World War I has frequently been described as one of the big watershed marks of history. What I want to do is to explain in what the difference between the pre-World War I history and post-World War I history consists, and explain that from World War I on we have some reason to label this period a period of de-civilization. I want to do the following things. First I want to present you in very brief form an economic theory, then I want to apply this theory to post and pre-World War I, and then I want to show you the predictive power of this theory. Let me begin with theory. Government is a territorial monopolist of compulsion or a territorial monopolist of property rights violations, and all governments should be expected to have a tendency towards growth, and all governments should also be expected as having a tendency towards territorial expansion. However, different forms of government affect, so to speak, these two tendencies towards internal growth and towards territorial expansion. We can distinguish between two types of governmental forms. What I try to do now is something that I have never seen in the literature done, even though it is a very elementary idea. We can use the distinction of economics between private property and public property also by applying it to the institution of government. Governments can be privately owned, which would be a situation where there exists a ruler who owns the government as if it would be his private property. In particular, he would have the right to pass the property in the government on to future generations. We can have publicly owned government when caretakers are in charge of government who do not own the government but temporarily are in charge of governments. They, of course, cannot pass property in government on to future generations and publicly owned government would be also institutions where there is free entry, so to speak, into the institution of government. Whereas if there is private ownership in government, then obviously there is not free entry into the institution of government. Now, from this difference between privately owned government and publicly owned government, a number of deductions can be made using a few additional assumptions. I go very quickly through these. First of all, we can say a private owner of a government has an economic incentive to maximize his total wealth. That is to say he will be interested in preserving the capital value of the government of his realm, so to speak. On the other hand, if governments are publicly owned, the economic incentive of such caretakers is not to preserve the capital value of the realm or the government, but his incentive is to loot the country as quickly as possible because what he can't loot now, he might never be able to loot in the future. The second prediction is intimately related to the first one, and it's this. Because of the fact that into a public government there exists free entry, whereas a privately owned government is very restrictive, you pass it on to future generations yourself, there exist in private governments a clear cut distinction, so to speak, between the rulers and those people who are being ruled. Everybody clearly realizes they are the rulers and I'm being ruled. On the other hand, in a publicly owned government, you might be among the ruled right now, but you have the chance to become the ruler tomorrow. Everybody can become the president, so to speak. Nobody can become the king. As a consequence, there will be on the part of the public more resistance against the rule by a private person than against a person who can be substituted by other individuals. So there will be a resistance against government rule much more pronounced under private government than under publicly owned government. The third prediction is a private owner of a government would for instance not incur debt as likely as the publicly owned government caretaker would because a publicly owned caretaker is exempt from liability for its for debts that he incurs. The debts will be paid by future caretakers and not by himself. The fourth prediction is a private owner of a government will refrain to a large extent from redistributing income within civil society. What he will do is redistribute income from civil society onto himself. Why would he restrict himself from redistributing income within civil society? Because he realizes if you redistribute income within civil society, it will lower, so to speak, the value of his realm, encourage unproductive behavior, and so on, and he will refrain from it. On the other hand, a public caretaker of a government because he has to be reelected will of course make tremendous efforts to redistribute income within civil society. After all, he has to be reelected by those people and by making promises to them. He knows that this is the way to become reelected. And the fifth prediction concerns now war and foreign policy. That is the following. While private owners also have a tendency to go to war and to expand their territories, private owners have recourse to a different way of expanding their territory. And that is by engaging in marriage policy. I can simply marry my kid to somebody else's kid, another ruler, and thereby all of a sudden my territory is much bigger. So I can resort to peaceful means, so to speak, in order to enlarge my territory. Whereas if I'm a public, whereas if I'm a caretaker, there's no other way but to engage in conquest. Okay. Now I want to apply this theory. First, I want to explain now why World War I is, so to speak, the point in history to which this theory can be applied. Obviously implicit in what I have said so far is that private governments, the way I have described the typical example, historical example, are monarchies. On the other hand, publicly owned government, the typical example for that would be democratic republics. In history, we can say that most of human history, in so far as we had any governments at all, mankind was ruled by monarchs. There exist a few exceptions. Assens in classical Greece, the Roman Republic, Venice and Florence during the Renaissance period, the United Provinces, what later on became the Netherlands from 1648 to 1673, then the Cromwell period and also Switzerland. But these were exceptions and usually short lived exceptions. Most of the world was ruled by monarchs. The significance of World War I, the world historical significance of World War I consists in the fact that World War I constitutes a point in time when we leave, so to speak, the monarchical age in which mankind lived before and enter, so to speak, the democratic republican age. This transition from the monarchical age to the republican age took place from the time of the French Revolution until World War I. The first major republic in Europe was obviously the French republic after Napoleon's defeat in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The monarchical order is restored in Europe. However, the French Revolution left some important traces, so to speak. And these traces can be identified as the tendency during the entire 19th century to gradually increase the franchise. There existed practically no franchise before that. In Britain, in France, for instance, universal franchises introduced again in 1848. In universal male franchises, even the most ardent proponents of universal franchise only considered males in the 19th century. That females were included is just something that occurred only in the 20th century. In Britain, the expansion of the franchise occurs in 1832. In 1867, again, an expansion takes place again in 1884. And by 1900, about three-fourths of all male adults have the right to vote. In Prussia, universal male suffrage is introduced in 1850. However, that is still stratified into three different classes, depending on the amount of taxes that people pay. In 1871, universal male franchise is also adopted for the lower house in Germany. In Italy, universal franchise, essentially universal franchise is introduced in 1913. In Austria, in 1907. In addition, between 1890 and 1910, universal franchise is introduced in Belgium, in the Netherlands, in Norway, in Sweden, in Spain, in Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, and Turkey. Despite this emesculation, so to speak, of monarchies that took place during the 19th century, there still exist only two republics at the outbreak of World War I, Switzerland and France. And only one major monarchy can be described as a parliamentary monarchy. That is a monarchy where the power rests with parliament instead of resting with the king. That is Britain. After World War I, however, the entire world becomes democratic republican due to the entrance of the United States into World War I. From the point of view of Wilson, the war was an ideological war. A war also directed against the monarchs in Europe, especially against the Habsburg monarchy in Austria and the Hohenzollern in Germany. As a result of World War I, the Romanovs are ousted in Russia. The Hohenzollerns are ousted in Germany. The Habsburgs are ousted in Austria. All other countries, even those countries that are nominally remaining monarchical in order, are no longer monarchies because all power rests now with parliament. And we have, after World War I, almost everywhere introduced universal male and female suffrage. All newly created states after World War I. Turn democratic republican. To give you here the newly created states, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, all of those originate after World War I. It come about as the result of the destruction of the Austrian Hungarian empire and Russia in particular. Okay, now let me just illustrate, so to speak, the predictive power of the theory that I presented by comparing the pre-World War I history with post-World War I history. First taxation. During the entire monarchical age, there was a slight tendency for governments to increase the overall tax load. But for hundreds of years, basically, the amount of taxes collected by government did not exceed five to eight percent of GNP, of national product. There existed no income tax, practically no country income tax before 1914. And by 1900, even with the expansion of the franchise, the government size in all European countries averages no more than about 10 percent of national product. Since the onset of the democratic republican age, government taxes as percentage of GNP during the 1920s and 1930s increased to 20 to 30 percent. And in the present time, tax tax load as percentage of GNP has reached 50 percent within less than 100 years after several hundred years of practically no increase in overall amount of taxes. If you look at government employment, government employment consisted of no more than two to three percent almost through the entire monarchical age. There are several hundred years. Government employment nowadays with, so to speak, free entry into the apparatus of government in all Western countries is somehow between 15 and 20 percent of the labor force. If we look at things like inflation, the monarchical age was characterized by and large by the existence of a commodity money. No single individual could be trusted, so to speak, having the monopoly of printing a pure paper money currency. The republican age, however, where rule becomes anonymous, the republican age has been characterized by in the beginning a gold exchange standard, which is a fake gold standard, and then finally by a pure paper money standard. If I compare, let's say, Great Britain being the leading financial power in the 19th century with the United States being the leading power in the 20th century. In England, for instance, under a commodity money standard from 1660 to 1760, prices continuously fell from 1760 to 1860. Prices continuously fell from 1860 until 1910. Price index, of wholesale price index fell from 100 points to 80 points. The money supply in Great Britain from 1845 to 1918, period of more than 70 years, increased about six-fold. If you compare this now with, so to speak, the new age, then you find this. United States price index, wholesale price index in 1921 was 113. In 1948, it was 185. In 1971, it was 255. In 1981, it was 658. And in 1991, it was above 1,000. So continuous increase in the money supply. If you look at money supply figures, you find that from 1918 to 1991, again, a period of 70 years, the money supply in the United States increased about 64-fold. It doubled from 1918 to 1939, then it doubled again by 1944, then it doubled again by 1959, then it doubled again by 1969, then it doubled again by 1977, then it doubled again by 1985, and it has doubled again in the meantime. If you look at debt and interest, during the monarchical age, government debts were essentially war debts. That is, during wars, debt was incurred. And because wars were frequently led, the overall tendency for debt was to increase. However, during peace periods, the debt load usually was reduced. England had, before World War I, a lower debt load than it had after the Napoleonic Wars. That is, 400 years, a significant reduction in the debt load occurred. In addition, kings usually had to pay above-market interest rates in order to secure loans, because people realized, of course, that is a tremendous risk to loan money to these guys. On the other hand, if you compare now the current system of debt, you find that, first of all, debt now increases in peacetime and in wartime. There is absolutely no period when debt does not increase. And secondly, debt is now sold at actually below market interest rates, because governments can monetize their debt. They basically print up money in order to finance their debt. If we look at interest rates, as a particularly interesting indicator, the overall, the secular trend of interest rates is to fall. If we go to the beginning of civilization, we find that in classical Greece, interest rates were about 16 to 18 percent. And the overall tendency was sometimes upward tens and sometimes downward trends, but the overall trend of interest rates was to continuously fall. By 1900, the interest rates in all European countries, minimum interest rates, were significantly below 3 percent and approaching 2 percent. If we compare this with the Democratic Republican age, we find that during the Republican age, interest rates did no longer fall. Despite the fact that incomes, real incomes in the current times are higher and we should expect that interest rates are lower, 20th century interest rates have always been above 19th century interest rates. Even if we take into account, for instance, the fact that at least from the 1970s on, there is an inflation premium built into the nominal interest rate and we subtract this inflation premium in order to get some sort of estimate of the real interest rate, we still find that on the average, interest rates seem to be around 4 to 5 percent in the 20th century. This is, interest rates are now as high as they were in the 15th century in Europe. And savings, influencing, of course, interest rates, savings in the United States are about 5 percent of disposable income, which is about the same savings rate as we had in 17th century England when people were extremely much poorer than they are now and would have been obviously much more difficult for people to save then. Next indicator, law legislation, welfare and crime. Legislation under the monarchical age basically did not exist. Monarchs did not create new laws. They accepted the pre-existing private property law. They assumed or they accepted for themselves also the rules of private property. In the meantime, of course, we have, just as we have paper money inflation, we also have no legal inflation. Every country in the meantime passes tens of thousands of laws every single year, creating, of course, a tremendous amount of legal uncertainty. Welfare. Monarchies took in on the average, as I said, during the 19th century, for instance, like 5 percent of national product and spent 50 percent of this on military expenditures. Today, governments take in 50 percent of national product. And of that, they spend 10 to 20 percent on military expenditure, which would be about 5 to 10 percent of GNP, whereas monarchical systems spend 2.5 percent of GNP on military expenditures. But more important than this is the following. 50 percent of government expenditures are nowadays spent on social and welfare legislation, something that basically did not exist under the monarchical order. The consequence of welfare spending, I just want to point out one of the consequences. Welfare spending reduces the value of families. Again, for several hundred years, for instance, the birth rate was between 30 and 40 per 1,000 population, more, slightly more in Catholic countries, slightly less in Protestant countries. In the 20th century, birth rates have fallen to 15 to 20 per 1,000 population. That has basically fallen in half. With respect to crime rates, you would expect, if you have a flood of legislation going on, that this obviously causes, so to speak, an erosion of the knowledge of what is right and wrong. And you would expect that crime rates should increase. Again, that is precisely what you can observe. Crime rates during the 19th century I rely on data from Hernstein and Wilson. Crime rates during the 19th century essentially fell from year to year. However, from about 1950 on, that is, after you had some generations living under democratic Republican regimes and under egalitarian feelings, from 1950s on, in the entire Western world you can see an uprise in crime rates. Finally, war and foreign policy. As I said before, monarchies, you would expect that a lot of their foreign policy consists simply in marriage policy. Let me just give you one example, the Habsburgs, which is a typical example. Could be a huge number of examples, could be given. How monarchies expanded their territories. Maximilian, the emperor lived ruled from 1493 to 1519, married Mary of Burgundy and inherited the realm of Burgundy, which includes the western extremities of France and the Netherlands through this marriage. And they had a son, Philip, and Philip was married to Joanna, who was the heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and in this way they acquired Spain. And these two had a son, Charles, who was and Charles the Fifth, Emperor Charles the Fifth, who had a territory including Austria, Netherlands, Spain, and the American possessions. Wars were basically during the monarchical age inheritance disputes. There was intermarriage going on and sometimes dynasties died out and obviously then wars resulted over inheritances. But because they were inheritance disputes, so to speak, they were always limited wars. They had clear-cut objectives. I want this, this is the throne I need, this is the town or this is the province that I have to get. Let me just read you a quote from Guilherme Ferreiro, a colleague of Mises during his time in Switzerland, who characterizes 18th century warfare. That basically applies also to the warfare before and even for 19th century warfare. And he says something like this, war became limited and circumscribed by a system of precise rules. It was definitely regarded as a kind of single combat between the two armies, the civil population being nearly spectators. Pillage, requisitions, and acts of violence against the population were forbidden in the home country as well as in the enemy country. Each army established depots in its rear in carefully chosen towns, shifting them as it moved about. Conscription existed only in a rudimentary and sporadic form, soldiers being scarce and hard to find. Everything was done to ensure their quality by a long patience at meticulous training. But as this was costly, it rendered them very valuable and it was necessary to let as few be killed as possible. Having to economize their men, generals tried to avoid fighting battles. The object of warfare was the execution of skillful maneuvers and not the annihilation of the adversary. A campaign without battles and without loss of life, a victory obtained by a clever combination of movements was considered the crowning achievement of this art. The ideal pattern of perfection. It was avarice and calculation that made war more humane. War became a kind of game between sovereigns. A war was a game with its rules and its stakes. A territory and inheritance, a throne, a treaty. The loser paid, but in contrast to this, republican wars have always been tended to be ideologically motivated wars and accordingly also total wars. That is, they had not limited territorial objectives. There are already plenty of examples for this in ancient history. Aston's was extremely imperialistic and viciously brutal towards his enemies. The Roman Republic, let's say, a guy like Caesar was a ruthless imperialist. Switzerland, a republic, was famous during the Middle Ages for the ferocity of its fighters and for a brief period of time. It looked like Switzerland might become a major European power until it was finally put in its place and then remained as little as it is nowadays. Cromwell was nothing but a huge butcher. France, the Napoleonic wars were extremely brutal. Also, for the first time, they had introduced mass conscription. The armies reached sizes that they had never reached before. The Civil War in the United States, a typical example of an ideologically motivated war, again used mass conscriptions and ended in huge butcheries. World War I was the next example of this. Let me just quote JFC, General JFC Fuller, one of the leading military historians, how he summarizes, so to speak, the difference between monarchical wars and democratic wars. He says something like this, the influence of the spirit of nationalities that is of democracy on war was profound. It emotionalized war and consequently brutalized it. In the 18th century, wars were largely the occupation of kings, courtiers, and gentlemen. Armies lived on their depots. They interfered as little as possible with the people and as soldiers were paid out of the king's privy purse, they were too costly to be thrown away lightly on mass attacks. The change came about with the French Revolution. And as armies became more and more the instruments of the people, not only did they grow in size but in ferocity. National armies fight nations. Royal armies fight their like. The first obey a mob, always demented. The second a king, generally sane. All this developed out of the French Revolution, which also gave to the world conscription, herd warfare and the herd coupling with finance and commerce has begotten new realms of war. For when once the whole nation fights, then is the whole national credit available for the purposes of war. Now let me come to a conclusion here. Since 1918 then, practically all indicators of high or rising time preference, that is short-term orientation, have exhibited a systematic upward tendency. As far as governments is concerned, democratic republicanism produced communism and with this public slavery and government sponsored mass murder even in peacetime. Fascism, national socialism, and lastly and most enduringly, social democracy, what the United States, what is called in the United States liberalism. Compulsory military service has become almost universal. Foreign and civil wars have increased in frequency and in brutality. And the process of political centralization has advanced further than ever before. Internally, democratic republicanism has led to permanently rising taxes, debts, and public employment. It has led to the destruction of the gold standard, unparalleled paper money inflation, and increased protectionism and migration controls. Even the most fundamental private law provisions have been perverted by an unabating flood of legislation and regulation. Simultaneously, as regards civil society, the institutions of marriage and family have been destroyed through welfare legislation. And according to the number of children has declined and the rates of divorce, illegitimacy, single parenthood, single abortion have increased. Rather than rising with rising incomes, savings rates have been stagnating or even falling. In comparison to the 19th century, the cognitive prowess of the political intellectual elites and the quality of public education have declined. And the rates of crime, structural unemployment, welfare dependency, parasitism, negligence, recklessness, uncivility, psychopathic and hedonism have increased. The consequence then is, what can we do about it? Can anything be done to prevent the process of de-civilization from from running its full core, so to speak? And what? Above all, I would think that the idea of democracy and democratic rule must be delegitimized. Ultimately, the course of human history is, of course, determined by ideas, whether they are true or false. And just as kings could not exercise their rule unless a majority of public opinion accepted such rule as legitimate, so democratic rulers cannot last without ideological support in public opinion. Likewise, that transition from monarchical to democratic rule has to be explained as fundamentally nothing but a change in public opinion. Until the end of World War I, the overwhelming majority of the public in Europe accepted monarchical rule as legitimate. And today, hardly anyone would do so. Indeed, the idea of monarchical government is considered to be laughable nowadays. Accordingly, I would think that a return to the ancien régime has to be regarded as impossible. The legitimacy of monarchical rule appears to have been irretrievably lost, nor would such a return be a genuine solution. Rather, the idea of democratic republican rule must be rendered equally, if not more, laughable than the rule by monarchs, not the least by identifying democratic republicanism as the source of de-civilization. It must be made clear that it is not government, monarchical or democratic, but private property and the recognition and defense of private property rights, which is the ultimate source of human civilization. And strategically, so as to promote the de-legitimation of democracy and at the same time advance the supreme legitimacy of private property, contractualism and individual responsibility, ideological support should be given to all decentralizing or even the sessionist social forces, for a territory smaller government makes for moderation. And only in small regional communities does it become possible for elites, for natural elites to emerge whose voluntarily acknowledged authority can lend legitimacy to the idea and institution of a pure private property system or a pure private law society as the answer to monarchy and democracy. Thank you very much.


The floor may not be in your robot. One of my closest friends was Ben Bucklett, and I worked at Cartoon Network Studios. Due to confidentiality concerns, I won't discuss what we are doing over there. You might have guessed that one of the shows we produced was The Amazing World of Gumball, a show about a 12-year-old blue cat and his goldfish brother Darwin getting into trouble. Being a part of this show is an honor. Furthermore, you may be wondering when we started working on this show. We began producing our episode in 2001, and the show aired in 2011. The title of this episode is The Grieving, but it works. Is there anything else we should add, Ben? That's what I asked. Ben said, We should add crying, and Principal Brown informing the parents about Darwin and Anias' disappearances in graphic detail. Self-explanatory, I said. We started making the episode, but during production, I was told why we were making it. Listen, I'm making this episode because there's a worker here who's crying, and we need to make this to make fun of him.  He lost his son to a killer. I said, No, I'm not. He said, I'm just continuing to make this. We're not airing it to the world. It's only for us to see. Okay, I said, Production started, and the episode finished. Here are the details. Nicole and Richard are crying, and they eventually calm down, but then Principal Brown tells them about the disappearance of the children, causing them to start crying again. Here is some detail on the murder.  Of course, again, we didn't draw that stuff in the episode, it's just described. Here's what Principal Brown told him. I hate to inform you that Anis and Darwin were found dead. I recently had a call with the police, and they told me, Nicole interrupted him by cursing him out. I'm not going to describe the swearing since I don't like swearing myself, but that's what Ben added. He told me to go home for the day, and so I did that. When I walked out, I noticed Ben running out of the studio and burying the episode we made in an open field, no questions asked. I kept going, and I fell asleep until tomorrow.  It was tomorrow, so I arrived at the Cartoon Network Studio. To satisfy my curiosity, I came to the open field and tried digging the episode out of the ground. It was gone. I looked everywhere, except for footprints, but didn't follow them since God knows where they lead. I walked back to the studio until I noticed a hole in the window. Someone might have broken in. There's a possibility. Nobody was even there at the studio, so I decided to investigate what happened to the grieving. I was intrigued and slightly scared. Update, I found the episode in 2023 and took it home. Here's my description of it. The episode started like any other episode. It started with Gumball in his classroom. He was forlorn, and he was sobbing for what seemed like 30 minutes until it cuts to Richard crying, who is way more miserable than Gumball. Someone kicked the door open, and Nicole is also sobbing her eyes out. At this moment, I noticed the mix-match of scenes going on. Be patient, I will show them in a minute. The rest of the episode was like how we worked on it until it reached the part where the principal describes the murders. As described, the images of the dead children are shown with blood and gore, but the blood and corpses were done in the normal style, surprisingly. The police returned to the school after principal Brown requests it. They discovered Gumball hanging from a noose, with a blood-covered knife behind him and blood-soaking his clothes. The screen faded to black, and the credits appeared. The date was correct, but I don't recall this being broadcast on a cartoon network station in 2001. Ben and I made this there in 2001, yes, but we didn't include gore and blood in it. After the credits, three clips played, one of them based on a video. I had seen it on the internet before. There was a man in a 14th century play a doctor outfit for some reason. Why? I believe this is a medieval image. People did not care about human rights at the time, and one was a video playing over and over of a woman wearing high heels stopping on a cabin in the eye. I have seen it in the darkest parts of the internet. The woman in the video is a nurse named Wando, who said she was sad over a failed marriage and allowed herself to be converted into crushing the animal to death on camera. What she did makes me angry. Enough of being off topic. The next video showed a little boy being shot by a man. The boy and the man were never identified, and the police are still investigating due to the nature of the video. The episode then ended. This episode is lying to you. It started with Gumball, Darwin and Anais playing, and Gumball loses them by accident. Darwin and Anais go into the forest of doom, and suddenly, Anais gets attacked by a creature. She runs into a box and hides, the creature tears off her body, decapitating her, and Darwin gets killed too. Was the creature Penny, Gumball's girlfriend? They both had antlers, so it's hard to tell. After the windigo creature killed Darwin and Anais, the creature was gone, and it surely didn't look like any of the individuals of Elmore. The creature just existed. However, Gumball is gone, and the principal informs the parents about it. Gumball goes to Elmore Jr. high and stays. He is lonely, and then he begins cutting himself with the knife, and he hangs himself by a noose after a short time. The parents go home crying, having lost not two, but three of their children. This is what came to mind. I was planning to tell Ben about it, but I didn't know how. Someone watched the thing. Sarah watched it, and her brother went missing, and Ben to write an email to her and apologize to her. This is what Ben wrote to her. One thing, how in the heck did you find that? I never ever ever thought I would think about that old shame again. Don't tell anyone is Sarah, but the amazing world of Gumball goes back further than you know. I used to have a really boring job as a teen, and I sketched little drawings of the Wattersons and friends. The episode you saw was never supposed to be seen by anyone, but me and a few friends of mine. It was a very very awful thing to do, but we made the episode as a joke. A guy from my old job, who everyone hated, had lost a child to a crazed serial killer, who is apparently still out there somewhere. Anyway, we made it so we could make fun of how he usually comes into a work crying like a fool, which is why you saw Mr. and Mrs. Watterson cry so much in the episode. I know I am deeply sorry for what I did, which is why I tried to bury that stupid thing years ago. Literally, I went out into the countryside with my friends, and dug a hole and buried it. What I don't get though, is how you described the blood and guts and stuff. We didn't have any scenes with Garwin and Anais as bodies being found, all that happens in the episode is that the parents are informed of the kids being found dead, and they cry like crazy. We didn't even draw anything in the episode like that at all. Not only that, but we are not that sick. Now, this is my theory. The lunatic who killed the man's child, found the tape we buried, watched it, and heavily edited it. Then somehow, he hijacked the local TV station near you and got the episode to air on your local cartoon network station. Now, why your brother couldn't see it? I have no idea why it seems you're the only one who saw it. I have no idea either. Sorry, but I just don't know. Now, for the explanation you have been waiting for, the clip's at the end. I don't know, I just don't know anymore. Furthermore, I'm deeply sorry, from the bottom of my heart, but I don't know why those clips were aired, I just don't. I am sorry, I really am, but my friends and I are just the ones who made those scenes with Richard and Nicole crying, that's it. I'm so sorry Sarah. I'm so deeply sorry. I wishes, Ben Botlett and everyone involved with The Grieving. A family-friendly version was aired afterward. However, I know what the original episode was.


For the new administration coming in, I think that one of the most important foreign policy and national security issues is Nigeria. Nigeria is the largest country in Africa and it's the second biggest economy. That means that what happens in Nigeria matters for Africa and for the globe. Nigeria is also home to Boko Haram. In 2015, Boko Haram was ranked as one of the four deadliest extremist groups. And it's hard to imagine what that actually means in concrete terms, but in 2014, when almost 300 girls were abducted in Shibak, that really brought to life the terrible impact that Boko Haram has had on Nigerians. I was struck when the governor of Borno State from Northern Nigeria was at USIP a couple of months ago and talking about the area of Northern Nigeria as a powder cake that's ready to explode. He talked about the tremendous challenge of having to resettle more than 2 million people who've been displaced by Boko Haram. Peace and security in Nigeria requires much more than a military solution. The US can help Nigerians to rebuild their country to ensure that the reasons that Boko Haram emerged in the first place are addressed. This means that police and military have to rebuild their relationships with communities. The US also has an important role to continue dialogue with influential leaders like the governor of Borno State. People who are on the front lines of addressing the underlying reasons that Boko Haram emerged and making sure that the advocates who are trying to bring home the girls who were abducted succeed. This is the best way to ensure that Boko Haram or another Boko Haram don't emerge as a threat to Nigeria, to the region and the rest of the world.


It's 2018 and driverless cars and smarter smart homes are here to stay and that is all thanks to this year's launch of the Uber Fast 5G Network and man are we ready for it. Look to start, driverless cars need 5G so they can interact with other cars to improve safety and manage traffic and your super smart home needs 5G too so all those appliances and devices can talk to each other faster and then you can turn your car on from your phone while you adjust the heat and turn off the lights on the way out the door. And of course your phone needs 5G then virtual and augmented reality will become the norm for all those movie downloads and those really fabulous pictures of the grandkids. And speaking of your phone we have to take a step back, let's talk about how it all started. Ok so the G stands for generation and back in the 90s one G was developed which allowed you to make wireless cellular phone calls. That expanded to 2G which let you send text messages between two cellular devices. We hit 3G and were able to make calls, send text and browse the internet and with 4G and LTE you could do all that plus download and upload large video files without any issues. Enter 5G now and all that is going to be way faster because it will allow huge amounts of data to be transmitted and billions of devices can be connected all in one click. What 5G can hold for us is connecting billions of things and having that agility and scalability within the architecture to not just be one thing here or there but really billions of devices connecting to a 5G network. Super cool. So what companies benefit? Well Kramer says Broadcom which is in his charitable trust and then watch companies like Intel, Qualcomm, Nokia, Samsung and of course the carriers like Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile. And for more on all this and the 5G network you got to check out thestreet.com.


xt few years so we have a number of employers who are moving to 15 regardless of what the legislature does and then we have another series of employers who want to get there and they recognize that raising the floor and the whole economy will allow them to get there Representative Smith I think that's great that businesses do want to pay someone $15 an hour they're prerogative as well In what business or social responsibility do you get up into the northeast kingdom and I'll be involved in businesses in the northeast kingdom? We do have members up in the northeast kingdom and I can on the website we actually list, we're very transparent, we list every single member on our website and you can go there and divide by county and sector as well so I'd be happy to sit down and go through a list of some of our northeast kingdom members and most of our membership being Chittenden, Washington and Wyndham County as well, Windsor results, we have a number of members in Rutland and Bennington, we've seen a growing membership there as well and we're actually looking at opportunities to have more networking get-togethers up in the northeast kingdom so we recognize when we come to these parts of the state and have an evening networking get-together bring entrepreneurs and business leaders together that generates a lot of excitement for community members of the economy up there. Have you had the opportunity to get their responses of the minimum wage up there versus Chittenden County? The feedback I've gotten on the minimum wage has been for all our members across the state. So again I'll go through, I can go through and see if there are any particular members you know I think you're probably looking for many folks in your district. On our website we have all our members right there so it'll be clear who you might have in your district. And if there are no other questions just in closing again we think the Senate bill, the approach of an increase over six years, that's an appropriate timeline that works for broadly the whole economy businesses of all different sizes and situations. This is a fair way to move the economy forward and raise the floor in wages. Thank you. Thank you all. This morning for your testimony adjourned the committee will meet after the floor as quickly as possible upstairs. Not here. Not here. Luxury times over. Yeah. Thank you all.


I am Ashok Gupta. I am Managing Director of Shalimai Paints Ltd. I think it means a lot not only for me, not only to me, rather it means a lot for the nation. See, Interpreter 2023 is doing a great thing for creating a culture of entrepreneurship in the country. You know, a country to develop has to have innovation and all the innovations are taken to the market by the entrepreneurs. So, entrepreneurs are a very, very important, I should say crucial part in the whole ecosystem. And entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship, magazine, entrepreneurship, Interpreter 2023 is helping that movement in the country. And because of this movement, country will become a different place in days to come. Okay, my basic leadership strategy is focused and inclusive. Include as many people as possible in the development. And the whole objective is not only the organizational benefit, but the benefit of the people who are working there. So, if we can think of their benefit, organization will anyways benefit.


Hello, everyone. In this video, I want to do an example of taking a stress element that we've already solved and transferring that to a more circle and using that to better understand the system.  And I've already got an example stress element shown here. And what I'm looking at is a basic stress element. On my X face, I have a 100 MPa scale normal stress my Y face. So Sigma Y, I have a 60 MPa scale normal stress. And then I have a shear stress of 45 MPa scales. And the orientation of my shear arrows here indicates it's a positive shear stress as we consider it for a sign convention on our stress element. So if I go ahead and draw a more circle axes, Sigma and tau axes, I can go ahead and actually plot the faces of the stress element on this this set of axes. Remember that that tension or positive shear stress for arrows pointing away from my stress element are represented positively. So that's to the right hand side of my tau axis. And then shear stress, the shear stress sign convention on a more circle is that if it causes clockwise rotation, it's positive. And counterclockwise rotation, it's negative. So if I start with my my Y face here, I have a positive 60. So I'll just kind of, you know, roughly mark out say 20, 40, 60, something like that. I'm just really roughly approximating. And my 45 is pointing to the right. So that means it's a positive stress. So I can go 60, 20, 45, and put a dot somewhere like that. Now this is that that first point 60, 45 on my axis. My X face has 100. So again, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100. But now my arrow is pointing up, which would be which would cause a counterclockwise rotation of my stress element. So I have a negative shear stress. So I can put that dot somewhere down here. And I'm going to label this point 100 minus 45. So now I can actually just draw my circle from this, right? I can now really try to figure it out. But someday I'll learn how to draw circles. My more circle would look something like this, it passes through those two points. But typically how I would want to figure this out or calculate things for the more circle would be to use those equations I had before. So I would find the center point, which is again, sigma average. And it's just the average of the two sigma stresses, sigma X and sigma Y. So 100 plus 60 over two equals 80 megapascals. Now, of course, we can see that, right? Because these two points are kind of, you know, opposite sides of this circle, and I can go somewhere right in between them, I would expect to get 80 for where that location is. I can also calculate the radius using the equation I had, which is square root of, in this case 100 minus 60 over two squared plus tau XY, which is 45 squared, all of that under a square root. So I can go ahead and calculate that out, plug it into my calculator or what have you. And I would get 49.24 megapascals. So what that tells me again is that this radius is 49.24. Now, I might also be interested in the orientation of my stress element. So one way that I can do that is I can say, well, let's dash in a line from the center out to my X face. Remember the 100 minus 45 is the X face. And I can see that my max stress occurs up here on the X axis. So I have an angle theta, which represents that. And typically, this is actually labeled theta sub p. Now I can work out the geometry for this, right? There's a lot of geometry going on here, but I can work out the geometry for this and say, well, tangent of two theta p. Now, you may ask, why did I do two theta p? Well, you have to remember that this rotation is actually two theta p. If I say theta p is the rotation of my stress element. So wherever that max stress element orientation is, it's two times it on the Mohr circle. So that's why I put that two there. And this is going to be equal to two tau x, y over sigma x minus sigma y. So really what I've done here is drawn a triangle that calculates or figures out the angle of all of this based on what my stresses are. Now, in reality, the triangle I'm using goes from one side up here, 6045 down to the 100 minus 45. That's why we have two tau x, y, because it's positive and negative. So two of them total on the one side. And then it's the difference between those two values is my, you know, X portion. So then I'm getting the angle based on this large triangle that I would inscribe in the circle. So taking that geometry, I say, okay, two times 45 over 100 minus 60. And you know, I don't know what that works out to be. I actually don't have that worked out in my head or on my notes. But I get two theta p equals 66.04 degrees, which therefore gives theta p equal to 33.02 or about basically 33 degrees. So what this means is that I have to rotate 66 degrees to get from this orientation to the max stress, which of course is out here on my Mohr circle. If I was rotating my stress element, it means that my stress element x axis where this 100 is pointed, would actually be oriented 33 degrees counterclockwise for that max stress element where the stress would be a maximum. And the shear stress is actually zero on that face then. So I would rotate that up by 33 degrees. Now, of course, I'm probably interested in, in these other values such as sigma max. And at this point, it's pretty easy to get that because if I know my center of my circle, which is 80, and I know my radius, which is 49.24, then of course I see that I can just add those two and get 129.24 megapascals. Now, I'm probably interested in my tau max, especially if I'm talking about a ductile material. And in this case, I can see my tau max is just my radius, right 49.24. So I'm just looking at my circle here, sigma min. In this case would be 80 minus 49.24. So that equals 30.76 megapascals. So great, I got all those values. Now, if I wanted to draw the stress element, what does that actually look like? Well, again, taking what I had previously oriented on an x and y axis, I'm rotating my stress element. Now, I'm not going to get the angle right here, but rotating my stress element such that this new axis, this would be x prime from what we talked about before, is rotated by 33.02 degrees. My normal stress on this is 129.24. My shear stress is zero. My normal stress on this other face is 30.76. We know that those correspond because they're 180 degrees apart on my more circle, which means they're 90 degrees apart on my stress element. So I can see what that looks like. And this would be that that rotated stress element, which corresponds to the max normal stress, 129.24 megapascals at 33 degrees of orientation. All right, I'll stop there. Thanks.


Family Theatre presents Loretta Young, Vincent Price, and Junius Matthews. From Hollywood, the mutual network in cooperation with Family Theatre Incorporated brings you Oscar Wilde's classical fantasy, The Happy Prince, with Vincent Price and Junius Matthews. To introduce the drama, your hostess and narrator, Miss Loretta Young. Thank you, Jean. Oscar Wilde has written many fantasies and he has left a wealth of stories imbued with all the mysticism and sensitivity of the Irish. Tonight, he weaves the magic cloak of fantasy about a story as fresh as tomorrow's headlines. Man's inhumanity to man. Here, then, is Oscar Wilde's enduring story of selfishness and sacrifice. The Happy Prince. Once upon a time, high above a quaint European city, on a tall column stood the statue of the Happy Prince. It was a fine statue, gilded all over with thin leaves of gold. For eyes, he had two bright sapphires, and a large red ruby glowed in his sword hill. He was much admired by all the townspeople. Ah, yes, he's every bit as beautiful as a weathercock, only not quite so useful, perhaps. This portly gentleman is a town counsellor. He wishes to gain a reputation for artistic taste, but one must be practical, too, and unfortunately, sometimes in politics, one straddles the fence. Charity children come all of the cathedral wearing their bright red cloaks and clean white pinafores, and the stern gentleman with them is the mathematical master. What a beautiful statue. It looks like an angel. How do you know? Have you ever seen an angel? I've seen him in my dreams. Nonsense. I don't believe in dreams. You can't prove the existence of angels scientifically. And there stands a tired young man with a portfolio under his arm and disappointment on his face. All day I've tried to find someone who will look at my place. The world does not welcome new writers, my prince. Oh, you smile. Isn't it good to see someone in the world who is happy? Why can't you be like the happy prince? You were always crying for the moon, hush now, and look at the smiling statue. The happy prince would never dream of crying for anything. And so they passed by and saw only the glitter in the fixed smile. And none of them really knew the troubled heart. Until one night, there flew over the city a little swallow, a swallow born of the spring morning to a bird's song and the sweetness of a waking world. And he carried spring in it. Now, where shall I put up for the night? I'm very tired and I need a good night's rest. I see just the spot. That statue looks as if it would provide shelter for a weary traveler. And so high up I shall be safe there and I shall have fresh air and a fine view. And my goodness, will you look? I have a golden bedroom. How lovely. I'm sure I shall be very happy with such rich quarters. And so the little swallow settled down for the night at the feet of the happy prince. Very pleased with his luck at finding such a fine place to spend the night. But just as he was putting his head under his wing, a large drop of water fell on him. Now, that's strange. There's not a single cloud in the sky. The stars are quite clear and bright, and yet it's raining. Well, the climate in the north of Europe is really quite dreadful. Now, really, what is the use of a statue if it can't keep the rain off? I suppose I must fly away and look for a good chimney pot. Ha, statue, I bid you goodbye. Well, what's this? The statue seems to be smiling, and the skies are filled with tears which run down golden cheeks. What a curious thing. Such a beautiful face in the moonlight, and yet so sad. It's a piteous thing to see a statue cry. I shall fly up and look into this matter. Hello, who are you? I am called the happy prince. My goodness, you don't look very happy to me. This may be important, but you have quite drenched me with your tears. So I'd like to know why you're weeping. I'm sorry, little swallow. I didn't mean to make you uncomfortable, but my heart is heavy within me. You see, when I was young and had a human heart, I never knew what tears were for. I lived over there. In the palace at San Susie? Yes. Well, no wonder. The birds say that sorrow is not allowed to enter there. That is true, and there I passed my youth and was known as the happy prince.  I thought I was because I thought pleasure was happiness. I lived for pleasure for the sound of the hunt and for the sound of music and the taste of wine and the sight of the loveliest ladies in the realm. Like the others in the palace, I closed my eyes to poverty and sorrow because they were not happy things and I was the happy prince. But there was one whose eyes were open. Her name was Angelique.  The prince is about to ask you to dance with him and you slip away to hide out here on the balcony.  I confess that I prefer it out here. I like to look at the city at night from this balcony. It's a beautiful sight. The city is so quiet and lovely in the pale moonlight. Moonlight that masks the evil things, poverty walking the streets, death stalking the poor. This moment is not for such thoughts, Angelique. It is no illusion that you are at my side. It is no illusion that I love you. No, don't look at me in such astonishment. Do not believe me. I believe it's a thing to be said in the moonlight, under the spell of the music, and soon to be forgotten. I shall repeat it by sunlight and moonlight all the days of my life. You are very late, Angelique. The others are in the garden already. I thought you were not coming. I'm sorry to be late, but your highness... Perhaps you have more important things to do. Perhaps you would rather be elsewhere. Please listen, your highness. I was on my way here passing through the streets in my carriage and there was a woman who had fainted. She was begging on the streets, begging to get food for her children. So we took her home. There was much to be done... And you prefer to spend your time in a harbor with this beggar woman than here? Can you not understand? Time is such a fleeting thing and we shall have to account for our days in this world. Then you consider the moments with me wasted. Oh, no. No, it's... it's only that there are people who need me, who need my help. Well, you... you need nothing. Perhaps I am selfish, but I need you. When you're away, Sans Souci is an empty place. I want you with me always. I would like to put a necklace of stars around your throat, or give you the moon to wear as a pendant. I wish the world were mine that I might give it to you. There is something you can give me. Anything in my power to give is yours. Then give me understanding. Don't demand all my heart or all my time, for I must give of myself, not just my money or the time of my servants, but of myself. There are things I know in my heart I must do, and there are things you must do.  They come into the palace like specters at your side. But I would not want you other than what you are.  Looking and acting like the angel you were named for, do what you like. But when you enter the palace, you must leave your troubles outside. I want you to smile. She smiled then, and she smiled on the day we were to be wed. But it was a tired, tender smile. And her eyes were already seeing greater glories than I could ever show her. Angelique. My Lord Prince, the days must be growing shorter. Darkness has come into the room so quickly. But the sun is... Yes. Yes, the darkness is coming quickly. For you. Take my hand. There must be some terrible dream. This cannot be happening. I'm grieved that I should be the one to bring sorrow into this place, which has never known sorrow. Do not grieve for me, my Lord. Someday, somewhere, we shall meet again. Angelique. I understand. Open your eyes and your heart to suffering. So much to do. So very much. Angelique. Army, it's very sad to lose a love. I sought to forget with madder music stronger wine, gayer laughter, and gradually the ache lessened. It was the only sadness I ever knew. And it taught me nothing. What a pity. So I lived and so I died. Now that I am dead, this is my punishment. Look about you. My city, my city with all its ugliness and misery and poverty and sorrow, once when I could have done something about it, I closed my eyes. Now I cannot close my eyes, and though my heart is made of lead, yet I cannot help but weep. I can see that it would make you truly sad. I wish there was some way I could help you. I think there is a way, little swallow. What do you mean? Across the city in a crooked little street, there is the small house of a widowed seamstress.  The mother does everything she can. There is only water, little one. River water. Try and drink some. Take it away. Hush now. I must finish this gown by morning. There will be no money for firewood to warm us this winter. I wish it was winter now. Swallow, swallow, little swallow. Would you not take the ruby out of my sword hilt and carry it to the mother? I'd like to help you, my prince, but I must rest and be on my way south. My friends are flying up and down the Nile and talking to the large lotus flowers, and they're expecting me. It's warm and beautiful there.  I'm afraid he will die for lack of proper care. That makes me very sad. Very well. I'll stay with you for this one night and be your messenger. Thank you, little swallow. Thank you very much. The swallow plucked out the great ruby from the prince's sword and flew away with it in his beak over the roofs of the town. He passed by the cathedral power where the white marble angels resculpted. He flew over the river, over the marketplace where men haggled and bargained. Until at last he came to the house where the boy tossed feverishly. In he hopped and laid the great ruby on the table, and then he swooped around the bed, fanning the boy's forehead with his wings. How cool I feel all at once. I must be better. Yes, my prince, but I feel quite warm now, even though it is a little chilly. That is because your heart is warmed by your good deed. That must be it. And your heart too. I'm so tired and thinking always makes me sleep. Then sleep, little swallow. Good night. Thank you. Now you're really smiling. Good night, prince. Now that you have spent the day in my city, little swallow, what do you think of it? Oh, it's a fine city. I had a bath in the river and I visited all the monuments and sat on the church steeple. The church is very beautiful, but I must say there is very little food to be had. The winter approaches fast. Tonight I must be off for Egypt. So soon. Well, I'm hungry. And I can feel the chill of winter in my bones. I must really hurry. My friends will fly up to the second cataract where the river horse crouches there among the bill rushes and the yellow lions come down to the water's edge to drink. They have eyes like green barrels and their roar is louder than the roar of the cataract. It sounds like a wondrous place, but I do so need your help. There is a young man in a garret who is working at a desk on a play. He might be a great writer one day, but he is too cold to write anymore. There is no fire in the grate and hunger has made him faint. I suppose such a deserving person needs help. I could delay my departure another day. You have a good heart, little Swallow. Thank you, Prince. I will help you, but what shall I take him? Another rupee? Alas, I have no rupee. My eyes are all that I have left. They are made of rare sapphires which were brought out of India a thousand years ago. Pluck out one of them and take it to him. He will sell it to the jeweler and buy food and firewood and finish his play. Oh, dear Prince, I cannot do that. Swallow? Swallow, little Swallow? Do as I command you. And so, with great reluctance, the Swallow plucked out the Prince's eye and flew away to the writer's garret. He flew into the cold bear room through a hole in the roof and saw that the young man's head was buried in his arms in despair. When the author looked up again... What a beautiful jewel. It must be worth a great deal of money. Now I can finish my play. My prayers are answered. But strange. It seems as though I have seen this jewel somewhere before. Dear Prince, I really must leave you now. But I won't forget you. We shall meet again. In the spring, I shall return this way and bring back two beautiful jewels to replace those you've given away. The ruby shall be redder than a rose and the sapphire shall be as blue as the great sea.  But there is a greater kindness you can do for me. In the square below, there stands a little match girl. She has no shoes or stockings and her head is bare. See her there? She's very small and troubled. We must do something to help this child. Pluck out my other eye and give it to her. No, no, I cannot do that. If I pluck out your eye, you will be quite blind. Swallow, little Swallow, do as I command you. We must help the little girl. Very well. I shall drop the jewel with the matches where she'll be sure to find it. Oh, what a lovely piece. If I run home with it, perhaps Father will like it and it won't matter that the matches are spoiled.  It does not matter. I heard her laughter. The sound of it was like music. And now it is still early and you must be on your way. No. You are blind now, my poor friend. So I will stay with you always. No, little Swallow, you must not do that. You must go to the warm land of the Pyrenees. You have served me well, but the winter is almost upon us.  That night he slept at the prince's feet. And the next day he sat on the prince's shoulder and told him stories of what he had seen in strange lands. And the red ibises stand in long rows on the banks of the Nile and catch gold and fish in their beaks. Dear little Swallow, you have told me of marvelous things, but more marvelous than anything is the suffering of men and women. They are never closer to God than when they are in their agonies. There is no mystery as great as misery. Little friend, I am covered with fine gold. You must take it off leaf by leaf and give it to the poor. The living always think that gold can bring happiness. Leaf after leaf of gold, a Swallow picked off until the happy prince looked dull and gray. Leaf after leaf he carried to the poor. And the children drew rosier and merry and played games in the snow and skated on the ice. Yes, the snow came and then the frost. Long icicles like crystal daggers hung from the eaves of the houses. The poor little Swallow grew colder and colder, but he would not leave the prince, for he loved him too well. He picked up crumbs from outside the baker's door and tried to keep warm by flapping his wings. But at last he knew that he was going to die. And he just had strength enough to fly to the prince's shoulder once more. The time has come when we must part. Goodbye, my friend.  Farewell, little Swallow. You have stayed too long to help me and the people of my city. Now you must be off to the land of sunshine and warmth. I shall miss you, for I have come to love you, but I am glad you're going to Egypt. It is not to Egypt that I am going. I shall never see that land again. It is to the house of death that I go. Death is the brother of sleep, is he not? Not to the house of death, little Swallow. You will go to the warmth and sunshine of the house of the Lord, my little friend, for your heart is pure. And then he kissed the happy prince on the lips and fell dead at his feet. And at that moment a curious thing happened. There was a noise within the statue as if something had broken. The leaden heart of the happy prince had broken into two leaden pieces. Soon after the mayor and the town councillor were passing by. Yes, sir, with a dreadfully hard frost we've had. That we have, councillor. Oh, dear me. How shabby the happy prince look. How shabby indeed, Your Honor. The ruby has fallen out of his soar. His eyes are gone. And he is golden no longer.  How shameful. And there is actually a dead bird at his feet. We must issue a proclamation that birds are not allowed to die here. We must have the bird taken to the ruby sheep at once. As the statue is no longer beautiful, we will melt it down and build another. Of myself, of course. Oh, no, of me. No, of me. No, of me. Of me. No, no, of me. Councilman, the strangest thing has happened. The workmen can make no sense of it. They melted the statue of the happy prince today, but the two pieces of lead heart would not melt, even in the hottest furnace. That is strange indeed. What will you do with it? I suppose the only thing to do is throw it on the ruby sheep. It is of no use to anyone. Then it came to pass that God commanded His angels to go into the city and to bring to Him the two most precious things there. I hope you had more success in your search than I did. I began my search at the Palace of Sons Who See. But alas, I found only people bent on filling their days on earth with merry-making. I too. I went to the chambers of the town council. It seems the councillors are concerned only with who will be the model for the new statue in the square. For all I know, they are wrangling still. Pride was all I found there. And then I went among the poor, thinking that those who knew poverty would fight it together. But those who had more than their neighbors refused to share with the less fortunate. Is there nothing but greed and selfishness in the city? Yes, there is something else. We were looking in the wrong places. We should have gone to the rubber sheep. The rubber sheep? It is a beautiful story. The icicles knew of it first. Melting, they ran into the gutters with a tail. The river carried it to the seven seas. The gossipy elms whispered of it, and the wind bore it aloft, where it is written among the stars. See? Yes. The happy prince and the little swallow. I think they are the answer to our search. But was it not said that when you do things for the least of his brethren, you do them for him? The two most precious things in the eyes of heaven.  And so the angels brought him the leaden heart that was broken in two and the little bird. And God said, you have rightly chosen. For in my garden of paradise this little bird shall sing forevermore. And in my city of gold a happy prince shall praise me for bringing us the beautiful story of the happy prince. Each week family theater brings you a play and a thought. The thought is always the same. The family that prays together stays together. You know there's a prayer we've said in our family for a long time now? Perhaps you'd like to hear it. Oh please, dear God, give us the strength to accept with serenity the things that cannot be changed. Give us the courage to change the things that can and should be changed. And give us the wisdom to distinguish the one from the other. Remember, the family that prays together stays together.  From Hollywood family theater it brought you Vincent Price and Junius Matthews and Oscar Wilde's fantasy prince with Loretta Young as your hostess and narrator. Others in our cast were Mary Ship, Clayton Post, William Byer, Stanley Waxman, Larry Dobkin, Charlotte Lawrence and Herbert Butterfield. Our radio adaptation was written by Jerry Day with music composed and conducted by Harry Zimmerman who was directed for family theater by Jaime Del Valle. This series of family theater broadcasts is made possible by the thousands of you who felt the need for this type of program, by the mutual network which has responded to this need and by the hundreds of stars of stage, screen and radio unselfishly given of their time and their talents to appear on our family theater stage. This is Gene Baker inviting you to join us next week at this time and your family theater will bring you Dan O'Hurley he in Sir Walter Scott's great classic, Ivan Ho. Join us, won't you? Family Theater is heard in Canada through the facilities of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and is broadcast to our troops overseas by the Armed Forces Radio Service. This is the world's largest network, the Mutual Broadcasting System.


Item Number – SCP-404 Object Class – Safe Special Containment Procedures – SCP-404 is to be kept in Section Alpha-1 of the documents repository. Any movement of SCP-404 beyond Section Alpha-1 will result in termination. Description – SCP-404 is a pair of large manila envelopes, one of which has a series of pages attached to the front. Each page is stamped with a name, date, time, and number table, and contains multiple entries with known and unknown names. The ink has been dated to 1833, plus or minus 10 years, and the folder dated to 1834, plus or minus 10 years. Many signatures are noted on the grid, notably those of former document repository administrators expunged. All signatures also are followed by a numerical reference number. Currently, there are over 1,000 signatures on these pages, with additional pages appearing on their own when the previous ones become full. Account of these pages has proven impossible, as has the contents of the envelope as mentioned later.  Attempts to count the exact numbers of photographs have thus far failed. When a person attempts to count the total photographs, they will invariably get a number wrong at least twice and have to start over. If more than one person attempts to count them, they will begin to debate what number they were at last and start over. If a mechanized system is used to count the photographs, it will either glitch, fail, freeze, or skip, causing a recount to be required. Any person may pick up and access the first envelope, known as SCP-404-A. They may withdraw a single photograph at a time from the envelope. This photo will always be blank when drawn out, and will remain so until five seconds have passed. Should the photo remain in contact with the person who drew it longer than five seconds, it will then begin to fade into an image, in the same way a Polaroid develops. This image will be a crystal clear image from an event in the holder's past, which, thus far, has always been immediately recognized by the holder. Once this photograph has been developed, it will no longer fit into SCP-404-A, no matter what effort is applied to it. This image will fit perfectly into the second envelope, SCP-404-B. An undeveloped photo will not fit into SCP-404-B. After a developed photo is placed inside of SCP-404-B, the pages attached to the front of the envelope will update themselves, with the name, date, time, and an incrementing number. If a person picks up SCP-404-B, they immediately know which pages contain lines with their name, although they may not know the numbers. When they have viewed the numbers, or if they already know the number, they are able to draw that photo out of SCP-404-B, with only a few seconds of searching. The most disconcerting feature of SCP-404-B is that once the subject has left the presence of the envelopes for longer than an hour, they forget interacting with either envelope, as well as the memory imprinted on the photo. This effect lasts until the subjects re-enter the presence of SCP-404-A or B, at which time they regain their memory of having used the envelopes, but will not remember the event on the photograph until it is viewed again. Researchers who oversee the testing of SCP-404-A or B, but who do not interact with the contents of the envelope, are capable of remembering both the test and the image to the best their natural memory allows. Number 4041 Subject is Class D personnel who has been instructed to draw five photos from SCP-404-A. First photo drawn contains an image of a young girl on a tire swing, being pushed from behind. Subject confirms that the girl is their younger sister at age six. Second photo contains image of the same girl now older, nude, in a bedroom setting, laying on a bed and smiling, wagging finger at the viewer. Subject confirms once again that this is their sister and is noted becoming distressed. Third photo drawn contains image of same girl, older again, in the garb of high school graduation with her arm around a male of similar age. Subject confirms again this is his sister and the boy is her boyfriend. Subject seems agitated and reluctant to continue until assured that he must only draw two more photos. Fourth photo drawn contains image of a car that has gone half off of a road. The windows on all sides are smashed and the driver door is open and the driver seat is the same boy from the previous photo with no discernible age difference. There is considerable bodily damage on the boy as well as a slit throat. Subject confirms this is the same boy. Fifth photo drawn shows a funeral setting. The girl from the previous photos is the center of focus.  Subject confirms that this is his sister again. All photos drawn will no longer fit into SCP-404-A so are filed inside of SCP-404-B. Subject's name, current date and numbers now appear on the top most sheet of SCP-404-B. After the test had completed the subject was allowed to leave the testing area and then questioned about the photos. After a time lapse of approximately one hour, subject became unable to answer any further questions about the photos and denied having ever been part of a test for this day. The subject is unable to account for the time spent in the testing chamber and also denies knowledge of ever attending a funeral with his sister for any individual. Up until the time threshold had passed, subject had been willing to answer any and all questions regarding the incident in the photos. Loss of memory attributed to interaction with SCP-404-A and B. Document 4042. Subject is Dr. P. who has recently been through an overly dramatic breakup of a relationship. She has volunteered for this test and has been informed of the anticipated results. First photo drawn from SCP-404-A develops into the image of a young man in overalls, leaning against a car and covered in oil stains. Subject confirms this is her ex-boyfriend and that he was mechanically inclined. Second photo drawn from SCP-404-A shows the same man in a very angry state, postured as if he is striking the viewer. Subject confirms again that this is her ex-boyfriend and that this event is part of what led to their separation. Third photo drawn from SCP-404-A shows the same man in an amusement park setting, seated on a roller coaster beside the viewer. Subject confirms this was their first date. Fourth photo drawn from SCP-404-A is completely blank. Twice the normal time allowed for a photo to develop passes and photo remains blank. This photo also is returned to SCP-404-A with no effort, while all other photos must be inserted into SCP-404-B which now shows the subject's name with three new timestamps and numbers listed on its pages. After the fourth photo was drawn, subject was released and approached three hours later where she was asked as to the status of her relationship with the boyfriend. Subject denies knowing any such person or ever having participated in any tests today. Subject is also unable to account for lost time but shows no concern over the disparity. Document number 4043. Subject for this test is Dr. W. Dr. W. was chosen at random with no end results expected. First photo drawn is a first-person perspective of a water paint portrait being drawn. The artist's hands are visible in the photo and Dr. W. confirms this is her at age four. Second photo drawn is of an elderly man smiling. Photo perspective suggests the viewer is raised up in the air looking down at the man. Dr. W. confirms this is her grandfather who passed away approximately a year and a half later. Third photo is drawn after a brief reprise to allow Dr. W. to collect herself. This photo shows a funeral service and the perspective again suggests the viewer is a short individual. Dr. W. confirms this is her grandfather's funeral service. This photo also shows the elderly man again at the headstone which is the viewer's point of focus in this photo. The elderly man is marginally out of focus compared to his surroundings which are crisp and clear. In addition he is semi-transparent to a degree of approximately 15% suggesting that his presence is either a true spectral manifestation or exists only in the mind of the viewer. Dr. W. requested a copy of this third photo and a digital copy was created for her without incident. The original has been filed into SCP-404-B and the copy is framed in Dr. W.'s office. Document number 4044. Subjects for this test are Dr. W. and Dr. W. whom have been working together for the past two years. These two doctors were chosen at random from established pairs of staff who had been working on projects together for over one year. Dr. W. draws the first photo from SCP-404-A. This photo when developed shows an older woman in her mid-30s on a bed, nude. The woman is posed in a data-expunged position from the viewer's perspective. Dr. W. identifies the woman as his wife. Dr. W. attempts to protest this until a photo is produced from Dr. W.'s wallet which confirms the identity of the woman in the photo. The guard on staff intervene in the escalation of tempers and inform both doctors to continue with the test. Personal matters will be resolved afterwards. Dr. W. draws the second photo from SCP-404-A. It is of note that Dr. W.'s expression was malicious towards Dr. W. after the previous photo. The photo drawn by Dr. W. develops into a girl of young age who appears to be in a data-expunged pose from the viewer's perspective. This girl is confirmed as Dr. W.'s daughter, who is data-expunged years old. Tension in the room escalates after this photo once more and the guards on duty step in again. Due to the nature of the photos being drawn, only two more, one from each doctor, are requested. Dr. W. draws the third photo from SCP-404-A. This photo contains an image of the same girl from the second drawing, nude again, in a new pose. Dr. W. reluctantly confirms this is in fact his own daughter. Both doctors are calmed down by this event. However, both appear to be extremely uncomfortable and express repeated desires for this test to end. Dr. W. draws the final photo for this test, which after developing appears to be Dr. W. wearing an evening dress. The test is immediately ended by the administering personnel and both doctors placed on notice until the results of this test can be confirmed. A lapse of a full day's time was allowed to pass before either doctor was confronted about the previous day's test results. Neither doctor claims to have any memory of participating in any test, nor any inappropriate behavior with either each other or any of the subjects from the photos. All photos were filed in SCP-404-B and both doctors have been restricted access from SCP-404 from here forward. Continued observation of the doctors from this test show a 6% increase in productivity. This may or may not be related to the loss of the memories exposed in this test. Document number 4045. Subject for this test is a deceased class D personnel who expired while engaged in testing of SCP-404-B. The body of the subject was manipulated by two members of staff in conjunction with medical implements to draw a series of photos from SCP-404-A. First photo drawn develops into a view of SCP at rest. It is assumed this is what the subject saw as the testing of SCP was commencing. Second photo drawn develops into an extreme close-up view of SCP. The nature of this photo suggests that this was the moment at which the subject expired. The right side of the photo is blacked out as is expected from a scene viewed by a person with a single eye. Third photo drawn develops into data expunged. Test aborted immediately after viewing of the photo sends the staff manipulating the subject's body into a state of rage. Guards enter the room to control the situation. One guard enters the same state as the research staff and turns on another guard who is restraining the original test members. Additional armed staff enter area and developed photo is covered by a jacket to prevent further viewing by any other staff. After the events of this test any further exposure of the deceased with SCP-404 has been expressly forbidden. All staff who were involved in the test were restrained in solitary confinement and after 48 hours were given a psychological evaluation and released. Those who requested amnestics were allowed to utilize them. All photos made during this test were not filed into SCP-404-B but were instead sequestered into the care of Dr. W. W. and are not to be accessed by any staff without maximum clearance. Lesson complete. If you missed the previous orientation go watch SCP-403 Escalating Lighter right now or for the complete course watch this playlist.