2023 elections may make or break Nigeria, Abbas Anjar warns politicians. Tonight, we continue our conversation on civic education ahead of the 2023 elections. And the Court OK's Obie Supporters Rally in Lagos saying participants can't converge on Lecky Toe Gate. This is Plus Politics, I'm Mary Anna Coffey. A former president of Nigeria, Chifu Lushegun Abbas Anjar, has warned that the 2023 general elections may make or break the country. Abbas Anjar, in a statement signed by his special assistant on media, Kande Akemi, warned that politicians are capable of wrecking havoc and could make or break the country if leaders fail to watch it. While joining us live to discuss this is Shegun Chopit on his public affairs analyst and is also of ACT Network and Austin Ayigbe is a Senior Programs Officer, Centre for Democracy and Development, West Africa. Thank you so much gentlemen for joining us. Thank you. Pleasure, Mary Anna. Thank you. I'm going to start with you, Mr Ayigbe. This is not the first time that we've heard a politician or a political leader say or this election will be the one that, you know, this will be the watershed moment. We had that same experience in 2015. And here we are in 2023. Seems like the same, you know, story is being told to us, but then I might be wrong again in my assertion. So I'd ask, what exactly, you know, is the defining moment for 2023 and why must all hands be on deck? So thank you and thank you for having me. You're right with those assertions. You're very, very right. Man, in 2015, if I had in 2011, it was like that was the election that would make a man in Nigeria in 2015, the same thing came up in 2019, the same thing in 2023, yet again it's coming up. So election, it's something, it's a convergence that brings all manner of thought including the possibility of violence. You know how post election violence in 2011 almost destabilized the whole region of Nigeria. So let me, let me try to bring it to the focus. Recently at the Center for Democracy and Development, we had released a report which we called the SWOT analysis of the election. So we were interrogated in a number of things, which included insecurity in Nigeria. In 2015 elections, we knew, we remember, you remember that the Northeast in some of those local government areas were occupied by insurgency and there was need to clear those areas. The election was postponed for about six weeks and eventually the military returned and all of those areas were cleared, election then took place. In 2019, we had almost the same challenge of military intervention, I mean insecurity in the political landscape of Nigeria. In 2023, what makes 2023 so unique is arguably that Nigeria is facing a pandemic of insecurity. It's literally in every state of Nigeria that some form of insecure narrative, whether it's in Eqiti or Bayesa or not West, not East or even the South East, across the territorial boundaries of Nigeria, there's really no states that you can take out that this is free. I know that some parts of South West may be free, but so there are certain areas in the South that is a bit freer than other areas in the North. So the kind of dynamics, with the level of kidnapping, with the level of bandit free, with the level of bandit attack is becoming a challenge that the whole nation to conduct an election in a tight country will be challenged and Ennecas also raised this as a matter of fact. What is very important too is also to bring in a new narrative, talking about the, you just talked about just now, that they caught us okay, the Gadrin of a political party of folks. So there's a new movement, there's a new wave of support for a political party, particularly coming from young people. Looking at what happened in 2020, the anti-protest and all the agitation that happened, there is that fear and President Bassinger, former President Bassinger, is raising those that for us to have a free, for us to have a Nigerian state beyond 2023 that should be free, fair and credible election, an election that Ennecas intend to conduct. Again, the electoral commission seems to be very ready because they'll be able to do their work by telling us that certain things are going to be happening. This is the processes, these are all of this. So if citizens therefore know what to do, there's a possibility that violence in the election will be reduced. And I tell you, when there was a misconception, misinformation recently about the use of electronic transmission, and a lot of people went on Twitter and no, why are you going to cancel online, I mean, electronic transmission results, the electoral artists clear and we must be conscious going into 2023 election, it is going to be a war on electoral disinformation. What is generally called fake news. Fake news, we destabilize Nigeria and we are getting worse, the country is getting worse in terms of the peddling of fake news. And I think that's where we need to focus on. When we deal with it, we'll have a free, fair election and Nigeria, election will not man Nigeria. It will be greater for us as a country. I want to pick it up from where he stopped. Recently there was a photo that was making the rounds on social media, even on WhatsApp, about a CNN postcard, not necessarily a postcard, but a flyer with presidential candidates. And there was one that was photoshopped without the face of the presidential candidate of the APC, replaced with the face of his deputy as opposed to the original one. Now for many people who necessarily do not support the APC, this was a good thing because they thought that international media was on their side. But I'm going somewhere with this, this is an example of what we're talking about. And many people retweeted, many people posted it on their social media. Now for those of us who are in traditional media, who know the art behind investigation and making sure that you have the right information put out there, we had to go get both photos, put both of them out there and say, well, this is real and this is fake. Unknown to the media house, of course, that this was what was happening in the country. Many people are now on social media. Most of the movements are on social media. How can civil society also hop on social media, not just leaving the job to just, you know, to traditional media? And maybe, you know, those who are charged with the responsibility of dealing with disinformation or misinformation. Civil society does have a role to play. How do you come in here? I mean, thanks, Marianne. Look, the question you have, of course civil society will play its role. In terms of just trying to perhaps provide some sort of moderating voice in all of the conversations that are happening in the lead-up to the... Oh, Shagun, I think that we're losing you. We're having some connection issues with you. I do not know how we're going to deal with that. Shagun, can you hear me? Shagun? Can you hear me? I'm going at each other. Okay. Oh. Okay. Let me see. Yeah, I can hear you. I think there's a net of problem. Let me try and resolve the net of problem and then... So maybe you just go on with the... Yes. I will go back to Ayib. Yeah. Can you hear me? Yes, I can hear you. Ayib, so I'd like for you to take on that because I've seen many times where these false information keeps... It moves at the speed of light and hopping on it is... The media, yes, were many, but then civil society does have a role to play. And just as I asked Shagun, how can you capitalize on also the fact that we all are on social media to spread the message that is right or the proper? So the Center for Democracy and Development does run a fact-checking hall. One of the key strategies to try to build a number of... To build a community of practice of fact-checkers, including the media, civil society, citizens having the digital literacy to know what to share before you share, how do you confirm it? Every citizen needs to be fact-checkers. We need to acquire a certain level of digital literacy that not everything that looks like that shines like gold is gold. I mean, not everything that shines is gold. I mean, the geometric expression. So what is important, going to the 2023 election, people need to know that fake news will destabilize. In fact, I used this narrative somewhere. I'm going to put it now that if fake news can bond down Nigeria, beyond what you just talked about, just now, about the Photoshop, with a simple digital tool like Google reverse image search, you can easily discontinue that picture. But most people, because of the political sensitivity, because of their biases, because of their orientation, what we call confirmation bias. Once you don't like the candidate, you are tempted. In fact, you're not even tempted. You love it to share it. Not everything, because at some point it is going to target your own candidate. And the way it is, is to say any pictures or messages you receive on social media, but carry on WhatsApp, the E2E, the end-to-end encryption, you need to ask the person to send it to you. Excuse me, where's the source of this? Take this CNN, like that one that was trending. CNN is public, it's so global. Go on CNN and search and be sure that it's correct. And if it is fake, go back to the person who shared it and say, why are you sharing fake news? What's your problem? Advice fellow, you are actually demarcating your candidates when you try always to peddle fake news against your opponent. And I say this again, and I said it in 2015 elections when we began to see all of the disinformation that trending us on even the mainstream media, whether it's like Belgium or the Wikipedia or whatever, in 2015, I had a 2015 election, I said to a couple of candidates and all of them, I said, the energy you spend on trying to pull out fake news or disinformation against your opponent is more than enough energy to populate and project your candidates. What I see young people are doing now, they try as much as possible to demarcate opponents. Even political parties are near them. In 2019, we saw a narrative where political parties were hiring youth and creating what they call the data boys. Data boys are folks who stay in one room to create content. They create content against their opponent. And what did we do? We have our own mechanism. Every fake news in the narrative, we usually don't use fake news, but for the sake of this conversation, for ease of communication, fake news. The world will be disinformation or misinformation. Every time we spot disinformation, immediately we engage with it and release it immediately. Before you know what was happening, we were reducing the popularity of the so-called data boys and shaped by boys in Biasa. What do we do? What do we need to do in this election going forward in 2023? Plus TV Africa, all of the mainstream media. We need to acquire this key and build a community of practice where we spot fake news. Because we now know that fake news will be a destabilizing factor in the 2023 election. We can all work together to put the right news on. We can build up a synergy between CDD plus Africa and a couple of others to always populate the right one in the election of 2020. Right at the polling unit where the governor voted. The current governor was in that time. There was a channel video that popped up on WhatsApp that the governor had been attacked in his own polling unit that is where they were injured and they were risked away. Coincidentally, we were in the same polling unit. Immediately, we had to rush out to channels to say, please, they are using your videos to dis-reform caution people and of course Nigerians and the global community. Channels needed to quickly run on live, run live and quickly put a tag on the same video to say this is not caution state. This is not a war. That video came from Delta State, one of the political party primaries where there was a lot of conflict and there was some violence happenings in that party primaries and eventually parallel boxes and all were destroyed. People bought it. They loved it because elections in movement where things are very fast. So to answer your question correctly, is that we all need to be fact-checkered. Don't share information if you don't have the correct fact, if you don't have the correct source of it. Because you could be happy to burn the country and you don't want to be part of it. Absolutely. Let's talk about propaganda as a tool in the hands of politicians. You know that each political party has, one way or the other, gotten the services of a spokesperson, a mousepiece, image makers, people who are going to be speaking on their behalf and half the time these people are propagandists. We all bore witness to the drama between Femme Farnick Haye Day of the All-Progressive Congress and of course, Senator Dino Malay and we saw the drama that happened on social media again. So it makes me wonder, it's not enough for politicians to sign peace pact or peace accord. I mean, I don't think that's enough, right? But then what about the role that these politicians have to play in making sure that their political parties are also not playing a role in the spread of propaganda, even though some would say that someone would be at the school of thought that this would benefit them one way or the other. Shagwa, I think that you would like to take that. Okay, yeah, thank you. Apologies for the disruption. So look, this question you ask is pretty much right at the core of the challenge and the situation that we find ourselves as a country. And if you do a simple cost and effect analysis, because sometimes when I look at these types of issues, it's always good to go to the core of what's driving the issue, right? So all of the things that my colleague has just said now, fantastic, and it's something that we all must take stand up, take the responsibility to fight him. These are fake news and now talking about propaganda. Propaganda is a tool anywhere in the world for driving the public narrative, and you can drive it in a positive way, you can drive it in a negative sense. But unfortunately, in Nigeria, our politicians, the defining line between propaganda and outright lies is very, very thin. And a lot of times what you find is that what you might be referring to as propaganda is in fact fake news. It's developing narratives that are completely untrue. We saw it at play in the lead up to the 2014 elections. We're seeing it at play now, between the major candidates, the supporters for now of the major candidates, when the campaigns kick off as they have now and as it begins to gather momentum. Of course we're gonna see a lot more of all of this information flying around that you have to consistently try to fact check and debunk. The challenge for me, and I think to solve this problem, we have to take a step backwards and ask why it's happening. And you know, Mary, and we've been having this conversation for years, funny, like it's been years now. And the truth of the matter is that the incentives for this, why are they doing these things? It's a dual direfare for them to get into office. They are pursuing these political offices, whether you're talking about the presidency, whether it's the governorship at the various states, or even the national assembly positions. The reward available to them for women or capturing those offices is tremendous. And the rewards are such that people would spare no effort, including taking of lives to get into those places, which means we need to take a step backwards and find how we can re-jig the entire political system to ensure that it's more of a service driven thing rather than a place where people can go and enrich themselves, line their pockets and take care of their generations of born, with the public resources. And how do we do this? At the end of the day, you know, fortunately or unfortunately, it still comes back to this question of the ballot, which means Nigerians will need at some point to decide whether they're tired of the status quo or not and make informed choices that will lead us out of this terrible catch-22 situation that we have found ourselves in and that we've been running around in circles. I'm curious, and I'm sorry to talk over you, but I'm curious, when will Nigerians realize? Because I think that's where I'm stuck. Because if we realize that people are willing to kill for an office that they say they want to come in and serve us and we're still banding behind these people, then maybe the point of realization is a bit more of a mirage as opposed to us coming to realization. So I don't think it's a mirage and I think it's gonna happen. And when President Abbaso just says, you know, this might be a make or break election for us 2023, I think this is actually what is kind of viewed into, because I think that what's happened in the last 23 years, but especially in the last seven years, is that Nigerians have come to sort of realize, and if you have a conversation with pretty much almost everybody, I think there is a bit of a consensus as to the fact that neither of the two major political parties have the answer. I think there is a bit of a consensus on that. Of course, everybody would not agree on that, but I think it's beginning to become clear that the political players, actors themselves, who are scattered across all of these parties are the problem, right? So that's the first step, you know? Before you'd find that, oh, people are rooting for a PC and then all of a sudden it's all about the PDP. In some states, it's one party or the other. But I think we're getting to a point where Nigerians are beginning to say, hey, wait a minute, these guys are the same. So that's the first step. Now the next step in this question, in this journey, we hope that it may happen in 2023, but in case it doesn't, it will happen eventually. We'll get to a point where Nigerians will then realize that we need to elect leaders and maybe one there says a leader that can start the process of healing the country and more or less delivering us from this political system that has been deliberately rigged to keep Nigeria and Nigerians in this vicious cycle of non-development. Until we get to that point, I'm afraid, propaganda will be there, rigging of elections, even with all the fantastic and lofty ideas that INEC has come up with by model verification system. Hey, see what's happening. They're still looking for ways to compromise this thing. So until we get to a point where we can fix our leadership, we must understand that these things are going to continue and we'll get there one day. I don't know whether it's 2023, but I believe, I'm a hopeful person, so I believe that we'll get there one day. Let me come back to you, Aieewe. Still talk on the lines of realization. We've seen that there have been more and more divisions across the country, along the lines of religion, along the lines of ethnicity, and we've seen more and more, the lines are getting wider and wider. And in the midst of all these divisions, stands a political leader from one political ethnic group or from one political party, I beg your pardon, or the other, representing ethnic interests. And half the time, most of the people who seem to be their followers are looking at these issues as opposed to looking at it based on how it affects us as Nigerians. We see them looking at it through these same prisms of religion and ethnicity. Now we're hearing the senting voices. The North is saying this. The Middle East is saying this. Why can't we say Nigerians are saying this? Aieewe, can these lines ever be blurred, especially as we get ready for 2023 elections, or is it going to be business as usual? So you see what's happening in Nigeria is to some degree, there's some kind of real awakening of a consciousness that Nigeria belongs to all of us. There's some form of real awakening that the Nigerian state, if we don't protect it, if we don't choose our own leaders, we are going into a state of, I mean, a state of irrelevant as a country. Nigeria is the largest black nation, whereas in Africa, across the globe, whatever statistics you have, but the peoples of Nigeria deliberately, by way of political manipulation, are kept under the poverty line. A poor person is likely to do anything for 500 naira or a thousand naira. What the politicians have done is to keep people within a threshold that at some point you use them for your own will. When you use the word just now as propaganda, and I like the comment made by my colleague, most propaganda for political parties or candidates are not propaganda. They are disinformation, aimed to manipulate the psyche and the mindset of the citizenry. Does poverty have ethnicity? Does insecurity have ethnicity? Does poverty have religion? Does insecurity have...? Unfortunately, we have lost that connection. Finally, because we're almost out of time, Shagun, finally. What should we be...? Okay, quickly, Aiebe, because we're running out of time, quickly. Okay, does strike action have religion? No. It is time now that we need to converge as Nigeria, that you need a leader that's a Nigerian and not a session leader, a Nigerian leader. And that happened... I mean, there's a lot of stories to talk about, but because of time, I will just stop at this point because Nigerians need to know that you need a Nigerian leader that knows how to deal with poverty, know how to do with insecurity, know how to do with education, health, agriculture, and all of the things that make good life for all of us. Finally, Shagun, what should be the messaging from now till Election Day? In closing. I think for me, in closing, right? If you look at what President Abbasan just is saying, I think that's what we need to actually let Nigerians digest and perhaps begin to think about. We may, if we're not careful, right? We may be in the last few years of this entity, as we know it, if we're not careful. And I say that because if you look at the trajectory that the country has traveled in the last 23 years, you find that it's been a consistent downward spiral, right? And it's all driven on the back of poor governance. It's as simple as that. Poor economic policies, poor, you know, whatever, just look at all the good governance indicators. We're simply failing at it because the political system is not designed to deliver good governance. And it will not continue indefinitely. Eventually, we will get to the Rubicon and the country will fall over the cliff if we continue downwards. So I think Nigerians need to understand that we are basically in an existential situation. We need to save ourselves from these guys by electing a leader or leaders that are genuinely interested in delivering development. It's not an easy question to answer, but I think that's the question that we need to answer. The person you cast your vote for, does he intend, by track record, to serve you or himself and his people? I'll just leave it there. I think a question that all Nigerians have to answer is this one. I want to say thank you. Shagil Shopita is a public affairs analyst and is also of ACT Network. And Austin Ayebe, it's the senior program officer Center for Democracy and Development West Africa. Thank you so much, gentlemen, for this conversation. Thank you. Thank you very much. Well, we'll take a quick break when we return. We'll be discussing the Labor Party March here in Lagos on Saturday. We have one of the conveners here with us in the studio. Stay with us.


This is a new kind of horror for the 21st century. It works really well and I liked it Okay, Thomas Oldie Wevelt has been writing novels in his native Dutch For 10 or 15 years. This is I believe his first novel that had to have a wide release in English Let me see if I can do it justice in 30 seconds Okay, a small New England town is haunted by the animated corpse of a witch who was executed by Puritans 300 years ago. The town leaders in conjunction with the federal government are Keeping her existence and her effect on the town a secret and they're trying to do it without just putting a wall around the town The young kids who have grown up in the town who have cell phones and internet They are fed up with the secrecy and the isolationism because people who live in the town are not allowed to move away The witch won't let them. This is an entirely unique Story the likes of which I've never seen before It works really well. It is truly terrifying and it builds to a fantastic payoff Okay, did I get that in 30 seconds? I Have to stress that this is a really well-written book. It reads very quickly. It reads very naturally and smoothly I couldn't put it down and that's rare for me the situation that I described with the government Having a secret project to keep all of this under wraps if it sounds to you like kind of like Joss Whedon's cabin in the woods from a few years ago Yes, it very much has that vibe to it at first But unlike Joss Whedon's work This story has a big payoff Sorry, Joss. I really can't tell you much more than that without giving things away the Wevelt has created a completely new Mythology here. You've heard me say that about a number of books this year and again, it's true here This is something entirely new for me I never knew what was gonna happen next and I value that so much and the ending was not something that I would have Have guessed at all There are a lot of really strong characters in it They're they're well-written They have strong relationships you care about them The dead witch herself while being a mystery is also Very engrossing. Well, the book didn't frighten me in the sense that you know, I didn't have any problems sleeping at night I was just very engrossed in the book. I've seen reviews Many reviews where people say that they were truly terrified by this character and I can see why I Keep using the word unique, but it really applies here. This is a truly unique book I recommend you get it and read it and give it to someone else to read. It is really good really really good Please remember to press that like button it helps my videos get seen and then subscribe so you can come back next time I do science fiction book TV and movie reviews all the time and please consider becoming a patron There's a link in the description below


Welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the Stock Swash and I'm reviewing 2018. So the Stock Swash 2018 Trading Room Tracking and I'm going to go back here. This is all of 2018 winners and losers from the trading room if you were in the room with me. You've got to learn how to trade if you want to make money. It's just one of these things and I say empower yourself to do it by getting the right information and the right education to move forward. So again this is 2018 people. Start it out the year. I'll be a winner, BKS winner, January 8th play was a winner, DKS loser, urban loser, AYI winner, SVU winner, no trades on the 11th, GME winner on the 12th. Some days there's no gaps that beat my criteria therefore we don't do anything. Okay you can't push it. Room closed on the 15th, SPY was a winner, IBM winner, no trades, Nike was a winner on the 19th, SAM was a winner on the 22nd, no trades on the 23rd, UAL was a winner, NWL, INTC, good strong start to 2018. SOH was a winner, MET, Juniper, eBay, Apple, no trades on the 5th, SWKS was a winner, CMG was a winner, Tiva was a loser, HBI was a winner, XB was a loser and then the second one was a winner so sometimes I do retakes.   A lot of retakes in here, I'm seeing this, DDD winner, 31st, ECA break even, W loser, QQQ winner, TB day off the second, SPY winner, or SYY winner, sorry, Karl loser, SPY winner, MAR winner, 7th was a crazy day, Z winner, Z loser, Kors loser, SPY winner, and then Qs winner, that's a very bullish there for the market, if I recall, 11, 7, to go back and look at that day, 11, 8, Win loser, CTRP winner, Yelp loser, CTRP winner, room closed on the 12th, TSN winner, SPY loser, Macy's winner, and TAP winner, NVIDIA loser, JWN winner, NVIDIA winner, closed for Thanksgiving, SPY loser on the 27th, CHS winner, TIFF winner, TIFF spinning was a good one here, 1129, EXPR loser, TIFF winner, SFM winner, no trades, DG loser, CRUST loser, AMAT winner, market closed on the 5th, SPY loser, SPY winner, MOMO loser, TIFF winner, big winner, it's a good one, no trades on the 10th, FSIX winner on the 11th, UA winner, NVIDIA loser, the 12th, TLRD winner, no trades, SPY loser, Qs winner, FDX loser, then the second retake winner, CCL loser, Twitter winner, 21st, Nike winner, it was the end of the year, for me, 267 trade calls, only 89 losers, 178 winners, it's pretty good, pretty good, so win ratio, 67% for 2018 in the Stock Swish Show Live trading room, I teach class, class is called the Gold and Gap course, it's a full today course and how to strategically find, pick and play stocks at our professional bearish gaps, classes online, it can be anywhere in the world and take it, I charge $59.99 USD, if you're interested email me at melissa at thestockswish.com if you want to sign up, I do the class usually once a month, you can call me also down here, 9293200 gap, email me at info at thestockswish.com, again the class is $5999 USD, if you want to sign up email me and you'll get the information, so we'll see what 2019 brings, 2018 was a very solid year, 2019 has begun and looking forward to a great year, thanks everyone, have a great day.


Great, thank you. Hi, everybody. Thanks for joining us today to talk about dependency management in C and C++. My name is Aaron. I'll be your host for today's discussion and I'm joined by Jessica Black, a senior software engineer here at FOSSA. Welcome, Jess. And a big thanks to the Linux Foundation for hosting us today. As was mentioned, we'll be happy to take questions throughout the presentation so feel free to drop questions into the Q&A at any point. We'll try and take as many of them as we can in real time and we'll get to the ones that we can't in the Q&A at the end. So let's take a look at our agenda. We're going to start with a quick overview of the C++ ecosystem. Then we'll take a look at some of the various methods that exist for including dependencies in your C++ project, including vendering, static linking and dynamic linking. Then we'll dig a little deeper to see how FOSSA identifies those dependencies across all three scenarios and we'll wrap things up with the Q&A. Now, before I hand things off to Jess, a quick word for folks who are not familiar with FOSSA. We provide technology that makes it easier and more efficient for organizations to manage the open source software they use. So this includes identifying and remediating open source vulnerabilities as well as identifying and complying with licenses in your open source code. So basically, if you're using open source like Slack, Uber and Confluent, you should be using FOSSA to manage it. Great. Now let's talk dependencies. Starting first with a quick intro of our distinguished speaker. Jess is a senior software engineer. She works on features like our C++ dependency scanner, and she specializes in relational databases, server software and CLIs, primarily using languages like Go, Haskell and Rust. So we're super happy to have Jessica here with us today. Thanks again for joining us, Jess. I'll let you take it from here. All right. Hi, everyone. Next slide, please. So yeah, so CNC++, as I'm sure most people here are aware, is frequently used in what we call systems programming. So performance critical or lower level areas like games is a common example or, you know, hardware drivers, databases, networking stacks. According to the Stack Overflow Survey in 2021, over 20% of developers did some form of CNC or C++ development last year. You know, it's been a popular language forever and that's not changing. Next slide, please. So whenever we use open source, it is, you know, it's always great to be able to get us off the ground easily and filling gaps that we don't have to develop ourselves, essentially. But the biggest issue with using open source alongside that convenience and velocity is that it can sometimes be risky, both from a license compliance standpoint and a security standpoint. You know, there's all kinds of concern about using like GPL licensed software or, you know, security issues like Heartbleed or other major security problems like that or minor ones like, you know, buffer overflows. So tracking those risk vectors is really important. And yeah, that's what we're looking to do with this. Next slide, please. So a big key with CNC++ is compared to other languages. CNC++ projects usually don't have any kind of package manifest listing their packages that they depend upon. So on the right hand side, there's an example manifest from a Rust project. And you can see all of the different dependencies and their versions. And so with other languages, you know, you can look through this list and get a good starting point. This isn't the whole story, but get a good starting point for what dependencies you're using with CNC++ as, again, I'm sure most people here are aware. We largely don't have that. Obviously, there are some open source package manager like Conan is a big one. But by and large, most CNC++ projects don't use that and instead use a mix of like local vendor dependencies or system dependencies pulled in. And so finding these is hard and organizations often will rely on software composition analysis tools to inventory their dependencies and then, you know, list that compliance and security issues that they have. Next slide, please. Just actually before we go to the next slide. You talked about dependencies, but each of those dependencies have dependencies and have their dependencies, right? So it's turtles all the way down. So the problem you're talking about really covers not just the complete set of direct, but also the indirect dependencies that a project might have, right? Yep, exactly. Yeah. I've kind of touched on that with basically this isn't the whole story. But yeah, to like kind of iterate further. Essentially, every one of these dependencies can have their own dependencies. And sometimes those can be like hidden even to where, you know, like in this example using a cargo project, they might have been might actually statically link new dependencies in a way that's not even in this manifest. So yeah, they're the whole story is pretty complicated and and multi layered. Great. So yeah, so before we discuss identifying dependencies, we'll kind of go through some common methods of including them in C and C++ applications. This is not necessarily the entire list of ways you can include dependencies, but definitely these are kind of what we have seen as the most common ways that are including dependencies. So a very popular way for dependency inclusion is to vendor them. And that essentially looks like placing some subset, maybe it's the whole thing, maybe it's just part of a dependency into some kind of sub directory of your project. For example, inside of a vendor directory. This screenshot shows the Facebook Folly project put into a vendor project and a vendor directory inside of the project directory. And the benefit to this is it's relatively straightforward to get started. You just copy and paste the code and you just integrate it with your build system, which can be messy at times, but you know, then you have full control over how you compile it and exactly what parts of the dependency are compiled. And they just kind of slot in. Next slide, please. Another common way to include dependencies is static linking. So, you know, vendering is potentially easy and gives you a lot of control, but sometimes it's preferred to compile the dependencies into binary statically and then distribute those and just include them that way. This is really common for like internal teams developing a library and then internally or for like vendors who develop some like library that you have to either pay for or, you know, they just offer the pre-compiled binaries either way. But these are common ways to include those dependencies. And sometimes these can be centralized into the package manager as well. Using a Linux package manager sometimes it pulls in static linking or statically linked libraries as well. Next slide, please. And then the last common way that we've seen dependencies included is dynamically linking. And this is very similar to static in that you link against a pre-compiled binary. The main difference is that with static linking, that linking is performed, that compiling together is performed at build time, whereas dynamic linking, it's done at runtime. So whenever you distribute the application to the end computer, that library has to be present on the computer. But this is a very, very common way to link in, especially like standard libraries or very commonly used libraries across the ecosystem just because, you know, often you can assume that they're there or make sure that they're there by installing them first with some installation script. And then that makes your deployment a little bit easier and not to mention you can patch your dependencies as well and then patch all your applications at the same time. Next slide, please. So, you know, the pros and cons of these kind of dependency inclusion methods are it really varies my project and even by dependency. A lot of the time, C and C++ projects will use all three of these in some mixture because some of them are better for some dependencies and some are better for others. So, you know, vendering, you can build it from source at the same time provides maximal flexibility. What I think on is that it's kind of difficult for SCA tools to track, essentially, since we have no package manifest, and these are just files that are part of your project tree. There's no obvious way to kind of rope them off as like a dependency. I think that like vendor folder that I mentioned earlier can sometimes be a clue but there's no like standardized way to refer to that and so, yeah, it's very, very much a mixed bag as far as like analysis goes. Static linking is a great middle ground between vendering and dynamic linking. One of its biggest con I would say is that it's hard for compilers to fully inline binaries. And so, often the binary that's actually produced is going to be larger or less efficient than like being able to compile the source yourself where the compiler can reason about the code more correct or more fully. It's really, really hard for SCA tools to track without some kind of package manager or like a linker integration. And that's largely because like, once you compile in that statically linked binary, there's it largely disappears. There's no, there's not even the like source code to statistically analyze like we can do with vendering. Often these are totally invisible without, like I said, without some kind of like ability to integrate with like what the linker is actually doing. And then the last that we covered is dynamic linking. It's really easy to include these in a project. It's biggest con is that it's difficult to create a reproducible build and runtime environment. I kind of mentioned that whenever you deploy a binary that is built with dynamic linking, you have to ensure that that dynamically linked library is on the target system. And sometimes, sometimes it's there but it's not exactly the same one that you built against so things will be a little bit different. So that can, that can just be tricky, certainly manageable, but can just be tricky sometimes. It's also really easy for SCA tools to track because we can just ask the system, what dynamic dependencies is this binary using. We can look those up against the system package manager or, you know, like I mentioned Conan like if Conan were to pull in something like this, then we could theoretically ask it. So yeah, so it's, it's pretty straightforward. Yeah, this is, this is great Jess. I just one quick thing to make it maybe a little bit more concrete so you know we talk in the, in the title of this about this kind of blind spot that's there with regards to dependency management and I can see how with these different inclusion methods, it's easy for things to kind of get lost but I wonder if you mentioned the heart lead example in open SSL a little bit earlier, I wonder is that the kind of thing that could get lost in this blind spot if you're not kind of able to see all these things at the depth that you need to. Yeah, good question. Yeah, I definitely think so. The stuff like heart bleed. I know that this isn't C and C++ but stuff like the name is escaping me the, the log you want log for Jay. And stuff like that is definitely things that we can, that we can easily lose track of with like the dependency graphs of modern projects. C and C++ often try to use fewer dependencies than other ecosystems like say JavaScript with npm. But still like the dependency graph is usually relatively large and relatively hard to track, especially for you know the developers that are trying to trying to fix and ship things. So yeah. We have one more quick question that came in on the Q&A as well so are you familiar with NYX and if so where do you think that fits in here. Great question. Yeah, NYX I think fits in really well kind of. I think that NYX is very well positioned to solve a lot of these problems. I will caveat this with saying, I haven't personally dove too deeply into NYX. I've done a lot of reading about it but not actually used it. But actually just before you go too deep like for maybe folks that don't know what NYX is maybe start with what is NYX and then kind of how do you think it fits in. Oh, yeah, good idea. So NYX essentially kind of at a high level is a deterministic package manager essentially, or at least that's how I think I would describe it. So the idea is like with a standard package manager system, like say apt, you might say apt get this package and the its dependencies kind of depend on what the package manager wants to pull in at that time like whatever it thinks is most appropriate. And, and, and you know the version that you get will depend, you know, if you ask for a specific version that's fine but like, if you ask for like the latest and it'll depend on the latest. And so that whole like graph of dependencies of a thing that you pull into the package manager is like very dependent on the time at which you pull it in, or can be. So NYX is very much more deterministic where usually all of that will will be more more static and more reproducible. So, you know, when you pull in one year, you know what you're getting. And I think that NYX works really well for like dynamic linking I think it's, I remember reading that can be like kind of hard sometimes to get it to set up well with like certain compilers. And like some non standard locations but assuming you work around all that I think like dynamic linking is like largely solved, like the frustrations of the reproducible build is largely solved with NYX. I think like static linking is, is largely the same. I think vendering doesn't really apply because that's not really pulled in with the package manager so that's like still you're kind of on your own, but NYX can definitely help with the with the end of the year. Great. Yeah. So we talked a little bit about CNC plus plus dependencies, how we include them so we'll now we'll talk about how Fossa identifies them. Next slide. So our design principles with our CNC plus plus support for Fossa are maintainability is better than correctness is better than speed. And I'm sure this will be kind of familiar. If you've looked at any of Fossa's other blog posts or anything before this because this is a very common kind of talking point for us. But essentially, we think that maintainability leads to long term correctness.  So that's kind of where we focus. And so what you're seeing today is kind of like the result of those principles where we're focusing on maintainability first and then correctness and kind of, you know, this is this product is still like early stages so. So yeah, we'll be going along those those principles as we go. So our first strategy for I'll talk about these in the same order that we talked about before. Essentially, for vendor code, our strategy for this is VSI vendor sourcing identification. And VSI compares the fingerprints of files in your project with the ones that we've seen on the internet. So we have a separate process essentially that crawls open source repositories that we know about. And records fingerprints for all of the, all of the files that we find and records metadata about those dependencies. And then, and we kind of store that in like a large database in the cloud. And then when you actually scan your project, our tool performs fingerprinting on your files the same way, and then uploads those fingerprints and the fingerprint file paths to our back, our back end, which then essentially compares, compares your source code, like the fingerprints of your source code against open source projects that we've seen.   And so essentially whenever we look at your project rather than looking file by file for matches instead, we're looking kind of subtree by subtree. So like we look at all of the files in a directory and all of the files in like a given subtree and compare that against an open source subtree that we've seen before. And if it closely matches enough, then we'll say, Ah, yes, we believe this to be this dependency. So we think it's pretty, pretty able to resist like a lot of the noise issues that a lot of a similar solutions have. Next time. Sorry, quick question on this, Jess, is the technology used for OSS snippet scanners. Oh, sorry. I didn't catch all of that. Sorry, is VSI the same technology that's usually used for OSS snippet scanners. Yeah, it's very similar. So snippet scanners will typically categorize the contents of a file into, you know, different snippets. And then they'll compare those. And then usually they'll often, well, often what they'll do is kind of try to group those up and like, you know, eliminate super noisy snippet matching. And they'll be pretty noisy because they're looking at like all of the different pieces of a file, which a lot of files have a lot in common, even in disparate projects. Kind of what we do instead of snippet scanning is rather than go with that like sub file pieces to look up. We kind of look at like more than the file level, like we like kind of the files are like our base unit. And then we try to look more at like the directory level or the subtree level rather than smaller pieces of a single file, essentially. Right. Yeah, so the next one is static linking. So, FASA identifies static link dependencies, mostly with user provided data. So essentially users tell FASA about a compiled binary that they're distributing. So like in this screenshot we have this live Jason internal. So in this scenario, the tool or the team that makes live Jason internal. Oh, would tell FASA about this binary and say, I've built a compiled this binary, and it is this internal project named live Jason internal has this license whatever. Or, you know, if it's like a open source project, and they're just like pulling the open source project and distributing it, building it and distributing it, then like they could fill in the open source project information. But either way, they tell FASA about this binary. And then later, when users are scanning their projects, our system like the VSI system that I talked about earlier, essentially is able to look for these user provided matches first and kind of eliminate them from the match tree. Okay, so so the first thing that it does is basically say, well, this binary was for this file was one that was told to the algorithm as being this dependency and so it'll basically say okay that's a match and then rope that off from the rest of the algorithm. And so essentially, you have to provide the data to FASA, but once that's done, it can detect it and any other project in the organization. Next slide. Quick, quick question on dependent on static linking we got in the Q&A so if you're using an artifact or like JFrog or SPAC to manage dependencies in static linking. Then, is that also then can you also use that to generate S bombs and perform SCA and other things or kind of how do those tools help. Yeah, so the way to integrate that right now would be to essentially pull in this could be like an automated process, but essentially to pull the artifacts from like that artifact instance and then, you know, register those into FASA saying like this is that artifact and it has this information. And then yes, once that's done, we'll be able to then report that as a dependency and included in our, you know, in like S bombs or other reports. Great. And then the last method that we've talked about is dynamic linking. And I kind of touched on this earlier when I was saying that like for SCA tools dynamic linking is pretty simple. And we essentially take advantage of that for our dynamic linking support. We just read the dynamic section of the binary. When on platforms that we can do this we just rely on LDD to just tell us the the contents of the binary. And then we use the system package manager to associate those linked binaries with packages. So like if we run LDD on a program and it says you're using libc.so.6. And then we just, we just ask the local package manager like, okay what package owns this binary and then and then we report that along with all of its metadata, such as licenses. The dependencies are linked but not owned, like for example if it was distributed externally from the package manager. The current solution is to flag that as an unlicensed dependency. So you see it and you see the path to it. But it just doesn't have any license information originally, like immediately attached. And next time whenever ready. Great. And thanks everybody for tossing your Q&A into the Q&A blocks. Keep the questions coming. They've been great so far. I got another one here for you, Jess. So among these dependency management methods, how do you feel each fits with an environment where you're using code security scanning tools like sonar cube. So vendor code seems to be the obvious answer, but they're looking for more of a nuanced answer and I think you've talked a little bit about it because all three of them are used. We use all three of them when it comes to code security scanning but I'm curious like, from your perspective, how do you think each of them fits. I think when it comes to tools like sonar cube, I'm not. I'm not sure, but I don't think that they can scan things that are not code. So I think that like rendering code is kind of the only thing that they can support off the top of my head. I'm not certain that this is the case. But that's my understanding. Certainly, I think that. But it kind of. I think that like ideally for these for tools like this or other static analysis tools like sonar cube. The ideal would probably be rendered. And then like for static or dynamic I think probably the best bet would be to have that as like a, like a, like as a project that you scan with those tools, and then, you know, you can track that dependency through fossa and then like, or, or some other SCA and then like scan the the local or scan that project using like the sonar cube and then you, you have more, more insight into like what they're doing. Yeah, I, I think, I think that would be best apologies if I'm not remembering sonar cubes capabilities correctly. Okay, we're putting you on the spot here just for throwing you all the heart of the curve balls. But we can jump to the next line up. Yeah, so I think the key takeaways for this are essentially just because cnc plus plus dependencies are so unmanaged typically, you know, SCA tools like fossa. We've traditionally struggled to accurately identify the dependencies in this languages, just because they're so varied and they use the use cases are so specific, like everyone is used in different scenarios and so we have to develop solutions for each different situation. And this has left organizations more vulnerable to open source compliance and security risk. You know, you can't mitigate what you don't know is there. And so, we think that with what we're bringing to the table now, it's, it's going to improve this support a lot for everybody who's using cn plus cnc plus plus to be able to view their dependency graph and a more more fully featured way. Another question here for you. So, and I think this goes back to some of the things you mentioned in doing talking about the vendor code but for some of the cnc plus plus dependencies that do not have kind of the pre build package. This team is downloading the source code from GitHub and then building it in their CI CD process and then statically linking it. So in that case, how can we generate how would they generate an S bomb because the hash value fingerprint of the dependency will not match the open source database or may not match the open source database. Yeah, so I think my, I think what I'm hearing is because it's being downloaded and then built and then statically linked, I guess, in a separate step. The concern is that we wouldn't see that statically linked dependency, because the source is no longer there. And then the best way to make that work with our current support would be to during that process where you're building it into a static binary. Essentially, we support the ability to scan that original source code and like store that in fossa, and then link that built binary with that static linking process that I talked about before. And then that way, you have all of the information that we found for that, for that dependency, during the initial scan, and then it gets statically linked in, and, and then identified with a VSI scan further down the pipeline. So I think that that's, I don't know if that like well explains it it's a little complicated of a process, but definitely I think that there's a basically the our static linking support is designed to handle a pipelining system like that. That makes sense and you keep basically you keep the source code so that you can do that original scan and then link it to the binary one to produce the binary that makes sense. Yeah, essentially, like, it's like, during the build process, so it'll be something where like you'll run like, you know, gcc dash or whatever whatever. And, and essentially like right after that command before like the source code is cleaned up or before it moves on to the next stage in the CI pipeline. We would just run fossa and and record that linking, essentially. Great. Thanks again for the question do we have any other questions I'll give it maybe 15 seconds or 30 seconds here for folks to jump into the Q&A and ask any final questions. Otherwise, we're going to wrap things up here. I don't see anything just yet so I'll jump to the thank you screen. I want to thank the Linux Foundation for hosting us today. And thank you, Jess for sharing all of your experience with us. If anybody has any further questions, and I knew it one jumped in right when I was ready to wrap things up. Jess, how do we define package URLs for C C plus plus open source libraries because there's no ecosystem for C C plus plus and so it's very difficult to identify the source of a dependency like you would for JavaScript, where they have npm. Yeah, definitely. In our case, since we have this. So it again kind of depends on the way that you're including them. So in the case of like dynamic linking. We'll start there because the simplest. The package URLs are dependent on the system package manager. So like if you're using Debian and using apps on Debian. And we find this inside of your package manager, then we'll just rely on apps information. So, you know, whatever homepage is given for that is the homepage for that package. For for vendor source code, essentially that depends on where we have seen that source code. So, at the very or when I first talked about the VSI process, essentially we scan known open source code host. So like for example, GitHub, you know, we'll scan GitHub open source repositories and that way we can match them up with your dependencies later. So we know where we scan this from and therefore we are able to tell you, you know, where that code is, or at least where we saw it. So like, depending on depending on where we got it from like, you know, GitHub, a specific project on GitHub or other source code like, for example, we don't support this today but we're we're planning to work on it but like for example, source forage, or other code host like that, like we would know that this dependency came from this place and therefore point you there. And then the last one is like static linking which, since it's binary only. That's a great way to tell you where the source code came from. And, you know, it's a binary. So there is no source code attached and there's, you know, it's not in a system package manager usually so with that one we kind of rely on the information that is given at the time that the binary is is linked into VASA. That's great. And I'm purposely speaking slowly now in case anybody has any last final questions they want to toss into the Q&A. I know one's going to come as soon as I start wrapping things up, but I'll do it anyway. Thanks again to the Linux Foundation. Thank you, Jess for sharing all of your experience with us. If you have any more questions or you'd like to talk with us more about dependency management, especially with C++, you can reach us at resources at FASA.com. And if you'd like to give FASA a try, you can try us at try.fasa.com. I want to wish everybody a very wonderful holidays. Thanks for joining us and thanks again, Jess. Thank you. Thank you so much, Jessica and Erin, for your time today. And thank you everyone for joining us. As a reminder, this recording will be on the Linux Foundation's YouTube page later today. We hope you join us for future webinars. Have a wonderful day.


The Tiger financial news Network Welcome folks, we have the now industrial straightened down 16 Nasdaq's up 85 s and P's are up 13 gold gold contract on $10.50 straight and out at 2024 notes We have silver up three cents 25 all seven cents announced late sweet crude up two cents $80.63 cents a barrel notes and bonds a 10 year note down to tick straight and one 16 16 the 30 year Off one at 134.03 and King dollar King dollar down 19 ticks at 101 833 euro at 109 Yen at 131 the British pound at 124 to 1 US dollar. We can open take a look at the spy first folks You're gonna get a rejection of lower price You're probably gonna do a small ABC up here, you know because the bottom line is that you can see we pull back with Light of volume, but I suspect that this 418 wants to get hit and we need to actually do the numbers on this bottom line is that we take out this 411 and it's gonna be easy to take out next week. You're gonna get 418. It's the same number So I suspect that's where we're gonna go. We take a look at the end the x100 the same type of setup And the X looks like it's set up a small ABC up also You rejected lower price out here today at 312 in this particular case We're talking about a you know if you if you take out that B point, which is gonna be easy to do At the 321 that's the 328 and that's 334. I believe the number that's up there That's look at this Yeah, this swings 334 so we'll see how that shakes out But that's what it looks like gold gold contract is still on an ABC structure on the way up Would you have with gold the gold contract you down 10 bucks right now? you're trading trading at 20 24 and Come on, baby. Give me the volumes. Where are you? There we go. So you're pulling back with a hundred and forty thousand contracts. That is coming into There we go That's coming into yeah coming into 233,000 contracts. They a to b c to d is 2154 and let's go to the dollar We take a look at that dollar and the dollar seven hard time and getting any type of traction folks It saved itself yesterday, but bottom line you rejected higher price today So the dollar is gonna go after this low once again. Stay right there folks We're coming right back and I'm gonna have a man was the Tim or coming up at 320 today. Stay right there folks


Student, in Algebra, many cases we need to know the number of vectors which are dependent and independent. For example, to find the rank of the matrix, we need to know the number of independent and dependent number of rows and column. So this, we want to find the linearly dependence of vector. So what is the linearly dependence of vector here is the set of n into 1 vectors. So we have this set into n into 1 vectors. So this is the vector 1 to up to so on k are linearly dependent if there exists real numbers alpha 1, alpha 2 up to so on alpha k, not all 0. You have real numbers alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha k, not all 0. You have their value exists, all 0 will not exist. Such that this equation is satisfied. So the equation is i varies 1 to k. We have k, yk, we have k. Vectors, alpha 1, alpha 2 up to so on. If we open this, you will have an equation. So we have equation alpha 1, y1, plus alpha 2, y2, plus up to so on alpha k, yk. So this is equals to 0. Equation we have satisfied or after satisfying the equation we have real constant or real numbers. These are alpha 1, alpha 2 which is not all 0. This is called the linearly dependent case. Otherwise the set of vectors is linearly independent. And what happens if this is not all 0? If we have any of these zeroes then we will say the set is linearly independent. Okay, further we will check this. For a linearly independent set, the only solution to the above equation is this. In the independent case we have only solution, only one solution. And the solution we have is alpha 1, alpha 2 up to so on, alpha k equals to 0. Only solution will come in the independent case. In the dependent case, the only solution is not the solution exists, it can be done. So here is the example, we have the hypothetical example. So the y1 is the vector, y2 is the vector and y3 is the vector. We have three dimensions. So three dimensions are open, alpha 1, y1, alpha 2, y2 and the alpha 3, y3 equals to 0. Now put the value of y1 in this equation. So alpha 1, y1, alpha 2, this is the value of y2 and alpha 3, this is the value of y3 equals to 0. Now consider the equation 1, up equation 1 determinant case over here. So 1 multiplied by alpha 1 plus 0 multiplied by alpha 2 plus 1 multiplied by alpha 3 equals to 0, equation 1 determinant. Similarly, equation 2 determinant, we are doing 1 into alpha 1, 1 into alpha 2, 4 into alpha 3, equation 2 determinant. Again 1 into alpha 1 minus 1 into alpha 2 minus 2 into alpha 3 equation 3 determinant. Equals to 0. So here, equation 1, we will determine the value of the alpha 1, so the alpha 1 equals to minus alpha 3. This is from equation 1 and put this value in equation 2.  From here, we are seeing alpha 2 plus 3 alpha 3 equals to 0. So, alpha 2 equals to minus 3 alpha 3. So, look at this. This is the equation 1 from equation 1 which is equals to minus alpha 3. Substituting alpha 1 into alpha 2's value we have entered and we have alpha 2's value which is minus 3 alpha 3.  This is the satisfied for equation 3. Let us check this. This is the satisfied for equation 3.  So, minus alpha 3 plus 3 alpha 3 minus 2 alpha 3 which is equals to 0. So, minus 3 alpha 3 plus 3 alpha 3 equals to 0. So, satisfy this equation? Satisfy equation 3. Now, here we do not have the only solution in the dependent case. Now, look at this. The solution of this equation is possible for any value of alpha 1, alpha 2 and alpha 3, not all 0. The solution will satisfy this, not all 0. Similarly, if I put alpha 3's value here as 1, what will happen to you? We can take any value of alpha 1 equals to minus 1. I will get alpha 3's value minus 3 and similarly, I will get alpha 3's value as well. So, what is our dependent? Therefore, the set of vectors is linearly dependent. Means, the only solution is not there. The equation must be satisfied. If the equation is satisfied, we will determine the solution. After the equation is satisfied, we have alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3's value other than 0. We will determine the value on that. So, that is called, this is the vector is linearly dependent. So, here, this is the another example. Here, y1 equals to this, y2 equals to this and y3 equals to this. For three dimensions, we have opened it three times. For equation 1, so alpha 1, y1, 0, 1, 1 plus alpha 2, y2, 1, 1, minus 2, alpha 3, y3, 3, 4, 1. From here, we will determine equation 1, 2, 3. So, 0, alpha 1, alpha 1's value is not there. 1 into alpha 2 plus 3 into alpha 3, equation 1 is determined. Similarly, equation 2 and equation 3, we have determined from here. For equation 1, we are determining equation 1 from here. In equation 1, we have alpha 2's value. What is the value of alpha 2? Look at the previous equation. What is the value of alpha 2? Alpha 2 equals to minus 3 alpha 3. This is from equation 1. Substituting equation 1 into 2. In 2, we have entered alpha 1 plus, from here, we have the value. Minus 3 alpha 3 plus 4 alpha 3 equals to 0. Alpha 1 minus 3 alpha 3 plus 4 alpha 3 equals to 0. So, alpha 1 plus alpha 3 equals to 0. Alpha 1 equals to minus alpha 3. So, alpha 1 minus alpha 3. Third value, alpha 1 and alpha 2, we have determined. Substituting alpha 1 and alpha 2 in 3. So, we get alpha 3 equals to 0. Now, alpha 2's value is minus 3 alpha 3. Substituting alpha 1's value is minus alpha 3. In equation 3, we are substituting. Minus 2 into minus 3 alpha 3 and plus alpha 3 equals to 0. So, minus alpha 3, 3 to the 6, alpha 3 plus alpha 3 equals to 0. Minus 6 alpha 3 equals to 0 and the alpha 3 equals to 0. So, this is the alpha 3 equals to 0. So, the only solution of alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3 which is equals to 0. Now, how do you get it? Because alpha 3's value equals to 0. I am entering it into alpha 1. 0. I entered it into alpha 2. 0. And I already have alpha 3. 0. The only solution, if I have the only solution, alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3 equals to 0. Therefore, the set of vectors are linearly independent. So, what do we have now? Therefore, the set of linearly independent. Here is this example. Determine, if you have a linearly dependent case. Students, from here, we have determined from a particular example that if we have a linearly dependent case, if we have vectors, then we have to satisfy the equation. After satisfying the equation, real numbers, their only solution does not exist. Their solution also comes. Other than zeros, the value can exist. But in the independent case, we have the only solution. We are checking the vectors' independence. The only solution is that you have real numbers that we have, alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3. The real numbers, their values become zero. So, linearly independent, we have only solution which is equals to the values which is equals to the zero because it is the only solution. And for the dependent, we do not have the only solution for the dependent. The solution can also exist. So, this is the example of the linearly dependent of vectors.


Cyberspace is a vast domain. We are building an environment that replicates the real world. So what we do is we bring a team of operators and analysts who will enable a commander by showing him the information space he's moving through. Where does cyberspace affect his unit as they move through the actual land domain? And then follow on how can we support his tactical objectives with the effects that we can bring in that domain? Our analysis and our recommendations through the war fighting functions ultimately gets synchronized and presented to the brigade planners and brigade commander for his approval in terms of how does he want to accomplish his objectives. We are starting to shape our picture of where does cyberspace fit in the deep fight? Where does it fit in the close fight? These are all things that we're learning through our experience with the brigades at rotations like this.


Today we're making some homemade french fries and it's super easy to do and you get to use the kind of oil that is good for you, olive oil. These are fairly quick to make. They take about maybe 30 minutes in the oven, 25 to 30, something like that. So it's not a lot of time and I tell you they are delicious. I'm going to be seasoning mine with just salt and garlic powder so they're garlic fries but you can use any spices you want. Paprika is a good one, ground cumin, you know the sky's the limit whatever you like. So I'm rocking Robin and I'm going to show you how to make them right after my chef joke. Did you know that the first french fries were not cooked in France? They were cooked in Greece. Now let's start off by talking about which potato to use, which is the best one that's going to get you the best results. There are two main ones, russet and Yukon gold that I would consider using. However I prefer the Yukon gold because they are more tender and creamy especially on the inside when you bite into it you want that crispy exterior and a nice creamy tender interior. So I've got my six Yukon gold potatoes here and I'm just going to run them under some water in a strainer even though they're organic and I always like to use organic. After the rinse I'm going to peel my potatoes but you could leave the skin on.  I picked up some of these small bin bags that are compostable from Costco and I happened to have one of these gallon-sized water containers and what I did was I just cut the lid off of it and I used that it's washable you know if you need to and then I took a rubber band, a large one, and just used it to secure the plastic to the container. You will not believe how convenient this is to have right next to your cutting board you can just throw your scraps right in there. Okay back to our potatoes. Now you're going to want to cut these as close to the same size as you possibly can so after cutting them in half you're going to want to make nice thin slices you know quarter of an inch thick or so. So you want something like this these are all pretty much the same size or close enough. Next we're going to place our potatoes into a container of cold water. This will reduce the starch and help the potatoes to brown up more evenly and make them more crispy which is what we want. Now we're going to let these soak for a good 30 minutes. It must be time for another chef joke. All right how did the burger propose to the fry with an onion ring? 30 minutes are up for soaking so get yourself a nice clean towel like I have here or you can use paper towels. Pour your potatoes through a strainer and then give them a rinse under the water. I'm going to let these drain as much as I can and then I'm going to pour them out onto that clean towel. Spread the fries out as much as you can into a single layer and then cover them with another clean towel and try to dry them as best you can. Take your time here and spend you know three to five minutes drying these potatoes because that's going to have a big impact on how crispy they get. Give these a good rub down just like you would the like button if you're enjoying this video. Make sure you preheat your oven to 375 degrees. Once your fries are as dry as you can get them place them onto a parchment paper covered baking sheet and try to keep them on in a single layer. You want each potato touching the pan. Here's what you want your pan to look like. These are spaced out nicely. There's plenty of room between them so that they can brown up good and they won't steam. Now here comes that good olive oil. We're going to drizzle some all over and then we're going to rub it in. Now the best way is to get your hands in there and spread that oil around and cover all of the potatoes. They should glisten just like this. Now to season up our potatoes. You want to start with some salt. Salt is really important. Grab some and hold it really high and sprinkle it out and make sure you get a fair amount on there. All right next up is some garlic powder. We're going to just sprinkle this over the top. I like garlic so I'm usually always using garlic powder. Feel free to use other seasonings if you like. Use your favorites. Paprika is a good one. Ground cumin like I said earlier and I'm going to place these in a 375 degree fahrenheit preheated oven for 20 minutes. Here's our potatoes after 20 minutes. Now it's time to turn up the oven to 425 degrees and then we'll cook them in an additional 10 minutes. I rotated my pan here before turning the temperature up just because some in the back were getting more brown than those in the front. While the fries continue cooking I'm going to talk to you about how you can serve these up. Ketchup comes to mind but also I've got another sauce for you to try. It's my Algerian sauce. You can find the written recipe below this video in the description area. Check it out.   Now you're definitely going to want to try these fries with my smash burger recipe. Check out the video here. Click the link on the screen and it'll take you right to the smash burger recipe. Did you enjoy today's video? If you did let me know by smashing the like button and leave me a comment. I'd always love to hear from you. All right we'll see you back here next week for another delicious and healthy recipe.


What's the best way to stay healthy in the face of so much conflicting nutrition information? Well, ideally you would go to the source, the gold standard, the peer-reviewed medical literature, and read through the stacks of the latest medical journals. But who's got time for that? I do! Welcome to the Nutrition Facts podcast. I'm your host, Dr. Michael Greger. Today we look at the pros and cons of coffee for the liver, mind, and brain. And we start by asking which coffee is healthier—light roast or dark roast? For those drinking non-paper-filtered coffee like boiled French press or Turkish coffee, the amount of cholesterol-raising compounds in the lightest roast coffee may be twice as high compared to using very dark-roasted beans. So it appears some of the cholesterol-raising compounds are destroyed by roasting. So in this case darker would be better, or you can just use a paper filter and eliminate 95% of the cholesterol-raising activity of coffee regardless of the roast as I've described before. But I did another video showing dark roasting may also destroy up to nearly 90% of the chlorogenic acids, which are the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory phytonutrients purported to account for many of coffee's benefits. So in that case, light roast would be better. On the other hand, dark roasting can wipe out up to 99.8% of pesticides in conventionally grown coffee and more than 90% of a fungal contaminant called ochrotoxin, which is a potent kidney toxin found in a wide range of food ingredients that can get moldy. But then what about the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon products of combustion that are suspected to be carcinogenic and DNA-damaging darker roasts may have up to four times more than light roasts. Thus they advocate controlling roasting conditions to cut down on these combustion compounds. Just to put things in perspective, even the darkest roast coffee might only max out at a fraction of an anagram of benzopyrin per cup, considered to be the most toxic of these compounds, whereas a single medium portion of grilled chicken could have over a thousand times more. Overall, you don't know if light versus dark roast is better until you put it to the test. This study found that dark roast coffee is more effective than light roast coffee in reducing body weight. Folks were randomized to a month of drinking two cups a day of light roast coffee or dark roast coffee, roasted from the same batch of green coffee beans. And in normal weight subjects, it didn't seem to matter, no significant weight changes either month. But in overweight study subjects, they ended up about six pounds lighter drinking dark roast coffee compared to light roast coffee, more than a pound a week lost just drinking a different type of coffee. What about light versus dark in relation to blood sugars? We've known since 2015 that even a single cup of coffee can affect the blood sugar response. What is not known is whether this increase in blood sugars is actually clinically meaningful. I mean, after all, coffee consumption does not seem to increase the risk of diabetes. And if you compare light roast coffee to dark roast coffee right before chugging down about 20 teaspoons of sugar, there didn't appear to be any difference. Perhaps the take-home message is light or dark, maybe we shouldn't be adding 20 spoonfuls of sugar. And finally, what about the effects of different roasts on heartburn and stomach upset? We know that coffee consumption is sometimes associated with symptoms of stomach discomfort. And so researchers stuck pH probes down in the people's stomachs to measure the amount of stomach acid generated by different types of coffee. The way you chart stomach acid secretion in the stomach is called a gastrogram. You basically give people some baking soda, which starts out alkaline, and measure the pH in the stomach to see how long it takes the body to restore the stomach back into an acid bath, about 15-20 minutes. But if you mix that same amount of baking soda with dark roast coffee, it takes longer, meaning the dark roast coffee is suppressing stomach acid secretion since it takes longer to normalize the pH. Give people more of a medium roast coffee, though, and we see a dramatically different effect. In acceleration of stomach acid secretion, returning the stomach to acidic conditions three times faster than drinking dark roast coffee. Hence the title, Dark Roast Coffee, is less effective at stimulating stomach acid secretion compared to a medium roast coffee. But you don't know if that translates into symptoms, clinical effects, until you put it to the test. The most commonly used coffee bean roasting process is referred to as convection or flash roasting, which just takes a few minutes. An alternative method is conduction roasting, which roasts at a lower temperature for longer time hours, and this results in so-called low acid coffee. And supposedly, there are anecdotes from coffee-sensitive individuals suggesting that this low acid coffee does not precipitate or aggravate heartburn. When you look up that citation though, they just cite data from the pure roast coffee company, makers of low acid coffee. It should therefore come to no surprise that it was the same company that funded the study. If you go to their website, they claim that the health benefits associated with drinking pure roast low acid coffee will become almost immediately obvious to those who suffer from acid reflux, heartburn, or indigestion, with over 90% of customers surveyed receiving symptom relief, and so they decided to put their money where their mouth was. But before I get to the results, I mean it's important to realize that when they say low acid, they're not talking about stomach acid, they're talking about roasting so long that they destroy more of the chlorogenic acid within the coffee bean. You know the antioxidant polyphenol phytonutrient chlorogenic acid. You know the anti-diabetic anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity antioxidant. But hey, I mean if it causes less stomach discomfort, maybe it's worth it? 30 coffee-sensitive individuals completed a randomized double-blind crossover study in which the symptoms of heartburn, regurgitation, and stomach upset were assessed following the consumption of the pure roast brand low acid coffee, versus conventionally roasted regular Starbucks coffee. And to the funder chagrin, no benefit whatsoever was found with the low acid coffee. Consumption of both coffees resulted in heartburn, regurgitation, and stomach upset in most individuals. So much for that ridiculous 9% of customers' claim. No significant differences in the frequency or severity of heartburn, regurgitation, or dyspepsia were demonstrated. Between the two coffees, either in a fasting state or after a test meal, they couldn't find any way to make the low acid coffee look better. So they had this initial thought that a difference in coffee acidity, explained that companies' claims, however, when put to the test in a randomized controlled study, they found no difference in symptoms, suggesting the whole coffee acidity thing doesn't explain the sensitivity some people have. And I think further acts as a reminder that we should never believe claims made by anyone trying to sell us something. In our next story, we discover new data that suggests even paper-filtered coffee may raise LDL cholesterol. In a video I did a decade ago, I explained that the cholesterol-raising factor in coffee does not pass through a drip coffee paper filter, give people French pressed coffee, which is filtered, but without paper. And their cholesterol swells up over time, starting within just two weeks, but switch them to paper-filtered coffee, and their cholesterol comes right back down. Same amount of coffee, but just prepared differently. The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans has since been identified as the fatty substances in the oil within coffee beans. One reason it took us so long to figure that out is that it didn't raise cholesterol in rats, or hamsters, or even monkeys, but it did in human beings. But it apparently gets stuck in the paper filter. This explains why filtered coffee doesn't affect cholesterol whereas boiled or French pressed or Turkish coffees do. Expresso as well, which has 20 times more the cholesterol-raising substance canfasthol than paper-filtered drip coffee, with Turkish and boiled coffee being the worst, though instant and percolator coffee are pretty low, even without the paper filter. Note if you make drip coffee with one of those metal mesh filters without the paper, it would presumably be just as bad as French pressed. So the studies in general appeared to consistently find that it was this fatty component that was then filtered out by paper. But a small number of studies suggested that filtered coffee may also increase cholesterol levels and began to cast some doubt into what appeared to be a fairly clear picture. So yeah, the cholesterol-raising effects brought about by the consumption of filtered coffee may not be as strong as that of boiled coffee. Maybe we shouldn't discard the possibility that filtered coffee may also play a small but important role in raising cholesterol. I know about this study where three cups a day filtered coffee raised total cholesterol, but the rise in LDL-bad cholesterol was not statistically significant. Same with stopping filtered coffee reduced total cholesterol, suggesting perhaps only partial removal, but no one had ever just measured the levels of the cholesterol-raising compounds in the paper filters until now. The results showed that most of the cholesterol-raising canvastol was retained by the coffee grounds rather than actually getting stuck in the filter itself. In other words, the principal function of the paper filter is not necessarily to block the compound itself, but to block any fine particles that are carrying the compound. Like when you make French pressed coffee, there's that fine mesh screen, but you still notice a little sludge at the bottom of the cup? That's the tiny particles that pass through and can carry some of the risk. But a little caffistol does get through the filter, so yeah, I mean you can cut out more than 90%, switching from French press or one of the metal mesh filters by using a paper filter. If you use coffee that starts out with a high level of the caffistol compound, you're still clearing out about 95% with the paper, but there may be enough left to still bump your LDL. But you don't know until you put it to the test. They started out with a high caffistol coffee. After a month of drinking two cups a day, their LDL cholesterol went up significantly, even though it was paper filter. So if you have high cholesterol, despite eating a healthy diet, you may want to try cutting out coffee and getting retested, or you can try switching to a lower caffistol coffee. There's all sorts of variables, such as roasting degree or grind size that may affect caffistol levels. One can imagine a smaller particle size would allow for greater extraction. Roasting appears to destroy some of it, so a really dark roast should have less, but there's not much difference between just like light and medium roast. And indeed, in this study, there was no significant difference between the rising cholesterol after a medium light roast versus a medium roast. They both raised bad cholesterol. Finally today, we look at the effects of tea and coffee for artery function. There are dietary guidelines for food, but what about for beverages? A beverage guidance panel was assembled to provide guidance on the relative health and nutritional benefits and risks of various beverage categories. They ranked them from one to six, and water ranked number one. Soda ranked last at number six. Whole milk was grouped with beer, with a recommendation for 0 ounces a day. In part out of concern for links between milk and prostate cancer, as well as aggressive ovarian cancer, thanks to IGF-1. Number two on the list, though, after water was tea and coffee, preferably without creamer or sweetener. Even without creamer, though, lots of unfiltered coffee can raise cholesterol levels, but the cholesterol-raising compounds are trapped by the paper filter in brewed coffee, so filtered coffee is probably better. But 10 years ago, a study was published on the effects of coffee and endothelial function, the function of our arteries. Within 30 minutes of drinking a cup of coffee, there was a significant drop in the ability of our arteries to dilate, whereas decaf did not seem to have a significant effect. This was the first study to demonstrate an acute unfavorable effect on arterial function for caffeinated coffee, but one cup of decaf didn't seem to affect performance, and two cups of decaf appeared to have a beneficial effect. So maybe it's a battle between caffeine and antioxidants, something in caffeinated coffee, appears to be hurting arterial function, whereas something in decaf appears to be helping, maybe the antioxidants. It's like the story with red wine. Dealcoholized red wine significantly improves arterial function, so there's grape components trying to help, but the presence of alcohol counteracts and erases the benefit. Drinking really high antioxidant coffee by preparing it Greek style, for example, where you actually drink some of the grounds may actually offer an advantage. That something in caffeinated coffee that appears to hurt, though, may not be the caffeine. In a randomized double blind placebo control crossover study, researchers found that caffeine alone, about two and a half cups worth, cups of coffee worth, significantly improved arterial function in both people without and with heart disease. See, coffee contains more than a thousand different components, other than caffeine, many of which are also removed by the decaffeination process. So there must be something else in the coffee bean that's causing the problem. In fact, caffeine may even enhance the repair of the fragile inner lining of our arteries by enhancing the migration of endothelial progenitor cells, the stem cells that patch up holes in our potholes in our artery walls, one could say. But how might we get the potential benefit of caffeine without the risky compounds in caffeinated coffee? Tea. Tea consumption enhances artery function. Substantial beneficial effects from both green tea and black tea. Instead of other components in tea leaves undermining caffeine's potential benefits, they appear to boost the benefit in healthy individuals, as well as heart disease patients, reversing some of their arterial dysfunction, both immediately and in the long term. Now all the measurements in this and the other studies were done on the brachial artery, the main artery in the arm, just because it's easier to get to. What we care about, though, is blood flow to the heart, and caffeine appears to impair blood flow to our heart muscle during exercise, even in healthy folks, but especially those with heart disease. Thankfully, caffeine in tea form appears to have the opposite effect, significantly improving coronary blood flow, suggesting that tea consumption has a beneficial effect on coronary circulation, though the addition of milk may undermine the protective effects. We would love it if you could share with us your stories about reinventing your health through evidence-based nutrition. 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