Enough of me and enough of introductions. He is here. Take him to your hearts. Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. And may I say that every bit of show business instinct that is within me says that perhaps it would be better if the entertainment followed the speaker.  But let me begin by saying how appropriate it is that we honor tonight, the shuttle seven. All of them were heroes. Each of us is in their debt. And we know now that God holds them close and we pray He'll comfort their grieving loved ones. And we're aware too of our own duty to them and to their memory. We must continue. Other brave Americans must go now where they so valiantly try to lead. A fitting place I've always thought for Americans, the stars and beyond. And in some closed societies a tragedy of this sort would be permanently disheartening. A fatal setback to any such program followed not by mourning and national recommitment but by attempts to evade responsibility, or not so in a democracy and not so in America. John Glenn said the other day that after the pad fire that killed three astronauts in 1967, support for the space program skyrocketed among the American people. And that's because here the government does not rule the people. It is the people. And ultimately what happens to programs of this sort and what follows tragedy of this kind are decisions that belong not to government but to the people. But the tragedy of the shuttle seven will only serve to strengthen the resolve of America to pursue their dream of the stars and beyond. And anyone who doubts this does not know the history of our land, the wonder of America and her free people, or the meaning of the words, the right stuff. You know I called the families yesterday of those seven heroes. Every one of them concluded the remarks between us by saying the program must continue they would have wanted it that way. Well I'm delighted to be here tonight and I want to extend my heartfelt thanks to the American Conservative Union along with human events, national review and young Americans for freedom for putting on this conference and for extending this invitation. Tonight my thoughts cannot help but drift back to another conservative audience of more than 20 years ago and a presidential campaign that the pundits and opinion makers said then was the death knell for our movement but just as the opinion leaders had been stunned by Barry Goldwater's nomination so too they would be shocked by the resiliency of his cause and the political drama to unfold around it. The rise of the new right and the religious revival of the mid-seventies and the final triumphant march to Washington in 1980 by conservatives. And you know that last event really did come as a shock of seismic proportions to this city. I can remember reading about a poll that was taken at a Washington National Press Club luncheon in January of 1980 on the eve of the primary season. Those in attendance were asked who would be the next president of the United States. Well Jimmy Carter got a large number of votes so did Teddy Kennedy. There was one candidate on the Republican side who got so few votes from the wise men of Washington that it wasn't even reported in the lineup. I think it had to do with his conservative leanings. Well I hope they know I'm not about to change. But while official Washington always underestimated our cause some of the shrewder journalists did over the years sense something astir in America. Theodore White said openly just after Barry Goldwater's campaign, some see this as a last adventure in the politics of nostalgia. Others see this Arizonan as a symbol cast up by the first crest of an early tide. Thrown back this once but bound to come again in greater strength. And you know to be here tonight and to be a part of this historic conference you are biggest attention getter to look at your program for the next two days and all the important people and discussions to stand here now with the presidential seal in this podium to feel the energy the almost festive air of this audience. I think you've provided an answer to Teddy White's implicit question about the fate of our movement, the state of our cause. Fellow conservatives it took us more than 20 years but who can deny it? We're rocking and rolling. Now I know a few liberal observers will try to downplay all this but don't you think they're going to sound a little bit like Yogi Berra on that famous occasion when he said of a restaurant it's so crowded nobody goes there anymore? And as for those liberals who finally are catching on to the idea that there is a conservative movement they kind of remind me of a cowboy who was out hiking in the desert one day and came across the Grand Canyon and he said wow something sure happened here. Well something has happened in America. In five short years we have seen the kind of political change rarely seen in a generation or nearly every issue on nearly every issue. Federal spending, tax cuts, deregulation, the fight against career criminals and four tough judges, military readiness, resistance to Soviet expansionism and the need for candor about the struggle between freedom and totalitarianism. The old taboos and superstitions of liberalism have collapsed and all but blown away to be replaced by a robust and enlightened conservatism. A conservatism that brings with it economic prosperity, personal opportunity and a shining hope that someday all the peoples of the world from Afghanistan to Nicaragua to Poland and yes to Angola will know the blessings of liberty and live in the light of freedom. Those in this room know how often we were told the odds of accomplishing even a small part of this were all against us. I remember my own first visit up to the hill after the 1980 election when issues like the tax cuts came up. I met a congressman there. He was a kind of a big fella, as I recall, had lots of white hair. He was from the Boston area, I think. Maybe you know him. He smiled very indulgently and told me not to expect too much because I was, to use his words, in the big leagues now. But you know, as a conservative I had an advantage. Back in the hard years, the lean years when we were forming our political packs, sending out our fundraising letters and working for candidate after candidate in campaign after campaign, all of us learned something vital, something important about our country. Something became an article of faith, a faith that sustained us through all the setbacks and the heartache. You see, we knew then what we know now that the real big leaguers aren't here in Washington at all. They're out there in the heartland, out in the real America where folks go to work every day and church every week, where they raise their families and help their neighbors, where they build America and increase her bounty and pass on to each succeeding generation her goodness and splendor. And we knew something else too, that the folks out there in real America pretty much see things our way and that all we ever have to do to get them involved is be brave enough to trust them with the truth and bold enough to ask for their help. And it's here we find the explanation for the success of the last five years. The reason why on issue after issue the liberals in this town have lost and are still losing.  It reminds me of a favorite little story of mine about a career naval officer who finally got his four stripes, became a captain and then was given command of a giant battleship. And one night he was out steaming around the Atlantic when he was called from his quarters to the bridge and told about a signal light in the distance. And the captain told the signal man signal them to bear to starboard. And back came the signal from ahead asking or saying you bear to starboard. Well, as I say, the captain was very aware that he was commander of a battleship, the biggest thing afloat, a pride of the fleet. And he said signal that light again to bear to starboard now. And once again back came the answer, bear to starboard yourself. Well, the captain decided to give his unknown counter part of lesson in seagoing humility. So he said, signal them again and tell them to bear to starboard. I am a battleship. And back came the signal, bear to starboard yourself. I'm a lighthouse. Well, the American people have turned out to be just what the forefathers thought they would be when they made them the final arbiter of political power, a lighthouse to the ship of state, a source of good judgment and common sense signaling a course to starboard. But you who are not nautical minded know that starboard is to the right, don't you? No. But I come here tonight not just to celebrate these successes of our past, but also to strike a serious, even somber note, to remind each of you not only of how far we have come together, but how tragic it would be if we suddenly cast aside in a moment of dreadful folly all our hopes for a safe America and a freer world. My fellow conservatives, I want to speak to you tonight about our movement and a great danger that lies ahead. Now, some of you may think I'm reacting here to claims that 1985 was a disappointing or at best a mediocre year for conservatives. In fact, I want to take sharp issue with this, suggest to you that those claims themselves are evidence of the broader problem I'm talking about, the danger of growing soft with victory, of losing perspective when things go our way too often, of failing to appreciate success when it occurs or seeing danger when it looms. First, let's talk about 1985 and three legislative victories whose strategic significance were both enormous and largely overlooked. Now, some of you who go back with me to that campaign in 1964 can remember how easily the liberals dismissed our warnings then about the dangers of deficit spending. We were told it would bring prosperity. Others of you know how passionately the liberals believed in the use of high and punitive tax rates to redistribute income. And finally, all of us can remember how liberals found in the post-Vietnam syndrome a form of religious exercise, a kind of spiritual ecstasy. However much that syndrome paralyzed American foreign policy and jeopardized freedom. Now let me ask you, if someone had come up to you even as late as a few years ago and told you that by 1985 all of these cherished doctrines, a belief in deficit spending, the politics of envy via high tax rates, and the refusal to help those resisting communist dictatorship would be formally and publicly rejected in a single 12-month period by the liberal Democrats themselves, wouldn't you have thought that person prone to acute shortages of oxygen in the cerebral hemispheres? That's kind of bureaucrates for meaning playing without a full deck. But consider, 1985, we saw a de facto balanced budget amendment passed by both houses of the Congress. We saw a house of representatives under liberal leadership agree to cut the top marginal tax rate to the 35% to 38% range. And we even saw that same house not only approved funds for an insurgency against a communist government, but spontaneously repealed that symbol of liberal isolationism, the Clark Amendment. So friends and neighbors, salute Haley's comet. Salute that space shot to Uranus. I'm too old-fashioned to call it Uranus. I just remember politics in 1985 was also a celestial phenomenon, Steven Spielberg all the way. Actually, a remarkable year of 1985 at home was a reflection of a broader, even brighter strategic picture. In Europe and Asia, statism and socialism are dying and the free market is growing. And all across the world, the march of democracy continues. Yet even as I think the tide of history is all but irreversibly turned our way and this strategic picture will continue to improve, we must guard at all costs against an unnecessary but costly tactical defeat ahead. I'm talking, of course, about the elections in November. Now, this isn't going to happen as long as we conservatives will shoulder the burden of our recent successes. If we realize how much is at stake this November, forget for the moment the flowers in the sunshine and summon once again those deep reserves of will and stamina that won for us our first victories and bear in mind this will require a supreme effort. Our job is going to be even tougher this year, the very years of prosperity and peace that conservative programs have given America may in a strange way actually help those who fought the hardest against them. Good times, after all, tend to favor incumbents and fortify the status quo. Yet you and I know how unacceptable that status quo is. How much on everything from right to life, prayer in the public schools, enterprise zones, aid to anti-communist insurgents, still waits to be done. So we must go to the record, get the facts to the American people. The Speaker of the House has already indicated a tax increase is the solution to our problems. And recently, another important member of the House leadership equities sentiments. Not much has changed on federal spending either. Sure, the liberals are angry about Graham Rudman, but they aren't looking realistically at our bloated expenditures, only talking nonsense about shutting down the FBI and the IRS. Well, I do admit that in mentioning that last point, they may be tempting me beyond my strength. And as for defense, let me assure you the liberals haven't changed a bit. They're still looking at America's defense budget with lust in their hearts. A lust to strip it bare and use the funds for more of their social experiments. Yes, this year, we have to work even harder at summoning the vigor to tell the American people the truth and the vigor to ask their help to remind them that what they do this November will decide whether the days of high taxes and higher spending, the days of economic stagnation and skyrocketing inflation, the days of national malaise and international humiliation, the days of blame America first and inordinate fear of communism will all come roaring back at us once again. More than that, we must tell the American people that the progress that we've made thus far is not enough, that it'll never be enough until the conservative agenda is enacted and that means enterprise zones, prayer in the public schools and protection of the unborn. And that's why, my fellow conservatives, we have to stop limiting ourselves to talking about holding on to our strength in the Senate and start talking about conservative control of the House of Representatives. That House has been in the hands of our opponents for virtually half a century. And never forget that for those nearly 50 years, the liberals had it all their own way in this city and that the loss of such great power is rarely accompanied with graceful acquiescence. Well, the liberals are feeling pretty sorry for themselves and that's why they're anxious about this election. They know that unless they deliver a telling blow this year to conservatism, the 1988 Conservative Political Action Conference will see major presidential candidates from both parties demanding a chance to appear here and claim the mantle of conservatism. So this is our breakpoint. Our opponents are pulling out all the stops. And you know, I think it's going to be worthwhile reminding the American people of how desperate the liberals are. How so much of their strength in the House of Representatives, as many as 18 to 23 seats, is due to gerrymandering on a scale unprecedented in modern history. And this is not to mention the outrageous episode in which a legitimately elected member of the Congress and the people of Indiana's 8th District were disenfranchised in the House of Representatives. But there's another issue that I also believe vividly illustrates how seriously out of touch the liberals are with the American people. We sometimes forget that no one is more realistic about the nature of the threat to our freedom than the American people themselves. In fact, their intuitive realism is why that bear in the woods ad, some of you can remember, of the 1984 campaign was so successful. Yes, the American people want an administration that pursues every path to peace, but they also want an administration that is realistic about Soviet expansionism, committed to resisting it, and determined to advance the cause of freedom around the world. Now we know what happens when an administration that has illusions about the Soviets takes over. First, there are the illusions, then the surprise and anger when the Soviets do something like invading Afghanistan. Any way you look at it, it heightened tension and the prospects for conflict. In fact, the liberal conduct of foreign policy reminds me of a little football game that was played at Notre Dame back in 1946 when Notre Dame player Bob Livingston missed a tackle and his teammate, all American Johnny Lujak, screamed Livingston, you so and so you, and he went on and on. And then Coach Frank Lay, he said another sacrilege like that, Jonathan Lujak, and you will be disassociated from our fine Catholic university. But on the very next play, Livingston missed another tackle and Coach Lay, he turned to the bench and said, lads, Jonathan Lujak was right about Robert Livingston. And that's why it's important to go to the record. I remember a little booklet that came out a few years back, although it was by the Republican Study Committee entitled, What's the Matter with Democratic Foreign Policy? It was really about a shrinking group of foreign policy liberals here in Washington. And I just think that if we were able to get to some of those choice quotations on issues like Vietnam, Grenada, and Central America before the American people, and they were able to see what the Washington liberals really believe about foreign policy, the naivete and confusion of mind, I believe we would shock the American people into repudiating these views once and for all. And let me interject here two points that I think can be important this year. First, the question of defense spending. During the last few weeks, there have been a number of columns, editorials, or speeches calling for a slash in the military budget, and quoting President Eisenhower as justification. President Eisenhower did warn about large concentrations of power like the military industrial complex, but what's being left out is the context of that quote. In his farewell address to the American people, yes, he did warn us about the danger of an all-powerful military industrial complex, but he also reminded us America must always be vigilant because we face a hostile ideology, global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose, and insidious in method. The pundits haven't been quoting that part of his speech. I know there's been a great deal of talk in the media recently about the situation in Southwest Africa and especially Angola. And I know also you will be having a special guest here tomorrow evening, as I did this morning in the Oval Office. Well, let me just say now it would be inappropriate for me as president to get too specific tonight, but I do want to make a comment here on some recent history and let you draw your own conclusions. Last September at the Lomba River in Southern Angola when a force of, I always called it Unita, but recently I hear it's being called Unita. Maybe he'll tell you tomorrow which way it is, but any of this force of Unita or Unita or rebels met an overwhelmingly superior force of government troops directly supported by the Soviet bloc. The Unita forces defeated the government troops and drove them and their communist allies from the field. In the history of revolutionary struggles or movements for true national liberation, there is often a victory like this that electrifies the world and brings great sympathy and assistance from other nations to those struggling for freedom. Past American presidents, past American Congresses, and always of course the American people, have offered help to others fighting in the freedom cause that we began. So tonight, each of us joins in saluting the heroes of the Lomba River and their leader, the hope of Angola Jonas Sevimbi. And your contributors, that the president said that they're needed now as never before, that the crucial hour is approaching, that the choice before the American people this year is of overwhelming importance. Whether to hand the government back to the liberals or move forward with the conservative agenda into the 1990s, my fellow conservatives, let's get the message out loud and clear. The Washington liberals and the San Francisco Democrats aren't extinct, they're just in hiding, waiting for another try. Well, let's make it clear to the American people that they must choose this year between those who are enemies of big government and the friends of the freedom fighters and on the other hand, those who are advocates of federal power and a foreign policy of illusion. So let the choice be clear. Will it be blame America first or will it be on to democracy and forward for freedom? And freedom is the issue. The stakes are that high. You know, recently Nancy and I saw together a moving new film, The Story of Eleni. It's a true story. A woman at the end of World War II caught in the Greek Civil War, a mother who because she smuggled her children out to safety eventually to America was tried, tortured and shot by the Greek communists. It is also the story of her son Nicholas Gage who grew up to become an investigative reporter with the New York Times and who when he returned to Greece secretly vowed to take vengeance on the man who had sent his mother to her death. But at the dramatic end of the story, Nick Gage finds he cannot extract the vengeance he has promised himself. To do so Mr. Gage writes would have relieved the pain that had filled him for so many years but it would also have broken the one bridge still connecting him to his mother and the part of him most like her. As he tells it, her final cry before the bullets of the firing squad tore into her was not a curse on her killers but an invocation of what she died for. A declaration how that cry was echoed across the centuries. Her cry was a cry of love, my children. A cry for all the children of the world, a hope that all of them may someday live in peace and freedom. And how many times have I heard it in the Oval Office while trying to comfort those who have lost a son in the service of our nation in the cause of freedom. He didn't want to die, the wife of Major Nicholson said at Fort Belvoir last year about her husband. And we didn't want to lose him but he would gladly lay down his life again for America. So we owe something to them, you and I, to those who've gone before, Major Nicholson, Eleni, the heroes at the Lamber River and to the living as well. Andres Sakharov, Lech Walesa, Adolfo Calero, Jonas Salimbi, their hopes reside in us as ours do in them. Some 20 years ago I told my fellow conservatives that you and I have a rendezvous with destiny. And tonight that rendezvous is upon us. Our destiny is now. Our cause is still as it was then the cause of human freedom. Let us be proud that we serve together and brave in our resolve to push on now toward that final victory so long sought by the heroes of our past and present and now so near at hand. Thank you, God bless you. Ladies and gentlemen, our president mentioned Senator Goldwater in his remarks. The gentleman I'm about to introduce to you would understand those very well. F. Clifton White was the inspiration of Senator Goldwater when he ran for the nomination for the presidency of the Republican Party, the candidacy of the Republican Party and ran his campaign. And he's a legend among conservatives. I'd like to introduce Clif White to make a very special award. Mr. President, Nancy, fellow conservatives, the American Conservative Union and the Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs are this evening creating the John Ashbrook Award for Public Service. And I'm going to present that award and read it to you now with no further comment. This will be an annual award. This evening we are presenting it for the first time. This is the John Ashbrook Public Service Award, presented to the Honorable Ronald Wilson Reagan, President of the United States. The Ashbrook Award is intended to recognize and honor individuals in the field of politics and related fields who exemplify the ideals so splendidly upheld by the late John M. Ashbrook and so well symbolized by his career. These include integrity of thought and conduct, the knowledge of what is right and the determination to do right. They include a firm dedication to principles, the conviction that politics must be based upon sound doctrines and noble objectives and not merely on winning elections. They include a rock-like conservatism based on a profound understanding of the nature of human beings and civil society with all of their perils and possibilities. They include a determination to fight alone if need be for worthy goals. It is our hope that the Ashbrook Award will encourage others to follow the example of John Ashbrook and will serve to honor their achievements when they do so. We trust that its recipients will better understand from the honor in which we hold the memory of John Ashbrook our respect and admiration for them. Mr. President. Thank you very much. I'm a long admirer of the man for whom this is named and thank all of you. And now we'll bid you all good night and wish for you the very best in the continuance of the conference here. Thank you all again.


Rhaid i'n gweithio'n gweithio i'r hwnnw, rhaid i'n gwneud y cyfrifolio ar y cyfrifolio'r holl? Ysgolwch ar 12 august 1880, y Gwasmwr yn cyfwng Oxford-Lond, mewn clym yng Nghaerfod Cymru, a'r camhau sy'n gweithio'r cyfrifolio. Felly, mae'n 65 oes, a ddyddu'n dda'n adegwyddio ar y bwrdd o'r gyfraithau i'r gyfer opau, ond mae'n ddiddorol cael mawr o'r fflaen, oherwydd mae'n cyd-dweithio i gyd-dweithio'n gyfraithau i gyd-dweithio'n cyd-dweithio. Rwy'n meddwl i'r Porthraith Cymru, yn gyrdd, yn ei fflaen o'r cyd-dweithio. Mae hynny'n ddweud o'r holl styrwyr wedi'i wneud yma, ..y'r hanfodd, yn ymryd, a yn ymhau'r gwahodd. Yng Nghymru gyd-dweithio, sydd wedi'i ddod i'w ddechrau... ..y'r anhygoel arall, sy'n gwybod ychydig o'r ymwneud... ..y'n gwybod yn ymwneud ychydig o'r gweithio... ..y'n gwybod ychydig o'r anhygoel. Ond ydych chi'n gweithio'n gwybod ychydig o'r olyllun... ..y'n gweithio'n gweithio. Yn ymddir o'r llwydd... cyffredin y ffordd ychydig yn ymgyrchol yma. Fe fyddwn yn ymgyrchol ei ddimensiwn, y Llyfrgell Llyfrgell, y llyfr, y llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell, y Llyfrgell. Fe ddweud o'r llyfrgell a'r llyfrgell ar y belt ac yw'r pwysig. Fe ddweud o'r llyfrgell yn y ffordd yma, ac mae'n gallu cyfle. William Wrester yn y pwysig oherwydd yma ymlaen, i ffyrddio'n gweithio o'r 15th yma. Mae'n rhaid i'w gweithio'r 6th yma, rwy'n fyddi'n ymddangos yma, yn y Llyfrgelladau Aeologol, nid i'r Eiland, ond yng Nghymru'r Gweithbryd, yr oedd yng Nghymru'r Gweithbryd. Fyddwch chi'n gweithio'r Gŵr, yn Gŵr, a'r gweithbryd ar 17th o Oxford, ac mae'n gweithio'n 1432 i'r Horth, rwy'n gweithio'r Horth, ond yn cyflawni hefyd phallol. Rwy'n cyffredinol i'r ôl i'n tref, ond yn gallu bod yn clywedd yn y drefnig, yn amser yn gwneud y ffrif eich bobl fel Ysgol Ffastol, unrhyw ymweld yn ymddangos y ffordd i'r llehau ar y gyfer 100 ysgol. Wuster rwy'n gyffredinol yw Ffastol yn ymgyrchu. Rwy'n gwyllwch, ac mae'r ddweud yn ymddangos. Ffastol rwy'n gwyllwch i'r newid ac yn ymddi'r fwster oed yn ymddi'r cyfnod, oedd ydych chi'n gweithio'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Ond, Fastol yn ymddi'r ffordd, oedd yn ymddi'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Mae'r ddechrau yn 1459, ond mae'r rhan o'r ffordd yn ysgol. Fastol yn ysgol, ac mae'r ffordd yn ymddi'r ffordd o'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Mae ydw i'n mynd i'ch neud o'r ffordd o'r ffordd, ond diodd y sgol, benithio'r ffordd o'r ffordd. Mae'n ffordd i fi o'r llYsgol i roedd o'r ffordd, ac mae'r cysyfodd rhan o'r ffordd. Fwster yn ymddi'r ffordd o'r ffordd, ac yn ymddi'r ffordd, mae'r ffordd i'ch ddechrau ffordd o'r ffordd. Ieithio, o ddod o'r ffordd, oedden nhw'n drwy'r prysgwyl, rydyn ni'n gwybod y Gweithgatr Ffair yn ddod i'r ddeithas yn rhan o'r ddeithas yng nghymru, oherwydd mae'r ddod yn Llyfrgell yn gyfnodol. Llyfrgell yn gyfnodol yn gyfnodol. He himself received a small estate at Pocthor outside Norwich. The late 1470s, therefore, was to settle financially in a modest way, and in our terms retired and able to spend his time as he wished. His wish was to travel sea places and meet people. Mrs Wuster stayed behind in Norwich. In 1478 he rode usually alone from Norwich to London down to Southampton up to Bristol, across the river Severn to Tinto and Abbey, and back to Bristol. Then down to Somerset, Devlin and Cornwall to Sir Michael's Mount, back to Bristol again and then home. In 1479 he travelled only to London and to several places in Norwich and Suffolk. In 1480 he set out on another long journey, London Oxford and Bristol, down to Glastonbury and back to Bristol. He stayed overnight on his travels at inns in private houses or in monastic guest houses, the latter not always attractive. Llinn in political, potage unsuitable, liquor undrinkable, blankets unthinkable, the poor food and beds at St Bennett's Hugh in Norfolk. He made notes of his three journeys on paper sheets. His roots may suggest that he was only interested in the south of England. But this is not true. As we shall see he was adding to the information about all parts of the British Isles and he went to the north at least once in 1457 when he got as far as York. Even in the south he collected information about Chester, the road there too and the course of the River of Dean. The last of William's surviving notes was made at Bristol in late September 1480 that is also the last that we hear of him alive by 1485 who was dead. I suspect myself that he died suddenly in the autumn of 1480 of a stroke or a heart attack very likely at Bristol. We have no later notes and William was an obsessive note taker. He might of course have made more notes that have been lost but one would expect him to have made the old nature jotting in those that survived and there seems to be none. Where he was buried or commemorated I have not been able to discuss. Fortunately his notes survived him. They passed from his family into the hands of a cleric acknowledged cathedral then to a fellow of the Court of Scristi College Cambridge and finally into that college library. They were very little known until they were printed in the late 18th century and was to still received less than his due in English historiography. Even today in the latest TV program for example the discovery of England is primarily associated with the geography of Tudor times. Let us now explore William's interests on the information he gathered. Large part of his notes is concerned with geography and this can be divided into the wider geography of Europe and the narrower geography of the British Isles. His broader horizons were those of someone who lived near the great eastern ports of Kingsley and Great Yarmouth and came from the great western port of Bristol with a brother-in-law who owned a Bristol ship. In other words he was highly aware of the sea routes. Northwards he gathered information about Scotland, the Hebrides and the Aucklanders. The British Isle, which he claims to have been discovered for English fishermen by Robert Haeckel of Cromack soon after 1400 and where William Cannings of Bristol had lost one of his ships. Eastwards he made notes about Scandinavian lands and the eastern shores of the Baltic as far as Vilnius and Novgorod. Southwards he heard about or cared about less. France occurs in relation to the Hundred Years' War in which Fasthorff had served. But Italy and Spain are hardly mentioned. But he did know that Robert Sterney of Bristol Shipyard had sailed to the Holyland with pilgrims and had been wrecked on the coast of Greece while coming back. He saw a book that listed the Greek islands and he copied down some information about Holyland from a born in a Bristol church. Westwards he knew something about the island man and more about Ireland, its highest point, its rivers and its harbors. At this time, at the dawn of the age of discovery he was aware of the Portuguese explorations in West Africa. He mentions Madeira, the Azores, Guinea and make history of the Bissau and Cape Verde islands. And he was aware of stirrings of interest in crossing the Atlantic. He says he wished to sail to Brazil until 1480 meant a legendary island, west of Europe. He was set on course from the Great Blasked Island off the south-west coast of Ireland. And he reports that on the 15th of July 1480 a ship belonging to his brother-in-law John Jay set out from Bristol to find the reserve, skippered by one lord who William calls the most knowledgeable man in England. The ship was apparently out for nine weeks and was blown off by the island and was blown back to Ireland by the autumn ghennals. But only 17 years later John Carrot would sail successfully from Bristol to Newfoundland. Nearer home he gathered material about the geography of the British islands. He was not very interested in landscape or in economic matters but he mentions the Welsh mountains and other its entrance into hell. And he made a personal visit to Wookie Hall cabin near Wells. This was already a tourist attraction where guides carried flaming torches of ruins and took you past a rock called the Porta through caves known as the Kitchen of the Parlor where you could view what William calls hanging stones. He is more forthcoming about rivers, no doubt that they are crucial for travellers. I mentioned several of the major ones and a good many minor ones. Indeed on his visit to the Devil of Cornwall he managed to list virtually all the important rivers of the two counties. Islands attracted him too perhaps because of their importance to ships as landmarks or hazards. In some cases it gives their measurements and states whether they are inhabited or contained buildings. He is informative about road travel. It was necessary to know as now by planning a journey how far you had to go and what were the stages into which the journey fell punctuated in his case by meals, feeding a horse and staying overnight. This information was in the heads of people who travelled regularly or catered to travellers and by the early 14th century helped to produce the goth map now involved in a library based partly on roads and villages. William got hold of an itinerary to St Michael's Mount of Distances and Stopping Places which should be made by Thomas Cargill where he kept a similar record of his own journey there. He also noted down all the accounts of some routes that he didn't travel like the road from Bristol to Chester. Such information was valuable for future use or for passing on to others. Bridges were an important adjunct in this respect because one needed to know where to cross rivers or to take an alternative route because of floods or thieves. William was assiduous in recording bridges including everyone across the Cornish Taylor. Churches account for another large part of his nose. He did not usually stop to look at them while he was riding so those that he visited were chiefly in the places where he stayed the night, especially cathedrals, monsters and friars but also parish churches in major towns. In many cases he measured their external or internal dimensions sometimes by using a measuring stick but more often by recording his paces in other words the careful placing of his shoes. William's shoe length varies but his record on average would be 21 inches. He gave little attention to the appearance of buildings although he was sometimes struck by them he says that the aisle windows of extra cathedral contain five beautiful lights and that the whole church is vaulted over in the most lovely way. This leg may reflect lack of time because he appreciated fine architectural detail notably when he carefully sketched the profile of the columns around the west door of St Stephen's Church Bristol. He also recorded the motifs in words of similar doorways in Redcliffe. He often noted tunes in churches and copied inscriptions from display boards. He is in fact a witness to how much written material was displayed in churches by the late 15th century. When possible he saw an access to a church's calendar on martyrology from which he could copy three states of unusual sense and days of commemorations of dead words. This access depended on finding a sympathetic member of the church body. Sometimes he was successful and sometimes not. Castles were another topic of interest. On three occasions he made systematic lists of them. 34 in Cornwall, 9 in Newarkshire, and 18 in Heriffonshire. The castles include what we would call hillfords and he sometimes noted the illness and conditions. This interest extended to other dwellings of the nobility and gentry. The receiver general of the Earl of Warwick told him how Earl Richard Beecham had built the south side of Warwick Castle. The castles were bagging to them handily. The manor houses of Cavisham and Sutton Coalfield were the hunting lodges of Barkswell and Cabredon. He learnt how Rathlod Cromwell spent more than 4,000 marks building Tattishawl Castle and other places. And how the scales pulled down a beautiful manor house at Wray near Castle Rising to stop it calling into the hands of a rival claimant. The staffing of these buildings absorbed him into the castle. And the squire of Thomas Bowford, Duke of Exeter, told him that the Duke had 140 horsemen in his rescue, including numerous knights in the squires. He paid his grooms 4 marks a year in wages but he fed 13 poor people every day and entertained travelers and other soldiers with food and money. The most elaborate inventory of buildings is to be found in a section of the castle. This is not a finished piece of work and William may not have decided on its final form. It begins with a list of streets and lanes, some of them with measured distances. Subsequently, there are descriptions of religious houses and churches, often with measurements too. And of the city gates, wall towers and saffers where merchants kept their goods. It begins with a list of streets and lanes and the saffers where merchants kept their goods. What merchant houses described, that of William Canyon was the most famous merchant with a tower and a row of four bay windows, high and decorative like the rungs inside. There are also some details of local life. The main Bristol River, the Abel's Tide, were the rise of seven or eight fathoms of the Spring Tides. As out on the river Abel flowed freshly, women washed woolen clothes in the river. Sometimes I've seen 12 women at a time washing. Chips moored on the river from Wales, Cornwall, Devlin and Somerset, bringing tin and fish and the cranes provided to help load and unload them. The Bristol merchants themselves owned ships. Ten belonged to cannings and tenages are given. We hear of a grammar school over the Newgate, probably the schools which must have went, the regulated prostitutes in the suburbs of Barrow Street and Old King Street and the galleries high up on supply was here. The last topic for which I have time is out of Saint's, which appears throughout William's notes. He was not the first person to collect Saint's, Anglo-Saxon text called the resting places of Saint's had listed some of the major Saint's and their burial places and the 14th century writer John of Timer had brought together that in lives of the major figures in England. William was aware that there were many Saint's in the British Isles with localised culls and he gathered information about these from both written and oral sources. So, the Scots who were informed about Hebrides told him about Saint Duffer's loss, Saint David's Bruce and Saint Magnes of Auckland. The Bishop who found out gave him a list of 18 Saint's in South Wales and other sources produced some more whole than some pteridop from the Isle of Man. One suspects that one motive for William was to visit Cornwall in 1478 was to discover the little 11 Saint's of that county. This he did assiduously recording them from church calendars or testimony, where Carl Savard noted their burial places and priest's days. I mean, he had a good deal of our knowledge of Cornwall. I mean, he had a good deal of our knowledge of Cornwall's Saint's to him because he was the only traveller in the county to notice them and how his pulse began to be dismantled in 1538. How could William acquire all this information? He had three kinds of sources. One came from his own initiative, his travels, loads of distances between staging posts, the measurement of churches, castles, houses and bridges. Next there were books like the calendars and large urologies of religious houses and parish churches to access when we could. As well as recording Saint's, these volumes listed the days of death of benefactors, members of the nobility, gentry, merchant class and clergy in whom William was interested. He seized on chronicles when he had honed all of them. Several had mentioned in his notes including Nenus, Geoffrey of Monmouth and Geoffrey of Wales. His historical interests were wired. They included Geoffrey's inventive history, British history through Romulan, Anglo-Saxon times down to recent events and European history drawn from the chronicle of Marianna's scotus. He refers to the works of Aristotle, to Christian and other grammarians, the rulers of Benedict, the likes and out of the soul, the writings of Robert Gross test, which he lists and the mirror they down of Diorond. He was in fact widely read and he was himself an author, an aspect of his life to which unfortunately I cannot do justice today. He composed the book of Noblesse to encourage the nobility and gentry to revive their martial arts and virtues after their defeat in the wars of France. He translated Cicero's treatise of Old Age from the French and wrote some other lost works, a biography of Sir John Fastol an account of the ancient families of Norfolk and some kind of study of the antiquities of England. Worcester also learned a great deal by word of mouth. He would talk to anyone and his notes are careful to record his influence. John Smith, Bishop of Andal, told him about Welsh Shades, Sir Roger Kinaster, a structure knight about a seven and the rivers of Wales, a former servant of the Duke of Exeter, about Welsh rivers, Hereophysia Castles and the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, including the names of the gentry who had fought and died in the battle. Scott told him about Scotland and the North Greek man in London about Auckland. A hermit of Helsing in Norfolk who had lived with Henry IV's daughter Philip, a Queen of Denmark, reminisced about Scandinavia. But William was quite happy in talking to ordinary people. The next to the theatre he struck up a friendship with John Skinner. He describes as a son of sex, a sex stone, a very lowly character but someone who could tell him about the place. A young blacksmith told him the height of Clifton Gorge and a ferryman who took him across the Wardrie of Gorge to enacting a mine of information about sea distances from Bristol to places down the Bristol Channel as far as the cities and all these William noted down. There is a slightly obsessive tinge to these inquiries and journeys. A quick examine of William's visit to Michael's marriage in 1478, he found that he was in Cornwall for eight days, a midday Sunday to the afternoon of Monday week. He travelled for about 155 miles for the single rest of the day so his average was well over 20 miles a day. When he reached the marriage he spent only a bit more in there. Well, what doesn't need to stay longer but we might have thought that all the way from Norwich might have lingered a little bit longer for repose or reflection. He then caught on a cousin near Foy but he stayed only one night after which he did his longest ride of some 30 miles to get to Tabistock. And yet there was no need for haste as far as one could see. He was just hyperactive and it must have been quite a strain to be in a room with William. His Cornish notes include a number of lists but 34 local castles. The road distances in Cornwall including roads that William did not cover. The county's roads and bridges. These facts cannot have just slipped out in conversation like some of the anecdotes that he was reading in Cornwall. They were the result of grinning people going on. Well, more castles. How far away is that? And he visualised two men with a fast of wind or a jug of ale between them. One racking his brains and the other scratching away with his quill. So what was supposed to try and achieve? In 1478 he was 63 a respectable age and if I am correct he was 42 years later. He can hardly have aimed to write a description of England and Britain since his recorded journeys are largely restricted to East Angliau London, Bristol and the south west. Of course that may be unnoticed but not so far yet. He had interests that he wanted to pursue. There is so much about geography especially the islands and rivers routes and distances between the islands, people and saints that he clearly liked collecting evidence about as one might collect stands or coins. These were largely private interests although land and sea routes and distances had a practical value which he could use himself or pass on to other people. Sometimes he may have sought out in performance like apparently told him about the Queen of Denmark and about Scandinavia but at other times his knowledge was learned by chance from people he met on his journeys. He can't have been anticipated he can't have been connected to building some larger structure. He may have ended up making his information about the south west although gathered casually over a mere fortnight would have enabled him to draw a reasonably well sized and scaled outline of the peninsula and its principle reverence although he could not have done justice to the caves and inland. Most simply there is the description of Bristol. This is the most methodical and most complete of his business. If he had been given a couple more years of life he could have finished the research and produced a detailed city map a descriptive inventory or a literary account. It is hard to know how he would have presented his material because models for doing so would have been hard to find. Was he a historian of our sense? Did he judge and criticise his sources? It is difficult to be sure about this because he was making notes rather than writing a finished and critical account. He certainly noted allegedly supernatural happenings thus when Bishop Balton Wells for about the people of Wells to pitch in the nearby river the fish disappeared until he relaxed his prohibition. Maysby Castle near Wells was built by a giant named Mark. If a bird flew across one island off the Irish coast it would die. On another scenic mile the inhabitants could not die and they had to be taken to the mainland when they wished to do so. William does not comment on these things he only records them and we do not know how serious he took them. He is a punctilious recorder of his sources the books of people whom or which he gained information he obviously wished to achieve accuracy in his measurements of buildings and he placed this above describing them. At least once he discussed history with John Morelynch a monk of Glastonbury who pointed out disparities in the occurrence of King Arthur. Most of the information he acquired was factual rather than speculative and injectural. My last duty is to place him in context how unusual was he or where does he belong? He could have had numerous uncreary contemporaries because although he himself is well recorded in other sources such as the Pastum letters we would not be aware of his antiquarian tastes without the against the odds survival of his notes. We certainly know of two men with similar interests one was William Way born in about 1406 died 1476 fellow exeter college and subsequently of Eton College Way it made three long pilgrimages to Compostella in 1456 Jerusalem in 1458 and Jerusalem again in 1462. He was a pioneer archaeologist who made a map of the Holy Land and plans or paintings and wooden models of science in the Holy Land the Church of the Holy Sepulcher the Temple Mount the Mount of Olives and the Church of the Nativity of Bethlehem he bequeathed the wall to Eddington Priory in Wiltshire where he ended his life and intended to build a replica of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher The other antiquarian was John Ranks who was born in about 1420 and died in 1492 he became charmed by priests of guise clearly of Warwick a theme park built by the girls of Warwick to celebrate their legendary ancestor Guy of Warwick Roush wrote historical works celebrating the girls and town of Warwick fully had wider interests he sketched historical figures and was aware of the evolution of chain mail into plate armour he wrote a history of the kings of England into which he inserted a pioneering list of deserted villages in the middle of this was part of a discussion of depopulation he collected saints wrote a history of the two English universities to prove the seniority of Oxford and compiled a list of Oxford's academic halls the interests of these three they're now in the land way of Worcester on buildings Worcester and Roush on Oxford and local history the evidence that they met or knew one another indeed William was to have the opportunity of visiting Eddington and Warwick I think that there is no sign of the oddity the late Bruce McPrile who published what is still the best general essay about Worcester in 1957 regarded him and Roush as pioneers he continued that they were products of the same school or tradition we have lost track of their masters we are forced at present to regard them as independent explorers of this new world of scholarship with some reluctance indifferent from my old tutor and sympathiser to whom I owe so much my bank does disagree classical writers commonly described the geography of a region as well as recounting its history the earliest British writer Gildas refers to the two Roman walls and the forms of the Saxons shore his first chapter of his Elysianth of History begins with the measurements of Britain and describes the natural resources and languages of the island later writers discuss the natural wonders of Britain such as Nellius, Henry of Huntington and Alfred Beggar and this approach is following a new popular world history the polychromic on of Ronald Higdon in the early 14th century Gerard of Wales wrote the descriptions of Wales and Ireland in the late 12th century William Saw a copy of the description of the Irraternary in Wales Matthew Parris drew a map of Britain in the 13th century and I've already mentioned a map so interests in English geography history, communications churches, castles and saints are much older than these three 15th century Antiquas the accurate portray of buildings was also developed in the manuscript of the Illuminations and later on in the paintings notably in the picture of the castles of the Duke of de Bary by the Llymbrick brothers the reputations of the 15th century Antiquas benefit from the fact that the later on goes in history the more it has survived if we could see more clearly into the work of 12th and 13th century historians we would probably find more than that was analogous Gerard of Wales made collections of notes of which we don't possess the fact that we possess Worcester's notes however is linked with the growth of a new kind of recording material painter this offered a cheap and easy way to make records and by 15th century many men of school boys were carrying pen cases and ink horns on their bells so William could note down information while he was reading or hearing or seeing it which would have been less his Gerard of Wales he was fortunate too that his notes survived in good hands but if now I am in kind not to see Worcester's and Wales as absolute pioneers they must also be given their due they are not known as much as representative ones their historical interests were shared if not quite so intensively by many of their contemporaries one finds an interest in local history in municipal records for example and of course in the mouths of those who gave William information William could talk to other people who were interested in history William's interest in Wales came about because he met her in Lloyd Canon of extra cathedral who owned a copy of Gerard of Wales and let William see it there was already in good interest in a popular recreational curiosity about England's landscape history and monuments notably at Glastonbury the Peak Cavern Wookie Hole Gareth Pit near Warwick and the Tower of London probably other places could be added this widespread and lively interest in topography and antiquities anticipated those of the peccanonia of Henry VIII and those of the First and their writers such as Laydon Sacks and Stowe Camden Worcesters project of surveying Bristol were stored Stowe's Surrey of London by a hundred years the Renaissance may have given a boost to antiquities by a fuller knowledge of what Greeks and Romans had done in that direction but two of the writers did not begin to discover England it started long before them and long before William but he deserves to be remembered as the first person to leave us a record of an antiquarian's day-to-day researches and these were not nearly a private holly he had a wish to preserve what he learned for those who would come out of it when he visited Glastonbury College Henry in Cornwall in September 1478 he wrote down a Latin couplet from a display board in the church which evidently struck a chord with him it runs a translation it pleases me to say or to place in writing for the bystander the things that I have learned for people in the future these words were a fitting editor for one who has left us so much that would otherwise have vanished we owe him a lot and it is right to acknowledge the fact in this the 600 euro since his birth


Hi everyone, Joe for jazzy's casebreaks.com coming at you with a pack of a 2020 mosaic football no huddle edition Random team break number 15 with nine hit parade Football sapphire spots being given away Now we're going to do the break itself first and then we'll give away those spots. Let's roll it randomize it four and a one five times one two three Four and a one fifth and final time the giveaway, of course, will be a different dice roll for a tradition four and a one five times the teams one two three Four and a one fifth and final time first half of the list right there And the second half the list right down there. Let's just dive right into the pack. It's Jacob Eason And a Tom Brady MVP's card Patriots edition going to Todd Wood with the Pats Nothing too wild in that no huddle pack But let's flip back here and let's see who's going to win those hip parade spots Let's grab everybody's names again new dice new list And let's roll it and randomize it four to two six times top nine after six good luck one two three four five six seven eight and Oh shoot. It's a top nine after six. Sorry about that It's got so excited So that's gonna be six right there Actually There you go, so There's six times right there Top nine after six will be Sean Todd Kevin Ryan Kenny Brandon Greg Sean and josh There you go. Sorry about that folks got a little excited there on the dice roll Um, and then jimmy was so you can just kind of see where all the names will line up So that's both six times. Sorry about that got a little excited. There's so after six There's the top nine. We'll see you for the break jasky's case breaks.com. Bye. Bye


So we're here with the VIXS. So who are you? I'm Indra Laksono. I'm a co-founder and a CTO of Vixen Systems. So right here on your booth it says World's First 10-Bit 60p 4K HEBC. Is that what it is? Yes, that's what it is. Since CS we've been showing our SOC. This is an SOC based on a dual-arm Cortex A9. And we're the first to decode 4K HEBC 60 10-bit video. So what is 10-bit? What does that mean? For a long time right, ever since the beginning of our digital video, people have decided to set along 8-bit as the video format. That's because 8-bit is a power of 2, it's basically a byte. And it's been done that way for a long time. But people in the video industry understand that 8-bit has certain limitations. In other words, the main limitation is in fact called contouring or bending. If you look at even your best HD content available today, there will be instances where you can see areas of very distinct bands of colors or shades that are not natural. So it's more colors, it's more detail? It's more detail. So you can consider like this. When you have 8-bit video in the brightness and the color components, you're capable of showing about 16 million different shades. But when you move to 10-bit, that means a billion different colors and shades of video. So you get a billion colors and shades and you get 60p, that's like HDMI 2.0 right? Is the full 4K support? Well yes, well 60p is important because with spot content you do need higher refresh rate for video. You need higher frame rate so you can actually see better continuity. So right here you're showing actual real hardware? Yes. What we have here is our evaluation SDK systems. So developers who are building boxes for next generation set up boxes with one of the SDKs, we would ship our reference development software to go along with it. So there's a box as a reference for box makers right? To start with this and then they will make their boxes. Box makers are system makers. Today Panasonic has announced that their 4K TVs are shipping with our chip in them. We are the media processor in other words that we decode the video and the content for them in the displays. So when they get compressed video, we decode it for them. What is the main 10? Main 10 is the 10-bit video that allows you to talk about the 1 billion colors. You can conceptually view it like this. Color in compressed video has what we call YUV, which is a different color space from RGB. What you see is typically just RGB content. If you convert 8-bit YUV into 32-bit RGB, which is 8 bits each of red, green, and blue, and then you try to convert back to YUV, you find that you lose 25% of the colors. If you use 10 bits of YUV and you convert to RGB, which is true color, and you convert back, you actually get all of it back. In other words, it's a more accurate representation of color and that's why you don't see the bending effect that you're seeing with normal video you see today. So to have 10-bit video and 60p HEVC, you would need to... Is it more bitrate also? You need the source to be all the way through that quality. It's still the early days of HEVC research in terms of quality of the video, but we're seeing some very exciting breakthroughs. There's content being shown at the 10 megabits for 4K P60 that are essentially almost flawless. There's very, very difficult content that's been encoded at below 20 megabits that essentially you look at it and you can say, yeah, this is almost perfect video. So you can do below 20 megabits, 60p HEVC 4K 10-bit? Yes. Papers have been published on this. The first thing is that when you support main 10 profile for the same video quality, 10-bit video is actually lower bitrate than 8-bit video, which is a huge surprise for everybody, but the results are pretty conclusive right now. Alright, so VIXS, so since when do you do SOCs? We were founded in 2001. We've been very active in video codecs for, you know, more than 13 years right now. 13 years. And since when ARM? We switched to ARM roughly, well this is our first ARM chip, right? But we started planning this chip about 2 years ago. 2 years ago? Alright, so what do we do before? Was it MIPS? We were using MIPS before and for a lot of market reasons, we decided to switch to ARM. Is it also support for software, stuff like that? It's a combination of factors, right? A lot of it's actually customer driven. Alright, so thanks for showing off this new chip and how soon can we, all the boxes are gonna be with this, how soon? Well, we believe that there'll be more announcements coming. On the other hand, today Panasonic has announced, so if you were to buy a Panasonic 4K TV in the second half this year, there are very good chance that you'll find our chip built inside them. Does that mean your chip is the engine, the 4K engine in the TV, or is it just a decoder chip? There's also an engine for the display, right? Is it a different chip? We are the media processor in that. So in other words, content is coming in, we're decoding it into raw video for them to present. Alright, so thanks a lot for showing this.