Hi guys, welcome back to Siano Smiths from Emix Crescent and today's video we are going to look at the biggest soccer ball that was showcased in Qatar 2022 World Cup for people who have moved around Kulnish the fan zone, one of the fan zones in Kulnish you definitely agree with me you've seen the show piece, the showcase of that biggest ball whereby it has attracted 1000 fans from across the world to have pictures or selfies with the ball so definitely these are some of the interesting things that you definitely need to find in Kulnish which is one of the fan zones that is attracting many international fans both also residents in the country to have a look at most of these interesting things that have been showcased during the FIFA World Cup, Qatar 2022 remember FIFA World Cup, Qatar 2022 is a game, is a competition that attracts over 32 teams that gradually come together to showcase or to see that one of them wins what you call the trophy and remember it is it is the second World Cup in Asian country after Japan and Korea after 20 years and it's also the first Arab country to host the FIFA World Cup, Qatar FIFA World Cup and it will be the last country to hold a 32 tournament 32 FIFA World Cup tournament in the Fufa calendar thank you so much let's try to move around and try to see how the ball looks like in its nature


So, in today's session, we will start few more topics on theory of production and cost. So, if you remember in the last session, when we are introducing the different concept of production theory, we define the input, output and production. Then we define what is the production function, which are the dependent variable, which are the independent variable and then we segregated the production analysis into two way, one is in the short run and other is the long run. And in case of a short run production analysis, we understood the law of diminishing return, generally how the total product decreases when you are keeping one input fixed and you are going on adding or increasing the other inputs. So, after a certain threshold point, generally the total product decreases, average product decreases and also marginal product leads to a negative segment. In today's class, we are going to discuss about the long run analysis of production and through specifically the return to scale. So, if you remember in the last class, we discussed the essential difference between the short run and long run, apart from the time dimension, it is about the usage of the inputs. In case of short run, at least there is one input has to be fixed, typically if the production function is consist of two production, two inputs that is labour and capital. But in case of a long run analysis, whenever there is a need to increase the output, whenever there is a need to increase the production, generally the producer has to change the input combination and in that way he has to change both the usage of inputs like labour and capital in order to increase the output. And when the increase in the inputs takes place, whether the change in the output is proportional, more than that, less than that, that will understand through the return to scale. So, mainly the long run analysis of production function will be explained through the return to scale. So, in today's class, we will talk about the long run production analysis, mainly about the return to scale. Then we will introduce the concept of Isocon and Isocost, mainly to understand that how the choice of input combinations are being made. Then we will talk about the expansion path or typically we call it produce different point of producers equilibrium. And then we discuss the economic region of production, what is the feasible region of production for the producer given the number of Isocons or may be given the level of Isocost line, what should be the economic region of production. So, to start with we will discuss the long run production analysis through the return to scale. And if you remember the law of production described technically possible ways of increasing the level of output by changing all factor of production which is possible in the long run. So, basically law of production focuses the technically possible ways of increasing the level of output by changing all factor of production basically by changing the input combination and which is possible only in the long run because in the short run if you look at you cannot do many combination of input because one input has to be fixed. But in the long run since the output can be changed by changing all the inputs in that scale number of factor combination can be developed and that is the reason the law of production describes the technically possible way of increasing the level of output by doing a ideal mix of both the input that is labour and capital. So, law of return to scale refers to the long run analysis of production and we talk about the scale relationship here because all the inputs are changing and it brings either a proportionate change in the output, less than proportionate change in the output or more than proportionate change in the output. It refers to the effect of scale relationship which implies that the long run output can be increased by changing all the factors by the same proportion or different proportion. So, if there is one unit increase in the output either that can be changed by half of unit change in the both the inputs or may be one one unit change in the output that is one way to understand this and the other way to understand this that if both the inputs increases by the same proportion what is the proportionate change in the output and when the both the inputs change in a different proportion what is the different what is the different outcome on the output. So, basically this is a scale relationship which implies that the long run output can be increased by changing all the factors by the same or the different proportion. So, last class if you remember we took a production function which is a where Q is the dependent variable and L and K is the independent variable. So, Q is the output here L and K L is the labor and K is the capital. We simplified the production function by taking just only two variables although there are number of other inputs are there which influence the output like if you remember the technology the time the entrepreneurship then we have land then we have the other variable like technology, but still here we have only considered two variables that is two input that is labor and capital to understand the relationship with the output. Suppose, if the all the output increase by P and the output by factor Z then in general a producer experiences like now in order to understand scale relationship let us understand that whenever we need to increase the Q we need to increase the input combination or we need to increase the inputs labor and capital. So, suppose in order to increase the output Q if L is changed by P amount and K is changed by P amount it means both the input that is changed in the same proportion and if the output goes off by factor Z then in general producer experience three type of scale relationship. So, input getting changed in the proportion of P and output is getting changed with respect to change in the input that is in the proportion Z. So, in this case the producer experience three types of scale relationship one increasing return to scale, two decreasing return to scale and last it is the constant return to scale depends on the value of Z and P generally the return to the different type of return to scale is defined like in case of increasing return to scale the value of Z will greater than the value of P. So, output goes off proportionately more than the increase in the input usage. So, P is the increase in the input basis Z is the increase in the output. So, in case of increasing return to scale how it happens in case of increasing return to scale if Z is greater than P then output goes proportionately more than the increase in the input usage and in case of decreasing return to scale if Z less than P output goes off proportionately less than the increase in the input usage and in case of constant return to scale if Z is equal to P then output goes off by the same proportion as the increase in the input usage. So, numerically just to give a number if input usage increases by 2 percent and the output increases by 4 percent this is the case of increasing return to scale. If input usage goes off by 2 percent and output just increases by 1 percent that is decreasing return to scale and in case of constant return to scale 2 percent increase in the input usage lead to 2 percent increase in the output and that is the reason this is constant return to scale. So, if you look at the value of change in the input usage and the value of change in the output due to change in the input usage that decides the scale relationship. If the increase in the output is more than increase in the input then this is the case of the increasing return to scale. If the increase in the output is less than increase in the input usage this is decreasing return to scale and if both the changes are proportionate both the changes are equal then this is the case of the constant return to scale. Then let us understand since we are going on adding a particular term over here that whether input goes by a fixed proportion or whether input goes by the different proportion both the things it is having some effect on the output. So, let us understand the concept of homogeneity over here that which one is the homogenous production function. So, taking the same production function where q is equal to function of labor and capital and both the inputs are getting changed by the proportion p and p with respect to both l and k and the output goes by the change by the proportion z then in this case the value of z and p that decides the return to scale. But here we will understand that on this basis how to find out a homogenous production function. So, if p can be factor out then the new level of output can be expressed as z q that is p to the power v which is a function of labor and capital and z q that is p to the power v and that is to the q which is the output. Now, to understand simply what is a homogenous production function if mathematically we can take out the proportionate change in the input then this is the case of your homogenous production function. So, if it is labor is changing by 2 capital is changing by 2 we can factor out labor is changing by 2 capital is changing by 4 we can factor out labor is changing by 3 capital is changing by 3 we can factor out for example, labor is changing by 3 capital is factor by 6 we can factor out. So, if the value of p can be factor out mathematically then the new level of output will be p to the power of v q and this is a homogenous production function. So, degree of homogeneity or homogenous production function is 1 where the parameter associated with the variable is having a having a value which can be factor out. So, in this case if you remember when the both inputs are getting changed at the rate of p and the final outcome that is z q which can be also represented as the p to the power v q in this case the value of v will decide that what is the degree of the homogeneity. So, the power of v of p is generally called the degree of homogeneity of the function and it is a measure of return to scale if v is taking a value of 1 constant return to scale or generally we call it a linear homogenous production function. If v is greater than 1 this is the case of the increasing return to scale and if v is less than 1 this is the case of a decreasing return to scale. So, we have reached to the output which is like p to the power v and q when the input changes by the proportion p. Now, this power of v through the value of v we can find out what is the degree of homogeneity in the production function. So, if v is equal to 1 this is the case of the constant return to scale and we also call it is a linear homogenous production function if it is greater than 1 increasing return to scale because the proportionate change in the output is more than proportionate change in the input and v is less than 1 this is the case of a decreasing return to scale. Now, we will just take a example to understand this constant return to scale, increasing return to scale and decreasing return to scale. Given a production function how to identify whether it is following a constant return to scale, increasing return to scale or a decreasing return to scale. Suppose the production function is q which is k to the power 0.25 l to the power 0.50. Now, how to identify whether the production function is showing which return to scale. To understand this let assume that k and l are multiplied by the factor k and output increases by multiple of h then the q will be h q whereas, the both the input that is capital and labour they will change by proportion k. So, that leads to k k to the power 0.25 small k l to the power 0.5. Now, if you are taking out factoring out k because if you remember in case of homogenous production function also if you can take out the factor then it is a case of the homogenous production function. So, in this case when you are factoring out k then it comes as h q which is equal to k k to the power 0.25 plus 0.50 and again this k to the power 0.25 and 0.5 l to the power 0.50. So, that again if you simplify this then k to the power 0.75 and k k to the power 0.25 and l to the power 0.5 within the bracket. So, here what is the value of h or what is the value of may be the by which proportion the output is changing h is equal to k 0.75 and r is equal to 0.75 implying that r is less than 1 and h is less than k. So, it follows that the production function shows a decreasing return to scale if you remember if v is taking a value less than 1 which is here actually the r we are considering this as r this case if r is taking a value less than equal to less than 1 then in this case it is a case of the decreasing return to scale. When r will take the value which is equal to 1 then this is the case of the constant return to scale and when r is taking a value which is greater than 1 this will take as the increasing return to scale. So, how the entire problem has been solved to understand the return to scale initially the production function is k to the power 0.25 and l to the power 0.5. In order to understand the scale relationship we have multiplied we have changed the input proportion by the amount k which leads to change in the output proportion by h. If you simplify this then the k has been factor out k takes the power k takes to the power of 0.75 and here if you look at then h is equal to k 0.75 which is a power of 0.75. So, this calls about the degree of production function which is 0.75. So, since 0.75 is less than 1 then in this case we can call it this is a decreasing return to scale. Now, similarly we will take one more example to understand what is the return to scale. Here if you look at this production function is different from the previous production function. Now, what is the difference over here? The difference over here is here the production function the q is not only function of capital and labour rather this is a function of 3 inputs that is capital labour and x. So, there are 3 inputs which decides the output. So, q is a function of capital labour and x or we can say that q is a factor of k l and x. Now, q is equal to k to the power 0.75 l to the power 1.25 and x to the power 0.5. In order to understand the scaled relationship we will multiply k l and x by the amount small k and q increases by multiple of h.  So, when all the input changes in the proportion of k then the output gets changed in the proportion of h. If you can factoring out k then h q is become k to the power 0.75 plus 1.25 plus 0.5 and in bracket again this is the same production function that is k is equal to 0.75 l is equal to 1.25 and x is equal to 0.25. Simplify this we get a value of k to the power 0.5 and the production function. So, in this case h is equal to k 0.25, r is equal to 2.5. Since, r takes a value greater than 1 because r is having a value of 2.5 and h takes a value which is greater than k then the production function decrease generally a increasing return to scale. Because if you remember the power of v the v if it is equal to 1 it is a constant return to scale. If it is greater than 1 it is a increasing return to scale and if it is less than 1 this is a decreasing return to scale. Since, in this case if it is taking a value which is greater than 1 this is the case of the increasing return to scale. So, if you look at whenever in through the production function if you want to know that what it is showing what kind of scale relationship it is showing. Generally the best way to find out is to change the input proportion and the similar way what is the effect on the output then factoring out the change in the input proportion and finding out what is the degree of homogeneity. If the degree of homogeneity is equal to 1 then it is a case of constant return to scale. If degree of homogeneity is greater than 1 it is a case of increasing return to scale and if the degree of homogeneity is less than 1 this is the case of a decreasing return to scale. So, in the short run analysis we generally understand the relationship between the input and output through the law of diminishing return and in case of long run we understand the relationship between the input and output in case of the by taking the help of the return to scale. Now, we will understand or now we will get into the optimum optimization problem of the producer where the producer is always wish to optimize the output with the minimum cost or the minimum input combination. And to understand the optimum input combination or to understand the maximization of output we need the help of the isoquant and the isomap. So, first we will introduce the concept of isoquant, isomap and then we will see how to achieve the lowest input combination or how to achieve the lowest possible cost in order to maximize the output. So, if you remember your indifference curve what we discuss in case of your consumer theory. So, in case of production analysis it is just like the indifference curve what we discuss in the consumer theory the isoquant serve the same kind of utility in case of the production analysis. So, in the long run all inputs are variable and isoquant are used to study the production decision. Now, what is an isoquant? An isoquant is the firm's counterpart of the consumer indifference curve. So, if you remember the indifference curve it is nothing but the producer indifference curve in case of the theory of production or in case of the production analysis. So, isoquant is a curve showing all possible input combination capable of producing a given level of output and isoquant are downward sloping if greater amount of a labor are used less capital is required to produce the given output. So, now let us find out how the isoquant is being developed. So, suppose our production function is Q which is a function of capital and labor. Let us take labor here and capital here. Now, what is a isoquant? Isoquant is the level of or isoquant is the locus of different combination of capital and labor which gives the same level of output. So, if Q is equal to 200 and in this case isoquant represents the different combination on capital and labor that will gives the output which is equal to 200 unit. So, suppose this is K 1, this is K 2, this is K 3, then this is L 3, this is L 2, this is L 1. We have three points A, B and C. So, point A gives a combination of K 1, L 1, point B gives us a combination of K 2, L 2, point C gives a combination of K 3 and L 1. So, this one is L 3 and K 1, this is K 2 and L 2 and this is K 3 and L 1. So, irrespective of the combination, whether it is point A, point B or point C, they produce the same level of output. So, A gives a combination of more of capital, less of labor. B gives a moderate amount of capital and labor and C gives more of labor and less of capital. So, you can say that A is the capital intensive production process because if it uses more of capital and less of labor and C is the labor intensive production process because it uses more of labor and less of capital. So, isoquant is one where the different combination of the inputs that is capital and labor, they gives the equal level of output. So, irrespective of the capital and labor combination, they gives the producer produce the same level of output. So, one thing we need to assume here is since the different combination of capital and labor gives the same level of output, it means the capital and labor, they are closely substitute to each other. Both the inputs, they are closely substitute to each other and that is the reason, if you look at irrespective of changing the output level, they are just changing the input combination still they are producing the same level of output. So, whether producer chooses a production process A, chooses a production process B, chooses a production process C, only the input combinations are getting changed, otherwise the output produce become same. So, isoquant is the locus of combination of different quantities of capital and labor, which gives the same level of output. Now, if I look at the graph over here q 1 is equal to 100 units of output, q 2 is equal to 200 units of output and q 3 is equal to 300 units of output. In the y axis, we are taking capital, in the x axis, we are taking labor. So, what is the difference between q 1, q 2 and q 3 over here? When you use combination of more of labor and more of capital, then you produce a higher level of output and if it is a higher level of output, it is a higher level of isoquant. Similarly, if you still use more of capital, more of labor, then more than 200 units of output, then it leads to again more level of output. The producer produces more output because they are using more of capital and more of labor and that is the reason the output level is 300 units. So, q 1 is 100 units, q 2 is 200 units, q 3 is 300 units and all these different level of output represent different isoquants. So, q 1 is one isoquant, q 2 is the other isoquant and q 3 is the third isoquant and the essential difference between these three isoquants is that in case of higher isoquant, higher amount of capital labor being used to produce the output. So, higher isoquant always gives a higher level of production and lower isoquant always give a lower level of production.


this video we're going to explore the idea of mixing paints. So this is a close-up of the chart I started with and you can see here that I drew one square for every paint color I had in the palette I was working with plus one. So in this case I had eight colors so there are nine squares across and nine squares down and in each one of the squares across the top and down on the right the left side I put the color name of the paint. Then I went and I swatched the paint colors in their original unmixed or blended or touched up form in each of the squares that contained their color name. I'm here working with a Pacific Northwest inspired color palette which contains some M. Graham paints some Daniel Smith paints and some Blick art materials paints. That being said it's a non-traditional color palette as you can see there is no bright yellow there's no you know super bright red it's very much non-traditional so I wanted to see what colors I could get by mixing them with each other. So this is a good color mixing practice if you're unfamiliar with the process. The idea behind it is to mix each color with each other color. So in this case I had eight colors that top corner square I put an X in because that one stays empty and then you start from the left to the right across the top and you swatch each color across and then on the right of the left side you start from the top down and swatch the colors in the same order that you did across the top. Then in each one of the squares you go up to the top and across to the left and see which two colors are represented mix them together in approximately 50-50 quantity and then swatch them. So here I'm working with the buff color which is on the left and I'm going across and I'm mixing it with each one of the other colors. There will always be one square in each row that's the pure color in this kind of a color chart. Now these are water colors so how dark and intense the colors are it really depends on how much water you have. I tended to not have that much water so they were pretty dark but you don't have to do it that way. This process can be done with any other kind of paint that you have in your stash or inks, acrylics. It's really interesting to do it with these non-traditional colors like are in this palette or maybe your favorite colors for instance for me in some of my acrylic painting are say lime green turquoise pink and naples yellow. Those are pretty non-traditional colors and if you took them and did a chart like this what colors would you get mixing them with each other and doing it in an organized fashion like this ensures that you get say that buff color mixed with every other color on the palette. You get that ochre color mixed with every other color on the palette. Sometimes the changes are subtle if the if one of the pigments is stronger than the other like with some of these the colors in this particular palette but sometimes you get striking surprising differences that you just didn't anticipate. So it's a good color mixing practice. It's good to have a chart when you're working with a palette and you're unfamiliar with how am I going to get that flesh tone or something that's close to it. This may get you one or two steps closer to getting that color that you want by doing this and you know there's nothing to be afraid of just start mixing and start playing. I would recommend limiting your color palette initially to no more than eight colors if you're going to do this. The more colors you have the longer it's going to take you to get through this color chart. If I would recommend to start with maybe you just do it with three or four colors instead of eight but don't do more than eight and I hope that you learn and discover something about mixing color that you enjoy and let me know how it goes. You can see here the very slight differences I'm having so far in the colors the ochre and the buff and I'm mixing them with the other colors and as I go along here you see as you go down the yellow ochre column from the top down look at all of those different shades of ochre that I got by mixing it with those other shades. It was surprising and if you do the same thing with the red that was in this palette look at all those different shades holy cow and the blue with that red made some really pretty neutrals and I was surprised there are two pretty strong neutrals in this palette and mixing them with all of those other colors. I got some really interesting neutral shades that I think are going to be really fun to paint with so I hope this gives you some ideas. I was I know very surprised by the results even though I've done this before but then I'm always surprised by the results so I hope you enjoy it I hope you learned something and you get something interesting out of it. Don't forget to like share and subscribe support the free content here on youtube if you could by clicking on my link tree link and going over to my Etsy shop or my amazon store buying my book joining patreon something like that you can also follow me on social media by clicking on the link tree link because my social media links are there. At the time of the airing of this video I believe that my teespring store to buy merch will be available here through youtube I don't know exactly how that's going to work but I guess we'll all find out together there should be a link somewhere and yeah don't forget to hit the little bell icon if you want notifications of when new videos come out and the most important thing of course is to go out have some fun do some playing swatch your paints and do something nice for yourself because you deserve it and I'll see you later bye guys


In Iche had a kwa幀 kwa ni siyesivel ni 9 kwa staff mwaz hisha Negow playga at qt Tushie We 는 evikwwu wana service prostitue for studies, working on their long lectures and attending sessions, seminars and also interacting with its раскultural diversity which were really inherent in the International march and also their way to do things because we used to do things differently from the place where we come from. So, these were really basic challenges that we faced during studies and 😋 the HiQ but the most remarkable также, sikutu ochu pes Напarelaia hofizikubukuen We were doing water science engineering, land and water development specialization. So we talked about the design of the infrastructure of irrigation systems, the management of water irrigation systems, the social part, how social part is very important on integrating in engineering part. In general, the engineering part only cannot do. We should have to integrate the social part on each and everything which we are doing. But also we learned about the use of different and various softwares like remote sensing on irrigation performance assessment, GIS on how we can use the publicly available databases for doing different works and to exclude irrigation performances. My research was about the irrigation performance assessment using remote sensing from publicly available ET products. ET products are basically the one which can give the indication of the water use in irrigation performance assessment. And also the irrigation performance assessment is the most cost effective part by using remote sensing you can do as much as possible compared by using the manual. Recently as a graduate from IHE and IHE alumni as going back home in my home country Tanzania, United Republic is to save the country and to implement use the technology and knowledge I get from IHE to make sure the irrigation part is moving, water management part is moving and also to help improve the livelihood of the grass root farmers on which basically I usually work with.


Hey guys, I just wanted to do one of these backyard vlogs this morning because this is an unusual event. We actually got a little snow last night. Now down here in Louisiana, this is a pretty rare occurrence. We probably get snow, I don't know, once every four or five years and it's usually just a couple inches, kind of like it is now. The temperature, it's already above freezing, actually snowed overnight, it got down a little below freezing. And I had to come out here and check on my cat because he's an outside cat, you guys have seen my cat, Mr. Barack Obama. And I was a little concerned about him because, you know, I got my cat in 2008 when Barack Obama was inaugurated president, you know, I got him that week and I named him in honor of Barack Obama being elected president and that was, what, 12, 13 years ago? He is not a young cat and I felt kind of bad for him to be out last night in the below freezing temperatures, but I couldn't find him. I haven't been able to find him yet this morning, but that's not unusual for a cat to disappear for hours at a time. Heck, when he was younger, he would disappear for days at a time. But the other reason I wanted to make a vlog today is to let you guys know that I am no longer on mastodon.technology. The person that owns mastodon.technology wants me off that instance because of my latest video. He wants to go ahead and ban me from that instance because on that video I stated that Donald Trump is not a white supremacist the way Mozilla claims on their blog post the other day. Mozilla claimed that Trump's tweets were promoting white supremacy.  He was a Democrat a few years ago, which is factually accurate. He actually has been a Democrat in his past. He actually has some pretty liberal views. So it's strange that apparently this guy took issue with that because he direct messaged me and said that my video was, quote, horseshit and that Trump is a white supremacist and he wants me off of his instance. Now I don't like arguing with people. This person is obviously probably deeply politically involved and I don't like arguing politics with people like this. So it's his instance. I respect that. I have no issues with this guy. This guy is named Ash Furrow and I assume he's probably somebody of color that's deeply involved in fighting racism and injustice in the world. Probably in America, probably lives in the deep south where there's a lot of racial attention still from decades past. But when I looked up his profile, it looks like this guy, he's a white guy from Canada.  Yes, I was banned from Mastodon by a Canuck. I love my Canadian viewers, by the way. You guys are awesome. But what I've decided to do, a lot of you guys, over the years when I've talked about Mastodon, many of you guys have said, hey man, I joined this Mastodon instance and I was banned. Mastodon is just like Twitter and I've always told you guys, that's wrong because it's decentralized. Go to another instance of Mastodon, join another server or create your own Mastodon instance. And know now that this fellow Ash wants me off of Mastodon.technology, I actually was kind of happy because this gives me a chance to kind of practice what I preach. I've been telling a lot of you guys, hey, go start your own Mastodon instances or whatever it is, all these decentralized pieces of software.  I went ahead and spun up a server this morning and I have already had the domain name distrotoot.com, yes, Toot as in Mastodon. So I went ahead and set up my own personal Mastodon instance at distrotoot.com and I just wanted to let you guys know because I have, you know, almost 4,000 followers on Mastodon over at Mastodon.technology. All you guys need to quit following distrotube at Mastodon.technology and follow Derek at distrotoot.com. That's where I'm going to be right now and you know, it'll be the same thing. I mainly use Mastodon as a signal service where I post links to my videos as soon as I upload them because you guys know the YouTube notification system is kind of a mess. Oftentimes I'll post something, you guys don't get notified about it, but if you're following me on Mastodon, I always post on Mastodon as soon as I upload something. I've got a lot of snow and ice falling out of the trees as the temperature rises here. I got hit on top of my bald head. Yes, I said bald, but I'm not really bald. Anyway, guys, that's really all I had to say. I'm going to continue to search for my cat a little bit longer and I might even make a snowman. All right, guys, peace.


In this video, I am going to explain how evolutionary psychology shows why anxiety is actually a good thing. So make sure that you stay tuned to find out why. What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem, but focus on the solution. So if you are somebody like me and you struggle with anxiety, you may hate it. You don't want this anxiety.  Look at these other people and we're like, how are they so calm and mellow all the time? I wish I just did not have this anxiety, but we're about to discuss how evolutionary psychology proves why your anxiety is actually a good thing. So let's start out with this. I'm going to tell you a little story, but first I'm going to introduce you to two friends of mine. One is named Link and the other one is named Fred. By the way, bonus points if you leave a comment down below and tell me who this guy Link is and what movie he's from. But anyways, you got Link and Fred. So Link and Fred, they're cavemen.  So they're just walking along, walking along and all of a sudden they walk past this cave and Fred and Link look at the cave and Fred's like, yo, Link, you want to go up in that cave and Link's like, nah, man, I don't want to go in that cave. There might be some stuff in there that can really hurt us.  So Fred, he just starts wandering on over to that cave and then all of a sudden out of nowhere, a cougar comes out, eats Fred. Fred is now dead. Now Link is looking at his poor dead friend and Link is like, wow, good thing. I didn't go in that cave.  The amygdala is in charge of our fight, flight or freeze response. This is also the part of the brain that triggers our anxiety. So what evolutionary psychology explains is that when it comes to natural selection, people who had a stronger amygdala were able to pass along those genes. So along that bloodline, people like you and me, we had family members with stronger amygdalas. This is why anxiety can run in the family. So back in the day, it was a good thing. It was part of evolution and natural selection, why people had to have anxiety.  Now let's fast forward real quick. I'm somebody with anxiety and I'm very grateful for it and I have to be because I have to look at all the situations it helps me avoid. Right. So for example, I'm worried about getting speeding tickets because they're expensive.  So since I'm worried about getting speeding tickets, I don't speed. Right. Another thing I'm worried about is wandering across the street and getting hit by a bus because I'm worried about getting hit by a bus. I always look both ways before crossing a street. I'm also worried that I'm going to forget to leave to turn the oven off and my house is going to burn down. So because of that worry, I always make sure that my oven's off. I'm also afraid that I'm going to lose my job, be broke, lose my house, not be able to pay for my son's stuff, not be able to feed myself. And I'm going to be homeless on the streets of Las Vegas. So since I have this worry about losing my job, I do a good job. So I want you to start thinking about where is your anxiety actually helping you out? One of the reasons why this is why this is so important is because we start to be grateful for it and we start to accept it because people like you and me, we're actually going to have a lot longer lifespan.  Do you guys remember when planking was a thing when people were going out of places and just like laying flat on the dumbest places you can? Like, OK, it was cool. Like people were like laying across like a table. But then people tried to see who can one up with the planking. Then you started hearing news stories about people dying from planking.  One that's hot in the streets right now is this tied pod challenge. My girlfriend tagged me in a post today where emergency rooms are seeing an insane amount of people go into the emergency room for eating these tied pods. Don't you think a healthy amount of anxiety would have helped these people this worry that they might hurt themselves? They actually taste good, right? One of the saddest stories that I heard not long ago was an Instagram stuntman in China. He liked to free climb up buildings and take Instagram pics. And he ended up falling 62 stories to his death. So people like that, it would be safe to say that they need a healthy kind of sense of anxiety. You see what I mean? So right now you're sitting there and saying, Christ, my Christ, anxiety isn't always a good thing. All right. This is why different practices come into play where we work on our anxiety because anxiety can be a very, very beneficial tool for us, but it can also be a hindrance for us. One quick hack that I'll give you that I use myself all the time when I'm worrying about stuff. It really helps me categorize these things. I ask myself one question, just one simple question.  And when I should be focusing on my job or I should be focusing on my son, you know, I ask myself in that moment, I take a deep breath and I ask, is this useful? Because when we can start doing that, we start checking in with the different worries that are renting space in our head. So then we can start separating the rational anxiety from the irrational anxiety. But if you feel like you need more help with your anxiety, there is a link down in the description below for an online therapy program that I highly recommend that you check out. It's pretty affordable. But I will also recommend this app right here. This is the Unwinding Anxiety app by Dr. Judson Brewer. It blends in mindfulness and meditation for anxiety. I've used it myself. It is amazing. And Dr. Judson Brewer and his team have gifted all the viewers of the Rewired Soul with a 10% off coupon. So the way it works, the first four days are free. You can use those four days all you want. But if you decide that you want to access the rest of the app, you can use this 10% off code that I'm going to put right here. I'll also put it down in the description below. But yeah, know that there is help for severe forms of anxiety, but there's also times when you need to recognize that anxiety is a good thing. All right. So don't forget. Don't forget. Leave a comment down below if you know what movie my buddy Link is from. All right. But anyways, if you like this video, please give it a thumbs up. And if you are new here, make sure you click the little round subscribe button right below this little box.  And if you'd like to check out some other videos on this channel, click or tap on one of those thumbnails right there. But anyways, thank you so much for watching. I love you. I'll see you next time.


Let me hold slowly. We have that today, Ambassador Carlos Corrales, who is the ambassador of Peru to Singapore. Welcome to the show, Mr. Ambassador. Thank you very much for your invitation. It's a pleasure to talk to you again. Thank you. Well, Mr. Ambassador, since the last time I saw you, a lot has happened in the world. Of course, I'm talking about the pandemic. Tell us what is the situation like on the ground in Peru? Well, since March, when the first case was registered officially in my country, the Peruvian government decided in the middle of March to apply one of the strictest lockdowns in the world. It was a very long lockdown of three months since the middle of March until the middle three months and a half until the end of June. But the problem is that a lot of people in my country work in the so-called informal sector. So they need to work every day to have an income. So for them, it was a little bit difficult to comply all the rules of the government in terms of staying at home. And for that reason, in spite of the lockdown, a lot of Peruvians were affected by the disease, particularly in some specific towns in the Amazon jungle and the Indian mountains and in some specific districts in the outskirts of Lima. Well, the situation was very bad in spite of the lockdown since July until September, when we reach a very difficult peak of 10,000 cases every day. But now the situation is much better. We are reaching a level of a little bit less than 1,000 cases every day. It is still high, but not as high as in the past. And some epidemiologists of Peru and some others from very important countries such as United Kingdom consider that perhaps in some specific areas of Peru in some towns, in the Amazon jungle in particular, perhaps we have reached the level of herd immunity. Why? Because apparently between 50 and 60% of the population in those towns were affected or infected by the disease. And of course, in those towns very young people live. So, you know, the most affected people in this case are all people and people with pre-existence diseases. So the situation now is, I think, in the process of stabilisation. And we have something in favour. Summer is about to begin in the southern hemisphere in one week. So apparently in summer, the spread of the disease is not as high as in the winter. And we are waiting, of course, for the vaccines. Well, I'm glad to hear that. I'm glad to hear that things are getting a little bit better. Talking about the vaccine, I know that a few days ago, Peru suspended the clinical trials of the Chinese vaccine, Sinopharm. Yes. Because there was an adverse effect in one of the volunteers. Is that correct? Yes, is that correct? No? Yes, we propose the Chinese government to have a trial of the vaccine in Peru. And until very recently, the trial was very successful, but one case has emerged. And well, we have suspended for the time being this trial. And that my government is willing to continue this trial perhaps in two more weeks to have access to the Chinese vaccine, perhaps in the first quarter of next year. And of course, we are very interested in the Sinopharm. Well, we're very interested in the vaccines that have been already applied in the Western countries, particularly in United Kingdom and in Canada. But we have to wait a longer time to have access to those vaccines perhaps by the middle of next year. Well, I think it's very wise of the Peruvian government to suspend the trials, because as much as we need the vaccine, we want to ensure their safety. So until further investigation can be done. If you have only one case that has to face some complications, you have to utilize a universe of, I don't know, 30,000 people. So it's not very dangerous, but you know, you have to. You've got to be careful to be very cautious. Right. Well, let's shift gears and talk about trade. I know that even though Asia dwarfs Latin America in terms of population and GDP, with Asia's rising middle class, there's also been an increasing demand for diversified goods. And you know, with the supply chain disruption brought on by the pandemic, that has also accentuated the need for, you know, more diversified supply chain. What kind of opportunities do you see for Latin America in this enlarging market demand? Yes, individually, bilaterally, every Latin American country don't have a lot of possibilities to reinforce their economic links with Asia if you act only individually. For that reason, we have initiated three years ago a negotiation with Singapore, the Pacific Alliance countries, Mexico, Peru, Colombia and Chile, to have a free trade agreement with the Singaporean market. But to utilize Singapore, not only as a single market, but to utilize Singapore as a logistics platform through the distribution of our exports to the rest of the region of Southeast Asia and perhaps North East Asia too, you know. So we have been very lucky because recently, these block of countries in Singapore have reached a level of substantial conclusion of those negotiations. We are supposed to finish these negotiations in the first quarter of next year and perhaps we were in the conditions of signing the agreement by April-May next year. What is the added value of this agreement regarding the Asian markets? Well, Peru has a very long time, a free trade agreement with Singapore since 2009, you know, what our trade with Singapore has increased at a level of 23% as an average every year since the signature of this very important agreement for the Peruvian market. Chile has a free trade agreement with Singapore too, you know, but in the context of the P4 countries that paved the way for the TPP, that now has become the CPTPP, you know, and Mexico has a free trade agreement with Singapore too. The only country that doesn't have a free trade agreement by largely speaking with Singapore is Colombia. So the added value of this agreement of this block of four countries in Singapore is that we can promote the establishment of regional supply chains within the block of these four countries, you know. Because we can take advantage of the accumulation of rules of origin, we have standardized our rules of origin through this agreement. We have specific rules of origin with Singapore, while in the bilateral agreement, and there are different standards with the other countries. But now, we have had only one regime of accumulation of rules of origin, and that paved the way, in my opinion, to the establishment of very important new supply chains at the regional level regarding our trade exchange with Singapore, and Singapore is very, very interested in Latin America as a supplier of food. The Singaporean government is trying to develop a sort of ecosystem for innovation of food industry in the little red dot here in the island, and I have had some conversation with the former Minister of State of Trade, Mr. Chihon Tat that now is the Minister of State of Foreign Affairs here in Singapore, and recently I had a meeting with a new Minister of State of Trade, Mr. Alvin Tan, that is a very young, promising... Yeah, his he is our advising star, he is our advising star. And they are really very interested in the possibility of having access to some food that are considered superfood, in terms of this nutritional content, these nutritional advantages for the Singaporean population, and not only for the Singaporean population, but for the rest of the consumers here in Southeast Asia. It's good to hear that there is a focus on agricultural products, but I know that for the longest time, most of Latin American trade has depended on export of petroleum gas and natural resources through mining, right? But with the shift towards renewables due to environmental concerns, is Latin America following that shift towards renewables? Yes, we are very interested through this agreement in reinforcing our cooperation with Singapore and some other countries here in Asia to develop renewable sources of energy in our countries. So we are talking about solar energy, we are talking about wind energy, hydroelectric energy, instead of energy that is produced by fossil fuels, oil in particular. No, Peru is not a great producer of oil, we don't export oil, instead of that we import oil, but we produce gas, we export gas, and we export mainly minerals. But we are in the process of diversifying the economic structure of our country, we cannot depend only on minerals, because the production of minerals have two specific problems in Peru. A pollution that is produced by this kind of industry. And well, in not all the companies that have involved in the mining sector in Peru are producers of pollutants that can contaminate the surrounding landscape, so they can affect the interest of some native communities that are very close to the mines. And this is one of the problem. And the second problem is the need to take into consideration the demands of the population that is affected by these mines, by the production of these mines. So, we need to solve those problems. First, before increasing the production of minerals to be exported to the rest of the world, there are two very important mines that are in hands of Chinese companies in the country. Toromacho, the copper mine, Toromacho and Lasbambas. These mines have faced some problems in the last few years. Sorry to interrupt you here, sorry to interrupt you, when you say they are in the hands of the Chinese companies, do they own these mines in Peru? Well, they have received concessions to exploit those mines for a period of 40 years. Yes, for a period of 40 years. After that period, of course, the mines are going to give them back to Peru. And how many years are we talking about? How many years have they been? In the case of Toromacho, already 10 years. In the case of Lasbambas, between five and six years. But these Chinese companies are responsible for approximately 30% of the production, of the whole production of copper in my country. Those investments are so important. But of course, we have as partners, as foreign partners for the mining sector, we have some companies from Canada. We have some companies from the UK. We have some companies from Australia. We have some companies from Canada, but also from sea from South Africa too, that are operating in my country, not only Chinese ones. But in the case of these Chinese ones, the situation was a little bit difficult. But China is our first trade partner. So we need to be very cautious in our relations with China. China is a very important partner of my country in terms of exports and in terms of investment. So we need to cut very cautiously our relations with China. And I think that's the dilemma that is facing every country in the world in this strategic rivalry between China and the United States. Peru and Latin America naturally were under the influence of the hegemon that is located in the northern part of our continent, United States, that has been a very important country in terms of its influence, historically speaking, in Latin America. But in the last few years, a lot of countries in Latin America have developed a very, very good economic relations with China. And China has become the first trade partner of very important countries in Latin America, well, Brazil. Brazil has China as its first trade partner. And I think that Argentina, Peru, Chile, well, Argentina, no, Argentina is still, I think, Brazil. But China is going to take over very soon. I think as one of the most open economies in Latin America and the Caribbean, let's just call it LAC country. Peru has done a great job in prioritizing FTAs to promote export-led growth, fueled by the country's natural resources. Would you say there's at least 25 FTAs between Asia-Pac and Latin America now, at least 25? Yes, we have designed three trade agreements with a lot of countries in Asia. We have a very old connection, as you know, with Asia. Well, historically speaking, we have a very large Chinese community in Peru, we have a very large Japanese community in Peru. So Asia was not a very far away, culturally speaking continent. Well, we were familiarized with the Asian culture for a very long time. And in diplomatic and political terms, we were very interested in developing on rainforest links with Asia. For that reason, in the beginning of the 90s, we developed a diplomatic strategy to become part of APEC, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Fund. And Peru was one of the last countries to be admitted as a full economy member of APEC, along with Russia and Vietnam in 1998, were the last three countries to become members of APEC. And since that time, we have reinforced very actively and very strongly our links with Asia in general. We negotiated long time ago a pre-trade agreement, only three conscribed to boots with Thailand, for example. After that, we initiated our negotiations to become a pre-trade agreement in Singapore in 2007. And finally, we signed agreement in 2008, and it's enforced since 2009. We have a pre-trade agreement, bilaterally speaking, with Australia. And we have pre-trade agreements with Japan and Korea. We negotiated, it was a very difficult negotiation, but finally concluded satisfactorily with China in 2008, along with the negotiation that we had developed with Singapore. And now Peru is a partner of the CPTPP. So we have not ratified the agreement yet, we are in that process. But through the CPTPP, Peru is going to have free access to new markets, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Runei. Malaysia and New Zealand. So our battery, if you want, our range of pre-trade agreements with Asia is very large. And we have been able to ensure preferential access to all these markets. So for that reason, we are very happy. The problem is that the free trade agreement is not enough. The free trade agreement establishes the rules for the economic, for the private sector to begin to play in the new markets. And well, for our, for some, our private companies are a little bit afraid of the huge Asian market that is so, so far away. They prefer to negotiate with the companies that are in the neighboring countries of Europe or the United States. But some small and medium enterprises are really very interested in diversifying as an effect of the pandemic. So the European market and the American market is a little bit, a little bit depressed. And now the Asian markets are going to recover very fast in 2021. So for that reason, just to add to that, Mr. Ambassador, if you don't mind me raising this, not really a problem, but maybe more of a concern. What I've observed is that it seems that almost all the formal agreements with Asia are undertaken by the Pacific Alliance Chile, Colombia, Peru and Mexico. So my question is, how can we prevent this further divergence between these four countries and the rest of the LAC countries because they seem to have very few if any activities with Asia. How can we bring the rest on board because I don't think you have to have to uneven a participation right don't you agree. How can we bring them on board. Yes. Well, you know, the largest economy in Latin America is the Brazilian. It's a huge country. And Brazil, during the government on Mr. Lula, was very interested in reinforcing its links with South America. Brazil created a sort of community of South American States, the Union of South American States, and Brazil was the leader of this initiative. And apart from that, there is a common market that is comprised of Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina, its name is Mercosur. But they have some problems among themselves. So, does the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur, do they talk to each other? Do they collaborate?  And on the other side, you have these other four countries that are very close to the Atlantic Ocean, so Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. Of course, we have established a dialogue between the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur to widen our markets to these very important countries. Peru has a free trade agreement with Brazil, Peru, there's an individual country, you know, and we have a free trade agreement with Argentina, but not the block of the four countries of the Pacific Alliance. So, I think, and some of the economic sectors of Brazil and Argentina are still protected by some rules that are still enforced in these countries. So they are not very wide open to foreign investment, like other countries such as Chile and Peru. So I think that they need to review their policies and to assess if it's convenient for them to have a more open access to international markets and to allow a more active participation of foreign companies as investors in their economies. Mr. Macri, the former president of Argentina was in that way, but now with the election of Mr. Fernandez and the situation has changed a little bit. And in the case of Brazil, the government of Bolsonaro considered that the main trade partner of Brazil should be the United States. In spite of the fact that the main trade partner of Brazil is in real terms. But I think that they need to evaluate all this situation. But in spite of the political will of the current Brazilian government, the real situation is that China is a very important trade partner of Brazil and is going to be that way for a very, very long time. Yeah, I don't think we can deny the fact. I mean, it took Asia just two decades to become the second largest trading partner of Latin America and to own two-thirds of its FDI investment stocks. I mean, so many opportunities exist between Latin America and Asia. But you know, with opportunities come challenges. What are some of the current and upcoming challenges you see in this LAC-Asia relationship? Challenges. Yes, we need to develop our productivity and competitiveness as countries in Latin America to be at the same level of some countries here in Southeast Asia. So we need some time at least of policies that need to be applied consistently for a long period of time in our countries to reach better levels of productivity and competitiveness. And that's the situation of my country in particular. We have approved last 2019 a new plan for competitiveness and productivity that is going to be applied for a period of three years. And we have for the first time in the whole history of my country, we have approved a plan to improve infrastructure. I think that infrastructure is one of the challenges that Latin America is facing in its relations with Asia. Well, there is a long distance between Latin America and Asia. So we have not been able to establish direct maritime routes between some of the countries of the Pacific Alliance and Asia. We need to, at least in the case of Peru, while the ships that transport our exports need to go to Panama or to the United States and from them to China or to Japan or to Southeast Asia. So, and our ports are not developed enough. So we need, there is a good news in the case of Peru. China is building in a very, in a port that is located very close to El Callao, that is the main port of Lima, a new port. Now, its name is going to be Chiang Kai, a Peruvian mining company is a partner of this Chinese initiative and is going to be a port to export mainly minerals and some other products. And the Chinese government is going to, they have told our government that they are willing to establish some direct maritime routes between Chiang Kai, the port of Chiang Kai and the port of Tianjin in China. So, I think that's a good news in terms of the development of our infrastructure. We need to have more roads, we need to have more railways, all along the Peruvian coast. So, if we are able to develop our infrastructure in the period in the next 10 years, I think we're going to have in a much better position to have a more interesting trade exchange investments with the Asian countries in particular. Well, thank you so much, Mr. Ambassador, you know, our time is up, I wish we could keep talking. But thank you so much. And before we go, I just want to congratulate Peru to on the accession to the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia. I think we need to bring a toast to that. And to the upcoming signing of the FTA between Singapore and the Pacific Alliance. Yes, and the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Singapore and Peru. So, lots of congratulations. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you for your time today. And I hope that the two regions and the two countries can continue this positive trend in collaboration, business and trade. I am optimistic. Thank you very much for the opportunity. Thank you, sir. Thank you. Goodbye.