I'm going to get started. So the title of my talk is What's in a Price? How to price your products and services? My name is Michael Harold. I'm the lead application engineer at a company called Flywheel. We help creatives do their best work. The way we do this primarily is by having a world-class WordPress hosting experience where we make it a delight for designers and creatives to host their WordPress websites. We are hiring, like everybody else. We are hiring product managers, scrum masters, developers of all kinds. If you're looking for a job, come talk to me or any of my friends here that are in their Flywheel shirts. If you have any questions, please tweet me at mharold during the talk. If you tweet me, I will try to reply to your comment. All right, so as an outline for the talk, I'm first going to tell you a story. After that, I'm going to give you a quick crash course in economics. I know economics isn't something that most programmers have a lot of experience with, so I think a quick crash course will help you get your feet under you when you're thinking about pricing. Then we're going to talk about a model that is really going to help you do your pricing from now on. It's a very simple model to use, and I'm going to walk you through how to use it, when to use it, and why. And then I'm going to talk about how the partnerships that we can make through pricing and through the mindset that we gained through doing this sort of work can help you be better at what you do. But first, the story. So we were launching a new product, and I heard that we were planning to price it at $99 a month, and I innocently asked, how did we decide on that price? Can you guess what the answer was? We're a very intentional company, so I expected there to be a great answer, and in this case, there was actually not really an answer at all. What's missing from this picture? What's missing from the lack of answer to why are we pricing our product at this price? We're an experienced company. We have several products that we have intentionally priced in the past, and we still made this mistake. What if you have a side gig?  Pricing your first product is scary. It's scary to put your work out there and ask for money for it. Heck, it's scary to put your work out there for free. Ask any open source maintainer. But having money enter the equation makes it even scarier. Pricing your first product is also hard. It's likely that you've never thought about pricing before. I know I hadn't really before I got into doing this. How do you do it? What if you do it wrong? What if you overprice? What if you underprice? Makes the pricing your first product, it's full of angst. The fear and the uncertainty in what you're doing, it causes a lot of angst, and you're worried about what if I embarrass myself? Will it cost me my job, my reputation? What if I fail? It doesn't have to be like this. How can we make it easier? How can we go from screaming our heads off to a nice zen state where we feel comfortable with what we're doing? So that's my story. I'm going to give you your quick crash course into economics now. So economics, this is a nice icon that I found. Representing economics is a whole discipline. It's really interesting that you can sum it up in four lines. So what's in a price? When you hear the word price, what do you think of? A price is just a mutually agreed upon construct for doing a bartering situation. We happen to use money now, but in the past, there wasn't money. It was all bartering. Now there's money to make transactions easier. We don't have to agree on the value of a cow versus a chicken. We have dollars or other currencies that we can agree upon the value of based on its relative price to other things. So in economics, everything starts with two axes. The vertical axis is price. The horizontal axis is quantity. The price axis is based on price per unit of things that you're selling, and the quantity is the number of things that you're selling. When we graph supply, supply curves are always up and to the right. They start at a point where you have to cover your costs unless you're doing some sort of weird pricing strategy where you're taking a loss on a product. So it starts above the end of the pricing axis and then curves off in a logarithm as you approach your ability to produce what you're making. This is generally a technology problem. We can't infinitely create things. So it's always a logarithm. And then we graph demand. Demand is the consumer side of the product, or the equation. When things are cheaper, we tend to prefer more of them so it's a downward sloping curve. Down in the lower right, you can buy a lot of things for a very little price. In the top left, if you're buying a car, you don't really wanna buy very many cars because they're very expensive. Where the two lines intersect is what we call equilibrium. Equilibrium is based on all of the knowledge that consumers have and all of the knowledge that producers have. There's an equilibrium price and there's an equilibrium quantity. These two things are trying to match each other. The people that are producing things don't wanna produce more than they can sell then they'll have to sit in a warehouse. That's inefficient. The people that are buying only really want the amount that they want at that certain price. There are two more things that we can garner from this graph. The first is this red shaded area. In this area, we have consumer surplus.  The other thing is the other side which is producer surplus. Producer surplus is roughly equal to profit. There's also opportunity cost. I'm doing this thing now so I can't do this other thing that's factored in there but you can roughly think of it as profit. So what does this graph mean for us? Supply is largely controlled by us, the people that are making things. In the case of if you've written a book that you wanna start selling as an e-book online, your supply curve is gonna be relatively horizontal because your only costs are the ability to host your e-book. In the case of large services like GitHub where they have lots of hosting services, they do lots of things in the background, they have a lot more costs involved, the supply curve looks different but it's still largely controlled by us. Demand is largely from the consumer or the customer.  In order to price well, since we know the supply side, we need to figure out the demand for our products. Without figuring out demand, it's like throwing a dart at the board. You don't really know where you're aiming and it can end up anywhere. That's the source of the angst when you're doing your first pricing for your first product. You don't really know what you're doing, you don't know what you want to sell things for and what's appropriate. So you want to figure out the demand for your product. So we're developers, it's time for an abstraction. We talked about economics. Now I'm going to introduce the model that will be the most of the remainder of the talk. So economics is applied in many disciplines. Economics is applied in finance. When a lot of people hear economics, finance is what they think. If you think of the stock market, finance is the stock market studying that, predicting that. Economics is applied in accounting. Accountants do a lot more than just being counting your profits and losses and everything like that. They often have to get involved in the forecasting for your company. And there are even accountants that specialize in doing post mortems of failed businesses. Why did this business fail? These are all applied economics. Economics is applied in political science. There's an entire field called political economy that studies markets and their interaction with law, custom and government. Those three areas are the whole point of political science and the combination is called political economy. Economics is applied in neuroscience, interestingly. Neuroscience is the study of the human brain, but there's a subdiscipline slash interdisciplinary field called neuroeconomics that explains models that uses models to explain phenomena in the brain. None of these really seem like they apply yet. However, there's another field that uses it. Economics is applied in market research. That sounds like what we're looking for. Market research uses economic principles to build models for understanding customers. There are many different models for doing this. I picked one of them and it is called the Van Westendorp Price Sensitivity Meter. This was originally outlined in a paper in 1976 for the European Society of Appendian and Market Research and it's still used widely today. And that's the model that we're gonna use to model this demand side equation for deciding how to price your products. The price sensitivity meter is easy to use. It doesn't require any special skills or preparation. It's easy to understand. The results of the model that when you apply it give you a very easy to understand set of information. It's lightweight. If you have an audience, it's quick to get in front of them. There's not a lot of upfront preparation that you need to do and there's not a lot of afterward study that you need to do. It's based on surveys. I think almost everybody here has probably done a survey in their life. They're used for all sorts of different things and this model will be no different. All right, so we have the name of the thing. What does it actually look like? Gonna talk about the process for the Van Westendorp model. First, you need to decide on your pricing scale. You might be saying, wait, wait, wait. I thought I was learning how to price from this model. Why do I need a pricing scale? Well, presumably you've done some sort of market research to figure out whether your idea is actually going to work at all. The pricing scale is based on that market research. You don't have to worry about the exact price, but you have to know some sort of window that you're thinking. You use that as the basis, probably the median or the mean of the scale that you're gonna create. And then you want to aim for 25 to 45 steps in this scale. So you have different buckets in the scale, like $0 to $5, for instance. You wanna aim for 25 to 40 steps that gives you a great amount of fidelity in the surveys that you're gonna gather. And you wanna try to capture both impossibly high and impossibly low values within this scale. You wanna see an example? Think of pricing a granola bar. I had one of these for breakfast. The minimum step, we can set at, say, 50 cents. 50 cents is possibly an impossibly low value. You might need to go lower for this, but for the example, let's say 50 cents. Can anybody here imagine paying $10 for a granola bar? I know I can't. So you have the bucket from zero to 50 cents and the bucket from $10 and up are the two ends of your scale, and then you have the scale in between. After you have that pricing scale, you need to survey your audience. When you're doing this, you wanna start with a detailed explanation of the product or service. Actually, better yet, you really wanna start with a demonstration of the product or service. It's, if you have a product already built and you're just wondering how you wanna price it, that can be an actual demo of the product. If you're just getting started on a project, you can use the mockups that you've started and give a demonstration. The demonstration is just a much better way to communicate what you're actually selling. And I've found that using an explanation alone, people get confused about what it is you're actually selling. So I recommend using a demonstration. In the survey, you're gonna ask four questions. All of these questions start with at what price do you begin to think the product? The first one is so inexpensive that you would question its quality. Would you buy a car that was brand new and priced at $100? I don't think I would. I don't know that I would trust that it was safe enough for my family. At what price do you begin to think the product is a great deal for the money? It's positively worded, but this is really trying to capture what they think is a cheap price for the product. This place is the happy place for the consumer. They think, I'm doing so well, I'm a great shopper, I'm awesome, and being in this pricing bracket is important for the customer. Different people have different preferences, though, so you wanna ask this third question of what price you think the product is getting expensive, but you still might consider it. In the case of a car, people want the car to be safe for their family, so they're probably willing to spend more for the car even if it feels a little expensive if it's demonstrably better in the safety category. The fourth question is the end of the scale, and you wanna ask, at what price is it too expensive to even consider? Talking about cars, Mercedes are kinda too expensive for me to even consider. They're just out of my price range. People think, oh, really, that's the price? And then they don't buy your product. These four questions gain us four pieces of information from each respondent. The price that they think something is too cheap, the price where they think it's cheap, and they think, I'm awesome for buying this. The price where they think it's expensive, but they might still buy it because it's worth it to them, and the price where you've just priced them out of it. I'm not made of money. You wanna ask the questions in both increasing and decreasing order between different participants. There's a psychological effect called anchoring where when you list a first number, say $1, if you're asked to list a number higher than that, you get psychologically anchored to one, and your number will be lower because that is a low number. There are people that talk about using this trick for job negotiation where you just say, man, did you see the million stars last night? And that anchors people at the higher value. So you want to eliminate the bias here by asking people in both directions. You're gonna ask your friend, Tom, in increasing order, and then your friend, Sally, in decreasing order. And the idea is that the bias in their answers is going to balance each other out. So in the second example, you're gonna find out too expensive first, and then expensive, and then cheap, and then too cheap. And hopefully doing that right will eliminate the bias in your results. If you get impossible answers, the original paper says just correct them. If somebody says that it's too expensive for them to buy at $30, but that it's getting expensive, but that they would still consider it at $50, the original paper says just correct them. They were just mistaken in the way that they spoke. If anybody here is in machine learning, that might sound like a failure, but they say that a failure in the cleaning of the data, but they say that the skew that is introduced by this is about 3%, so you can either throw out the data or you can correct it either way. All right, so we've surveyed a bunch of people and we have a data set. What do we do when we have a data set? It's now time for some race yourself statistics. I used to teach students and Kermit here was the exact opposite when I said the word statistics. Yay, statistics! Statistics can be intimidating to some people, so I'm gonna go through the one piece of statistics that you need. Humulative distribution functions. The idea here is that you're gonna come up with a function where the right-hand side is equal to the probability that a random variable is less than or equal to x. Have I lost you yet? Let's break this down and start to pick it apart. What's the first thing in here that pops out?  The random variable in this case is the observations that you picked up from asking people the four questions, like the people's preference on what cheap is for them. Respondent one might have said that cheap is $1.22, respondent two might have said $9.99, respondent three might have said $4.88. This is your random variable. It's sampled from some distribution of the actual cheap curve in the universe for your product. That's all it means when it says it's a random variable. So if we're gonna represent this in Ruby, if you need to write a script to do this for you, cheap is just the observations that you have of your variable. All right, so that's the random variable. What can we pick apart next? How about this x? People often get intimidated by seeing variables when they're talking about math. So what is x? x is the maximum values of each step that we made in our pricing scale. Let's go back to our granola bar example. In this case, x is the vector of things on the right hand side here. It's 50 cents and then $1 and then 150 all the way up to $10. And you're looking for the probability that the thing that they gave you is less than each step in this. So we can just name that as the x. In Ruby, we're just gonna generate the array of our steps and that will be all we need. So we have the random variable and we have x. What's next? Ah, a function. I know what a function is. I'm a programmer, right? We use those in programming. All right, so we know we're gonna apply the function to every step in the scale. So it's called a CDF. I'm gonna name the function CDF and I'm gonna pass in my observations. Well, we need to define the CDF function. What's it gonna do though? Let's go back to the definition of what CDF is. So it's a function where the right hand side is equal to the probability that it is less than or equal to x. So let's write that. We have our framework here. The first line here when you're calculating a probability is you're just gonna take the ones that match and count them. So in this case, we're gonna select all the observations where they're less than or equal to the x that we passed in and count the result. To get the probability, we're gonna divide by the total number of observations. You need to do it as a float because otherwise it's gonna be an integer division. And that gives us everything that we need for CDF in what, eight lines of Ruby code. Guess what? We just did some statistics. All right, so we have the results of our doing statistics and we now need to start graphing CDFs. Humans are an inherently visual species so it really helps us to see the results of the data in order to understand what's happening. So first we wanna graph the expensive and cheap curves and we wanna look for the intersection. So let's do that. In this case, we have the intersection where the orange cheap curve and the blue expensive curve happens. This represents what's called the indifference price. The indifference price may be the median price in the market if it's a well-known market. For example, if you work for Digital Ocean and you're doing hosting for servers, people generally know what servers cost. So that might be the median price for what you're asking in the market. It may also be the price of an important market leader. In the case of the granola bar, I had a kind bar this morning because they're really trendy right now. That might be the market leader. It might be the price of the market leader that you're measuring here. Indifference price also indicates price consciousness. We're not very intentional about how we think about prices a lot of the time, but we have this concept of price consciousness where something feels like it's too expensive or too cheap. It can also indicate the level of price consciousness in your population. So let's look at the graph again. In this case, the intersection shows that at $80 a month, 46% of people think that the product is either expensive or cheap. That means that only 8% of people think that the $80 a month is normal. This is pretty high when it comes to the indifference price, and it means that there can be some confusion about what your audience is actually understanding when you're asking them. I'll get into that a little bit later and why we ran into this problem. Next, you wanna look for psychological thresholds. When we look at this, we're looking for the steep curves in the graph. So in the cheap curve, there are large jumps in the $50 to $60 slot, the $100 to $110 and the $150 to $160 slot. This means that people are very sensitive to the price at this level. You lose a lot of people thinking that it's cheap in these jumps. Threshold values, these psychological thresholds, are why things are often priced at 99 cents. It's easier to think that something is $9.99 than $10. When we look at the expensive curve, we see the same kind of behavior. At 90 to 100, 140 to 150 and 190 to 200, we see large jumps in the number of people that think the product is starting to get expensive. All right, so we've looked at these two curves. Next, we wanna graph the too expensive and too cheap curve. Here's the results. Again, we're gonna look for the intersection. In this case, it's the optimal pricing point that we're looking at. The optimal pricing point indicates that there's minimum resistance to change. The fewest people drop off when you change from this value. If we look at what we're graphing, it's the too expensive and too cheap. So at this level, 26% of people think it is either too cheap or too expensive. Small shifts from this point mean that you won't lose very many people to thinking that your product is too cheap to be quality or too expensive to be worth it. Again, you wanna look for the psychological thresholds. In this case, we've got three of them on the too cheap curve and a bunch of them on the too expensive curve. Just helps you get a better feel of what people are thinking. Next, we wanna graph all four of these curves together. We have a kind of messy looking graph here, but we still have the same information. If you have a wide difference between the optimal pricing point and the indifference price, it can indicate that people are sharply sensitive to pressure in the market. This generally means that the cost of your market has changed sharply recently and people are scared of pricing. Next, we wanna create the not expensive and not cheap curves by inverting their counterpoints. So we take the expensive curve and the cheap curve and we invert them to get not expensive and not cheap. Then we combine them with too expensive and we combine them with too cheap, just like this. These intersections are your point of marginal cheapness and marginal expensiveness. I love that word, expensiveness. So looking here, we have marginal cheapness on the left and we have marginal cheapness on the right. Both of these are equal, the equal number of people think it's either not expensive or too expensive or not cheap and too cheap. These points form the range of acceptable prices is what they call it in the literature. So when we're looking here, the acceptable prices are between $50 and $100 on this graph. All right, so now what? You wanna graph all six curves together and look at what you have. You have your range of acceptable prices. We know the range that the customers think is acceptable for your pricing. You also have the potential median price for the market and you have the minimum resistance to change. Now it's time to make your decision. It's still gonna be a little hard, but at least you have information about what to do now. You can use your reason and think about what you want to optimize for here. Now I have a question for you. Are prices inherently adversarial? Often, it feels like companies are trying to extract the maximum value out of every customer. But pricing doesn't have to be about that. Often it works better if you price for some consumer surplus. Happier customers spread word of mouth and are more fun to interact with. If you have a happy customer and they have a problem with your service, they're gonna come in less hot when they have to write a support ticket to you. Customers can often become your greatest champions. Some companies spend $0 on marketing and rely entirely on word of mouth to drum up more business. They do this through the goodwill that they get through pricing via consumer surplus. People think that they're great at shopping and that they're awesome and that makes them feel good which makes them want to represent your company. All right, I mentioned before that there's some gotchas with this that we encountered. The first thing that we did is we forgot to actually define the scale before we surveyed. You really wanna do this. It requires some upfront work where you need to have some idea what you're gonna price but it really helps. In our case, we had one person that we surveyed that said that they're willing to spend $10,000 a month. That's not our market. That's not the market that we're going after and that ended up just being noise for us. Defining your scale beforehand allows you to say the maximum thing that we wanna charge is say $500 and you won't get impossible values like $10,000 that wouldn't be realistic for the rest of your market. When possible, you wanna segment your participants into logical groups. In our case, we have three populations that we really market to. We have individual designers that are looking to host a WordPress website. We have design agencies that have a bunch of designers and then we have enterprise customers that are large customers that expect a lot of service. If you include all of them in the same survey and all of the results in the same dataset, then you end up muddying the results of your study because all of these groups have different price consciousness and price sensitivity. The enterprise customer is willing to throw money at the problem because they have money. The individual designer who's just scraping by or is just getting started doesn't have that kind of capital available so you want to segment them. Also, remember within each segment you wanna segment it further and ask in both the increasing order of prices and decreasing order. And again, that's to eliminate that anchoring bias that I spoke about. Make sure that you're very, very clear with your description. You don't really scratch that. I said this earlier, but I wanna say it up again. I wanna say it again. Conduct your first surveys with a mock-up if you can, if possible. If you're writing an e-book or something, maybe give them a sample and say, based on the table of contents and the sample, what are your expectations for this? You're gonna get better results this way because words are confusing. Wording is hard and you wanna eliminate that problem. Okay, so we have a model now. Let's talk about what we learned from studying this model and applying it. What kind of partnerships would we be looking for? Remember, this is one simple model, just one. If you go and read the paper, there's actually lots of different things that you can do with this model. You can measure the power of your brand. You can measure the power of your discounting strategy. Like how much should I discount something to increase sales? And you can also measure the value of bundling things together. If you're selling multiple things, you might wanna bundle them together and you can measure how you can do that. One model, it's from a discipline that's outside our own. We're all software developers. If you recall David's opening keynote yesterday, he said that we need to liberate the best ideas and learn from what others are doing. In this case, I went and learned this. But how cool would it be if you could get somebody who had this experience, teach them how to be a developer and let them live their own destiny and make a new friend? You can use this for intentional design. We're great at abstractions at developers. Computer science is all about abstraction. It's the study of abstraction. But that abstraction sometimes gives us tunnel vision when it comes to modeling the humans within our system. I recoil every time I hear the word user in my system because it doesn't really adequately explain what the human is doing for your system. So using models that are better equipped for handling humans allow you to design more intentionally. When you design more intentionally, you can help your customers be awesome. Being awesome is one of the things that we all want.  Consider thinking of your customers as partners instead of customers. Having partners that are willing to go to bat for you as we heard in the last talk by Todd and Justin, they get most of their business from people that used to work for them or from their current customers just sending business their way. If you think of your customers more as a partner, you can get that value as well. All right, hopefully I've left some things for you to think about. Again, my name is Michael Harold. I am the lead application engineer at Flywheel. If you think you want to help creatives do their best work, please come talk to me or anybody in a Flywheel shirt. We have a bunch of people here. Thank you for your time.


To help a child build their communication skills, you can make up a story together. You could help them get started by suggesting something like, Let's make up a story about a silly monkey. Then, you can take turns adding to the story. For example, the child might say, The silly monkey liked to play with friends. You might say, One day, they found a lot of bananas. The child might say, The silly monkey started eating all the bananas. You might say, The monkey's friends were sad that they wouldn't get any. And the child might say, The monkey said, I will share them with everybody.


For rigid rotor we have discussed how one can set up Schrodinger equation starting from the square of angular momentum operator and we have worked out the phi dependent part and we have given you the answer for the theta dependent part and the answer we have discussed is wave function essentially is spherical harmonics theta phi is equal to the theta dependent part multiplied by phi dependent part and now we can talk about what is J and what is M this capital M is something that arises out of solution of your phi dependent part of the equation remember capital phi turned out to be a multiplied by e to the power i M phi what is a we will work out in the assignments what does M stand for it stands for the z component of angular momentum what are the allowed values 0 plus minus 1 plus minus 2 and so on and so forth yeah what is J J is another quantum number that comes when we work out the theta dependent part also do not forget that J the theta dependent part and phi dependent part are related by this M square so it also gives us a limit to the value of capital M okay so J turns out to be 0 1 2 3 4 0 and positive integers and the limit of capital M turns out to be J all right so if J equal to 3 for example you can have M equal to 0 plus minus 1 plus minus 2 plus minus 3 so we have 2 J plus 1 values of M okay we will come back to this once again when we talk about hydrogen atom the theta dependent part is basically a constant multiplied by a an associated legendary polynomial in cos theta okay that is what it is so the theta dependent part is a polynomial and the phi dependent part is an imaginary exponential term factor okay now what happens when we try to find the energy for that we go back to total angular momentum we are going to discuss angular momentum and its component in a little more detail in the next module for now just believe me when I write when the square of angular momentum operator operates on this spherical polar harmonics when the it operates on spherical harmonics I get back the same spherical harmonics wave function multiplied by its corresponding eigen value h cross square multiplied by J into J plus 1 so total angular momentum is h cross square multiplied by J into J plus 1 how did we obtain the Hamiltonian we obtain the Hamiltonian by dividing the square of angular momentum operator by 2 I so that 2 I is essentially a constant for the molecule so I can very simply write this Hamiltonian is L square by 2 mu r 0 square so this is the wave function and we know that this L square operates on the wave function to give us now I have written out h cross and I have written explicitly h by 2 pi square of that multiplied by J into J plus 1 okay this is a Schrodinger equation now I simply okay divided by your 2 I let us go back on that a little bit maybe this is a square from there we go to Hamiltonian and to get go to the Hamiltonian I have simply divided by what we had in the denominator we have 2 mu r 0 square so that gives us h square by 8 pi square mu 0 square so constant multiplied by J into J plus 1 multiplied by the wave function that is a Schrodinger equation this is the eigen value of energy in joule where J is equal to 0 1 2 3 so on and so forth as I had said alright so what do we learn from here before going there this is something that I write essentially because I am a spectroscopist generally spectroscopists do not want to work with joule they prefer centimeter inverse especially when working about rotational spectroscopy so generally we convert this to epsilon j is equal to h by 8 pi square i c multiplied by J into J plus 1 which is simply multiplying by h c and that is in centimeter inverse and it is simply written epsilon j equal to b into J into J plus 1 centimeter inverse where b is h by 8 pi square i c this is called the rotational constant so this is where we are alright let us take a look at this first of all v into J into J plus 1 what is the minimum value of J 0 what is the minimum value of energy then 0 so remember for a quantum harmonic oscillator energy could never be 0 because the oscillator if it is at rest then the position is 0 plus minus 0 x delta x delta px is also 0 plus minus 0 so delta x and delta px are both 0 and that violates uncertainty principle which is not allowed here what happens is let us say this is my rigid rotor okay this has a tail let us say this is my rigid rotor so it can rotate in any direction any theta phi can be span let us say it has come to rest okay it is true that the uncertainty in angular momentum is 0 what is the uncertainty in position for that we will need to know delta theta and delta phi well uncertainty theta is well theta can be anything right it can come to rest here or here or here anything anywhere so uncertainty in theta is effectively infinite of course it cannot be more than pi but in that domain that is infinity uncertainty in phi can be again anything between 0 and 2 pi yeah which is infinity so even though uncertainty in angular momentum is 0 uncertainty in the positional coordinates is infinity that is why the day is saved and a quantum rotor rigid rotor can come to rest anywhere in space okay uncertainty principle is not violated that is point number 1 so minimum rotational energy is 0 now look at this epsilon j equal to b into j into j plus 1 b equal to h by 8 pi square i c so what is j what is the next level after 0 j equal to 1 when you put j equal to 1 what do we get maybe I can just write that the minimum rotational energy is 0 we have written what happens when we will write like this these j values are already given here is not it what is the energy corresponding to j equal to 1 energy corresponding to j equal to 1 you can put j equal to 1 here so j equal to 1 j plus 1 equal to 2 so the energy turns out to be 2 b right 2 b what happens when j equal to 3 you can work that out j equal to 3 j plus 1 equal to 4 so sorry why did you go to j equal to 3 where it is okay 12 so 12 b I missed j equal to 2 here for some reason okay so you can work out the energies and the values are all written here now let us work out something interesting what is the energy gap between j equal to 1 and j equal to 0 obviously 2 b because this energy is 2 b this energy is 0 difference is 2 b what is the energy gap between j equal to 2 and j equal to 1 6 b minus 2 b so you can write it here the energy gap is 4 b what is the energy gap between j equal to 3 and j equal to 2 levels 12 b minus 6 b that is 6 b you see a pattern coming up j equal to 4 and j equal to 3 20 b minus 12 b that is 8 b and j equal to 5 and j equal to 4 30 b minus 20 b is 10 b okay not very difficult to work out really right because what I am trying to work out is delta epsilon for since I am a spectroscopist I always write in terms of spectroscopy j to j plus 1 transition that turns out to be equal to what you can work it out b into instead of j I will write j plus 2 so j plus 1 becomes well j plus 1 becomes j plus 2 and j becomes j plus 1 minus b j into j plus 1 so j plus 1 is common and inside the bracket you have j plus 2 minus j so it is 2 b into j plus 1 so the energy gaps turn out to be 2 b into j plus 1 okay so energy gap keeps increasing as you go higher up the ladder in rotational energy manifold does it remind you of something reminds me of particle in a box that is exactly what happened there also now this has profound implications in rotational spectroscopy turns out and I will not derive it here once again it is there in our molecular spectroscopy lectures one can work out the selection rule the selection rule turns out to be delta j equal to plus minus 1 which means that rotational lines in rotational spectra lines will occur at intervals of how much the first one will occur at 2 b corresponding to the delta g equal to plus minus 1 right so you can go from 0 to 1 that energy gap is 2 b then you cannot go from 0 to 2 but you can go from 1 to 2 remember delta is equal to plus minus 1 so that energy gap is 4 b then again you cannot go from 1 to 3 you can go from 2 to 3 that energy gap is 6 b the next one is 8 b next one is 10 b and so on and so forth so what you end up getting is spectra with lines that are equispaced for a rigid rotor so what we get is equispaced line spectra how is that useful it is useful because that difference in energy is 2 b into j plus 1 no sorry difference in energy is not 2 b into j plus 1 difference in energy is 2 b difference in lines difference in energy of lines is essentially 2 b so once you record a spectrum from the spacing you can work out b and if you work out b then you can work out this this is b so h is known pi is known c is known so knowing b you can work out i i remember is mu r 0 square again if you know which molecule you are working with mu is known so you can figure out what r 0 is from this spacing you can find out r 0 what is r 0 for a diatomic molecule it is a bound length so this rotational spectroscopy provides a means for a determination of bond length that is the application of the rigid rotor model that we have discussed so far of course is a simple model life is not so simple so it is very possible that the rotor is not rigid the molecule while rotating does not keep its bond length constant but all that comes into the domain of little higher level quantum mechanics and spectroscopy will not go into that right now it is discussed in our molecular spectroscopy course of course for now we close this discussion but it is not completely over because remember we still have to discuss angular momentum in a little more detail and in doing so we will learn some elegant features of quantum mechanics in the next module.


In 2009, the Interpol anti-corruption and financial crime sub-directorate, together with STAR, the Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative, which itself is a partnership between the UNODC and the World Bank, decided to create the global focus point platform in order to strengthen international cooperation, facilitating the sharing of sensitive information among anti-corruption predictioners. As per today, more than 100 Interpol member countries and more than 200 focal points have joined the initiative. Membership is open to all Interpol member countries and all the countries are allowed to nominate two or three focal points. The focal points must be coming from an investigative agency or from the prosecution or administration dealing with anti-corruption asset recovery or anti-money laundering. Once we receive the duly filled registration form with the signature of the head of the agency and the head of the National Central Bureau, we proceed with the registration of the focal points and we allow him or her to have access to the online tools of the Global Focal Point Platform. The tools available are the update contact details of all the focal points, so the country, the agency, the email addresses and the telephone. Even the anti-money laundering asset recovery and anti-corruption survey, which are provided by the registered countries in order to let us understand how their jurisdiction deals with anti-corruption asset recovery and anti-money laundering cases. And then we have the star publication and the ACCOM for asset recovery. ACCOM for asset recovery has been created in order to face the reluctances of most of the anti-corruption predictioners of sharing sensitive information through Gmail, Yahoo or Hotmail. What the ACCOM for asset recovery provides is a unique email where the focal points can share sensitive information within the tool itself. They cannot share information outside that secure mail capability. The Global Focal Point Platform from online platform becomes a real platform when we organize the annual conferences. This is a unique moment for the focal points because they can share country experiences, case coordination can be organized and is a moment where there is trust building which helps to strengthen the international cooperation. The Global Focal Point Platform does not replace the mutual legal assistant but is just an instrument to facilitate the sharing of sensitive information among the anti-corruption experts.


Hey everybody, it's Dr. Nathan Sermeno here. I'm coming at you from the Southern California University of Health Sciences. Today we're gonna talk about knee health, how to keep our knees healthy, how to keep our knees strong, and hopefully prevent any future injuries. We can help maintain a nice range of motion, flexibility, limberness in our knees to help prevent injury. And if we're already dealing with an injury, to help maintain normal length and tension between those muscle groups to help protect our knees. We're gonna start out today with a very, very simple hamstring stretch. The hamstring group is the big group of muscles behind the knee that help support the back of the knee. So if those get too tight, sometimes we'll get a lot of tension, tightness, stiffness, soreness in the knee. We wanna make sure we keep those nice and limber. From this position, Ricky's gonna sort of trace down his leg and stretch forward, reaching for that foot. Good, right through there. Now, I don't want him to tug on this foot here and pull that foot, because we've got a big, long sciatic nerve that runs all the way back behind the leg. We don't wanna pull on that ankle, because that's gonna tension that nerve too much. We just wanna focus on getting some stretch into the back of that hamstring group. If this is too difficult for you to do, sitting upright and trying to reach for the leg, we can modify this position to make the stretch a little bit easier. And he can keep the opposite knee bent for a little bit of stability here. And then now, we can slowly try to raise our leg off the table and bring it up, keeping the knee nice and straight, keeping those toes pointed up towards the sky as he brings the leg up. Now, with both arms, we can slowly try to reach behind the thigh here, okay? And so now, we can use that leg, or excuse me, use those arms to pull that leg and get that same kind of stretch. Sometimes it's a little bit easier on our back in this position, and we can still get that good stretch into the hamstring group from this position. So knees can be achy. They can be stiff. They can be sore. Anything from sore like you just did a long bike ride or you went on a long walk, and now it's really kind of sore and stiff to sharp, stabbing pains that are deep inside the joint. And all these things can have different meanings as to what's going on inside the knee. So it's important that we get our knees evaluated. If we're experiencing pain by a qualified healthcare professional, it's going to do a good examination to determine what is the cause of that pain.


afraid that we have a somewhat serious problem oh rather one of our branch officers has now would it be possible for you to come out here and look into it I don't see why not what sort of a problem mr. Huckins we see we've had a series of fires mr. dollar out in CME valley that is north of here and just beyond the San Fernando Valley yes and you think maybe some fire bugs it works I do sir I definitely do but until it is proven well if you are free to come out and make an investigation for us I hardly need to tell you that we'll be glad to pay all your expenses plus my usual fee of course no one fee did you say that's right well now now just now don't worry about it mr. Huckins we can decide on the amount of it after we see how much there is for me to do but in order to justify a fee and just how much of my time it'll take now hold on here young man needless to say if it turns out I'm able to save your company any actual money I'll expect my usual commission now look here sir yes mr. dollar yes well mr. Huckins I'll see you your network brings you Mandel Kramer in the exciting adventures of the man with the action fact expense account America's fabulous freelance insurance investigator yours truly Johnny dollar my special investigator Johnny dollar to the greater Southwest insurance company home office Los Angeles, California following is an account of expenses incurred during my investigation of the do-it-yourself matter expense account item one six dollars for a cab out to the airport item to 204 25 plane fare to New York and a jet heading west that east to west time differential is a great thing it meant that we pulled into the new Los Angeles International Airport shortly after noon Pacific time item 3 680 for the long cab ride into the big new rose your building just east of Beverly Hills on Wilshire Boulevard where Royal J. Harkins keeps an eagle eye on the affairs of greater Southwest insurance now let us get this understood right now mr. dollar in so far as any fees from now you just stop worrying mr. Harkins did I ever hit you with a bill too big on any other jobs I've done for you well not that I haven't tried I think it's hard now tell me what is all about a lot of fires you said yes yes around the San Fernando Valley out beyond that in what is known as the CME Valley so tell me do you remember hearing or reading about the terrible bell and took anger Canyon fires last fall last November oh sure like according to our Eastern papers it was one of the worst disasters that ever hit Los Angeles County it certainly was over 450 homes were destroyed to many of them in the fashionable bailout section were in the hundred two hundred thousand dollar class so I understand how many of those homes were owned by wealthy prominent movie stars and producers and directors mentioned and you a lot of them ensured oh yes we certainly did in other words mr. dollar in other words your company has had to shell out plenty of money yes mr. dollars has cost us millions literally millions now what has that got to do with your troubles out of the CME Valley dollar the best way for us to recoup some of our losses I decided was to well to simply sell more insurance more and more insurance and if you know anything about the tremendous amount of real estate development that's going on out in the CME Valley well now do you well I understand that all the orange grows in farmland orange ranches mr. dollar oh sorry yes with the hundreds of new homes out there it's opened up a whole new talent only for us I would think so and for every other insurance company yes so the first thing I did was establish an almost completely autonomous branch office in the community of more park that's out there in the valley yes just north of thousand oh I see how uh how autonomous do you mean I mean full power to immediately settle all claims at least all except those that might be questionable for one reason or another they of course are referred back here to the main office to me well isn't that rather unusual mr. harkin well now that's one of the best ways a relatively small company like ours can compete with the big ones by close personal service and the settling of all claims fairly and immediately now I guess you have a point there no question of it and by the way a young man simply walked in one day took our course with flying colors his name is Harry Waltherson and dollars he has sold as many policies in the past three months as I ever sold in three years well real yes yes he certainly is now as a result the premiums have been rolling in rolling in but now recently yes let's get to those fires you mentioned oh yes when you figure nine fires in less than six weeks plus the personal property losses that went with him huh ruinous at least it gives you a young friend Walterson a pretty terrific argument for selling more insurance up yes of course it does and under my urging he's fully capitalizing on it every time there's a fire he's able to sell 10 15 20 new policies with no trouble at all but the premiums on them don't begin to make up for those losses and tell me have the police found anything to indicate arson oh we have reason to be mighty proud of our police and fire departments out here dollar but they simply cannot keep up with this burgeoning population growth they simply aren't enough of them not enough men or facilities and to answer your question directly no they haven't actually found any concrete evidence of arson nor has Walterson although he suspected it once or twice I see and if you know that Valley area will do well well with the it's a brush covered hills and planes canion covered with the Metski to Mac manzanita cover our all of it in the dry because of our lack of rainfall new homes you said where are the homes that people are satisfied with after they moved in and lived there for a while now you're thinking perhaps the homeowners themselves are satisfied well it's just a possibility and it has been done before you know but a whole series of them well who else stands to gain and don't forget this sir yes an idea like that if it's gotten away with can spread pretty quickly you ask the torch squad in any big city and if that's the case with these fire dollar you've got to find out and if it is put us up to them before they ruin us that usual 50 buck deposit on a rental car I drove west on Wilshire Boulevard to Sepulveda north over the Santa Monica mountains to the valley west on the Ventura freeway to thousand Oaks and then north the little town of Moore Park the greater southwest insurance office with a spanking new little building a field stone and white circle with picture windows all around inside there was only a reception desk half a dozen girls and firefighters and calculating machines and down at the end the private office of Harry Walterson who got right to the point the homeowners themselves setting these fires well it's a possibility isn't it dollar I'll tell you why you've been fine if I just close this door right ahead maybe we can hear each other now I guess I'm conditioned to all that racket out there you'd have to be you have a mighty busy little place here well after all if I'm going to make any money for the company but as I started to say excuse me Walterson oh yes mr. pretty yes or your policy will be mailed out to you tonight I'm glad you did too yes sir yes that last one scared me too but if you talk with Mrs. Hatcher you know how fast we paid off on the yes or just part of our regular service good boy okay mr. pretty and thank you now let's see dollar I was here's another Walterson Burton oh yes yes of course mr. Burton well fine yeah yeah I think you're very wise and the increase in premium is only negligible of course take care of it right away mr. Burton and I thank you sorry dollar Betty and those two outbuildings to the Burton policy and listen just hold any cause for me for a while now now you said that you don't think that the the folks themselves could have said any of those fires because they're all brand new homes and they're nice ones people families that go to the trouble and expensive moving into a section like that they want to stay I was both so and listen to no policy ever gives complete coverage you know because of the personal things the stuff with sentimental value yet those things have gone up with the rest and you think the folks that endanger the lives of their kids yet there have been a couple of mighty narrow escapes one cute little pair of twins that I myself say the most important of all dollar you don't know the people who got burned out I do sure there might have been one questionable character among them like the one who had the first place but the rest no sir I'd stick my bottom dollar out what about that first one old man Arloff sure he was a crackpot charming you might have I call you Johnny no please do my guess sure he hated having so many new people move in around him but you know what I think started that one what Harry a lot of dead grass and weeds and dried out bushes and over in the corner of a lot was a pile of broken bottles he thrown out that might have acted like a magnifying lens yes sir County fireman thought so too but that wouldn't account for the rest of them because they all started at night so somebody somehow somebody and yeah I don't know I don't know maybe I'm wrong about the arson angle tell me has there been any particular pattern about these fires well I don't know exactly what you mean by pattern Johnny but they've all had one thing in common what's that they've always charged it on a windy night and this time of year we have quite a few of them look out the window there you see the dust beginning to kick up yeah I do yeah and every time I see it I start getting worried again now I can't say I blame you Harry but hey it's getting dark already any plans for dinner Johnny well I thought I'd better get back to Los Angeles and find myself a hotel for the night real good places to eat out here in the valley say why don't you want I just oh no wait wait I better make sure it's okay for me to leave Betty any calls any callbacks I ought to make before I huh you're kidding okay okay well sorry Johnny but it looks like two or three hours at this telephone for me can't let down the clients or the prospective client for right all right I'll see you the morning then Harry good and believe me Johnny if I can be of any help to you Oh yes Mrs. Duvall sorry Johnny take it easy Harry you'll live longer now how can I help you Mrs. Duvall going back to LA I grabbed a bite to eat that's item five a dollar 70 and prowled around until I found a county fire chief at his home down in Thousand Oaks I'm afraid he wasn't much help sure a dollar we always look around for signs of arson too when there's a string of fires like that we don't find a thing what can we do and don't forget until people stop building those little frame houses until we get some laws with teeth in them will make people clean up the brush and old dried up grass around their places you know it takes to start one of those fires what just one live cigarette tossed out of somebody's car I tell you the American motorist is the worst firebug ever lived afraid I'll have to go along with with you on that chief all too often it makes them killers too yes sir sure I agree with you there's been too many fires in that one section with more people coming in all the time and we're ready for people don't know how to handle this dry brushy country by the time we are any other department can get to some of those places all right it's too late fire has done its work there's nothing left to do with excuse me go ahead you better yeah yeah okay right on cue dollar another fire oh where where else up in the seamy valley let's go most of us have problems business and financial worries family troubles or personal difficulties they can build up strains and tensions that if improperly controlled can develop into mental illness America's number one health problem there are many effective ways of treating mental illness what the most effective method is to prevent it before it starts right for the free booklet how to deal with mental problems the address is box 3000 New York one New York suspected by the time we get out to this new house fire up in the Seamy Valley we were too late another of the nice new little houses had burned to the ground the firemen have been able to keep it from spreading to other nearby properties that was all the chief and I both talked to the owner but he wasn't able to give us the slightest clue as to how the fire had started and after talking to him I'd be willing to swear that he had nothing to do with it using a hand lamp I wonder where not only the remains of the house but all of the other property to inch by inch until it was nearly midnight the piles of ashes from brush and grass and tree cuttings on the windward side where apparently somehow the fire had started there's nothing absolutely nothing I'm afraid it was just some crazy kid or drunk in a passing car that flipped out a lighted cigarette this much wind the whole place went up in a flash I just hope he finds out about it and has brains enough to have a conscience it'll plague him for the rest of his life I'm afraid that won't help this poor man and his wife and those two youngsters don't you worry about him Johnny no hi Harry all right you have a gun that's happened again hasn't it sure has how'd you find out about well one of my neighbors where I live in Warpark I guess he'd been over here giving you boys a hand oh I just got back from Hollywood where I'd gone to see a show of grommets Chinese and he stopped me at the front gate told me about it he was so interested as to come all the way over here maybe you better give me his name Mr. Wallace and sure it was old Timothy Hamlin you know yeah he was here even before we got here on now wait if you think old Tim would do a thing like this I wouldn't think so anyhow Johnny don't you worry about these people here I'll put them up in a motel for the night at company expense and pay them off and pull first thing in the morning $10 for a comfortable motel on Ventura Boulevard after a late breakfast the next morning I drove back to Harry's office and watched him pay off the unfortunate but grateful people who lost their home then I watched him accept application after application from people who now after this latest file suddenly decided they'd better have insurance or add to what they already had the people streamed in and out of their in droves finally at about 1 30 p.m. Harry closed the door of his private office long enough for a quick sandwich yeah it's pretty awful that they have to be scared into you know buying insurance this way Johnny by golly they need it they know it now we'll give it to them they're pretty scared lot main problem is to keep them from over ensuring throwing their money away more coffee no no thanks but dumb I checked pretty carefully before issuing the actual policies you know are you in the chief find out anything well it doesn't look so well I sure hope you do well not me I'm afraid huh Harry I have to fly on back to Hartford oh no sorry but that's the way it is but but if somebody is setting these Johnny all I can promise is I'll somehow some time get to the bottom of it somebody better item seven three hundred and fourteen dollars covers a lot of things first of all a weekly rate for me at the motel then a phone called the Pat Fuller at Universal Adjustment Bureau back in Hartford a sort of clearinghouse for information on claims made to companies throughout the whole country then a while later when he called me back or yes Johnny your guess was right greater softwares is the only company that's had to pay on fire losses out there in the CME Valley lately and nine or ten of them in a row okay Pat thanks but what do you think it means Johnny what I think that yeah I don't like I'll see you item seven also covers deposits on two more rental cars in a beat up farm truck so I never have to drive the same vehicle twice in succession and it covers several changes of clothes including the sort of stuff the local farmers wear and some hats also a couple of the biggest tank type fire extinguishers I could find I kept them with me all the time then I started the longest most careful tailing job I ever attempted why because I've suddenly remembered an old phrase from my high school days from believe it or not my class in Latin crew bono who benefits and how benefits not by burning down their own homes as Harriet said all the insurance money in the world couldn't completely make up for a loss no the one big beneficiary of all those fires with the man who collected a nice fat commission on the policies and all the nice new policies that he sold as a direct result of those fires I followed Harry Wallace in 24 hours a day even slept in one of my rental cars parked out near his home and then finally one moonlit windy night and thank the good Lord for that moon when he slipped out gunning with Karen headed up into see me Valley I with my lights off was only a few hundred yards behind him when he stopped got out and walked quietly over to a new little home with a lot of dried out trouble at one side I knew I'd guessed right be a lot better to put this to work on Johnny that's right listen to me Harry you get that extinguisher going while I use this one Johnny now go on Harry use it that dry stuff it's going up fast go on push them eyes well huh yep you might as well how do you know Johnny by remembering my Latin he didn't have a leg to stand on he confessed to the whole dirty rotten business for my money they can lock him up for life because if there's one thing I can't take it's a crooked insurance man I'm glad they're few and far between expense account total including car mileage and the trip back to Hartford 833 70 yours truly Johnny dollar here is our star to tell you about next week's story next week I'll be back with another exciting story join us won't you yours truly Johnny dollar by Jack Johnstall produced and directed by Bruno Zirato Jr. music supervision by Ethel Huber Johnny dollar is played by Mandel Kramer also featured in our cast were Herb Duncan as Harry Walterson Raymond Edward Johnson as Royal J. Harkins Joseph Julian as the fire chief and John Thomas's Pat Fuller be sure to join us next week same time same station for another exciting story of yours truly Johnny dollar this is Bill Gillian speaking


In this video, I will be sharing the top reviews of the book called, Braiding Sweetgrass, authored by Robin Wall Kimmerer who is Associate Professor of Environmental and Forest Biology at the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, SUNY ESF. She is the author of numerous scientific articles, and the book Gathering Moss, a natural and cultural history of mosses. She is Potawatomi and combines her heritage with her scientific and environmental passions. But before we get to the reviews let's see a little bit of what this book is about. As a botanist, Robin Wall Kimmerer has been trained to ask questions of nature with the tools of science. As a member of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, she embraces the notion that plants and animals are our oldest teachers. In Braiding Sweetgrass, Kimmerer brings these lenses of knowledge together to show that the awakening of a wider ecological consciousness requires the acknowledgment and celebration of our reciprocal relationship with the rest of the living world. Only when we can hear the languages of other beings are we capable of understanding the generosity of the earth and learning to give our own gifts in return. Now let's get to the reviews. Rowena from Canada says this is by far one of the most important books I've read this year. The author is a scientist but she is also a poet. Her writing is absolutely stunning and eloquent. Her love for the land, especially the land she grew up on, comes through very clearly in her writing. There is an acknowledgment that the previously ignored indigenous cultures and knowledge are absolutely essential. As much as I focus on indigenous research in my studies, this is the first time I have seen the focus is on science. This book was definitely a shout out to indigenous culture and knowledge, the knowledge that is often ignored by academia or seen as wishy-washy or not true science. My natural inclination was to see relationships, to seek the threads that connect the world, to join instead of divide. But science is rigorous in separating the observer from the observed, and the observed from the observer. The book clearly states the importance of the land, for so many reasons, sustenance, healing, etc. While reading this, I thought of how my mother had had asthma as a child but my grandfather, who was very familiar with traditional African medicine, which was of course seen as backwards by western medicine, knew which plant medicine to give my mother. She doesn't have asthma anymore. My grandfather also helped with my sister's anemia, by boiling guava leaves in water and giving her the liquid to drink. This helps to replenish iron levels. What sort of knowledge is dying out because people aren't interested in the land anymore? My grandfather passed away and I wonder who has the knowledge of the herb that cured my mother's asthma. Diane from the States says one of my goals this year was to read more non-fiction, a goal I believe I accomplished. Never thought I would rate my last three non-fiction reads 5 stars. This was a wonderful, wonderful book. It teaches the reader so many things about plants and nature in general. Different animals and how the indigenous people learned from watching them and plants, the trees. This is how they learned to survive when they had little. Teaches us about thankfulness, gratitude and how often we take these wonderful things in nature for granted. How important traditions are, languages and family. How much we can learn from others. I am so glad I bought this book. Because though I seldom reread I can see myself picking this book up and reading a chapter, pretty much any chapter, and reminding myself of all I have. A book I hope never to forget. Alexis from the United States says I feel I must justify my rating of this book as some of my peers would disagree with me. First, I simply did not enjoy the book stylistically. While I treasure creative non-fiction essays, I find Kimmerer's language overreaching in its poetic pursuits. If this were my only qualm with braiding sweetgrass, I would be able to overlook it. However, Kimmerer's lengthy prose poetry is coupled with an overgeneralized critique of American, Western, Christian culture, often conflating all three instead of recognizing the nuances between them. Kimmerer understandably favors her native culture, but in her efforts to emphasize its best, she often misrepresents the other side. For example, in her first chapter, she compares the Sky Woman legend with Eve in Eden, claiming that Sky Woman is inherently in harmony with nature while Eve is at war with it. I found this problematic as she neglects the further complexities of the Eden story, the presence of Adam and God for starters. Her version of the Christian creation story juxtaposed with the Sky Woman tale certainly implies that Western society, as in typical Western society, for certain, her people were further West first, is at odds with nature due to their foundation myths. However, this certainly is not the case. It is quite clear that when Moses speaks of subduing the earth, he does not mean to destroy but to cultivate, for it is obvious we require it to survive. This is merely one example of the many I found. Wendy from the United States it's difficult to rate this book because it's so frequently veered from two to five stars for me. Five stars for the beauty of some of Robin Wall Kimmerer's writing in many essays, chapters. Five stars for introducing me to sweet grass, its many Native American traditions, and her message of caring for and showing gratitude for the earth. Five stars for the author's honest telling of her growth as a learner and a professor, and the impressions she must have made on college students unaccustomed to observing or interacting with nature. But just two stars for the repetitive themes, the disorganization of the book as a whole, the need for editing and shortening in many places. I wish Robin Wall Kimmerer had written three short books instead of one long book. I would have liked to read just about sweet grass and the customs surrounding it, to read just about her journey as a Native American scientist and professor, or to read just about her experiences as a mother. The various themes didn't braid together as well as sweet grass itself does. I read this book in a book club, and one of the others brought some braided sweetgrass to our meeting. I felt euphoric inhaling the intense fragrance and truly understood why the author would name a book after this plant. Thomas from the United States says powerful book with lots of indigenous wisdom related to science, gratitude, and how we relate to the land. I appreciated Robin Wall Kimmerer's perspective on giving back to the land considering how much the land gives to us. As a social scientist myself, I found her nuanced ideas about the relationship between Western science and indigenous worldviews compelling. Her writing about the importance of maintaining indigenous language and culture also elicited feelings of tenderness and sadness from me. While the discursive style of braiding sweetgrass detracted from my enjoyment of it, I still would recommend the book to anyone interested in environmental justice and indigenous worldviews. I have provided the sources of this video in the description, please feel free to check them out. Thank you for watching this video, if you like this video then please subscribe to the channel and share this video.


Hey everybody, Dr. O here. In these two videos, we're going to do a quick preview of all 11 organ systems. Now the first thing you might notice is there are 12 systems on the screen here and that's because we're going to separate the male and female reproductive systems because they're so different. So we're going to go through each one but I'm not going to split it up six and six. I'm going to cover the first four organ systems that we cover in AMP1 and then I'll cover all the remaining organ systems in part two of the video which will be covered in AMP2.  So let's go ahead and dive in and take a look at them. So once we've covered atoms and molecules and put them together, you know, to form organelles and cells and then we put our cells together to form tissues. After we're done with those first few chapters, then we will dive in to the organ systems and from there all the way to the end of AMP2 we'll always be focusing on one organ system at a time. The first one is the integumentary system. So it's the skin and all the accessory structures. You see the skin, hair, nails. What it says here, it encloses internal body structure. So obviously it is a barrier. Your skin is a barrier. It keeps things out primarily pathogens. That's why so it is part of your immune system. If you want to look at it that way, because if you have a cut or a hole in your body from surgery or maybe a burn, things like that, then it's way easier to get infectious diseases because they now have a new portal into your body. So it is a barrier as far as keeping things out but it also keeps things in, primarily water. So skin is very important to keep all your water from leaving your body. You'll see the skin also is linked to your nervous system because of all of the mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, those types of things.  So if it's hot, your warm blood rushes to your skin so that evaporation and radiation can take heat away. If it's cold, your warm blood rushes away from your skin to keep your core temperature elevated. So that's just a quick intro to the integumentary system. Next, we have the skeletal system. You probably think structure, support without a skeletal system. You just be a blob on the ground, right? So the skeletal system, very important for protection like my ribcage and sternum, protecting my heart and support. But also very important for movement with your muscular system. Muscles, your origin and insertion of your muscles is on your skeleton so that it can move your body. So it works with the muscular system for movement. It's not primarily responsible for it. Other things it does, consider your bones, a mineral storage depot. This will be where 99% of your body's calcium is. Most of your minerals, this is where they're stored. So your body puts them in your bones when you have an excess, pulls them from your bones when you need them. We'll cover that in great detail. Lastly, the one people forget is your skeletal system is involved in blood cell formation because inside your bone is bone marrow. And that's going to be where your stem cells that make new blood cells are going to be. That's your skeletal system. Muscular system, we just talked about it obviously with movement. The job of muscles is to contract. And when muscles contract, they pull bones closer together or farther apart. And that's how your muscles allow movement with your skeletal system. If it weren't for your bones, your muscles couldn't do much but twitch because they need to have something to pull on. Then you see there it says, helps maintain body temperature. How it does that is it generates body heat. Your muscles are very metabolically active. So a lot of your body heat comes from muscle. That's why if you're cold, you will shiver or your muscles will increase their tone because they'll generate more heat because of that. So that's probably the one that students forget the most movement makes sense. But also your muscles are involved in protection too. Look at like the core there where you don't have a rib cage.  So protection, movement, and generating body heat. Whereas your skin was regulating body heat. Nervous system, last one here in AMP2. We'll cover this over like five chapters.  So all the information traveling towards your brain and spinal cord would be sensory information telling your body what's going on. Whether it's what you see, what you hear, what you feel, these types of things. And then activates bodily responses.   So the touching something hot was a sensory response that we withdrawing and pulling away would be a motor response. That would be an example of a reflex. So some of it's conscious and some of it's subconscious. Nervous system also, another key thing to remember is your nervous system, along with the first system we're going to cover in AMP2, the endocrine system, are the two systems primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis, a stable internal environment. Your nervous system is responsible for short-term control of homeostasis and keeping you alive. Because the responses of your nervous system are very quick. They can happen in milliseconds, but they're very short-lived. So if you need short, quick responses to keep you alive and keep your body stable, your nervous system will do it. As you'll see in the next video, the endocrine system controls things that take a long time. So it keeps you alive, think growth, development, these types of things. Metabolism. Okay, so those are the organ systems that we will cover in AMP1. I hope this helped. Have a wonderful day, be blessed.


Clare's Week in Jersey. Yeah, one to ten grade it and why man. I'm gonna get over that Ten is sick and they got a TA 7 on the back It's something fun that major league baseball do with us and bring yourself and do do something that's that special get the kids into it too as well and You know just a fun weekend now what you do with your cleats and what will you be doing? It's a uniform and everything that is going down to the man kid. Yeah Yeah, for sure. Yeah, I'm gonna frame the jersey the cleats man I'm gonna sign them and hopefully I can put it in the same case and put it down in my basement It'd be something special, you know special moments when I retire you got another cool collect Yeah, got your own bobblehead. That's an awesome bobblehead your sliding head first Yeah, it's not the usual kind of like swinging one right what you think about it one to ten I'm gonna get out of ten. It's pretty sick. You know growing up man You know not many people get their own bobblehead, you know for me to do it in the big leagues man It's pretty sick. You know it's definitely a special woman for me and on my family and you know my daughter man She loved it. So, uh, you know, it's pretty sick man. It's that's something that you're gonna remember forever Did you get any extras and also have fans asked you to sign the bobblehead? Yeah, definitely I got extras and uh, yeah, I did I signed as many as I could at the home stadium. It's pretty cool, man Pretty cool to have your own bobblehead next in Chicago. You get a chance to meet a lot of cool dudes Jabari Parker right here and Carlos Spuzer. Yeah Is that one of your favorite parts about being a big league ball player is getting to meet people like this?  You know, you know, you don't get to meet, you know guys guys like that growing up Especially from where I'm from and also another good opportunity to add to the man cave Right with some stuff from those guys. You're sure I got a couple sound balls from those be going on the man cave Next showing off some Migos right here big Migos guy Yeah, man, just just you know, just kind of messing around on Instagram and being relatable to the fans You know fans like that try to give them a little insight of me and who I am and what kind of music I listen to and who I'm a fan of What's your favorite Migos song man? It's so many of them, but uh, I can't even think I've talked But uh, I'm gonna say walking like I talk it is a good one. The culture anthem was a good one They sell out a lot of arena.  Yeah, I got a little swag man.  It's tough, you know being a baseball player and trying to be in your daughter's life But uh, we make it happen. I try to take her where I go and she's enjoyed traveling. That's an awesome family Yeah, I can't get my little man Teddy man. That's my boy man.  How'd you come up with the name Teddy? My daughter did. She's named Teddy bear in this thing man. She say look like a teddy bear So we named him teddy bear now you guys are gonna be dog family for life because she's still pretty young So yeah, yeah, I could see another Teddy in the picture. Oh, maybe not now I'm not now. We're still trying to manage to get get both of them to behave right on the same page. So we're figuring it out Going back to the Gucci that you're rocking, you know a thing or two about style. Yeah, that was actually on Jackie Robinson day pay tribute to him man, you know they Back in the day. That's how they dressed and he paved the way for us was African-Americans and for me to do that It's it's it's definitely showing honor to him and thanking him a lot for what he does for us to open those doors and You know step on the field. I took a lot of pride in it man I thought about I thought about that for for maybe a week and we was able to come together with some ideas And it turned out great. It's awesome that you did that because you see everybody read the 402 jerseys But I'd imagine that not that many people are actually Dressing up for the day before the game or after the game the same way that he did So that's kind of doing all in off the field. So just having fun man, you know having fun with it You know just just paying a lot of tribute or oh some more style. Yeah, yeah, a little swag man a lot of swag man You know, I like dressing up man. It's fun. You know going when I was coming through the minor leagues We didn't dress up much But once I got to the big leagues mind kind of got into the fashion thing and it's gonna turn out good man I like putting different looks together and I'm a big I'm a big Gucci fan as you can see I love the Gucci man All right. I got to point out the jacket and the socks. That's a nice little combo Yeah, yeah, I actually had a stylus named Charles Harris in Chicago help me with that He did my photo shoot that I did with Luxury magazine in Chicago and kind of kept contact and I was seeing them different looks and he would tell me yes And no, so it actually turned out good man Would you say that you had the same sense of style back during your draft day because you see the difference is a little right? Yeah, yeah, yeah, no, I wouldn't man. I you know right there. That's a learning stage I'm still trying to figure out who I am but I found myself. I found myself now But you know as you can see that the makeup on my collar from my mom hug me You know, that was just something we put together real quick when we meet again We'll be doing you know different looks sign us up All right, so with every outfit comes a sweet fresh air. That's what you start with you start with the hair You know you see you start with start with the fresh fade and That's my man Khalif out in Arizona man He you've been treat me right every time I go to Arizona He comes cut me up no matter what time it is and whenever and that actually is late Because I had just got in and I was like he came through and put a fresh fade on one thing about Instagram That's cool that you could use your platform for the greater good and with those haircuts. You've been able to do that Yeah, yeah, you know my organization Anderson legal leaders and started one of my friends passing and I feel like you know He's just been living through me and we've been and I started Anderson legal leaders and just giving back to the community in the best ways that I can and Kind of you know trying to impact the the youth because they are our future and you know my wife She does a lot of work and she's the brain behind it She comes up with a lot of different ideas and this is this is one of them We have an event coming up You know actually this Saturday Sunday to the event air cuts for kids in Chicago in Brownsville pretty public about that That's gonna be excited to see how many kids come out and I like to be hands-on So I'll be there and I'll be meeting the kids and man It's gonna be fun and kind of like the style thing too It's like you try out so many different things and find what works and what doesn't work What are some of the things that you're excited to try out with this, you know man? We got a lot of ideas You know we have tried we're gonna try new things as in you know, I'm gonna do my first cap this year up in January That's gonna be in my hometown, you know something that gets the city into it, you know, cuz not many people have done what I did where I'm from and You know just giving back to my community is huge man I have a lot of support system there try to go on and do something different and you know Bring some fun for the youth and the kids and give them a reason to smile Going back to Teddy B. Yeah out in Cleveland man. He's first road trip first road trip We had just got him and Teddy B was walking down in Cleveland and I got some good sign You know showing them off and introduce him in the Instagram. Did the Lion King spy this photo? Yeah, it was sick photo man. Look at him man. He's probably scared to death. How much does he weigh? Is he under 10 pounds? He actually weighs seven pounds now. She just took him to to get a checkup He weighs seven pounds now. So he's growing to us, but not to the world because I mean he looks the same size now But he's gonna stay small. Yeah, that's the plan man.  So we see all these fun posts What's your favorite part about Instagram and why man? Just just showing people that you know that I'm that I'm real and and just being me on there and living man and I get to travel the world and and do fun things, you know Just like, you know traveling with baseball man It's it's you know who would have thought that I would be you know going different places and me different people and Planning different stadiums and that's that's pretty cool. So I think the worst you see that, you know Maybe maybe inspire somebody, you know And just you know, just having fun with it. Why should somebody fire?  It's all good and all positive things and you know, just try to just show it everything everything man and just show people how I'm living and and what I'm doing in the community and How I'm a family man, and I'm always with my daughter and my wife and you know, just just just try to be a role model for some of these kids that that's that's on Instagram and You know, just show them that you can have fun and You know that that's hoping and just keep living man and special things will happen


Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss Adrenal Glance. Mammals have two adrenal glands. These glands are attached to the upper end of each kidney. The adrenal glands are in fact dual glands. Each gland has two glands in each as an outer layer and an inner layer. The outer layer is known as the adenyl cortex whereas the inner central portion is known as adenyl medulla. These two portions of adenyls have different cell types, different functions and different embryonic origins. The cells of adenyl cortex are true endocrine cells. They are derived from non-neural mesodermal tissue. The cells of medulla are derived from epidermal neural tissue during embryonic development. So both tissues are embryologically different. These medullary cells are functionally related to the sympathetic nervous system. Thus, like pituitary gland, each adrenal gland is a fused gland with endocrine and neuroendocrine glands. Dear students, now we shall discuss the hormones of adenyl cortex. Adenyl cortex produces two major classes of steroid hormones. One are called the glucocorticoids and the others are known as mineralocorticoids. Collectively, these two classes are called cortico steroids. These cortico steroids are involved in iron and glucose regulation in blood. They are also involved in anti-inflammatory reactions. Dear students, adenyl cortex, in two types of steroid hormones, a third group of steroid hormones are also produced, which are steroid sex hormones, which include androgens, astrogens and progesterone. The main source of these hormones are gonads, but they also produce a small amount of adenyl cortex.  Dear students, now we shall discuss the hormones produced by adenyl medulla. The adenyl medulla synthesizes and secretes catecholamines, that is epinephrine and nor epinephrine. These hormones are secreted under nervous control and they are released through visceral motor stimulation. Dear students, adenyl medulla's cells are called chromophine cells, which produce catecholamines. These chromophine cells are called chromium salts, which are called chromophine cells. These cells are actually modified post-ganglionic-sympathetic neurons. Chromophine cells produce nor epinephrine and epinephrine. Those cells, which produce nor epinephrine, have dark staining irregular granules. And those chromophine cells, which produce epinephrine, have light staining spherical granules.


Now let's take a look at the nerves neuro vascular structures. Again, let's come back to our pyriformis. So this is again where my finger is non-air. This is the, my finger is non-air to the pelvis. And this is the suprapyriformis compartment. This is the pyriformis compartment. So coming out from above in the suprapyriformis compartment, we have these neuro vascular structures which I have lifted up with my experiment. All these were actually supplying the deep surface with gluteus maximus and we can see the cut portions. I have to cut them to reflect the gluteus maximus. These are all branches of the superior gluteal artery. Superior gluteal artery is arising from the pelvis from a branch of the internal area. What about the superior gluteal nerve? Superior gluteal nerve supplies the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor patient. This is a very important nerve and this nerve is likely to be injured in stab injury of the buttock. And that produces paralysis. The gluteus medius leading to what is known as trend in both sides. When the pelvis sags down, when the person stands on the paralyzed side, the opposite pelvis sags down. And that produces one of three types of gait, namely either a rattling gait or an out swinging gait or a high-stage gait. And that is seen in gluteus medius paralysis caused by injury to the superior gluteal nerve. So where is the superior gluteal nerve? This is the superior gluteal nerve. I have lifted it up here. We can see it is giving numerous branches to the gluteus medius. And it is also giving a branch to the gluteus minimus. We can see it here. And if you trace very closely, we find that one branch is going deep inside and it will go and supply the cancer patient. So this is the superior gluteal nerve, L5S1 posterior grafts. This is a very clinically very important nerve. So this is also coming out from the suprapine for this compartment along with the superior gluteal vessels. This is the superior gluteal nerve. Now let's come to the infrapyrochemism compartment that is below the pyrochemist. I showed you the cut portion of the inferior gluteal nerve which supplies the gluteus maximus. Other cut portion of the inferior gluteal nerve is this one here. This is the other cut portion of the inferior gluteal nerve which was attached here. So the inferior gluteal nerve comes out through the infrapyrochemism compartment. This is S1S2 which supplies the gluteus maximus. This can be insured but not as commonly as the superior gluteal, in which case the gluteus maximus paralysis. Now let's take a look at the next structure which is coming out from the infrapyrochemism compartment. And I showed you the pneumonia. This big nerve that we see here. This is the shining nerve. And we are lucky enough to see the two components of the shining nerve here. We can see the pre-axial and the post-axial components. Normally the pre and the post-axial components, they unite inside the appendage. But here we are seeing it. But the point to be noted is that the shining nerve is coming out in the infrapyrochemism compartment. It is coming out below the pyrochemist. And this is the whole shining nerve. This is the largest nerve in the human body. And as it is coming out below the pyrochemist, it can get entrapped here. Especially if a person gets knee-jewed on the pyrochemist. The pyrochemist swells up and you can compress the shining nerve to receive what is known as pyrophobic syndrome. In which case it may be necessary to inject Botox injection into the pyrochemist or cut the tendon of the pyrochemist to relieve the pressure. The shining nerve is so big that it receives its own arterial supply. And again we are lucky enough to see its own arterial supply. This arterial supply comes from the infrapyrochemism compartment. This is called the artery to the shining nerve and you can see that here. The shining nerve then runs down between the greater trochanter and the ischiotibrosity. It runs exactly midway between the two. And here this is a place where it can under constant friction with the ischiotibrosity especially in joggers. Shooting pain, electric shock pain, the back of the thigh, back of the leg, up to the foot. That is shining. This is also a site which can be used for shining nerve block. And we can use the upper border of the pyrochemist as a landmark. This is the region of the posterior superior iliac spine and this is the greater trochanter. If we draw an imaginary line, it closely matches the upper border of the pyrochemist. And if we go one deep to that, we can engage the ischiotibrosity and the greater trochanter. Or we can feel the ischiotibrosity and the greater trochanter. And again draw them, join them with the line and the midpoint of that line will be the site for shining nerve block. And we can see that here. The shining nerve descends down on top of the deep gluteal muscles. And we can see it is descending from the superior geminis, up to the internal tendon, inferior geminis, and what it is famous. And then it comes into the posterior aspect of the thigh. And then it runs. So the shining nerve is running between the superficial gluteal muscle namely the gluteus maximus and the deep gluteal muscles which I mentioned just now. And once it enters the thigh, it runs between the layers of the hamstring muscles and the further pores of it will be described in the thigh. The shining nerve is the most important in the nerve and the largest nerve and it supplies all the muscles from the posterior compartment of the thigh and all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg and right of the foot. Now let me mention yet one more structure which is very significant. Again let's come back to this structure here. This is the largest and the toughest ligament in the human body and that is the sacro tuberous ligament. It is extending from the sacrum to the exterior tuberosity. This is the sacro tuberous ligament. In fact the gluteus maximus is partly attached to that. If I put my instrument under that, this space is the sacrospinus ligament. This is where my index finger is located. Again let's take a look at the intrapirate formus compartment. We can see another neurovascular structure which I have lifted up here. And follow me very closely when I give traction here on this neurovascular structure it is pulling here. This is a nerve which I have not mentioned earlier. This is a pudendal nerve and the internal pudendal artery. These structures also come out from the intrapirate formus compartment. They go from the pelvis through the intrapirate formus compartment. Then they go over the ischial spine and then they go through the lesser sciatic foramen. And they enter this space here. This fascia over the operated internus is called the operative internus fascia which I have lifted up. And again when I exert traction we can see it is coming here. This pudendal nerve is actually a nerve of the pelvis and the perineum. But it runs in a canal inside the obturator fascia and that canal is called the alcox of the pudendal canal. We will not talk any further about this nerve because it is a nerve essentially of the pelvis and the perineum. The reason I mentioned it here is because to show there are three sets of structures which are coming out from the intrapirate formus compartment. And we shall name them from lateral to medial as SGP. S stands for sciatic nerve. G stands for gluteal, inferior gluteal nerve with accompanying artery of course, inferior gluteal artery which also is a branch of internal iliac. And P standing for pudendal nerve and internal pudendal artery which enters the perineum through the alcox canal or the pudendal canal and goes to the perineum. So these are the three sets of structures which are coming from intrapirate formus compartment as opposed to only one set of structure coming out through the suprapirate formus compartment. So these are all the things which I wanted to mention in the gluteal region. If you have any questions or comments put them in the comment section below. Thank you for watching.


How's it going? Prep going good. Hagel would challenge coming in with Pittsburgh, but prep going good, you know, can't complain. Marcus was talking yesterday about some of these close games and evaluating what more could you have done to get over the line. He said it's more of what we have done well. How do we do that more consistently? I don't know if you agree with that necessarily, but what would you say defensively this team can kind of do in that respect? You know, I think we just got to respond in whatever situation we put in and what we have done at a pretty good level. But I think there's always another level you can take it to. And definitely, like Marcus said, I've got to capitalize on the good things to do well, but we also have to be wary of the things we're not doing well and fix those as well. So I think both ways. How have you seen guys like Timmy Owen and Abdullah Anderson respond to them, like having to step up and to form Grimm's absence? Two guys have been playing a lot this season, so they're definitely stepping up in a way where you expect them to be being prepared and being impactful. So I'm excited for those guys to continue to have more opportunities to play and show what they can do. I know you want to get pressure on every quarterback you play, but when you face certain guys, or there are certain guys you feel like if we can get at least close to him, we can make him uncomfortable. He's more apt to get a little more uncomfortable than another guy. Yeah, I think for most quarterbacks, when you get close to him and get him out the spot, you don't get uncomfortable. You got the rare quarterbacks who get a little better when they move out of the spot, like Aaron Rodgers or something like that, statistically, it shows that he's better off the spot, so we don't play him this year. But I think on average, when you get a quarterback out of the spot, even if you don't get him, it can make him uncomfortable, and that's what the goal is for every D-line across the league we can't a week out is to try to get there, even if you don't sack them to affect the game. I guess along those lines, when you're facing a rookie, do you have an understanding that that's going to be a quarterback that's more susceptible to making mistakes when they get under pressure? I mean, not necessarily.  And there's only 32 teams in the world.  So you've got to definitely give us that respect and just take it how it comes and be ready to try to get out there. I think courage and toughness are not necessarily things you attribute to quarterbacks just because it's not considered one of the contact situations. But are there guys throughout your career who you've played against who have impressed you in those regards? I mean, I think courage and toughness, you know, that's one of the things quarterbacks got to have. You know the most. So I think that's definitely applicable to them because, I mean, that's the hardest position on the field. That's why they pay the way they do and certain mind them guys who top top for a long time because that's a special position, you know? So I mean, they got to deal with it a lot mentally and physically when they do get the opportunity to get hit and stuff like that. But I mean, I will put those words with playing quarterback. You know what I'm saying?  You know what I'm saying?  I don't know if I answered your question. You did. All right. That was great. You said Pittsburgh will be a challenge. What's the challenge? Every game is a challenge when in a field.