Okay, I want to thank you again for coming back to this last lecture on elliptic homogenization. So today we're going to still looking at the same problem, the large-scale regularity of a solution to a elliptic equation with all-soritory periodic coefficient. So last time, yesterday, you see that we were able to use the compactness method to establish the interior and also the boundary regularity, Lipschitz regularity for the solution. However, toward the end of the lecture, you'll see that it's compared to the interior case, the boundary regularity is quite involved because in order to apply the compactness method, we will have to a priority prove that the boundary corrector, the Dirichlet corrector for the Dirichlet problem, the Neumann corrector for the Neumann problem, is Lipschitz uniformly in order to carry this compactness scheme. Okay, so that's not a trivial task, even for periodic coefficients, we have several steps. So today we're going to present a different approach to the problem and this somehow, this method, is somehow related to the talk you had in the morning that is in order to prove the Lipschitz estimate, we're going to look at the excess decay of the solution, you set up by, look at the difference of the solution with an linear function, you minimize all the, among all the linear functions you'll see. Okay, so the setup is the same, we're working with a family of second order elliptic operators in divergent form with a parameter epsilon and we're assuming the coefficient is real, bounded, measurable and uniformly elliptic and also A is one periodic, okay? It's all the same as the previous lectures. So precisely you're assuming the matrix is bounded and it's positively definite, and it's periodic with respect to the integer lattice. So notation-wise we're just working with the scalar equation but all the theorems and proofs extend directly to second order systems in divergent form. There's no real difficulty, nothing special is used for the scalar case, okay? So we proved this theorem yesterday using compactness method. This is an interior large-scale Lipschitz estimate. I mentioned how once you get this estimate, that you can combine with a small-scale estimate by a blow-up argument follows from the classical result to obtain a full-scale Lipschitz. But here we do not need any smoothness conditions on the coefficient, just being bounded and measurable by the elliptic and the periodic. So you have a solution for the simplicity. I'm also assuming the right-hand side is zero. You have a solution in a unit ball, then you look at the L2 average of the solution, the gradient of the solution on a ball of radius R. R is between epsilon and one. So the most important case actually is the case R equal to epsilon. Once you have that, the remaining range follows. It's bounded by the L2 average of the gradient of the solution on a ball of radius one, okay? So this is where you see the detailed proof yesterday. There are two steps. The first step is the compactness. You gain one improvement, and then in the second step, you use an inductive to iterate the gain you obtain in lemma one, all right? So that's the idea. Okay, so today we're gonna talk about, instead of a compactness, it's approved by contradiction. You argue by contradiction. We're gonna look at a direct approach. This is due to Charles Smart, who is here, and also Scott Armstrong here. There are advantages to, this advantage compares to my third here. So this direct method, there's no compactness. Theorem is needed, and we do not need to involve collectors, at least not in a direct way. And therefore it's applicable in non-peractors. Even in the periodic setting, we can use it to derive boundary regularity because we do not need to, a priority proof of the boundary corrector is elliptous. So it works in a setting of almost periodic, and also the random case. So you'll hear more about next week, okay? So the disadvantage is that this approach will require a convergent rate, even though it's, you only need a linear rate, quite a very weak linear rate. And this, in the practice, this convergent rate can be established by using so-called approximate correctors. We'll talk a little bit toward the end and what is approximate corrector in an almost periodic setting here. Okay, so what is this? So the idea is, you'll see this already in other lecture. So you're gonna measure the access decal rates relative to a linear function. So UEPU is a solution, okay? So we're gonna subtract a arbitrary linear function, and M here is a vector, so it's a dot product here. M is a scalar case, okay? If you have a vector, then if you have a system, then you're gonna have to deal with a matrix here. And then you average the difference in L2 in the ball radius R, and then you mobilize the quantity by the Y, this by R, because this will be in the scale of the derivative, okay? So then you take the infimum among all vectors, M, and all real numbers, R. So you try to approximate your solution on an average sense by linear functions, okay? So the idea is, I suppose you have a solution, say, in B1, if it's small, if less than one half, I already indicate that if it's greater than one half, all the results follow from the classical one here. So what we're gonna do is we're gonna show that this quantity, this is already scaled, H of R is bounded uniformly by the L2 average of a solution on a ball of rails. One, and this is true for any R between Y and one half, okay? So if between one half and one, that would be a trivial statement. So for any R greater than this small scale, but less and up to some fixed constant, okay? So this is the goal. So once you have this, then the Lipschitz estimate, large scale Lipschitz estimate follows, okay? So the key observation in this scheme is the following. It's approximation here, so idea. So what is the idea? So we try to prove this is uniformly bounded. So we're gonna look, compare this function at the two different scales, R and theta times R. Theta is some small but fixed number here. So let's just try to look at what is H seed of R, okay? By definition, it's just the scaled average, I mean, scale average in fumule of UY minus a linear function. Okay, so the first step is that you use a triangle. Very simple. So you're gonna replace your solution by a function W to be chosen later. Then you, of course, by the triangle, that's the error term you're gonna make. So the difference here, there will be UY minus W and you'll still integrate, you'll still average this on the ball radius theta R and divide by theta R because that's in the definition of theta R here. Just first step, it's nothing more than a triangle, okay? So in the next step, we'll say this W, it's supposed to be a very nice function, okay? And so for a nice function, say, in the same one, alpha, it has some scaling properties there. If you go from R to the scale theta R, this excess decay will be small. So you have one half factor come up, okay? So this is a pure property of this function W to be chosen later.  And so that is the second inequality here. The second term here is copied, all right? In the next step, we're gonna go back from W to U to the solution U sub-optional again, okay? So you simply replace W by U sub-optional and then you'll see that the definition is just this, this go back to the definition of H over R but you carry a factor one half, okay? So when you do that, the triangle inequality will introduce another error term when you combine this with this term here, it's bounded by a constant which depend on theta divided by R times this L2 average of the difference U epsilon and W here, okay? So the choice of W is yours. So we want, so the choice we're gonna make later on is that we're gonna choose that W to be a solution of a constant coefficient, second order, in some ball of radius R and we have all the regularity we wanted. And so in particular, the function is in C one alpha and so this term give you one half if theta is sufficiently small, okay? So that's all the idea that it is in this scheme. So that is the key observation. So roughly speaking, what this means is that if you have a function which can be well-proximated by some function with a C one alpha estimate, C one alpha estimate, scaled version of C one alpha, for all the scale greater than this parameter epsilon, then your function will be Lipschitz, okay? It doesn't have to be a solution. This is a general kind of a statement here. All right, so let's just see how do we carry out this scheme in the interior case and later on I will just mention how do we set up for boundary estimate. And the idea is the same. It's the technical, it gets a little complicated but the main idea is already gonna be shown in the interior case. All right, so again we go back to this function for HR which measures the excess decay of your solution relative to a linear function, okay? So you take an infimum among all vector M and real number R, okay? So let's see this infimum is obtained by some vector. I'm gonna call MR tilde, all right? So the infimum is still taken with respect to Q. That's the definition of MR. So MR tilde is just some vector which achieves the infimum here, okay? So then I'm gonna take the magnitude of this vector MR which certainly depend on R, of course also depend on the solution, UYPtion call this quantity by H of R, little H of R, okay? So then let's see how we, again we wanna estimate the gradient. In this setup here, everything is expressed in terms of the solution. You do not want to involve the gradient of the solution because we know much about the solution of the equation here. You wanna set this up in terms of the solution itself here. So, but as you know it's, you can bound the average of the gradient by the average of the solution by a control point, okay?  You take an infimum in Q here, okay?  So remember that we wanna bound this L2 average of the gradient on the ball of riddles R uniformly. So now it's suffice to bound these two terms, H of two R and little H of two R. For any R between each one and one half, we can now go below one half. And so we're working with a bounded measure of coefficients and there's no smoothest coefficient, smoothest assumption on the coefficient here. All right, so that's, so now what I wanna convince you is now, now the problem is how do you control these two quantity, capital H of two R and little H of two R here? These are the definitions, okay? Do you have any questions so far? Okay, so if not, I wanna stay a general theorem. So this, a version of this theorem can be found in a paper by Armstrong and Smart, but this version here is, it's purely one of my papers here. We can try to formalize the procedure here.  It has nothing to do with PDE here, just pure, I don't know. It's a Kalkers problem here. You can find a proof of this theorem in lecture notes. There's a detailed proof, it does not involve much. There's a Fouvinian theorem, that's all, okay? So you have two functions, capital H of R and a little H of R and I'm assuming there's two functions, two negative defined between zero and one, okay? You have a parameter option here. I don't wanna assume this function is increasing, but I do wanna assume that you can compare the quantity of this function capital H if you go from R to two R. So for T between R and two R, the values are all bounded by H of R, okay? So the properties are all modeled by looking at the application we have in mind here, okay? So that's one condition. The second condition is that for the little H of T and I want that for any T between R and two R, the difference controlled of HT and HS can be controlled by H of two R, okay? And so that's the second condition. The third condition is that the value of the function H at a seat of R is bounded by one half of H of R multiplied by this arrow here, term here. So here is an omega of H, omega of H over R multiplied by H of two R per little H of two R. And this actually is the quantity we try to control, okay? So assuming this is true for any R between each one and one half, okay? There's a fourth condition that this omega is, say, increasing the continuous function, omega of zero is zero, but I want this condition to also satisfy a Dini integral condition. So in particular, if omega of T is a power of T for some positive number, then this condition is satisfied, okay? So this is a Dini condition. And the conclusion is that then H of R plus little H of R is bounded by the value at one, by their value at one here, okay? So R is any number between epsilon and one here, okay? So this estimate here is the one we wanted to control, to bond here. So H one and the little H one can be bounded by the L two average of the solution on the scale one. So we're able to go from scale epsilon to scale one. That is the idea, okay? Do you have any questions? Okay, so going, questions? So going back to the theorem here, you see, this is the quantity we had earlier that we want to control H of R, and you have this. So now the problem is that how do you control this error term? So in other words, if you have a solution, can you approximate in the L two norm by some function with C one alpha estimate? And you also want the control, the rate is satisfied at Dini condition. So this will be done by a convergence rate in homogenization. So as far as the scheme is concerned, I haven't used anything related to the operator, okay? Oh, anything related to homogenization here. So that's, so we're going to go back to the homogenization problem. So the problem now is I suppose you have a solution on the ball of radials to R and R is greater than the parameter epsilon. And we want to find some W and satisfy some equations with constant coefficients, so that the average, the average of U epsilon, L two average of U epsilon minus W is bounded by a small quantity, omega of epsilon of all times the L two average of the solution on a ball of radials to R. And so further we want this quantity omega to satisfy the Dini, okay? So that is the problem. And also by reskating, you, it's suffice to prove this fact for the scale one. And the operator in its form scales well. So if you can do this for each, for all equal to one, then you can do this for any all, okay? So once you have this estimate and that will produce this inequality we wanted. And that is, and that will be, that will be, and this will allow us to use the general scheme in the previous page, okay? So now it becomes a convergence rate problem here. Okay, so they, so I want to show you a theorem on convergence rates. This is not necessarily sharp. And because we do not need sharp convergence rate, we only need a rate that is Dini, Dini here. So we have a bounded deep use domain. You have, you have a dd-crab problem, okay? Let's just look at the case. Well, at the right hand side is zero. Boundary data is F, okay? So U zero is the solution of the homogenized problem. So in other words, U zero satisfy the equation, the U zero satisfy the equation for the operator L zero, the homogenized operator in omega with the same boundary data as this one here. So the estimate is that you can, the ultimate one of the difference is bounded by epsilon to the sum power alpha for some alpha positive. That's all we need in order to carry out the scheme. So the leapschees estimate require little as far as the convergence rate is concerned. If you do have a symmetry, you can actually take alpha to be one half, but we will not need that, okay? So all we need is some alpha positive. And so, because that will give you a Dini convergence rate. All right, so how do you prove this? So we go back to the stuff we talked about in lecture two, establishment convergence rate.  Remember, we do not assume any smoothness conditions on the coefficient. So here we'll have to smooth out the solution here. We do not know the corrector is bounded. We know it's bounded in L two on every cell there. All right, so actually the method we, presented on the second lecture, give us this estimate. So you can actually bound, this actually give you the convergence rate in H one. It's bounded by epsilon times the L two norm of the gradient of the two derivative, second order derivative in the interior away from the boundary by epsilon, okay? Well, this is omega minus omega epsilon. Omega epsilon is a layer, it's a boundary layer of a thickness epsilon. So this integral taking place away from the boundary, but you do have a second order derivative. In the second term, it's no problem because you do have an epsilon here. In the third term, you integrate in the boundary layer, but there's no epsilon in front of the norm here, okay? So we'll, and then by Pankare, you can just give you the L two norm of W epsilon and then just simply throw this term to the right hand side. You have L two norm for the difference U epsilon and U zero, okay? And you still have the same right hand side. Okay, so now the goal is to generate some powers for each of this term. The second term, we don't need to worry about it. Epsilon is already here. We can control the L two norm of the gradient. We have to generate some power of epsilon from the first and the last term here, okay? So that is the idea, yeah, okay? So we're gonna talk about how do we put up, generate a power from, for the first and the last term. For the first term, we can use the interior estimate, but remember U zero is a solution of equation with constant coefficients. So there's an interior, you do have an interior estimate, and if you use the second order interior estimate, it give you, and also the, the hudders inequality, it will generate a power of epsilon to the negative one half minus one over P times the L P norm of the gradient here, and P is any number greater than two, okay? All right, so the, so that, remember, you still have an epsilon here, so you put this back, and so that will kill a power of one, so you're still left with one half minus one over P. P is greater than two, so this power here is positive, okay? So the problem here now is that you, the price you pay is that the P will be greater than two, and now we can use sort of the mayor's type estimate to bond this, the L P norm for some P greater than two, which depend on the ellipticity and times the each one norm of the boundary data. So together you got a power of sigma, sigma is one half minus one over P, that P greater than two, so this will be positive, okay? So this argument does not require any regularity on a coefficient, and also it works for leapshift domain, okay? No more than leapshift domain, omega there. Okay, so any questions? All right, so that's the convergence rate, I mean that's, however, that's not enough, so here we have one more step to go to generate the approximation estimate, we need it. So again, here's a theorem, we have a solution, say in a ball of radios two, and then I claim that there is a solution in a ball of radios one for the homogenized equation, but the ball is being B one, so that the L two average of U epsilon minus W is bounded by epsilon to the power of alpha times the L two average of the solution for some positive alpha here, okay? So the difference here is that we do not need this function W to be a solution in B two, so we're gonna work with a smaller ball and that give us freedom to choose the W here. So the W here is not necessarily the homogenized solution because we do not even specify the boundary data for U epsilon in B two.


The European Union leaders are set to debate their response to soaring energy prices, which have exposed familiar rifts over the blocked climate change goals, and divided countries on whether the price crunch runs an overhaul of EU energy market roles. Leaders will discuss a toolbox the European Commission published last week, which outlined the national measures governments can take and said brushes would look into longer term options to address price shocks. The chair of the meeting EU Council President Charles Michel called for a more pan-European approach to the block's energy supply and said members should in a shorter term work towards a convergence of approaches. Most EU countries have already drawn up emergency action plans to shield consumers from the price spike, including energy tax cuts and subsidies for poorer households. And thus the leaders will encourage others to follow suit. We have put forward as a commission a set of measures concerning the energy prices and electricity prices to support consumers. We know that we also will have a look at the way the energy market is functioning as a whole. And in the mid and long term it is very clear that the strategy has to be to invest massively in clean and renewable energy, because this is energy that is reliable because it is produced in Europe and it is the future. As we are small countries, we do our share in in the climate policy, but we also need the G20 countries to raise the ambition and do their share as well. It's our common globe and we have to do this all together and united we are strong. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


The goal of the limb preservation clinic is to provide what we call multidisciplinary care and what that is is it's combining specialists from all areas that have an interest and a passion and a drive for limb salvage. Limb salvage in and of itself is essentially not accepting that patients will go on to blow the knee amputation. Limb salvage is also acknowledging the fact that in this country there's 29 million diabetics and that approximately 15 to 25 percent of them will develop a wound in their lifetime. So what does that mean? It's interesting they've looked at this and found that if you're diabetic and you've had a wound for more than two weeks, you have a 40 percent chance of dying in 10 years. You have a two and a half times greater likelihood of death at five years. These are very serious statistics and I think that it commonly goes unnoticed and being part of a limb preservation team everyone is aware of these findings and people are aware that this is something that we do have to address very aggressively and very passionately but also very systematically and a lot of it cannot be done by one person. The limb preservation clinic is an interesting environment where we've got vascular surgery specialists where oftentimes the patients' circulations improved enough to allow for healing myself for both surgical correction of any deformities that are present while also dealing with the wound care part of it too and being able to have the patient on a weekly regimen such that they're able to be followed aggressively, have care coordination performed so that they have all their supplies, they know where they're going to go, they know who their doctor is, they know what antibiotics they should be on if there is an infection and that there's this adequate surveillance and dedicated approach that the patient has followed on weekly and successfully at that time. So I think that that is the true definition of multidisciplinary care and this limb preservation clinic that we're trying to establish here at University of Maryland. Below-the-knee amputation can be an option for patients. It's just not something that should be taken as, well, this patient is unlikely to heal so therefore we're not going to try and I think the best part about the limb preservation clinic and multidisciplinary approach to limb salvage is we will do everything we can within our means and given what we have to help save these limbs. I oftentimes tell patients it's like a plant. You have the water or the rain which comes from the vascular surgeon. I bring the sunlight but the patient has to bring the soil. If you have bad soil, some factors can be fixed while other times we're kind of left with what we got but we have to work within those confines and we've had some amazing results already. Patients that have been sent here because we are tertiary care referral center that have had excellent results despite having so many hurdles in their healing process.


Bismillah al-Ghwaneem and As-Salaam alaikum ladies and gentlemen, we are back to corporate governance and today we are going to be looking at the Turbanes-Oxley Act 2002 and its relevant clauses and promulgating sections which affect corporate governance. Now again ladies and gentlemen, we are seeing that since the past 30 years developments have been taking place on a local, national, regional and also a global level. And the Turbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is a very important juncture whereby it stipulated new advances in the context of corporate governance. Now when we look at the Turbanes-Oxley Act then we basically see that the basis of this particular act was that corporate America had been blotted with many scandals in the recent time. So, what we see is that in that period we see that there were different episodes and incidents of scandals which was resulting in a lot of sense of insecurity and also the fact that the shareholder conference or investor conference was depleting itself. Now what we see ladies and gentlemen is that despite the fact that there have been differences between recent scandals and early ones, there is a common thread running in between them. So, there was this common thread which basically existed and the common thread is that governance matters that is good governance promotes good corporate decision making. So, what we see ladies and gentlemen is that through corporate governance we see that better decision making is taken and that tends to ensure the longevity and the sustainability of the corporate enterprise and that is extremely important ladies and gentlemen. The Turbanes-Oxley Act calls for protection for those who have the courage to bring fraud to the attention. So, again we see that it gave protection to the whistleblower, it encouraged whistleblowers and again through this particular act it ensured that if anyone would see some irregularity it would come to the notice of the board and also to the authorities. For corporations to appoint an officer with the responsibility to oversee compliance and ethical issues. So, again the act called upon the different corporations to have a dedicated officer who would oversee compliance and ethical issues and then effective corporate governance only with strategic planning and willingness of the shareholders. So, that is also very important that again we see that to make corporate governance effective it becomes very pertinent and imperative that there is strategic planning and again there is a willingness of the shareholders to move forward accordingly. The Turbanes-Oxley Act which is also called the SOX Act is a sincere attempt to address all the issues associated with corporate failures to achieve quality governance and restore investment content. So, again we see that so many debacles, so many disorientation and so much of failures existed. So, it was basically to create as a buffer whereby this would not be happening and it would be ensured that there is more sustainability of organizations. The Act was formulated to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made precious to the security laws and for other purposes. So, again this is a very important aspect that the Act protected the small investor and the large investor and ensure that there is proper disclosure and transparency in all of its financial transactions and the various frameworks which are being practiced. The Act contains a number of provisions that dramatically change the reporting and corporate director's governance obligations of public companies to its officers and to its directors. So, what we see ladies and gentlemen is that this Act basically again tends to reinforce the reporting mechanism and ensure that proper reporting is done through a multi-tier approach and also the fact that how the different corporate directors can ensure that there is governance obligations and also the fact the relationship between the different segments of the organization also come into play which resulted in ladies and gentlemen the establishment of public company accounting oversight board the PCAOB a new board consisting of five members of whom two will be certified public accounts. So, again we see that this new board was created to have an oversight on companies to ensure that accounting mechanisms are done properly and also the fact that it would have at least two certified public accountants. All accounting firms will have to register themselves with this particular board the fees received from the public company clients financial information about the firm list of firm staff who participate in audit quality control policies information on civil criminal and decimally proceeding. So, what we see that this board very a very multifarious a very well professionally attuned and calibrated board was created where by all of these different things would be practiced by the board to ensure that there will be more transparency and more clarity and more accountability and more integrity within the organization and again to ensure that no one could have a role in undermining the organization which is very important and therefore all information related to criminal civil and decimally proceedings would also be reported to that particular board and would ensure that there is more transparency and again the board would conduct annual inspections once in three years and the board would establish rules governing quality control ethics independence and other standards. So, these were the main forays for the particular board and again the responsibility of the board which would reinforce and augment corporate governance as a whole and more holistically to a 360 degree approach. The board reports to the SEC the securities exchange commission the board is required to send support to the SEC annually and will then send it to the congress. So, again the stake of response was increased that the board the securities exchange commission and the congress. So, again making every player a part of the process to therefore make sure that there is more stability within the economy and that is the very essence of corporate governance. Thank you so much.


Article 7 through 10 round out the Bill of Rights, a single amendment effort that was all but required by the founders of the nation to gain sufficient public and colonial support to initiate the new central government. As noted earlier, these did not add to either the nature or the purpose of the original agreement, as said in the preamble. They rather documented citizen rights in a way that would challenge those who only read the articles as if they were standalone authorization for government activities. The amendments being addressed in this lesson are considerably simpler than the first six. The Seventh Amendment preserves the right to a jury in civil actions above a threshold. It recognizes the right to have other sovereign citizens weigh in on disagreements, but also allows those who to be heard by a judge for matters that are not of significant consequence as to the size of the dispute. The involvement of the jury is definitive. It is a witness to this sovereign citizen not being a subject of government authority except by choice. It is one more demand for the consent of the governed as a matter of law. A second provision in this amendment is of great consequence, though it has largely been ignored. It is that a jury finding a fact is definitive for all courts. When jury deliberation has established a fact in issue, the federal courts cannot challenge it. Consider the effect this should have had on the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, which had previously been granted the right to appellate determinations of both fact and law. Of course, a judge you challenge the findings of a jury, well, it's rare. It happens for the protection of justice, where a jury finding is so out of bounds as to work injustice. It happens where taking action based on the jury finding would cause the court to defeat justice. In a close reading of this amendment, we also have to return to the purpose for the Constitution to ordain and establish a government. It is not an instrument to set citizen rights, but to require government recognition of citizen rights and to limit or forbid any government actions that might interfere with those rights. There has been serious question as to whether this right to a civil trial should apply to the states. It is a question raised by ignoring the sovereignty of the citizen that somehow the citizen of the state can have different rights than the citizen of the United States. It arises from assuming that a civil trial is not really a right, but a privilege granted by sovereign governments. The question arises from misreading what is written, from somehow missing the fact that it is written into the Constitution instead of arising from a limit on the national sovereignty of governments over its citizens. The effect of the Eighth Amendment has been to insist on uniform and reasonable application of law. In the negative, it also insists that the application of law will not be a separate punishment, but is to serve a valid public purpose. In the sense of a constituting agreement of we the people, this does not fix any citizen rights, but addresses limits on what central government is able to do. It immediately addresses criminal legislation forbidding barbaric consequences to be attached to federal laws. It immediately addresses judicial applications demanding a uniformity and reasonableness in the application of law to citizens. The effect on executive branch actions is less immediate, but much greater. What punishment might not be cruel and unusual for citizens who refuse to be regulated by government, the government that they own? Consider an environmental regulation that requires citizens who want to sell food to the public across state lines to purchase a federal license. If the citizen was already selling food within the state, there is no additional risk to the public. So what is the basis for assessing a fine or forfeiture upon a citizen for not procuring an interstate license? This amendment has worked to some effect in addressing punishments that are thought by some people to be cruel, as in the death penalty. Is life imprisonment less cruel? We have to address the concept of punishment, and it is to attach a negative consequence to some act or behavior. It is by its very nature intended to be sufficient to discourage the act or behavior, and it is necessarily cruel and hopefully not so common as to be unusual. The idea that punishment can avoid unpleasantness is a little bizarre. We have had to increase uniformity and punishment under this amendment, but it is somewhat repetitious of the equal protection of law provision already addressed. We are unlikely to ever have a general consensus among we the people, as to what is or is not so cruel as to be denied to government. There is no agreement among we the people. It is hard to find any basis for government taking sides with some citizens against others. The Ninth Amendment is a weak restatement of the general principle of citizen sovereignty. It tells those who govern that the people are the ones with rights, and that those who govern are forbidden to disparage or assault those rights. Government is to do what it was designed to do, providing self-government services to sovereign citizens. Those who have ignored the fact that their constituting authority was an agreement among the people have also been willing to ignore this amendment. It has not proven to be effective. The courts have not actively supported it. The Tenth Amendment is potent in terms of stating directly that the government only has delegated powers. It states that those not delegated belong to the states or to the people. This denies any potency in central government actions to even reduce the power of citizens. Again, those who ignore the fact that their constituting authority was an agreement among the people have also been willing to ignore this amendment. Congress has passed laws designed to disrupt citizen rights. The Supreme Court has determined that government efforts are authorized for just this purpose, and the Executive Branch has consistently acted to regulate and limit these rights for the good of the public. This amendment has accomplished little beyond restating what was already an inherent part of the originating constitution. Almost every unauthorized action taken by leaders in violation of this amendment has been given effect. The questionable authority of federal government to regulate the operation of laws by the states has hardly slowed this down. Violation is seen in the outright seizure of land, denying the common use of that land to the sovereign citizens of the state, claiming some alternative purpose served on behalf of the citizens of the United States. The fact that this seizure is made with the collusion of the state leadership simply spreads the corruption. The need for and wisdom of these first ten amendments is seriously in question. It is not a matter of their appropriateness, but of the consistent and significant willingness of public office holders to set aside the constitution when it might constrain their public efforts. Where the office holder sets personal purpose above legal constraint, it doesn't seem to matter what is written or how or where it is written in the constitution. For whatever leaders currently feel is a good cause, they are willing to overstep written legal boundaries. So why not overstep them? There is no consequence for doing so, and a good chance of success in getting other leaders to agree that it is right to ignore constitutional restrictions. This reality is that appending these amendments was an attempt to handle a threat to the nation. The reality is also that this attempt has largely failed. The threat has become our reality over a long period of time, and the fear damages to the nation have occurred regularly and consistently. We now have wisdom that was not available to these founders, and it comes from scientific studies in the early middle of the decades of the 20th century. We have had behavior studies to punishment and reward. It was documented that punishment does not extinguish an established behavior. It simply does not work. It rather gives rise to new behaviors that are initiated to avoid the punishment. The unwanted behavior continues, and the offenders take action to avoid having to face the consequences of their actions. Simply forbidding government's officers to exercise and to use granted powers for some purposes did not cause them to change what government leaders have done before. They consistently find other ways to justify what they do in accomplishing forbidden efforts, and they largely support each other in such pursuits. And the behavior of corporate sovereignty is the exercise of authority without any external constraint. Attempting to ban behaviors by sovereign leaders does not yield results even when they would accept only benevolent purposes. What we have is government officers establishing rules to protect their abuses, and they support each other in this. Some are rules that would protect a judge from accountability to citizens for even the most egregious damages incurred under a warrant that a judge issued. It is rules that would allow government to seize citizen earnings for a purpose that only Congress thinks to be public. It would include Supreme Court justices rewriting the Constitution from the bench when it does not agree with what benevolent leaders believe is right. Perhaps the most egregious and aggravated abuse has been achieved by the unauthorized titling of the Constitution as if it was a royal grant of sovereign authority with limits. This is in support of misreading what was written when it would prevent what leaders feel justified in doing. In the same period as the studies of punishment, we have studies in the technical side of management. We have a study of how we gain performance through groups of people who are working to accomplish that performance. Again, this provided knowledge that was not available to the founders. They constructed our government with the best knowledge available to them at the time and initiated the Great American experiment as they were able. As a performance engineer, I have long been a technical expert in this arena with my usual product being support for performance managers. There are specific requirements for managing performance and the failure to fulfill these requirements results in a failure of group performance. As a general rule, unmanaged efforts do not get performed by groups of people. It is an essential and cannot be replaced by something else. The first need is that there must be something for the manager to accomplish through the efforts that are managed. The second is authority to direct performance to the efforts they must take. The third is exception support for the performance efforts of those who do the work, stepping in with aid when they hit unplanned situations or problems that they cannot handle personally. In application to governance, we the ones who have something to accomplish but have not assumed effective authority over the public officers who are tasked with performance. Those who are charged with performance have assumed authority over the people and take whatever they feel they need to do whatever they accept as valid public purpose. Instead of accepting our support when the needs arise, they have simply taken what they feel is right so they can act on our behalf. Our original design of government does not include effective performance management and the people who should be performing are trying to manage each other. This makes for an ineffective government and one that incurs great expense while not performing much of anything. If there is a lesson here for government, it is that our government is unmanaged, that it has leaders demanding of the people instead of people supporting what leaders are to do in fulfilling their public purpose.


I'm Daniel Jacobs, and I'm gonna be talking about learning R through space repetition and the remember package. First, I wanted to introduce myself. My name is Daniel Jacobs. I have over 10 years of experience writing code and things like video games, data science, and for the last several years, I've been working in ed tech and educational technology, and I've been doing a lot of statistics work. Currently, my title is Director of Data Science Engineering, and today I'm gonna be telling you about the remember package, which you can see for yourself at www.don'tyouremember.com. So the first thing I wanted to talk about is why the remember package. What problem does it try to solve? It's this one. There are a lot of R packages out in the world, and it's hard for me to remember them all, and it's hard to know which ones to learn next, because there are just so many of them out there. There are things with names like Stargazer and test that, and I remember learning about them all at a conference I went to last year, and it was so much that I didn't know what was important, and I remember coming home from this conference and just very excited about all the new things I could learn, but not even remembering what they all were. So here's another story about that. A couple of years ago, at this point, I went to a talk about a package called purr, which I'm sure a lot of you are familiar with, which is a way to iterate over a list. So the old way, before I'd learned about purr, it was I would write a for loop for cat in cats, print cat, and the new way was to use the purr walk method to iterate over the list and to do the printing. And I remember going to this talk about purr and hearing about what it was and thinking, that looks better, that's just better than what I'm doing right now, I wanna learn how to do it, and I wanna incorporate it into my regular programming practice. And I'm sure you've all been to other talks where you felt that same way, where there was a new package or method and you saw it and you thought, that's really a thing I should be doing, but it's hard to change your programming practice. So I went to this talk, I went home, I went back to my normal programming, I used purr for a day or so, but I quickly forgot about purr, I quickly reverted to the method I was using before, which was for loops. And I think part of the reason for that was it was just easier for me because I knew it. Might not have been better, but because I was so familiar with it, it was what I was used to, it was hard for me to change what I was familiar with, and it was hard for me to learn the new thing well enough where I didn't have to look it up and refer to documentation in order to use it. And in order for me to really get something in my programming practice, I need to know it well enough where I don't always need to look it up. So around the same time where I was struggling to learn purr, I was reading this book because I work in ed tech called Make It Stick. And the book draws on recent discoveries in cognitive psychology and other disciplines to offer different concrete techniques for becoming a more productive learner. And the sorts of things that it talks about are active recall, so making an effort to really think about the stuff you've learned. And different strategies for studying and doing better on tests that are based in science and research. And another thing it talks about is space repetition, the different ways to recall information. So one of the things it talks about is the space repetition algorithm for learning flashcards. And the algorithm works like this, you create your flashcards, you review your flashcards every day, and every time you get a flashcard wrong, you put it in a section for cards that you need to review more frequently. When you get it right, you put in a section for cards that you need to review less frequently. And if you do this enough, eventually the cards that remain are the ones that you really need to review. And if you review them enough and you start to learn them, and then over time, you have fewer and fewer cards you need to review and you have learned everything. And this is an effective strategy that a lot of people use for learning vocabularies. This is a vocabulary or a series of flashcards you might use if you're trying to learn basic English, or just the very basics of it. There's a vocabulary here. And in a way, learning R or learning a programming language, it's still a language. Obviously there's more to it than just vocabulary, but R as a language has a vocabulary. There are all these terms you need to use. And you can look them up, you can always go to Stack Overflow and find them, but the more that you have memorized and internalized, the faster and more fluently you can code and then you're only going on Stack Overflow when you really need to go there, when there's something new. So I think part of what you can do when you learn a programming language is really try to just learn some of the vocabulary of it. And the strategies that work for learning the vocabulary of a language can really be the same ones to help you learn the vocabulary of a programming language. That's what the Remember package does. It has a method to do flashcards according to the space repetition algorithm. So here's what that looks like. You can call Remember flashcards. It says, get ready to start your flashcards. Look for help in the browser window. You currently have at least 25 functions you need to review. Don't worry, we'll do them 10 at a time. Press any key to start. And then it'll start with your personalized flashcards. So it'll say something like, do you feel comfortable with detach from the base package? And you can say, yes, I feel comfortable or no, I don't. And it'll move it into the appropriate bucket of flashcards for you. It'll also give you a little clue, a little reminder about what the package does. So it'll show you the R help or it'll give you a reminder what the function does. So it'll show you the help. And that way you can just have a little reminder and activate your memory and it'll help you recall for later. And then it just goes on to the next question. So it'll say, do you feel comfortable to walk from the per package? With this point, I do now feel comfortable with walk from the per package. So I would say, yes, here. And it just iterates like this. It goes through your flashcards. And eventually over time, if you do this enough, you start to read the help regularly, go online, read documentation and references and start to really internalize some of these methods that you're trying to learn. So as you go to all these talks and conferences today, you can start to think about what things you really wanna commit to studying and learning. So I talked about remember solving two problems. One of them is that there are a lot of R packages and it's hard to remember what they all are or hard to really remember different parts of them. Another problem is, it's not there which ones to learn because there are so many packages out there in the world. And not everyone needs to learn the same packages. There's some packages that are difficult or advanced and maybe you really only need to know them if you've been working for R in several years or if you're doing something very specific. There are also a lot of packages that are domain specific in fields like astronomy or biology. And if you're an astronomer or biologist, you need to learn that package and you need to learn what other biologists are using. But if you're not in that field, you really don't need to know them. So it's really relevant to know like what are other people around you learning? And if you're in a conference like this one, even if it's virtual, you can still talk to other people and get a sense for like what people are learning. But if you're out on your own in the world and aren't connected to the community in the same way, it's really, it can be not obvious which R packages to learn and which R packages you specifically would benefit from learning. So that's the second part of what Remember tries to address. This package uses data to help make recommendations for you about what packages you can learn. So the kinds of data sources that it uses are the code that you specifically are writing, the books and talks that you're reading and listening to and the wealth of other people's code that's available in places like GitHub. And we can combine those together to compare what other people in the world are doing with what you're doing or what similar people are doing to what you're doing and get a sense of what's different. And maybe in that difference, we can find some important methods that you would really benefit from if only you knew they existed. A lot of this is built off of a special capability that we have in R, which is that it's really easy to walk the abstract syntax tree, which is the data structure that underlies the code and makes it easy to parse and understand for the computer itself. So this is an image of the abstract syntax tree from the advanced R book by Hadley Wickham. And we're gonna take advantage of that and take advantage of how easy it is to parse in order to figure out what methods are being called and then to use that to turn it into flashcards and recommendations. So that's what we do. So here you can see my code example from before where I called the walk method. And now you can see the pseudo code here, which is essentially what Remember is doing under the hood, where you can create flashcards based on a line of code or a several lines of code or an entire file of code. So here you can see the results of creating flashcards and we can find the methods that get called. We see the walk from the per package and print from the base package. And we can count things like number of uses and other statistics to get a sense of not only what are you using, but how frequently you're using it. And then we can start to build up a data set like that to really do some analysis to make personalized flashcards and to make recommendations. So another thing we can do is we can do the same trick of analyzing the code and creating flashcards from it from our markdown files or our files that we might find online. So we can, for example, take chapter two of advanced R by Hadley Wickham, which is about names and values and turning into flashcards. So here we create the card deck based on the markdown file that underlies that chapter. And you can see all the methods that Hadley called in that chapter. And some of those, so I can now add those to my flashcards if I'm new and I want to review. I can also add those to my flashcards and it will be smart enough to know like, oh, I use library a lot. I use numeric a lot. I already have an expert in those so we don't need to see those as much. But the method called GC really never used that. So that is a method that we would really like to be high up in my review queue so that I can use it regularly and get used to understanding what it is. The other thing we can do is personalization. So not only do we want to review a chapter, but we might want to look at my code to see how I as a programmer work. So you can call init remember to have remember track what you do as you interact with the REPL. And so every time you use a new method, it'll make a new little marker to note that you yourself have used that method at that time. And then you can build up statistics about how you are using R. You can use these to create flashcards. And if you want, you can also use them for your own data analysis. So we can track things like, because the first time you use the method or how many methods you've used it. And that's possible because we're in the REPL. So we know exactly when you use called the code. And we can see which methods I use a lot. Here we're just looking at ggplot2. I use theme a lot. I use geome text a lot. Well, some of these other methods I've used very rarely. And one issue we have is that not every method is equally important. How do you know what's important? And this is where recommendation comes in. And I'm just gonna give an example of that relating to visualizations, because it's the thing I do a lot. So tidy Tuesday, if you're not familiar with it, is a weekly challenge for visualization. There's a, now what was nice about this for building a recommender is that there are 400 entries already easy to find on GitHub. So there's a lot of code. So I downloaded all that code, ran it through the code parser, built up the statistics, and then I was able to compare my code to what was available for the tidy Tuesday entrance. So here you can see the top 10 packages for tidy Tuesdayers. And notice if we wanted to, we could have gone deeper and looked at the top methods within ggplot2, but here we're just keeping it simple and looking at the top packages. So these are the top 10. And then I was able to compare my personal repel statistics with the tidy Tuesday statistics. And a thing that jumped out at me was, well, what should I learn? Well, one package jumped out is a thing I had never used before, which was called Stringer. And I'm sure a lot of you are listening and you've all used Stringer before. And I'm sure some of you haven't, some of you have. But after I realized a lot of other people were using it and I wasn't using it, I incorporated it into my practice, I read up about it, did some research and now I use Stringer all the time and I really like it and it's made me a better program. So this is an example of a recommendation that I was able to get through using my code statistics compared with the community's code statistics. Now to leave you with something to go home with that you might benefit from, here are the top 40 packages for tidy Tuesday. And you can just read through this list and if you see something here that you haven't used, keep in mind that a bunch of other people who do tidy Tuesday do use this package. So you might want to try it out, whichever package you see here that you're not using and see what it is and see if it would help you as a programmer. For me, I discovered the packages Glue and Hear like this and those are very useful and now I use them all the time because I know what they are. So that's the remember package. It was designed to really solve two problems. One was to help you remember things, that specifically different methods that you learn are. And the other one that is still in development is to help you discover what to learn next and what packages are important and relevant for you. And that's the remember package. It's currently available on GitHub where you can try it out. You can also visit it on the web at www.don'tyouremember.com. You can follow me on Twitter. I do a tweet about it occasionally. That's DJCub7. And a couple books that were referenced in this talk that I think are very good books are Advanced R by Hedley Wickham and Make It Stick, The Science of Successful Learning by Brown, Reddiger, and McDaniel. That's all. So thank you very much.


I stand here today humbled and in awe to have the opportunity to serve alongside our nation's finest in this storied division. The reputation of this division precedes itself as being one of endurance, grit and lethality, and one that I am eager to join. I am absolutely confident that the leaders and soldiers in all four of these battalions along with the Moran Sustainment Enterprise will be ready when called upon. We are embarking upon a tremendous opportunity to set the stage for the future, so we must win on our watch. It is a privilege to be part of this command team and I am excited for what lies ahead.


I was a youth once it's one of the it's one of the interesting things that young people's oppression is one of the few oppressions that everyone has gone through at some point and yet we keep replicating it so the panel that we're about to enter into as a group of folks who've been fighting the good fight and our leading voices in this struggle so this will be our first time doing a panel live like this so just to set everybody up we're gonna have a little bit of attempt at production so our production team is ready for this but the ways to work I'll just introduce some of the folks in the different panel one by one and just bring them up so bye to you Anna great and so I'm gonna introduce the panel that we've got here again building power through youth organizing so we have Brianna hi Brianna it's so nice to see you again it's so good to see you Daniel yeah it's amazing the spaces that you know how this all gets pulled together okay so we've got Vanessa come join us see just like that magic Ray hi Ray hello and then we have Greta sweet hi Greta and then we have Nikki who will be moderating this panel so I'm gonna step off give you a chance to introduce yourselves or say whatever however you want to set that up all you welcome everyone to the youth panel thank you so much for all the people who are watching us right now and of course this amazing panel I'm Nikki Becker I make climate justice activists from Argentina and today we are going to talk about the power the power of young people because the youth have always been willing to give their bodies lives and time to change because we dare to challenge the idea that seems to be normalized in the rest of the society and we are not satisfied with the world as peace and that's why we mobilize organize speak out and write history in our world so here we have four amazing activists from all over the world with different backgrounds but something in common they organize with other people to be a better world thank you Vanessa Ray Greta and Rihanna for being here and we will start with the first question to all of you about why did you became an activist and also what motivates you to continue your activism now Rihanna do you want to start and then whoever wants to continue yeah um thank you Nikki and um it's so great to be on the panel of all young women so great to see the power of young women in these places um really good question what got me into this work and what motivates me is the same thing as soon as I learned about climate change and implications it would have on my islands I knew that I had to do something I'm from Samoa so that's a small group of islands with a large ocean a vibrant culture and very friendly people for me my island and my culture survival it is non-negotiable and so I fight for climate justice because it is synonymous with fighting for my home survival um like most young people and and most climate activists in particular in frontline communities we're in this fight because we need to be and because we know that the cost of silence is too great to bear and so that's why I do this work and that's what motivates me to continue to do it thank you Rihanna who wants to continue my next value want to go yeah thank you so much um I remember 2018 that's when I started to do so much research about climate issues I studied business administration at university so I had no idea about environmental issues and the connection that we all have is nature but from that research I realized how much the people in my country were facing the impacts of climate change right now and from that research I realized how it is threatening the lives of the people across the country my country heavily depends on agriculture for survival and mostly for very many families especially in rural communities so that means the climate crisis means hunger the climate crisis means water scarcity the climate crisis means early marriages for many girls so it is an issue that is affecting different sectors of our lives and that's what really made me become an activist and to really start the climate strikes in my country I was inspired by seeing Greta do the strikes in Sweden and it really motivated me to do the same thing in my country and the other thing that really motivates me is millions of young people across the world demanding for climate justice and then just climate justice but all forms of justice and it's just incredible to see young people to see young women's truth to power thank you thank you hi thank you so much for having me so I'm Ray from the Philippines the Philippines is a very conservative country and so as a transgender woman you could kind of imagine what it's like here but for me you know I'm growing up my dream has always been to discover the cure to cancer which is why in college my degree was molecular biology and biotechnology but also somewhere along the way you know I've kind of thought about it like if I do discover something who is this going to be for and that was also the time when I saw the barriers that women like me and other members of the LGBT face even in science and that led me down the path of activism so right now I'm a member of Bahagari Bahagari means rainbow in Filipino um we are the biggest national democratic organization of the LGBT plus here in the Philippines and for us the issues that the LGBT face are not divorced from the issues being faced by the rest of society so we also believe that there are no rainbows for us under climate change which is why we also believe that the climate catastrophe is something that we need to be taking a part of um and for us in the Philippines you know um there's multiple layers to the climate catastrophe you know um being a country and the equator we are one of the countries that would definitely be the first ones to experience actually we're already experiencing the climate catastrophe right now numerous floods and rising sea levels um but the point here is that the Philippines is actually a very backward country um we are very dependent on other countries we're being exploited you know um and so there's a reflection there that um countries like us countries like the Philippines have the least to do with the climate catastrophe but we're also the ones who will suffer the most from it or be the first ones to drown from it so that is also a conversation about imperialism uh colonialism right and so that affects us in multiple ways and just like Rihanna you know it's like we're being thrust into the struggle and what motivates me you know is seeing so many other young people like me people in this panel people filling up the streets everywhere across the globe fighting for our rights that is what motivates me and that is what makes me believe that this is a fight that we can win thank you Ray and yes um thank you for having me and it's great to see so many other inspiring panelists it's such an honor to be here with you I think uh I mean I come from a very privileged part of the world in the sense that we have um very high emissions per capita and we are the ones who are going to be probably impacted the least by the climate crisis and so growing up the climate crisis was something that was very very far away from me and from basically everyone so I mean it was just it didn't exist really it was just something like in a sense that oh a few degrees warmer that that would be nice we have a very cold climate here in Sweden but I I sort of couldn't get my head around that because people were saying one thing that oh the climate crisis threatens our civilization if we continue down this same path and on the other hand people were just acting as if everything was fine no one was doing anything so in that sense the crisis was non-existent and so I started to read up on that on the climate crisis because I couldn't just understand this double moral this double standards and so the more I read about it the more I became like stuck the climate crisis is such a thing that once you fully understand it you can't un-understand it in a way and so there I was and then I thought to myself I have to do something I I couldn't just continue like before knowing that all of this was happening and just sit back and do nothing my I couldn't just accept that I had like a moral duty that I had to fulfill so and also I'm autistic so well once I really decide to do something I go full in I go all in and and so then I just thought that someone needs to do something and I'm someone so then I can do something and like just like you say I'm I'm also motivated by everyone else by people who have been leading this fight for I mean long before I was even born and who have been who are pushing all the people I mean for example within the Fridays for Future movement but not only that I mean every single person on the planet fighting for their rights and fighting for the environment and especially the people on on the front lines who are who are fighting often despite all odds those are the ones who motivate me the most and I think if they can do it then I can it's like yeah yeah and also just the fact that I need to do something I want to be able to when I grow up to look back and say that I I did everything I could that's also something that that really motivates me it's like this is the only right thing to do and I mean yeah it's just you have to do something I love that each person has their own story of how they became an activist and it's very interesting to know to know that story and now I will ask you individual questions and I will ask start asking Manesa because even though this is becoming clear within the climate movement there are still many people who don't understand the relationship between climate justice and racial justice so can you tell us a little bit more about this and also your experience thank you very much to me climate justice and racial justice are so interconnected from the historical background of CO2 emissions and what we are seeing right now is clearly shows that this is these are issues that are interconnected you realize that those who are affected the most they are the least responsible for the climate crisis and these are communities of black people these are communities of brown people communities of indigenous people who are facing the impacts of climate change right now and yet they are least responsible to the climate crisis they are the ones struggling to find food to eat they're the ones struggling to protect and defend their lands they are the ones protecting and defending the ecosystems and trying to have access to food while we see communities in western countries rise their emissions with all of these things and even when it comes to the media itself those who are at the front lines of the climate crisis they are not on the front pages of the world newspapers from telling their stories and also to talking about the issues that they are facing right now and from my own personal experience well it was that was in Davos when I was coped out of a photo and it's really a very hard experience to talk about because every time I get to talk about it it feels like it just happened like yesterday and it was the first time I felt racism in the climate movement and it was the time that made me question my presence at the conference that took question my activism and the work that I was doing and I was thinking about many people back at home and communities that are the front lines and I was thinking that I had what I would call the opportunity to speak at at the press conference and even while at the press conference it was obvious that my presence and my message was erased so what really had most was thinking about those who didn't make it to to Davos and those who are trying so hard to have their voices amplified so to me we won't be able to achieve and get climate justice without putting into consideration racial justice as communities of black people continue to face the wrath of climate change again they are at the front lines and yet they are not on the front pages yet their voices are not being amplified even the solutions that are being talked about when it comes to to the climate crisis even in those solutions their injustices these are solutions that will not work for all of us these are solutions that will not work for all communities and I think for us to to achieve the justice that we want for the planet and for everyone we have to decolonize climate action we have to amplify voices of those who are being affected right now we have to tell their stories because every activist has a story to tell and every story has a solution to give and every solution has a life to change so I believe that the only way that we will achieve justice is working together is respecting every voice respecting every community regardless of who they are where they come from and how how they look like or what language they speak we all have to work together to ensure that those from the most affected places and areas receive the justice that they deserve thank you thank you Vanessa yeah people often think that the fight for the climate justice is just about saving a polar bear far away when in reality it is about fighting for all injustice and not for anyone to stop it I want to know what it's like to be an activist in a country where activism is dangerous especially because it's happening in other countries like America for example where I believe it's the most dangerous region to be an activist and this is but also this is a very serious mission in the Philippines or in even where activists are accused of being terrorists so can you tell us a bit more about this and also your experience? Nikki we missed a little bit of what you said so can you just ask that question just once more so everyone can hear thanks yeah um no I I want to ask Ray what it's like to be an activist in a country where activism is dangerous especially as a trans woman all right first I wanted to be established here in the Philippines right now we have an ongoing civil war it is a civil war between the government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Communist Party of the Philippines see people's armor and it's been going on for 52 years and why is this important because it has repercussions for us the activists on the ground because the government has been unable to put an end to the armed revolution being waged in the countryside what they have been doing is they have been criminalizing all forms of dissent so here in the Philippines for example women like me especially women like me right um whenever we so much as criticize the government for example when we demand justice for indigenous peoples when we demand um a just future that's worth inheriting and an end to um the climate catastrophe we get tagged as terrorists essentially activism is being equated to terrorists and here in the Philippines that's what's happening right now um and if you criticize the government you get told that you are an armed rebel that's what happens and this is what we call red tagging right when you get called a communist rebel and that has real repercussions those are not just words um so many people so many activists who have been killed um our activists who beforehand have been red tagged by state forces they were told that they were um members of the Communist Party of the Philippines um and that's what's happening right now I myself have experienced this kind of violence um last year we organized a pride march um here in the Philippines um and because we were demanding justice and we were demanding for the government to be held accountable for all of their abuses um we were unjustly arrested I along with 19 other members of the LGBT were slapped with trumped-up charges um and we were unjustly detained I have been in prison just for seeking out and during detention you know I've experienced multiple forms of abuses um gender-based violence I've experienced sexual abuse in the hands of police and it's grisly it may not be something that people want to hear but it is the reality that we are facing here in the Philippines and it is in fact the reality for so many activists around the world most especially when you threaten the way that our society is organized right now so I know firsthand for example I have friends who are activists for Indigenous people demanding an end to the pillaging of their ancestral lands um to Indigenous people who are demanding actual action when it comes to the private catastrophe they are being imprisoned right now they're facing trumped-up charges as just for speaking out you know and that is really what is going on right now um descent is being criminalized um but that is no excuse for us to stop fighting despite that we are trying to reach out to communities urban poor communities to workers to farmers um and organizing each sector you know despite that we are not ending our call to demand justice and that includes justice for us as the youth who are set to inherit a world that is on fire so that is what it's like you know that's sort of a brief overview of what it's like to be an activist here in the Philippines but like I said that's no reason for us to stop fighting and hearing the stories of so many people for example in this panel from other countries facing their own struggles that gives us the strength to go on and keep fighting anyway thank you Ray I hope my Wi-Fi is working well now I think I hope you are doing well um Briana now you you have lived for a long time in a small island Iceland called Samoa that because of its proximity to a large body of water is on the front line of the climate emergency that you already talked and what do you consider the significance of small islands than community fights in the global climate justice movement um thank you Nikki such a great question I think that there's so much we can learn from small islands especially within our indigenous cultures I always say that I don't think sustainability is something that we're trying to get to I think it's something we're trying to get back to um in my culture there's something called ava and this means the space between there we believe that there is a space between human and human and there's also a space between human and nature and so we don't see this space as being empty we actually see it as something that connects us and so there's something that we hear often in Samoan culture which is which means we must tend to the space um and it can also mean we must tend to the the relationship we believe that in the climate the climate crisis is a result of people exploiting this va or this space between human and nature and now there's much overdue tending to do between us and so for indigenous people we know how to live in harmony with nature because we've been doing it for centuries on this planet and so you know when people say humans don't deserve this planet I disagree because I feel like my village deserves this planet I feel like so many indigenous communities deserve this planet because we've lived harmoniously with it for centuries and so indigenous people not only deserve to have this this earth or this planet we're on but we also deserve to have a voice when it comes to solutions because I can guarantee you that there's so many solutions within our cultures just like I know that there's so many solutions within this va that Samoan people know how to tend to and so I believe that we need to start acknowledging this and and start learning from more communities who lie on the front lines because we are not just victims but we're actually the carriers of a lot of the solutions we need for this crisis. Thank you Brianna and Greta when this round of individual questions I would like to ask you what is the best way or at least what is your opinion of the best way to build a more just world and what do you think are the challenges facing the climate movement this year? I've been saying in order to create a just world we need to listen to those who are most most affected to those whose voices are being who are being most oppressed that is the only way and we need to sort of change our mindsets both when it comes to our relationships with other humans but also our relationship to nature that once we get past that step we won't be able to achieve any changes unless we drastically change our mindsets and some of the challenges I think well apart from the obvious one that we can't gather in large crowds because of the corona pandemic I think the biggest challenge the climate movement faces this year is that now countries and companies are making like pledges and climate commitments that sound really good but the devil is always in the details like they can say we're going to be net zero by 2050 and I mean they get away with it since the level of awareness is so incredibly low people don't know what I mean we don't know what those targets include we don't know what loopholes they include and what kind of emissions they exclude when in the reporting of those emissions and I mean it's and of course you can say that our targets are in line with the Paris Agreement our targets are in line with what science says needs to be done to stay below 1.5 and the reason why we can say that is because we can cheat and we can like include and exclude lots of things like we can make these targets depending on fantasy-scaled negative emissions technologies and so on so and of course the general narrative is that now things are happening the US and the EU is leading they have committed themselves to net zero and China has committed itself to climate neutrality and so on and the media of course goes along with that and so I think the biggest challenge will be to call that out in and to spread awareness and of course to keep the momentum going people we need to we need to realize that this is a marathon not a sprint I know we want quick solutions we want quick fixes but to a problem such so difficult and so complex as this one quick fixes and just small steps in the right direction without any actual structural changes will not be enough and yes they are better than nothing but we cannot be satisfied with something just because it's better than nothing because this is a matter of life and death for so for too many people so I think that will be the biggest challenges in to keep the momentum going into not not get tired and say like oh well we we've been doing this for so long can't we just settle this for now can't we just say a net zero emissions by 2050 is okay because we don't have any more energy to fight on to keep the momentum going and to keep to to keep the fight going thank you Greta and this question can we can be answered by anyone who want to we already talked a little bit about it but I want to know more about what are the challenges that you face as a young activist who want to go Rihanna maybe or Rihanna for me I find the most challenging thing is trying to explain to people how intersectional this crisis is and I think so many of the previous panelists have mentioned this climate change is a byproduct of capitalism and colonization and we know this to be true there is no achieving climate justice without facing the cause and acknowledging the black indigenous and people of color communities that face its consequences to a further extent and so as climate activists we need to not only acknowledge this but work on the intersectional ties of this crisis because we all know that in order to solve it we must dismantle the whole system in which it was built on and and a lot of the time this gets left out of the conversation but we must always remind ourselves that climate justice is indigenous justice it's racial justice it's gender justice it's LGBTQI plus justice it's it's all of the justices within this broken system that must come into place in order for us to say that climate justice is true thank you Rihanna Vanessa do you want to go next well thank you that there's been quite a number of challenges from when I started activism in my country it's not very easy to you know organize very very big strikes and get to do the strikes with students and different people because it's hard to get permits especially you don't have when you don't have any big organization to help you with that so that that was one of the challenges that I faced in my activism and the other thing I really remember of course activism comes with so much negativity from different people online in person yeah those are also challenges that I may not be facing by myself alone but also other activists face those very challenges and maybe to talk about the challenges that some of the activists that I work with have really faced we've had some of them getting arrested and and that is really challenging for them and also for us because it kind of makes our activism a very hard thing to do because you're always in worry about what could happen next and the other challenge has been really talking to people because many times when we would do community reach outs to speak to people here in Uganda you get questions like what am I going to gain from this how much are you going to pay me if you're telling me to stop doing these are you going to feed my family so there are kind of those challenges of you know people saying they are not able to do activism because of various reasons which is understandable because of the circumstances that some of them are in and also many people would say why and you maybe fighting for to end poverty to eradicate poverty so those were some of the challenges that I faced that are faced as an activist but what I can say is that if if I'm fighting for climate justice then it means that I'm fighting to eradicate poverty as well as I have seen and we've seen how climate change keeps people in poverty traps and when they lose everything their homes their crops they're left with nothing when I fight for climate justice I know fighting for gender equality for all to achieve zero hunger so it's all about people understanding the intersection of all these things and I guess that is like the current challenge I have but not just me but probably other activists as well to to help people understand the intersection of all these things thank you the last question is for everyone to answer because if you look at the history of all social transformation youth have been at the forefront of all of all of them but why what do you consider the power of the youth to be great how do you want to start sure I mean I'm not surprised that's just something I think that comes quite natural that the young people who grow up are going to have an urge to to want to create a better world than than their parents did to to sort of improve the state of the world I think that's that's a quite natural instinct but I mean young people we don't have we don't use the argument I mean we can't change because it's always been this way we are more sort of a more sort of a blank an empty book so to speak we don't have so many prejudices and I mean we don't have our our expectations on the world that it's always been this way so it can't change which lots of older people usually use in order to to prevent change from happening so I think and also children I mean we young people we don't care as much as as older people do about our social status because they are more used into this system and they are afraid to lose their the sort of state status we don't have in a way we have so much more to lose because in this case our future is at stake but on the other hand we don't in that sense we don't have much more to lose than yeah you get what I mean but of course when it comes to the climate emergency of course young people are the ones who are going to be most affected and I think that we can see that young people can understand that and in a way understand that there's a huge injustice here and that we want to I mean we want to make things right because we are the ones who are going to be most affected by this right do you want to go yeah so I completely agree with what Greta was saying you know if you look at history of pretty much every society you know it has always been the youth that has been at the forefront of changing things for the better and it is a natural thing you know for the youth to exhibit that in fact it is also why we get chest size right older people often say that we are naive that we are idealistic that we dream too much but I think that the problem is not that the youth dream of a better future the problem is that somewhere along the way those dreams get hammered out of us and we are being told to accept the system as it is we are being told to accept the abuse that we face as normal but it's not normal you know and so the youth who have the vitality and who have that very much needed willingness and daringness to dream that is necessary for any social transformation whether it's fighting for the rights of the LGBT which I've seen firsthand many members of the youth are the ones who take progressive measures when it comes to gender equality when it comes to the issues that we face right now which is the climate catastrophe right it's only natural the youth as the inheritors of this world that is currently on fire it's only natural for us to be the ones standing up for our rights right now and I suppose you know that is also a challenge for us as youth because we belong to every sector in society we as young people you know we are also the people in the urban poor we are people in the LGBT we are the women we are the workers we are the ordinary people we belong in every sector and so there is a necessity for us to link arms with each other and see that we are being abused by the same system and we need to be uniting to change things for the better so I think that is why we have a very very vital role in terms of changing things that we see right now for the better thank you Ray we are running out of time but I want to also to hear your opinion Brianna on this I completely agree with what Greta and what Ray have said there's something about young people we're always looking forward and I think that's just the nature of the place we are in our journey and because we're looking forward there's a level of optimism that the world needs from young people and that's why young people and young organizers have really been at the forefront of these world-changing movements and if there's one thing that we have it is passion and hope and like Ray was saying dreams that are radical and can truly change the way that the world works thank you Brianna and Vanessa I want to hear about your opinion on this I will just start by saying that when you find yourself in a burning house you do everything you can to run out of that house so it's kind of disturbing for the young people to see that the planet is warming and all the leaders are doing is to fuel to continue fueling the crisis and even make it ban more so I think for me it just really brings a disturbing in my heart to see that homes are being washed away to see that crops are being destroyed to see that people are struggling to have access to clean water and biodiversity getting destroyed because of the actions of our governments the actions of the leaders so I am personally worried about the kind of future that you know we are going into however much people are fighting for the future I think it's important for people to also understand that the present of very many people is catastrophic it's dangerous it's scary so if I have a present that is scary right now what do you expect me to think about the future so I think that's what really pushes young people to demand for justice because they're already seeing a present that is very unpleasant and you cannot convince them that the future is pleasant or beautiful and yet it's what they are walking into we don't walk from destruction to maybe peace just like that yeah when nothing is done about it so if we are seeing destruction then we are going to do everything we can to get something that is much better to get a future that is healthy a future that is sustainable a future that is equitable for all of us yeah and we are fed up with empty promises and we live by some rules so now it's time for action we have a free action state for you to do now for all the people that are watching us right now the first one is to do it for proposing your exam story it's something for the panel usually no more empty promises this is the first option this one so niki it's happening again just pause for a second and let's see if the stream will catch up try again okay um as we are fed up with empty promises and we want to live by example now it's time for action and we have three actions that you can do to all the people that are watching us right now the first one is to tweet or post in your exam stories something about the panel and using the hairstyle no more empty promises and tagging fry for future the second one is follow an activist or a movement that is not from your continent to to continue knowing more people and the third one is to subscribe to our newsletter you have I think you have all the links in the in the chat so yeah you have a lot of actions that you can do now now after this amazing panel and if you are interested to discuss what to do based on everything that was here in this amazing panel this show me a youth organizing in another organization in 2021 and beyond workshop and it's on the left of your screen on the other in online space and right well so I want to say thank you to this amazing panel it was really really amazing and I will let Daniel and Anna explain what is next great um so I just want to say thank you um everyone and maybe I'll just repeat again Nikki some of what you may have just gotten missed um so just again on the bottom of your screen that you're looking at are some uh different actions uh that are being encouraged to do so I'll just say them again so tweet um and they have a hashtag uh there to do that with so hashtag no more empty promises um and to tag uh at Fridays for future um and also to follow activists from another place that was an encouragement um so from another continent another spot when the values of having a global enterprise is the chance to hear but let's not just make it a moment but to continue that so you can go to just recovery gathering dot org slash follow um and then the last thing is an invitation to join fries for future dot org slash newsletter slash subscribe as a way to subscribe um anything else to add from the panelists or anything from you Nikki before we head to the next piece yeah we've had one more action uh about uh writing in a piece of paper uh the world remember the word Daniel just recovery for all yeah just for all you can choose just one letter and send it to the email to the email that a we will share on the screen now great so why don't we just go ahead and I'll close uh this so we'll say thank you to the panelists um thank you so much for joining uh and for your words um and uh and then Nikki you me and Anna uh let's let's pull this off so we're gonna try to set up a um creating a global banner um and it's a little bit in that spirit of um uh I think what was said that uh as folks get older we um we begin to accept uh what is and that that we get we accept what has been the status quo and get used to it and so as an act of solidarity of resistance as an act of statement of who we are and the way that we uh make a choice to continue to resist to continue to believe in everyone um we're going to create a banner uh as a whole global enterprise I love it yeah so this is an example of the kind of banner uh that we're going to create um can you put that back up there's another example uh just to show so uh yeah so this one stop um funding climate criminals and um so what we're going to invite you to do here in a moment um is is each each person you don't have to be super artistic I did this in just a second um but you thank you Anna I really did try my I did try my minimum this will this is my minimum this is my low bar I'll add to this um but all you have to do is just create a a letter like this and uh and then you'll email it and uh we'll flash up the email it's just photos at 350.org and so we'll throw that uh email again so you email take a picture of yourself with a photo like that um and uh and then you'll email it see niki's got the you rocking on yay Anna's slacking on the job uh but the s is in her heart um okay so you have a lot of actions to do you don't have an excuse that's right we're trying to keep you uh from being uh what would be the armchair activists people who just sit and watch like a tv because consumers they they want you to be a consumer and we want you to be an activist so uh exactly so we're inviting a couple of different actions just here as part of our global solidarity and what we'll do um over the next five hours as people are entering into workshops or movement story sessions um uh as we as those things are happening we've got a team who's going to take all these pictures um and put them together into uh a little banner uh so please go ahead and do that um I encourage you to go ahead and do it right now just do a quick photo uh you with a with a letter any of the letters uh and we'll try to spell out just recovery for all that's the plan for the day I also want to just encourage one of the things that I always remember from the climate strikes in September when it was was it last not last year nobody did a big climate strike last year the um 2019 was the fact that loads of people and especially leaders said how much hope and inspiration they got from the youth strikers but it was like why don't you do something with that hope then like when Trudeau joined the climate march in Canada and it was like they don't need you to join the march need you to not buy a pipeline so as well it's like taking loads of hope and inspiration from this panel definitely also think what can you do that is action in solidarity with the with the youth strikers and that yeah speaks to the inspiration that you're feeling so I'm not accusing anyone who's watching you're buying a pipeline but yeah definitely like use your inspiration for what you're doing yeah Justin no more buying pipelines if that's on your to-do list check it off um just don't do it um and also the the theme that was picked up I just want to emphasize that I just I really resonated for me was um the the importance of it it's not just little steps but we're really looking for large structural change and um and one of the pieces of that is understanding the mechanisms of that of what creates large structural change is the driving impetus of people power and so that only happens when we tell our own story of how we create that power so in the some of the sessions that we'll be going into uh there's some phenomenal workshop sessions including like some of the stories of how they've won from U.S. local groups or building climate storytelling as examples of how we we establish and help people to see their own power so that we can be involved in fighting for large-scale structural change rather than changing of light bulbs or minor actions that on their whole donut might make us feel better but are actually covers for how badly we should be feeling and therefore the size of the problem that we should be dealing with so um we're going to head into workshops if you haven't done this before Anna's going to explain how to get right into it. You're going to go to your left and I'm not going to point that way because I keep getting it wrong but where it says Daniel's my glamorous assistant where it says sessions you'll be able to filter which sessions are live now um and then choose from the kind of last heap of amazing content that we've got to you and lots of people have been asking if there's a clash of sessions are they recorded and so all of these big sessions the the kind of panels and the cultural sessions are recorded and then with the other sessions we're recording as many of them as possible but recognizing that we want to do that with consent of the facilitators and the participants so as many as we can but we're not promising all and they'll all be available on the wrap up page and website but we need a few days to like sleep and to figure out figure out what goes where so please sleep. Perfect great so um we're going to open up the sessions now so you'll be able to follow the instructions that Anna just gave you um thank you Nikki thanks for all the panelists um both this panel and all the panelists that have been uh contributing to this it just makes it such a beautiful experience to hear from from such wisdom and such knowledge and such uh passion and so thank you everyone um thank you everyone who is listening in on the conversation this uh whole conversation will also be recorded and we'll be able to put that up later as well so thank you everyone thanks Nikki I'll see you soon Anna. I'll see you later. Bye. Ciao ciao.


Get your participants out there, get your collective energy together, and do one thing for me. Bring down Sparta.