitted that the magnitude was 5 times higher than the base of the settlement, the compensation also should be proportionally increased. So that was filed. Initially the Supreme Court dismissed it, then we went to the, then we were given the opportunity of going back to the Welfare Commission's office. Welfare Commission also dismissed it, then when the High Court dismissed it, we came back to the Supreme Court and finally the petition was again admitted. But that is also pending before the Supreme Court, still pending. So that's the state of mind. And we also see that the Government, the health facilities which have been provided to these victims are not adequate, they're not maintaining proper records, which has also been seen as a way, as a hindrance in the way to get the compensation. Yeah, because, you see, when the victims were gone before the Claim Courts, they had no proof of degree of injury, because the records were maintained by, supposed to be maintained by the Government, but that they didn't, they could not prove for the court the degree of injury. That is why most of the victims were classified as temporarily injured, with those absolute nobis. Then we have been repeatedly demanding that the medical records be computerized. And the other problem was, you see, there were about seven, eight major hospitals, I mean, there were about 1,000 beds, exclusively for gas victims, plus a number of clinics. So the victims used to go to one hospital a day, or one day, take medicine from there. Then next day, they would go to another hospital, take more medicines. There was no record of what they were consuming. It was all symptomatic treatment. There was no proper diagnosis and investigation. So we said the records must be properly computerized. And only referral cases from clinics should go to the tertiary care, for proper investigation and diagnosis and treatment. Subsequently, Supreme Court in 2004, 2001, had directed the State Government to computerize the medical records. But the fact is, till today, till today, last 15 years, but 16 years, it has not been completed. They were trying to hide the facts, because maintaining records would prove the degree of injuries of the gas victims. So they won't hide this fact. So they're messing up with the process of computerization and proper record keeping. Yeah. So they won't have to pay as much compensation. But because finally in 2012, again, the Supreme Court gave a very strong direction to the State Government and the Government of India to ensure that the records are properly computerized. But the matter is still pending and the Supreme Court sent the case back to the High Court. And the matter is still pending there. The State Government and the biggest hospital which is treating Bhopal gas victims is the Bhopal Memorial Hospital. They claim that they have records of 3,70,000 odd victims. And out of that, the latest information we have got is that 1,70,000 victims have been regularly visiting this hospital for the last 17 years, because the Bhopal Memorial Hospital was set up in 2000. So because even in the curative petition, the Government of India has only claimed that only 4,000 odd victims are seriously injured. Okay. Otherwise, others are all cascades, temporary. Temporarily injured for 33 years. And I haven't had the ridiculousness of the entire. And coming to the otherwise, the criminal proceedings of this, we see the blame game is still on. Still no one has really been accused and like properly incriminated in this case. There is a case of Keshav Mahindra who was the chairman of Union Cowboy India at that time. And so earlier he had claimed sabotage for the reason of this gas leak. And now we see that this is again coming up. So what is this whole sabotage claim? And why is it coming up again? The Indian accused had never raised the issue of sabotage earlier. It's only last month when the matter came up for the sessions court that they issued. Earlier Union Cowboy Corporation had indirectly raised the issue of sabotage. But Union Cowboy India Limited had never raised this issue and none of the Indian accused when the matter was before the CJM, Chief Digital Magistrate and they had never raised this issue at all. So now this has been raised in order to divert the whole issue because our contention has been the disaster took place because of improper safety systems. Because there was another plant in the United States because the Bhopal, the sister plant of the plant, which was already there, the safety systems in the Union Cowboy plant in the United States is of a higher degree. And the safety systems at the Bhopal plant are substandard. So the clear case of double standards. And the disaster took place because of adoption of double safety standards. That has been our contention. So in order to divert this issue, they were raising the issue of sabotage. They were storing highly toxic chemicals. So they should have been maximum security. You cannot just any employee cannot play around with 40 tons of chemicals stored in place. So even if the question of sabotage comes up, it's a question how did you permit somebody to carry out such a sabotage. So that means your safety systems were not proper. Finally, we should also discuss the contamination of the site. So we see that it's still quite awful. This water in the area is polluted. And this toxic waste, the problem of toxic waste has not still been dealt with. So what is being done really? What are the efforts which are being done to decontaminate this area? Nothing has been done so far. We got to know that a lot of chemicals had been stored and unused chemicals had been stored within the plant. And we also came to know that they were not properly secured. And many of these old chemicals which are lying on the plant premises was leaching into the ground. So on this basis, the Pollution Control Board submitted a report before the court. And that is when we became more aware of the gravity of the issue. Then Greenpeace had carried out certain studies which proved that a lot of toxic waste had gone into the ground and polluted, contaminated the water and soil. And we also came to know about the solar of Operation Pond, which was outside the factory premises, which where they were dumping toxic waste from 1969. From the time the plant was set up. And a lot of that chemical, and in the pond there is just a little policy in the streets and just dumping chemical on that. And over a period of time that plastic sheets just gave away and the chemicals leached into the ground. So subsequently Neere, the National Institute of Environmental Research, they've carried out studies which has pointed out that 1.1 million tons of contaminated soil is there in and around the plant. And nearly 345 tons of chemical waste is still stored within the plant premises. And the issue of providing safe water to the residents who are nearby, because a lot of people are depending on hand pumps for water. So again after intervention before the court, the court has directed the government to give pipe water to the residents in and around the plant. So that has not been completely carried out by the government, they're saying that they're still in the process of providing safe water to the gas victims. So we see that even after 33 years there's a lot which has to be done and how like because of this pollution problem, this gas leak is continuing to impact people who are living there now. And the medical issues is a very serious thing because proper research has not been carried out. Although nobody knows what are the real implications of the exposure to the toxic materials. Because the ICMR had stopped all research in 1994. And it's only after our intervention that the restarted the research work in 2010. And even the last 7 years not much work has been done yet. And we've always demanded that the victims be given the best treatment. And in between the large number of doctors, senior consultants from Bhopal Memorial Hospital left the hospital and went because they were all on contract basis. Because we said that it should be at par with the best treatment which is available in India. And we said it should be part of AIMS because subsequently they did set up AIMS unit in Bhopal. But they had not made BMHRC a part of AIMS. So after our intervention, finally the government has agreed that Bhopal Memorial Hospital would be made part of AIMS. But the health ministry has agreed to it. But the cabinet is not yet sanctioned that. And the High Court has given the health ministry time till 8 January to fulfill this condition. Because there is no central health service scheme in the BMHRC at present. Because of which the doctors aren't willing to remain there. So that's all the time we have. Thank you sir for joining us and talking to us about all of these issues. Thank you for watching NewsClick.


Hi people, welcome to my channel, I'm back again with another interesting video and in this particular video I'm going to talk about do's and don'ts that you must keep in mind if you are writing a research paper or if you are a part of PhD. Now the rules that I'm going to talk in this video applies also to the people who are either in their MFIL or who are writing MA dissertation. Now I would also like to mention here is that I have made a lot of other videos on the same topic in the past few weeks, I have talked about how to choose a topic for your research paper or PhD, I have made a video about PhD entrance, I have also talked about how to write a PhD thesis and also how to plan a research proposal. All these videos are collectively combined in a playlist so that it becomes easy for you to locate it on my channel and the link of that playlist is somewhere given in the i button above so if you have a lot of doubts, a lot of questions bubbling in your head about PhD, about research, about choosing a research topic then that's the playlist which will help you and I'm pretty sure that after going through those videos you will find that I have answered almost all your questions and doubts. If you have any further questions, any further doubts feel free to put that in the comment section below and I'll be more than happy to make further videos on those topic. Now in this video I'm going to address some important rules that you must keep in mind if you are writing a PhD thesis. Now I have seen that a lot of students are unaware of these rules because of which their PhD is rejected at the end. The first important rule that you must keep in mind is that there's a difference between academic writing and creative writing. PhD or research is not a creative writing field. It is academic writing, absolute academic writing. Now what is the difference between creative writing and academic writing? Creative writing is imaginative in nature. You can talk about anything and you can make your imagination fly and you can create characters. You can use symbols and imagery and metaphors in order to talk about the topic in a very, very different manner. On the other hand, academic writing is very technical in nature. It is not subjective. Subjective means according to your own interpretation, no. It is a very objective writing, impersonal writing and it has a fixed format unlike creative writing which has a flexible format. You can write in the way you want to write. But a PhD thesis or research paper has a particular format which you must follow. I have already talked about a particular format of research proposal and PhD thesis in my previous videos. You can refer to those videos if you wish to know more about them. So the first important thing that you should avoid is to indulge in a PhD or research paper and write it in a creative manner. It has to have a perfect format. Whenever you are using idea from any particular writer, any past research, you need to quote it and you need to give the source. You cannot say that, okay, this is how I am going to write and I am going to take credits to myself. No, if you have used any idea of any particular writer or theorist, you need to mention the source only then you can keep yourself away from plagiarism. The next important thing that you must remember is organizing your material. Now PhD takes around three years to complete. Now if you have enrolled yourself in PhD, you would be reading a lot of material in this period of three years and you would be using all these materials in your PhD thesis. You have seen a lot of students who work on feminism and then they see some newspaper advertisement or television advertisement which they would like to quote in their particular research but then while they are writing the research, they forget to mention the source and then they find out that their research has been rejected because of plagiarism. Now it is important for you to always keep in mind that whatever you are going to read in the period of three years, all these materials should be collected at a place so that when you are writing your first draft of your thesis, you can mention the source when you are mentioning about the particular writer or particular work. Suppose if you are doing a research on feminism and one day you were just reading the newspaper Times of India and while you were reading, you came across a very good article in the editorial section written by Namita Gokhale. You read it and you found out, okay fine, I can use these ideas in my PhD thesis as well and you did not make a note of that particular article. The day when you are writing the first draft and you are using the ideas of Namita Gokhale, you felt like quoting it that I have taken it from this particular source but then the newspaper is lost. Now you don't know which date was it so that you can get an e-copy and then you can quote the source and then you find that you have to either delete the paragraph which was very good in case of your research or you will further need to twist the language so that you don't find yourself accused of plagiarism. If on the other hand, a student has the habit of collecting information, keeping it in folders so that he can later use it to quote wherever required in the thesis, the student is going to find much easier to do PhD. I am currently enrolled in a PhD program and I have a habit of clicking photos of all the material that I read. Suppose I am reading an article on newspaper and I find it really good and relevant in case of my PhD so I would just click a picture and save it in Evernote. Evernote is an app which will let you to create folders so that you can put all these articles, put all these photos in different, different folders and categorize them according to your own need. And when I would be writing my first draft, I would have a lot of source material which I have read in a period of one, one and a half years and I can use all that material in order to write the first draft and it will become so easy for me to write the first draft because you will be reading a lot of stuff in one or two years of your PhD and when in the third year you would be drafting all these things, you will find that you have forgotten almost all the information. So if you want to keep yourself away from this particular problem, have a habit of organizing your stuff at one place. It can either be a folder, a hard folder where you can just keep photocopies of the material or it can be a software or a soft copy of an app where you can keep all the images of all the sources you're reading. Suppose if you're doing a research on feminism and you saw a very good ad on television and you felt that you can code that ad so why don't click a video of that app and keep it in your Evernote app. So once you keep it while you'll be writing the first draft, you can use that advertisement in order to highlight another important facet of feminism in India and that is going to make your research even more beautiful, even more authentic. The next important mistake that I have seen students committing in their PhD is excessive quotations. I have seen a lot of PhD thesis where the entire thesis chapters are filled with quotations one after the other. The student has just quoted from different sources. If you look at such a PhD, you will find out that it is not an original work. You have just quoted from different sources and it's an amalgamation of different PhD researchers. You have nothing original in there. So it is important that you keep quotes to bare minimum. Quotes are only for authentication. If you're using an idea from a source, you need to quote it but then it should always be followed by your own interpretation. It's a rule in PhD that from one particular source, you cannot quote more than 800 words. If you're reading an entire book on feminism, which is somewhere around 300 pages long, from that entire book, you're not allowed to quote more than 800 words in your PhD thesis. So make sure that your thesis is an original work. It has quotes for authentication but then every quote is followed by your own interpretation and quotes should not be so long that the researcher and as well as the other members who are associated in the jury later on finds out that there is nothing original in this work and they would reject it because it doesn't fulfill the purpose of research. A lot of time I've seen students unaware of the fact that how they need to do PhD or how they need to write a research paper. Now, if I simplify the process, it can be divided in two parts. The first part is reading a lot of study material on the topic you're doing your research. So you need to read a lot of primary sources as well as secondary sources material. Suppose you're doing research on Mahesh Datani and Girish Karnar. So definitely you need to first read the place that you have selected for the research. After that, you need to also read a lot of critical works on these two writers or on the theories which you are using in order to interpret these two writers. So the first part in any research would include reading a lot of material and while you're reading you need to organize all the material so that in the second part you can use the material which you have read. So the first part would include reading and understanding and interpreting things. The second part would include writing down your findings, your conclusion. So after you've read the place of Mahesh Datani, Girish Karnar, you've read a lot of critical works on them, newspaper articles, maybe you've referred to a few TV shows or you've referred to a few research papers which were earlier written on these two writers, you then sit down to write your research paper based on your finding and when you write your research paper, the first draft should include everything that comes in your mind. Whatever you've studied, you can keep on writing everything that you have in your mind. That becomes the first draft. Now after you've written the first draft, you need to revise that first draft. Once you read the first draft again, you will find that you've included a lot of repetition, you have included a lot of duplication. So just remove the repetition and duplication, trim the sentences, make it simpler. One very important thing to note here is that academic writing or research writing needs to be as simple as it can be, as precise as it can be. Rather than using a word visualize, it's always better to use the word view and rather than using the word view, it's always better to use the word see in your research. All the three words more or less mean same but rather than using complicated words like visualize, always use similar simple words, monosyllabic words like see and that is what will make your research specific and authentic. So make sure that you know the research process. First is reading, organizing the source material and then is writing down your interpretation, revising it again and again till the time it becomes simpler, authentic and precise. And finally the last important thing to note is to follow a format. There are two major formats which are followed in research in India. One is MLA, Modern Language Association and the other one is APA, American Psychological Association. Now these two formats can be used in order to quote in your entire research. There's a particular format of quoting things. If you're quoting a newspaper article it needs to be quoted in a particular manner. If you're quoting a book then it needs to be in a particular format. If you're quoting a TV show then it needs to be a particular format. A YouTube video needs to be presented in a format. So throughout the research make sure that you use any one of these formats.  Okay that's up to you but make sure that you don't mix these two things. At places you are following APA, at places you are following MLA that is not going to make your research authentic. Either stick to MLA or to APA. So in this video I highlighted five important rules that you must have in mind if you are doing research in field of English literature. The rules that I have given here is valid for MA dissertation, PhD, MFIL or in case of any research paper that you're writing. I hope that this video was able to clear some of your doubts related to how to go about with the research. I have already given you the link of a playlist where a lot of other videos on PhD is given. You can also visit my website arpithakarva.com and check out for the list of writers which are very important from net point of view. If you are struggling with UGC net English literature preparation then you can also join the online course that is that we are running on our website. Apart from that you can also follow us on different social media platforms so that you can participate in the free go net quiz and also get updated about the recent notifications of UGC and NTA. If you have not yet subscribed to YouTube channel I think it's time to do so because I would be uploading a lot of other important videos related to UGC net are related to paper one, paper two, research. So if you are really enthusiastic about studying and teaching people then this is the channel for you. You can also put your doubt or your questions in the comment section below and I would never mind if you would like and share the video with your friends. So that's it for this video lecture. We'll meet soon in the next video lecture till the time we meet next. Happy learning. Keep loving literature. Stay tuned to arpatakarwa.com


The most devout amongst us Consider the manifest destiny of humanity to be just that an inviolate end to state Assured by the onward march of chronology That the universe itself will ultimately bend towards the one true state human dominion Their loyalty to the throne in this case is commendable, but their naivety is inexcusable We are assured no such future no matter our righteousness such conclusion if one such is even possible from this Dark point in history would only ever be forged through the catatlysms of battle The endurance of suffering and the cost of uncountable millions of human lives Even the delivery of the emperor's most holy imperium these self-same types would claim Was inevitable once he revealed himself to his flock To so claim invalidates the efforts struggles works and indeed deaths of the uncountable Billions who have laboured to deliver the imperium as we know it To strove with their every fiber to build it in the first place The god emperor provides yes, but it is humanity who builds and humanity who bleeds The deliverance of the unification wars was wrought by the emperor's hand Yes, but those who raised his banners upon holy terror were his tools to do so We consider it to have been an inevitability at our peril and this should go doubly so for what followed No, then this is a record of what came after unity but before the crusade The liberation of the birthplace of humanity itself the solar Reclamation if faculty have parsed my earlier records, which by now I would expect any diligent students to have undertaken Then one's audience must no doubt be aware of what a phenomenal task the unification wars had Presented to the early imperium M-27 had seen the final vestiges of a united Terran government finally collapse Having somehow weathered the test of the perilous first millennia of the damnable age of strife Such power that the planetary infrastructure wielded was shorn away Replaced by petty warlords and Tupany tyrants roving techno barbarian tribes and slaver clans Onto this unholy crucible was delivered to the emperor yet even with his unparalleled genius It would be the work of centuries before the homeworld would ultimately be brought to heel Some upon seeing the rough timeline we may establish given our degraded sources may be surprised by this Surely the emperor beloved by all Scientist and Arcanist beyond compare could not have struggled so Surely the delivery of the cradle of humanity was an assured thing buoyed by the might of his gene craft and super science To put it simply Imperium had to grow The early days were humble and the means by which the emperor first made his wars of unity were humbler still We consider the bolt gun the symbol of his warriors It was a lateral invention the product of conquest of the techno clans whose infrastructure was required for both their production and maintenance Powered armor even the mark one plate was advanced by Terran standards And was again a lateral invention made possible by the acquisition of lost technologies and more resources During the infamous maul and a sen campaign to depose the warped Priest king of the Nordic the army of the emperor even then wielding its first formations of the legio catae just commonly known as thunder warriors Prosecuted its operations in a panoply. We would consider primitive in the extreme Armor was made of boiled leather or steel plate if one was important enough Blades were non-energized Firearms were mainly auto rifles firing solid slug ammunition with certain elite battalions gifted archaic las rifles Unification wars must be seen in such context terror was a wasteland of radiological plagues and mendicant nano phages Populated by a race accustomed to little but violence and bloodshed ruled by Sorcerer dictators who freely abused the worst of warp craft and gene craft in pursuing genocidal pogroms It was a fire in which the Imperium was forged and one that had burned sundry other Pretender regimes to not but ash in the winds of history In context the speed at which the emperor was able to turn his initial holdings to early victories to grand campaigns Almost beggar's belief even the sheer range of opposition he faced and the technological and logistical barriers He would have to overcome to deliver his vision If one's message here has landed and I hope it has It should come to no one's surprise that the solar system represented an even greater challenge to the emperor's fledgling Terran realm The age of strife had severed not just terror But all of its sister planets too from the wealth of the once expansive human stellar empire and that cut-off had come with the Total collapse of many of the longest-standing polities within the reach of salt's light Archaeologies and orbitals built upon the backs of food and resource shipments from out system suddenly had to fend for themselves in the dark Much in the same way as terror had done the degree to which they fell to barbarity or ruin It was a combination of the robustness of local authority quality of infrastructure and supply chains and sheer luck even regimes that managed to stave off the predations of mutant Uprising's civil wars and resource riots found themselves the quarry of vicious and hateful Xenos Marauders Greedily extended their alien tendrils into the void of Saul's inner and outer gulfs as they watched the might of mankind wither and die on the vine Dozens of human settlements throughout the planetary volumes fell to the Xenos destined now to be either subjects chattel or Sustenance to their uncaring overlords For those that survived clinging to independence the threat of the alien became a way of life to be resisted with each new Generation with no hope of relief ever entering into their minds On Mars terrace twin the first planet to have been blessed with humanity's tread The only real emergent regime of the age of strife was in the process of consolidating its hold over the red deserts Known as the Mechanicum the Theofutal polity centered upon the veneration and preservation of human science and technology It had done what no other had yet to accomplish within the system Unified a whole world under one banner Having spent the long centuries of the age of strife systematically purging Mars of tainted Makina and corrupted thinking machines The Mechanicum had also been the first to send ships into the depths of deep space Storm tossed Basilica on astra flotillas Grasping in the turbulent reaches of the galaxy for the red planet's long-lost forge domains Mortland astinley Martian explorator teams would conduct tech raids upon Terra itself Both to recover technologies they deemed the Terran populace too violent and deranged to retain ownership of and To purge those who they believed would corrupt what they saw as the machine gods sacred precepts But it would not be to Mars to which the Emperor's eyes would first turn Even as the fires of the unification wars still burned across Terra the first steps to the eventual solar reclamation Began in Terra's own orbit For decades the master of mankind desired the prize that was Luna Terra's only natural satellite far from being just a former grand fleet port or commercial staging ground The lunar gene cults now ruled and had been renowned for millennia as the finest flesh crafters Humanity had ever produced Far cry from the base chromosomal meddlers of Terra's more abhorrent regimes The cults had long perfected and long guarded their secrets of genetic modification Hiding away in their lunar fortress and protected by an array of ancient and potent biomechanical technology To the clone matriarchy of the selenar The power that was rising on Terra was the abomination They had long sought to stave off by maintaining an iron-clad grip on the secrets of gene craft The emperors to their eyes fumbling experiments in the field yielding the cateches first and more recently The legion as a startys were terrifying and to be denied by all possible means The resurrectionists of the selenar cloned each successive generation of theirs from archetypal stock and Some whispered that even the memories knowledge and very minds of the previous embodiments were preserved Creating not merely a genetic but living lineage To such creatures the long view of history was all that mattered As it looted in occultist shadows as the practices of the selenar were The lunar societies retained knowledge literally unparalleled with the emperors own abilities only champing at their heels The facilities of the lord of lightning had developed quite well upon Terra given the resources he had at hand They were impressive in any sense of the word and had delivered the first waves of legion as a starty strups to standing army size But they would ultimately be insufficient in meeting the demands of the coming era Unification would arrive that was inevitable and once it did the stars themselves were next Hundreds of thousands of a startys would be needed not merely the tens and hundreds delivered so far and all in a very short time frame For that the emperor needed Luna and its genocrats intact to deliver the knowledge he required to stabilize mass production and the facilities in which to do it Imperial emissaries to the lunar cults were frequently dispatched and While all were received with courtesy their entreaties were ultimately met with either silence or Stern refusal the selenar citing their ancient isolationist principles holding their terror in abeyance Finally the imperium resorted to ultimatums to which the selenar responded by turning the final Terran deputation Into a fused mass of still living endlessly screaming flesh Before sending it back to the planet with no further word The escalation in hostilities Resulted in the selenar facing the operational end of that which they feared so utterly Luna united for the first time in millennia under the threat of oncoming Terran invasion Girded itself for war activating long dormant defense protocols and prioritizing its flesh vats for production of hot-housed war constructs and bio beasts The emperor needed Luna intact So this was to be no purgation operation like many of his unification campaigns had been This was not an enemy. He needed destroyed from existence, but an incalculably valuable asset for his upcoming war effort Consequently the entirety of the 7th 13th and 16th legions of his Astartes were selected for the task to be deployed in totality All would attack in one wave, although the latter would not quite be part of it Burning their crude rocket craft hard past their comrades the Astartes of the 16th Abruptly caught all engines and power to their ships allowing them to be carried forth through the void under inertia alone With all generators lying dormant the Astartes aboard had no access to life support Relying on their own enhanced biology and the systems of their crude powered armor to keep them alive during their frigid journey Behind them surged the ships of their brother legions void shields bright and weapons hot for all the world the complete invasion fleet the Salinar had feared as Allegians made moonfall the skies of the satellite lit up with tracer fire and void-flung munitions and battle was joined All the while however unbeknownst to the lunar cults the 16th had crept closer Eventually docking in the dead silence of space and infiltrating key positions across the lunar surface The first diplomatic entourage's the Imperium had sent had been ordered to obtain as much intelligence as possible under the auspices of friendship and Info-site operatives from the assassin worm clade Vanus had made good on their promise to gain access to critical Salinar systems The 16th was readily able to identify not only primary defense batteries But also the location of select clone matriarchs Nearly 100 of the latter died in the first hour of the engagement alone The oncoming craft of the 7th and 13th legions fell to the weight of defensive fire peel away As the 16th spear-tip wrought its bloody but superlatively efficient work The Starty's reinforcements flooding the Habdomes and tunnels of Luna even the Salinar's ancient technologies could not stave off the inevitable Imperial victory six hours after the first shots had been fired the gene cults sued for peace Begging the emperor to call off his wolves Luna had been delivered and the wolves of the 16th had earned their first cognomen in the process With the fall of Luna the remainder of Terran near orbital space was easily delivered It's subsequent a starty's engagements capturing the ancient orbital plates Lemuria and its massive kin into imperial hands The last fires of unity were guttering out on the homeworld and the emperor's eyes were truly set to the next stage in humanity's manifest destiny The Martian Accords drafted in conclave between the emperor and the Synod of the Mechanicum gave birth to the Treaty of Olympus The full details of such negotiations and their social and political ramifications are elaborated upon elsewhere in my records But suffice it to say that the Union of the Twin Planets was an act that quite literally changed the entire balance of power within Saul the brewing war between Terra and the Red Planet had been prevented and Thus billions of human lives saved to say nothing of the material cost of such a conflict In much the same way the conquest of Luna had solved the emperor's genome modified manpower barrier Mars granted unto the Imperium an industrial manufacturing base of unprecedented scale The technologies of Terra wedded with those of the Mechanicum to outfit the legionnaires a starty's and the exerters imperialis With the latest and best in human armaments The forges of Olympus Mons, Mondus Oculum, Mondus Gamma, the magma city and scores of others Ramped up to full production churning out weapons armor and vehicles by the hundreds of thousands While in the orbital birth of Mars's ring of iron the ancient starships of the Navus imperialis and the Basilicon Astra Were refitted alongside freshly laid keels of brand new vessels It is hard to understate what a watershed moment the Treaty of Olympus represented to the unification of Saul and the history of the Imperium and Indeed the history of mankind While elements of potential conflict had been more set aside than resolved The Mechanicum's right to practice its own religion being in direct contradiction to the Imperial truth for example Doing so had jumped the Imperium forward decades if not centuries in terms of sheer raw progress The potential range of devastation of a war between the two planets was genuinely incomprehensible It's difficult to say whether the knowledge base of Terra exceeded that of Mars or vice versa And it is also beyond doubt that both sides hid their most treasured secrets from the prying eyes of the other But regardless of any of these concerns The Union prevented the loss of sciences and learning that may never have been recoverable The Great Crusade would likely have looked quite different in the aftermath of such a conflict If it would have even been possible in the form we now know it took Terra was providing the manpower Luna the Astartes and Mars was outfitting both for war The supply chain was now locked in place the logisticians of the administratum Ensuring the ready flow of resources both human and otherwise to whatever corner of the now interplanetary regime required at most Inner system planets asteroids and space stations were next in line for pacification The remnants of the once great human empire littered near Terran space in abundance and all Were rapidly seized by Lugiones Astartes strike teams Eager now to test their metal against whatever Sol's system could throw their way Most were fairly simple affairs with the void tribes and raider clans clinging to piratical life Easily swept away by Terra's newfound might others were far more challenging Record state the Venusian campaign was especially punishing with the iron shod fourth legion Enduring the gaseous climes of that hell world to purge us of its need of war witches Citational data concerning the psychana employed by these presumed mutates is not accessible Under standard protocols or even my privileged ones If indeed it was even preserved outside of the archival stacks of the most arcane branches of imperial science divisions All that we know is that the witches of Venus set their armies of lithogolums Animated rock-like constructs against the corpse grinders of the fourth legion matching even that notably stoic Astartes formation for resiliency In a campaign that garnered the highest death toll of all inner system engagements Mercury was a somewhat easier affair its indifferent and scantily populated mining enclaves Bending the need to the imperium with little issue seeing the potential for demand the solar reclamation effort would create for the minerals of their radiation blasted world In honor of the now complete unity of Terra and the inner system along with it The emperor ordered the construction of a memorial to those who had perished in its effort To be built within the hollowed out depths of a large artificial comet tracing its elliptical orbit around the Sun A forgotten product of some dark age of technology void construction initiative The Shrine Comet would now take its place amongst the great works of unity as a monument to those who had sold their lives in its deliverance With the inner planets pacified the imperium faced its greatest challenge yet the outer system Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto and Sedna Here dwelt not only polity's millennia old but the foulest of the sol systems denizens Isolated enclaves bereft of the touch of civilization as a clone to survival throughout the dark of old night The moons orbitals and wreckage fields of the volume were many And all held dangers Terra had had to purge not years gone and some were still Jupiter the first target was the largest campaign of the outer system in terms of sheer scale Begun indeed before the inner system had been fully pacified or the Treaty of Olympus fully acceded to complex web of moons and planetoids orbiting the gas giant was a solar system in miniature and Throughout them the Jovian void clans had fought millennia of desperate defenses against Xenos slavers With many of the enclaves falling to the foul aliens and only a scant few clinging to what could be considered independence Coming of the Imperium was a relief like they could have never imagined Starties boarding actions secured the have domes of Ganymede alongside Martian liberation tachmata Delivering ancient Mechanicom facilities back to the red planet and in doing so affirming the now concluded Treaty of Olympus From the beachhead the remainder of Jupiter's orbitals and moons were pains taking leaf reed from Xenos hands diminishing factories of Kedal proved a boon to the resurging void clans Allowing them to rearm and rise up against their hated masters while the once luxurious Orbital of Saros station was recaptured almost perfectly intact Imperial forces were given strict instructions by the Mechanicom the ship building facilities of the void clans be preserved as much as possible for both their expertise and Infrastructure would represent an incredible boon for the Emperor's war efforts With its near volume finally free of the taint of the alien Jupiter became a shared realm Codependent with the Mechanicom whose manufactured Hora were rapidly raised on the surfaces of Io, Callisto and Anki and Europa Saturn was an altogether different affair Its moons were the home to the most successful polity of the outer system the Saturnine Ordo Coalating in the depths of the Aegis strife the scattered remains of the outer sol human realms The Ordo had been a mutual defense compact forged out of desperation And a desire for the ringed planet to not suffer the same fate as once mighty Jupiter Well, not a united realm in the same way the Mechanicom was the Ordo was nonetheless a collection of lunar colonies and orbital arcoologies that had pooled their resources and combined their forces to Create the largest army and largest Navy within the solar system the title lost only once Terra had unified and Mars along with it Ironically enough part reason for the formation of such an armada was to actually stave off the influence of the latter Greedy as the Mechanicom were for the technologies possessed by the Saturnine in particular their unique sealed void armor and ship-mounted weaponry The Saturnine Ordos were said to have been initially wary of inner system in treaties But once witnessing the progress of the Jupiter campaign and after many many meetings with the emperor's most talented iterators Finally joined the Imperium without incident With the securing of Jupiter and Saturn the process of reclamation was now almost assured The fleets of the Saturnine Ordo were bolstered by new flotillas being churned out from both the Mechanicom and the Jovian clans Well, the exerted Imperialis's incorporation of the Saturnine Rams Granted to the Imperium a deeply experienced force of void fighters experts in boarding actions and orbital operations Saul was being scoured clean with each passing month But yet more resistance was met in the final push towards the edges of the stars light The azureite stations a linked crescent of habitats in the cold embrace of Uranus Was the sight of a bloody engagement that typified the foulness that lurked in the dark a Commune of artisan void dwellers the azureites were like those of the Saturnine in that they willingly pledged themselves to the Imperial cause Having resisted the predations of uranite scavenger packs for centuries Many were impressed into the crusade efforts to pacify the local volume and for the war effort in Neptunian space Ultimately and unfortunately leaving their home orbitals ill defended a pack of piratical raiders Descended on the stations intent on pillage Their hunger for plunder overcoming the caution that had kept them clear of all Reclamation fleets they wrecked great havoc upon the orbitals until a raid against the distant light of Saul They aspired inbound contacts The Imperium though occupied on other fronts throughout the volume was not about to leave a newly incorporated subject nation into stress And as such had sent the 7th Legion the newly named Imperial fists The battle would ordinarily have ended there fists monitor craft tore the pirate flotilla to shreds with almost Contemptuous ease and their boarding parties annihilated the scabby raiders menacing the poorly equipped azureites Alas would that have been the victory, but it were not so The remaining pirate ships disengaged and fled into the void One Hulk broke through the flak cordon the Imperial fist craft were throwing up around the stations Firing three boarding torpedoes To perished in the firestorm, but one got through reaching the orbital Contained within the mangled wreck of the ramshackle module Was a single elderly man breathed of eyes fingers or ears He spoke one word before his vital signs collapsed Silence The true account of what followed has been heavily redacted But serves in what remains as an ample illustration of the dangers the Imperium was still facing Even as the iterators of Terra Matured the now unified homeworld that the age of sorcery had passed into the fading pages of history This particular instance of polluted psychana is one thought destroyed within the purgation of Terran arcanists In ages past it had been responsible per records for Turning the Hasentian basin to glass as it burned out the minds of lost idioth If any of one's acolytes know which nations this refers to I commend you for having better sources than I as they seem to have perished along with this It is known per those records as the screaming And especially malicious and wickedly corrosive memetic contagion Upon the azureite stations began roughly one hour after the Islas man's passing Militiamen present at the boarding torpedo site began to scream and scream and scream and scream In their delirium they set upon their fellows From their hideous cries did the plague spread further and further Tens of millions of souls dwelt within those orbitals And rapidly becoming cognizant of the sheer threat of a psychic pandemic The imperial fists aboard hastily killed their interpersonal vox channels and all audio intakes After a curt order for all ships in near space to withdraw out of communication range It is predictably Unknown quite what transpired in the hour subsequent to this One more boosted message was sent from the orbitals from a lone imperial fist Plainly explaining the detachment's actions therein and justifying what would happen next An hour after the transmission Sensorium suites aboard of the most distant monitorships detected a reactor breach Followed by the complete destruction of the azureite crescent While not widely broadcast The incident was one of several that no doubt startled some within the imperial chain of command For just how vicious a resistance the outer system was presenting and likely assured those within the higher Knowledges that the corruption Terra had so recently been freed from would be encountered again and again and further abroad across the stars If Cy plagues thought vanished lurked within the bounds of Saul itself what dangers would The galaxy at large present the great crusade The incident within the azureite stations forced the imperial hand regarding pacification of in-system raiders Tolerated as an annoyance to be pacified at a later date Dedicated resources from the seventh legion fifth legion and fourth legion were allocated to their destruction Such an operation took only one month But it was now clear that other potential issues would arise And that all potentially rebellious enclaves within Saul were to be given maximum priority over the Compliance of human polities in good standing Such policies had not been non-existent. It must be said Prior even to the unification with the Ordo a Saturn 12,000 warriors of the ninth legion that disappears into the depths of Neptunian space as a bulwark against the rest of Mutant hordes early imperial intelligence had marked as a potential threat To the stability of expansion into the Jovian Gulf and Saturn I volume Despite presuming heavy losses as the ninth were operating far outside Imperial supply lines for an extended period against a foe with genuinely unknown capabilities The imperium was quietly stunned to discover when arriving in orbit of Neptune in force The legion numbered almost the same as it had when resigned to its thankless task The uniqueness of the ninth's gene seed had allowed them to elevate even the most hideously warped of mutant scum to a starty's genetic perfection Scouring their twisted bodies of hated aberrations and recasting them as the emperor's angels Even more obscured from history still the emperor's first legion were beyond the limits of imperial knowledge Conducting a vigil in the depths of the Oort cloud Capturing any who thought they could simply flee Saul as light of the lord of lightning spread further from Terra But the heliopause secured by the void black ships of the first populations with genetic deviancy being secured by the ninth and Restive ones harboring seditious intent submitting their sons to the character shaping 13th legion warborn The reclamation was inching ever closer to completion The final act of the first steps of the great crusade came after the purgation of Pluto And the establishment of communications and defense grids along its planetoid moons Keron, Nyx and Hydra Saul had in ages past Long been rumored to possess a 10th planet in the darkness of the deepest reaches of the heliosphere The astronomers that posited it had no idea of the truth in those long lost days And just how horrid the truth fully was The xenos war moon of Sedna lurked there as a final barrier to humanity's wonderful intent A shadowed place far from the star it parasited itself to Little is known about the artificial world in this day and age That it was built is beyond doubt, but whether by alien hands or by humanity in some distant past or other we will never know That it was occupied by some now long dead xenos race in the days of unity is verifiable however And that this race was likely the same one that extended its rule over the jovian clans is highly probable In 803 m30 Five years standard after the launch of the crusade from terra Eight whole astartes legions descended upon the nemesis world in fire and death Battling the unknowable foe throughout its cryo volcanoes in a symphony of righteous imperial destruction Through means redacted the legions deliver the day It is to this chronicler's eye likely the result of some means of psychic warfare given the presence of Certain orders and hosts of the first legion But in those days such means of warfare were ill understood and a highly secret branch of legion as astartes combat doctrine The result however was nevertheless the same Sedna was purged and purged utterly The last remnants of the recidivist kingdoms of paratical raiders had been swept away Merchant tenders now plied the inner and outer system gulfs as often as military craft did The twin eagle of terra and mars now flew on every surface within the light of sol from pluto to mercury and the system rejoiced The solar reclamation should be remembered as a colossal success in as many capacities as possible And proof if ever there was any needed of the might and genius of the emperor of mankind Transforming rule over one world into that of an entire system may seem Trivial to those of us ensconced within 10,000 years of comfortable galactic hegemony But it must be borne in mind The triumph of the early imperium was far from assured And the steps the emperor took in those years were dogged with potential failure A treaty of Olympus the seizure of luna the alliance with the saturnine ordo the liberation of jupiter the neptunian campaign All posed serious risks to the early imperial war effort and failure at any one Could have put paid to the great crusade that was to come It is a testament to the emperor's vision and the resolve he inspired within all under his manner that it were not so But lay ahead now Was two centuries of the most magnificent period humanity has ever experienced The tales of which I must return to at a later point in time until then Ave imperator gloria and excelsis terra This video and this channel were made possible. 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