Hello and welcome to a summary of all you need to know about George Allagay's passage, a passage to Africa. Now this is based on his report on a visit to Somalia during the war which broke out in the early 1990s. So in this video I'll explain in-depth the version of this extract as it appears in the Pearson-Edexcel International GCSE anthology, but also as I go through the text with you I'll explain the meaning related to what he writes, important language devices that you need to be aware of when analyzing this text, but also other important relevant contextual factors that you will find helpful as you study this text. So let's get started. Now as I mentioned before, this extract is based on Allagay's writing about his experiences as a television reporter during the war in Somalia, Africa in the 1990s and he won a special award for this particular report. So what I'll do is I'll read through specific paragraphs and every so often stop and highlight and point out important language and literary techniques that you need to be aware of and the meaning related to that. So let's begin with the first two paragraphs. I saw a thousand hungry lean, scared and betrayed faces as a crisscross Somalia between the end of 1991 and December 1992, but there is one I will never forget.  In my notebook, I had jotted down instructions on how to get there. Take the Badal road for a few kilometers till the end of the tarmac, turn right onto a dirt track, stay on it for about 45 minutes, goof good dude. Go another 15 minutes of prox, like a ghost village. In the gulush manner of journalists on the hunt for the most striking pictures, my cameraman and I tramped from one hut to another. What might have appalled us when we started our trip just a few days before, no longer impressed as much. The search for the shocking is like the craving for a drug. You require heavier, more frequent doses the longer you're at it. Pictures that stunned the editors one day are written off with the same old stuff the next. This sounds callous, but it's just a fact of life. It's how we collect and compile the images that so move people in the comfort of the city rooms back home. Now this opening is really powerful and the fact that he starts with the first person pronoun I enables us as readers to really see the world and especially Somalia through his eyes. He then writes in hyperbole and this really captivates us. We're really intrigued what is happening in this part of Somalia. So when he lists the thousand hungry lean, scared and betrayed faces, this hyperbole, but also this listing really makes us intrigued as to what the story is behind these people. Why are they suffering so much? He then repeats this first person pronoun again and what this is doing is essentially holding our hand through this passage. We're seeing everything through his eyes. He then mentions that Gufgadud is the back of beyond and what this alliteration does is it shows just how remote the area that he's going to in Somalia really is. So some people might not even know Somalia, let alone a really, really remote, perhaps to some degree backwater part. So what this shows is that he's really, really venturing far and beyond. He then lists the directions to where he's going and he uses here a syndetine, a syndetic listing. This is when you list different things without using a conjunction such as and but because. Now what this is syndetine does and why it's effective here is it's showing just how far reaching this place is. So in other words, he has to really, really go far into a really, really remote location and it starts building up tension as we're reading it. We're wondering what is happening in this particular part of Somalia. Now the simile, which he describes what drives him as a journalist like the craving of a drug is really powerful because this shows his primary motivation, but also it helps us understand the motivations and the psychology behind being a journalist, especially a wartime reporter. And what this is showing actually is it's really surprising to learn that his interest is somewhat this morbid interest in learning more about people who are suffering and finding more and more images and people who are really finding life quite challenging. And this kind of makes us a little bit disgusted, the fact that journalists find it almost addictive the more they find the more morbid stories. Also our sense of disgust is compounded by this colloquialism and bear in mind that colloquialism means colloquial language, which is informal language. So this coupled with sibilance with same and stuff shows that actually in the journalist world, once people are accustomed and in some ways used to seeing so much suffering, they almost feel like they need to find even worse versions of this suffering. So it shows that really he's in the business of storytelling as opposed to reporting and genuinely raising concerns about people who are suffering in Somalia. So this is really, really surprising for us. And of course, he also acknowledges this, he can read our minds because he says this sounds callous, but it's a fact of life. And what this compound sentence does is it shows that he too understands that this feeling is in some ways unforgivable. It's not really fair that journalists go and almost indulge themselves in finding really horrific stories just for the sake of a good story rather than to help the people who are suffering. Of course, he also mentions them as a journalist. He essentially talks about the guilt that the entire media community shares in looking for these horrendous stories. So it's just not him as George Allagaya alone. This is perhaps a behavior that's encouraged in the media community. And this is shown through the this collective pronoun we. Let's move on. There was Amina Abderaman who had gone out that morning in search of wild edible roots, leaving her two young girl lying on the dirt floor at the hut. They had been sick for days and were reaching the final, innovating stages of terminal hunger. Habiba was 10 years old and her sister Ayan was nine. By the time Amina returned, she had only one daughter. Habiba had died. No rage, no whimpering, just a passing away. That simple, frictionless, motionless deliverance from a state of half-life to death itself. It was, as I said at that time in my bits dispatch, a vision of famine away from the headlines, a famine of quiet suffering and lonely death. There was an old woman who lay in her hut, abandoned by relations who were too weak to carry on her journey to find food.  Where shin bones should have been, there was a festering wound the size of my hand. She had been shot in the leg as a retreating army of the deposed dictator took revenge on whoever it found its way. The shattered leg had fused into the gentle V-shape of a boomerang. It was rotting. She was rotting.  Now he goes into detail on one specific woman that he sees and this proper noun is quite humanizing so giving her her name and her surname really brings to life these individuals in Somalia. They're no longer this mass of suffering Africans. They are really specific to one individual woman. He then mentions how she was in search of wild edible roots. Now what these pre-modifiers do is they emphasize the modest food and also the lack of proper nutrition that is in this part of Somalia. And of course what this does is it's really heart wrenching to read this and we as readers feel a deep level of sympathy for Amina. Also on top of that we then learn to compound her problems. Her children are suffering from terminal hunger and this description is really really heart wrenching for us. Once she comes back the simple sentence Habiba died is really sudden and quite shocking. It just seems like her daughters were alive one day and one of her daughter just dies the next day and this simple sentence just shows how sudden and shocking death really is and how much it's an everyday reality for a lot of people in this part of Somalia. He then mentions the simple frictionless motionless deliverance this death of Habiba and again here he's using a syndetine to really describe in a lot of depth now how people just simply pass away and it's really really surprising how quickly they do so. He then uses oxymoron here so he mentions life and death and this perhaps could convey Alegai's own mixed feelings but also the feelings that people have when they go into this part of Somalia. To some degree they almost accept that death is a part of life because of course this is wartime conditions but also the idea of life is still seen as really precious and sacred in his eyes so he's he perhaps is also having mixed feelings and this is of course reflected in the oxymoron. He then also describes the famine leading to quiet suffering and lonely death and of course the pre-modifying adjectives quiet and lonely really show the abject suffering that a lot of Somalian people are experiencing which he witnesses. He then uses the definite article to talk about the old woman and he then mentions and repeats the idea of the smell and this repetition especially the sensory language appealing to what we can sense and smell particularly shows how disgusting the conditions probably are in this particular small village. He then heightens the sense of disgust by using dysphemism so remember dysphemism is when deliberately harsh language or deliberately inappropriate language is used to convey something in a way that's quite shocking. This is the opposite of euphemism where we deliberately use language which is somewhat flattering or in some ways the euphemism is used to make and to soften the impact of something that's quite harsh however here he's using dysphemism to really make it very very hard hitting how horrendous this village is. He then talks about the damage and the wound on this particular lady's leg and it's interesting because he uses a really interesting description to describe it as a gentle V shape of a boomerang. This is kind of domestic simplistic language and to some degree in contrast to the previous dysphemism this actually understates the extent of her injury. Also he mentions in this compound sentence it was rotting this is of course a woman's injury but also she herself was rotting and this statement is really really horrifying as we're reading. He then continues and then there was a face I will never forget. My reaction to everyone else I met that day was a mixture of pity and revulsion. Yes revulsion. The degeneration of the human body sucked of its natural vitality by the tween evils of hunger and disease is a disgusting thing. We'll never say so in our TV reports it's a taboo that has yet to be breached. To be in a feeding centre is to hear and smell the excretion of fluids by people who are beyond controlling the bodily functions. To be in a feeding centre is surreptitiously to wipe your hands on the back of your trousers after you've held the clammy palm of a mother who has just cleaned vomit from her child's mouth. This pity too because even in this state of utter disrepair they aspire to dignity that is almost impossible to achieve. Now here it's interesting that he uses this declarative sentence which really grips us and always remember that declarative sentence is a sentence that declares a fact feeling or mood right. So here in this case the declarative sentence shows a volta or a turning point in this passage. Why is this a turning point? This is because he initially admits that he kind of felt the same feeling when he saw all of these different people who are suffering which is pity and revulsion. And then when he says yes this adds a conversational tone to this article and what this does is it shows Alagaia's brutal honesty. He's admitting honestly and very openly that he kind of saw a lot of people almost as a mass of one suffering body of Somalian people. He also uses cliche hair. Cliché is overused and very common language so the twin evils of hunger and disease. And what this cliche does again is it's somewhat quite formal in the sense that he's being politically correct. Oh this is terrible. Isn't it terrible that all these people in Somalia are suffering. However it shows that if he's using a cliche his heart is not really in it when it comes to really seeing the suffering for what it is. He kind of sees again as I've mentioned before all Somalians as this suffering mass of people but he's seeing it more from a rational and factual perspective. Then he uses these pronouns we and our and what this does again is it shows it's his way perhaps of implicating and showing the guilt of not only him but a lot of journalists who probably have the same feeling and this maybe shows a secret in the media industry that's being uncovered. The media industry that goes to all these war zones to presumably help people raise awareness of all the suffering that's going on but actually what he's showing here is a lot of people in the media industry know what they're doing. They know that they are shocking a lot of readers but they're doing so in a way that they don't necessarily care that much about raising awareness it's more to do is just creating a very sensational story. He then uses hair and smell as sensory language which makes it really really visceral. It shows again how terrible and horrific the conditions are and he makes us as readers really smell what the place could probably be and also hear all the horrendous noises in the feeding centre. He then in this sentence where he states and begins with an old woman will cover her shriveled body. He uses this indefinite article to again it makes this woman really anonymous. She's just like every other Somalian. He then mentions this old woman as I've mentioned and she is anonymous. We sense that she's just like loads of other suffering Somalian people and he then talks about this because he's just showing just how widespread and how common it was to see these dying and decaying people. So he states an old woman will cover her shriveled body with a and I'm going to continue but bear in mind the shriveled description so this pre modifier again is showing how this woman is wasted and really wasting away in her body. So she will cover her shriveled body with a soiled cloth as you get as your gaze turns towards her and of course this description the old woman covering her body with a soiled cloth the adjective soiled really emphasises the degeneration of these feeding centres. He then mentions or the old and dying man who keeps his hoe next to the mat with which one day soon they will shroud his corpse as if he means to go out until the soil once this is all over. I saw that face for only a few seconds a fleeting meeting of eyes before the face turned away as its owner retreated into the darkness of another heart. In those brief moments there'd been a smile not from me but from the face it was not the smile of greeting it was not the smile of joy how could it be but it was a smile nonetheless it touched me in a way that I could not explain it moved me in a way that went beyond pity or evolution. What was it about that smile? I had to find out. I urge my translator to ask the man why he had smiled. He came back with an answer it's just that he was embarrassed to be found in this condition the translator explained and then it clicked that was what the smile had been about it was a feeble smile that goes with apology the kind of smile you might give if you felt you'd done something wrong. Now here again what Alagaia does firstly is he also implicates us so he goes from talking about how journalists are guilty to some degree but also he now starts including us and we are active participants and this is shown through this second person pronoun your. He then also talks about the old and dying man and again just like the old woman this is an anonymous man and this this anonymity shows how widespread the suffering is and death is in Somalia. He then mentions an agricultural term this is the hoe that's used for digging and this simplistic agricultural language just shows how simplistic these people's lives are but also just how horrendous the lives have been turned around these people have done nothing they just lead very simple lifestyles but now they're suffering the brunt of a really horrible war. He then uses language relating to death and this fits into the semantic field of death the language is corpse and dying and what this shows is that death is ever present wherever he's going here. He then mentions fleeting meeting and this term is really interesting because Farsi fleeting a meeting rhyme but also both are present continuous verbs and what this shows is this is a common thing that continuously happens when he sees all of these people when he meets the eyes it's always a very quick glance and then a turn away they've lost the dignity and this really stays with him and this is emphasized through this present continuous verb. He then also repeats the term smile so and also specifically a smile and what this shows is actually contrary to what we understand of a smile which is something positive in this instance is quite negative in context. He then asks himself the rhetorical question how could it be of course again this is what we would be asking if we saw this mention of a smile how is it even possible to be happy in this situation. However he then uses hyperphora here now remember that hyperphora is when somebody asks a question and then answers their own question this is a rhetorical device and of course this brings us into his mind as a journalist he wants to discover why people are reacting in a specific way but also why he's so moved by when he witnesses a Somali person or someone who's suffering and they have this smile this mysterious smile he wants to discover what about it is making him feel really uneasy. He then explains this he says that this is a feeble smile that goes with apology and the juxtaposition of the word smile and apology shows that actually these people feel really sheepish at being seen in such a helpless condition. Alagaya continues normally to stories of suffering accustomed to the evidence of deprivation I was unsettled by this one smile in a way I had never been before there's an unwritten code between the journalist and his subjects in these situations the journalist observes the subject is observed the journalist is active the subject is passive but the smile had turned the tables on that tacit agreement without uttering a single word the man had posed a question that cut to the heart of the relationship between me and him between us and them between the rich world and the poor world if he was embarrassed to be found weakened by hunger and ground down by conflict how should I feel to be standing there so strong and confident I resolved there and then that I would write the story of Goof Daddid with all the power and purpose I could master it seemed at the time and still does the only adequate answer reporter can give to a man's question I have one regret about that brief encounter in Goof Daddid having searched through my notes and studied the dispatch that the BBC broadcast I see that I never found out what the man's name was yet meeting him was a similar moment in the gradual collection of experiences with whole context facts and figures are the easy part of journalism knowing where they sit in the general scheme of things is much harder so my nameless friend if you're still alive I owe you one now here what Alla Gaia does is he shows through the word inured which means becoming hardened that he indeed has become hardened to all the suffering he has seen however he does this as a signpost that something is going to shock him and something is still going to strike him as different in this encounter he then mentions an unwritten code between the journalists and their subjects and again this abstract noun emphasizes the collective role that journalists play but also the collective role that interviewees the people that they interview play in their interactions he emphasizes this further by saying that the journalist is active the subject is passive and what this compound sentence does is it emphasizes the vast gap that exists between journalists and the people that they interview he then even he even emphasizes this further by talking about these pronouns so he talks about us and them he then emphasizes this divide by talking about the rich world and the poor world it's a journalist that go out from the rich world into the poor world they are separate from their subjects they don't always necessarily care that much for their subjects but they are more intrigued by what is happening in this poorer part of the world and of course this contrast shows a vast global wealth gap Alla Gaia then mentions that he resolved that he would write the story with all the purpose he could muster so this was a really seminal moment and of course this complex sentence shows he almost experiences a Damocene conversion and when I say Damocene I mean Damascus this is when Saul in the biblical context he is going killing all of these Christians and then he has a bright light that shines upon him and this leads him to become Paul and he completely converts how he sees the Christians however this is descriptive in sense that in this instance Alla Gaia has a Damocene conversion he goes from being just this journalist is going there just to get a really good story possibly quite shocking to he really finds a very human and shocking element to it he has suddenly been changed by this interaction with this one particular man who ironically remains anonymous he then even emphasizes this anonymity by admitting he never found out what the man's name was and of course this declarative sentence shows that he feels really guilty he wishes he could have gone and discovered more about this particular man because this man had changed his entire trajectory and his career as a journalist before meeting this man he kind of saw all of these suffering people as one and the same yes okay this person is suffering it's okay however once he witnesses this man and talks to him and asks him a question about that smile this is the Damocene conversion this is what it takes to change everything and to humanize a lot for these people in Alla Gaia's eyes of course he emphasizes this change this conversion by describing the seminal moment of course this is hyperbole but it shows that this is a real turning point for him especially in his career as a journalist he then talks about facts and figures and this alliteration is important because it shows that actually a lot of journalists just approach things from a very rational perspective and this is actually the easy part of journalism the hard part is now really inserting themselves emotionally into the story and really feeling what their subjects are feeling he then ends by saying my name is friend if you're still alive i owe you one and this direct register is interesting because it ends with the colloquialism i owe you one and what this does is it puts us firstly in the position of the suffering man because he uses the pronoun you but also this colloquialism i owe you one really shows that he's been moved and changed by this man and what he has witnessed through this man so that's all if you found this video useful please do make sure you visit our website because you will find lots of revision materials to help you when understanding this but indeed other extracts in the edexcel anthology thank you so much for listening


Chalene Sir Ty Richards has passed away. Veteran actress Chalene Sir Ty Richards has passed away at the age of 66. Her agency confirmed to Chwissa L.I.V.E. on Monday morning. Details surrounding her death are sketchy at this stage. A representative from Illusion Management confirmed the news to Chwissa L.I.V.E. but said further details would be released after meeting with Sir Ty Richards family. The representative added that they were in a state of shock and were still processing the news. While Sir Ty Richards was known for her decades of work in the performing arts, she qualified as a nursery school teacher and taught children before making her debut as an actress. Sir Ty Richards is best known for her role in the long-running hit Mnet series E. Goley, Place of Gold as Esther Nanna Willems. She also starred in hit films such as Fila Kind, Mama Jack, Trier Grande, and Vaselineja. More recently, Sir Ty Richards starred in the KYKnet series Arends Vlai.


Hello and welcome to another episode of the Daily Roundup. I am Aditi and today we are going to be presenting some of the latest and most important stories that we report about here at NewsClick. Acting Finance Minister Piyush Goyal presented the interim union budget for 2019-20 on Friday. The budget was especially significant as it came just over two months before the general election that will determine the future of the Narendra Modi government. Goyal's budget speech was clearly made speaking the elections in mind. The speech involved a lot of narration of the Modi government's schemes and claims about its achievements. It was widely speculated that the government might would declare farm loan waivers, new welfare schemes and tax ops to voodoo voters. What the budget papers reveal, however, is an attack on a range of welfare schemes especially those directed at Dalits, Adivasis, minorities and farmers. One of the announcements was a Rs 500 per month income supplement for farmers having less than two hectares. This is unlikely to help Modi and his party, the BJP, in the elections because it doesn't give much to the suffering farmer. The Manrega scheme was allocated just Rs 60,000 crore compared with the Rs 61,000 crore spent in the current year. This cut is not understandable because in the current year, spending had shot up considerably. Yet the government continues to cut funds for the only scheme that provides some relief to people suffering from unemployment and farm crisis. Among other announcements was a full tax rebate announced for individual taxpayers with income up to Rs 500,000 per year which is likely to take effect only next year after the newly elected Lok Sabha passes the budget. Most importantly, there was no major announcement on jobs despite the massive employment crisis. It is worth recalling that the youth were a major component of Modi's vote bank in 2014. Yesterday, Nite Aayog vice chairman held a damage control press conference to clarify the government's position on the thwarted NSSO report that has pegged the unemployment rate at 6.1% of four decade high. The thwarted NSSO report that has left the Modi government red-faced in the first assessment of the unemployment situation in the country after demonetization in November 2016. The report was one of the reasons that led to the resignation of two key members of the National Statistics Commission who said they were forced to do so as the government was not releasing the jobs. However, Nite Aayog vice chancellor claimed that the NSSO report was not final as the government had not approved it yet. Recall that earlier too, the Narendra Modi government which had promised to generate two crore jobs a year had even stalled the quarterly employment survey done by the Labour Bureau, Shimla, on the plea that the data only pertained to eight sectors. In international news, Doctors Without Borders, an international medical charity organization, recently published a report describing and highlighting the brutal and complex nature of injuries suffered by those injured in the Gaza border protests on the Gaza-Israel border. The organization chronicled extreme difficulties it faces in treating these injury victims. Most of the injured were shot by Israeli soldiers using live ammunition and lethal bullets. According to the report, a total of 6,174 Palestinians suffered injuries from the lethal bullets fired by the Israeli army since March 30, 2018 when the Palestinian Great March of Return protests began. Almost 90% of the injuries were to the lower limbs. Currently, 900 of those patients are under the medical care of MSF. The report also cites the unavailability of resources for sufficient treatment in Gaza, which makes it harder for the doctors to treat the wounded properly. It stresses that specialized treatment for these kinds of injuries is very hard to obtain in Gaza, which has been under an illegal and brutal Israeli land, air and sea blockade for more than 12 years. The patients have to be inevitably referred to hospitals outside Gaza. However, the report states that arranging the medical travel for patients involves acquiring necessary permission for several Israeli authorities and that in most cases these permissions are denied. Thank you for watching NewsClick. Please visit our website to know more about these and several other stories on www.newsclick.in. Subscribe to our YouTube channel and follow us on Facebook.


Thanks everyone for coming. My name is Zina and I work on park park project at Red Hat So the main reason why we all gathered here is pulp now Please you raise your hands and tell me who are here because they hear about the pulp for the first time Very good. So in this session, you will have the chance to learn about the school project And for other guys who already had the chance to play with pulp and have some experience To keep your interest warmed up. I will talk about new features with recently implemented So the plan is I will go through slides show you the basic concepts I will show some features and demo and in the end I will take a bunch of questions So let's start What is pulp? Pulp is a platform for managing Repositories imagine that in one hand you have a lot of content types like R. P. M Docker images erratas puppet modules and many others and on the other hand you have a lot of repositories and In case you want to Combine and manage these two concepts by one tool pulp is just for you As I mentioned, yeah, I forgot to click that As I mentioned pulse supports many content types, but meanwhile is it is not tied up to any type We have support for Python packages for Docker images, I will tell you more about that in a couple of slides. I Will tell you in this session about the new brand future called pull-through cache It is available in 2.8 version We're a completely open source. You can find all our code on the github You can see all the pull requests. You can comment. You can submit the pull request And we will be really happy to some contributions Byton is a web publication. It doesn't have any Graphical fancy interface bus instead we have a common light interface based on the rest API Now let's see some examples who uses pulp It had released engineering uses pulp So that release engineering is responsible to deliver contents to our clients And it's a big deal because we have a lot of products, right? And behind the CDN, which is the content delivery network. There is pulp Pop is also in public clouds. So if you have ever used an easy to image on Amazon And if you have ever done, I mean style something you pull this content from pulp Catella, which is the upstream project for it had satellite six of this pulp and obviously our lovely community So when you have this fresh installation of pulp And you want with what do you usually start usually you start with the creation of the repository So when you create the repository You tell to pulp what kind of content you want to place into this repository. So let's say you want to manage RPNs You created this repository. It's empty at this point The only thing that has been done there is also a record in the database. That's all At this point you want to get the content into pulp and you have two options You can synchronize the content from the remote repo Such sources like CDN on CentOS. You can do it manually or on the schedule Or you can upload your own content At the point when the content is into pulp, you can move it around you can copy one repository to another repository and The main cool feature about that is the copies are cheap for example, you can have hundreds of repositories and in each repository same RPM at This point if there will be only one record in the database and a bunch of sim links that point to the storage path for this content unit You can also apply some Filters during the copy by using criteria search So basically you can mix and match content as the way you need and you just are So let's say you have this repository prepared and you are ready to show these contents to the rest of the world What you're gonna do you want to publish your repository and by publish I mean make it available to the rest of the world so There are several options how to publish it you can host the rep was a web-based repository or you can export it into an ISO and Very nice thing about that is it's not limited to any particular kind of content What does it mean? It means that pulp has a very flexible design and in case you find out that there are We support a lot of content times, but it can happen that You need something and we still do not support it yet And at this point you can do it by yourself how to do that. I'll show you later, and it's not a very big deal So let me show you the specific case so we Do you see? Yeah, this is the palp admin palp admin is our common line interface What you do you tell I want to create an RPM repo. I Do RPM repo create I specify the repo ID and I specify the feed The feed is the URL from which I want to pull in the content. This is the upstream remote content source So at this point I created this repository What I do next I think it I say palp admin are pain sync run and specify repo ID in addition to the run we also have RPM reposing schedule, so the make a shadow. It's like a crone job. You can do it like once a day once a month How do you need that? So this thing starts it allows some metadata it figure out what content it need to grab so there is some RPM delta RPM's and The end the task succeeds at this point the content is into pal Then there is the publish It has as you notice some similar structures. So there is this RPM type repo publish run At this point we are making content available to the rest of the world what we do we publish the metadata Oops Yeah, here is it we are publishing the content types and in the end We are making available it via web by default. It's available via HTTPS, but it's up to you to configure that Oh, and now let's talk about this cool feature that we recently implemented In public who have such concept as download policies What does it mean it tell it means that you tell to pulp in which way you you want the content available? So there is the immediate a lot which we just saw You say to pulp sink pull it so the content is pulled right away and save to the file system and There is the deferred download which basically enables pulp to serve declines or copy content Repos without actually the loaded the every content unit first and we have two types of Deferred alone. There is the on-demand download and the big background one So what is done? at this point only the metadata is downloaded and save to the database and During sync The the download of the file is skipped So after synchronization and publish the content is ready to serve when no actual content was downloaded so there is some magic let's say and The background don't know this pretty similar the same like the on-demand, but so it skips the files during the load it Saves the metadata into the database and After the sync completes in addition to that it creates a task which runs in the background and downloads Every file in the background and the cool thing about that is While the content is the law that you can still manage this content You can do rep a copy you can publish it will basically anyway ready to serve the clients Let me explain how it works so let's say we have the Young client and it talks to pop and it says hey palp. I want the beam package And it makes a request to the Apache What does Apache Apache handles for requests? And it looks into its file system. Do you have this package in case? I do have this package. I serve it directly and I respond to the client in Case I do not have this package. I Make a free to redirect and the request is redirected to the squid Squid is our proxy and what it does it caches the content Squid looks into its cache and sees do I have this file? No, I don't have it what it does it makes a request to the palp streamer Palp streamer is a microservice which is responsible to download the actual content from the remote source So palp streamer figure out figures figures out where this exact RPM lies So it goes to the upstream repo downloads the content and streams the content back through the squid Apache right to the client So at this point the client received his content One nice thing about all this process is once the palp streamer Finished its download it makes a record into the database and says hey I don't know that this file and I make this notice to palp. So at this point palp knows that this content was downloaded and Every 30 minutes, but I think it's configurable Ah, there is a task and what does this task this task goes to squid where all the cached files are and Downloads them and saves them into the file system of the palp So next time when the client requests same package It's not downloaded from the upstream repo But Apache can serve it directly because it already have saved on the file system. Oh I think that's all And about the squid it has very nice feature what it does is deduplicate the requests. What does it mean? It means that for example, we have 100 clients that Simultaneously decided to ask for the same package and so there are 100 requests Squid looks at them deduplicates them and practically it makes only one request to the streamer to download this package So we will not be in situation where there will be downloaded 100 times same package Do you have some questions at its point? Yes, how do we actually invalidate the cache? Oh Well, honestly saying I wasn't working especially on this Feature, so maybe Michael will be able to answer. He's the team lead How do we invalidate the cache? So I think there is a variable which you can configure and this cache I think is alive for one day, right? So you can configure it to be expired like in half an hour in one day one month So back to the content types as I mentioned We have a lot of them and currently we do support these content types. We have the whole rpm family We recently implemented the support for Python packages We have support for Docker images There is also all three You probably know about the project atomic which is based on this all three We also do the community support of Deben packages and Susie packages So Let's see what are the use cases for pulp the typical use case is dev test production Where you pull in the content into? Development repository You do some testing and then you promote it by copying to the testing repository and then To a production one so when you do manage the content you want to be sure that you do not screw up and by mistaken will not provide the Testing crepo to a production one, so pulp basically Ensures you that we will not happen and it's very useful for testing upstream Repos like new red hot point releases another use case is that you can mirror packages from Python package index you can sync Part of them all all of them You can also add your own custom packages And I want to mention that it can retain all versions and why it's important is I'll explain you So I bet you all had the situation when you were using a package with some version and then you just built your infrastructure around this version and On pi pi there is a new release and it happens. Sometimes that the world release just disappears, but you still need that So if you want to take control of These versions pop will help you so it can retain the versions you need the exact one Our community also likes to take advantage of use case of mirroring the puppet models from Puppet Forge you can also sync all of the puppet for sure some specific modules You can remove for add the modules as much as you need and it can also retain all the versions pulp is scalable and extensible pulp has a very flexible design So our core features like synchronization and publish was implemented in generic way so you can extend it with the plugins and Plug-in will tell to pulp how to get content into pulp and how exactly to get content out of pulp and Once this plugin is installed Palk has the ability to auto-discovery it automatically so Plug-ins as I said If you want to implement a new support for new type for example rubber gems, right? We don't support rubber gems so far and you need them you can implement this and how to do that you need to write a plugin When you write a plugin you need to define how will be your content What make it unique? Let's say RPM who knows what makes an RPM unique? What Exactly the never So once you define the uniqueness of content you need to figure out how to write the importer and importer is the thing that basically Answers the questions How do I pull in the content into pulp? What I need to interrogate the remote source? What do I need to grab how I download it and how I stuff this content into pulp? What does the distributor? Distributor basically makes the opposite thing it figures out how to provide the content out of pulp so You have bunch of RPMs right in the RPM repo and what distributor does? It makes from it a general yum repo Which is treated like any other yum repo by yum agents So yum agents can come and download the packages like from any any any other yum repos We also have the CLI extensions is the common light extensions. It's also pluggable and It has a very nice hierarchical design. We use the Polkara framework What does it what it basically does it enables you to implement new comments? for newly implemented content types and operations, so We have like RPM repo sync publish. I don't know what else you can invent or what else you need You can do this with this framework Now let's talk about the integration Pulp is designed to be integrated with the build system with the continuous integration testing workflow with the REST API The generic REST API that manages many content types if you want to Have some response To some action like I don't know successful publish There are like there are these you can have these events published to an amqp topic exchange to be clear amqp is a Message broker, so you have this message producer that Sends the messages to the exchange. What does the exchange? exchange decides Which queue should receive this message based by topic, so you subscribe to this exchange Look what is pulp is doing what's going on and when you want to make a response you just say I Want to kick off a job in Jenkins and to test this just publish repository to see its correctness and how it's working We also do provide HTTP callbacks What do they do is they send a callback to the URL to notify that this job has been completed and it's very nice way to inspect and see what pulp is doing and There is also the ability to Answer on some actions where it's needed consumer tracking pulp Has such ability to figure out What is installed what packages what content is installed on every machine in your infrastructure In addition to that it will be able to figure out what updates needs Every machine in your infrastructure that were released recently available From these features that light I think takes a lot of advantages Asynchronous there are many asynchronous actions done in pulp. We have a distributed task system so we have this rest API that runs in Apache and This long-running jobs like synchronization and publish which Perform in a specific worker processes. So these workers Listen to the I'm QPQ Go to that queue and once there is a job to perform it takes the task it completes the task Sends a notification then takes another job completes that and repeats that So this is very nice because imagine yourself that you try to sync I don't know ten repositories at once and obviously you don't want to be blocked right so For these asynchronous things we do use the salary project Which is deep let's say main Famous and responsible project for the asynchronous things. Oh My presentation comes to an end and I'd like to summarize. I gave you the basic concepts of pulp so I Hope you already have in your head What pulp can do what you can do with pulp and where to apply it so We have very nice extensive documentation and I Encourage you to visit it. You can find it on palproject.org slash docs and In case you will not be able to find the answers to your questions or you will have some troubles and issues We are very welcome Go to the channel on the free note on palp or paudev. We will be very happy to help you. I Also want to mention that pop is in Fedora. It's in Fedora, Ohio. So there is another why not just go and install it because it's easy and Last but not least important thing. I want to mention is we do accept contributions Thanks, that's all Questions if anybody has all and I also have stickers who has who wants them Yeah, so the question was what kind of database do we use we use the MongoDB database is there For the question why do we use this database? Yeah, you're talking about the lazy. I mean the new feature of the third and loud So the question was when the new feature will be available the new feature is available in 2.8 release and It's trying to be be in 6.2 red hot satellite 6 And I am supposed to give the scars Okay yes yes, it can happen because Paul can manage a lot of repositories and depends what you're gonna do with palp so if you're gonna if you plan to manage big repositories with a lot a lot of content types and a lot of contents in general the It's better to scale them on between its own machine because we Practically we do not save the content itself in the Mongo, but we do store and save all the metadata and Imagine if you have like million or millions of unit types, of course, it will arrive to At least 10 kicks So Okay, are you you'll are you'll pick it first? Oh, do you have some money other questions? Yes, well, probably it's in plan on some roadmap, but currently I Don't know what our plans we planned that we always do plan everything, but we don't have any strict time frames That's actually a new feature It was it was the support was implemented like a couple of months ago, right? and currently these last ten and 11 I'm sure about well if you support it Yeah, so it's Yes Like We do have Well, this is very interesting because We use the most relational date and the nonrelation, right? It's very Interesting why why it was done this way. I don't know because I wasn't on the team at that time, but We do plan to migrate from Mongo to Postgres I think so you do release one release two release three that all your machines are released three you want a garbage collect release one repo You do repo delete delete the repo in the logic of fall You do garbage collect the packages, they are gone, but the sim links are still there So the repo is there the sim links are there and it kind of makes mess Yeah, it's an old bug, but I think we did fix that. Did we? Yeah But at least I remember that we've been dealing with trying to fix that and since our developers and I develop person We are trying to fix everything. I think it's fixed by now Yes So the question was pretty long And the question was like when you Sink from the motorway or publish it and then there are some new packages on the upstream source and you Sink and publish it again and basically in the publish It and it it still saves the old packages which are already gone on the upstream We have these cool things. We have an option like retain old content Retain old content that means that it will retain the packages on Pult even if they are gone on upstream with the next sink and publish and there is another option Called remove missing which basically with the next next next sink It will look into upstream and let's say there there is gone some package. It will also delete locally that package Does that answer your question? Yes, oh I think so What is our time we're we still have time yes Well, I heard a lot of requests of ruby gems and There is an external contributor who I think he was writing the plug-in for non RPM type, right? Yeah, but I don't know did he finish that not yet. Well, it's still in progress, but Well to write the plug-in is not that difficult there are like these three parts the type definition Distributor when we also have very extensive dog dogs and examples and The most important we're all always there and we can help you and in case you even would like to fix some buck You can pick it up. Don't be afraid Because we will help you we had a lot of cases when like extra contributors just reported it back And he wanted to fix that and he already had the fix and he just took it and fixed it and submitted a blue request And it was merged Once again Yes, we do have key to verify the bugs we have a nice framework called pulp smash and We develop ourselves to contribute to that so It becomes more and more robust and there are a lot of world will be more and more test cases with each day So we do have these parts of pulp Automated pulp smash is the framework to test Yeah couple About 10 and to We don't have that strict Separation between developers in Q because developers are also interested to make pulp really reliable and safe So when we do fix a buck, we know exactly the steps to reproducing what to test So if we have some time like half an hour one hour, we just try the test We do have regular meetings with key. So we do plan How this framework should be implemented at what else we need to automate So we come to very close and we help each other pulp performance testing Okay, I just look the couple of floors in the end. Do we use last question three two one Done. Thanks. And the stickers. Who wants the stickers? Thanks Okay Yes, I will wait for you outside. Okay, great. Yes. Thanks Oh, thanks Just once Martin only did it like Thank you I You know, I'm pretty out now. Yeah, I think I can Can you hear me? Can you hear me in the room? It's okay. Good. Thank you


Alright, so Debra Shells says, what was the most unexpected part of your first week? Anything that was different than you imagined.  The Donald, welcome back to my channel. So excited that you guys were able to join me today and you have been with me now for my first week of being an official general surgery trauma PA and you left me a lot of questions because I asked you to. So thank you for that. So that is what I'm going to be doing right now is answering you guys's questions that you all left me in my comment section throughout the week. There are specific questions that I've seen, some about like my job and the onboarding process and you know, just like the whole how long it took me to get a job. Did I take the first job that I got that are they need a little bit more love and tender and care, right? So I will be doing dedicated videos to those specific questions. So if you're interested in the answer to those questions, go ahead right now. Pause the video, subscribe to my channel and then you can come back and start the video because then you will know exactly when I do those particular questions and the answers to those questions. Okay, so get those that little housekeeping out of the way. So I'm going to start off with this first question, you know, that someone wrote to me. It said, hello, Donna, do you still do consultations? I won't be applying until next cycle. So no rush, but congratulations, PAC. So yes, of course I will be doing consultation sessions right now as I am still getting into my whole job flow and understanding exactly like what my responsibilities are and exactly like what I am expected to do. I have paused on consultation sessions because I want to dedicate my time to that. And I really do put a lot into these consultation sessions for you all. So that's why I've paused it for like this month or so, but likely I will be opening them back up. At the end of May, you know, beginning of June, still well in time for those of you that are trying to apply to CASPA through CASPA and to your various different schools.  Okay. So Lisa says, is your SP, which I'm guessing is supervising physician or whoever is with you looking over your notes, like in PA school, at least to begin with notes make me nervous, that I'm missing something, but I also don't want to take an hour for each note because there's no time for that. I'm going to be so nervous when I start working, hopefully in October or November. Well, congratulations on almost like finishing PA school and going to start working in October, November, you know, we'll send blessings up and hope and pray for that one. As far as my supervising physician, are they looking over my notes? Technically. Okay. So they like, there's no one like standing over me per se, like while I'm writing a note. So obviously in the beginning, like the first two days that I wrote a trauma note and then, you know, I think like the third or fourth day when I wrote an actual general surgery progress note, I had, you know, people look at it because obviously like I don't know what is expected, right? And so in our EMR system, there's a way to kind of copy someone's previous note and have it as like one of your pre-completed notes. And then that way, all you have to do is fill in the general information. So that information being like the history of the present illness and then also like their social history, you know, family history, past medical history, their medications, those type of thing that is more specific to your patient. So you'll have the format basically. And then you just kind of fill in the spaces. So I was able to do that. But again, going from trauma, sorry, but going from trauma to general surgery doesn't necessarily like meld per se because the note has to look different, a little bit different. In trauma, they are expecting us to do it in a kind of like system base. So you know, you're doing like neuro and all of these various different systems must go skeletal and things like that. On the general surgery, like progress note per se, it's not necessarily like that. So just understanding like the differences between the notes is important. So I said kind of that they're looking over it because I had them look over it in like my initial two slash three notes, the various different notes that I had to do. And I haven't done all of the notes that were expected to do yet. And so obviously when I do those notes, I'll have them look at that as well just to make sure that I'm not missing anything. And then once I have done like some of those notes, you know, throughout the rest of the week when I was doing the same notes over and over again, I just have as a PA, you have to have an endorser or a co-signer. And so I just send my notes for the supervising physician that attending on, you know, duty that day to co-sign it or a test to it. And then they'll literally say, I agree with the PA's plan. I've read it and I agree with it. And if they don't necessarily agree with it, there's an option for them to make an addendum at the bottom. And they will add whatever it is that, you know, anything extra that they may need. So that is typically how it's going right now. So JC Bonner says, this is kind of early, but would you be interested in being a preceptor to new PA students when you get more experience? And absolutely. I mean, that's this is what I love to do, right?  I like sharing my experiences with you all. And my particular hospital is a teaching hospital. So I am guessing that likely we will have students. I mean, I rotated there. There were a ton of med students and PA students rotating through. And so, yeah, I would love to be a preceptor. Obviously, right now, like there is no students rotating through the hospital, which is fine by me because I'm still learning. And I think you really have to be a PA for a year before they start allowing you to have students rotate with you. So that is what I think I'll obviously be a year in before I actually start to have students starting to rotate with me. But I am absolutely interested in having students and precepting students. So stay tuned for that if you guys are interested in being one of my preceptees. All right, so Denise Maldonado says, how often do you find that PAs can cross train? I knew they could move from specialty to specialty, but didn't know cross training was a thing. For what other specialties can cross training be done and is it mostly in the hospital? So technically, yes, right. So technically, it's mostly in the hospital and technically not. Like so obviously, like these people still work in the hospital, but they cross train, I guess you can say in other specialties outside of the hospital. So I know PAs that are in emergency medicine and primary care. I know PAs that are in emergency medicine and urgent care. And that's because there is kind of a little bit of overlap. Like obviously, when something comes into the urgent care and it cannot be handled in the urgent care, they send it to the ED. And so that's kind of an easy transition for people. But when it comes to like the hospital itself, I know a lot of PAs that are cross trained in various different specialties in my particular hospital. There is an OBGYNPA that I know that is also in ICU. There are PAs that are neurosurgery and trauma or neurosurgery, trauma and ortho or vascular and GEN surge. So, you know, it's in areas that they kind of like have overlap. And there is, you know, a little bit of give where you guys are kind of doing the same thing. And so obviously, it is all based on your hospital and their policy and what they're willing to allow you to do or see or and cross train in. But in my particular hospital, you can absolutely cross train very easily. And again, it's it's obviously all through like the surgical subspecialties, I guess you can say. So it's a thing. All right. So and I says so, so happy for you, Donna. My question is, do you get to choose the days you work slash will work? Will you be able to do that in the future? So I don't know if I will be able to do that in the future, per se. I mean, so they send out this schedule or the month for PTO time, kind of like a month early. So we have that calendar for June, if we want to take PTO time, which I mean, technically, I wouldn't be able to do PTO time until the end of June, because I can't do it for 90 days, which I don't even want to do it because I'm only working two days a week. Right. So I'm having lots of PTO time, I guess you can say. And I don't have to pay for it.  So I don't know if that will be something. But no, right now, I know I'm not I'm not choosing what days I work. There are four of us currently on the service line that will. Well, in the in the general surgery aspect service line, like trauma is fully staffed with like five PAs and so or six. And then there are people that have cross-trained and, you know, kind of fill in the gaps if there are any spaces. But they just kind of put you where they need you. And then if, you know, for whatever reason, there is a conflict, like, you know, unforeseen thing happened and you need that time off or you need to be able to switch with somebody. There is the option to do that.  Could you switch with me? I'll work your Thursday shift if you work my Monday shift. And if they say, yes, great. And then you can just go ahead and write like it right in an email and include the person that's making the schedule just so that they know if like for whatever reason somebody doesn't show up, they know who to blame. Right. So that is essentially kind of like how it works, but it's very simple and easy, like to kind of navigate those like days and what days you want to work or can work. All right. So Jasmine McRabbit says congratulations. By the way, why did you choose trauma also?  So I did not do an anti clinical rotation. That's that's not. I mean, I talked about like an anti PA that came to speak at my school, but I didn't do an anti rotation. So if that's what you meant, I didn't do that. So I didn't like it. But as far as congratulations and why I chose trauma, I chose trauma because, you know, trauma kind of chose me, I guess you can say. So like I interviewed at a lot of different specialties. I had, you know, the specialties that I was mostly interested in, obviously. And then I had those specialties that I knew like I was not interested in at all. And so like from those spectrums, there is a lot of gray area and especially, I think like as a new grad, it's great to keep your options open and just like know what you don't like and what you like. Because then, you know, at the end of the day, you can be happy in wherever you land, even if it's not exactly what you wanted for your first job. And so for me, that's kind of where I was at. You know, I interviewed once I got into like the hospital and I was able to talk to some of the PAs and look at how they operate and what's expected. And again, those 24 hour shifts were calling my name. I was really happy about that. And so I chose trauma and I chose that hospital because I was familiar with it and familiar with the people. So that's why I chose trauma. All right. So Leah Marie says, hi, Adana. How much time will you actually spend in surgery as a trauma that's last gen surge PA 40%, 30% or 20% less or more. So I don't really know. Our hospital is a teaching hospital. So there are residents that kind of take precedent because they have to learn, you know, those different types of surgeries. So I'm not really sure how to answer that or if I can answer it right now. This is only my first week and I haven't had any surgery time really. Like all of my suturing in things like that have been in the trauma bay. And the residents have been the ones like in the surgery. And again, with the coronavirus and our current like climate, no one's really doing any elective surgeries. There are not a lot of people out. So there are not a lot of trauma as many traumas as we would see at this time of year coming in. So in the night, the residents typically aren't there. But, you know, currently, again, there's not that many traumas with general surgery stuff to see. So I haven't had to go in. But obviously, as I start to work 24s and, you know, as more traumas come in and general surgery stuff comes in in the nighttime, I'll have to do surgeries if there's no residents there to take it. So I don't know. I can think an ambiguous percentage on it of like 15, 20 percent. I could, but I cannot answer that truthfully right now. So to stay tuned, you know, subscribe to the channel because as I get more experience and as I get more experience with this particular situation, then I'll be better able to answer that one for you. OK. All right. So Deborah Shell says, what was the most unexpected part of your first week? Anything that was different than you imagine? I mean, the most unexpected part of my first week was like being thrown to the lines. OK, like literally like first day, you're in there, you're running drama, you're writing notes and, you know, obviously I want to learn and I want to get the experience. But I didn't realize like it was going to literally come so quickly. So that was my most unexpected part of my first week.  You know, I have not been in patient care for almost a whole year since June of last year when I did my, you know, my started my summative of PA school. So it's crazy. Like you're you're officially a PA.  And so that was that was pretty interesting, but exciting. And I was excited about it. Anything different than I imagined? Yeah, because I didn't imagine that that was going to happen. But I'm glad that I was able to do that because now I'm a lot less nervous and I'm getting more comfortable as each day passes with my expectations and what I'm expected to do. So that was like, definitely my most unexpected part, though. So like being a PA was just one of my goals. Like I have many goals in life, right? But this is one of the larger goals in life. And so I'm just like, I feel great. I'm happy that this weight is has been lifted off my shoulders. That, you know, God has blessed me with this opportunity to be able to like help patients and help individuals and also do something that I love doing. And so I feel great. I feel blessed. I feel humbled, happy, right? As far as is it better than I thought? Or, you know, not so much. It is everything and so much more. The amount of different things that we're able to do as PA is like all of the various different areas we're able to work in. And, you know, the things that I'm able to see on a daily basis. Like I have given you guys some insight on stuff that I've seen in my first week of being a PA. Like imagine two weeks, three weeks, a month, but, you know, years down the line. Like it's unimaginable what I will be able to experience. And I am excited about that. And so everything and more, I'm happy about it. I feel blessed. That is like my whole take on this whole accomplishing this PA goal. All right, you guys, so that was it. I love you guys. You guys have been amazing and awesome. Thank you so much for joining me. I will talk to you guys next time. Bye.