Pointers are frequently used with C strings, which are arrays of characters. For example, here's some code to determine the length of a string that ends with a null character. Let's step through this code and see how it works. In the while loop test, the character pointed 2 by P is not the null character, which means we do the body of the loop. We add 1 to the number of characters and advance the pointer to the next element in the array. This A isn't the null character either, which means we have to do the body of the loop again and add 1 to the number of characters and advance the pointer. The N isn't the null character, and we perform the loop body again, adding 1 to the number of characters and advancing the pointer. The D isn't a null character, and we perform the loop body again. Now the pointer points to the null character, the loop ends, and our character count reflects the length of the string. Take another look at the code. In the test, we retrieve the pointed 2 character, and we increment the pointer afterwards in the loop. We can combine these into one post increment expression. Let's go through the loop again, step by step. The dereferencing picks up the letter H, and the plus plus advances the pointer. The H we picked up is not the null character, so we add 1 to end char's and return to the top of the loop. Star P picks up the letter A, and plus plus moves the pointer forward. The A isn't the null character, and we add 1 to end char's. Back at the top of the loop, star P picks up the letter N, and plus plus moves P forward yet again. It's not a null character, and we add 1 to end char's. Continuing this way, eventually the pointer encounters the null character, and the loop ends with the correct count. There are two more things that you can do to shorten the code even further. The first is to take advantage of the fact that, in C, you can use integers as booleans. In C, 0 is considered false, and anything non-zero is considered to be true. So you could rewrite this condition this way, but you shouldn't. In this instance, you want to make the condition explicit, rather than relying on people's implicit knowledge of the correspondence between integers and booleans. However, when dealing with character strings, the convention is to use the fact that the null character has a value of 0. Instead of writing this condition, you take advantage of the fact that the null character is the equivalent of false, and anything that isn't the null character is true. This is incredibly common in C code that other people write, so you may as well get used to it. There's even one more way to shorten this code. If you think of the erase start as a pointer, when the loop has finished, pointer P is 4 bytes away from the pointer word. You can thus make the loop body empty, and subtract the pointers to figure out the string length. Again, this is something you will see people doing quite often, even though I'm not convinced that this particular trick helps readability. In summary, learn to use pointers when iterating through a string. It'll come in handy when you start using functions from the string library. They're all defined in terms of pointer to char.


Sharp's Fortress, by Bernard Cornwell, read by Paul McGahn. Richard Sharp wanted to be a good officer, but it was like trying to light a tinderbox in a rain-filled wind. The mendice liked him, ignored him, or were over-familiar, while the battalion's officers plain disapproved of him. "'You can put a racing saddle on a cart horse,' Captain Urquhart had said one night in the ragged tent which passed for the officer's mess of the King's Seventy-Fourth, for that don't make the beast quick.' He'd not been talking about Ensign Sharp, not directly, but all the other officers glanced at Sharp. The battalion was stopped now in the middle of nowhere. It was hot as hell, and they were surrounded by tall crops that hid everything except the sky. A cannon fired to the north, but Sharp had no way of knowing whether it was British or an enemy gun. The men of the company sat on the lip of a dry ditch as they waited for orders. One or two lay back and slept while Sergeant Colhoun leafed slowly through his tattered Bible. "'Looking for inspiration, Sergeant,' Sharp asked. "'I am not, sir,' Colhoun answered respectfully, but managing to convey that the question was still impertinent. So much of an uploadly conversation, Sharp thought. Another cannon fired, and this time a round shot whipped through the tall plants. "'I've found it,' Colhoun said gravely. "'Found what?' Sharp asked. "'I was sure the good book mentioned Millet, sir. "'Is he killed, the fourth chapter and the ninth verse? Take thou also unto the wheat and barley and Millet, and make the bread thereof.' "'It pleases me,' sir,' he explained, to see things and imagine my Lord and Saviour seeing the self-same things. "'But why Millet?' Sharp asked. "'These crops, sir, are Millet.' "'Millet, eh?' Sharp said. "'The plants were ten feet high. Must be abustered to harvest.' But he got no response. Sergeant Colhoun always tried to ignore swear words. "'It was a good company,' Sharp reflected. Urquhart ran it well. Colhoun was a magnificent sergeant, and the last thing it needed was a brand new ensign, who two months before had been a sergeant. "'I should have stayed,' a sergeant, Sharp thought, wishing he was back into selling a patam armoury with major stokes. That had been the life. And Simon Jubey, the French woman who had clung to Sharp after the battle at Assai, had gone back to selling a patam to wait for him. Sharp had given her some of the Tipou's jewels so she could live comfortably. Colhoun suddenly barked orders, and the men formed into four ranks and began trudging northwards along the irrigation ditch. Sharp meekly followed. Captain Urquhart spurred his horse back down the ditch. "'The rascals are waiting ahead,' Urquhart told Sharp. The captain was a fine-looking man with a stern face, straight back and steady nerve. "'We'll be wheeling to the right soon,' he called to Colhoun, forming line on the right in two ranks. "'Aye, sir!' There was a sudden crash of guns as a whole battery of enemy cannon opened fire. Sharp heard the round shots whipping through the millet. The battalion's pipers had started playing, and the men picked up their feet. Sharp coughed sweat from his eyes. He wore an officer's red tailcoat with the white facings of the seventy-fourth. The coat had belonged to a lieutenant Blaine who had died at Assai. Sharp had sewn up the bullet hole. He wore a cavalry sabre which he did not like. The other officers carried claymores, big, straight-bladed and lethal, and Sharp should have equipped himself with one, but he had balked at the prices. He could have bought every claymore in the auction of dead officers' effects, but he had not wanted to give the impression of being wealthy. A man like Sharp was not supposed to have money. He was up from the ranks, a common soldier. But he had hacked down a half-dozen men to save Wellesley's life, and the general had rewarded Sergeant Sharp by making him into an officer. And Ensign Sharp was too cunning to let his new battalion know he possessed a dead king's fortune. The jewels he had taken from the Tipu Sultan had searing a patam. Lying to the right, Sergeant Colhoun shouted, and the company wheeled right into two ranks. The ditch had emerged from the millet to join a wide, dry riverbed, and Sharp looked northwards to see gunsmook on the horizon. Marata guns. Halt! Erkut called. Face front! The seventy-eighth, another Highland battalion was on their right, and on either side were long lines of madrasi seapoys. Somewhere off to the left was another Scottish regiment, the ninety-fourth. So today there were three Scottish and ten seapoy battalions attacking the Maratas. Though the Scots reckoned they could have done the job by themselves. Sample complete. Ready to continue?


Hey guys, Laura here from Spalding Decon. I just wanted to thank everyone for subscribing to our channel. It has been a labor of love, but I really wanted to tell you about the story of how we started the channel because it's kind of funny and true at the same time. So back in 2019, we were getting tons of inquiries from reality TV show producers from 2012, probably up until 2018, 2019 and they were all kind of duds. They were really kind of just, you know, building us up to go reality and then not producing. So I thought, you know what, why don't we try to just do it ourselves? And my entire staff at the time was against it. They thought that maybe the content would be too harsh for people or they wouldn't want to see it or they wouldn't want to see really what happens to you when you die. But I was of the thought process that I think a lot of people are curious about what happens when you die, right? We're all curious because it's something that we don't see either ever or very often. So I decided to hire my own videographer and my own editor and the process was very simple. It was follow the crew around on our jobs and focus on the crew itself and then the educational component of what we do. So we've never shied away from what we do, how we do it, and we're totally teaching everyone. And it's never been an issue for us. We're not, we're not afraid of, you know, competitors or anything like that. It's never been an issue. We've always taken a stance of this is something that we do that a lot of people don't know about. Now my primary reason for doing the channel was when I started this company in 2005, the number one biggest hurdle I had was awareness. Everyone thought law enforcement did the cleanup. So I had a very steep hurdle to climb. What I decided to do was use social media because it's such a vast landscape and I could get to a lot of people in a very short period of time. So we started filming around May of 2019 and we really didn't know how it was going to go. Within two weeks, we had 100,000 subscribers. So at that point, all the naysayers were very quiet at that point. So here we are in 2023 and we just hit 1 million subscribers. So we're super excited about it. I'm so glad you guys like the content. We will continue to bring you the content. And if there's anything specific that you guys want to see or want to know, please ask questions in the comments below and we will be sure to address those questions. Thanks again for your support. For more information, visit any of our locations.


on the toss. This is how Tifoli Gardens will shape up. They will be playing at 3-4-3 as usual under Jerome Wade, Diego Houghton, as he said between the sticks. So the infanticook, the captain Richard Brown, the big defender is in. Nelson-Louis Price Dunn, who has 14 goals in the league, the leading goal scorer, Justin Donathan, Thomas, they call him Cante, Lennox, Russell, Nikolai Fullock, and Shaquille Jones. Unchanged apart from Diego Houghton from their last win, which was a 6-3 beating of Malines United. Harbourview have shuffled their part quite a bit generally. Romario Palma between the sticks, they'll be playing with a 4-4-2 formation today. Brackenridge and Stewart, they've formed a good partnership in the defense line. Okima Jones, the talented right back is there, Kasim Prissel, who solidified things in the middle. DeMarrows was amongst the goals yet again last time out, so too was Joshua Nanglin, Israel's talented midfielder. Look out for him, Andre Fagin will lead the line there number 10, along with the young Trey Bennett. FIFA official, Akita Nicholson, the man with the whistle, and Joshua Nanglin, stinging the palms of Diego Houghton very early. Good technique and Houghton, he was pundled over, you see a lot of movement Houghton and he pushed it behind for a corner. This was the moment for Tivali Gardens. Palma got it all wrong, Nelson didn't allow him to settle and that was brilliant timing, brilliant finesse and a lovely finish from Tivali's number 11, his second of the season and after just seven minutes Tivali were ahead. Lodlo Bonada has been frustrated by his goalkeepers this season. Palma, David Martin, Anthony Bennett and company, Glenroy Samuel as well, have had too many off days for his liking and it cost them yet again. This was another one put in, again Palma made a meal of it and luckily for him, Alton Lewis was a little late with the slide. A good turn from Andre Fagin but he couldn't get it on target. There was another goalless performance for him and Harbour View who constantly were looking to play out of the back, caught themselves in trouble quite a few times. This should have been hit on the volley from Nikolai Fuller. He decided to bring it down for Alton Lewis who couldn't find his shot on target. Then Fuller driving into the air taking a strike of his own wide of the upright. Into the second half and Harbour View finally got their deliveries right, look at that ball for Gar Stewart, should have scored, didn't even need to jump Gar Stewart, headed over the top instead of heading down and that should have just have been steered into the back of the net. This was another chance that Thompson was just a little bit late but give credit to Alton Lewis. His challenge was tied to perfection out for a corner and frustration for Lodlo Bonada, he could only smile at how close he had come. Kimali Smith off the bench had scored in December against Harbour View in the 3-0 win, came close but the 1-0 score line was enough. Just one goal in it, 7 shots on target from 15th and 10th for Tivoli. Harbour View they had their moments, 3 shots on target from 11th, 32 field fouls in the game, spread evenly. There are four yellow cards shown by Okita Nicholson, Harbour View picking up three of them, the likes of Anglain, Brown and Rose, the recipients and well yeah, Penny Cook the lone recipient for Tivoli Gardens. Majority of the saves for Harbour View is Romario Palma, six of them but the crucial mistake gifting the goal to Tivoli Gardens who take a big three points at the end of match week 24. Our man of the match is a man they call Kante, Nathan Thomas. Yeah Nathan Thomas, today's man of the match, another tireless performance by you, that's your staple at this point, what do you make of it? I'm just trying to make the base of everything, I mean opportunity to come once so Mr. Wait have given me the opportunity so why not take it? And you know you have a really important role at the base of midfield but you also step up a lot you know a lot of man marking duties, is that just something that comes naturally to you? Yes I mean I've been the hardworking type a long time, I've done it in Manning Cup now, I'm trying to just step it up in the Premier League and just showcase my talent to the world and who knows? And you mentioned Manning Cup, you've already led that team to Manning Cup glory, is that something that you're looking to do with this Tivoli Gardens team also? I mean Nathan Thomas is the type of hard work, never give up play, I see the game, I know I've got beaten a lot at times but I just recover and just working hard because that's the focus to bring us forward in this JPL and I'm definitely trying to secure this JPL, I mean it's been a while the last time we have won the JPL, I think I was a kid back in 2010 I was around 10-11 watching and ball boing so now it's my time and a lot of youngster watching Nathan Thomas and I'm just trying to set an example for also my little nephew growing up so I'm just trying to be his role model and take Tivoli to another Premier League. Well it was an excellent performance by you today, keep it up and best of luck for the rest of the season. Yes, thanks. I just want to say thanks the Tivoli fans for our continuous support, we love you, just keep supporting us, we really, really love you, the community, we're going to do it this season, just continue to support us, that's all I have to say to the fans, thank you, goodbye. Yeah Nathan Thomas there, excellent performance as per you.


tailgating me so much that's the guy that trains all the driver that makes a lot of sense makes a lot of sense good morning internet what a wonderful day and a great place for us to meet here on the internet from coast to coast to coast here in Canada and across the world you guys are in almost every region I think you guys together are across the entire world on every pretty cool modern technology is amazing that I can speak here and talk to you about driver trainers that are tailgating and about this guy who's got half of his trailer tail out the other half folded in because I'm pretty sure that's how it works best and I can show you all these funny things from here in Manitoba in Canada and you can laugh along with me all across the world look at this guy he has no idea the whole world's laughing at him right now that doesn't sound as mean we'll laugh along with him I'm sure he would laugh if he knew how do you not know that though because you have to unfold it so he literally came back here and unfolded half of it and left the other half folded in I'm gonna go pass them I gotta say with it away from me don't run away from me oh he's running oh boy yeah well he's not gonna let me get past them I'm gonna sneak back in here behind them and slow down a bit let him get some space between us huh so yes good morning that's a very nice Peter built over there very nice Peter I like it that it matches his trailer very nice so I'm going up to too long my phone is digging away here because I'm driving as soon as I stop no one wants to talk to me everyone wants to talk to me at the same time when I'm driving and I gotta wait we gotta go an hour north grab something too long go an hour further north to Arberg grab something else there and then come two hours back and that should be the date and it's Friday the best day since digging away won't stop digging now that I'm driving tempting though isn't it don't do it don't do it looks like we'll be following mr. tractor that is wonderful wonderful that's why everyone's been going so slow this guy in front of us is a paramedic he's got a paramedic plate you get all kinds of different custom license plates in Manitoba I've got a Winnipeg Jets license plate on my pickup and on my motorcycle on the terrain it's just a regular Manitoba plate sort of like what these guys have here that's the most common that's just the default you can also get a snow pass for people who like to snowmobile you can get a Winnipeg gold eyes which is our baseball team get a plate for that you can get a basketball plate I think Winnipeg cyclones you don't see those very often you see the Jets plates the most often you can get a firefighter license plate if you're a firefighter you can get a red license plate that lets you know people around you know that hey this guy in this vehicle is a firefighter so you always know firefighters are first responders so if you have trouble you can always run to them and just like the plate we saw there if you're a paramedic you can get a customized license plate as well again for the same reason so that if you're having a medical emergency and you see someone with a license plate that says that says paramedic on it you can run to them ask for help all kinds of different license we can get a whole bunch of different ones you can also get a Winnipeg humane society customized license plate that shows everybody you like animals I don't know if there's a farmer license plate but if there is this guy should get one it's definitely a farmer driving right down the middle of the road 15 miles an hour please don't turn left I'm turning left see I got my signal on first I was first please don't turn left go straight what do you guys think is he gonna go straight gonna go straight we're going left so I really hope he doesn't go that way oh he saw me he just looked around and saw me here don't do it don't do it don't do it oh he did it doesn't listen very well does he I got to wait for that truck coming though oncoming traffic blows doors off how about that highway tractor I belong on the highway oh this is one of our trucks I think as definitely one of our trucks purposely built grid roads or what I called my home farm roads I grew up calling them farm roads every mile there's a new road so there's a bunch of squares right and we purposely put those roads there so that the farmers would stay off the main roads and use the farm roads farm tractors go on the farm roads the highway tractors go on the highway but I don't think anybody told the farmers every time guaranteed they're right down the highway where the highway tractors go and they'll argue with you about it too they will tell you no no no we're right you're wrong we belong on the highway and so now you're a farmer you belong on the farm roads and then there'll be a bickering that goes back and forth this guy's going slow too oh buddy really you're gonna pass me from all the way back there why would you do that my signal was on that was dangerous he is speeding too why do people do that he got mad at me because I called out the farmers again for using the highways I'm just bugging you farmers okay don't take it too seriously we know you're important we appreciate the food you grow I like eating it every day so I'll give you a pass okay you pass but sure my oh look here comes another one here comes another one look at this farm road oh boy it's just calling out to all the farm tractors use me use me I'm a farm road leave the highway to the highway tractors I don't know the road said it not me man they every mile so if you want to go this way you could always go a mile that way and then take the farmer I you get it you get it whatever just my opinions I know every farmer on earth disagrees with me every trucker does agree with me though right back me up guys put the clutch in first that works better there oh there oh there it is there it is grumpy girl come on it's Friday you can't be grumpy poor truck maybe she's grumpy that I'm gonna be gone for two days maybe she's gonna miss me she doesn't talk much she does it's usually a grumbling I'm always told on this road highway seven up to our bird goes through too long up in Manitoba here so you know watch out for deer there's lots of deer have you seen any deer everybody wants to know how's the deer today you see lots of deer I've never seen one deer and I go up this road almost every day never seen one thought about it but today it's like everywhere I go if you see all the deer boy I almost had a deer you did a deer I almost had a deer you sure to see in the deer I almost hit well then they look at me I'm the truck driver they're like oh you must see here all the time oh actually I've never seen one deer on this highway in which case that could be a problem if I'm not seeing the deer that I do have a trailer behind me that's three two-thirds three-quarter or two-thirds full I think we're gonna put one more piece on it when we get back to the yard and this trailer is going to Colorado and Utah to build I want to get that deck finished this weekend that's my goal and raising it up half an inch but it's exactly the same frame it's just gonna be all nice treated wood now instead of just random cheapy but you'll see I'll show you I'll show you tomorrow it is a beautiful day it's gonna be a beautiful weekend and there's a beautiful bike if I do say so myself though she's dirty and I'm gonna give her a quick bull snot once over before I before I leave here I gotta go past everybody in the office over there unless they've all left early for the weekend already it's always a rush to get out of here on a Friday like this everyone wants to get to the beach get to the lake at home whatever you're gonna do barbecue it's Friday you get it before I roll past there I gotta make sure she's up to the bull snot standard see how dirty she's gotten over the week because I use her quite a bit during the week I put almost a thousand miles on it already just got some dust on it I'm just gonna quickly give her a little little shine then we're gonna ride home and take the long way home go around on the trans-Canada it's about 15 minutes longer but it's a four lane divided that whole way instead of taking the two lane if I have a choice and if I have the time I prefer to take the four lane on the bike just just because plus it's the long way it's a longer ride than obviously longer ride equals a better ride so I've used the visible here glass cleaner the bugs just melt off I sprayed it on there you're supposed to let it sit for 20 to 30 seconds I usually let it sit for about a minute get a good amount on there and then look at those bugs just just melted right off looking much better 9,840 miles we're gonna hit 10,000 in the next couple days probably next week putting on at least 60 per day going here and back from work or if I take the long way like I am now that's about 75 miles a day at least I bought the bike remember with 8,912 miles not kilometers miles on it so we've got about 1,400 kilometers at least on it 1500 kilometers and I've enjoyed every single last one of them all right I gave her a quick little shine she needs a little bit more work I'm gonna do that this weekend at home but at least now when I drive past everybody up front there as long as I don't stop and let them get too close they won't notice a little bit of dust I have on it it'll just look like a clean bike rolling past yeah it needs a little bit better attention but I want to go home all right everybody I want a status report diesel I need to know commander I want the report on my desk ASAP who missed me the most okay was it you chef was you diesel wiener commander was it you be honest don't be a tough guy did you miss me the most oh did the frog miss me the most diesel why is this guy in here leave him in here you're not going outside right now I want to go outside okay guys come on in the yard come on come on let's go I haven't even emptied the bike yet nothing in the yard guys come on we can talk about not about my motorcycle later you're very fanky bike man here you know where your paddles diesel must have saw a bird or squirrel shabby you want to ride on my motorcycle wouldn't that be cool I never did get my answer who misses me the most when I'm gone I don't think it's either you you guys can care less hurts my feelings you know hey diesel is it you could be it could be it also could be the golden boy where is he where is he he's right here Chevy tell me tell me answer me this riddle me this is it you that misses me the most be honest blink if it was you I'll give you a second think about it do you never blink it wasn't you was it was a diesel was a diesel I guess it was diesel why don't you blink man look like you were trying to but it had to be a full closed for the for to count are you talking about those having a nap who's very good now you came here all your questions I'm not picking favorites I guess that makes the winner diesel weasel was it you wag your tail if it was you was it you are you a good boy well come on somebody has to miss me when I'm gone I miss you guys thanks for watching today everybody I lost some footage again today so there was a few parts missing but I think there was a some sort of storyline consistent storyline there I'm like yesterday where my whole storyline was sort of stolen by the internet somehow thanks for watching today we're gonna make another video this weekend we're gonna talk more about this deck you can see over there that over here where you can see it we've made some progress and I'm hoping to get some really good progress done today yet but over here see we started to lay the boards down on top I've got this section here right done we'll see you tomorrow I hope you're having a great weekend


Live from San Francisco, celebrating 10 years of high-tech coverage, it's theCUBE. Covering VMworld 2019, brought to you by VMware and it's ecosystem partners. Okay, welcome back everyone. LiveCube coverage here at VMworld 2019. In San Francisco, we're in Moscone North Lobby. I'm John Furrier, my co-host, Stu Miniman. We are two great guests. David Appel, vice president, C2 Space and Intelligence and defense civil solution at Raytheon and Gil Schneerson, who's the senior vice president, general manager of VxRail for Dell EMC. Great to have Raytheon. Anything with space, Stu and I get jacked up with that. Thanks for coming on. I appreciate it, I think I'm glad to be here. Gil, VxRail, got a customer here. Impressive rollout. Talk about the story. Well, I think it starts with the fact that we have recently announced our support for Pivotal Kubernetes Services over VMware Cloud Foundation, over VxRail, which has actually the only curated, automated stack in the industry that allows people to leverage containers and infrastructure as a service under one stack. And we've been doing this for about three years now in a different way called the Pivotal ready architecture and Raytheon has actually adopted that architecture to help their customer of the Air Force and that's why we're here today together to talk about, you know. Certainly modernization couldn't be more important conversation in government solutions. You guys are a big provider, Raytheon, known for the tech chops, known for having good engineering. Talk about the solution, what you guys did, what's the use case, talk about the deployment. Yeah, with what's going on in the federal government for a while is the acquisition processes and what's taken sometimes years or decades to get software in the field, causing a lot of unmet requirements and needs of the ultimate user, the war fighters out in the field to be met. So we've been down a journey for the last two years with Pivotal and Dell of how to help the Air Force modernize the Air Force has gone under a transformation in a program called Kessel Run, which is where we've deployed the Pivotal ready architecture to allow us to quickly deploy an infrastructure and allow us to focus on the end users and develop capabilities that they need worldwide and what took years and to now months and days. So it's been a fantastic journey. Tell us what that means for the folks that might not know the pace of the procurement process. I mean, some of this stuff is like 1995 procurement rules. I mean, modernization these days is such an important part of it because the impact is significantly relevant. Yeah, I mean, if you think about in the commercial world today where applications, hundreds of applications be deployed overnight and updates what on the hourly basis in the government space, it can literally take years to define a requirement. Then you have to go through a budgeting cycle all the way up through Congress and then you have to go through an acquisition cycle that could take a year to complete. And so by the time you're actually fielding capability, it is literally five years or more by the time the need was actually identified. And in that five years, the technology probably changed which means your solution has probably changed from what's currently available. So shortening the cycles is what it's all about. And that's really about having the right product not the old product five years ago. How fast things change. It's a pretty important to have that nailed down. It's pretty amazing. And you know, I think you look at transformation and there's usually a trade-off. What we have been working on and what we're announcing but really what we believe over the last four years is a way to transform but stay close to your core. In other words, transformation without trade-offs.  And you can do all of that and start innovating while staying very close to your core competency.  And I think the story what Raytheon did is fairly amazing because they turned, you know, what did you tell me a 50 year old process, you know, in like in less than half a year into an automated systems that, you know, saves the US Air Force a lot of money. And lives too are safe. I mean, you're putting about people in the field. This is about people's lives too. I mean, it's just the money making. And it's been about transforming the culture of the way the DOD does software. And the first example that Gil was mentioning was tanker planning, which was the ability for the Air Force to refuel flight missions in the air would typically take over eight hours to plan. And it was done by a whiteboard. It was done manually. And in order to automate that and shrink the time, again, that would have gone to that a five year procurement cycle. We were able to deploy new applications using the pitiful already architecture within 150 days and get those out worldwide to the field. That's done two things. It's from a financial perspective, it's saving over $200,000 a day in just fuel costs from optimizing the tanker planning. But more importantly, it's actually more efficient and protecting the safety of those flight crews. They're not in the air as long. They might not be in a hostile environment as long. So the security of the Air Force is even more important. As Pivotal always says, they're outcome driven. That's pretty good outcome. I mean, talk about the impact that you've had on everyone else around you because I'm sure there's some blockers in your way, people's feathers got ruffled, but then people see success, they want to copy it. So that's a pattern you see in a lot of government where, hey, there's a new way to do it, modern way. Yeah, so we're, I instead, we're seeing it in two ways. One from a broader DOD perspective. The Air Force was out front here. They established this and from a DOD perspective, what they're calling their Kessel Run Initiative is really taking off. You're seeing other Kessel Run-like programs being stood up like a program called Kobayashi Maru and Rogue Blue and a few others across DOD. So it's proliferating now across the DOD from a customer perspective, DOD customer perspective. From an industry perspective, our competitors are quickly trying to catch up to us and they're trying to copy our playbook, but we're continuing to innovate and continue on this journey, so we're moving ahead with Pivotal and Dell. First of all, David, I think Pat Gelsinger must have been talking to your team because you're mashing up Star Wars and Star Trek with Kessel Run and Kobayashi there, but we talk about mashing up. The stack that you're putting together, VxRail was really built around simplicity and delivers that. That's what Hyperconverge Infrastructure does. We start talking about VCF and containers and PKS on that. Kubernetes, nobody says is simple, but help us walk through. How simple is it for you to leverage and deploy this? You've got organizational challenges and other things, so where's the solution? Sounds like use the ready node and where directionally is it headed? Yeah, let me answer from this perspective. So we started this journey with Pivotal and the Air Force about two years ago, and at that time we started with a group of probably a dozen or less folks that actually even understood the technology or the products and the solutions that Dell and Pivotal bring forward. In those two years, we're now up to over 100 people, fully embracing the technology. It's created an environment where it's easier for us to recruit and retain people because it's modern, it's not the old ways we used to do business. And we're finding that it's been very easy to deploy, very easy to train people up and very easy to operate. So from that perspective, it's just been fantastic. From not just the technology perspective, but also the cultural transformation perspective. Yeah, Gil, I'd love you to comment on that because remember, gosh, when CI and HCI first rolled out, the people that had those jobs were worried we were going to take their jobs away. Now, when I hear your customer talking about, it's easy to train them and even easier for me to recruit and retain, that's a powerful story.  I'll tell you what's a little different. In the past, we have simplified things and we've made work somewhat go away, but there was no alternative work. Today, every developer, every IT person, they can't wait to go and be a DevOps person, right? So for IT, when we come in and we say, we're going to take this off your plate so you can free up your time, it really means something now because they know exactly what they want to do. They want to go and they want to be DevOps, they want to develop new apps, they want to move forward. And so it's very synergistic in a way that we offload some of the burden from them and they actually do free up to do cooler stuff and then they like it. And they get to keep their traditional apps with containers, gives them great capability not to throw away. That's a great point. I think, as I said before, it's really important to convey this. The transformation without trade-offs is a big deal because they can keep the application, they can have run the same environment. Right in our case, they can do it at ease and in remote locations all over the world with less management and at the same time they can innovate and manage those environments. And I think as long as we can keep that up, we'll make a lot of people productive. Well, I got to ask David the security question because one of the things that comes up all the time, obviously Department of Defense, security's top of mind. Industrial IoT are now not just malware getting in for credit card information. You're talking about actual equipment, you're talking about flights in the air, hacking with physical things is a concern and it's a big IoT kind of conversation. You're in the middle of that, this is your world. What's your thoughts on the security question? So we've obviously had to go through that in order to get authority to operate to push things into theater and one of the strongest benefits we've seen is the DevOps process and the platforms has all that security built in, all the testing as we're going through it. So the thousands of tests that are running as new threats are identified, the platform is updating with the latest patches or whatever it may be. So on the automation side of it. So we're actually seeing a lot of the security, I don't want to call risks go away, but our ability to mitigate them is being built into the software itself. So we haven't seen an issue yet where we haven't been able to get things authority to operate and pushed out to the field. So there's a high bar there too. It's a high bar, very high bar, very high bar. And that was part of the, also the challenge of getting systems fielded in months and days versus years because of the ability to get that operation. And this is a really big story I think. First of all, Raytheon is a well-known brand, but the modernization of getting stuff into theater and or into production, your production theater, military operations. That's a big deal. I mean, I think people don't really understand in the government how fast this happens. I think that's a real testament to the solution. So I mean. Well, the powerful thing to it is, the National Defense Strategy is all about capability to speed of relevance. And that's all about technology. Future wars aren't going to be decided by the size of your army or the size of your arsenal. It's going to be about how do you get data to decision makers faster and how do they can act faster? And that's where software and this infrastructure we're putting in place and I'm putting capabilities in the hands of the people that need it faster. That's what it's all about. And you know, General Secretary Mattis who was a former of the Secretary of Defense said, 48% of all the casualties are usually frontline warfighters. And that's where the technology edges, so to speak. So again, this is such a cutting edge topic. Talk about it for days. How do you feel about this? This is pretty exciting. I'm just happy that every time I come into theCUBE, this is the second time I do it with a customer. You give me the opportunity to learn, you know, have a deeper relationship with one of my, well probably now 7,000 customers, which you know, it's really hard to keep up with these days. And so, you know, we make technologies for people to use and when you see it in the field, you know, doing good, it's a great thing. And it's very motivational. It's a transformation story. It's really one of the great transformation stories. They have to. Yeah. Making a difference. Great. David would love to hear, you know, what's on your ask for your partners that are deploying? Kind of give us a look forward roadmap that you can share. No, again, I go back to everything we're about right now is speed and getting capability faster. Clearly in our marketplace right now, we're fully embracing agile DevOps and everything it takes to deploy software from that perspective.  And as our partners are in those areas and can help us bring more capability in that, that's going to help our end customer, the DOD as well. What's the big takeaway from VMworld this year for you guys? What's the big observation? Yeah, I'll be honest. This is my first time at VMware. I'm amazed. I was at Dell Technology World a few months ago. I've really enjoyed it. I think it's a great event. And I'm just enjoying learning all the technologies. So I've enjoyed the day.  Well, I'm part of the family. So I'm a little more familiar and even for me. You're brief. Even for me, the rate of innovation that VMworld puts out there is amazing. And you see how everything plugs to VM. You see how the vision keeps being completed. We're in a good spot in the sense that we actually have what people need right now. And we do it better than everybody else. And you'd think that being number one in almost every category, you'd be sitting there complacent and oh, we keep pushing the envelope, doing more, innovating more, integrating more. So it's very exciting to see that happen. Well, great story here, Raytheon. Congratulations for your success. I think it's super important to have a prepared military, certainly in saving lives and doing it modern way is kind of a miracle these days in governments. Congratulations. And I thank our partners for continuing to innovate because that's helping us. All right, great story. Cube coverage here, VMworld 2019. I'm John Purir with Stu Miniman. We'll be back with more after this short break.


Welcome back to another Magnus Answers. Alright, got this one on my Facebook fan page. And this brother writes, Hi Top Room, I've got a question regarding age difference in sex. I'm 23 at university. I've never really worried about sex till recently because I was too focused on catching up on failures I did in school. I'm in a situation now where I can go out and meet women and that sort of thing. The problem is most women my age have graduated so that the scene at the university is mostly young females as in 18 years old, 19 years old. I've always had a problem with dating women my age. I've had a younger sister, so when I see younger women I become more protective. Women interested in me seem to find it annoying. So what I'm asking you is it alright to date younger women at that age when I'm 23? Don't get me wrong, I'll check them out but when I'm told their age something just changes in me and sex is just out of the equation. I need a valid opinion mate. What do you think? Are you going to use this in a video? Could you keep me anonymous? Cheers. Your videos are mad good by the way. Don't worry I'll keep you anonymous. You're going to have to fight that man. Did you say you had a problem dating women your age? I've always had a problem with dating women my age. So you've got a problem dating women your age and you've got a problem dating women younger than you too. What are you going to do? You might as well just go out to the cougars. I think you need to put that to bed. I get where you're coming from when you get that protectiveness but you're going to have to somehow get rid of that. I talk about this in a lot of my videos. Look up EFT, Emotional Freedom Transfer.  It's okay to date girls a few years younger than you. It really is. It's fine. They're legal. 18, 19 years old is legal. You're 23.  That's not too big of an age gap to me. I don't care. If I was your age and if they looked good and their head was on straight, why not? Girls can be at that age. They're silly and all that other stuff. But like I'm saying, if you're attracted to them and it works, why not? But EFT, you can help get rid of weird and bad feelings that you have about certain situations. Look it up and just free different printouts you can get online and different websites. Just look it up man. If you go on YouTube, it'll show you how to do it. Get over that and then you'll be able to date the ones that's a little younger than you. I want to know why you got problem dating women your age. I don't know problem dating women my age. Although I tended to date women younger than me. But whatever. I mean that's how a lot of men are. That's how a lot of women are. Women date guys older than them. I mean that's probably going to be your norm anyway. You know what I mean? As a man, as you get older, you're just going to continue to date women that are younger than you. Remember when you was in high school? The seniors were going out with the freshmen. That's what I'm talking about. The freshmen girls. You know what I'm saying? You was a freshman dude. You usually try to get with a girl in your grade. You usually wasn't trying to, because the senior girls wanted the college men. You see what I'm saying? That's just how it is. The problem is that to tell you the truth brother, if you got a problem dating women your age and you got a problem with the younger ones, if you just can't get rid of that feeling of overprotectiveness, then you might as well just date an older woman. Period. Alright? Ain't one 24 and more. Just go get them. You understand what I'm saying brother? Alright? That's all I got to say about this.  Subscribers!


Good morning, good afternoon, good evening to all the people that are connected. I see your name going down on the list of attendees and a few names that I recognize. We are going to try in 30 minutes to give you a sort of a broad overview of the whole issue of wild meat and the use of wild meat and this has been triggered by the unfortunate event that we are all living now, which is this COVID-19 pandemic, which has now affected more than 2 million people in more than 180 countries. And that very likely originates from a virus jumping from an animal to another animal for humans and then humans contaminating themselves. So it's a zoonotic disease and these zoonotic diseases are not very new, but this one brings them back to the forefront and also the importance of the issue of wild meat. There have been a lot of people, I would say, uploading the fact that China decided to close the wet market, but fundamentally the problem is that a lot of people depend on wild meat for their everyday source of protein or fat or resources and the situation is not that simple and a complete ban is never a very good answer. So we are going to see how we can address and explain this challenge and can we find some middle ground on this complex reality. Now we'll ask my panelists to introduce briefly themselves to tell us what they do exactly in the world of wild meat and starting with ladies, Alta Betty Porter, Lauren, Natalie and Jordan Lass. Hi, my name is Lauren Code. I'm a research fellow with C4 and also with the University of Oxford and I work at the Bushmeat Research Initiative at C4. My experience with wild meat is that I did my PhD in Gabon and I lived in Gabon for a few years studying local hunting practices in villages in central Gabon. And then I lived in Cambodia for a while or I did some small scale studies on wildlife use in the Cardamom Mountains and since then I've been working on a number of wild meat projects that focus on sustainable wildlife management with C4 and Oxford. Hi, I'm Natalie Van Blyth. So I have been working on wildlife and wild meat issues for the last 20 years. Basically, my experience is more in Central Africa and more recently in the Amazon. And I would say that even more recently, I've been lucky enough to discover about wild meat use in the Caribbean, which I think is a very much understudied region in terms of wild meat use. It has been very interesting. So my focus is really on the links between wildlife and livelihoods, understanding the importance of wildlife for the people that use it, either for food or to protect their crops. There are many reasons why people use wild meat. And yes, I guess my research and my colleagues' research is really to help policymakers develop policies that are well-informed in terms of how to sustainably use wild meat. But on the other hand, I'm very interested in the rights and the culture of people that have been using wild meat for centuries that continue to use it sustainably or not, but to have their voices heard at the policy-making level. Hello, my name is John Fah. I have been, basically, I'm an animal ecologist. My profession, my PhD, was on those sorts of issues. I've been working on management of endangered species for quite a number of years, but also the whole issue of how wildlife is used by people in different parts of the world. I have been working on the issue of wild meat now for about 30 years. My first experience was in the Petrol Guinea, and we have continued working in Africa and South America. And recently we started doing some work in Asia as well. My interest is very much to understand that middle ground between the ecology of wild species in natural habitats and what people need from these animals, and really come up with ways in which we can balance the needs of wildlife and the needs of people. Thanks, John. So maybe, John, you can start by telling us what is wild meat, actually, and how does it fit into the wildlife use more globally and for the local people and other communities. The actual definition is very simple. We're dealing with the flesh of wild animals that are being consumed by people throughout the world. I would venture to say that wild meat is even the rabbits that we catch in Europe or the parteries and everything else, as well as the infinite number of animals that are consumed throughout the world. An estimate of that goes to about 2,000 different species, different parts, different regions of different animals, but essentially anything from snails to elephants are being consumed as wild meat in different parts of the world. The definition of wild meat is the one that we're currently using. We try to keep the term bushmeat more to the African situation. The Latin Americans, for example, have a particular view that bushmeat, the term bushmeat should be applied early to Africa, whereas in the context of Latin America, it's more game or wild meat. So these are semantics to some extent, because essentially we're dealing with wild animal flesh that's being consumed by people. Thanks, John, and maybe, Lauren, you can continue in saying a few things, for example, what is happening with the kids in China now. Yes, I think one of the important things to note, I think John's brought up, is that wild meat is used all around the world and it's used by local communities as an important source of protein and nutrition, but it's also used in urban areas, in small regional towns, but also in large urban areas. And in China, there are these wet markets that we're hearing a lot about. Often when we've been hearing about wet markets in the news, it's been focused on the wildlife trade, but wet markets actually include a range of different species, domestic, livestock, fish, wildlife, and also plants. And it's one of the main ways that urban Chinese get there, buy their fresh produce. But that's not just limited to China. We see wet markets all around the world, whether it's in Central Africa or South America, or whether it's in Cambridge going to the local fishmongers. So this is, well, wildlife use is very much global. I think the importance of wildlife for people changes depending on situations. So we have local communities, very rural local communities in places like Gabon or other areas in Central Africa where people are very much dependent on wild meat for their livelihoods and for their nutrition. But people in regional areas, in regional towns in Central Africa are also very dependent on wildlife for their nutrition. And this is bought through wet markets. Thank you. Maybe you can continue, Lauren, and telling us what is the connection between this consumption of wildlife and the emergence of infectious or zoonotic diseases? So the emergence of zoonotic diseases, obviously, is incredibly important. And more than 60% of infectious diseases originate from animals and of those about 70% come from wildlife. The question is how the infectious disease is transmitted from the wildlife to humans. And that's where it becomes a bit more complex than just talking about wildlife trade. So more than 50% of outbreaks of zoonotic diseases since the 1940s have been linked to agricultural intensification. So we don't just have an issue with direct consumption of wildlife spreading zoonotic diseases. It's also that we have increased land use by humans. We have increased livestock production, increased agricultural intensification. And all those things are bringing wildlife into much closer contact with humans and spreading those zoonotic diseases. So we really have to think about how human activity is spreading the disease transmission. John, can you tell us a bit of the work that we have done in terms of this issue of degradation and zoonotic disease? As Lauren says, I mean, there are many different ways in which human beings can come into contact with wildlife. Certainly through the consumption of wild meat is one way of doing that. What we have tried to do through C4 and our partners, we have tried to look at the problem in different scales, at different scales. We've done, the team in C4 has done a lot of work on the ground, working with different communities, monitoring what is being consumed, how much is being taken out, and what is the relationship between the people and the wildlife itself. We have taken it one step further with our work using models to try to understand the possible spread of disease in Africa primarily, but we have other work going on to look at the possible contact between humans and wildlife and disease in other parts of the world. So our work with the University of Malaga in Spain has been primarily to look at ways in which we could distinguish which sorts of animals could potentially be the reservoir species or the transmitters of the disease, such as A disease, such as Ebola. Ebola is actually sort of transmitted by a filovirus, it's another type of virus, very similar in many ways to a coronavirus, and our work has actually shown where it is more likely to contract that virus or where the virus is in more favorable conditions, and that's very important for us to understand. But we've also looked at ways in which the altering of the environment in which the virus is in does affect the possibility of transmission, and that's our work on deforestation, for example, I've shown quite dramatically that deforestation occurs two years before an outbreak is a very good correlate of what is going to happen in the future. In other words, when you disrupt trees, when you disrupt forests, when you upset the balance of viruses and pathogens and animals and people, then that's when you're most likely to get outbreaks such as Ebola. We've looked at the 27 different outbreaks that have occurred, and we've looked at the relationship of deforestation by actually doing very extensive satellite imagery and looking at what's happening in these areas. So, you know, the point that comes out from all the work we've done is that it is not just, it is not good to blame, to point a finger at a particular species or an interaction between species of wild meat and people. It has to do with the root causes of all this, which really has more to do with how we disrupt nature, how we do away with the balance of nature, how we do away with forests and how that creates new conditions for viruses and pathogens. So, we have a jump from an animal to a human and then after people contaminate people. So, then there has been some very blunt answer in terms of should we have a global ban on wildlife trade, reducing zoonotic diseases and what will be the in fact of such a ban on wildlife threats and wildlife use. So, maybe Natalie, you can start and your view about that. Yes, so on one hand, on one hand, many countries have already banned wild meat trade in many countries is already forbidden to trade wild meat. It's often even forbidden to hunt because the legislations are done in a way that if you look at the legislations closely, you will see that most of the hunting is actually happening illegally. So, I don't really think that the ban right now would change things unless suddenly we have enormous capacities from those countries to actually enforce current regulations. I mean, in the face of these emergencies, countries have put a lot of money in enforcing regulations that we would have never thought would happen, like keeping people at home for so many days, which you know, it could be that countries decide like China to actually really enforce those bans in the future. In that case, in that case, I think the ban could be, I mean, we have to look at it in different ways. I think, of course, for people that really rely on wild meat, which are mostly rural people, most of them indigenous people that have or kept the knowledge and the skills for hunting and that continue to rely on hunting as a main source of food or as a very important safety net, those would be the people that are most affected if hunting or when we trade is banned and if the ban is enforced. Now, people living in medium-sized towns, we have different situations. We have middle-sized towns where white meat is still very important, particularly for the poor because it's still a cheap source of animal protein. And there's not a lot of a lot of other alternatives. That's the case, for example, Kisangani five years ago was in that situation where you had, this city was coming out from conflict, was in a post-conflict situation. There was still very little access to domestic sources of meat. And so white meat and other non-timber forest products were the cheapest way to acquire proteins for people even in that urban area. So we also have other medium-sized towns where domestic sources of meat are very much available. If you take the example of Leticia in the Amazon or let them in Guyana where I'm working now, you know, you have plenty of other sources of alternative proteins. You have beef, you have chicken and eggs, you have industrialized meat. So white meat is not really a necessity. So banning the trade would affect a very limited number of stakeholders for which I don't think it's too difficult to find alternatives and to help convert themselves into other livelihood activities. In my opinion, it's not really the ban that we change how people view white meat. It's more people's perceptions, fears that will actually affect attitudes and behaviors towards white meat. Whether it is a ban or not, these pandemic has really created fear on people in different ways. I think for a lot of urban people that we're consuming or are consuming white meat at the moment, since they have a choice, they might think it twice. We already see this trend in Kisangani where urban people are starting to respond and saying, now that we are aware that Ebola comes from white meat, we don't want to eat white meat so much anymore, which is not the case for rural people who say, Ebola or not, I have always been eating white meat and I continue to do so because I don't have any choice. On the other hand, I think that rural people are more and more conscious due to what's happening now at the moment that their livelihoods has become too dependent from the outside world, from the markets, from chicken coming from the neighboring countries, from Brazil, industrialized food coming from everywhere in the world, and their food security is at risk when suddenly you have to close boundaries, you have to close villages, entire communities. In Guyana, for example, entire communities are closing, are locking themselves down. So the only source of meat now is fish and white meat again. So I think people are starting to think, we need to be clever enough to maintain those skills and knowledge about wildlife, about how to use wildlife sustainably because that's the only food source that we might have in case of crisis. So I think one of the interesting things that we will have to look at in the future is actually how people have changed their behavior in the face of these pandemics, which has, I think, surprised everyone in the world, whether you are from urban areas, whether you come from the tropics or from temperate regions. I think this has changed a little bit the thinking in terms of how do I ensure my food security in the future in case of crisis. Thank you. Now we have had a sort of a view of the local people and the views of the wild meat, but Lauren, what will be the impact on the conservation of biodiversity in terms of this various policy implemented or not implemented? So I think first of all there's a really good blog on this, there's a piece on this in the conversation, it's written by Dan Challander that I urge people to go and read, but the starting point that Natalie made, many countries have already got trade bans in place and those trade bans aren't really working for a number of reasons, one of the main ones being that there's very little enforcement of the trade bans and another reason being that the laws surrounding hunting are quite difficult to enforce, they can be quite opaque and a lot of them need to be re-evaluated, but further than that I think that we haven't got that much evidence that trade bans reworked that well, so there was a small study on a trade ban that was enforced in Equatoria Guinea in the Malibu markets in 2007 and while they found that when wildlife trade was banned in Malibu there was an initial decrease, quite quickly afterwards the trade rebounded and actually hit higher levels than before the ban because of the lack of enforcement. The other issue is that if you do ban trade and if you are effective in banning that trade then what it can do is it can push the trade underground into illegal markets and that can in some circumstances increase the amount of trade that's organised by criminal gangs and if you do that then regulating that trade is very difficult, so if you have a more regulated legalised trade then you're able to enforce more put-in-place standards for hygiene and for welfare whereas if it's completely made illegal then that can be really difficult to do so I think we have to think of a balance of of regulation and enforcement for some species. Alisa, I'll pass that on to John now, what he thinks? Certainly true, I mean I know the example of Equatoria Guinea in the Bioko because a trade was the trade of primers actually mostly monkeys was actually stopped and then immediately afterwards because there was no enforcement the whole thing went back to normal or even you know worse than normal. People do react as Natalie said and you know people will react and not purchase meat after Ebola for example in Africa and you know studies that have been done in Nigeria and Liberia show that people will not eat that and you know there is that fear element that comes in but it's because people themselves are making a decision not to eat the meat it's not because you know the authorities are telling them not to consume so it is rather complex and it's very complex even more complex the further down the line you go I mean enforcing that in rural areas how on earth are you going to do it with rural people the indigenous people why should you be doing that when these are people that rely a hundred percent from the meat that comes out of the forest and there's a point that I'd like to make actually because we we tend to think that these viruses are forever through killing anything and anyone that comes into contact with them let's also remember that indigenous people and people living in in forests have been exposed to these viruses and pathogens for many many many many years and there's plenty of studies out there that actually show already that there are clinical expressions immunological expressions within these communities of exposure to viruses that could be very very important for us to understand as a means of coming up with new ways of dealing with viruses or pathogens so my general point is that we have got to take into account everything again my my my you know constant reminder that we are have got to look at the bigger picture we can't just deal with things on a one-to-one basis and without really understanding the interactions and the networks and the the knowledge we can obtain from doing this properly and for us as researchers I think it's fundamentally important that we understand this more global more macro way of looking at things so that we can come up with possible solutions to the problem and that's what our team has been doing for all this time before going back to Lorelle and Natali with the issue of changing and one thing that we we need to to remind people is that the large amount and Lorelle told us of the the zoonotic disease they didn't come from wild meat and they came from domestic animals and and if you you ban wild meat wildlife on a wet market but if you let the chicken the pigs and and other whales you are still going to face a problem of potential huge pandemics it's something that has been a little bit underscore in the in the current crisis although now people seem to think that the coronavirus the current one could have jumped from bats to stray dogs near this market and not via pangolin so not proof but certainly Natali do you think that if a new one pandemics appear again the wild meat consumption will be different or people will forget as you know? No I think I do think that there will be a long-term impact in terms of consumption behavior I think we really need to measure this after COVID because I think COVID was the is the first pandemic that has been that has had impacts all over the world in temperate regions in tropical world so Ebola was far away in Africa for many people in the world Ebola was only in Africa so it was still far away I think now these pandemics come closer to people I think they will they will have a change in terms of how people view white meat consumption yeah what what I wanted to say as a follow-up to what Lauren was saying is that if we where white meat is an informal market it never benefits from the support that other formal market chains have to control food safety measures to increase the quality to access micro-credit to be able to have access to a nice refrigerator or a clean clean tools to work and to butcher your meat if you look at bushmeat markets and wild meat markets in most of the places bushmeat is being sold at the back of the market where you're not too visible but you don't have access to clean water you don't have access to a lot of things that actually would support and would help traders to reduce their risk in terms of you know becoming the spillover that could happen when they're cutting and butchering the meat and also so because I think it's important also to remind that the spillover doesn't happen where people when people consume white meat and that's sometimes it's difficult to make the difference right because people think it's the consumption of white meat which is a problem it's not really the consumption is actually the trade and the handling of white meat which exposes people to zoonotic diseases that could spill over to humans so if white meat trade could benefit from the same support that formal trade chains have in terms of improving food safety and so on I think we could we could perhaps reduce their risk and the contacts the risk of spillovers between white like the direct ones right the direct spillover from wildlife to humans because as Robert said even though in our minds we have these numbers that 70 percent of the zoonotic diseases come from wildlife it's important to understand that most of those actually use domestic animals as as vectors so they don't directly spill over from wildlife to humans in many cases they actually use domestic animals as as an as you know as a as a vector between wildlife and humans it's the case of nipah virus for example that jump from bats to pigs and then from pigs to humans right so I think those are a number of things that we need to remind ourselves when we think of simplifying the problem and oversimplifying a potential wrong solution yeah exactly when when you have armor everybody looks like a name yeah uh Lorraine you wanted to add something yeah I think just adding to Natalie's thoughts there that um this is this is definitely a global problem it's not a problem um for Central Africa or South America or people who eat um eat wild meat um in in rural areas it's a it's a problem for all of us um we have very globalized food systems and we have a rapidly increasing global population and this is an issue of how to feed that population sustainably and in a way that isn't going to um keep on having huge impacts on our our natural world you know we're the the reason why we're getting this increase in zoonotic diseases isn't just um but showing of wildlife in in places in the in the global south it's um it's our production of it's our intensification of agriculture for products like soy um and palm oil it's the um deforestation rates it's our increasing need for for more livestock and so I think hopefully this can be seen as a as a time when we all think about our the way that we consume and think about how we can change those consumption patterns as a global community um to make sure that we're not having such drastic impacts on nature that's a big question we will learn the lesson we will see here after the um we have been talking for more than 30 minutes now I have a few questions typed by the the floor and I will uh write a few and then read a few and then he wants to answer answer so let's say by the first one which is about the nutritional advantage of food product for free range livestock swine and poultry have been highlighted shouldn't the nutritional dimension also be incorporated in the wild meat discourse not only the zoonotic risk john you want to talk about the nutrition on that thing about that um yes there are nutritional advantages of free range livestock and so on but the end of the day it has to do with what is the potential to produce sufficient amounts to cover the needs of millions of people you know it's all very good to have free range chickens etc but you know is it accessible for you know the poor and all that often these these sorts of things in our country is for example these sorts of products are very much a middle class type of commodity rather than so we've got to look at ways and I mean following on from what Lauren is saying just that apart of the problem that we have nowadays is that the need for for more and more food to be accessible to to more and more people has actually pushed us into this corner where we have to industrialize the way that we produce um animals on plants and all that so I think we have to look at and perhaps slow food is more of the solution than than we thought it was and we certainly have got to do away with practices that just produces animals or plants in an unregulated manner so there are advantages of these free ranging animals there but let's not kid ourselves this is this is not for everyone we have to look at ways in which we can produce sufficient food for the masses without going into the situation that we're in at the moment difficult question yeah I have a question from South Africa is it safe to say the illegal trade is happening in most countries because the government often fails to follow a participatory approach before making ban regulations that affect people's livelihood Natalie yes I I do think that most of the regulations have have been inherited I mean at least for for the countries that were colonized in the past which is the case for the whole Latin America the whole Africa and also parts of um of Asia the regulations were inherited from the colonial times and they have changed a little bit but changed in a very chaotic way so we end up with regulations that are unclear that are full of gaps that do not represent people's realities and where people have never been involved in the discussion in terms of how do those regulations represent the reality which is what regulations should do right they should represent the society and they should represent what the society thinks is right or wrong right and I think this is where participatory process are very important I think I think I could congratulate the efforts that Guyana as a country is is doing at the moment trying to develop new regulations for wildlife trade and wildlife use involving the different regions trying to reach out to the different regions of different community groups so I think this is the this is where we should be I think trying to go in terms of understanding the different stakeholders views those that are the primary producers of white meat the hunters and their families and then the rest of the stakeholders that are involved so how do you involve the traders what is the vision they have uh how do they think they are concerned if you talk to them they are concerned about sustainability because it's their business so they could be engaging in a in a constructive manner to co-develop those regulations in a way that is more consistent representative of realities and more adapted to the different contexts yeah I have a question that is a bit of follow-up on that and looking at the scientific evidence on the relationship between ecosystem degradation and zoonotic transfer is this current pandemic not a reminder of the importance of regulating and reducing extractive industry which is opening up forest dialogue in growth rather than yet again trying to criminalize indigenous and oral people who wants to say something about that since I know Simon may maybe I can answer that question now there is evidence ungrowing evidence that as you disrupt ecosystems and certainly tropical rainforest then you're going to have that the outbreaks of diseases I'm more likely to happen and there's mounting evidence that as you open up forests more people are in contact and there's a wonderful paper that came out recently that shows that there's more contacts between non-human primates and humans in in more open areas as you open up forest we know from our own work that fruit bats tend to be much more common and and where the areas are much more favorable where humans are actually opening up forests so the opportunities for these jumps of viruses from animals to humans is much more likely that is mounting evidence that's enough information now to actually tell the world that we have to stop the way that we do things in terms of deforestation for oil palm or whatever and try to come up with solutions to that problem and as Simon says it's not a question nobody should be pointing a finger at indigenous people the rural people for what they're doing and it's really a different problem it's a macro problem much more related to extractive industrialized forms of altering habitat and that lesson has got to be learned and the good thing about COVID in a way you can call it that good is the fact that this event is affecting the pockets of people of the the people who have a lot of money basically it is an economic crisis as well as a natural crisis so it should be very clear to everyone that we have to go back to the root cause of these issues and for us to understand better how we should be protecting these habitats and the people within them yeah which brings us to the question this economic from our colleagues on traffic and it's beyond the direct impact of action by government to address COVID-19 such as ban what do you see as some potential impact of the wider political and social economic change that are likely to occur such as the likelihood of a deep economic recession as a result of the lockdown so so what will happen if in places where people are already barely strapping by already lower than in terms of economic possibility and will people move back to the village with people in presenting what what what do you think will happen Lauren yeah I think this isn't being talked about very much at the moment and you know we've seen COVID sort of increasing first of all in in China and then in in Europe but there can be there's if it if it does start to increase in Africa and South America we're going to see some really devastating impacts on people who are already struggling so there's going to be the economic impacts and obviously the the health impacts and when we've seen quite a lot of urbanization over the last sort of 20 to 30 years especially in Africa when people come under economic and social strain they tend to move back to the rural areas and we may see some of that urban to rural migration as a result of of this current virus when that happens people often need to fall back on to safety net activities as well such as such as hunting and so one of the hypotheses is that you may find that people become more dependent on wild resources as a result of of coronavirus but this is all very much hypothesis thank you so I'm looking at the question that's trying not to so then the question asked Natalie talk about changing behavior she said that the ninth virus came from bats to pigs I want to know more about this concept of changing behavior what must we do now Natalie what up to you well I think first first I think we really need to understand people's perceptions and values regarding wild meat in a changing world because we tend to actually see the world as static and we forget that things are changing very quickly so for example villages that were eating a lot of wild meats 10 years ago might not be doing so right now everything changes even before we are able to even publish our own research so we have to look at it you know as a dynamic system understand in these new in these constantly new contexts particularly with trends of increased urbanization increased disconnection from nature even from the young generation even from people born in rural areas and living in rural areas this disconnection with with nature what does it mean for people's behavior towards wild meat consumption towards hunting and so on I think we need more of that understanding right now and and then use that information to suggest communication strategies environmental education strategies that are adapted culturally to different contexts and that can be yeah that can be actually adapted and that can help change behaviors towards what a given government wants to see or a community wants to see because of course the decision has to be legitimate so it has to be initiated from leaders local leaders national leaders and they they need to I guess open up the debates on what they want to see how they want their food security to be in the future do they want it to be dependent from other countries do they want it to be based what I'm seeing now for example in the indigenous communities where we are working in Guyana now is that local leaders are using networks Facebook Instagram and so on to come up with messages saying we need to keep our culture see what's happening now the only way we are resilient is because we still know how to hunt we still know how to fish so we we have to see we have to see what understand what local leaders want what national governments want and then perhaps support with this evidence of how people value what needs provides some ideas of how to how to build behavior change uh campaigns which I think are could be very powerful can be very powerful yes I I also wanted to uh yes go ahead so just one thing I do agree with these extractive industries and any other human activities that actually disrupt natural ecosystems and bring people closer to nature natural environments I also think that the world is learning how to be urban right now because very recently not so long ago we became urban we were mostly rural 10 years ago more or less we are now urban and now we have to live with a lot of problems that are due to our urbanization processes and if you look at diseases zoonotic diseases peri-urban areas growing peri-urban areas are particular hotspots for zoonotic diseases still overs so I think rethinking uh urbanization rethinking uh now that we're learning how to work remotely maybe you know there's a change there also that needs to occur in terms of how do we think urbanization because I think these urbanization particularly in areas that are new urban areas new growing urban areas in the middle of forests are big risks big hotspots for zoonotic diseases to happen and putting the issue of zoonotic diseases aside for a minute we're already have seen that you know wildlife hunting in many areas is is is becoming unsustainable and one of the issues is that we are having increased urban populations who are still eating well meat and they're not dependent on wild meat very often but they're eating it for for cultural reasons or for taste reasons and but but that as Natalie says those that can shift very quickly and there are there's some anecdotal evidence that the younger generations aren't looking to wild meat for for their nutrition and are starting to change their their ideas about eating wild meat quite quickly and and a number of of NGOs are now looking at how we can um sort of how how that behavior change can be helped to happen and how people in urban areas can shift their consumption of wild meat and and you know generally just that different change to different consumption patterns and that could help to reduce the pressure on on rural communities who are still very dependent on wild meat and reduce the pressure on biodiversity. Yeah I have an interesting question here on the issue of is it possible to promote wildlife farming instead of directly exploiting the resource from the wild and and that's particularly relevant in the case of China because a lot of the animals that are sold in the wet market they are not coming from the wild they are coming from farming. Who wants to have a shot on this one? Well maybe I can I can say something I was like farming for us you know certainly in our group in our research we have seen a lot of people from the outside sort of telling us that the solution to the wild meat problem is to encourage rural people or anywhere in the world to to farm the animals that are normally hunt in the forest. Our experience certainly from Latin America and from Africa is that a lot of these activities these initiatives don't really sort of produce enough meat and there are many issues to do with disease there are issues to do with how you maintain these animals properly etc. China in particular have done this for a number of species and and there are there is quite a large volume of meat that seems to be coming out of some of these wildlife farms but to do this you know at the level of tropical forest areas throughout the world from our evidence from our point of view this is not the solution the solution is much more to do with allowing rural peoples and indigenous people to hunt sustainably and to stop the demand for wild meat in urban areas because that's where the sink for animals is you know and we've said it a number of times here we're dealing with a problem that these we dissected divided into three we're dealing with the rural areas and the rural peoples that need to be allowed to hunt sustainably we need to stop the urban demand because that's where a lot of this commodity meat is coming in and being used for no reason other than the taste and we need to come up with alternatives within the provincial towns because they are still dependent on on the meat that comes out so i wouldn't say that wildlife farming is a solution but better administration of these three different sectors and another somewhat related question is looking at the besides regulation and enforcement do we not need a public education campaign especially among educated urban consumer to patronize or to change the way wildlife is consumed or i think it would be so well lauren has mentioned the fact that you know there are one or two initiatives now certainly our involvement in in central africa initiatives to to start social campaigns to change the mentality if you want other people who are consuming wild meat as a commodity things are also changing naturally you know in west africa we know that there are the younger generation are not really wanting to consume wild meat because they think this is something that only their grandfathers used to do it's a it's a backward thing to do however we in areas where there is still quite a bit of consumption of wild meat if you think of kinshasa that has over 10 million people even if two grams of wild meat was consumed by each person you do have an enormous amount of wild meat still entering these cities so social campaigns working with these communities to change the way they do things must be the way forward and then we have the one million dollar question what strategy can you propose to discourage the bushmeat consumption in region where people depend on it for food when you want to have a go at this one maybe maybe lauren no or nathalie can answer that but i i'll add my i'll add my two pennies first i i i think again it's a question of not prohibiting people in in dependent areas to to hunt i and we do not believe that that is the way forward what we can do and should do is actually work with these communities so that they can have a resource that continues into the future in other words sustainable use of a resource is what we want in these areas not banning john you need to let the ladies talk lauren and natalie because it's probably the last question you can answer sorry i do i mean i agree with john that um i think it's we we don't want to be um we don't use the same techniques for everywhere so rural communities that depend on wild meat um these are often many communities very many small communities and even if you wanted to try and change hunting practices in those communities but incredibly difficult because there's they're very small remote isolated communities spread across large areas but you know the main the main issue is that they they do completely depend on wild meat still many of them and so trying to reduce that wild meat consumption is is just not ethically right um and i i do see that we have larger problems in the consumption of wild meat in in urban areas where it isn't an issue of food security and going back to the global problem in these these areas where people do consume wild meat the the consumption of wild meat isn't the only issue it's also the destruction of the habitat that those animals live in so we at the same time is thinking of how we can regulate wild meat consumption and wild meat hunting we also i think have to think about how we can reduce reduce habitat loss natalie i think maybe as we're talking about solutions i think i just want to add the fact that land tenure is a big is a big aspect that we need to consider i i have seen in communities where they have land tenure they have the possibility to develop their own guidelines their own rules about hunting about the use of natural resources about deforestation about they they are much more resilient they are able to um sustain the use of their natural resources longer um because yeah because there is a sense of ownership and therefore local leaders have have have have a stake and are respected for the fact that they are the guarantor of of of the land and therefore the resources so i think if i can compare two different situations the examples that we are seeing now in latin america where indigenous communities have land tenure not necessarily perfect because many communities are asking for extensions of the of these lands but those communities are able to take decisions even no matter what is happening nationally or globally so they can protect certain species locally they can i think they can come up with much more clever management ideas than national regulations because they know the territories they're know they know their micro habitats they know the specific species that are that is specifically vulnerable in that particular area so and they have the knowledge of their resources so i think land tenure is one of the aspects where um the the evolution of rights and land tenure to local communities is one of the things that i think we need to be working forward to ensure sustainability at that level at the local level okay thank you very much i think we are getting close to the the end of our webinar i will just answer one question and we answer this one myself from ratchapuri who is asking do we need the more rigorous research program directed at identifying the causal chain that lead to these outbreaks so the answer is yes we need a program and can c4 develop a more rigorous program to research causes i think we are very interested and if anybody has seen the group listening to us is interested please don't hesitate to contact us this is definitely a very important question i would like to thank the attendees i would like to thank lauren natalie john and all the c4 colleagues that help in the background to run this webinar um this is over for me from bogey uh stay safe stay healthy all wash your hands and see you next time


Intermittent Explosive Disorder When we say Intermittent Explosive Disorder, that means that it is a behavioural disorder in which sudden aggressive or verbal behaviour has been exhibited. You can understand in a way that the child is behaved aggressively, either verbally or physically, disproportionately in reference to the situation. So basically, when the child reacts aggressively to any situation, that is not in proportion of that situation.  If his mother has asked him to read it, but he or she does not want to study, then he will react very aggressively, either verbally shout, scream or cry. Like we say that the child throws the temper tantrum. This kind of child reacts aggressively in any situation, in any small matter.  When we say that it is not appropriate for that situation, that means that if any child has used your colour pencils, then you might feel bad. And you may be upset that he or she has used your colour without asking you why. You can talk to him. But the children who have the problem of Intermediate Explosive Disorder, they react differently.  And they started to yell on them, they started to scream on them, that why did they use that thing. So, this kind of violent behaviour or aggressive or physical aggressive behaviour, when it is an exhibition, we call it Intermediate Explosive Disorder. But the important thing in this is that it is sudden. There is no pre-planned situation in this, there is no pro-domal phase in this. This is a situation in front of which the child reacts that way. So, you have to keep this in mind that Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder are different from Intermediate Explosive Disorder. Intermediate Explosive Disorder is only the problem of anger, only the problem of rage. Because of which a child reacts aggressively in a different situation. And those children who have Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder and they have a lot of anger in them, we give them a different diagnosis in addition to Conduct Disorder and in addition to Oppositional Defiant Disorder and even in addition to Hyperactivity Disorder. So, you have to keep this in mind. Secondly, you will get the signs that you will find out that this child has Intermediate Explosive Disorder.  What does it mean to throw a temper tantrum? That the child does whining, crying, kicking, hitting, throwing objects. So, this kind of behavior is exhibiting. For example, if the teacher will say that you did this wrong and you have to do it right, then they might also scribble on the copy, they might not do the right thing, they might break the paper and destroy the copy of the child. So, this sort of behavior is exhibiting.  Why you are disturbing me? I don't want to do this thing. So, these kinds of complaints will report you. But importantly, you can understand it with non-compliance behavior in reference to aggressive behavior. But in this, it is not 100% non-compliance behavior. Sometime the child is in a really good mood and when the situation is appropriate, then that complains also shows and does all the work. But when the things and when the situation is slightly irritable to him or her, at that time he started to shouting and showing the physical aggression. Thank you.