under this broad title, I am going to look at first of all we define formally what is the vector space. Then we move to norm linear spaces and also what are called as 1x spaces. Then we have inner product spaces and we will also touch upon Hilbert spaces. So, these are made up of some of the famous mathematicians and then we look at Gram-Schmidt process in the end position. So, these are the four sub areas which I need to cover. Now, Gram-Schmidt process has applied to vector space. Now, what is the vector space? What did we know about vector spaces? When we start thinking about vector spaces from what background we have from undergraduate, we normally imagine a vector in a three-dimensional space in a vector say x, let us call this vector v, it has three components x, y and z and this is how we normally imagine a vector space. Now, what is that functional analysis is to distill essential properties of this vector space and then come up with a new definition called vector space which is more generally which can be applied to any set of objects that are relevant to us when we do computational or analytical mathematics. Now, actually the other course that we are doing in that also in the beginning there will be some introduction to these vector spaces. So, now what is it need to generalize and why we need to generalize? First of all, we can look at this vector space or set of all vectors in this vector space. So, if I let set as a set on which certain operations can be done. What are these operations? Addition, you can add two vectors and get a vector. The nice thing is that you get a vector in the same space and you can multiply a vector by a scalar and you get another vector in the same space. So, these are the two generic properties of any two vectors in this space and I could use this to generalize if I generalize the notion of a vector space. It is not enough to just generalize this notion of a vector space, we also need something more to work with vector spaces. We need to know about the length of a vector because that is a critical thing that we use when we actually work with vectors in three dimensions. So, we need to have a generalization of that which is called as norm of a vector. We will talk about norms of a vector. It is not enough to just talk about norm. We have notions of a sequence in one dimension. So, a sequence which is converging to a number to something called limit. So, what is a limit in three dimensions? So, we need to actually generalize the concept of convergence and limit. There are some funny things that happen when you start working with higher dimensions spaces and that is where we had mentioned is one-axis spaces and inverse spaces. So, these are some special category of spaces which we are going to look at. Now, it is not enough just to work with norm and convergence meaning something more. What else you use in three dimensions? What is the important geometric concept that you need? Coordinate. I will not coordinate. Coordinate is of course, when you define the space, many lines coordinate system will come together. It is not a coordinate. It is angle between two vectors. It is a very, very important concept. Well, we in three dimensions, everything come together package. We don't really think of these things separately. But when you generalize this concept to any other space, we need to make efforts to define what is angle between two vectors. And also, one of the most important concept that you use in three dimensions is orthogonal vectors, 90 degrees, two vectors and then well of course, the Pythagoras theorem which is used in many, many ways. So, what we are going to look at initially is it possible to generalize this concept and develop some notions of vector spaces on generic sets which are useful in mathematical analysis. Why am I doing all this in the beginning of a course which is supposed to be computational methods and you would be starting with development of recipes. Well, if you understand these grand generalizations which were probably done in the beginning of 19th century, beginning of 18th century, then it becomes very easy to understand the foundations of different numerical methods that we are going to study. So, this six or seven lectures which might look disconnected in the beginning are actually deeply connected with what we are going to do later, ok. So, this forms the foundation and you will understand basis of many, many methods if you understand this concept of vector spaces, orthogonality and so on. Many of these things are unknowingly used when you do your undergraduate courses without you know being given a thorough explanation. Here, we will lay a systematic foundation vector spaces. Now, let us well soon I am going to talk about you know four dimensional and five dimensional, end dimensional spaces and then I will also move to something called infinite dimensional spaces and well it is not possible to visualize. In fact, it is not possible to visualize anything beyond three dimensions. You cannot visualize a four dimensional space on a five dimensional space and obviously not an infinite dimensional space. So, there is a word of caution before we move into this is that it is enough to know your geometry, school geometry well. It is enough to know your undergraduate three dimensional world well. If you understand the concepts in undergraduate three dimensional world or your school geometry it is you will understand everything I am doing, ok. It is only a it is only a matter of generalizing these concepts. Same concept which I have been using right since our eight standard we are going to generalize them into something very very elegant. So, now let us begin with let us begin with the concept of closure or closure of a particular set for an operation is defined as if you take any two elements from the set that x be a set that x is a set and there are any two elements say x and y belong to belong to set x then x operation y also belongs to the set x. Now, this operation here I have written as plus it could be any operation it could be multiplication it could be division, ok. So, even any set if you take any two elements of this set and if you perform an operation for example, multiplication, ok. And if the element that results after performing the operation also belongs to the set then it is called a closed set, ok. Set of integers is closed on addition. Let us not close not division. The next concept that is important is of field what is the field and division correct. So, field is a set of elements closed under. So, well the well known examples of field set of real numbers set of complex numbers and these are the two fields which are they are going to use. So, these as R, R will denote the set of real numbers and C will denote the set of complex numbers that is closed under two operations. A vector space is a set of objects addition. So, if I take any element x and y belonging to x then x plus y also belongs to x. But it is not enough to have just a set of objects we need something more to define a vector space we also need a field. For example, a field could be R. So, let us call the field an f. So, we need two things here a set of objects x and a field f. If I take any scalar alpha from f and any x belonging to x then alpha times x is called a scalar multiplication this also belongs to x. So, a vector space a concept which is generalization of three-dimensional vector space is nothing but a set of objects which actually satisfy these two operations or a set which is closed under these two operations given the field f. It depends upon the combination. So, these x and f they are a combination you cannot separate them you have to consider them together. But let me start generalizing and giving you examples of spaces which are my first example is going to be x corresponds to Rn and f corresponds to R. What is Rn? Rn is n double a vector which has n components. So, a general vector here x that belongs to x will be represented as it has n components x1, x2, xn it may have n components. Can you give me an example where you need such a thing? Let us say I am dealing with some chemical reactor and I decide to associate a vector space that defines different variables. So, here x1, x2 to xn could consist of for example, x1 could be temperature in the reactor, x2 could be pressure and x3 to xn could be different chemical species that are present inside the reactor. So, this is a vector that represents the state inside the reactor or let me take a distillation column. Distillation column will have different trays and on each tray you have temperature pressure composition. So, if there are 20 trays and it is a binary distillation column how many variables you expect to have? 20 temperatures, 20 pressures actually pressure to be varying across the bottom then compositions about 60 well. You can have correlations between y and x. So, there would be 80 elements in a vector or 60 elements in the vector that defines all the variables at an associated distillation column which has 20 trays binary distillation column and so on. So, I can think of examples from chemical engineering which would actually have a way to deal with vectors at a higher dimensional vectors. But an example that would tell you what is which combination will not be a vector space. See for example, if I take x to be rn and f to be c instead of complex numbers, will this form a vector space? Why? The scalar multiplication will break down. If I take a scalar which is complex multiply it to a vector which is real valued I will not get an element from x. So, this is not a vector space. But my next example is, my next example is a little unconventional. So, now I am going to move to a set of real valued matrices. So, this is my x, this corresponds to my x. And my f is still set of real numbers, set of real valued matrices. Does this form a vector space? Yes. Why? The additional two matrices. If you take any two n cross n matrices, if you add them you still get an n cross n matrix. If you take a scalar and multiply it to an n cross n matrix, you still get an n cross n matrix. So, if I take any two matrices say a and b which belong to f, then I can say that any ufa times a plus beta times b belongs to also x, sorry this is x here and alpha, beta belong to f. So, for any matrix x, for any matrix a and any matrix b which are both n cross n, so these are elements, these are vectors in this space, vector space. If I take a scalar multiplication of a and a scalar multiplication of b, then this sum should also belong to this space which is true for any n cross n, any n cross n vector. So, and my fourth example is something that we are going to use quite often in this course. So, my example number four is this is denoted as CAB. So, CAB is set of continuous functions, set of real valued continuous functions, set of all real valued continuous functions on interval AB. So, we have a function say f t which and a function g t both of which belong to x, then and if I take any if I take any two scalars say alpha and beta that belong to f, then alpha times f t plus beta times g of t also belongs to x. Now, real valued continuous, have you come across this kind of functions? Well, where did you study this kind of functions? Fourier series? Not Taylor series, Taylor series is not true. Fourier series. What happens in Fourier series? You talk about functions on minus 5 to pi or 0 to 2 pi. Remember something? rings a bell? A and B and I have no questions. Are we going to look at Fourier series much more in detail in the next few lectures? So, do you agree with me? If I take a continuous function, if I take a continuous function and multiply by a scalar, will it simply a continuous function? It will simply a continuous function, right? If I add two continuous functions, will the addition be continuous? f of t is continuous and g of t is continuous. Adding two continuous functions, I still get a continuous function. So, scalar multiplication, vector addition, both properties hold in this abstract set. It is difficult to visualize how this set looks like. You know, we are used to visualizing in three dimensions. Nevertheless, the properties that hold, the fundamental properties that hold in three dimensions also hold in this set. That is very, very important. Okay? So, if you have a vector, if you have a vector which belongs to this set, multiply it by a scalar, you get a vector in the same set. Very important. And if you have a vector which is, well, this is not enough to just define vector spaces. We also have to talk about subspace. So, very, very important concept in three dimensions. What is the subspace in three dimensions? What are the subspaces that we go into three dimensions? Line passing through the origin, yeah, correct? Then is the only subset? A plane passing through the origin. So, it is a plane not passing through the origin. We can be a subspace. Where does it come from? So, let's define what is a subspace. I want to define a subspace. So, this is, I have set of vector x and field f.  And if I take any two elements in m, so x and y, they belong to m. Alpha, beta belong to f. Then alpha x plus beta y should belong to. The way we define subspace is a non-empty subset, a non-empty subset of original space x. Okay, like example that he gave just now. A line passing through origin or a plane passing through origin. Okay, but why was origin important? That origin is required in this space is hidden in this definition. Can you dig out? The word is that the main thing is any alpha, beta belong to f. So, what about 0, 0? If I choose alpha to be equal to 0 and beta to be equal to 0, then 0 times any vector plus 0 times any vector is giving me 0 vector. 0 vector should be contained in the space. Okay, so if I have a subspace, then it follows from this definition that the 0 vector, the origin should be contained in the space. So, only those sets, only those sets which contain the origin qualify to be subspaces. Okay, now let's understand this little more.  Imagine that this square, the plane which passes through this, this is a plane that passes through the origin. Okay, now there are two situations, two scenarios. One is this is a finite, this is a finite set.  Okay, let's look at this piece of paper which is passing through the origin. It is finite size, it is passing through the origin. Will it form a subspace? Just because it passes through origin, will it form a subspace? Yes. What will it say? It should also have x plus y belonging to x. The closure is new. I can take two elements, this is passing through the origin. I can take two elements such that x plus y belongs to... But not for all x plus y. Correct. The word all is important. It should happen for every x plus y. Okay, it may happen that if I take a finite set like this and not the infinite set, it may happen that for two vectors, say this vector and this vector, the addition may not belong to this small set. Sir, why we are talking about zero into subspace? Isn't this included into the vector space? Of course. So why is it... But vector space's origin is included. It is obvious. The subspace is a small set. Subspace is a smaller set. So does every smaller set qualify to be a subspace? Is the question an honest? Okay. So what is, for example, what is zero element in this... What is zero element here? Constant function zero. Ft equal to zero over interval a to b. Okay. Here it is important to remember that t belongs to... A component. A component. Well, we get... Do we get these kind of functions? Is it capable of engineering? Think of temperature profile in a heater center. Okay. My A would be... My A would be zero to one. Well, it will not be time. t... Don't associate t with time. It could be space. So z is my spatial variable. Okay. It varies from zero to t. Okay. And I can look at the temperature profile inside... Inside a heater center. Is it a continuous function? Yes. It's a continuous function. It's a continuous function. These kind of vectors... These kind of vector spaces are very, very commonly encumbered in chemical elements. Of course, the zero... The zero element would be... Well, not zero temperature. We often talk about perturbations. And in steady state. If you have a steady state and a perturbation... The perturbation vector is zero, which means you are at steady state. So you will have... You will not have... In the case of a heater center example, the zero element technically would be... Everywhere you have zero temperature. Such a heater center doesn't exist. But the space... In the space, you can of course define zero vector, which is... So... So coming back to this subspaces, every subset doesn't qualify to be a subspace. Okay. This thing is important. If I take alpha, any scalar alpha, multiply it by... Multiply it to my vector. Then the resulting vector also should be included inside the space. So if I take this vector, and if I multiply it by a large scalar, a new vector might be here, which is not included in this small finite set. This is not a subspace. So just going through origin is not sufficient. Okay. You need to have closure. You need to have closure of this operation, alpha times x for any alpha, plus beta times y. This sum should be... So... Can I give you an example? I'll just give you an example, completely different, but generalize this concept. Let's look at our... Let's look at this space. Okay. Set of polynomials. Set of polynomials. Are they continuous functions? Right? Set of polynomials is a continuous function. Okay. Set of polynomials, let's say, defined over a to b, or 0 to 1, if you want to... If it's convenient for you to imagine, 0 to 1. So set of polynomials, defined over 0 to 1. What will be the set? What will be that set? So let me take this set. Let me take this set, S, or we call it m here. Let me take this set, m, which is 1, t, t squared up to t to the power s. Okay. Will this combination be also a polynomial? This is an untholdered polynomial. Okay. This is an untholdered polynomial. Now, when I'm visualizing each one of them as untholdered polynomial with some coefficient 0. Okay. So this particular, this particular set, set of all possible polynomials with any alpha 1 to alpha and from the field, this particular set will form a subspace of this vector space. Because these are continuous functions. These are continuous functions. And then if you take a polynomial, if you take a polynomial, a finite order polynomial, add to it another polynomial, you're going to get a finite order polynomial. Okay. So all those properties, all these properties will hold a set of polynomials and then you can show that this is a subspace, 0 element will be there, 0 function, 0 polynomial. Okay. So all the things that you need in this set. Okay. I'll give you another example of subspace. Can you think of a subspace for n cross n matrices? For example, let's take my set here. So you understand this if you understand these examples, because just writing this definition is too abstract unless you associate with some real examples. It's not possible to understand these concepts. So let my x be set of, my field is my field is r. Okay. I'm going to define a subset m, which is a subset of x, which is a non-empty subset of x. Now, m here, set of all symmetric matrices, is it a subspace? What is a subspace? If I take a scalar alpha, see when you call the matrix to be symmetric, A transpose is equal to, okay, just test this. You know, will alpha times A transpose, will it be equal to alpha times A? For any alpha. By the way, what is the zero element in this place? What is the zero vector? Null matrix. So if I set alpha to be zero, it's a symmetric matrix, right? It belongs to the subspace. What about alpha? If I take any two matrices, A and B belong into this subset m, okay? Will their linear combination, will their linear combination also belong to m? If this is symmetric and if this B is symmetric, will this addition also be symmetric? It's a symmetric matrix. So this subspace or the subset defined by this, defined by this is a set, belongs to subspace. Not every set will have a subspace. But this particular set of set of cemented matrices will form. Likewise, if you go to a set of complex valued matrices with field to be complex numbers, you can define with Hermitian matrices. Set of all Hermitian matrices will be a subspace of the set of complex valued matrices. Okay, so these are the general examples. What is the next thing that you need when you start looking at vector spaces? What is the thing that you use most? Well, one of the most important concepts that you use is basis and dimension. What is dimension of vector space? What is dimension? How do you define dimension? This is the common misconception. Okay. Let us look at this subspace. This is my this is a line passing through the origin and all of us agree that this is a subspace. Okay, this is a line passing through the origin. Any vector on this any vector on this line will be represented by three components. Does it mean it is it is a three dimensional subspace? What is the dimension? Why? Number of independent vectors are only one. So, just because a vector has n components does not mean that does not mean that you know the dimension of the vector of the vector space or a subspace is one. The dimension of this subspace is only one. Okay. And there is only one independent direction. Let us say you call this some vector x. So, any vector on this vector v. So, any vector on this line will be alpha times v. Okay. If alpha is minus it will go in this direction and alpha is plus it will go in this direction. So, but it is basically alpha times v. So, there is only one independent direction. Okay. So, likewise a plane cutting a plane passing through the origin. What is the dimension of the space? Because there are only two independent vectors. So, we need to now generalize this concept of dimension. Well, to generalize this concept we need to analyze many other concepts. We have to we have to have notion of linear combination defined after that. We will have to define what is called as a basis set and then move on to moving. Go through the nodes I have given many more examples of vector spaces. So, I am not as I said I am not going to write everything on to the board should look at the nodes. Now, if I am given a vector now I have to introduce one important notation here. Because we are going to work with set of vectors and each vector might be n double. Okay. Each vector might be n double. So, I have to introduce a new notation. Now, I am going to consider a set here a set x i where x I have some space x here and this x i these are vectors that belong to this set x where i goes from 1 to n. It is quite possible that my set is nothing but m. So, n doubles okay. So, an element here there are n vectors and each one of them is a m double. So, where I am going to define this is x i it corresponds to x i 1, x i 2, x i. So, this notation is centered to our course. I am going to use it very often that you have a set that. So, superscript in brackets is used to indicate i th vector okay and a subscript is used to indicate the component of the i th vector okay. So, x i 2 is second component of i th vector and so on. This notation is very, very often. Now, if I choose any set of scalars if I choose any scalars say alpha 1 alpha 2 alpha n okay. Then a vector which is defined by alpha 1 x 1 plus alpha 2 x 2 this vector is called a linear combination of this vector is called linear combination of this set of vectors. This is the set of vectors belonging to space x okay. Alpha 1 to alpha n are some scalars arbitrary scalars belonging to no field f. And then the vector that you get alpha 1 times x 1 plus alpha 2 times x 2 up to alpha n times x n this particular vector obviously we are dealing with vector space. So, or we are dealing with a subset which this linear combination if you should talk about a subset alone then it is a finite set and if you take all possible linear combinations of this these vectors they give a special subset that is called a span. You thought you could understand the equation sir. So, I will give you the utenance matrix. No. This is a vector this is i th vector okay. This is i th vector see for example I may have two vectors. Let me take a five dimensional space. So, I have vector 1 okay. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and vector 2 which is 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 okay. Now, how do I refer to third element of vector 2? So, I will say 3 that is equal to vector 2 third element okay. Similarly V2 5 will be. No, no, this is just a rotation just a rotation that which we are going to use very very often whenever you have subscript in brackets or superscript in brackets it implies that it is a i th vector okay and if I want to refer to the third component of i th vector then I will use x i z. It is not a matrix. It is a rotation. Now, this kind of things do appear in numerical methods in computations because we do iterative procedures okay. You start from one vector and then you get another vector and then you get another vector okay. So, you have a sequence of vectors and that is where you need to have this little complex rotation. So, sometimes we develop algorithms in which we need to worry about this superscript and then this subscript together okay. That is why we need to have this rotation okay. So, this span is set of all possible combinations understand? Set of all possible combinations. If I give you two vectors in three dimensions if I give you two vectors in two okay first start with two dimensions if I give you any two vectors let us call them V1 and V2. Are these two vectors in two dimensions? What is this set? So, span of V1 V2 this corresponds to alpha V1 plus beta V2 for any alpha beta that belong to F that belong to the field F what is this set? Field F here is real numbers. What is this set? It is a plane passing through original okay because two independent vectors two linearly independent vectors as we have defined what is linear independent vectors. So, two linearly independent vectors if I take all possible linear combination then what I get is the span and the span is nothing but well let us say that this is a subspace this is the subspace if I give you third vector in the same subspace okay which is V3 what will be alpha V1 plus beta V2 plus gamma V3 same okay that is because this third vector V3 is linearly dependent upon V1 and V2 and then you can what you get here so, if I have some more vectors belonging to the same set here okay same subspace and if I take all possible linear combinations I am not going to get a different set I am not going to get a different set okay I will get the same set which is this plane I cannot leave this plane if I take a linear combination of any two vectors in this plane I cannot leave this plane what is the minimum number of vectors that are required to generate this plane okay the minimum number of vectors that are required to generate a subspace or a space is called as the dimension of the vector space okay what is the dimension of this particular subspace this is a subspace right the span is a subspace what is the dimension dimension is to because you need only two linearly independent vectors you need only two linearly independent vectors to generate all vectors inside this plane okay this is a two-dimensional subspace of three dimensions this is a two-dimensional subspace of everyone with me on this okay now let us consider these two vectors what will be the span of these two vectors what dimensional plane is R5 two-dimensional plane is R5 okay if I take span of this alpha times 1,2,3,4 and 5 plus beta times 5,4,3,2,1 for any alpha beta it will be equals to R this all possible linear combinations of these two vectors is called as span of is called as span of these two vectors and this span will be nothing but a two-dimensional subspace a two-dimensional subspace of R5 what is R5 five double space considering of vectors each vector has five double has five components so number of components in a vector doesn't define the dimension okay this is a fifth five-dimensional just because it has five components doesn't mean this linear combination will specify if I take only one vector say V1 what will be alpha times V1 it's a line and it's one-dimensional subspace it's a one-dimensional subspace of R5 five-dimensional space okay if the one-dimensional subspace of well so far so good we'll probably define what is basis and move on to some more some more insights into why this is all required when do I need this to do our next lecture


Good afternoon. Oh, sorry. Good morning. So we start the one journal. Good morning. Yes, so we start with the right foot. Before we go to the fun part, so welcome first to the workshop and before I leave the world to the actual organizer, Vladimir Krivancev and Nikoleta Morolova from the from the International Atomic Energy Agency.  So ICTP is a which is shown here in the picture is is an institute that was founded in 1964 by Nobel laureate Abdul Salam, so he got the Nobel prize for physics in the in the late 70s with the goal of enhancing international cooperation through science and and the institute has a double task of performing research in theoretical physics, mathematics and related areas and contributing to the capacity building in the science sector, especially with particular attention to the developing world, so so we combine these two and the two of course are deeply connected with one another and it's it's it was founded by a threat through a tripartite agreement between the government of Italy, UNESCO, the UN Agency for Education Science and Culture and the International Atomic Energy Agency. So we have the four tasks in research in education and outreach and in particular in research we cover several fields of theoretical physics, mathematics, like condensed metaphysics, where I'm in, applied physics, earth system physics, climate and quantitative life sciences and of course we we are heavily involved in high performance computing and related areas and so in order also to be able to support scientists in the developing world, we also have to do research at high level, otherwise it would be lost, so apart from the Nobel Prize for physics won by the by the ICTP founder Abdul Salam, several other ICTP scientists have been involved in in Nobel related research, like Filippo Giorgi, who was one of the group leaders of the IPCC, who got the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 for providing convincing evidence to the public about climate change and many contribution, including by Alexei Smirnov and others on on high energy physics related to solar neutrinos, the discovery of the Higgs bosons and in the gravitational waves. So and we have several educational programs. The the flagship program is the diploma program that is dedicated to students already that have obtained a degree that would give access to a PhD program in their own country, but sometimes the level is not good enough to to start a PhD elsewhere and we we take so students, pre-PhD students for one year and we subject them to intensive training to prepare them to go and take a PhD somewhere else in the in the world and this program has been going on for 30 years with with a great success and of course we have a lot of training like and in the education activities like this and we have a robust program of visitors, so this is a bit the statistics and we are really a global hub for science, for scientists everywhere, so we have had visitors from about 188 countries through the years, so really we cover every corner of the earth and and we have a series of training programs that are meant to support scientists in developing countries at every stage of their career. So from the postgraduate diploma program I've already mentioned it masters degrees in collaboration with universities, PhD degrees in collaboration with universities, but also support through associate programs, synchrotron visiting facility programs to support established scientists, people that are already professing their home country, but that they work under conditions that make it difficult to to be connected to the international scientific community and to perform research at at international level, so if you think you you could be interested feel free to approach me send me an email, read the there's a lot of information on the website, but sometimes it's better to to ask directly, so and with this I finish and I live the world to the main organizer to Vladimir Krivancev that will say something about the workshop I think, yes, and thank you. Thank you for inviting IE again to organize the workshop in Trieste. I'd like to also thank all participants who submitted the applications and received confirmation for participation and saying it was great interest and thank you very much also to express this interest. Of course, I'd like to thank all our lectures who this who agreed to give lectures on this new, let's say, relatively new thing, topic which we develop in and Of course for the organizers as this is really great place Last time was December was very cold. I was here, but maybe more productive. Today is also not very hot So not for swimming probably then please concentrate on this workshop I will tell about the program so we will organize maybe three groups, three or four groups, I guess from all participants and then you will be working in these groups not only during the day but also at night after of course, please have fun also around in this great place, but don't forget that this one of the most interesting also things and fun happens here in this in this whole when you listen to our lectures about this new technology, which is open source I know it's a code or software for to be used in nuclear reactors both in fusion and fusion We will concentrate this This week on two main tools what we've selected it's open emcee for Monte Carlo simulations of Neutronix NCF D2 is open for and it's derivative and family But we also you will have a look at few Other only briefly Open source tools for this which we believe and all expert many experts believe that it's kind of alternative or additional Let's say open source of twerards an additional dimension to the old numerical simulations and what we have fleet of the computer codes Maybe very old and especially for the new generation. You are free to use it. It's very easy to start Okay, it's cause nothing to obtain and to be involved So from now I think can we start presentation I prepared brief introduction of the idea How do we start it like to share a I think share a screen? Okay, okay, I see looks okay, right? Okay, before we start this workshop on open source nuclear codes and software for reactors analysis and simulation and more in general and simulation of nuclear energy systems, I would like to introduce I Activity is related to innovative nuclear energy systems that systems require this new software And let me start very briefly again with situation Let's say energy situations of all About, you know, big part of the 1.3 billion people as situation for the 2020. I believe the status They don't have access to the energy at all not electricity But of course we saw the type like who's they can but to electricity. No And one billion of people cannot Don't have access to the health care due to the energy poverty and 2.6 billion people rely on biomass like like our, you know Grandfathers or maybe more for the thousand thousand years still it's Significant part of the world Have no access to the electricity like we have here and all developing countries Developed countries and This is the problem that can be solved in in one way or another And nuclear power is the one of the means one of the Let's say players on this On this story who can help us to solve this And problems in 2022 nuclear reactors generated 9.2% of total electricity in the world Which is by the way like 1% less than two years ago I'm just showing the slide actually and every presentation since 2016 And saying that this number is decreasing by the way For whatever reasons one of this introduction of the renewable energy sources and Like skepticism of many countries like germany who shut down the nuclear power plants But still it's 10% of the total electricity and this part can share it can be Make higher if we need the sustainable source of energy Or not okay, and finally we have now in the world 437 nuclear power reactors which generate about 300 okay about 400 gigawatt electric Stalled capacity as they operate in 30 countries both developing developing And still now we have an additional There is interest in the nuclear reactors 57 reactors under construction We 60 gigawatt electrical together So more or less this means one year what units in 15 countries and two of them are new camera countries And in this case china should say the china plays significant role they build a lot of reactors Because china is growing up and if you need to if you grow And if you improve your quality of the people you can see china is it changes in every year Then you need more and more energy. This is one the key more or less how much energy is consumed it's kind of not direct but Indirect indicator how the quality of life in the country So let me say that nuclear capacity into for the How how much electricity will be produced by nuclear power plants? Into up to 2050 according to the idea projections we have like Optimistic or like high It's not optimistic. Maybe high energy is high scenario low scenario And before here that we have history And you might see also the projections in 2010 the projection into 14 for example They decrease in so the role of the nuclear power even in projects is decreasing And And also it's also if you look at this to the low projections and high projections So the lowest is that electricity will be produced the same in gigawatts But of course the share in percentages will be decreasing But the high projections is like That production of electricity by nuclear power plant will double in 2050 We actually don't know it depends on many many things and situation And we are an engineers and you know the people who are in the industry. We work hard to make Sure that this nuclear electricity is useful. It's sustainable Excuse me, and it's safe And you see that we can contribute a lot to the future energy generation, which is actually One of the keys to the successful and sustainable development of the nations I will now try to play if it works This small video In 1957 an agency was created with a vision To harness the power of the atom for the benefit of humankind It works with partners across the globe to help countries use nuclear science and technology To meet development challenges boosting food supplies improving health Protecting the environment and contributing to global peace This agency provides the technology expertise and training to make all this possible To nuclear science it helps countries to develop high yielding crops that can thrive in extreme conditions breed healthier livestock And protect fruit and animals from harmful pests The work of this agency supports the conservation of our oceans and coastlines Protecting the marine resources that ensure the livelihoods of millions of people It promotes the use of nuclear technology to fight cancer and improve human health The organization assists countries with their energy planning If they choose nuclear power it offers expertise to ensure facilities are run safely and securely It provides standards and assistance to ensure the safe use of radioactive materials Guidance on the management of the waste generated by the use of nuclear technologies And helps nations to prepare for and respond to incidents and emergencies It's an agency that prevents the spread of nuclear weapons by helping to make sure that nuclear materials remain in peaceful uses It's the global platform for cooperation in nuclear security Advising countries how to guard against nuclear terrorism and prevent the theft and smuggling of radioactive materials Providing technology and expertise Promoting safety and security Assisting sustainable development This is atoms for peace and development This is the IAEA Okay, interesting so Taking the situation I would explain it before the role of the IAEA is we say atoms for peace and development means atoms for peace Promoting the peaceful use of atomic energy or nuclear energy And preventing its use for the you know Non-peaceful purposes I would say as a safeguards and so on And this is agreement between countries who decided to Okay, the IAEA was founded almost 70 years ago And then by all the proposal of the US president and the countries decided to to do this to help developing countries To to to you to to use nuclear power as a peaceful and in return Those countries don't decided not to develop nuclear weapons For all this maybe you saw in this video There are several directions what the IAEA is working And one of them is our nuclear energy department is doing Research and promoting the nuclear power nuclear field cycle with technology And also it helps planning information and knowledge management for the nuclear energy systems for sustainable development We also have department of nuclear safety and security which is related to the safe and Or the use of the nuclear old in general atomic energy and a particular safety of nuclear power plants There is a department of nuclear science and applications. We take care of medical for example Using the nuclear as a top in agriculture and so on department of safeguards that guarantees Like the countries who are Joining non-proliferation treaty They They provide the resources I mean safeguards to control the distribute non-proliferation of the nuclear energy The department of management very big very powerful department manage everything including money And also department of technical cooperation that supports developing countries in In several several projects directly supports with financial activity Okay, this is more not really easy, but maybe you don't need to know also the old details just your brief information and I have a pleasure to lead the fast reactor technology development team Which is part of the nuclear energy department In division of nuclear power in a section of nuclear power technology development where we are doing Proporting development and research and cooperation and organize any activities on advanced Innovative and advanced reactors including advanced watercooled reactors smr small Modera and medium-sized reactors also for non-electrical application and fast reactors, which I am responsible for within this In our activities we concentrate on several directions of them is sharing of knowledge which may means we organize we publish documents on on several activities or several topics we organize conference and technical meetings and also It's also related to capacity building which includes training courses workshop and workshops similar like we have here Thanks to ICTP and for technology development We organize several research activities including coordinated research projects Let me just show you briefly. What is the let's say current very primitive explanation of the status of innovative energy systems or innovative nuclear reactors taking the example of generation for For international forum is organization probably, you know, which trying to implement some rules and designs and international cooperation in the field of the innovative nuclear reactors and they selected six systems potentially Interested and that could be innovative safe and sustainable and help to support sustainable energy including sodium cooled fast reactors Which are operating now let cool fast reactors very high temperature reactor reactors super critical water cooled reactors And gas cooled reactors and molten slow reactors Let us have a look and the status of the innovative reactors fast, which are most of them are in working in the fast nuclear spectrum and who Which are operating now in the world in russia? We have Three reactors one experiment. Okay, research reactor or experimental reactor bore 60 very old reactor And but still is 60 megawatt It's 10 megawatt electric 60 megawatt thermal and two industrial size reactor ben 600 and 800 all sodium cooled reactors operating china operates Against small 20 megawatt electric sodium cooled reactor CFR, which is china experimental faster actor relatively new since 2011 india operates old reactor 1985 and now is commissioning pf bar Which is the prototype sodium cooled faster a breeder reactor. They said 500 megawatt electric And it's now under commissioning, which is delayed now expected in 2020 photo to be connected to the grid Japan now operate joyo small let's say Small experimental reactor against sodium cooled and they have applied applied for the renew the license That should be expected to restart the operation in 2024 And if you look at the reactors and look this all those reactors are sodium cooled fast reactors If you look at fast reactors under construction and decommissioning, we will find that russia is building replacement for bore 60 Again experimental sodium cooled reactor and beer 50 megawatt electric that's expected to start the operation in 2028 From the new types russia is building now constructing reactor rest 300 which is lead cooled reactor It's demonstrator of the lead cool and heavy liquid metal cooled reactors technology Expected to start the operation in 2026. We will see china now is constructing two actually Sodium cooled faster actors CFR 600 second electric each And it's under construction and even There are new that the first unit was the two. It's the same type of Exactly the same. I mean this may be features, but the same design reactors And one of them was reached critical Oh, sorry physical criticality whatever it is as some reports indicate this As for decommissioning japan is decommissioning monju reactor Which was started operation 94 and stopped in 95 Now decided to complete the decommission. USA is decommissioning FFTF Actually, France is also decommissioning I believe phoenix And super phoenix reactors as well This is like current status and you if you see that most of them Out those reactors are sodium cooled fast reactors However, if you look at the new types of the reactors Which are under development and design This slide shows Let's say many Conceptual designs and in bold I try to show The designs and the reactors which have some interest and some you know promotion and let's say movement Compared to the many other tests which were supposed to be Designed in past years, but like now on hold but in bold we have cellular reactors Which proposed in different countries and many and most of them if you look Several of them many of them are still sodium cooled fast reactors, but some others especially As the reactors cooled by heavily with metals such as lead and lead is metathetic Also, there are projects on molten salt cooled reactors And also on gas cooled reactors cooled by helium, for example This is a project and conceptual design shows that the growing interest of the different types of the construction Okay, this slide shows our main activities in the fields in the field of fast reactor technology Which just for your interest, maybe you can have a look and see and There is reports about those activities one of the most important activities that we conduct is coordinated research projects When we try to on the several topics we organize this project, which is typically four years old We invite 15 20 25 or 30 organizations from around the world to participate On different topics and this slide shows the potential names For the to save time. I will probably not go I will show you several examples of the CRPs And typically the most successful I would say CRPs are CRPs Which are benchmark And for this case is benchmark analysis of the FFTF loss of flow without ground tests Means unprotected loss of flow and FFTF is fast flux test facility. It's sodium cooled reactor in the U.S It's 400 megawatt sodium cooled fast reactor thermal 400 megawatt thermal And this particular test And I am actually US provided the experimental data of this test So Okay, I forgotten to say this reactor had interesting feature. It's a passive shutdown system. So called so Means the reactor shuts down passively without any intervention of the humans and this case they Invented let's say and it's also called gas expansion models, which is empty fuel sub assembly. Let's say with gas and when actually it's It's it's filled with sodium, but When you have the nominal flow rate and enough inlet pressure But if the flow rate is for for whatever reason pump stops So means it's most dangerous situation I consider it for this type of the reactors unprotected loss of flow when you don't have flow, but still You have this energy is released in in in the reactor core in this case You you should shut down the reactor somehow and this is passive shutdown system shows that when flow is decreasing so Pressure becomes lower and this gas expands in this sub assembly since it's a peripheral area it reactivity of the reactor becomes Lower and it shutdowns and this test demonstrated this capability of this reactor to survive during this test during such a situation when pump were completely lost and us And participants Provided the experimental data for the blind simulation blind means participants didn't know how to simulate The the results they knew the the input data design of the reactor the conditions But they didn't know how to the final results and they simulated blindly and then results were compared Between each other that was very interesting test, which is completed another Test, which we will you will learn also about Benchmark, which is nitronic benchmark of CFR startup test CFR is China experimental fast reactor and say China Institute of Atomic Energy Agreed to provide the experimental data on on this test is standard nitronic death from the very beginning And we have like about 30 participants 30 participation organization That calculated nitronic with different types of code including open source code open mc Which we will learn this week more in more details This slide shows the some result of simulations Maybe we will we will not repeat this simulation this week, but you will learn how to do it And we have several training materials and documents on this at that guidance for how to use serpent 2 and open mc to simulate This example of this test And we have conducting again. I'd like I'd like to thank the ICTP and Nicholas for providing us possibility to conduct this kind of educational workshops in here in this beautiful place Trieste and I personally participated in organization of the workshops on physics and technology of innovative nuclear energy systems In 2016 2018 and last December in Trieste, and I see some of them participated I I see the famous faces I saw where some people online. Okay, and also online. So you are already well prepared Before I go to the hour directly to our workshop Topics, I want to also to advertise a little bit the Possibility to work as a you can also like apply as a professional young professional Or also if you are a student law you you can Try to apply for the internship and Conduct internship in the IEF for one year All this available you can find the in the IEF and it's really Nice place also Vienna to live and also fun. You can meet many people and do networking and so on Please consider this possibility Thank you for that and now I go to the program of our show. Maybe you saw it already Here this slide is shows it in concentrated way So in the morning and early afternoons, we will have like lectures given by our Experts from around the world and After the after lunch, we will move to the group walks and practical exercises On on on this mostly on the open form and open MC And you will be split it in I guess three or four groups And walking groups On several tasks and exercises probably assigned it to you by our lectures Please do this group activity. So and you don't have to I mean Walk all the time on this. Please also sleep. Please also have a fun but Also think and walking in these groups When you making fun also discuss how to do it's It's not individual task But then you walk you will learn how to walk in team Try to lead and try to And in the on Friday, we'll ask every Representative from every group to deliver some presentation Let's say maybe you have Three exercises you can have three presentations small five minutes presentations or the result of your exercises And we will see what happens And we will compare but it's not a you know the test or examination I Just want you to to enjoy this week and enjoy these exercises try to use Make use of Direct contact with those guys who are the best experts I think an open source of 12 nuclear reactors in the world We'll try to find out all of them. Most of them are here this week in triester There are a few exceptions, but which but they will connect online also so Then I believe we found everybody who can do this Okay, and Then important on Tuesday and Wednesday, we'll have two poster sessions Where you will set your posters half on Tuesday and half on I know alphabetically or whatever on Wednesday And you will have a chance to discuss with also all our lectures experts We'll go through your posters together and asking you questions I think we please try to make your presentation as quick as possible like three minutes And leave like two three five minutes for the for the questions and other answers. Okay According to this poster as a result of this poster presentation, we will select three winners I believe who will be awarded some small award from ctp I believe and Please concentrate on this but again, it's not an examination Please have fun doing this is a main topic when you do your job when you walk in this field of these simulations tools It's important to like this and to to have a fun not to be like like I know walking from eight to five Five days per week waiting for Friday Just try to to make fun and all even on holidays like consider it half holidays half enjoyable and Good chance to to learn something you Which is really interesting and fun Okay, let me now start with quick introduction of our lecturers and first is professor carlo frairina and carlo Was received his PhD from polytechnic Udimilano. He also speaks italian I believe so feels very comfortable in this environment And his expertise is in the field of modeling and simulation scientific computer software development and technology of advanced reactor systems carlo will be presenting several lectures and exercises on open form, which is a cfd2 And Open form is general name. We have variation several variations and derivatives of family of the open This open form in application to the nuclear power systems like gen form and so on carlo was also leading one of the leading expert in the Collaborated center between the eye and epfl in switzerland since January 2023 His works as associate professor at the department of nuclear engineering at texas a and m university and after oh actually The the importance in carlo is also the chair of the expert group of the eye on korea initiative, which is open source Codes for the nuclear reactors on korea is it? And I'd like to thank you for that and he's really enthusiastic of the open source software And really helping the eye in in promoting this activity. Thank you carlo When carlo moved decided to move to the u.s also His colleague from epfl a call a polytechnic a federale de lasagne Dr. Alessandro Scolara Alessandro Okay, he also he actually replaced it carlo in the position of this collaborative center I know who is the main expert I would say and focal point and main working force also for this Actually be submitted extension already and it will be okay. This is we will talk later and The main role of epfl as Alessandro described is to manage computational activities of the laboratory for nuclear reactor physics and system behavior So alessandro received his master of science in nuclear engineering in 2016 and then got his PhD in 2021 from epfl And He was also working in nougat switzerland in the field of nuclear power with characterizations And alessandro is also expert in open FM Open form sorry family And will give several lectures and practical exercises this week Dr. Stefan came from germany from juliech university juliech research center actually in germany He has he's PhD in mechanical and nuclear engineering from research working technical Aachen in 2010 And he founded after that a research group and became principal investigator and head of the thermal effluent dynamics and system analysis group At for some center on juliech research center juliech in germany He is interest scientific interests and research interests are on cfd for reactor safety severe accident phenomena and passive safety systems and stephan is also teaching is a Aachen RWTH is which i don't know exactly sorry aachen university And another aachen university. Oh my god. He is a member of the encore expert group and Participate in several activities of ocd nuclear energy agency and also Participate in several european projects on the accident scenario community and related Activities in research and development again. He is expert in cfd and open form family codes And dr. Stefano Lorenzi He's from milana He is teaching courses experimental nuclear reactor kinetics and integration of nuclear energy for carbon neutral scenarios And he participates in different european research projects on let cool fast reactors such as leader and pascal projects on molten salt reactors And and also several projects related to the small modular reactors and development He is an officer and more than 70 international papers means papers published in the international journals and 685 citations In high 15 in scopus that database Stefano Just show you and he i would like to add that he organized it Last year it was last year The great technical meeting was hosted technical meeting in milano related the open source Software and computer codes in application for the nuclear energy. Thank you for that Stefano again expert in open form now we come to the Neutronics people and Most of them is dr. Jevon Choyer She is a senior researcher and advanced reactor technology development division of kairi koreatomic energy research institute And she is working on core analysis and core development for the sodium cooled fast reactors She received your final education PhD in 2021 just two years ago and She's expert in Monte Carlo codes and she is mastering to To run the open mc and also serpent. I believe she participates in the isrb on cfr And she was also intern three years ago in the is spent one year one year In Vienna as an intern and now she got very nice promotion and she will Show you how to use open mc To the practical application to the china experimental fast reactors Dr. Patrick. Why is that? Also the great expert and developer of the open mc open mc He's scientist in argon national laboratory and adjunct professor and university Oops Uw many talking and he's actually the great expert in Monte Carlo simulations You will see and From my personal experience. He also is a great teacher Like he explains very simply and effectively how to use This very simple example how to use open mc even I didn't understand last time started understanding how to use it and He got his PhD at the university of Wisconsin medicine Which now he's adjunct professor there And Okay, he again is a member of not only american nuclear society But for me it's mostly important. He's a member of the eye on korea expert group also Thank you for joining us patik and we have also open mcs Using not only for fusion nuclear reactors to let's say traditional But also for the future fusion reactors of calculations And for this open mc for fusion We will have a lecture online lecture from dr. James Hargoy's Who is a neutronic scientist in the united kingdom atomic energy authority? And he's special specialist Focuses in radiation transport and performs neutronic analysis of tokamak concepts Like for the step and for demo designs And his primary focus is on crit on critical Tritium bradyum rations tbr radiation shielding and nuclear heating calculations for the early design phase of fusion reactor Okay, and then he used several Monte Carlo codes and other codes to To simulate calculate neutronics and expert in the open mc and will give I believe on friday In the agenda lectures Dr. Andrew davis from the key also will join us online together with James They will again explain the how to use open mc for fusion award features for this he was graduated from university of Excuse me burning game in nuclear physics in 2009 And he walks and united united kingdom atomic energy agency staff in neutronics and nuclear data group And actually he was also leading these all studies on Monte Carlo calculations for the fusion reactors Again another online participant will be dr. Nick toron who has who is the main developer initiator of the army software By the way, not why but I this is different army. Not what you think It's a mistake type of here The army is integrated in uh, I mean, sorry advanced reactor modeling interface Which integrates like interface how to store data and how to simulate reactors with These interfaces to the different simulation codes And he walks at terra power on design of the sodium bull fast reactor core and software since 2009 Now he is a manager of digital engineering and great expert. Unfortunately, he he's will not participate In person, but he will give an online lecture on army and show Again show how to easy and how to use army could give you a good start to do it He got his PhD from university of michigan in nuclear engineering again And also he runs very interested public education platform. What is nuclear.com? Which I invite you to participate And okay, my name is Vladimir Gryvensov And together with dr. Nicoleta Marilova. We are organizing this uh Educational workshop. Nicoleta walks since 2021 as a nuclear engineer in faster reactor technology development team He completed his PhD good. He obtained his PhD from constructions of technology In natural sciences in 2020 then she walked as a postdoc there and since 2021 She's working in our faster reactor technology development team Okay, I was I am working in the IE since 2016 before I was working in Institute of physics and power engineering in obninsk when I graduated I obtained my PhD in Obninsk institute of nuclear engineering in 1994 Then I also decided for whatever reasons to get a doctor engineering course from tokens of technology in 1999 then I was working as several organizations including Japan nuclear cycle institute, which is Japan atomic Energy agency now And also before in tokens of technology again and and be in obninsk and also car story into technology in Germany And since 2016 I have a pleasure to lead this team on faster reactor technology and sometimes to organize several activities Okay, I think that is all what I wanted to say maybe too long But you have good introduction and I believe you I think ICTP always have a perfect organization. They put videos Slides everything immediately almost after After this completion so you you can look at this mine and all other presentation Out about the website and there are some information if you're interested, please let us know and Welcome to Trieste And I am sure I am confident we will have great week with and you will go back home to your countries with Much improved knowledge on the open source software for nuclear reactors. Thank you


Recently, we hosted our first ever pop-up in New York City. We've been dreaming of this since the day we opened our YouTube channel so it was so surreal to see it actually happening. Our pop-up was in collaboration with the Ibrea Foundation. Maybe you remember them from our United Nations vlog where we spoke at their Peace in the Brain conference. They work with the United Nations to provide brain education to underserved communities around the world affected by violence and trauma. We met up with Isabel Pastor Guzman, the program director for the Ibrea Foundation, to discuss event details. We met up with her in Harlem at the Harlem Brain Center, where we would host the pop-up event and it's where the Ibrea Foundation teaches brain education to the local community. The center has a nice, clean, spacious place with plenty of room to stretch and meditate. If you're ever in the Harlem area and need a comfortable place to connect with yourself and meditate, be sure to check it out on your trip. First things first, we had to spread the word to locals about our event. So we went around in a mad dash to local coffee shops and stores to stick our pop-up posters. Here are some photos from the places we got to. Side notes, we were so busy running around that we got pictures instead of videos. Sorry. It was crazy trying to get our brains accustomed to the fast-paced lifestyle of New York City since, you know, we were coming from good ol' country, Arizona. We wanted to make this event about spreading our message of raising mental health awareness for youth and for gathering funds to support the Ibrea Foundation's projects. To spread mental health awareness, we opened our Take Back Your Brain exhibit for the first time at the pop-up. In it, we featured nine people's pictures and stories, including ours, from all over the country of how we overcame loneliness, depression, and anxiety when we were in our teens. We found that regardless of age and where they came from, everyone at some point faced these mental health issues when they were younger. Our goal for this exhibit was for it to be a showcase of people's stories of coming out with loneliness, depression, and anxiety. This depression and anxiety are mental health issues that so many people struggle with silently in the dark, not knowing where to turn to or feeling too much shame to talk about. When we shame something that is so commonly experienced, it creates more separation, judgment, and isolation amongst ourselves, and that is exactly the opposite of what we need to do to heal together. Another part of our exhibit featured an interactive wall where people could write positive messages on sticky notes and leave them on the wall. The way it worked was people could write a positive message, leave it on the wall, and take one that really resonated with them. You leave one and take one. It was meant to be like exchanging notes of encouragement with others so you can feel that you're not ever truly alone. All good things for mental health. Even though it was cold and drizzling in Harlem the day of the pop-up, many people still came to check us out and support the event. We had a great time mingling and eating delicious Spanish tapas with an awesome DJ who kept the vibes on point. Isabelle from the Ibrea Foundation led some brain-based meditations and exercises for everyone there. We got to share about Brain Education TV's mission to raise mental health awareness for youth, which is always special for us to talk about the work that we are so grateful to be doing. Lots of great companies donated foods or raffle prizes to the Ibrea Foundation for the event, and all proceeds went to the Ibrea Foundation for their work with helping women and children in Harlem with Brain Education. We had donations from the New York Jets, New York Philharmonic, City Winery, Skinspa New York, and Insomnia Cookies. And we even had some other awesome, experience-based raffle prize donations by Grapp Studios for a lesson on how to graffiti with an artist in Brooklyn, and the stalemate art soiree who donated a wine and paint session. All in all, our first-ever pop-up was a success. We are grateful to everyone who came out to support in-person and in spirit. Look out for more videos to come of our future pop-up events. Maybe we'll even swing by your town. Let us know if you work with a school and you'd like for us to bring holistic tools to help your students overcome mental health issues of loneliness, depression, and anxiety. See you in another video!


Good evening to all of you present here. I am Sonalika Paul of NIT Agartala and I have worked in this spoken tutorial project of IIT Bombay. So let me start my presentation by introducing my team members. Myself Sonalika Paul and we have Vita Shraddipali from NIT Suratkal. Our mentors are Kirti Amre Ma'am and Nancy Varke Ma'am. I am very thankful to them for their constant support and technical help throughout the project. And our work is associated with the CD content module of this spoken tutorial project. Now about this spoken tutorial project, it is an open source project that is an initiative of enemy ICT that is National Mission on Education through information and communication technology. It is launched by MHRT Government of India and it is developed by IIT Bombay's spoken tutorial team. The main aim of this website is to promote IIT literacy and propagate the use of open source software through audio video tutorials. It has approximately 6500 plus video tutorials in 28 languages. So in the spoken tutorial website, we have a create your own disk image feature which lets the user to download the tutorials and play them in the offline mode. So once they are downloaded, they can be played when there is no internet connection. So this is especially beneficial to the students of rural areas where internet and computing resources are very limited. So once they are downloaded, they can be shared among the students. So the UI of the offline mode closely resembles the online mode except some of the features. So the first feature that is missing is that the questions that are posted on the forum website are not displayed along the tutorial list. So we have added this feature. So how have we done it? We have first fetched the question from the database. Then we have sent the context to Django template. Then we have rendered the template and converted to a dynamic HTML file. Finally, we add the file to the zip. Here in this form you can see, we first select the FOSS category, the level and the language. Then when we click on add selected FOSS and create zip file, a link is generated. On clicking this link a zip format folder will be downloaded in zip format. When we extract the zip format, a folder called spoken will be created and in that an index.html file will be there which we should click to search and watch the video tutorials. So here we can see that beside the video, the questions of the forums are posted. So the next feature that was missing is that on clicking a question, a new page should open which will contain the answers to those questions. So we have added even that feature. For that we have run a loop for each of the questions and then fetch the answers from the database. After that we have sent the context to Django template. The template will then display the answers in a particular format with the proper CSS. Then the template is being converted to a dynamic HTML file. So finally for each of the questions of a particular tutorial, a new file will be created and that file will be added to the zip. So here we can see the page that opens on clicking a particular question. First the question is being displayed and then followed by its answers. So the third feature that we have worked upon is to sync the questions with the time that they were posted. The questions that were posted at a particular time will get highlighted. That is their background color will turn gray and will be scrolled to the top. For the rest of the questions, the background color will still be white. So to do this, we have a function on YouTube iFame API ready which has been called by the YouTube API. So that function adds an on ready event listener. So in that listener, we first check if the current time is less than the duration. If it is yes, then we call a trigger function. In the trigger function, the background color of those questions which is posted during that range is changed to gray and is scrolled to the top. And for the rest of the answers, background color is white and scroll to top is set to false. So here you can see that these questions are the ones which were posted during that time and they got highlighted. So another thing that we have done is making the script which highlights the question based on their time compatible with the AVS player. So for the successful completion of another project which was given to another team of FOSSE interns, it was required to change the player from the existing video JS to AVS player. So we have also worked on making it compatible with AVS player. So every project has a future scope. So in our project, we were thinking about offline posting of the answers. So we have achieved up to storing the username, password and the answers in the JSON format. But the sending of those data when the internet connectivity is gained is an area where future work can be done. That's all for the presentation. Now I will show you the demo of the project. In the spoken folder, we have seen that there is a file index.html. On clicking this file, we will get this page. So this is all downloaded. We select the FOSSE and the language and then the list is shown of tutorials. When we click a particular tutorial, we get this tutorial list. We can see here that the questions are being posted. On clicking a question, we see that the new page is open which contains the answers and the question of that page. So that's it. Is there a concept of say incremental downloads? Say if you have already downloaded say one day before and today some new updates have come. So you like to download it again. How do you handle it?  Because there were too many files we had to understand because it was already existing code. So once we get to know that then we will be able to do this also. This is also one of the things which we can do because answers keep getting posted every now and then. So this is also a future scope. Thank you sir.


So this weekend was primarily focused on our readiness skills. We focused on different SF ODA infiltration platforms as well So we did fast-rope insertion or fries We also did static line airborne operations and our our ground mobility team took the joint light tactical vehicle or JLTV how to do some training elsewhere off of Camp Attenborough So we jumped from 1,250 feet the purpose of airborne operations are basically to get a light infantry unit to a place faster than Ground mobility or ground mobile vehicles Helicopters typically they can put a fast-rope right where you want it it gets your it gets your soldiers out quicker They're able to assault an objective while on the object So they don't have to worry about going too far and expending energy. They just get there and go It also serves as an infiltration platform For like forced areas and for the mountains other places where airborne operations aren't suitable JLTV has been purchased by the US military as the Humvees replacement And then this is the first time they actually took them off-road the team that took them out They're really good job of trying to get them stuck as much as possible and and working on recovery and seeing what their capabilities were the reason we train on these things to build confidence and Maintain those skill sets to become a master of any craft you have to have a lot of repetition in it And we try to repeat things as much as possible. I have the utmost confidence in my unit We historically have done great things with many accolades Because we we a think about things differently Because we're National Guard and B because whenever we do get together We practice those basics over and over and over so make the easy stuff easy and the hard stuff You


تشرف بالاشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دادا دالا وياله من شراف عظيمي لماذا يفعلون ذلك ابتغاء الفتنة وابتغاء تأويلة؟ هم يريدون ان يتبغي الإسلام أو يتبغي المسلمين أو يتبغي المسلمين والناس يتبغي بطريقة محطة وطريقة محطة هذا هو موضوعهم لذلك هم ستستخدمون هذه الآيات لتبغيها The Prophet said to Aisha who is no woman we know greater than her and none of us are like her we are nothing close to our mother Aisha رضي الله تعالى عليها no in knowledge or a virtue And the Prophet said to her عائشة إذا رأيتموا الارينا if you see those people you are going to debate with them regarding those verses فولا يكون الارينا سم الله they are the ones who Allah has named they are the ones who Allah is talking about فحذروهم be cautious of them distance yourself from them don't entertain them keep it moving فحذروهم be cautious of them عائشة عائشة إذا رأيتموا الارينا The Prophet didn't say تأكوها تأكوهم There is a why when they are coming to you they are not coming to you on that mindset of wanting to take the truth They are coming to you with a preconceived notion They just have to prove their point That's all it is They are not coming with giving victory to the truth They are coming here to support barthing and falsehood in any way They are sneaking tricky methods which they can take In order to what? In order to bring about confusion And that's what they want So from those points that I mentioned There are points that we can take The first thing we can take from all those نصولs that we mentioned Is that The debate The first point is that The debate which is Praiseworthy It's highly recommended for somebody to study and learn it And come with it And yes without a doubt تتراتبوا عليه ثبارات طيبة Beautiful and great fruits Things will come out from that kind of debate And that dialogue The second one which is جدالو which is debate Which is باطل It is null and void It is falsehood and it is blameworthy So how would we know which one in details You've given us an overview So what I'll say to you is Knowing the distinguishing fact Between each one in precise details Is basically by knowing The ضوابط which is صحيح Principles And foundations which are correct Which will show you What type of debate is correct And what type of debate isn't And what are we going to be doing In today's session Principles that you can live with And you can learn What are the فوائد The benefits That one can reap That an individual can take from The مناظرات The debates which are good That are correctly done The first is that إحقاق الحق وإبرازه يعرفه الناس وينقادوا إليه The first one is You will actually bring out in the open And make a parent The truth So that the people are aware of it And so that the people are able To surrender and to give into the truth And as you all know There are many ways that the truth Can be brought out in the open فمن ضرائق إظهار الصواب المجادلات والمناظرات التي تقول بحقن And one of the ways In which a person can make The truth become apparent to the people And the truth to become clear to the people So they can submit and follow it Is by debating and arguing But بلته أحسن The second benefit that he has is كشف الأقوال الباطلة وتعريف الناس ببطلانها It also brings out in the open And it unveils The false speeches That are out there And it also Define for the people And it also clarifies for the people The falsehood that are in that speeches And in that statement Through debates it becomes clear to the people So they learn the truth And they also, the second one was They learn the falsehood that's there And they don't only just learn it But they also learn it And they don't only just learn it But they learn it Why is it false How is it wrong How is it opposing the truth As the poet said I came to know the evil I came to know the falsehood The evil Not because it's evil But to stay away from it To stay away from something To abstain from that's why I learned it And anyone who doesn't learn the evil From the good وقع فيه He will fall into it If you don't learn evil from good You will fall into it رضي الله تعالى عنه He said من الخير وكنت أسأله Then the people used to ask the prophet About the good They would ask good things And he said I would come And I would ask the evil The reason he would do that Is so he can stay away from it So through debates this goal is also attained And it's also achieved That the people start to know That this is false And simultaneously they are also learning At the point that this falsehood That's just come out of this individual Not only are they learning this falsehood They are also learning why is it a false And where is the falsehood lying in And where is the problem coming from The third is Debates they bring about distinguishing Between the evidences You basically distinguish Between what's authentic And what's falsehood And so through that what we come to know Is that Debates Which are correctly done They are a type from the types Of دعوة الى الله تعالى It's a type of دعوة الى الله تعالى و لذلك ألمام أبي بعالي الجوينر رحم الله In the book of the kafia He says That debating an argument Is actually From the most emphasized obligatory It's from it The reason why he say that is because It's from the way we met It's because it's from the دعوة الى الله Because it's from calling To Allah سبحانه وتعالى And calling to Allah is something that needs to be done It has to be done The fourth thing that it brings about is In these debates It brings the Muslims In that debate To actually become firm On holding on to their religion And be very adamant And it makes people Solidified and realize Okay And they become proud to be Muslims again Especially at times When other people And other groups Are out there shouting out To misguide the people And no one's responded to them For a long time When they do get responded to And they become confused And in the debate The people What they will do is They will be proud of How clear it is It makes sense for them So it brings about تتبيت استقامة Uprightness And this is something Allah commanded us فاستقم كما أمرت ومن تاب معك ولا تضغو إنه بما تعملون بصير Allah tells us in these debates فاستقم Be steadfast and upright And so in another ayah Allah says إن الذين استقاموا لربهم وقاموا الصلاة Those who have become steadfast So this is a characteristic That emerges When a debate is done correctly And it's a منابرات صحيحة Debates which are good Correctly done It brings about that characteristic That a lot of people may have not found in themselves For a long long time It comes about It does The fifth benefit That it brings is What you do is صد العدوان العتديد The people who are transgressing And exceeding their limits They become a bit worried now They don't really think that They can exercise their transgression As they used to Once they get silent And once they become Lost of words What happens is that They become silent And they don't anymore want to bring themselves out Forward anymore And once they do become silent And when they stop talking What does it allow It allows the truth and the hack to spread And the people of the truth To actually educate the people Number six is Debates bring about صطل للإنهالي وطصفية لله It actually cleanses the mind It's one of the ways To sharpen the people's way Of thinking now Psychologically debates is what Makes people Is mind The brain And their rationality And the way of thinking It sharpens it And it also cleanses it Sometimes Your thinking becomes Crooked But in Debates that are correctly done When the بلادر الصحيحة It brings to you the right way Of how to debate About for you The correct method of how To debate But it also brings is Debates that are correctly done It brings about certainty You even the debater Who's debating it gives you certainty Of what you were studying And you were learning It becomes certainty for you now That you're now Certain about these principles And you realize That this is truly As it should be It brings about certainty So those are some فوائد In which we take from And we read from A debate that's correctly done What about studying the sides What are the fruits that we get from it Study and are opening our minds To study علب الجدل What is it that we get from it The first of course is that Our good and debates which are Bad The distinguishing factor between the two When is our debate correct When is it justified When is it permissible When are we debating correctly And when is our debate actually what And when is our debate incorrect That is false It shouldn't be taking place The second benefit That it brings about studying these sides Is that by studying these sides By تعلم علب الجدل By learning this art This knowledge and science Is actually pleasing your Lord It's because through these sides We're actually attaining through it The certainty which is What's requested from us And it is also A وسيلة من الوسائل Which we're going to use to call the people To Allah SWT The third benefit it is By studying this science We will be able By تعلم علم الجدل You will be able to solidify in yourself The manners and the etiquettes That are required from you When you're debating You will know When you're wrong now And why you're wrong And why you're wrong And why you're wrong And why you're wrong And why you're wrong And why you're wrong You will also learn With your science When is it that you have to stop And let the person finish their point And when is it that you should interject And speak This is A science that will teach you all of that So your manners of debating The way you're going to debate Is all going to be In accordance to the The above of the Shari'a We're taking it all directly from what The Kitab and the Sunnah We're taking it from the Kitab and the Sunnah So our debate is not just As we wish and as we want The fourth is By studying علم الجدل A person will be able to To reach the results That they are looking for The correct results more like The goal that we want to attain The truth which we want to bring out By studying these science Also the fifth is By studying these science Even if you don't go out and you don't debate If you don't go out and debate But by studying these science If you hear two people debating You know whose debating Is based upon And the person whose debate Is all based upon What It's false That all he is using Is And He's using tactics That's all he's using But he has no substantial He doesn't have concrete points He doesn't have anything Even if you're brothers Who's bringing something forward That you're there For them it's just Who's Who's speaking good Who's more eloquent and whatnot That's how they determine what's right and wrong When you study these science When two people are talking You will look at everything In the light of the science That you just studied So when you watch a debate It will stick out for you And Insha'Allah you will all see Through this study A lot of what I'm saying Insha'Allah The sixth which is By studying these science A person will have the ability And you will be very strong In bringing back matters To its evidences Especially at these times Where Social media become high Internet and etc TV channels Radios and stuff You will randomly get caught off guard You never know where you're standing You don't know when you're ever going to go Into a path where you can see An atheist Talking to a Muslim sister For instance Or a Christian talking to a Muslim brother Trying to give him down And you see this brother doesn't have much knowledge Where you would have to probably interject And get hold of the situation To get this Muslim brother away from the situation And I would have to be By you debating and discussing them Having a dialogue with this individual And you just never know how it can be recorded So by studying this science And time on social media And you're a person who studies this science He's always on his guard He knows how to get matters back to the evidences And bring it back Correctly to how it should be So this science is very important Where at a time where People won't just take something because you said it Where at a time where People are actually saying to you What was the evidence And they just want to have a discussion with you The seventh is A lot of the people fall through today The atheist, agnostics Christians and etc What they've done is They've taken a lot of people with them And they've misguided many people Got them away from The truth So at a time like that Where you see this taking place The importance and the benefits of studying this science Increases even more Because they're not doing it Necessarily with force They're not beating these people to the pole Nor are they physically harming them They're using tactics that they studied They use these methods here and there And so what the Ummah and the people are in need of A person who can come And study Somebody who has studied The art of debating And his principles And how it's used And when is it correct for you to use this And how it's correct for you to not use that And the khasmi of debating with What method has he just used Has he used a method known as an إنكطاع Meaning he's jumping Which we'll see insha'Allah Is a method that you use called Where he can't get out of it And those methods And you know what's happening It's just not evidence is being thrown at each other It's actually a step by step Progress of discussion that's going on That the person would know to use The eighth So this is why it's important brothers The eighth is By studying Is actually Something that today has brought some people Back to studying the Deen of Allah Because if you're going to come With a جدال which is صحيحة It has actually made some people Think to know and understand That they need to come back and study their Deen So they've come and they start and they open books And they started from the Arabic language From basics And they've made their ways up They studied عقيدة books from beginning And they made their way up Because what we're going to see later is The أصول and the foundation that debates stand on The art and the tactics Doesn't necessarily mean You have content Are you with me brothers You can't have The tactics Of debating You know how to sway speeches You know how to confuse a person in a discussion Or you know how to Go back to frontal That doesn't necessarily mean That that debate is مولادة صحيحة شرعاً No it's not There's an أصول it stands on One of the أصول is that you have evidences You have proofs Some people they're so eloquent And they're so silver tongueed as they say That they are able to go into a discussion But make the other person who's bringing so many evidences Look what Look as though that they're the one who is weak And they walk away from the debate And this is the art that they've studied This is the way that they can Approve their points and they can But that doesn't necessarily mean that they were right And it doesn't mean that they're مولادة صحيحة So if you want So if you want to have a debate Which is authentic and it's correct There are many factors that have to be in place نعم The ability of articulating your Point and being able to speak In a particular fashion In a particular way That's something we're going to study But also you are not able To leave the two most powerful points Which are Authentication of narrations And the Which is how you're going to extract evidence from these From these And Now that we've spoken about And we've categorized And we spoke about What do you call it? The benefits that we can take From studying عين مل جدل We're now going to bring Some speeches Of scholars Who've spoken about this issue of الجدل Some things that they have said And how important it is أبو محمد ابن الجوزي رحمه الله Who is the son of the great scholar ابن الجوزي رحمه الله Okay He is the son of ابن الجوزي رحمه الله He said In his book اليضاح He said أعلم وفقني الله وإياك Give you the ability to Comprehend and the ability to do good وإياك نمعرفة هذا العم العلم الجدل That knowing And understanding this science Which is المجدل And understanding A person Who is looking at the textual evidences A person who is a thinker A person who is a scholar He is not Able to ever stay without it You can't You need المجدل And he says And a person who is debating His debate will not move forward And it won't progress And it will take place correctly If he hasn't taken on board the science أبو السليمان الباجي رحمه الله The great malik of the scholar He says وهذا العلم This knowledge Which is علم الجدل He says it's وعظمها شأنا لأنه السبير إلى معرفة الاستيلال وتمييز الحق من المحال ولولا تصحيح الوضع بالجدل لبقام حجة ولا تضحت محجة ولا علم الصحيح من السقيم ولا المعودج من المستقيم He says أبو السليمان الباجي رحمه الله This knowledge It's from the greatest Highest Sciences in terms of its weight It's from those وعظمها شأنا And its affairs is very highly ranked Why? لأنه السبير إلى معرفة الاستيلال Because it is the path to knowing How to use evidences وتمييز الحق من المحال And it is also to distinguish Between what is true From what is from the impossible وولا تصحيح الوضع بالجدل لبقام حجة ولا تضحت محجة And if it wasn't For debating an argumentation Then proofs would not have been established And things would not have become clear to people ولا علم الصحيح من السقيم And the correct thing Something correct Will not have become clear from that which isn't correct ولا المعودج من المستقيم And that which is crooked From that which is straight All of that became clear through what? Through debating أبو عقيل الحمد يرحمه الله In this Kitab Al-Jadal He says جدل has conditions Pre-requisites that you need to come with first And he has manners and etiquettes In which you need to observe And if the person uses that he said وإن استعملها الخصم If the opponent uses that Or you use that وصل إلى بغياته You're going to attain what you're looking for بغياته is what you're looking for You're going to reach that وصل إلى بغياته وصل إلى بغياته And بغياته is what you're looking for You're going to reach your goal وإلا يستعملها And if the person does not use it كاثورة غالبته And his matter becomes It becomes confused on him The best of vote becomes confused Lost of words and the middle of the debate He doesn't know how to move forward now And if he knows how to debate Sometimes Even if it's a point that he doesn't know And if it's a point that he doesn't know he's able to make sure that He doesn't get لأنه يوجد في البيت حيث يوجد فتاة أن تذهب بشكل صحيح بشكل صحيح في البيت ولكن إذا كانت فتاة جيدة في البيت وفي الارت of البيت يمكنهم أن يمثل هذا الصحيح وإنه يبدو أكثر من ما هو وإذا كانت فتاة جيدة في البيت يمكنك أن تجعل هذا يبدو بشكل صحيح وإنه يذهب منه بسرعة هذا شيء that we bring about or the art of debate brings about something similar to that ألمامه بن خلدون سد in his مقدمة خطيب البغدادي رحمه الله the great scholar of hadith in his book الفقه والمتفقه he says something which we should read he says تضمّن كتاب الله ذم الجداني the book of Allah سبحانه وتعالى it consists of it it is rebuking and scolding debating وتضمّن الأمراء بالجداني and it also command it to debate so in the Quran part of it is actually speaking against debating in it rebuking debating in it against debating and part of the Quran is actually what and part of the Quran is actually urging you to debate commanding you to debate he says as he said by this we will know out of certainty we will know by certainty that what Allah has rebuked is not what he commanded so from within the debate there are debates which are praiseworthy and he commanded and there are debates which are blameworthy and they are prohibited فطلبنا البيانة لكل واحد من الأمرين and he goes on speaking about the different types of debates there are and what they are شيخ الإسلامي بن تيمي whose book we are going to be speaking about later which is قد تنبيه الرجل العاقل على تمويه الجد للباطل which we will speak about and why he authored that book he says and who شيخ الإسلامي بن تيمي he said as for debating in and within itself جنس المنظرة the essence of debating you see فهذا لم ينه فهذا لم ينه السلف العنو the self did not pray with that one so when you read the books of light for instance أصول السنة written by Imam أحمد رحمه الله in which he says that the أصول we hold on to is the and the foundation that we are upon is التمستق بما كان عليه أصحاب رسول الله that we hold on to that which the companions were upon and that we don't debate the debating here that they are talking about شيخ الإسلامي بن تيمي is telling you it's not the essence of debating itself it's the type of debate though that is done based on falsehood the debate which is based upon falsehood as for the debate which is حق سلفو هذه الأمة they themselves exercise أحمد رحمه الله himself debated it's actually present he's debate رحمه الله in his كتاب الرد على الجهبية والزلادقة and his debate are present and how he debated with the deviated بُعُتَزِلِ of his time the deviated group so this shows us that the benefits on what the scholars have actually said about it the debating شيخ الإسلامي بن تيمي is from the أئمة who we say that he understood مدهب السلف the methodology of the self very well because of his إطلاع and his reading and his understanding so we'll take a break إن شاء الله تعالى we'll take a 15 minutes break and we'll go on to speaking about تاريخ العلم الجدن the history and how it came about so this as I said it's going to be all fully based on having an understanding and introduction of علم الجدن so 15 minutes إن شاء الله تعالى if you guys come back by 9 o'clock we'll carry on from where we left off


Despite concerns about the economy, Spotify's fourth quarter numbers show that people throughout the world are still eager to pay for music enjoyment. With monthly active users up 20% year over year, Spotify's fourth quarter statistics handily exceeded projections. Despite the company's advertising gross margin being thin and negatively impacting bottom-line earnings, revenue increased easily. After making significant investments for a year, it is thought that Spotify is in a good position to increase operating leverage and platform monetization in the near future. As the first month of the year came to a close, Spotify released its fourth quarter financial results. The good news for investors is that the results exceeded all expectations. The company handily exceeded listener and subscription expectations despite worries about global consumer spending, with monthly active users gaining 20% year over year and premium paid subscribers rising and outstanding 14%. In actuality, Spotify's monthly net additions to active users were $33 million, a quarterly record high and $10 million more than expected. I wouldn't get too hung up on Spotify's lack of profitability, even while headlines may be focusing on the company's $231 million in operational losses. As investments in its podcasting business were stepped down, gross margin in the quarter exceeded projections. Although it might seem unfavorable, Spotify's podcasting market is still developing and requires less money to achieve viewing and engagement targets. In fact, despite the decline in podcast investments, this area of the business continued to expand at the greatest rate, with podcasting income increasing by more than 30% annually. Spotify should be able to more easily push toward continuous profitability in the future with less investment and podcasting over the following couple of years, together with a decrease in corporate overhead costs.