Hello everybody and thank you for joining us today for the Virtual Vertica BDC 2020. Today's breakout session is entitled Vertica in EONMOS, Task, Present, and Future. I'm Paige Roberts, open source relations manager at Vertica and I'll be your host for this session. Joining me is Vertica engineer Yanzi Bay and Vertica product manager David Sproges. Before we begin I encourage you to submit questions or comments during the virtual session. You don't have to wait to the end. Just type your question or comment as you think of it in the question box below the slides and click submit. Q&A session at the end of the presentation will answer as many of your questions as we're able to during that time and any questions that we don't address will do our best to answer offline. If you wish after the presentation you can visit the Vertica forums to post your questions there and our engineering team is planning to join the forums to keep the conversation going just like a dev lounge at a normal in-person BDC. As a reminder you can maximize your screen by clicking the double arrow button in the lower right corner of the slides if you want to see them bigger and yes before you ask this virtual session is being recorded and will be available to view on demand this week. We'll send you a notification as soon as it's ready. All right let's get started. Over to you Dave. Thanks Paige. Hey everybody let's start with a timeline of the life of EON mode. About two years ago a little bit less than two years ago we introduced EON mode on AWS pretty specifically for the purpose of rapid scaling to meet the cloud economics promise. It wasn't long after that we realized that workload isolation by product of the architect architecture was very important to our users and going to the third tick you can see that the importance of that workload isolation was manifest in EON mode being made available on-premise using pure storage flash blade. Moving to the fourth tick mark we took steps to improve workload isolation with a new type of subcluster which Yonsey will go through and to the fifth tick mark the introduction of secondary subclusters for faster scaling and other improvements which we will cover in the slides to come. Getting started with why we created EON mode in the first place let's imagine that your database is this pie. It's a pecan pie and we're loading pecan data in through the ETL cutting board in the upper left hand corner. We have a couple of free floating pecans which we might imagine to be data supporting external tables. As you know the Vertica has a query engine capability as well which we call external tables and so if we imagine this pie we want to serve it with a number of servers. Well let's say we wanted to serve it with three servers, three nodes. We would need to slice that pie into three segments and we would serve each one of those segments from one of our nodes. Now because the data is important to us and we don't want to lose it we're going to be saving that data on some kind of raid storage or redundant storage. In case one of the drives goes bad the data remains available because of the durability of raid. Imagine also that we care about the availability of the overall database. Imagine a node goes down, perhaps the second node goes down. We still want to be able to query our data and through nodes one and three we still have all three shards covered and we can do this because of body projections. Each neighbor, each node's neighbor contains a copy of the data from the node next to it and so in this case node one is sharing its segment with node two so node two can cover node one, node three can cover node two and node one back to node three. Adding a little bit more complexity we might store the data in different copies, each copy sorted for a different kind of query. We call this projections in Vertica and for each projection we have another copy of the data sorted differently. Now it gets complex. What happens when we want to add a node? Well if we wanted to add a fourth node here what we would have to do is figure out how to re-slice all of the data in all of the copies that we have. In effect what we want to do is take our three slices and slice it into four which means taking a portion of each of our existing thirds and resegmenting into quarters. Now that looks simple in the graphic here but when it comes to moving data around it becomes quite complex because for each copy of each segment we need to re-slice it and move that data onto the new node. What's more the fourth node can't have a copy of itself that would be problematic in case it went down. Instead what we need is we need that buddy to be sitting on another node a neighboring node so we need to reorient the buddies as well. All of this takes a lot of time it can take 12, 24 or even 36 hours in a period when you do not want your database under high demand. In fact you may want to stop loading data all together in order to speed it up. This is a planned event and your applications should probably be downed during this period which makes it difficult. With the advent of cloud computing we saw that services were coming up and down faster and we determined to re-architect Vertica in a way to accommodate that rapid scaling. Let's see how we did it. So let's start with four nodes now and we've got our four node database. Let's add communal storage and move each of the segments of data into communal storage. That's the separation that we're talking about. What happens if we run queries against it? Well it turns out that the communal storage is not necessarily performance and so the IO would be slow which would make the overall queries slow. In order to compensate for the low performance of communal storage we need to add back local storage. Now it doesn't have to be raid because this is just an ephemeral copy but with the data files local to the node the queries will run much faster. In AWS communal storage really does mean an S3 bucket and here's a simplified version of the diagram. Now do we need to store all of the data from the segment in the depot? The answer is no and the graphic inside the bucket has changed to reflect that. It looks more like a bullseye showing just a segment of the data being copied to the cache or to the depot as we call it on each one of the nodes. How much data do you store on the node? Well it would be the active data set. The last 30 days, the last 30 minutes or the last whatever period of time you're working with. The active working set is the hot data and that's how large you want to size your depot. By architecting this way when you scale up you're not resegmenting the database. What you're doing is you're adding more compute and more subscriptions to the existing shards of the existing database. In this case we've added a complete set of four nodes so we've doubled our capacity and we've doubled our subscriptions which means that now two shards the two nodes can serve the yellow shard, two nodes can serve the red shard and so on. In this way we're able to run twice as many queries in the same amount of time so you're doubling the concurrency. How high can you scale? Well can you scale to 3x, 5x? We tested this in the graphic on the right which shows concurrent users in the x-axis by the number of queries executed in a minute along the y-axis. We've grouped execution in runs of 10 users, 30 users, 50, 70 up to 150 users. Now focusing on any one of these groups particularly up around 150 you can see through the three bars starting with the bright purple bar three nodes and three segments that as you add nodes to the middle purple bar six nodes and three segments you've almost doubled your throughput up to the dark purple bar which is nine nodes and three segments and our tests show that you can go to 5x with pretty linear performance increase. Beyond that you do continue to get an increase in performance but your incremental performance begins to fall off. Eon architecture does something else for us and that is it provides high availability because each of the nodes can be thought of as ephemeral and in fact each node has a buddy subscription in a way similar to the prior architecture so if we lose node four we're losing the node responsible for the red shard and now node one has to pick up responsibility for the red shard while that node is down. When a query comes in and it and let's say it comes into one and one is the initiator then one will look for participants it'll find a blue shard and a green shard but when it's looking for the red it finds itself and so the node number one will be doing double duty. This means that your performance will be cut in half approximately for the query. This is acceptable until you're able to restore the node once you restore it and once the depot becomes rehydrated then your performance goes back to normal so this is a much simpler way to recover nodes in the event of node failure. By comparison enterprise mode the the older architecture when we lose the fourth node node one takes over responsibility for the first shard and the the yellow shard and the red shard but it also is responsible for rehydrating the entire data segment of the red shard to node four. This can be very time consuming and imposes even more stress on the first node so performance will go down even further. Eon mode has another feature and that is you can scale down completely to zero we call this hibernation. You shut down your database and your database will maintain full consistency in a REST state in your S3 bucket and then when you need access to your database again you simply recreate your cluster and revive your database and you can access your database once again. That concludes the rapid scaling portion of why we created Eon mode. To take us through workload isolation is Yanxi Bay. Yanxi? Thanks Dave for presenting how Eon works in general. In the next section I will show you another important capability of vertical Eon mode the workload isolation. Dave used a Pecan pie as an example of database. Now let's say it's time for the main course. Does anyone still have a problem with food touching on their plate? Parents know that it's a common problem for kids. Well we have the similar problem in database as well so there could be multiple different workloads accessing your database at the same time say you have ETL jobs running regularly well at the same time there are dashboards running short queries against your data. You may also have the end of month report running and there can be ad hoc data scientists connect to the database and do whatever the data analysis they want to do and so on. How to make these mixed workload requests not interfering each other is a real challenge for many DBAs. Vertical Eon mode provides you the solution. I'm very excited here to introduce you the important concept in Eon mode called subclusters. In Eon mode nodes belong to the predefined subclusters rather than the whole cluster. DBAs can define different subclusters for different kinds of workloads and redirects those workloads to the specific subclusters. For example you can have ETL subcluster, dashboard subcluster, report subcluster and analytic machine learning subcluster. Vertical Eon subcluster is designed to achieve the three main goals. First of all strong workload isolation that means any operation in one subcluster should not affect or be affected by other subclusters. For example say the subcluster running the report is quite overloaded and for example an order can be the data science running crazy analytic jobs machine learning jobs on the analytic subcluster and make it very slow even stuck or crash or whatever. In such scenario your ETL and dashboard subcluster should not be or at least very minimum be impacted by this crisis and which means you your ETL job which should not be lagged behind and dashboard should respond timely. We have done a lot of improvements as of 10-0 release and it will continue to deliver the improvements in this category. Secondly fully customized subcluster settings that means any subcluster can set up and tune for very different workloads without affecting other subclusters. Users should be able to tune up tune down certain parameters based on the actual needs of the individual subcluster workload requirement. As of today Vertica already supports few settings that can be done at the subcluster level for example the depot painting policy and then we will continue extending more settings like the resource pools, knobs in the near future. Lastly Vertica subcluster should be easy to operate and cost efficient. What it means is that the subcluster should be able to turn on, turn off, add or remove or should be available for use according to a rapid changing workload. Let's say in this case you want to spin up more dashboard subcluster because you need higher queries report. You can do that and you might need to run several before subcluster because you might want to run multiple reports at the same time. While on the other hand you can shut down your analytics machine learning subcluster because no data scientists need to use it at this moment. So we also made a lot of change improvements in this category which I will explain detail later and one of the ultimate goals is to support auto scaling. To sum up what we really want to deliver for subcluster is very simple. You just need to remember that accessing subcluster should be just like accessing individual clusters. While these subclusters do share the same catalog so you don't have to work on the stale data and don't need to worry about data synchronization. That would be a nice goal. Vertical upcoming 10-0 release is certainly a milestone towards that goal which will deliver a large part of the capability in this direction and we will continue to improve it after 10-0 release. In the next couple slides I will highlight some issues about workload isolation in the initial ER release and show you how we resolve these issues. First issue, when we initially released our first also called subcluster mode, it was implemented using force groups. While force groups and the subcluster have something in common, yes, they are both defined as a set of nodes. However, they are very different in all the other ways. That was very confusing in the first place when we implemented this. As of 9-3-0 version, we decided to detach subcluster definition from the force groups which enabled us to further extend the capability of subclusters. Force groups in the pre-9-3 versions will be converted into subclusters during the upgrade and this was a very important step that enabled us to provide all the amazing following improvements on subclusters. The second issue in the past was that it's hard to control the execution groups for different types of workloads. There are two types of problems here and I will use some examples to explain. The first issue is about control group size. Say you allocate six nodes for your dashboard subcluster and what you really want is on the left three pairs of nodes as three execution groups and each pair of nodes will need to subscribe to all the four shards. However, that's not really what you get. What you really get is on the right side that the first four nodes subscribe to one shard each and the rest two nodes subscribe to two dangling shards. You won't really get three execution groups but instead only get one and the two extra nodes have no value at all. The solution is to use subclusters. Instead of having a subcluster with six nodes, you can split it up into three smaller ones. Each subcluster will guarantee to subscribe to all the shards and you can further handle these three subclusters using load balancers across them. In this way, you achieve the three real execution groups. The second issue is that the session participation is not nondeterministic. Any session will just pick four random nodes from the subcluster as long as it covers one shard each. In other words, you don't really know which set of nodes will make up your execution group. What's the problem? In this case, the fourth node will be doubled booked by two concurrent sessions. You can imagine that the resource usage will be unbalanced and both queries performance will suffer. What is even worse is that if queries of the two concurrent sessions target different tables, it will cause the issue that depot's efficiency will be reduced because both sessions will try to fetch the files onto two tables into the same depot. If the depot is not large enough, they will evict each other, which will be very bad. To solve this the same way, you can solve this by declaring subclusters. In this case, two subclusters and load balancer group across them. The reason it solved the problem is because the session participation will not go across subcluster boundary. There won't be a case that any node is double booked. In terms of the depot, if you use the subcluster and avoid using load balancer group and carefully send the first workload to the first subcluster and second to the second subcluster and then the result is that the depot isolation is achieved. The first subcluster will maintain the data files for the first query and don't need to worry about the file being evicted by the second kind of session. Here comes the next issue. It's the scaling down. In the old way of defining subclusters, you may have several execution groups in the subcluster. You want to shut it down one or two execution groups to save cost. Well, here comes the pain because you don't know which nodes may be used by which session at any point. It is hard to find the right timing to hit the shutdown button of any of those instances. If you do and get unlucky, say in this case, you pull the first four nodes, one of the sessions will fail because it's participated in the node 2 and node 4 at that point. Users of that session will notice because the query fails. We know that for many business, this is a critical problem and not acceptable. Again, with subclusters, this problem is resolved. Same reason, sessions cannot go across the subcluster boundary. All you need to do is just first prevent the query sent to the first subcluster and then you can shut down the instances in that subcluster. You are guaranteed to not break any running sessions. Now you are happy and you want to shut down more subclusters. Then you hit the issue 4. The whole cluster will go down. Why? Because the cluster loses qualms. As a distributed system, you need to have at least more than half of a node to be up in order to commit and keep the cluster up. This is to prevent the kind of lot of diversion from happening, which is important. But you still want to shut down those nodes because what's the point of keeping those nodes up and if you are not using them and let them cost you money? Vertica has a solution. You can define a subcluster as secondary to allow them to shut down without worrying about qualms. In this case, you can define the first three subclusters as secondary and the fourth one as primary. By doing so, these secondary subclusters will not become towards the qualms because we changed the rule. Now, instead of requiring more than half of node to be up, it only required more than half of the primary node to be up.  There are actually more benefits by defining secondary subcluster in addition to the qualms concern. Because the secondary subcluster no longer have the voting power, they don't need to persist catalog anymore. This means those nodes are faster to deploy and can be dropped and re-added without the need to worry about the catalogue's persistency. For the most, the subcluster that only need to read only queries is the best practice to define them as secondary. The commit will be faster on the secondary subcluster as well, so running this query on the secondary subcluster will have less spikes. Primary subcluster, as usual, handle everything is responsible for consistency. Some background tasks will be running, so DBA should make sure that the primary subcluster is stable and the zoom is running all the time. Of course, you need to at least one primary subcluster in your database. Now, with the secondary subcluster, users can start and stop as they need, which is very convenient. This further brings up another issue, is that if there are ETL transactions running and in the middle, a subcluster started and it becomes up. In older versions, there is no catalogue re-sync mechanism to keep the new subcluster up to date, so Vertica rolls back the ETL session to keep the data consistency. This actually quite disruptive because real world ETL workload can sometimes take hours, and rolling back at the end means a large waste of resources. We resolved this issue in 931 version by introducing a catalogue re-sync mechanism when such situation happens. ETL transaction will not roll back anymore, but instead will take some time to re-sync the catalogue and the commit, and the problem is resolved. And last issue I would like to talk about is the subscription. Especially for large subcluster, when you start it, the startup time is quite long because the subscription commit used to be serialized. In one of our internal testing with large catalogs, committing a subscription, you can imagine it takes five minutes. Secondary subcluster is better because it doesn't need to persist the catalogue during the commit, but still takes about two seconds to commit. So what's the problem here? Let's do the math and look at this chart. The x-axis is the time in the minutes, and the y-axis is the number of nodes to be subscribed. The dark blue represents the primary subcluster, and light blue represents the secondary subcluster. Let's say the subcluster has 16 nodes in total, and if you start the secondary subcluster, it will spend about 30 seconds in total because the 2 second times 16 is 32. It's not actually that long time, but if you imagine that starting secondary subcluster, you expect it to be super fast to react to the fast-changing workload, and 30 seconds is no longer trivial anymore. And what is even worse is on the primary subcluster side, because the commit is much longer and five minutes, let's assume. Then at the point, you are committing the six-node subscription. All other nodes already waited for 30 minutes for GCRX, or we know the global capital lock, and the vertical will crash the nodes if any node cannot get the GCRX for 30 minutes. So the end result is that your whole database crashed. That's a serious problem, and we know that, and that's why we already planned for the fix for the 10.0, so that all the subscription will be patched up, batched up, and all the nodes will commit at the same time concurrently. And by doing that, you can imagine the primary subcluster can finish committing in five minutes instead of crashing, and the secondary subcluster can finish even in seconds. Now summarize the highlights for the improvements we have done as of 10.0, and I hope you already get excited about the emerging Eion deployment pattern as shown here. A primary subcluster that handles data-loading ETL jobs and tuple mover jobs is the backbone of the database, and you keep it running all the time. At the same time, define it different secondary subcluster for different workloads, and provision them when the workload requirement arrives, and then deprovision them when the workload is done to save the operational cost. So can't wait to play with the cluster cluster. Here are some admin tools combined that you can start using, and for more details, check out our Eion subcluster documentation for more details. And thanks everyone for listening, and I'll head back to Dave to talk about the Eion print. Thanks, Yancy. At the same time that Yancy and the rest of the dev team were working on the improvements that Yancy described and other improvements, this guy, John Yovanovich, stood on stage and told us about his deployment at AT&T, where he was running Eion mode on prem. Now, this was only six months after we had launched Eion mode on AWS, so when he told us that he was putting it into production on prem, we nearly fell out of our chairs. How is this possible? We took a look back at Eion and determined that the workload isolation and the improvement to the operations for restoring nodes and other things had sufficient value that John wanted to run it on prem, and he was running it on the pure storage flash blade. Taking a second look at the flash blade, we thought, all right, well, does it have the performance? Yes, it does. The flash blade is a collection of individual blades, each one of them with NVMe storage on it, which is not only a performance, but it's scalable. And so we then asked, is it adorable? The answer is yes. The data safety is implemented with the N plus two redundancy, which means that up to two blades can fail and the data remains available. And so with this, we realized DBAs can sleep well at night knowing that their data is safe. After all, Eion mode outsources the durability to the communal storage data store. Does flash blade have the capacity for growth? Well, yes, it does. You can start as low as 120 terabytes and grow as high as about eight petabytes. So it certainly covers the range for most enterprise usages. And operationally, it couldn't be easier to use. When you want to grow your database, you can simply pop new blades into the flash blade unit, and you can do that hot. If one goes bad, you can pull it out and replace it hot. So you don't have to take your data store down, and therefore you don't have to take vertical down. Knowing all of these things, we got behind Pure Storage and partnered with them to implement the first version of Eion on premise. That changed our roadmap a little bit. We were imagining it would start with Amazon and then go to Google and then to Azure and at some point to Alibaba Cloud. But as you can see from the left column, we started with Amazon and went to Pure Storage. And then from Pure Storage, we went to Minio, and we launched Eion mode on Minio at the end of last year. Minio is a little bit different than Pure Storage. It's software only. So you can run it on pretty much any x86 servers, and you can cluster them with storage to serve up an S3 bucket. It's a great solution for up to about 120 terabytes beyond that. We're not sure about performance implications because we haven't tested it, but for your dev environments or small production environments, we think it's great. With Vertica 10, we are introducing Eion mode on Google Cloud. This means not only running Eion mode in the cloud, but also being able to launch it from the marketplace. We're also offering Eion mode on HDFS with version 10. If you have a Hadoop environment and you want to breathe new fresh life into it with the high performance of Vertica, you can do that starting with version 10. Looking forward, we'll be moving Eion mode to Microsoft Azure. We expect to have something breathing in the fall and offering it to select customers for beta testing, and then we expect to release it sometime in 2021. Following that further on the horizon is Alibaba Cloud. Now, to be clear, we will be putting Vertica in Enterprise mode on Alibaba Cloud in 2020, but Eion mode is going to trail behind whether it lands in 2021 or not. We're not quite sure at this point. Our goal is to deliver Eion mode anywhere you want to run it on-prem or in the cloud or both because that is one of the great value propositions of Vertica is the hybrid capability, the ability to run in both the Eion-prem environment and in the cloud. What's next? I've got three priority and roadmap slides. This is the first of the three. We're going to start with improvements to the core of Vertica. Starting with query crunching, which allows you to run long-running queries faster by getting nodes to collaborate. You'll see that coming very soon. We'll be making improvements to large clusters and specifically large cluster mode. The management of large clusters over 60 nodes can be tedious. We intend to improve that in part by creating a third network channel to offload some of the communication that we're now loading onto our spread or agreement protocol. We'll be improving depot efficiency. We'll be pushing down more controls to the subcluster level, allowing you to control your resource pools at the subcluster level, and we'll be pairing couple moving with data loading. From an operational flexibility perspective, we want to make it very easy to shut down and revive primaries and secondaries on-prem and in the cloud. Right now it's a little bit tedious, very doable. We want to make it as easy as a walk in the park. We also want to allow you to be able to revive into a different size subcluster and last but not least, in fact, probably the most important, the ability to change shard count. This has been a sticking point for a lot of people, and it puts a lot of pressure on the early decision of how many shards should my database be, whether it's in 2020 or 2021. We know it's important to you, so it's important to us. Ease of use is also important to us, and we're making big investments in the management console to improve managing subclusters as well as to help you manage your load balancer groups. We also intend to grow and extend EON mode to new environments. Now we'll take questions and answers.


If, if you, if you are an artist right on the independent side, we've gotten all this accessibility distribution that has happened over the last, you know, 15 maybe 20 years because of social media and these independent distributors right. I think the problem that occurs is people don't notice that the music industry is shrinking in your words. Because the distribution has, has, you know, spread out. So if I'm used to getting zero dollars, you have all these people who are used to getting nothing now making $50,000 and $30,000 and $5,000 for the first time. You don't notice that the pie is smaller because as far as you individually are concerned, the pie is bigger.


What's up everyone it's your girl Kenzie here from Layton Sports Guards And I'm ripping a couple of personals here for Aiden B to end the night for us We've got an order of the 2022 Panini Father's Day packs Those come in bundles of five and then a 2022 tops find this Star Wars hobby All right, we're gonna start with the Father's Day packs again bundles of five got one two three four and five Good luck here Aiden Thanks for your order. We'll end the night here for us We got Kevin Durant's and a Dale Earnhardt jr. Cool one there NASCAR pack two Juan Soto and rookie Jalen Suggs for the magic. Nice pack three Got Alan Iverson and a LeBron James Lakers This one's thick. I'll save that one for last Pack four a Don Mattingly and Wanda Franco rookie nice Nice Gucci. What movie are you gonna go see buddy?  Good luck got some thick here rookie Wanda Franco and We've got for the magic. Wow on the Panini patch four of ten Chuma Chuma Oh, okay. Do you love me? Are you right? Nice. Oh kiki auto. That's cool. I like the Panini patch on that. That's really nice You go Aiden congrats the first auto we fold out of a father's day all night tonight been ripping a lot of that tonight actually Alright At least all right tops finest Star Wars. Let's see what we can get you. Let's see a sketch car You still have a full one out of the finest just the master I think you're sitting on one of one's two basically All right, here we go. Good luck Aiden last box of the night. We've got refractor of the clients Hunter cargo Crosshair refractor from the bad batch of Saul Guerrero Reads Cool bud, that should be fun Those are always funny movies charge our binks. We've got from the Mandalorian Mayfield Toto 360 color coming up refractor of Rex and Blew to 150 Ezra Bridger This one there math matches his lifesaver and refractor auto of even Peel Some of these Ray and by popcorn on the movies I bet We've got Lorna D refractor in Omega Last pack of mini box one Refractor R2-D2 nice on there Kylo Ren All right sketch card come on second half R2-D2 stormtrooper may fail refractor of pattern. I'm a doll. Oh, that's a Looks like they should be on men in black some of these like alien looking things Rara bad batch of Chum cindu la refractor Boba Fett's refractor from Bookaboba Fett. It's a nice book ball. I remember him from the first movie Malbus Bane When do we've got grogu from the Mandalorian refractor? Berg got some color coming up Refractor of Cato co-connates Green wave auto to 99 Admiral Akbar That's a cool one ugly looking person, but cool 31 a 99 nice one there for you Aiden and a Babu Frick Famous off one line refractor of skier Yoda Yoda that is some more color Green to 99 Kylo Ren nice one there That is 66 of 99 or 99 of 66 whichever way you'd like to see it and Sith trooper Alrighty Aiden that will do it for your two Personals there. Thanks again for hopping in and we will get these right out to you


Welcome everyone. Good morning. Thank you for joining us for the second celebration of Associate Professors event this semester, this fall semester. We have a lot of events that we organized from the college, right? Seemingly every day there's an email about some event, but honestly this one is amongst the most heartwarming ones that we organize here, because what we intend to do here is a celebrate the success of a recently promoted Associate Professors. Those who have been through, you know, that that stretch of career know how difficult it was. Perhaps some of us who have been through it have forgotten about it, but those who are in the process of going through it or those who hope to go through it in the future can learn a lot from some of the key insights of decisions that these colleagues have taken, what made them successful, etc. So that's the second part of what we try to do here is to share the wisdom from that experience. A third part is to try and get new collaborations. There are many faculty colleagues and I also like to welcome all those who are joining us virtually today. Thank you for joining us, but this is an opportunity for a wider cross-section of faculty to get to know about you and to know about your work, and in fact we do know that some of these discussions lead to future research collaborations as well, so hope that also happens. So without further ado, I'd like to call upon Yang Kim to introduce our first speaker, Feng Huang, for the day. So please, Yang. Good morning everyone. It is my great pleasure to introduce our rising star, Professor Feng Huang. Professor Feng is currently a Riley associate professor of biomedical engineering at Weldon School. Professor Feng received his bachelor's degree in physics at the University of Science and Technology of China in 2004 at his very early age, and his PhD in physics from the University of New Mexico in 2011, and his dissertation is about ERK1 dimerization modeling using fluorescence correlations spectroscopy and as well as single molecule super resolution method he's studying. Then he went on to post-doctoral training in cell biology at Yale University, and then Professor Feng joined Purdue Engineering in 2015, and he had a very interesting journey from physics, biology, and finally in engineering, so I want to actually ask your physicist or your engineer or your biologist, actually. I really want to know your identity. He received numerous awarding recognitions. In particular, he received the DARPA Young Faculty Award and received approximately $10 million in funding, including four or five large NIH grants. He has, I think, a few more at this moment. His research focuses on creation of novel microscopy method, including hardware and as well as algorithms that enable single molecule and super resolution imaging. Actually, he's known as a professor in our unit, publishes only nature papers, only nature papers actually. As a researcher, key aspect I truly respect is he's an excellent example of resilient researcher. One lesson, actually, including me, is that a bold and innovative mindset will be paid off if we are persistent. I really hope that we can really cultivate this culture in our unit as well. Without further ado, please join me in welcoming Professor Huang. Thank you so much. Thank you so much, Yang, for your introduction. It's a pleasure for me to present my journey or the student's journey, actually, to achieve all the success I'm going to show you today. My name is Fang. I'm an associate professor of Biomedical Engineering Department and my lab works on high resolution optical imaging technologies to review biological structure that is unresolvable using conventional methods. So for example, if you look at this picture of a confocal nuclear pore complex proteins on CO7 cells, all of these thoughts are nuclear pores, individual clusters you can say, we call it puncta. And in fact, that if you look at the super resolution image, you can see the picture is much better resolved. And in fact, if you look at cross or subsection of that, it is very apparent that high resolution in super resolution image give you much a clear view in term of resolution as well as it reveals that not 98 orbital positions potentially form this 40 to 60 nanometer ring like structure. So how do we solve that? And how do we get this high resolution image? The concept lies in to localize the individual isolated single molecule emitters precisely in their centers and reconstruct their centers into the super resolution image on the right over here. As you can see, as the more molecule being reconstructed, the higher resolution, you can see the better that are revealed such that these structures that are traditionally under diffraction limit can now be seen using super resolution technology. And this work is developed, this concept developed in 2006, won the Nobel Prize in 2014. Now, as you can see, you probably can imagine now cell biology processes or dynamics cannot be revealed in cells, tissues and animals with as high resolution as you want. And therefore, testing a biological hypothesis will be simply taking a photo or movie on the process you want to investigate with sufficient resolution. While this is not the case, at least yet, there's tremendous challenges that still exist before we can claim that. For example, taking this photo take a very long time. You have to isolate individual molecules, therefore taking thousands or even millions of images sometimes to construct one image. And this is very detrimental for life cell imaging where dynamics is what you are seeking. Single molecule emission patterns generate aberrations scattering also disrupts the features that we want to see in tissues because light propagate in tissue constitutes a different speed. At the same time, if you want really high resolution, one to five nanometers, you really need novel instrumentation and conventional method to detect photons, such that photons encode much more information than the current methods. So, MATLAB focused on three directions on these front or challenges that before we can claim really a revolutionary technology to solve biological hypothesis. We want to put super resolution in life cells, and we also want to transition them from cells to tissues to small animals. For example, over here in the middle, you can see an amyloid beta fibula structure in mouse frontal cortex in brain slices. We also developed novel technologies such that it will encode more information per photon count. Even with 500 photon count, we want to achieve one to five nanometer precision in localizing their centers. Mike and Paul spearheaded in the direction of high precision localization of single molecules through tissues. Here, they developed adaptive optics and also developed PSF engineering technologies using deformed mirrors really to move super resolution from cells to tissues. Here's a picture of amyloid beta fibula in 30 micron mouse brain sections in Alzheimer's disease model. And you can see the drastic contrast between diffraction limited image and super resolution image, for example, over here and here. And here's the other examples. Pei Yi and Sheng developed method they decided to use deep learning to tackle single molecule analysis. Single molecules can have really complex patterns, for example, this one over on the bottom left. And these complex patterns can encode molecular information in multiple classes. It can encode position of the molecule, orientation of the molecule, as well as a shared wave front of the molecule. It is very difficult to decode them using traditional statistics and inference method. So they developed deep neural network for a single molecule we call SMNAT, which are capable of inferring 3D location orientation and wave front distortion simultaneously from a complex in molecule pattern. This network does not only extract the information, but extract the information at the statistical theoretical limit which is demonstrated in these two figures. And here's a beautiful picture they reconstructed using their deep learning method showing the crispy structure of mitochondria membrane contour labeled by Tom 20 proteins. Sheng and Yi Lun spearheaded in the high speed acquisition. We want to use a high speed camera to collect high speed dynamics of cells. However, those cameras have caveats. Each individual pixel have different fluctuations. Therefore, if you want to look at the image, you're actually not only looking at the fluctuation of the biological signal, which is really what you want to get. You also have sensor fluctuations. And therefore, if you look at the picture in the middle on the red part, you can see all the dots over here showing the fluctuation of single pixels by themselves. It's not necessarily what we want to sense. So what they do is they combine the statistical knowledge and optic knowledge together and to separate the noise with a signal. Whereas the OTF boundary sets a boundary between signal and noise contribution towards noise only contribution. Therefore, they can minimize the noise without affecting the signal. So on the bottom, you can see each individual pixel give you fluctuations that we want to eliminate. And after their algorithm, noise correction algorithm or NCS for short, you can see the contribution from pixel sensor noise is already gone. And you do not have any effect on your signal. And Yi Lun actually further calculated the lower bound by statistics and also the constraint of OTF over here and demonstrate that NCS actually performed very close to the lower bound of the statistics. Sha and Fernan actually go ahead and invented another very unconventional Mexico. Instead of looking at the horizontal plane of the specimen, which you usually put the specimen in there and you look at the horizontal plane. But this Mexico look at vertical plane directly without scanning. So this allows you to image up to 20 micron depth with one shot without scan. And over here you can see a drastic difference between a diffraction limited image and super resolution image over here. And here's also knob 96, knob 98 labeled with the Alexa C47. And here's a super resolution image. Here's the contrast diffraction limited and super resolution diffraction limited and super resolution image. This is a very new setup and both of them work very hard to achieve this. Fernan Donghan furthermore are trying to tackle one of the long standing problem in single molecule imaging. As you know that our business depend on localizing centers of the molecule. However, those centers of the molecule, what model you use to model it? We take a bead image on the coverset. And these are never accurate. You're trying to image in the tissues, the tissue photons experience tissue structures while the bead never experience those. So what we are using is an in vitro model. And Fernan Donghan developed this method called insidio PSF retrieval. Directly retrieved points by function from single molecule blinking data. And therefore they can use their algorithm to accurately localize single molecules in spite of aberration introduced by tissues.  And you can see the wonderful reconstruction of high resolution image that you can trace the three dimensional fibril in a very high accurate manner. And Donghan Amayam now move forward to trying to get the system into a much higher resolution and depth. How John and Shun and Fan and Vermeira takes a lead on tackling one of the most difficult microscopy system in the field for high single molecule imaging system. Where we're trying to image the sample, the sample is sandwiched between two cover slips. You have two objective coherently detecting the fluorescence emitted by every single molecule. By coherently combining them together, you form a single molecule interference pattern that generates modulations that give you enormous improvement in the axial resolution of the system upon the super resolution system I already told you. So about five to seven times expected. As you can see here it's our initial result that Fan and Hao Zhang already demonstrate the possibility doing four pi single molecule imaging through tissue specimens. Most recently, Pei Yi developed a new method leveraging her previous invention on single molecule neural network to use a network controlling a default mirror, a device that can optimize your microscope's penetration depth and resolution. So as you can see over here, you have a fairly blurred image of single molecules. Every single molecule is a little bit distorted. Now we're going to perform deep learning driven adaptive optics. After even one cycle of compensation, you can see the aberration being drastically compensated. And over time, you can see the compensation result in a PSF response that as if it never went through the specimen. And we have Yue Zhang over here, which is our organic chemist developed organic diet for lifestyle imaging. Maddie is our ER expert, is our link to diabetes. Li Fang already generated tremendous insight for our understanding on how aberration affects resolution and how we aberrations affect how we correct aberrations, which is a very interesting topic. And Cheng is our self allergist and an expert on single molecule dynamic analysis. And their work is ongoing. I hope to share with you in future. All of that is not possible without support for my mentors, collaborators, our heads and our colleagues. So we'd like to thank David for his support and advocate for our research and also collaboration. And Dave Kish, who helped us every single time almost within two or four hours, our need in research. Eugenio, who actually taught us what is deep learning after all. And Mao Ban, Charlie, who helped us to recruit me here to Purdue, which is a wonderful place and the best decision in my life probably, other than my marriage. I have to say. And he also, they also helped me a lot on initial grant applications and also research ideas. Kenan Park for continuous support and advocate for our research and nominating me for multiple awards. Richard and Ram's and for their help during a very difficult time in 2019 for the lab. Alex, Tron Lee, Daniel and Gary for being a wonderful collaborator. We look forward to working with you further to advance technologies as well as to probably solve questions and George for their support. And we'd like to send Keith Slicky and York Beaver of my PhD and postdoc mentors and also Tom Pollard, who we have been working with for more than 10 years and we're still learning how to do research from him. And thank you very much. Wonderful for your research. I think it's a time for questions or comments. We do have questions. So anyone participating on the Zoom, I think you can type in your questions so that we can read. I have two questions on the ratings. Number one is more technical question and number two is like a general in life. Number one is do you have any kind of target objective that the resolution that the best resolution you want to achieve with optical microscopy? I think what's the best resolution so far you have like 10 nanometers, five nanometers? I don't know. It depends on the depth and et cetera. That is true. So there's two directions in the lab as I mentioned potentially deeper into the specimen. But the deeper you go, the worst resolution you will definitely get. And we want to mitigate that. D4 mirror is one of the ways to do that, adaptive optics and other ways potential advanced illumination technologies. We are also working on in the other direction of high resolution. And in term of exact resolution, I will be comfortable from one to five or one to three nanometers. That will be our goal. Certainly we have not achieved it. And we also are investigating possibility to find those structures in biology such that we can really take advantage of that resolution to review new processes or dynamics. So it's ongoing and it's evolving all the time, I will say. So one to three nanometers are using optical microscope. Today I will say yes. Wow, it's impressive. Yes. Oh yeah. And the second one actually is that are you a physicist? Which title you're most proud of? Physicist, biologist, or engineer? I'm trying to be a physicist. But a lot of my work requires a lot of engineering which I really enjoy. And I also enjoy working with biologists to solve biological questions. One of my dream course to teach is cell biology. If I can teach that course, can I call myself biologist? So I really, as you can see in the lab, we have chemistry in the lab. We have cell biologists in the lab. We have physicists, engineers, all these disciplines. And that's all I can say. Yes, I do. Okay, sure. Jan Alibak asks, how do you get ground truth information for your deep learning based methods? That's a very interesting question. So for single molecules, many of our ground truths can come in from a fiduciary marker. That will be a bead on the cover set. We can potentially localize. And we have very high precision stages like one to three nanometer or zero point three nanometer resolution. So we can move the stage and see whether our deep learning give the exact result. But do we have ground truths in biology? We don't. The only thing we can validate is we can know, we can image some known biology structures and see whether these structure looks like they are supposed to be, for example, in an electron microscope when it's shallow depths. So two questions, Feng. Sure. By the way, congratulations. I love the results every time I see them. But you spoke of two important decisions, right? One is life partner. The other is, you know, coming to Purdue. What about decisions you've taken after that? What are some key decisions after you joined Purdue that helped guide you to this success? Can you share some thoughts on that? And maybe they're not as important as the first two, but they're still important for many others here. So I think the most important decision is having a whole lab member joining the lab. And I've been very lucky to have very productive and lab members that work together with the whole team and they collaborate. And different people have different mentality, but they all willing to work together and contribute to the knowledge growth of the entire lab. I think that's probably the number one careful thing that I'm trying to let whom join the lab. And the other decision would be collaborations. And single molecule is not easy technology to implement. And yearly is not that confocal. And collaboration is extremely important. And our collaboration so far has been very persistent in using our technology and optimizing the manner. Every single picture that I showed you is not within obtainable within three months. It's always like almost half a year or a year optimization before you can see the picture over here. But during the process student and postdoc learn a lot, our contribution actually synergize together. And we produce something that is difficult to produce on the first shot, which is actually a very rewarding experience. And again maybe going to Kinam's, well Kinam is not online here. Is he online? He's okay. Yeah, I know. But what would be the grand challenge problem in biophysics or in biochemistry that some of these techniques will be able to unlock? Very interesting question. The technology we're trying to pursue has a broad application area I would say. And in term of which question is more important than the others, I will let the biologists consider. Very interesting talk. So I enjoyed it. For those fantastic final images, you take a lot of time to get from very initially very blurred original data. But to trust, put trust on the final optimized image. Is there a standard case that you can calibrate your process that the one you obtained finally actually is the physical image rather than numerical artifacts? Yes. So it's important to calibrate all these methods. And we have different methods to calibrate. We have DNA origami that we can manufacture. And while in the end you still don't know what the size of DNA origami is. And it varies from different particle to particle. But at least they give you an average effect of how much you are expecting. On average about two sites. For example, 50 nanometers. And we also have model system used and typically using molecule imaging. And we have a biological system called nuclear pore complex systems that I showed you in the beginning. But there's another subunit you can label that which have very well measured EM units. So they know the copy number as well as the distance between those. And these are developed at EMBL. A wonderful technology that we can use to calibrate. And these are very important and calibration methods we use. Yes. Thank you. I'll have the last question actually. So I know you're at the forefront of highly, highly competitive this optical microscopy community. And how do you kind of manage your stress or to have any secret to be successful in this highly competitive scientific community? First of all, I cannot say myself successful. But looking at all these pictures, I can say our projects, many of them are successful. So how do we achieve that? And we have students and we also have study conversation and journal clubs we often hold and on weekly basis. We meet every two twice every week to dissect all the important papers in the field. And during that time we dive pretty deep into that. And overall I think the field also has many, many publications. And we can cluster them into different knowledge bases. And therefore evolve and the knowledge also evolve in students and postdocs. So that they have gradually, not very fast, but gradually they have a cohesive understanding of how, why this thing goes certain direction, why this thing goes not. Therefore it's effectively reduce the number of readings or number of careful studies we have to perform. Because as you said there's many publications on this field and we have to filter through this. Great. Thank you so much and congratulations again. And I hope to, I'm looking forward to seeing you more on progress and more nice images. All right. Thank you. Thank you so much.


Welcome back to the FNA and today I want to talk about the most common pitfalls when you animate with IK arms. One of the many positive aspects of teaching a lot of classes that you get a very quick overview of many different skill sets of students and there are many different levels. But you can see a common through line of things that a lot of students get wrong or wrong as in just they don't have enough experience but something that happens a lot when they animate a certain way. And today I want to talk about IK arms. But before I do hi my name is JD if you're new to this channel and I do lectures like these I do animation analysis clips I do acting analysis clips I do rig reviews proc reviews and so on you know this is the pitch when I say what I do you can browse around the channel and if there's something that you like feel free to subscribe and hit that bell button so you don't miss any of my uploads that is the pitch you know it's YouTube there you go let's get back to IK and this is not an IK versus FK clip that's going to come later this is just generally if you do animate with IK arms this is what you're supposed to look out for let's go and I'm going to show this in two ways I did this a long time ago for my class this is a very old clip here but usually when you have a rig they move it around this is what happens they actually have Maya open you can see this here with eng you can grab the root and if you move the root around usually with IK arms this is what happens now there are different ways that you can get rid of that for all the rigs you just grab your IK arms parented on the root and at least when you move the root the arms will follow the problem of course is they go too far things can break they're all kinds of hacky ways where that solution is not going to work now it is rigs are fairly sophisticated there are lots of ways of IK FK matching and gimbal lock and all kinds of fixes but still even with all of that here's one of the first things that will stand out when you animate with an IK arm and you're not careful anytime you have an elbow that moves the wrist is not going to move either so if I go in here and I move that arm you can see here there's a pull vector there's a twist but if I do this if I twist that arm you can see that the wrist is not going to follow and this just feels very separate so it does if you draw a line here and everything you animate in this section here has zero influence on this sounds fairly simple but still you put your arms on the table which is why you would have for instance IK because you want to rest it you don't want to and you move the body around you don't want to move things from my frame but if you do this and you move the elbow around that wrist is going to feel very locked visually so every time you do something with the elbow you're gonna have to find a way to have that forearm influence that wrist so when I do this the forearm is going to take the wrist with it and depending on where the pressure is and everything you can have the pinpoint on the fingers you can do like that you can have all kinds of depending on what the lean is in the weight and everything but as you have anything resting on a hand and you move the elbow the wrist has to somewhat move with it obviously if it's like this and you move everything around then you have the hand that comes off the table there needs to be a certain pinpoint where things are not moving but make sure just that influence doesn't stop harshly when the forearm ends here and the wrist and the hand starts so again if you move the elbow the wrist here doesn't move not happy and if your wrist is not resting on a table and it's just floating like this in the air just make sure that if you do this you can see here that the wrist just follows with it of course he's happy about that so if you move the pull vector around make sure that you move the wrist as well but then again another pitfall you see with ik arms is that if you don't have any type of translate it's going to be such a strong pivot off of here because that is where the ik controller is resting as opposed to if you would just do this if i move my arm around like this and you can see this here i move it around like that you're going to have some sort of translate there's going to be some messiness in this again that messiness will depend on the style like how cartoon is going to be how realistic so that's always a bit of a thing that will influence how you animate but still if you move this around if i hold this like it just doesn't feel natural to have that right there so if you move this around there's going to be some translate so ik arms you move the elbow the wrist is going to stay put feels weird but if you move that wrist around with the forearm make sure that you don't keep that ik controller here stuck because then again it looks like that very clear pivot which again looks like a very clear ik arm so you're gonna have to have to move around that arm a little bit so it looks like it's more of an organic way of moving the arm another pitfall and this one is huge is that when you move an arm like this you can see not happy is that it's a very straight line you can see this here you move it from here to here and why is that well that's my dog he's very sad that i'm not taking care of him but didn't come in he just opens the door this is indy this is the culprit when looking to the camera here oh he's so cute but anyway this is not what the fna is about indy let's go let me close the totally lost my train of thought arms aka arms let's go so here's the thing you grab that arm right and let's say you have that arm here and then wherever i'm gonna set a key and bring that arm up here so when you play this you can see how unnatural this looks first of all you have a very straight line you can see here as you go up and you can also visualize this with a motion trail that is a straight path on top of that you can see that the wrist is not changing so you would have to move that wrist around so you have this pose from here all the way up potentially do something like this so as you move this you can see how the wrist is somewhat staying aligned with the forearm but again that straight path just doesn't look natural so just like i showed here this is not a good way to do this because again the path is too straight so one of the fixes like i showed that you have to align that wrist with the forearm this is still going to feel somewhat unnatural because it's just kind of this blocky thing that moves of course it will depend on your performance and what you want to do what you want to have some drag some lead with the arms that's going to be all different again depending on your own animates but the big pitfall is that when you move your arm that A the wrist stays put it's kind of hard to actually do this and that it moves in a straight fashion so elbow watch out cut wrist watch out straight path watch out it has to have arcs and as you move your forearm the wrist is going to be somewhat aligned depending on your actions depending on your acting choices with that forearm but you don't want again that cut line between the forearm and the hand so as you move like this he's happy about this you not only have the hand following the forearm but now you have an arm when the arm goes up and down this is of course a pain to do when you animate with ik arms because you can move this around i want to spline this but it's you can see this it's still not going to be pretty that's just the downfall of an ik arm you're gonna have to look at your tangents you might have to set more keys and more breakdowns and in between to make this work of course you might say well why would i do this why not just do this into fk i take this and just move it down and here we go this is a free way of doing nice clean arcs absolutely but this is again not a ik versus fk this is if you have to use ik for whatever setup again it's resting your pushing then you have to move some from one pushed and kind of somewhat locked position to another push for instance it's going to be also pain to switch from ik fk fk ik so you might as well stick with ik and this is why i'm showing you this because if you have this moment where you go from an ik position to another ik position you have to make sure that it still moves in an arc just like it would with an fk arm and it's tricky to do and i'm saying this is easy i'm very used to animating a lot of it in ik because of the rigs at work but it's still a pain so you can always draw on your screen that that's the arc that it's supposed to be you can do something rough with with fk arms but you move that fk arm you can also parent the sphere through that wrist and then bake it out and then you see that sphere moving and that's the nice arc or whatever you want to track then go back to ik and then move it around the many ways we can kind of hack things around to make it work but again if you are in a position where you have to animate with ik because sometimes it's just better than fk and this will be for the other clip so if you are in that situation make sure that you always have arcs i think out of everything i said arcs are probably the biggest thing but closely followed is that the wrist stays too put so when you move your arm around make sure that the wrist doesn't have that like i said before that separation where all this is moving but if i do kind of a twisty thing like that that forearm orientation has kind of continued through that that hand to a certain degree like i said just to make this look less like an ik arm and again if you have an ik arm when you move your body around that ik arm is going to stay put so again think about if this was fk and i'm moving everything around like this that's a bit more natural you're still going to have some drag overlap or whatever lead depending on the acting choices but all that goes out the window once you have ik so sticky wrist watch out when you move elbows around that a there's some residual movement and translate but also if you move that elbow around that your wrist is not completely locked you don't have that clear cut and i know i'm repeating things but it's important and i really want to drill that into your brain as you animate with ik arms the thing about ik is that you can just pose out things much faster just moving around your poses and you sculpt your pose and then that's it and you want to adjust things you can do this you move your chest that arm stays put it's really nice to do some quick posing versus if you switch to fk and you move your chest around it's going to move that arm around and the arcs are all messed up depending on the rig some rigs have fixes for that but that's just kind of the pros and cons between ik fk which i'll get to in another clip and sometimes the ik arms kind of sneak into production sometimes it's just not you can see this in some movies we go like that's a bit too locked there or that wrist is a bit too locked compared to the forearm it happens it's just really tricky to do and you have to be really on top of it but it's just sometimes you're out of time sometimes the move just you you work on it just doesn't quite work it's not easy to do actually there's a clip that i want to show from an old test that they did for tron legacy this is not to bag on the test because the test was not supposed to be public i think it was leaked to kind of make the movie happen i can't remember what it was but this is just a moment where you can see that this is an ik arm where there's not enough influence in the hands compared to what the rest of the body is doing so if i show you this this is the clip here so as he swings around you can see this here especially once you get through here there's a lot of movement in here that doesn't quite continue past the wrist and you can see it especially here there's a lot of movement there there's no rotation there's no other influence there especially here you can see this there's a lot of elbow movement and nothing is moving here it's just very very locked again this is not to specifically bag on the enemy who did this but just every now and then you can see it in production this is just want to show you this is in a actual shot this is what it would look like and i'm not saying i can do this better i actually tried this a long time ago this is with my old rig i remember doing this for the students as a kind of this is how you potentially fix it and then i realized that this was too thick and i can't really wrap my fingers around so all that looseness here and that jitteriness that is not a good example of showing what it should be but the main example i want to show you is that as the body moves around that forearm and here the hand this orientation is still somewhat working together so as the body swings around this forearm is going to or the whole arm is going to move this way so it's going to pull this section and rotate it around you can see this here and as it comes out i can still see some moments where it sticks i'm not going to say what is this is an old animation i just failed when i did this years ago but that's kind of the influence that i would like you to try to get to so as this is moving around there's still influence here and you can pinpoint the pressure and the lock in this finger so again i would have to make this a lot smaller so i can actually wrap those fingers around so when you play this side by side you can kind of see what i was trying to go for with that fix there you go and i say it again watch out when you move elbows the wrist has to continue depending on the situation of course but you don't want it to rest or just be somewhere in the air lots of elbow movement wrist doesn't continue you have elbow movement on top of that and then this lock where the control just locks in space that's also an ik flag a flag as in you can tell this is an ik arm you move the arm from a to b it's in a straight path that's typically ik you need arcs to me these are the biggest ones once you fix that's gonna look a lot more like an fk arm but even with fk arms you have pitfalls like i said before when you move the chest and just takes those arms with it it's at that one unit type feel where it's too parented that's the pitfall of fk arms but again i'll do a clip about ik versus fk what to look out for and how to switch and look at the most common best practices basically but if you are a student and you're watching this please pay attention to those points and the next time you animate something with ik arms make sure that you address those points with the message or starting again i know students will get into that same trap of well i need to push something or pull i'm gonna use ik arms and then i will be the teacher going no no wait you gotta move this and do that so watch this i hope it helps any questions about it let me know in the comments so i can clarify things or bring it up in the next clip speaking of clip if you have a clip with ik arms and you want me to help you with that problem i have workshops you know that's the pitch you can sign up at any time link in the description with all information the workshops are open you can sign up and start whenever you want to speaking of start i mean speaking of time thank you for watching till the very end this was a longer clip so thank you for your patience and watching this whole thing till the very end and if you feel like this is helpful and you don't want to miss any of those clips feel free to subscribe and hit that bell button if you don't miss any of my uploads like i said and that is that the pitch at the end for my channel but thank you for doing so it helps with the growth of my channel and that is that thank you for watching and i'll see you in my next clip


Doesn't matter what your profession is that none had an attitude problem, but of course we do wish her a very speedy recovery and You know things got out of hand There's come in my bum. Welcome to episode number three of the Martin Michael fully actual podcast season two This is our 43rd episode in total third episode on the season and let me just go ahead and say Matt. Yes He has his own mic now That's how we upgraded with the green screen own mic.   What do you mean green screen? This is we're in a field. No, no, let's be I want to be in an orphanage or space Either or conner you decide conner. Maybe mix it mix it like half space half orphanage Maybe throw in some like desert. Maybe a spacey orphanage. Maybe an orphanage a pigary a pigary We could be at a pigary. Well, it could be Jesus with the 11 to 12 disciples. Yeah.  We could have we could be at 7 11 we could be working at 7 11. Maybe we could be dog breeders We could be Shit talk. Here we go. How was your weekend? Oh, my weekend was very well. Thank you.  No alcohol. Yeah and had a very Pretty boring uh weekend to be honest, but um, no sunday is all right but no nothing no crazy stories or anything just A bit of recovery. You know what I mean a bit of r and r. What does r and r even mean rest and recovery? No recovery and rest. Oh recovery and rest matt. Can you just double check that for us r and r What does r and r stand for? Yeah, he's voiceless and clearly now.  Yeah w-h-o-l-e-s-u-m wholesome Oh, I got a burp coming Yeah, I'm finished. Well, the first thing that came up is uh rock and roll See but Bear with me.  I had surprisingly a mate's 30th come up So I dropped everything.    And then I just kept saying I want your will in my bum bum And I'd repeat that over and over while he'd see the inside of me And of course, uh, he has press charges and michael is under investigation and this Admission of what he's done now. We'll be using court. I'll say man. I've got a good lawyer.  I can charles.  No, it was like three three people So I have the definition of r and r if you guys are ready for it. Yes, we're ready All right, so r and r is a military slang Uh for rest and recuperation But we're out but this has also been tweaked by other militaries for rest and relaxation rest and recreation It's a term used for the free time of a soldier or international un-staff serving in an unaccompanied duty station Oh That's my tape don't we need it for the green screen. No the green screen is already stuck now Moving it up. That's pretty cool. It's often you can Oh, you're gonna hurt me. Okay good. Um, do we have a science experiment for everyone?  So we've got the prank call We've got science time. We got question time.  Okay on this day in 18 62 King george was molested for the first time Who is he? And and on on this day in 1862 heaps of people died because they were stabbed So that happened in 1862 and of course our thoughts and prayers with those affected by that Well, it's not a big group of people. It doesn't really say much else But matt's just sent me this it just says heaps of people died because they were stabbed So there's not much more information, but I'm assuming it's not like a good thing There would have been because most days people get stabbed. So I believe that one. Yep Heaps of people were stabbed. Oh, okay a lot 10 to 20 on this day in 1999 reindeer turned on santa and beat him within an inch of his life Santa of course later had to have them all Put down and now use his drones to deliver gifts. Wow. So that happened in 1990. That was that was 21 years They weren't drones back then. Oh wait. No, he's got powers Now he actually invented the drone, but he kept to himself in the north pole They were first called electronic flying reindeer, but he's now changed it to drone because he can market it better Well, he's had brain injuries Oh from the beating. Yeah.  Wow historical So I've been always in like the oven for 20 years. Yeah, Michael came out looking like this I've always said I'm so glad I was never a kid He came out walking talking and he was already on Centrelink when he came On this day in 1952 wind started That's what you've said that before I don't think so. Well, maybe it's been On this day last year. Oh, you would have just said to me. He's been on the podcast. I see I see I see So yeah and wind in 1952 is only what 70 nearly How was it made? How does it start up?  That's that's wind. Oh And then he sort of named it Had been seen before but people couldn't wait make it out. So they didn't name it. Just soon did you name something?   Wow So there you go. That's what wow, and then from there on it just sort of yeah wind is now It's everywhere like you walk outside a bit of wind You know, whether it be a small amount of breeze or a little Cross ventilation if you've got two windows open in the house wind is everywhere. So Quite a quite a historical day if you ask me What was All right, it's time for our first segment Matt's renamed it. He's renamed the segment this week. Uh, and he's renamed it to And basically it's just a segment where we answer questions that you guys have written in first question Is from underscore adan underscore mccormack underscore And he has asked who can withstand more pain between you two Um Now I think depends on this.  I don't have balls. So it just is nothing. It's fine. You just have a Really hard rock the testicles have sort of fused together. It's like a kendo or something. Yeah Well, it's a cancerous thing sort of join them together. I'm pretty sure it's testicular. It's benign. Thank you, mate Yeah, well, it's still his testicle is very Hard it's like a bit of petrified wood.  He said When you guys started uploading comedy videos or what kind of awkwardness are you guys are facing? Obviously When did you he means of a language barrier there? So we've been uploading content for what six years now Six I'd say five. Yeah six six years.  Yeah, we're definitely getting better I feel like we were the best at one point last year the end of the podcast But then we had that break and we lost our confidence. Yeah, we lost a lot of things Yeah, we lost um I lost my wallet in barley lost his wallet. So I just shoot was just fucked.  Yeah Next question is from one dot of underscore everything and he or she has asked Michael, do you have more hair on your head or your balls?  I will cut that corner Connor leave that in yeah leave it in All right. Next question is from coxie normas 69 and he or she has asked At what age did you guys start showing your superior science intellect? Great question. I noticed that we were uh, sort of gifted Well, I'll speak for myself. I I knew probably year four or five When science sort of started becoming more difficult and And like I was like on the same level as the teacher and I hadn't even like learnt about science yet But I already knew more about science than he did like it's just It just sort of it's like I was born with a little Chest full of science knowledge in my brain and then in year five I just sort of open the little chest up and then all the knowledge just started sort of trickling out and then Just integrated with my brain and then it's just sort of now my brain just sits In the science knowledge that was in the little chest and the chest is actually a small Benign tumor at the base of my skull. So How about you? Um, honestly, I want to lie here because this is gonna like fans are gonna be upset But I'd say last year early last year is when I found out I was a scientist because in school and all of life I've never I watch a Joe Rogan podcast with Neil deGrasse, Elon Musk and all those guys on it But apart from that, I haven't really looked into it. I'd be in biology and then Sophie I'd sit next to She'd do all my work.  I do I do all the stat reports.  That's what michael's good at. He's good at input data. Yeah, I'm actually I'm not really that good at that I'm not really fast with typing to be honest. I think you've ever done data inputting. Okay. Next question is from Noah jasek And he has asked How much meth must I smoke to become even as half as great as you doing this for science? For Stephen the word don't do meth. I reckon well Well, you've seen our friends that did it. Yeah, so we've had we've got some meth friends and they're actually upstairs But um, yeah, it's not Look do it do it once Try it out. Maybe twice. I don't because sometimes it just cooks you from day dot Okay, we did it accidentally in Laos have we said that story before probably yeah Look, we're not gonna admit that we did it. We did it for a week. I did anyway nodding I'm nodding my head, but look meth Meth is like it's dangerous.  The meth isn't what made us great What we were just born great and we just so happened to have done meth So it's the two aren't the two are just completely separate But yeah, don't Don't get into meth Please please Next question is from lost underscore in a world If I finger my own bum and I like it does that make it gay?  That's what they do wholesome. They milk each other Legis concrete Um, no that no, I don't that's just normal nowadays next question Is from it's underscore tim og And he has asked Do you guys care if fans come up to you in public and say g'day when you're with family etc?  I just sort of we are when I just don't they just got to make break the ice come and say Hello next time please 20 potatoes has said If you're russian to go to the toilet, what are you in the toilet? Are you russian? Like you must be russian if you're russian to go to the toilet. What are you in the toilet? I'm russian. You probably still be russian either.  Come on. I'm not gonna elaborate here right now. It's too personal, but yeah, there's been some disgusting That have made him the way he is I'm not king george. It's really I didn't get molested.  Hey, yeah, I know Look, let's just leave it.        Oh, and it's just sort of the brain stems just barely connected. He's not that hard They don't know who was from doggy or oral. We didn't know that for sure.   Is everything's fine Uh, the next question is from tox one c underscore wilbur and he or she is asked Why did you guys make the page? Love you guys.  I'm going to go with mighty michael's page and watch a video I'm feel a little bit better even it's just a little bit just a smile Just a smile. That's why we do what we do for free. We do all for free We don't have hundreds of thousands of dollars in our bank account. That means nothing. It doesn't matter Or the only thing we're doing The only reason we do what is is just to make the world a bit happier It's just get a laugh out of people. You know what I mean? And it's pretty rad doing like waking up when you want.    We gotta do science. It's science We got that mark who's going to sing the science jingle three two one Science time it's science time go do a crime Let's get the eggs. All right. So for this week's science experiment Let me explain this because I've got the perfect analogy Okay, this is good. This is a space saver. All right So you buy eggs from the supermarket. Think about it this way. All right You want to and you got a big like a small fridge and not much space You want to get rid of make the eggs as small as possible So you can make sure you fit everything in your room in the fridge. Yep. So what you do, right? Is you take the eggs out? It's a bit of a process takes a while at like 12 hours worth it Yeah, yeah, it's fine though. Um and what you do is You put them in vinegar and you might need another fridge just normal vinegar So you need to buy a few other fridges to do this to get that in the other fridge I say you go go first set you go go buy a couple more fridges Then you buy your normal eggs just buy normal eggs and have cinnamon vinegar And then in a little bowl and then put those bowls the eggs in vinegar in the other fridges I don't even think you need to put it in the fridge You can leave it out of the fridge, but it's better to have spare fridges You may as well you may as well buy a couple more fridges because at the end of the day one fridge Come on. We're not we're not cavemen anymore So what happens right guys is in this science is sick is the egg Loses its shell and somehow like I don't know.  Yeah, we'll break it eventually, but not here Let's do it safely. Oh, it's slimy. It's very slimy. It looks a bit see-through and the shell is completely gone And it smells like vinegar. So if you love vinegar and eggs It's the best done maybe a bit of salt on it a bit of pepper and you have yourself a breakfast And then of course once they're like this you can then move them into the main fridge And then you have to empty fridge for when you buy more eggs Yeah, and see this is the shell if you can if you're watching on fully actual youtube That's the shell so the type the space saver is there is no longer a shell on this egg So there is like probably I'd say a mil or two a good mil or two that has been taken away off that off the egg now And now like it's yet you got a mil or two doesn't sound like a lot But you buy you buy a dozen eggs all of a sudden that one mil is 12 to 24 mils And it's like it really I don't know it feels cool to touch so honestly like you're saving you're saving about that much You know about about this it's economics Yeah, so and you know economics at the end of the day like yeah You spend money on the other fridges, but you're gonna make your money back by saving and sometimes saving time No space is worth money. I say That is a business model there there somewhere So like would you rather have money or space or space or because if you want more money Eventually, you're gonna need space to put that money in does that make sense, man? Correct See that's our reference now.  It's busted. I thought it would do that and now it's all over the gear It's all over. No, it's not.   Oh, look at that Okay, so that was normally does It looks like a condom. It looks like a condom. Okay, so it had a much thinner shell Okay, but okay.    It's too hard All right, very oh come on, man.  That's a lot of it Quite a lot.   It's crazy four hours That's like as much as netflix nearly Two new videos unseen footage in those videos What is it? How many hours out every week over four hours?  That's too much Oh, yeah, let's take some down. All right. All right. Next we have the uh, Unboxing segment and here we have this week. We've got that we've got if you've sent us a package ages ago And we haven't opened yet. Don't stress. We've still got them all. We're just like Spreading them out so that we have a po unboxing thing to do every single yeah So keep sending them and for anyone who's worried they will be open eventually Lindsay from casino new south wales has sent this it's an envelope I don't know if we can say their full name, but uh, yeah, yeah, it's probably a fancy Lindsay. Thank you for this Lindsay Let's see what we've got. Let's see what we've got. I hope it's drugs Awesome bar and bay beef Turkey By the looks of it, it's quite is this product is extremely hot consume at own risk. Well, I guess we better eat some So I'm actually vegetarian. Oh, I'll have some.  What is this steak? No?  Yeah, dude, it's fine Just give me a mug and say I collect my thoughts I'm gonna have to swallow it because you didn't I did a swallow like half of it. Thank you Thank you, Lindsay Oh, that is horrific Who are we done? Oh No Oh my god, dude, it's getting this is just begun. This is just isn't just the beginning. Is it getting better yet? Is it getting better?   How do they make money off this product? Okay, here's a letter from Lindsay Good day, buddy.  Be careful.  That is hot.  Let's read the handle Oh It's just begun He does not get better He's written a letter dear mighty michael. I'm gonna get through this as quick as I can because my mouth is on fire My name is wane and I've been watching your videos for the past few months and they are hilarious. Yes, they are I wasn't aware of mighty michael fully actual until I saw the link in your 2019 best scientific experiments video I saw the request for stuff So I thought I'd send this Do you as a thank you I have to come out of the closet to my father surely And it's making me anxious.  I hope you like the gift. Sincerely wane wane That's a good advice for you to see the gift your legend Thank you for the gift and don't worry about your parents.  Just do what you got to do It's your life. Not theirs. What's he sent us? Yeah, that's true wane.    He wasn't in a chair. It's about his life.  Thank you wane. Thank you and Lindsay. You're great. Not so much Not so much. They're Lindsay.  All right. Thank you so much for the gift.    Yeah, I've said I've watched documentaries on him. He's He's a true hero. He's a good bloke. All right Lachlan McDonald has sent this in via instagram He has said he's written a number and he said he gets super annoyed when unknown numbers call him because he always gets Those calls from scammers and their credit card info when you call him Make sure you pretend to be a scammer and ask for his credit card info. He'll go nuts. What sort of voice tone are you gonna do here? I think I'm gonna call indian So you're saying indians are scammers. I'm not saying that indian is scammers. It's this racist. I don't know No, no, I can't go in. You know my accents too. Shit. I'm just going to go. Uh, um, a really timid at them I'm gonna talk like this talk like this. I don't know what that is Middle eastern europe mixed with a bit of mongolia. I'm not gonna label it I don't know what this accent is therefore. It cannot be racist because in my mind I'm not even picturing a race when i'm doing this.  Okay, so just can't be That's a good way to put it.  Oh, man. I was sniffing from it Oh, hello. How you going today? My name is paul. I was just wondering if you have spare five minute Just to call regarding your banking. Who you were banking with at the moment, sir Yeah, so my name is rashid apal and i'm from a commonwealth bank in australia And and we call we call people, uh From bank of queensland other banks like that. We uh offer premium bank service. Okay, but first we must Close down your other bank details Our bank account will only take five minutes and then we can Get your commonwealth bank bank account Much better much better for you. But first I need first I need all the bank account details. Okay So bank of queensland, uh, what is your what is your full full name? Alex tap. Okay. Mr. Tap.  Well, first, sir, we need to know your current bank account details to close them And then we can go ahead and open the new bank account and I promise it. Um, it's a much better. It's a much better bank account For you called from commonwealth bank before Sir, I'm just trying to do my job. I just call people every day. Just do my job. Uh, and uh In in the system it's a uh commonwealth has not called you before So, uh, maybe someone else maybe someone else call you and try scam you but um, no Sir calm down. I'm sir. I apologize for the inconvenience But you did say you have a few minutes at the beginning of the call. I just I would just I am not Indian sir. I'm I'm not from India. I will not disclose where my culture or where I'm from. I do not need John Jason Jackson oddarty Yes, it's Jackson. I don't even Oh Yeah, it's a prank or my Your mate. Um, what was it? Lachlan mcdonald sent it in. Yeah. Yeah. You got Oh, geez man, we appreciate that. Um, we didn't prank or didn't really work but um, we nearly It's still pretty good. We nearly so cross at one point You're quite cranky I don't know just just because you're um, your mate sent the sent the number And uh, yeah, but um, anyway, mate, thanks for the chat and um, yeah, this is gonna be on next week's podcast It sure is my friend. So tell all your uncles about it On youtube marty and michael fully actual on youtube next monday at 5 p.m Yeah, that's my boy until until everyone at your school During school assembly.  Good luck with with your little mission and we'll bloody chat to you later. All right Just send those bank details to me soon. Hey DM those bank details. All right, man. We'll chat to you soon.  Yeah, good. All right. All right. So all of those prank calls people have sent in Um, we just we've got like another nine So if your your prank call wasn't the one that we did this week We'll try again next week, but if we call the number and they don't answer We're just gonna have to disregard it and move on. Okay.  Yeah send through like send we want like some back stories Yeah, like a back story like something and and the phone number and It helps if they're australian because of the time zones, right?  Yeah, because now what let's just facebook and facebook is stop paying us So support do that and it's five bucks free basically free Five bucks in only four hours. You're right. It's like coffee. I need to drink coffee.  We're progressing Small steps small incremental improvements small incremental improvement small


It's a great honor to receive this doctorate from the School of African and Asian Studies at the University of London, and thank you very much. I'm not sure that I deserve it, because the only successes or achievements that I can document coming out of my book, Imposing Aid, is now that refugees, at least according to policy, should receive shrouds to bury their dead. Before the book, refugees used their blankets to wrap the corpses before placing them in the grave. When they needed more blankets, UNHCR would accuse them of having sold their blankets when they asked for more. The other improvement that I can point to is that again, at least theoretically, women in refugee camps now receive sanitary towels. That came about because the only way I could get men to leave my meetings with women was to talk about menstruation. Knowing that women had nothing to protect themselves, I asked them how they managed to deal with the blood on those horrifically long trips and lorries from the border to the camps. Other than these, seem to have unfortunately gotten much worse in the humanitarian assistance field, not better. Turning to refugee studies, I being an old fashioned person and believing in traditional disciplines, always saw refugee studies as a multidisciplinary field comprising law, anthropology, psychology, health, politics, history. And at the refugee study program, we never managed to properly encompass health, although we always had, of course, nutrition for social scientists. Because after all, if you're going to work in the humanitarian field, you're responsible for the rations. In the old days, the idea was to introduce students to the literature and theories in these different disciplines and then they could return to their discipline to go on to advanced degrees or go to work in the humanitarian field. So has, has for some time been in a strong position to compete with the refugee studies center's masters. In refugee law, you have the lute suite, sorry, and you have the skills to start a refugee law clinic which could supplement the great need for people to represent asylum seekers. One thing I learned during my years in Uganda, Kenya, and Egypt after retiring from the RSP was that it was legal assistance rather than humanitarian aid that matters most in a refugee's survival. In the social sciences, you at SOAS have Stefan Spurl, Tanya Kaiser, Laura Hammond, Richard Black, Naja Al Ali, Rubisala, John Campbell, and Palo Novak, all with strong field experience in a refugee affected region. If you're just able to add psychological issues, a vast field in refugee studies, you will only need to change the name of the degree. And you have the skills, sorry. Sometime back, I wrote a slightly provocative article entitled, can humanitarian work be humane? Recently, we had a round table at the refugee studies center where a medical NGO was relating the hard decision that it took to divert part of its work to rescuing people on boats sinking in the Mediterranean and putting some of its scarce doctors to work in the illegal detention centers in Southern Europe and in North Africa. Catherine Costello, the RSC's new lawyer, wrapped up the conversation by saying to the effect, can we really call ourselves humanitarians if we are only involved in saving people from drowning or only treating the psychological scarring from illegal detention? Should we not actually be transporting people across the sea away from the persecution to safety? Should we not be helping refugees escape illegal detention? Unless we are involved with refugees in ways which we put our own reputations and lives and livelihoods at risk, can we truly consider ourselves humanitarians? And in fact, was not what organizations like the International Rescue Committee, wasn't that what they were doing at the end of the Second World War? Just giving an address, a home, to a destitute asylum seeker here in the UK is something that almost a lot of us could do. And I'm thinking of, at this moment, Julius, who arrived and he didn't know anything about asylum, much less he didn't know that homosexuality was grounds for refugee status. He has spent 15 years as a destitute refugee sleeping on others' couches and hiding from the police.  We took his statement and got him a lawyer and now he has submitted a fresh case for gaining refugee status and we're all holding our breath.