In this discussion, we will discuss the Discussion Question of Discuss the Benefits of Budgeting. If we do see a Discussion Question or Essay Question like this, this is a very open-ended type of essay question. Our objective is to first, a word from our sponsor. Well, actually, these are just items that we picked from the YouTube Shopping Affiliate Program, but that's actually good for you, because these aren't things that we're just given to us from some large corporation which we don't even use in exchange for us selling them to you. These are things that we actually researched, purchased, and used ourselves. Bayer Dynamic? Not sure if I said that right, but this is the DT770 Pro 250 OHM Studio Reference Closed Back Headphones. I wear headphones basically every day for a large part of the day. They are important to me. Therefore, I've gone through many different kinds of headphones. I've had these for some time, and they've worked quite well. They fit over my ears, but I'm still able to put my glasses on under the headphones. The headphones not pinching too tight on the glasses to give me a headache, which is nice. The quality of the patting is good, and it has lasted for some time. I've had these for some time now, and they haven't gotten all torn up on me or anything like that. I also like that I have a cord when I'm doing my recordings as opposed to a USB-centered headphone because that frees up a USB port, and I find the USB headphones to be less reliable. They come with an audio jack that looks like this, which is useful for me because that plugs into my audio interface. However, if you want to use the headphones for some other purpose, I believe it's fairly easy to get a converter to other types of audio jacks. If you would like a commercial-free experience, consider subscribing to our website at accountinginstruction.com or accountinginstruction.thinkific.com, where we have many different courses. You can purchase one at a time or have a subscription model, giving you access to all the courses, courses which are well organized, have other resources like Excel files and PDF files to download, and no commercials. And on the essay question, if we have this in a test format, obviously we want to expand on the question to be more likely to pick up as many points as possible. If we see this in discussion, then our goal is to expand to pick up as many points within that discussion. Of course, again, this is a very open-ended type of question, so we can dive into this and go into a lot of depth and a lot of tangents if we so choose to try to pick up as many points as we can or contribute to the discussion. One benefit of the budget is, of course, that it gives us that future orientation. We're looking towards the future. The purpose of the budget is for us to think out and project out into the future. When we consider out into the future, we generally have kind of our vision, kind of our mission statement, out into the future. The budget helps us to make that vision more concrete, breaking that vision down into digestible chunks, chunks like a year and then into a quarter, possibly, and then into monthly, possibly, and go down from there so that we have those achievable goals going forward. So that's one of the things it can do for us as a company. It can get the idea of the overall goal, get the companies looking into the future to be able to get those overall vision, but also break that down into the digestible chunks and steps that are going to be needed in the near future, typically a year. The budget, of course, helps us coordinate our business activity. So if the budget is, in essence, the short-term plan, the plan that's going to be going out in the short term and got that vision, it's going to coordinate our activities within the short term and help us to get basically all on the same page, hopefully agreeing on everything within the same page. That also means that the budget is going to be an opportunity to motivate the employees. That's going to be one of the key factors, possibly one that isn't touched on as many times. When we consider the budget, in other words, we often think of the management coming in and just laying out the budget and then communicating it out and saying, hey, this is what we're going to do, and then just basically leading the way. But what we really want to see there is the budget happening from the bottom up, and we'll often see this, especially in larger companies. Again, in a small company, that might be the case. You might have the owner of the company is going to say, hey, this is what we're doing. I have the vision. I'm going to apply the vision. I know where we're going. I know how to do this. I have the best idea of what the vision will be. But once the company gets large, again, the vision is there by the top management, but the budget, the year plan, how are we going to get step by step to that vision is going to be something that's going to be needed from each department. We're going to have to get that information from each department because the CEO, the CFO, it's too big for them to really know what the best thing to do is on each department or what the data is on each department. So for that reason, logistically, and for the fact that we want to be able to involve everyone in the process, we're going to have a bottom up type of approach often times. And so that means that there's a huge opportunity to basically have communication through the budgeting process, hopefully have everybody that's involved or affected by the budget, giving input into the budget, feeling like they're involved in creating the budget and therefore invested in the implementation of the budget as well. So obviously, we're not talking about a democracy in the corporation. So don't think we're all going to vote on the budget. And, you know, most votes win kind of thing. It does have to be approved by upper management, obviously, but if we can address the budgeting process, the performance of the budget and make everybody feel that the process is good, then you can really improve the morale of the company and have everybody actually invested in there for to definitely work better to apply the budget. So that's going to be a key factor, again, one that's often not touched on in a lot of discussion questions, at least at first or in the essay questions, the budget also provides the basis on which evaluation will be made. So we're going to say, hey, this is what we expect to do. This is what we want to have happened. And therefore, once time passes, we can compare what actually happened to what we budgeted to happen. That's going to be the point of the budget. If we don't have a target, if we don't give people targets and specifically targets that they can achieve and they have control over, then we can't really assess how they're doing. So we have to have the budget. Now note, there's going to be a lot of pitfalls in that assessment, of course, and you can go into a lot of detail about how to set the right goals and whatnot, just but we could go into the fact that if the goals are too difficult, non achievable, then people get discouraged and they start to just they might not perform well. And if the goals are too low, then people will clear the goals and not be challenged at all. And they may not, they may not bring up the case that the goals are too low because they want a clearable goal. They want it to be easy in some case, but it won't be challenging and therefore they won't be optimizing performance, probably not good for the employee or obviously the company as well. So you can go into, you know, what's the best way to choose the best goal? There's a bunch of other kind of issues with goal setting and motivation involved with it, including things like compensation for reaching the goal. If there's a lot of incentive, a lot of bonuses and whatnot to reach the goal, then there's incentive for fraud or some to see just pressure, a lot of pressure to hit those targets because of all that. And that could that could hurt future performance and lead people to possibly do things that are unethical or hurt the long term vision in order to achieve the short term goal, which is not really what we want. We want to challenge people to meet the goal, but still keep the long term vision intact. And of course, we don't want to encourage anybody to do anything that would be unethical, which again, would not be good for them, the company, or for our long term vision. Once the budget has been created, we have the communication process to create the budget. Once it's done, once the decision has been made, once we've have finalized the budget, the budget's going to be a great tool for us to communicate what our goals are throughout the company. So you want to kind of keep those two separate. Obviously to make the budget, we're going to have the budgeting committee. We have everybody come together. We have a communication process. Hopefully we build rapport with everybody and it's a great communication type process. Once it's done, once the decision's made, then there's no more really negotiation about the budget that that time has passed. Now the communication should be geared towards the implementation of the budget and the budget, if done well, is a great tool for the implementation. You can take the budget. Hey, here's our roadmap. Here's what we expect to happen. Here's what we all agreed on. Here's what everybody invested in and therefore, and then we can communicate what the goals are. So the budget should be a tool for the communication of the plan once the budget has been put together.


There is a huge difference between veneration and worship and just because you think it's worship. Okay, it's not worship. It's veneration Yeah, there's a huge difference between veneration and worship because there is really a huge difference between a veneration and worship What is the difference Kyle? There is of course no answer. It is simply another word that is being used here You take this icon you put it into church for over 40 days in that church It will be blessed with holy water and with incense and then you take that thing into your household And you attribute certain powers to it You believe that it has certain powers and then you kiss it and you pray in front of it. It's not worship


There is a website that offers its users the choice to experience the ultimate horror. This website, called blindmaiden.com, is supposedly a site dedicated to a doomed spirit that will enter the home of people who have viewed it. However no matter how hard you try, your browser won't allow you to enter the site. You see, to access this site, you must wait until exactly 12am, making sure that the night in question is a new moon night.  Only when these conditions are met, will you be granted access to the site. As soon as you enter, you will see a montage of pictures being displayed quickly.  After that, text will appear on the monitor saying, This website will take you to a whole new level of horror. A horror that will use all five of your senses. You must be very careful not to click on anything by accident. You will be faced with a real experience of absolute horror. Click the accept button to engage actively in the experience. Accept. Decline. If you click decline, you will be rewarded with access to the entire archive of these gruesome images. A door site pretty much. Click accept however, and there will be no turning back. You have sealed your fate, and trust me, you will experience the ultimate horror. Upon accepting, you will see a sinister silhouette walking towards your home on your monitor. The spirit will then approach and enter the same room as you are in. You will then see your own back on the monitor and you will feel a presence behind you. Suddenly, you will feel somebody tapping on your shoulder, and as you turn around, you will see the blind maiden's face and screen in terror.   Congratulations.


Good morning, everyone. My name is Professor Vanille Urando. I am Professor Emeritus at the University of Dayton School of Law, where I taught law at UD for 24 years. But overall, I taught law for almost 30 years. I was a nurse before that. This presentation is a short lecture on, as you can see, the 14th Amendment, Race and Undocumented Immigrant. What I hope to do is spend about 15 or 20 minutes just giving you a legal background on the legal status of undocumented or immigrants or illegal immigrants, and then send some in some amount of time discussing it. So the first thing we need to start off with is that there was a very specific reason for the 14th Amendment. The Civil War, depending on who you ask, why the Civil War was fought, many people will say, well, the Civil War was fought over state rights. And that's true. It was fought over state rights, the right of states to control the institution of slavery. It wasn't just rights in general. It was, we want slavery be to maintain, and the North was like, no, we want slavery to be gone. Our restricted more in the South decided that they didn't want those restrictions, and so they wanted to be able to maintain and control the institution of slavery. As a result of the Civil War and the North winning the Civil War, three amendments were adopted specifically to address the indicia of slavery, to say, OK, blacks are no longer slaves, but if we don't provide some protection, then the South will continue to treat them as slaves. And so the 13th Amendment abolished slavery outright. And I say most forms of slavery, because some people don't realize is that the 13th Amendment exempts certain kinds of slavery. And I'll have a, I'll do a, I plan to do a lecture on the 13th Amendment and also on the 15th Amendment. The 14th Amendment was designed to get rid of the indicia of slavery and to provide a number of protections. The 15th Amendment was done to guarantee the right to vote. So this is the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment. Reconstruction amendments designed to undo the indicia of slavery. We're going to talk about the 14th Amendment now. So the 14th Amendment was involved the history of the passage. So one of the things I wanted to do is talk about the history of the passage of the 14th Amendment. It was passed by Congress. So in order to amend the Constitution, a process has to occur. The amendment can start in the state, but it also can start in Congress. And so it started in Congress by Congress passing. In 1866, the Reconstruction Amendments, the 14th Amendment.  I'm like police. Most of the United America's presidents were racists. And some of them as virulent as Trump. And Andrew Johnson was one of those. And he was vehemently opposed to the 14th Amendment. And there's some gossip that says that, I shouldn't say gossip, historians, some historians say that he actually didn't sin because the president, the Congress asked. And then the president sins the past recommended amendment on to the states. And there's some confusion because it appears that Andrew Johnson refused to pass it on to the states and said, like, I'm not passing this on. And that it was actually his secretary, one of his secretaries, Stevens, who passed it on without even telling Johnson that he was doing it. Southern states refused. They said, well, you know what? You may have won the war, but you can't make us turn them into anything that talked about black people then. So all of the southern states refused, with the exception of Tennessee. Tennessee was the only state that didn't refuse to pass the 14th Amendment. So Congress had to go back and pass the Reconstruction Act of 1867, basically requiring southern states to ratify the Reconstruction Amendment in order to be readmitted to the union. And so the states, the first state to pass was Connecticut. 28 states then followed. Ohio and New Jersey passed, ratified the amendment, and then rescinded the ratification. So they came back later and repass it again. But it's interesting to know that this was not without controversy, as you can expect. Louisiana and California refused to ratify the amendment initially. Ultimately, they did, especially as all the other states, southern states, began to ratify and got admitted. So the amendment was formally ratified in 1868. It's interesting to note, especially that there is, up until as late as 1957, those southern commentators took the position that the amendments was not a legal amendment because it was forced on the southern states. And so anything they did, anything that the southern states did, was done under the rest. That argument didn't maintain any weight with the Supreme Court or the Congress. And so the amendment was ratified. So I'm just going to quickly go through the entire 14th amendment, but we're only going to deal with section 1. But I want you to know the particular things that are in the 14th amendment and why they're in there. We're going to talk about section 1 in detail. So section 2, if you remember, that one of the compromises in the Constitution was to make black people only two-fifths, I mean, excuse me, count three-fifths of a person in apportionment for the US House of Representatives. And so this section 2 removes that and says, no, everybody will be counted as a whole person, including the free African descendants of enslaved people. It also guaranteed the right to vote to all male citizens over the age of 21 or older. Section 3 basically said, if you are involved in the insurrection or rebellion against the nine estates, you can't hold any elected or appointed federal office. So the section, obviously, was intended to prevent farmer Confederate military officers and politicians from holding federal offices. Section 4 basically said, hey, we're not going to reimburse you for whatever monies you think you lost by having to free the enslaved people and that are in the debts incurred by the Confederacy and a guarantee that the North's debts would be repaid and that the Southern states would have to help pay for the Civil War. Section 5 granted Congress the power of enforcement. This is important because it means that the president isn't responsible because all the power of enforcement is generally housed in the executive branch. And this specifically says, no, no, no, power enforcement is housed in the Congress. It also, interesting enough, took away the power of enforcement from the Supreme Court. So the Supreme Court, which was a pro-slavery court, would not be able to turn around and overtly interpret everything in a way that would maintain pro-slavery. So section 1 is the section we're going to deal with. I'm just going to read it here and then we'll move through it and do sort of statutory interpretation, like I would teach my students how all persons born are naturalized in the United States comma and subject to the jurisdiction there of comma are citizens of the United States and the state here wherein they reside, period. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens of the United States of my colon. Nor shall any state deprive any person of life comma, liberty comma or property comma without due process of law, cement colon, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws, period. One of the reasons I read all of the punctuation marks is because punctuation marks are important for statutory interpretation. And pretty much a period or a cement colon represents a new clause that is kind of interpreted independently from the other clause so that you can. So if you use that framework, there are basically five clauses in the first section of the 14th Amendment. The first clause says that all is commonly understood to be the citizenship clause. All persons born are naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdictions thereof are citizens of the United States and the state wherein they reside.  And I really want to emphasize that because often when I teach race and race and white people will say, why are you always talking about race? Why do you always talk about white people? I'm white because you're all there. You put it in law that only white people could be citizens of the United States. And there's a whole stream of laws about how to become white under the law. I'll do a lecture on that sometime. So clearly African descendant people aren't white people born in the United States. Also the courts, the Dred Scott decision said, also if you are a naturalized white person, you can be, if you immigrated to the United States and are naturalized, you are a citizen. So obviously free slaves fell into neither one of those sections. And because law never dies, that's the other thing people don't understand. If a court doesn't come along and overrule the law or the Congress don't come along and change the law, it doesn't matter how old the law is, it is still good law. That's what we teach students. It's good law. And so without this amendment, citizenship clause, people could argue that under Dred Scott's Supreme Court, black freed slaves weren't citizens. There are a number of us that have interpreted this. I've got links on my webpage to these cases, if you wanna take a look at them. One of the reasons Elkins work as Wilkins is an important case because it looked at the citizen rights of Native Americans. And one of the things to look at the citizenship clause is that you just can't be born or naturalized in the United States. You have to be subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Well, Native Americans are sovereign entities and people subject to Native American sovereignty are not subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, not directly. And so that case sort of dealt with that. We ultimately had the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 brought indigenous people into American Citizenship but until 1924 indigenous people were not American citizens. We have the Privileges Are Immunities Clause and the interesting thing about this is that we have in the fifth amendment another Privilege Are Immunities Clause. So this clause says no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens of the United States. There haven't been a lot of cases on this and that's primarily because of the Slaughterhouse cases of 1873 in which the Supreme Court distinguished rights as a US citizens from rights as a state citizen. And the ruling basically held that this clause only guarantees things that could be seen as federal rights. So the right to petition Congress, the right to vote for national offers, offices, the right to enter public lands, those are all considered federal rights. What is not considered a federal right is a business life. So in theory, a state can impose all laws that restrict privileges and immunities of citizens that is just specifically to states. And so essentially the Slaughterhouse, the Privilege Are Immunities Clause became, was interpreted exactly in the way that already existed. So that's not really different than what had already existed under the law. The Due Process Clause nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law. Now this is an important thing to distinguish. Up until this point, we've been talking about citizens and here they talk about person. And so the question, the assumption is when there's a change in language, it's for a reason. It's not just dramatic. So there is a difference between person and citizen. And the question becomes, what is that difference? When you look at cases, the cases incorporated due process rights, the bill of rights to the states because up until 14th Amendment Due Process Clause, there was some sort of assumption that the bill of rights was a federal right and did not have to be respected by the state. The Due Process Clause basically said, no, no, no, you, the state, the bill of rights apply to the state. And so what you have, map versus Ohio that said, that looked at the right of privacy, you have Gideon versus Wayne Wright, which said you have a right to counsel, Roe versus Wade, right of privacy, abortion and Obergefell versus Hodges, which is the most recent case that did a Prusa process claim due process clause analysis, looked at same sex marriage. Now, due process under the 14th Amendment can be divided up into two kinds of understanding. Persexual due process, which is how, what is required to happen to you if the state is trying to take away your property, your life, your liberty, you have to be given notice, you have to be given an opportunity for herring, discovery, available, all of the things that we tend to associate, you know, a right to counsel, a right to remain silent, these are all procedural due process claims. Substantive due process claims are based, which is also based on fundamental fairness, evaluate whether the law at all can be applied, not whether the procedure is correct, but whether the law can be applied. And it generally dealt with specific subject areas, like you can divide a substantive due process into economic substantive due process, things that dealt with labor conditions, baking, natural resources and non-economic substantive due process, things that dealt with right to privacy, abortion, family, relationships, that sort of thing. So the final clause in the 14th Amendment is to protect equal protection clause, nor deny to any person within this jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, okay? So this came about largely because of the fear of discrimination under the law, formerly enslaved people.  I grew up doing Jim Crow. Jim Crow existed until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 when I was a young adult by then. And so the whole separate but equal doctrine even under equal protection, which I think is important to remember, law interpretation changes on who is in power, who's on the courts, which is why the Republicans have been adamant about not only filling up the Supreme Court, but the lower courts. And that's a whole nother discussion about why the lower courts may be more important than the Supreme Court or equally as important as the Supreme Court. Okay, so from there we went to the Klessy versus Ferguson was established that separate but equal did not violate the equal protection law. So that's basically, they could have said, yeah, you, this equal protection means equal and if you're giving them something different then you're treating them different, but they didn't say that. And so for almost a hundred years, separate but equal was the law of the land. Brown versus Board of Education overturned the doctrine as related to Cation and specifically. Loving versus Virginia basically said, yeah, you can't tell people who to marry because there were a lot of laws on the book saying that black people couldn't marry white people. So that was 1967, many of you all were warned at least in children at that time. Regents of University of California versus Bakke was about affirmative action and Bush versus Gore equal protection in the voting. Looking at these causes then, how does this deal with illegal immigrants and do they have constitutional rights? And the answer is yes. I mean, there are two arguments that people try to assert. First, they say illegal immigrants don't appear in the Constitution, right? Lots of things that we have guaranteed don't appear in the Constitution. Constitutional interpretation says the Constitution covers it. They say, we the people of the United States, this is an argument that they put forth. We the people of the United States refers only to the legal citizens. The Supreme Court has consistently, no Supreme Court has ever said that was true, that we the people only refers to legal citizens. One of my frustrations on running my Facebook page, Race in the Law, is people will get on saying the law says this and the law says that. And I'll say, are you saying should say it or does say it? If you're saying should say it, okay, that's your opinion. And okay, no one can argue with that. If you're saying does say it, then you're wrong. The law does not say that. And so one way, one place to look at is the start with what the framers actually thought they were doing. So I wanna go to slide 13 and then I'm gonna come back to this slide. The things we do when we look at statutory and constitutional interpretation is we go to the recorded history, the hearing. This is why hearings are so important. Because hearings give you an idea of what people are thinking when they were going about framing the law. Not that you're bound by it because the constitution is considered a living document. And so to the extent that it's a living document, things can and should change based on the changing needs of the society. Start with, when we look at what the framers says, there's, we have a couple of quotes. One is the last two clauses of the first section of the amendment, disable a state from depriving not merely a citizen of the United States, but any person common, whoever he may be of life, liberty or property without due process of law, or from denying to him the equal protection of the laws. So this person clearly identified a difference between citizen and person and says any person is protected by this quote. This abolishes all class legislation in the States and does away with the injustice of just sub of subjecting one cast of persons to a code not applicable to another. It, and they mean the 14th amendment will if adopted by the States forever disabled every one of them from passing laws, trenching upon those fundamental rights and privileges which pertain to citizens of the United States, and to all persons who may happen to be within their jurisdiction. So clearly the framers when working on the equal protection cause clearly saw themselves applying this to anyone who happened to be within the jurisdiction of the United States. So then we need to take a look at some of the cases because there are some notable cases that have dealt one way with some aspect of this. So that versus whoa is a case involving the rights of Chinese immigrants. Basically, they were legal immigrants who had not been naturalized. So they weren't naturalized as required under the citizenship clause, but they had children. And so the question was, what was the status of their children? And the court using the fifth 14th amendment said, hey, equal protection under the law because long wing versus the United's plate apply the citizenship blind nature of the constitution to the fifth and sixth amendment stating, it must be concluded that all persons within the territory of the United States are entitled to the protection guaranteed by those amendments. And that even aliens shall not be held to answer for capital or other infamous crime unless they on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, nor be deprived of life, liberty of property without due process of law. Yopka Yamatka versus Fisher said, an alien who has entered the country and has become subject in all respects to its jurisdiction and a part of its population, although alleged to be illegal is still protected by equal protection. Plyer versus Doe was a law that Texas passed prohibiting the enrollment of illegal aliens in public school. In this decision, the court held the illegal aliens who are plaintiffs in these cases challenging the statue may claim the benefit of the equal protection laws which provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws. Whatever his status under the immigration laws an alien is a person in any ordinary sense of that term. The undocumented status of these children does not establish a submission rational basis for denying them benefits that the state affords other citizens, other residents, excuse me. So clearly when we look at the legal standing right now is that the immigrant status of a person within the borders of the United States is irrelevant to equal protection and constitutional rights. Now there are some constitutional rights there are some constitutional rights that are only given to citizens such as the right to vote at this right to bear arms. But in terms of equal protection of the law and in terms of due process rights the immigrant status is irrelevant to those which may be why Trump is working really hard to keep asylum seekers out of the country because if they're not within the borders of the United States that's a different issue about what rights they may have because they're not persons within this jurisdiction of the United States. The United States have laws related to asylum thinking which they would still be required to implement but the issue of equal protection and due process rights might be different. I haven't actually looked at that in detail and so I don't wanna say with certain that it is but I think that that may be one of the reasons Trump is working real hard. In the final analysis the courts have ruled that while persons are within the borders of the United States, undocumented immigrants, illegal immigrants if you wanna use that term are granted the same fundamental undeniable constitutional rights that are granted to American citizens. So this was always intended to be short. There's a selected bibliography that you can look at when some things on the internet and think myracism.org has a lot of information on the 14th amendment. It also has links to all the cases that I cite too. I put the links to Wikipedia instead of the cases themselves. My feeling is that the cases, unless you're interested in reading the cases it takes a lot of reading and interpretation to understand them. And so Wikipedia is as good of a reference site for starting a research as anything as a reference site. So I want to sort of end on this idea of just say thank you and to encourage you to follow me on Facebook, not on Twitter, I put stuff on Twitter but I forget to look at it. I have my personal website is at profvirandal. You can follow that. And my racism in the law site is race in the law. Like I said, the video will be up on YouTube and then the slides are available free, I mean available to Patreon. So you'll have to be a patron to get it and you can sign up as a Patreon and you can do it one time and cancel it and get the slides if that's what you want to do.


Across the world, COVID-19 has affected workers as they struggle against layoffs, delayed payment of wages and attacks on their rights to mobilize. A new report from the Institute for Policy Studies reveals that at a time when around 26 million Americans filed for unemployment, the super-rich in the country saw their wealth grow by 282 billion US dollars. The US economy due to the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to shrink by 40% this quarter alone. Black and Hispanic workers have been the most affected during the crisis as our younger workers in precarious jobs. According to the International Labor Organization or the ILO, the pandemic-induced economic disruption is expected to wipe out around 10% of working hours globally in the second quarter of this year. This is an equivalent of 300 million jobs worldwide. The ILO's assessment reflects the effects that containment measures will have on almost 2.7 billion workers worldwide. Of the estimated 3.3 billion workers around the world, around 2 billion work in the informal economy, often on short-term contracts or our self-employed. They have suffered a 60% collapse in their wages in the first month of the crisis, of these 1.6 billion face losing their livelihoods altogether. Workers in four sectors that have experienced the most drastic effects of the disease and falling production include food and hospitality, retail and wholesale, business services and administration and manufacturing. Together, they add up to 37.5% of global employment and according to the ILO chief, this is where the sharp end of the impact is expected to be felt. Workers in the informal sector who account for 61% of the global workforce or nearly 2 billion people will need income support just to survive and feed their families if their jobs disappear. In Africa, 86% of employment is informal. The proportion is 68% in Asia and the Pacific, 69% in the Arab States, 40% in the Americas and 25% in Europe and Central Asia. Migrant workers are not protected and are largely undocumented in Africa. South Africa consists of the largest group of migrant workers in the continent. These workers often sustain entire sectors like mining and farming that contribute very heavily to the South African economy. For instance, 50% of farm workers in South Africa are undocumented workers. Most migrant workers do not have South African citizenship and are often excluded from the COVID-19 relief. Most agricultural workers are essential workers, but employers are often not found to be abiding by the necessary safety and health regulations. For the first time in decades, the bulk of the working class in South Africa is forced to celebrate workers' day behind closed doors at home and are unable to fully commemorate this day the way we are used to because of the coronavirus pandemic. At the same time, employers are cutting corners on health and safety, demanding that workers return to work when they've done very little to prepare the workplace to prevent further COVID-19 infections. The working class is enduring a relentless and violent attack from the buses. The coronavirus pandemic has shown us that it is the lowest paid workers, the essential workers who are actually driving the battle against this virus. And going forward, a united working class is the only weapon capable of destroying this corrupt and brutal capitalist system which is responsible for the suffering of the masses and which continues to breed inequality, poverty and unemployment. It's time for the working class to stop surrendering its power to butchers, and for it to lead and drive an agenda for genuine transformation in its own interests and for the benefit of society at large. Informal sector workers are experiencing the worst effect of the pandemic in Asia as well. In Singapore, migrant workers who work in the construction industry report over 90% of all coronavirus infections due to the unhygienic conditions that they are put under and the discriminatory containment policies that the government has recently ruled out. In countries like Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, informal sector workers have not been paid their wages and have been left to fend for themselves by their employers. In India, low-income migrant workers were reported to have been stranded or forced to undertake a mass exodus on foot for hundreds of kilometers during the lockdown. Unemployment rates have soared in the country but few state governments in India have rolled out sustainable relief packages. Most measures have benefited the employers rather than the workers. An estimated 400 million Indians are likely to descend into poverty due to the pandemic and the associated lockdown. A survey found that 96% of migrant workers did not get any food or supplies from the government in the capital of Delhi. 70% did not get any cooked food and 78% have less than 300 rupees or four dollars or less left in their hands. 89% haven't been paid by their employers during the entire period of the lockdown. On April 21, the leftist trade union confederation, the Centre for Indian Trade Unions or CITU called for a protest from the rooftops. The union along with other mass organizations in the left have been demanding better government policy on ensuring wages for workers, food for their families, protection of jobs and safety of frontline health workers. It's a very important thing that we need to remember when we talk about the migrant workers in India. The labour laws, the laws which provide for social security, they actually never covered completely the migrant workers of the country. In fact, most of the migrant workers are always left out of the net of social security or any kind of protection which could have been extended because of the labour laws. Even before this pandemic happened, millions of workers, most of them were migrant workers, they lost jobs in the automobile sector. The reason given was obviously slow down and there were a huge number of job losses in other sectors. Construction sector which is another important sector which employs a good many migrant workers. It saw a steady declining number of workers employed, the job opportunities declined over time. So the time when this pandemic came, the situation of migrant workers was already bad and what we see now is that now that the lockdown has been imposed without consultation with the states, without consultation with the stakeholders, without any planning for these migrant workers, millions of workers are now left without any option. They are there on the roads waiting for the governments to arrange for their transportation, the places they used to work, the factories they used to work, the cities that they have built, they have now refused to take responsibility for these workers. They have refused to provide any relief to these workers. So it's a really bad situation. An overall bad economy and overall situation of unprecedented unemployment rates, they have actually been compounded. This problem has been increased because of the pandemic. In Sri Lanka, a country with a population of 26 million, a significant number of people are self-employed workers including vendors, taxi drivers, tea stall owners and those working in the eateries. According to some estimates, around 60% of Sri Lankan workers are involved in daily wage work. Among the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf, migrant workers constitute 24 million people or nearly half of the 54 million population of the six nations combined and that is close to two-thirds of their workforce. In the Gulf, migrant workers labor under the notorious kafala system that binds them to their employers and prevents them from changing jobs. Working long hours in horrendous conditions in the scorching desert heat, they're forced to live for years together in the labor camps that are little short of prisons. This is only to send home money to their families who would otherwise starve. In Australia, unions have complained about the lack of access to the income support scheme for over 2 million migrants and casual workers. Australia had rolled out a major wage replacement scheme called the Job Keeper Subsidy. The move, although welcomed by the opposition and the unions, has been criticised for massive exclusions. According to the Australian Labour Party and the Australian Council for Trade Unions, there are over 1 million casual workers and over 1.1 million workers on temporary visas that have been rendered ineligible to the scheme. The European Trade Union Confederation or the ETUC estimated that the number of unemployed people has increased by at least 4 million across the EU during the crisis and the meanwhile more than 7 million workers are on short-term work schemes that make them extremely vulnerable to economic disruptions. The United Nations too says that Europe will be among the worst affected in terms of employment. Gig economy workers, especially in sectors such as transportation and delivery services, are among the most vulnerable and this is due to the precarious state of employment that they are in and the health hazards that are associated with their jobs. Many of the informal sector workers are also migrants adding an additional layer of risk to them. The coronavirus did not cause the crisis in informal and migrant working conditions but it most certainly has highlighted them. Migrants are some of the most undervalued and underpaid workers in Ireland. There is no permanency in their income, wages are very low which leads to long hours working and a very poor quality diet. Many live from week to week in rented accommodation in very overcrowded conditions. As a result of these disadvantages they are very prone to contracting illnesses and are particularly prone to the coronavirus at this stage. If they get ill they have to continue to work to pay the rent or they will end up on the streets and homeless. This is not unique to Ireland it's the same all over the world but the most vulnerable people are the ones who are exploited the most. The open border policies within the European Union are not to facilitate people to travel from country to country they are there to facilitate capitalism to import cheap labour from countries with lower value economies. It is great and exploit a huge reserve labour force in order to increase the profits of the capitalist class. The accumulation of wealth is always achieved as a result of someone else's misery. As Carol Marx said accumulation of wealth at one point is at the same time accumulation of misery, agony, toil, slavery, brutality, mental degradation at the absolute point. The ILO's report revealed that in Latin America and the Caribbean the pandemic would cause a loss of 5.7% in working hours and that in the second quarter of this year alone over 40 million full-time workers could lose their jobs. The report noted that sectors that employ more than 50% of the workforce in the region such as commerce and services would be the most impacted by the crisis. It also highlighted that the impacts of the crisis on tourism would be felt heavily in the Caribbean countries such as Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados and Jamaica among others which are highly dependent on the jobs and income generated by the sector. According to the ILO the informality rate is 53% in the Latin America and the Caribbean. The organization said that the countries with high levels of informality such as Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Brazil and Uruguay would face additional challenges. In addition, the report particularly raised concerns about the employment of women, indigenous people, disabled, immigrants and LGBTQ community who work largely in the informal sector. On this May Day, communist parties and social movements across the world have pledged to fight for workers' rights as well as strengthen themselves to the fight against the pandemic and capitalism that caused it.


Linux has been receiving a lot of attention lately, whether it's because the Steam Deck is going to be using Linux or because of the Linus Tech Tips Challenge or because of any other number of really good reasons, a lot of people are really interested in Linux lately. And there are a ton of videos and a ton of blog posts out there telling you things that you need to do in order to install Linux or things that you should do after you install Linux or any number of things regarding your switch to Linux. There is one huge misconception that a lot of new users to Linux have that I want to correct today. And it's really simple and really obvious. And I don't think that it's something that really needs to be said, but I think that because of the increased attention on Linux from people who wouldn't normally consider Linux, I think it does need to be said. And that misconception is that a lot of people think when they switch to Linux, they're going to be able to use it exactly like Windows. And that's not true, even in the slightest. Linux and Windows are completely different operating systems. And if you treat them the same, if you go into using Linux the exact same way you used to use Windows, you're going to be disappointed because they're not the same. They function differently. They're coded differently. They have different applications. They have different communities, different ecosystems. They're different. And I think that a lot of new users come into Linux expecting a similar experience to what you'd get if you had a Windows machine or from their Windows experience. You know, they expect the experience to be very much the same. And that's a mistake because if you come in with that attitude, you're going to be disappointed because they're, like I said, they're different. There are many facets of this problem because there are tons of different ways that Linux is different, whether it's updates, whether it's the applications that are available, whether it's the way you install applications, whether it's the way you receive help, the way you seek out help, the way you are helped from the community, the community itself. I mean, there's just tons of different ways Linux is different. So for example, on Windows, when you want to install an application, chances are you go to a website, yada, yada.com, and you install a .exe file.  That's what you do on Windows. On Linux, some of that's kind of the same. You install Steam, you can install games from Steam, but it's not exactly the same because not every game plays on Linux. And in order to get a lot of the games to play on Linux, you have to enable Proton. And that's an extra couple of steps that you never have to take on Windows. Getting the Epic Game Launcher running on Linux is a huge hassle. And I say hassle, but it's really only a hassle when you compare it to how you would install it on Windows because there's extra steps to getting it to work on Linux that you don't have to take on Windows. And if you come to Linux expecting to have the same experience with the installation of your game launcher that has your favorite games in it, and you have an experience where you have to open up a terminal, or you have to install Wine, or you have to install a special Proton edition, you're going to consider that a bad experience because it's not the same as Windows. And it is harder. Linux is harder for new users than Windows is if you've been using Windows for ages. I mean, any operating system when you go to a brand new, whether you're moving from Windows to macOS, macOS to Linux, Linux to macOS, if you've never used that new operating system before, there are going to be challenges because the operating system you're moving to is different. Like I said, it doesn't feel like it's something that should have to be said because, of course, it's different. You're moving to a different operating system. But again, because of the increased attention on Linux, I feel like there's this expectation that people are just going to be able to switch to Linux and use their computer as they always have. And that's not true. It's just not. Now, that doesn't mean that Linux is bad. It doesn't mean that there's not a ton of stuff you can do on Linux. It doesn't mean that there aren't awesome alternatives to the Windows apps that you're probably going to be missing. That doesn't mean you can't say you can't play a ton of games on Linux, maybe not all of them, but a vast majority of them you can play. It just means that Linux is different and requires you to learn a new way of doing things that may not be as user friendly as you were expecting, or to put it another way that is just simply done differently than how you're usually doing it, because Linux requires some effort on the part of the user to learn new things. This is something that I've preached about for a couple of years now. Linux does not respect people who expect to be able to use it and be lazy about this. You have to be a participant in terms of actually using Linux. You have to take part. You have to be willing to put forth effort. You cannot be a lazy Linux user.  And that's coming from a guy who considers himself the laziest bastard in the world. I like being lazy. It's my main hobby if I had an hobby. If I wasn't too lazy to have a hobby, my main hobby would be laziness. But as a Linux user, you can't be lazy. You have to be willing to look up tutorials. You have to be willing to go into forums when you have problems and seek out help. That's not something that Windows trains you to do. When something goes wrong on Windows, chances are you call your IT guy or you call your nephew or something who knows a lot about computers or you call Microsoft. You don't go into a forum and get help. Now, some people will. I mean, the more technical minded of those people who are joining the Linux community are somewhat used to going into a forum and maybe getting help or googling it at least. But Linux takes effort. And that's something that I've talked about before. Windows takes no effort whatsoever. You get on there and you just use it. If it breaks, you go buy a new computer or a new can pave maybe. I mean, chances are that's probably what you do. You just erase the disk and reinstall Windows. Your level of interaction with fixing any problem is that's it. With Linux, you can do that if you'd like. I mean, you can always new can pave on Linux. But that's not really the point. The point is when you start to use Linux, you have to put some effort into it. Because not only are there new things to learn and new ways of doing things because Linux is different, but also Linux has an expectation that you are in control of your computer. Every bit of the Linux that you just installed on your machine is yours. You own that thing and you are in control of its maintenance, of its updating everything.  They say you have to reboot it to all these things. Windows very much holds your hand through a lot of that stuff. And as payment for that hand holding, you send them your data and all that stuff. Obviously, there's a ton of stuff to get into there. But the point is once you move to Linux, you have a responsibility for all of that stuff.  Because you're going to have problems. You're just going to continue to have problems until you learn that Linux requires you to put forth the effort to understand that your new operating system not only has things that you don't know, but also just does some things differently and maybe in a little weird way. That means sometimes you may end up having to open up the terminal order to do something. It may mean that you discover sometimes that there are bugs like the Linux tech tips tutorial or challenge when he tried to install Papa West. That was a bug that affected a lot of people. And it's unfortunate that he happened to have shine a spotlight on Linux during a time when Papa West had this steam bug. But bugs happen in Linux, bugs happen in Windows. The difference is in Linux, the community takes care of the bugs. And we're responsible for helping the developers who are developing our distros to fix those bugs. Whereas with Windows, they have an insider program. It's very much like the Mafia, or I assume it's like the Mafia. If you don't do things the way they're supposed to be doing, they whack you. I'm just assuming. I mean, that's the way things go, I'm sure. Anyways, long rambly video short, or not so short, Linux is not Windows. Don't treat it like Windows. Don't go into your new Linux install expecting things to work exactly like Windows does because you're just going to have a multitude of problems because you can't control alt-delete on Linux. You just can't. That's not a solution for anything. The only thing you get when you hit control-alt-delete is nothing. It literally does literally nothing on Linux. I wonder if there's a distro out there that does do control-alt-delete. I've never heard of one. I was going to try it now, but what if my distro did happen to do some of the control-alt-delete? I don't even know. I mean, seriously. The point is, again, Linux requires responsibility and effort, and that's not something that Windows has trained new users to do. So just don't treat Linux like Windows and be willing to learn. Be willing to go out and put yourself forth and get help because, guess what, there's an entire Linux community. The best damn thing about using Linux isn't Linux itself. It isn't the free and open-source software aspect of it. It's not any of that. The best part of the Linux experience is the community that you'll find yourself.  Every community has them. We don't talk about them. We just push them off to the side and put them in a box. But the vast majority of people in the Linux community are very helpful, and it makes it a wonderful experience to use Linux. But you're never going to experience that if you don't put yourself out there and accept the responsibility that you have for your new Linux install. So that is it for this video. If you want to get in contact with me or if you have things to say, leave them in the comment section below. Make sure you like and subscribe, all of that stuff. You can support me by going to patreon.com slash linuxcast. You can follow me on Twitter. At the Linuxcast, you can support me on Mastodon and all those social media networks. Those links will be in the video description below. Before I go, I'd like to take a moment to thank my current patrons.


Hello everybody! In today's video, we will discuss HFS Plus file system, explorate structure and the changes that distinguish it from the previous version HFS. We will also analyze data recovery from an HFS Plus drive in terms of peculiarities and possible issues. Finally, we will compare performance and efficiency of different products in recovering data from HFS Plus volumes. Hello friends! If you need to recover deleted data, view or restore removed browser history. HFS products will help you. Follow the link in the description, download the necessary program for free, install it and analyze the disk. The utility will show you the data you can recover, so you will be able to view it or get it back. In our channel and blog, you will find solutions to any problem, from installing an operating system or configuring it to fixing possible bugs and errors or optimizing mobile gadgets. Our specialists will answer any questions you ask in your comments under the videos or articles. HFS Plus, or macOS Extended, was first presented back in January 1998, but it was developed as a test file system for operating system cool plant, which was never released. In the late 2002, Apple rolled out Update 10.2.2, which added journaling to improve data reliability. It was easily accessible in server versions of macOS 10, but only through the command prompt interface from desktop clients. Along with macOS X version 10.3, journaling was included by default, and the volume containing the journal is known as HFSJ. HFS Plus Journaled has finally become the main file system that Apple uses on its Mac products. A journal operating system keeps a log file or journal of changes which helps to recover the hard disk quicker after failures and accelerates the work of time machine. This file system type is perfect for Mac internal disks and backup disks, but very inconvenient for external disks that would be connected to computers running other operating systems. HFS Plus can be seamlessly integrated with GNU Linux, but it is still incompatible with Windows. To help Windows recognize this file system, additional software is required. Apple developed HFS Plus to replace HFS, the main file system for Macintosh computers, so it can be seen as the enhanced version of HFS designed to improve the capabilities of macOS. The main distinction of HFS Plus is using the 32-bit architecture instead of the 16-bit in HFS. The older addressing system was a serious limitation by itself, as it didn't support work with volumes containing more than 65,536 blocks. For example, on a 1-gigabyte disk, the allocation block size under HFS is 16 kilobytes. So even a 1-byte file would take up the entire 16 kilobytes of disk space. Just as it predecessor, HFS Plus uses the so-called B3 to store a major part of metadata. HFS Plus volumes are divided into sectors called logical blocks in HFS, usually 512 bytes in size. One or more sectors make up an allocation block. The number of allocation blocks depends on the total size of the volume. The 32-bit address allows to use over 4,294,967,296 clusters compared to the 65,536 available for 16-bit. In comparison, the two file systems differ by the following. File Name Length in HFS 31 in HFS Plus 255. File Name Encoding in HFS Macroman in HFS Plus Unicode. Record Size in HFS 512 bytes in HFS Plus 4 kilobytes. And the maximum file size has increased, from 2 to the 31st in HFS to 2 in the 63rd in HFS Plus. HFS Plus volumes are divided into sectors called logical blocks in HFS, usually 512 bytes in size. These sectors are then grouped together into allocation blocks, which can contain one or more sectors. The number of allocation blocks depends on the total size of the volume. HFS Plus uses a larger value to address allocation blocks than HFS – 32 bits rather than 16 bits. To manage the process of data allocation on the disk, HFS Plus stores special service information known as metadata. The following elements are most important for the proper operation of the file system and are of special interest when searching for missing data. The HFS boot blocks, located in sectors 0 and 1. The volume header, which is located in the second sector, it stores a lot of data about the volume, for example, the size of allocation blocks, a timestamp that indicates when the volume was created or the location of other volume structures, such as the catalog file or extend overflow file, catalog file, extend overflow file, file, etc. The volume header is always located in the same place. The allocation file contains data on occupied and vacant allocation blocks. Each allocation block is represented by one bit. A zero value means the block is free, and a one value means the block is in use. Sometimes this structure is referred to as bitmap. The allocation file can change the size and doesn't have to be stored continuously within a volume. The catalog file. It stores a major part of data on allocation of files and folders on the disk. The catalog file is a bit tree that contains records for all the files and directories stored in the volume. The extends overflow file is another bit tree element that records the allocation blocks that are allocated to each file as extents. Each file record in the catalog file is capable of recording 8 extents for each fork of a file. Since those are used, additional extents are recorded in the extents overflow file. Bad blocks are also recorded as extents in the extents overflow file. The attributes file. Such elements are used, for example, to control access. The attributes file can store three different types of records. Inline data attribute records that store small attributes. Fork data attribute records that contain references to a maximum of 8 extents that can hold larger attributes. Extension attributes that are used to extend a fork data attribute record when its 8 extents records are already used. The startup file is meant to be used by other non-MACOS systems that lack HFS or HFS plus support. The second-to-last sector contains the alternate volume header. And the last sector in the volume is reserved for further use. Extension data from HFS plus is more difficult than from other file systems. One of the aspects causing difficulties is that HFS plus uses B3s to store most volume metadata on allocational files. And after a file is removed, the B3 is updated immediately, so the information on where the removed file was located is lost at once. Our program lets you see the storage device and the HFS plus structure in Windows without using any extra software or drivers. While running a full analysis scan, its algorithm allows you to exclude these elements when searching for lost data and recover the information we need. If you choose a fast scan, the program reads the volume header and gains access to the catalog file. It finds the journal file, reads it to the memory, and analyzes all entries concerning removed files. If the blocks related to such files are not overwritten yet, it will read them and recover the data. This method lets you recover the file completely. And even if overwriting has taken place, the file data can still be found in virtual memory, that is, in the paging file. The algorithm behind full analysis allows the program to exclude certain elements while searching for deleted data, rebuild the disk structure and display the lost data. Using standardized tests as an example, we will explore how it works, study different scenarios of data loss, and compare the Hetman product with other popular data recovery tools. For our benchmarking assessment, we have selected several popular data recovery tools. They are Hetman Partition Recovery, RStudio, IsUS Data Recovery Wizard, Distant Grille, UFS Explorer, and Recover. As we examined the tools more closely, we had to exclude Recover from the list. It doesn't support HFS plus file system. In the end, we will compare efficiency of the five specialized utilities. Alright, here we go. There is a computer with MacOS Catalina installed on it and a hard disk divided into several partitions that is going to be the test disk. Let's copy some data there, for example, photos, videos, documents. Now let's remove some of the files and shut down the computer. We will perform the tests on another computer running Windows. Let's connect the HFS plus disk and start the testing with Hetman Partition Recovery. As you can see, the programmer recognized the disk with HFS plus file system properly. Open it. In such removal scenario, a fast scan will suffice. Let's check the results. Here are all the detected file-man folders. The ones that have been removed are marked with the red cross. All the files are displayed in the preview window and available for recovery. The disk structure is retained and all files and folders can be located easily. The program has completed this test successfully and met the challenge just as it should. Let's try another candidate – RStudio. It also displays the disk, its name and file system properly. Open it. Here are our files and folders. For some reason, it doesn't display the folder one movie. Most likely because the program couldn't find it. And also, some folders are shown twice and marked as deleted, though they are not. All removed files can be viewed and are available for recovery. Here is the verdict. The program completed the test, but failed to find one folder and some other files are duplicated. Generally, the final result is a little worse in comparison with Hetman Partition Recovery. The next one on the list is US. Start the program. It also displays the disk, its name and file system properly. However, there is no option for quick scan. As soon as you try to open a file, it triggers full analysis, so we've just found the first downside of this product. When the analysis is finally over, we can see there are 259 files detected. The program displays all files and folders. All files can be viewed, but it is difficult to understand which elements were removed and which are still on the disk. Also, some files are duplicated and you can't view them. Here is the verdict. This product can find all the files, both deleted and those still on the disk, but it would be more convenient to have a sort of marking to distinguish between the two types. Some files got duplicated, but the program has completed this test successfully. Another one to go is DiskGriil. If you have more than one drive on your computer, you'll have to do some searching first. All right, here is the drive we are going to use. Surprisingly, the program only displays its size, but doesn't say its HFS. Start the scan. Quick scan is unable to find any removed data and it only displays what is still on the disk. Only a deeper scan can help us see what this product can do. Look, it has found some files. The disk structure is lost as well as file names and there are some duplicates as well. Data arranged by type into various folders and it's hard to tell which of them were removed. Also, it's not clear if the program would be able to recover all data. Videos and documents are unavailable for preview, so I can't say they can be recovered. By judging by the file size, we can hope the files will be restored. Summing up, this program has completed the test as well, but so far its results are the worst. Also, some files are unavailable for preview and the deeper scan takes quite a long time. UFS Explorer is the next product to be tested. Start the program. It can recognize the disk and its file system, but somehow it doesn't display the disk name. Open the disk. And see no information on the deleted files at all. And there is no quick scan option either. All right, let's run a regular scan. The program has found the deleted data. The disk structure and file names are retained. The remote files are shown in a different color and can be previewed. All folders can be located easily. The only disadvantage is that you can't view documents. Photos and videos have no preview issues. Talking of document recovery, there is much to be desired. The verdict is here. This product has coped with the task, but there are some difficulties in dealing with documents. In the end, the top tools are Hetman Partition Recovery and EaseUS, as they both don't have any issues when analyzing the test disk. The only downside in EaseUS is that it lacks the quick scan option. Other utilities have minor drawbacks. Our studio failed to detect one folder, while DiskDrill and UFS Explorer couldn't preview certain files. In the following tests, we will erase file system elements one by one. Volume header, alternate volume header, header node, and index node of the second level. Erase the volume header. In HFS+, the volume header is located in the second sector from the beginning and in the second to last sector, that is from the end of the volume. So that's why we're going to erase the main header in the second volume at the beginning of the disk, then run the analysis to see how the tools selected for the benchmark would perform. All right, the volume header is removed, and then we start Hetman Partition Recovery, which can display the disk, its name, and file system at once. Open the disk. Result Disk1 Folders29 Files136 The same result that we've seen in the previous test. The disk structure, file names, and locations are restored, all files can be previewed and are available for recovery. The program has completed the task successfully. RStudio Start the program. It finds the disk and displays its name and file system correctly. Open the disk to see the same result as before. The program is unable to find one folder with a video file and some folders got duplicated. Let's see what ISUS can do. The program can recognize the disk but without its name and file system type. Let's scan it. The same result again – 243 files and some files got duplicated. Now let's start scanning the disk with DiskGrill. In the end, the same picture as before. Files are scattered over folders, no previews for documents and videos. I guess this test might be the last one where we still use this particular product. Results are unimpressive at all, and there seems to be no use testing anymore. We already know what to expect, and this tool ranks the last in our benchmark. UFS can recognize the disk, its file system and size but fails to detect its name. Let's scan it. The program shows the same result as in the previous test. Documents are still unavailable for preview, but the other things are okay. For the next test, we will delete the second part of the header. Let's run Hetman Partition Recovery. The program displays the disk but without showing the name of our file system. All we know is the capacity. Open the disk. As you can see, QuickScan is not available now. Select Full Analysis, set the file system to HFS+, and wait until it is over. The same result, though under a different condition. One disk, 29 folders, 136 files. The program managed to detect the disk, recognize its name and file system. The disk structure and file names are retained. Everything is available for preview. The task is completed successfully. Our studio can recognize the disk but can't display its name and file system type. QuickScan is not available, too. Scan the disk and set HFS. The program was unable to find certain folders. Now is U.S. It can see the disk but fails with its name and file type, just as in the previous tests. The program shows the same result as before and some files are duplicated. However, all data is available for recovery. UFS Explorer. It shows the disk as unknown without any name or file system type. This time result is no different. The data is found but documents cannot be previewed. In the next test, we will remove B3 nodes, index node, head and node leaf, and node. Hetman Partition Recovery comes first. The program can recognize the disk but can't display its name and file system type. We scan it only to see the same result we've seen many times today. One disk, 29 folders, 136 files. The program managed to detect the disk, recognize its name and file system. As you can see, all files are available. Our studio. Start the program. It can recognize the drive and that is already good enough. Scan it. The suitable option is HFS because HFS plus is missing, so check it. The program managed to detect the disk, recognize its name and file system. Open the disk. Similarly to the previous tests, the program was unable to find certain folders. The rest of the data has been located, the disk structure and file names are retained. Everything is available for preview. Now is U.S. Run the program. The disk is detected but it's missing both its name and file system. The duplicated file issue is still present. Everything is available for preview and recovery. Finally, UFS Explorer. It shows the disk as unknown volume. Configure the scan and start it. The program can detect the file system and retain the disk structure. All files on folders have been located, the only downside being that documents are not available for preview again. In the final test, we will remove indexed node of the second level from the disk, in addition to all that we have erased before. In other words, we will remove all B-trees. Now run Hetman Partition Recovery. Here is the disk. No name or file system. Let's scan the disk with full analysis HFS plus. The result is a bit different. One disk, 29 folders, 134 files. Here is our test disk with HFS plus. All right. All files are available. Check the folders. Everything is okay. The disk structure and disk names are retained. Everything is available for preview. All you have to do is to save the recovered files. The program has completed all the tests with excellent results. Now, let's try RStudio. Start the program and run the scan. The program managed to detect the disk, recognize its name and file system. Everything is the same size as it was in the previous test. The program was unable to find certain folders, but the overall result is quite good. Now the final test for EaseUS. Start the program. No changes here. Let's scan the disk. All photos, videos and documents are present, available for preview and recovery. The result is as good as before. The last tool in the final test is UFS Explorer. It says we have an unknown disk. All right, scan it and don't forget to check the file system type option. Here is the result. The disk structure and file locations are retained. Photos and videos are available for preview, but documents aren't. Let's have a look at the folders. One video can't be previewed, but the other directories are fine. Summing up, we can say that this tool is a bit worse than RStudio, which failed to find some folders but was able to preview all files without exception. Now, let's draw the bottom line. We have four products that completed all tests successfully, and one more product that didn't make it to the final because it failed to display almost half of the recovered files in the preview window. From among the top four tools, the choice is yours, but there is something I'd like to add. The algorithm used in our product allows us to retain the folder structure and file names which makes it easier to search for certain data and saves your time. Also, it managed to find all the data that the disk used to contain. In addition, our program lets you create a disk image and then recover data from there, which is the industry standard for dealing with faulty drives. Another favorite is US, has very good results too, but it doesn't offer this option. And that is all for now. Hopefully, this video was useful. Remember to click the Like button and subscribe to our channel. Hit the bell button to receive notifications and never miss new videos. Leave comments to ask questions. Thank you for watching. Good luck.