Hello everyone. So in the previous lecture, we discussed about the discovery of nucleus, proton, neutron and also how the idea about the nuclear radius was obtained from experiments on scattering of high energy electrons and other heavy charge particles by the nuclei. We also discussed about the nuclear mass and binding energy. Now, we will discuss what are the factors that govern stability of nuclei. So, a very simple way of explaining is to see the frequency distribution of stable isotopes that gives an idea. So, what I have made here is a table containing the different configurations of protons and neutrons substituting nuclei. So, mass number even mass number can come from even z and even n and there are 165 nuclei which are stable having even even configuration. For example, helium 4, carbon 12, magnesium 24 and so on. So, these nuclei have even protons even neutrons. We will call them even even nuclei. We can also have even mass number from ordered configuration. That means odd proton odd width. And you will see there are only 4 nuclei which are stable having ordered configuration like deuterium lithium 6, boron 10 and nitrogen 14. This is a very, this is a, this gives an idea that the nucleons tend to be paired up. They like to remain paired up. So, the majority of the stable isotopes are of even even type and there are only 4 nuclei which are of ordered type. Therefore, pairing energy plays a very important role in the stability of nucleus. Second point is if you see the table, nuclear table, nuclear chart, how many isotopes, stable isotopes a particular element have, you will find the certain elements having mass number, atomic number 20, 20 is your calcium, tin, lead, they have a very large number of stable isotopes. So, it essentially tells us that there are certain magic numbers which have extra stability associated with these numbers. And later on we will discuss that the magic numbers are 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126. So, if a nucleus has got 2 protons, 8 protons, 20 protons or it has got 2 neutron, 8 neutron, 20 neutron and so on, certain nuclei have extra stability. So, one is that nucleus, some certain magic numbers are more stable and also the nucleons like to remain paired. So, that gives you stability to the nucleus. Another important property governing the stability of nucleus is the neutron to proton ratio, n by that ratio. So, what I have shown here in this graph is the number of neutrons and number of protons for stable nuclei. This distribution gives you how these stable nuclei are distributed in regard to proton number and neutron number. And I have drawn a line where n equal to z. So, you see here up to proton number 20 n equal to z. That means up to calcium 40, 20 proton, 20 neutron, calcium 40, up to this mass number 40, equal number of neutron and proton can make the nucleus stable. The moment we go more than calcium, more than proton number 20, you require more neutrons to stabilize the nucleus. You can see here for 40 protons, you require close to 50 neutrons. For 60 protons, you require close to 90 neutrons. You can see here as you increase the number of protons, the number of neutrons to stabilize the nucleus increases further. So, for stable nuclei with the z more than less than or equal to 20, neutron to proton ratio is equal to 1. But for those nuclei which are stable having z more than 20, then they have got certain excess neutrons. So, as we increase the proton number in the nucleus, you require more neutron than proton to stabilize the nucleus. And the heaviest nucleus that is stable is 209 bismuth that is n equal to 126. Beyond this 209 bismuth, then all radium nuclei are unstable. So, both the certain magic numbers help in stabilizing nucleus, nucleon, the pairing energy helps if the nucleons are paired up, that nucleus is more stable. And it has to be the neutron to proton ratio has to be in certain range to make the stable nucleus. Now, so what holds this neutron to proton tightly inside a nucleus? So, that is the what is the force that is operating between the nucleon. So, we will use the term nucleon to represent both protons and neutrons in the discussion. Because the in fact, we will see later on that nuclear force is independent of the whether it is proton or neutron, it is charged in different. So, we saw that we will see we will see this very soon that the nuclear force is short range, it operates at a very small distances of the order of fermis, it is attractive to nucleon node. That is how the nucleus remains, it is spherical nucleus, the nucleons try to attack each other over a very short range. So, then the neutron proton behaves similarly with regard to nuclear force, but that is why we call them as nucleons. Neutrons and protons are spin half particles, so they are called as fermions. Spin half particles are called fermions and spin 1 are called bosons, one integral spins are called bosons. So, the nuclei having spin half integral half integral spins will follow Fermi Dirac. We will also discuss later on the implications of these discoveries in 1929 Paul Dirac in UK predicted that electron has an antiparticle which he called as the positron. In fact, the thesis by Paul Dirac is a very small thesis wherein he solved the equation of state of electron and predicts that this has got two solutions, the positive solution is electron and so negative solution is antiparticle of electron which is called as positron and subsequently in 1932 CD Anderson discovered the positive. So, gradually we will see that every particle every nuclear particle has an antiparticle and which becomes important in explaining many observations. So, till now what we have understood that any matter is composed of electron, proton and neutron and therefore, we say that these three particles are the elementary particles of matter. Any matter is made of these are the fundamental part, fundamental part of building blocks of all matter. Later on at the end of this lecture as the time permits I will also show that there is much more than this. So, let us go into further. So, what holds the nucleons together in the nucleus? In 1935, Yukawa gave the exchange theory of pie missiles. So, he proposed that inside the nucleus the protons and proton or proton, proton, neutron, neutron are exchanging a particle which he called as the meson and so, it is like two players playing volleyball. So, if the volleyball is exchanged very fast you will see like a banana between the two players and that binds the two two. Similarly, in this a proton gets converted into a neutron and pi plus positive pi meson and then this positive pi meson. So, it is actually this is from the proton and later on this neutron captures this pi plus meson to get neutron and proton pair. So, this is how a neutron and proton exchange, a proton becomes pi plus plus neutron and so. Similarly, a neutron can convert become pi plus proton and pi minus and this pi minus is captured by proton give you neutron. So, neutron proton exchanging pi minus meson again become proton neutron and the proton and proton will exchange a neutral pi meson and the neutron and neutron will exchange neutral pi meson. So, they are constantly exchanging these pi mesons between them a pair of nucleons will exchange a pi meson depending upon whether it is proton neutron or neutron proton or proton proton the charge of the pi meson will be different. The masses of these pi mesons are given here pi plus meson pi minus and pi neutral they are charges and they are half-life. So, they have very short half-life particles they do not survive for long time. Now, the inside that nucleons in nucleus when this pi meson is released from one proton it is survives for a very short time and based on the time of survival you can calculate how much distance it will travel within this much time and that gives you the range of nuclear. So, the range of nuclear force happens to be of the order of one hermit and you will see the corollary of this the important point is that how we are able to produce a particle of 140 MeV between a proton and neutron when the they are remaining intact a pair of proton neutron we remain proton neutron pair, but in the process generate a mass of 140. Does it not violate the law of mass energy conservation? Apparently, you feel that it is not possible to generate mass from a pair of proton neutron and they are remaining intact, but then that is where the Heisenberg-Artsonary principle comes to our rescue. The Heisenberg principle of energy and time this product of delta E into delta T has to be more than referred to the Langston constant h cross h by 2 pi and from this you can predict that if you produce a mass certain mass number. So, 140 mass you can do the exact energy then you can see it will survive for a time which is possible by complying with the Heisenberg principle. So, that explains that that is how we could explain that the pi meson exchange theory is valid because this pi meson does not survive it is captured by another nucleon inside the nucleus and so this is how what forms the bond between the nucleons inside that nucleus. So, to list the different properties of this nuclear force and later on we will see how we can when we make a model to explain the different properties of the nucleus this nuclear force properties will become useful. So, what we found out from the previous discussion about the frequency of stable nuclei we found that the nuclear force is charged in the. How do we say that we found that the even proton or even proton or proton or proton even neutron there are the number of stable nuclei are nearly same 55 and 50 if you recall the table of table isotopes that even proton or neutron 55 even neutron or proton 50. So, the number of stable nuclei having even odd or odd even configuration is nearly same that means the nuclear force is charged independent that means NP or PP or NP exchange is of the same order. The second property of this nuclear force is that it is spin dependent and the evidence for this came from the ground state of deuterium. The ground state of deuterium is a triplet stable in deuterium has one proton and one neutron. Now, proton and neutron can be paired up or it can be unpaired what is found that the ground state is paired in a ground state they are unpaired and the unpaired the paired state is unstable. So, that means if the two nucleons in the nucleus are having depending upon the state the spin state of the two nucleons nucleus can be stable or unstable that gives an idea that the nuclear force is spin dependent. Third property is nuclear force is short range at just we just discussed this just now that the mass of the pi meson which is 140 MeV which is surviving for 10 power minus 24 seconds. So, what is the range of nuclear force the distance travelled by pi meson within this time assuming that it is moving velocity of light so velocity into time so we have 10 power minus 15 meter. So, it is a short range it operates at the permies and that is why you know when you will say the nucleus dimension 10 Fermi then it is not operating at 10 Fermi it is optic at 1 Fermi and that is why each nucleon is in fact only with those nucleons which are in the immediate vicinity of it that there comes the property of saturation. So, the binding energy per nucleon or the average binding energy is constant that means every nucleon is interacting with only those nucleons which are in its immediate vicinity so that calls the saturation of the nuclear force. So, the saturation of nuclear force also it comes out from the constancy of the average binding energy. There are other properties of the nuclei other than the nuclear force is which we will discuss later on is nuclear spin. So, every nucleus because neutrons have spin half protons have spin half and nuclei have spin it can be half integral or it can be integral. So, if it is an odd mass dump, nucleus is odd mass that means either protons are odd or neutrons are odd then this nucleus will have half integrals spin. If it is an even mass nucleus it could be even proton even neutron or odd proton or neutron then this nucleus will have integral spin and in that also if it is even even nucleus then i equal to 0. If it is odd odd nucleus then i is equal to some. This is for the ground state of the ground state spin of nuclei follows this. There are other properties nuclei have their magnetic moment magnetic dipole moment. So, the magnetic dipole moment comes from one is the spinning of the proton and neutron along its own axis. So, if a proton spins like electron has a Bohr magneton, nuclear proton has got a nuclear magneton E h upon 4 pi mu m m n. So, not only the spin spinning of the proton and neutron gives you the magnetic moment of proton and neutron, but the orbital motion of proton will also give you its magnetic dipole moment, but not that of the neutron. So, important point is that the neutron has got a magnetic dipole moment when it is spinning around its own axis and that gives tells lot about whether the neutron, proton are fundamental particles or they have certain structure. So, proton has got a magnetic moment of 2.79 nuclear magneton, neutron has got minus 1.91 nuclear magneton. So, nuclei are magnetic particles you must have read about nuclear magnetic resonance where the magnetic dipole moment interacts with the supply around magnetic field gives you the splitting of the levels. Similarly, nuclei have what you call as the electric quadrupole. The electric quadrupole moment comes from the asymmetric distribution of charge the nucleus. So, if the nucleus is having a distribution like if it is can be a prolate or oblate having semi-measure and semi-measure axis a and b then we can this is a classical parabola for quadrupole moment, but you can have it from the electron the nuclear charge distribution inside nucleus you can calculate the quadrupole moment of the nucleus and there are techniques the hyper sign interaction based techniques whereby one can experimentally find out the magnetic dipole moment electric quadrupole moment. So, these are the properties nuclei possess nuclei also follow certain statistics for half integral nuclei will have Fermi Dirac or integral spin will have the Bose Einstein statistics and they also have parity. So, parity is nothing but the reflection symmetry. If you change the wave function from x to minus x if the wave function changes sign you say it is odd parity it does not change the sign we say it is even better. So, nuclei also have parity we will discuss this parity when we discuss the spin states of nuclei. Now, I just told about the proton and neutron and electron are elementary particles till 19 early 1930s it was all very well accepted, but then what happened the so we can say that the type of particles of which the other matter is made of is proton, neutron and electron. But in the 1930s and 40s in accelerators as we had high energy accelerators and even in the cosmic rays different types of particles are formed and they were called as the strange particles. These strange particles could not be explained in terms of the neutron, proton and electron. And there is a very detailed experiments have been done in the for the last so many years. I will not go into details of these different discoveries, but what happens here I give you a list of particles apart from neutron, proton, there are other particles lambda, sigma, delta and so on. And these particles are also like proton, neutron, but their masses are higher. And there were also particles apart from pi meson, there were k mesons, there are rho mesons and they are they are they were discovered experimentally in the cosmic rays or even in the accelerators later. Similarly, apart from electron there are neutrinos, there are mu mesons, there are meonic neutrinos, there are tau meson, tau particles not mu meson, muon and there are tau lepton. So, tau lepton. So, there are different types of particles which were discovered subsequently and so it was it was known there is a doubt whether proton, neutron are the fundamental element to particles. And so they were there was a classification of these different particles into hydrons. Hydron means which are interacting by strong interaction and the baryons are this spin half particles and half integral spin particles, neutron, proton, lambda, delta particles. Then the mesons are actually integral spin particles. So, they are made of certain things which we will discuss very soon. And these are the leptons, light particles lepton means light particles which are interacting by weak interaction. So, we have particles interacting by strong interaction, particles interacting by weak interaction and there that is how the scientist started feeling that proton, neutron may not be the fundamental particle building blocks of matter. And therefore, in 1964, when a good number of discoveries of strange particles have happened, 1964, Murek Gelman and Zwick predicted this is one of the you know where the theory precedes the experimental evidence. So, these two scientists predicted independently that the protons and neutrons and different baryons. So, when we said baryons, baryons are made of strong interesting particles and they are made of quarks. So, the quark concept quark structure of nucleus nucleons was proposed by Gelman and Zwick and these quarks are of different type, they are called a different flavors and different colors. So, we have up quark, down quark, up quark, down quark, charm quark, strange quark, top quark and bottom quark and each quark when it is inside a nucleon or a particle, it can have different colors, red, green. So, that is only for the understanding, they do not really have that color, but to explain certain properties, you give them some nomenclature. So, these quarks are having different colors, different flavors, colors and they have different charges also. So, the first time there were particles having fractional charges, we have not heard about fractional charge. So, up quark, charm quark and top quark were proposed to have plus 2 by 3 charge and the down quark, strange and bottom was to have minus 1 by 3 charge and it was experimentally later on you can prove that a proton is made of UUD, 2 up quark and 1 down quark. So, you can see up quark is plus 2 by 3, plus 2 by 3, minus 1 by 3 for d quarks, the charge of proton is plus 1. Neutron is UDD, 1 up quark and 2 d quark, plus 2 by 3, minus 1 by 3, minus 1 by 3, 0. So, it could explain the charge, not only the charge, the spins and many other properties of the nucleons, so not nucleon, they are called baryons. Apart from proton-neutron there are other particles, lambda, delta, sigma particles, all of them could be explained and they have been all discovered this time. Another types of particles are leptons means light particles and they are not made of quarks and they participate in the weak interactions and not in the strong effects. So, these 6 leptons are having electron, muon, tau having minus 1 charge and they are corresponding neutrinos, electronic neutrino, meonic neutrino, tau neutrino, zero charge. And these are very small particles they have very less mass 0.511 MeV4 electron, muon and tau lepton. And then their corresponding neutrinos are still much lower masses. In fact, still there are experiments going on to find out the mass of neutrino. So, it is predicted that the electronic neutrino will have about less than 30 electron volt mass, meonic neutrino less than 0.25 millilectron volt and tau neutrino less than 70 millilitres. So, there are experiments going on to find out the masses of the leptons. So, leptons that means these light particles like electron and neutrino, they are involved in beta decay and other weak interactions. We will see later on how the beta decay of a neutron gives you electron and anti-neutronome and the beta decay of a bound proton gives you positron and the neutrino. So, these are the kind of observations which have been made which now this is a domain of hydrodiphygics. So, I will not go into the details of this particular area, but just to give you a feel that apart from neutron proton and from there are now many, many other particles which have been discovered and the scientists are trying to in fact explain all the particles that are discovered in hydrodiphygics, heavy ion reactions, hydrogen reactions or even in the cosmic range. So, there are many, many particles which are been observed and they have been now explained in terms of 6 quarks and 6 leptons. So, apart from the nuclear physics which deals with proton, neutron and electron, there is another domain of nuclear science that is hydrodiphygics where one deals with the other particles which are baryons, leptons and undergoing strong and weak interactions. That is all I had to say. Thank you very much.


Welcome to BCH Technologies. Today we're going to make a sponge refillable cartridge for HP. For regular or starter HP cartridges, HP uses a really small sponge, and you can see here. So in this video, our goal is to remove this little sponge and replace it with a larger one, so it can hold more ink. Let's go over what you need. You need a mod kit by go to bchtechnologies.com and go to Mod Kit for HP and scroll down and you're going to find a sponge mod kit. Other things you will need are sandpaper, a heavy-duty audited knife, some rubber bands, a superglue, and a long-nose plier. For the ink, we suggest KD600X, which you go to bchtechnologies.com, go to Refill Ink, Refill Ink for HP, and on the left hand you're going to see a filter, and you click 600 mil.  There's a lot of ink. The first thing we do is get the cartridge protected. We use a piece of tape, the sticky parts towards us, and the non-sticky parts towards the cartridge, so the cartridge printed will not get in contact with glue. Then we get a second piece of tape and place it on the top of the cartridge and press it down. Then we get a third piece of tape and put it on the electronic ribbon. The third piece is in case there's some superglue dripped down, and we don't want the superglue to get on the electronic tape. And then if you want, you can sort of bend the tape and make a little tab, so it will be easier for you to remove it. You can just pull it and remove it. Once the border is open, we'll work on the other sides. Once all the edges are loosened, the cap can be taken off and exposed to the sponging side. The next step is not very hard, but it requires lots of patience. Each cartridge has internal walls to limit the cartridge capacity, so we'll use a long plier to remove the barrier. By doing so, we'll increase the cartridge ink capacity to the XL level. So we remove the sponge first, then we use a long nose plier to break the wall down piece by piece. Do it very carefully. Do not damage the filter underneath. This is what the final result looks like, and you don't really need to remove all the walls, but just make sure when you press the sponge down, the sponge can touch the filter. Now we do the same thing for the color ones. Step one, get the cartridge protected. Step two, cutting. So for the color one, we need to get rid of those four walls. In the next step, we'll use 150 grade sandpaper to sand the top of the cartridge evenly and smoothly. We'll then use a knife to remove the high-end debris. We'll now wipe or blow out the debris from the cartridge, and then we just put the cartridge under running water and clean it. You can use regular tap water to do it. And after that, after the cartridge is clean, we can insert a sponge and press it all the way down. We don't need a glue with airtight, so we'll just put a little bit of super glue and secure the top. For the colors, one of the sponges is a little bit larger than the other two. So that larger one is going to be on the top. While now inject ink, we're going to push the needle halfway down into the sponge and then pull it out a little bit so we can release ink. Do not press it down too hard so the needle might penetrate the filter underneath. So we just keep injecting ink until we can see the color comes up. We'll do the same for the color one. Now we can take the protective tape off. And now we're going to show you how to do unclogging. If you have a printer that's working, which I mean is printing, but the printout is blank or the printout is striped. That means it's clogged, which means you have air bubble underneath. So if you have a priming clip, you can just do it like this. Put it on the clip and draw some ink from the bottom. The air bubbles will be drawn out with the ink. And I know not everybody has a priming clip. If you don't have one, let me show you an alternative.   Once unclogged, you're going to see lots of ink coming out. Now we can put in the printer for test speed. You can see the first printout is still clogged. So what we did is we used the printer's building function to clean it twice.  And eventually we get it in working. Your refill cartridge will not show real ink level. So it will show the old ink level, like the black one, or it will show no ink level. So just ignore all the warnings about the low ink level or cartridge ink depleted. Whenever you see an air window pops up, just click OK. And it will dismiss the message and keep printing. So you're OK as long as this ink indicator light is not flashing. When it is flashing, there's something wrong with your cartridge. Maybe you broke the filter, or maybe there's something as simple as there's some ink splash on the ribbon. So you need to wipe it dry. So take the cartridge out and re-insert a couple of times. If this light is still flashing, then the cartridge is permanently damaged. Since the ink level indicator is no longer working for us, so we just need to keep an eye on the printout quality. So if I see a printout face missing a color, or we see stripes, so we know the ink run out, we just need to add more ink. Let me show you how this works in real life. So we printed more black pages. Now we use up all the black and use up all the color. So the printer thinks there's no ink in the cartridge, but I click OK when it says low ink, so I just keep printing. And we're going to put a green separator for every 50 pages printed. And I can show you how many pages can print with this refilled cartridge. And this will print more than regular HP, because we use a larger sponge than the regular sponge. Okay, now you can see the colors run out. So we went back and checked at what time the colors run out. So we print out 260 pages. So the next thing we do is we can take the cartridge out and add the ink back in and do some unclogging if necessary. Then we will be back printing.


Hi, my name is Joshua Guiden, and in this video, I'll be presenting the nested subset differential attack, a practical direct attack against LUV, which forged the signature within 210 minutes. This is a joint work by Gentai Ding, Myself, Vashaka, and Bo-Yun Yang, and I'll be turning off the webcam so you can properly see the slides. First, I'll talk about the general construction of multivariate signature schemes. Then we'll look at the oil and vinegar signature scheme in particular. Then we'll look at the lifted and balanced oil and vinegar scheme, which is what we attack in our paper. Then we'll look at the subfield differential attack, which is our original attack against the lifted and balanced oil and vinegar scheme. Then we'll finally look at our new contribution, the nested subset differential attack. Multivariate signature schemes. In the multivariate signature scheme, the public key P is an m tuple of multivariate polynomials over a finite field. The private key is a way to compute P inverse, by which we do not necessarily mean that P is invertible, but we have a way of finding pre-images. The method of signing a hash of a document is finding one of these pre-images X of a hash Y. The verification process is simply noting that Y is the output P of X. The theoretical foundation for these schemes is that solving a set of n randomly chosen equations, which are non-linear, with n variables is NP-complete, with this not necessarily ensure the security of the systems, because P will have some heat and structure which you can attack. For efficiency, we mainly look at quadratic constructions, and this can be justified mathematically as any set of high degree polynomial equations can be reduced to a set of quadratic equations, as in the following example. The Oil and Vinegar Signature Scheme The Oil and Vinegar Signature Scheme was introduced by Padron in 1997. It is both simple and efficient. It was inspired by the linearization attack to the Matsu and Mai cryptosystem. Here P, the public key, is the composition of two maps, F and T. F is quadratic, but it is easy to compute F inverse, and again that means finding pre-images. T is inviolable in linear, it is used to hide the structure of F. We see that X is equal to P inverse of Y can be found by first computing F inverse of Y is equal to W, and then T inverse of W is equal to X. Let FQ be the finite field besides Q, and M times M and V be natural numbers, and set N is equal to M plus V. The map F is called the central map, and it is an M tuple of quadratic polynomials in N variables. We divide the variables into two types. The first is the vinegar variables, which is X1, X2, up to XV. The second is the oil variables, XV plus 1, XV plus 2, up to XN. For convenience, we have the following two index sets. V, which is 1, 2, up to V, and O, which is V plus 1, V plus 2, up to N. This means that XI is a vinegar variable if I is in V, and XI is an oil variable if I is in O. Each central map polynomial, FK, is in the following oil and vinegar form. Here, we're going to have vinegar times vinegar variables, vinegar times oil variables, vinegar by itself, oil by itself, and a constant, where each of the coefficients comes from the finite field. Notice that there are no oil times oil terms. Thus, by guessing for each of the vinegar variables, say XI is equal to new I for I in V, we have a linear polynomial in M variables. Here, this will become a constant. This will become linear. This will become a constant.  Thus, we have a simple and efficient way of finding a preimage of Y, which is an FQ to the M. First, randomly guess for the vinegar variables for each quadratic equation and F of X is equal to Y. Then, attempt to solve the resulting M linear equations in M variables, say per Gaussian elimination. If the solution exists, then you have found the preimage. And the very unlikely event that one does not simply charges another guess for the vinegar variables. The reason that the different variable types are called oil and vinegar comes from salad dressing. Or the oil and vinegar involved are not fully mixed. By the composition of T, we see the public key P of X is equal to F composed of T of X. Seems to be a random quadratic system as the oil and vinegar structure is now hidden. There are some broken parameters for oil and vinegar schemes. The first is when V was equal to M, which is now called balanced oil and vinegar. This was defeated by Kipmuss and Shamir using invariant subspaces in 1998. Also broken is when V is less than M. And this can be broken by guessing for some of the variables as this can turn it into a balanced oil and vinegar system where V is equal to M. And then again, you can defeat it by the method of Kipmuss and Shamir. If V is much greater than M, then finding a solution is generally easy for all quadratic systems. So the usable parameters for oil and vinegar schemes is V is equal to two times O, three times O of similar ratios. The ratio used for L, U of V is slightly larger. This is called unbalanced oil and vinegar, U of V. And the direct attacks against it do not work as the complexity is the same as the solving of a random system. Beyond the direct attack, there are attacks that make use of the U of V structure like the intersection attack by word bullions, which must be accounted for in picking parameters. This is less efficient as the number of variables increases, as now the signature is at least twice the size of a document when you have it being twice M or thrice M and so on. There are developments from basic U of V to improve the efficiency of the scheme. Importantly, one is the rainbow signature scheme by Gentai Nying of the Tishmet in 2005, which is a multi-layer version of U of V. It is a NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization finalist. Never is L, U of V, which we'll now discuss. Lifted unbalanced oil and vinegar. L, U of V was around two in this candidate, the zone by word bullions at all in 2017. It is a variant of U of V that implements two previous refinements of U of V, as well as the lifting modification for which it's named. The two previously known refinements will not be important for our attack. We'll only briefly describe them here. The first, original by Peter Syswick, is to choose the affine transformation T in the following shape. Here, one sub V is the V times V identity matrix, one sub M is the M times M identity matrix, and T is a V times M matrix with randomly chosen coefficients. The second, originally by Albrecht Pitstult, is to use a seed and a pseudo-random number generator to generate both the private key and the public key. The third modification from which L, U, V gets its name is the focus of our attack. L, U, V takes an oil and vinegar private key over a small field and lifts it to an extension field from which it signs its signatures. This allows more efficient storage of the public and private keys. Let F to the R be the extension field of F2 of degree R, and N is equal to V plus M. The central map F will take F to the R to the N and each of these polynomials, Fk, takes the oil and vinegar form. However, the coefficients A, B, C will only be in F2, so either 0 or 1. We also choose T in the following shape, where T is the V times M matrix, whose entries are also from the small field F2. From the third modification, we see the public key P of X is equal to F composed of T of X, also has coefficients only in F2, but maps F to the R to the N to F to the R to the M. We will call such polynomials lifted. In 2019, Dengert L published the subfield differential attack, SDA, against L, U, V, which broke the parameter sets proposed. In response, the authors of L, U, V proposed new parameters, which in particular made the degree of the extension field prime, which protects against SDA. Here's a table of the six new parameter sets. Our attack in SDA is against the three cases of an R is equal to 7, and it breaks these completely. Subfield differential attack. None of this described the original attack against L, U, V, and which is the inspiration for our new attack, which is called the subfield differential attack. It is a direct attack against L, U, V, meaning we will try to forge a signature X for a given message Y, but directly solving P of X is equal to Y. SDA relies on the quotient ring representation of finite fields. If we take a base field F2 and an extension field F to the R, we can write F to the R as the following quotient ring, where D divides R in G of T is an irreducible polynomial of degree R divided by D. Thus, elements in F to the R can be represented by degree R divided by D minus 1 polynomials in the polynomial ring over F2 to the D. It is more efficient to solve a quadratic system over F to the D than over the extension field F to the R. So the goal of SDA and later in SDA is to attend the problem solving over F to the R to solving over F to the D. SDA achieved this by selecting a random differential X prime and then finding a new map P tilde of X bar, which takes F to the D to the N to F to the R to the M. So X bar is assumed to be an F to the D to the N, where F to the D is a subfield of F to the R. As each quadratic NP has coefficients only in F2, and X prime is a vector of random degree of polynomials of random degree R divided by D minus 1 polynomials from that quotient ring by multiplying out P tilde of X bar and collecting terms by the powers of T, we have the following. A random quadratic system Q0 of X bar of M equations for when T is raised to the power of 0, which is just 1. An R divided by D minus 1 linear systems, Li of X bar, each of M equations for Ti, i is equal to 1, 2, and so on, to R divided by D minus 1. So in SDA, to put a signature for a given message Y, which we will decompose into the sum Y0 plus Y1T all the way to Y R divided by D minus 1, T to the R divided by D minus 1, for each i, Y sub i is in the vector space F2 to the D to the M, that's over that intermediate field. We first find the solution space to the system of R divided by D minus 1 times M linear equations Li of X bar is equal to Yi over F2 to D, and then over the solution space we'll try to find the solution to the M quadratic equations Q0 of X bar is equal to Y0. However, with the choice of prime R, even with just having R is equal to 7, the only available subsfield is F2, which is too small to find the solution in all of these equations for the chosen prime of the sets. Now to visualize this, this is what we will look at, the original public P looked like. P was taking a very large domain into a relatively small range, and so you would always expect to have at least one solution. However, in the SDA attack, we were limiting what our domain was to what's highlighted in green, and this right here is smaller than the range. We would not expect a solution to exist. Nested subset differential attack. The nested subset differential attack in SDA will solve this issue by utilizing a larger subset of the domain to search for a signature N, and we will search in a more systematic manner than simply randomly choosing a differential. Now first, we'll define S truncation. For S, which is going to be in between 0 and R-1, we define the S truncation of an element A to be just when we limit the powers of T to be S. So originally they could go up to R-1, and now we'll limit them to being S. And we define the S truncation of a polynomial to be term by term S truncations of its coefficients, and a system of polynomials to be S truncation of each polynomial individually. The subset we will search in will be the following, e to the power of N, where each of the polynomials will be truncated to the third power. Now if you look on this set, the domain is much larger than the range again. Now let's look at a lemma on lifted polynomials. We let F, which takes F to the R to the N, to F to the R be a lifted quadratic with it being in the following form. And we let A0, A1 up to AL-1 be elements of F2 to the N. We have that for F of A0 plus A1T plus so on AL-1T to the L minus 1 plus X to the L, that this is true. All the quadratic terms will be coefficients of T to the power of 2 times L. The linear terms are coefficients of T to the power of L, T to the power of L plus 1, and T to the power of 2 times L minus 1. And the coefficients of T to the power of H depends only on what the original coefficients are, alpha and beta. And the AK for K is less than or equal to H. And when we have that K is going to be greater than H, they'll also depend on X. This can be shown by simply expanding out and collecting the powers of T for this polynomial here. Using the previous lemma, we will construct a signature for Y is equal to, and here again we're decomposing it into the following sum, which of these Y sub-i's are going to be the coefficients of the sub-fields vector space, piece by piece using differentials. However, instead of choosing the differentials randomly like an SEA, we'll instead solve them one after the other. For R is equal to 7, this can be done in four steps. For our attack to be efficient, we want to always solve no more than M quadratic equations over F2 for at least as many variables as equations. Throughout, X bar will be an independent point in F2 to the power of N. First, we construct the following system of equations where we've taken the 0th location of P at X bar, and each of the Q's is a quadratic polynomial over F2. And we're going to let A not be a solution, the Q, and this right here is the term of Y sub-not. So we just solve this following quadratic equation, the system of quadratic equations over F2. Second, we look at the one truncation of P bar of A not plus X bar T, which takes the following form where each of the L's are linear equations. And we'll let A1 be a solution to that linear system. Third, we construct the two truncation of P of A not plus A1T plus X bar T to the power of 2, and we solve this linear system here. Let me let A2 be a solution to that linear system. Finally, we set capital A is equal to A not plus A1T plus A2T squared, and construct P of A plus X bar T to the power of 3, and we try to find a solution for all of this over F2 to the N. And we do this by finding the solutions place S for the system of linear equations first, and then we let A3 be a solution to the set of quadratic systems over this solution space. We then have that P of A not plus A1T plus A2T squared plus A3T to the power of 3 is equal to Y. Now, in this day will be successful, provided each of the systems of equations we tried to solve do have solutions. As the four steps quadratic system is the one with the least amount of variables, having first solved the three times in linear equations, its probability of success is what we estimate treating the quadratic system as a random function. We see that for the premise given, we'll find the solution, and the way that we estimate this probability of success is found in our paper. Now, the most cautious part of NSDA is solving the quadratic system in step one and the quadratic system in step four. As these will be undetermined systems over F2, a rest estimate of the complexity required is log base 2N to the power of N plus 2 field multiplications for each system using exhaustive such method, for here N is the number of equations involved. This is far below the necessary complexity for each level. In fact, the complexity for the level one parameter set is so low that a practical attack is possible against it. We ran experimental attack against a public key with level one parameters, and we were able to forge a signature in 210 minutes. For four details, please refer to our paper. Conclusion. We have proposed a modified version of the subfield differential attack called nested subset differential attack, which fully breaks half the parameter sets put forward by the round two version of lifted and balanced order of vinegar. We reduce attacking these parameter sets, the problem solving quadratic equations over the prime field F2. This makes our attack effective enough to be formed practically. Thank you for watching the video. We would like to show our appreciation for the support by the TAF fund, NIST, and the NSF. Please have a good one.


So today, we're going to talk a little bit about how to calculate mean values of spatial data. And our example we're going to use is precipitation over an area. We've already seen this example here, where we have some data. In this particular case, this is rainfall data located at a different number of rain gauges around a set of watersheds. And here are these four watersheds sort of combined together to be an area of interest. And we might be interested, for example, in talking about the total amount of water that falls on this watershed. And in order to calculate that, we might be interested in a mean or an average value for the depth of the water on the watershed. Well, which value do you use? We have 10 different values here associated with different areas of the map. There are multiple ways that we can go about approaching this problem. There are three typical ways of doing this, of approaching this problem. Here are the first three standard methods. The first is the simplest. It's simply taking the arithmetical mean, which we'll see in a moment. The second is to make use of theson polygons. And the third method we will look at is a contour method for using isopleths. Now isopleths is the general term for same values, where the values can be any sort of measurements. Often, when this is referring to precipitation, this would be what we would consider an isohyetyl method, where hyetyl basically means the measure of the rainfall. This applies just to our precipitation. All three of these methods use the same basic structure. What we're going to do is calculate a mean value, represented the value being x, represented the mean with the line over it. The mean value is going to be calculated as a weighted mean, where we're going to take the individual values themselves, multiply them each by some weight that gives them a greater or lesser relative value. If we sum all those weights, we will get a product, a sum of all these products. And then we need to renormalize by dividing by the sum of all the weights independently. This same formula will apply for all three methods. The methods just differ in the choice of what values we use and what weights we use. Let's consider first the arithmetical mean. So if I take a look at my map and I see the various values on the map, I notice that there are 10 of them. The arithmetical mean, in this case, is pretty simple. We just need to list the 10 values, the values themselves, the depths are going to become our values to find the mean of. So let's go ahead and list each of these values. Here's our values xi, and we're going to make them equal to the depths at each of these points. So if I record all of them, 3.86, 4.55, 5.06, 6.24, 4.39, 5.43, 4.67, 6.01, 4.66, and 5.37. These are all the values taken from the map. You can see each of them located on there at each of the different points. And it's important to recognize the units of each of these. Let's go ahead and assume, even though they're not given here, that these are all measured in inches of rainfall. So I'll use these two little quotation marks to represent inches. So we have inches of rainfall. In the case of the arithmetical mean, our weights are simply valued at 1, 1 unit. The unit is actually unimportant. But in this particular case, our weights are simply valued at 1. In other words, each of these values has an equal amount of weight. If we, of course, multiply those two, you simply get the same value, 3.86, 4.55, et cetera. And if you remember, we want the sum of the weights times the values. Well, in this case, that is just the sum of all of these. Same thing as the sum of all the points di. If we add all these together, we get a total of 50.24 inches. If we add up all the weights, we find that there are 10 elements. Usually, we use the letter n to represent the number of data points we have. So our n is equal to 10.  And in this case, we get a mean depth of 5.024 inches. So that's the simplest version. And we could choose to use the depth value of 5.0 inches to represent everything in here. Obviously, that's going to be not as good a representation for this area b here or for apps for this area c where the 4.39 is. But it is an average value represented by all the data. This is a particularly good value if you have a pretty good distribution of data and if there's not a significantly wide variation in the data. In this case, the variation is pretty substantial from 3.86 up to the 6.24 value. That's a pretty substantial variation. So maybe we should have some concern about using the arithmetic mean as our mean spatial value. Our second method is the method using theses and polygons. So if you recall from a previous video, we've taken this same area and we've gone through calculations to divide that area up into a series of polygons called theson polygons. Where the area inside each polygon is represents all the points whose nearest gauge or whose nearest data point, all the points associated this group of points here in d5 or all the points whose nearest data point is this point d5. Anything outside that polygon has another data point that is closer to it. And in this way, we'll associate all the points of our area with a particular data point. Now one way to go about doing that is to take the grid you have and to overlay it with a graph of areas. In this case, it's not a particularly detailed graph, although we have fairly good detail on the number of data points here. But notice I'm making an assumption. I'm not counting half of grid points. We're making assumptions here on whether or not a particular unit of area is associated with a particular data point. And in each of these, I'm counting the number of areas. There are 14 boxes of area associated with this value 3.86. There are 144 boxes of area associated with 5.06, 112 with this value 4.39, et cetera. And these areas, the area of each thson polygon, notice it's not necessarily the polygon itself. It's the polygon where it intersects with the area that we are interested in. In this case, it's the entire polygon for this polygon in the interior. But for the ones on the exterior, it is the intersection of the thson polygon and the area of interest. So let's go ahead and talk about how we apply our weighted averages to this data. For the thson polygons, we again let our values, our x's, be equal to the depth associated with each rain gauge. And we'll again record those same rain gauge values, 4.55, 5.06, 6.24 in this first column. Notice these methods are often applied using spreadsheets as they can do the calculations relatively quickly and in a very organized fashion. So here are the depths of each of our rain gauges. Now with each of those depths, we're going to associate a weight. And the weight we're going to associate is the area of the thson polygon associated with each of the data points. So for example, as we noted, the 3.86 has 14 units. And the units are actually unimportant. They are area units. I'm simply going to use a small box here to represent grid units of area. It turns out these grid units are probably 125th of a square inch, but that number is actually unimportant, as we shall see momentarily. So I continue to go ahead and record. I look for 4.55 and realize that there are 20 units associated with that value. I look for the 5.06 and realize there are 144 units associated with that value. And I continue to make those associations for each of the measurements that we have here. 5, 112, 87, and this is transposed. This should be 5.43, 98, 130, 11, and 50. Now that I have each of those weights, we're going to take each value and multiply it by the weight. And we'll make a column here with the product of the weights times those values, which in this case will be the areas times the depths. In fact, the way you can think about this is we're actually creating small volumes of rain associated with each polygon, the volume that falls in each polygon. When I make that multiplication, I get a series of values, 54.04 box inches. Notice these are sort of strange units. If we wanted to actually know the depths, we would actually have to do something to turn these boxes into larger spatial area. But for now, we're going to keep these units box inches. If we multiply these two values, we get 91.00 box inches and continue until we have found all of the products of interest. Notice some of these values are substantially larger than other values for two reasons. One of the reasons is that there is more depth associated with some of them. For example, where there are six inches of depth, there is more. The other reason is there are more, there's a larger area associated with some of them. Now that I have these products, I'd like to take the sum of these products, the sum of the weights times the values, or in this case, the sum of the areas times the depths. Well, when I take that sum here, I get a value of 3,427.69 box inches. Well, that's not necessarily meaningful. But if I also then sum my total weight, that's this column here, which is actually the total area, I get 671 boxes. Again, that's the total area of the entire watershed measured in grid boxes. If I carefully count each of these grid boxes, I should get a total of 671. Now I take those two values and divide them, and I get a mean depth. Notice in this case, if I divide these two values, the units of box will cancel out, leaving me with an answer in inches. So my average value, which is the average depth, is going to be 5.108 inches. A little bit larger than the 5.024 inches we calculated using the arithmetic mean. But again, the same sum of weighted values divided by the sum of the weights. For our third and final method, again, because it's precipitation, we'll term this the isohyedral method, we are going to need the contours that we created. So if I take the map, and in a previous video, we created a contour plot representing different intervals of rainfall depth, where each line here, each isohyet, or each contour line, represents here as a depth of 4 inches, here as a depth of 4.5 inches everywhere along this line. It's connecting depths of 5 inches, and we go up 5.5 and 6. Well, I want to do the same thing with that, but I take that and map it again onto a grid. And in this case, we're interested in the area that's within our watershed, within the area of interest, but also the areas that are in between any two of our isohyets, so within the interval. Now to do this method, we're going to use different things for xi and for wi, for our weights and for our values. We're not actually going to use the values here at the rain gauges. We're instead going to use the values that are associated with the contours that we've created. Let's consider first, we'll list the isohyets that we chose here. In this case, the ones we chose were 4 inches, 4.5 inches, 5 inches, 5.5 inches, and 6 inches. You'll notice the values of the lines that we're using here. And what we're going to need to do is choose some centers for each of these intervals. For example, between 4 and 4.5, we're going to choose a central value, which is the average of those two, 4.25, which we're going to use to represent everything in that interval. Between 4.5 and 5, we're going to use the average, which is 4.75. So even though we have isohyets or isolines at certain values, we are going to now create interval centers that are between each of those values. One of my interval centers I'm going to choose as being the minimum value on my map, 3.86. We could choose something that's lower, assuming that there was another value of 3.5. But if this is a minimum value, we do not know if things go back up or if they get any lower. So one of the things we can use to bound everything is to use our minimum value and our maximum value. I believe it's the 6.24 over here, as actually the 6.24 isn't on our map. We'll go ahead and use the maximum value of 6.01 that is on our map as bounding centers, 6.01 on the edge here. But all the other centers will be values that are halfway in between the isohyets, 5.25 inches and 5.75 inches. Notice these are values that are in between each of the successive pairs of lines. Now that we have those interval centers, we're also going to use some interval weights. So our weights, our wi here, our xi are going to be the interval centers, and our wi are going to be the interval weights. Those weights are, again, small box areas, in this case of different colors, associated with the space between any two contour lines. If I look here, there is nothing inside this contour line, so there is a weight of 0 associated with that value 3.86. If I look for the blue color here, I see there are 33 units here, plus an additional 15 units inside here. So that's a total of 48 grid units, which all, again, represent with the box. For the green, this is between 4.5 and 5. I see 65 units, which includes this space over here, plus another 155 units, which is a total of 220 grid boxes. There's 220. As I continue, I will count 327, which is already counted for me of the orange interval, and then finally summing the two pink groups. We have 57 and 18. That's 75 boxes. And there's one small box here that's above the value of 6, which we're going to go ahead and assign the peak value there of 6.01. But there is only one box there, so it will have a minor overall effect. As in all the other calculations, we're going to take our values and multiply them by the appropriate weights, xi, wi. The first one has a value of 0 box inches. And the others are found by similar multiplication, 204, 1,045, 1,716, 431.25, and finally, 6.01. And again, all these are measured in box inches. Now that I have all these products, we're going to sum them up. And similarly, we will also want the sum of the weights and create that space over here. The sum of the weighted products there is equal to, in this case, 3,400 and 3.01 box inches. And the sum of all the weights is equal to 671 boxes. Notice we must have made a slight variation in our count from the last example where I believe we had 670. Oh, no, both of them are 671 boxes, so that's good. Now we'll divide these two values. And when we do, our mean value is going to be 5.072 inches, again, where the boxes will cancel out. So again, the area units you use are unimportant, because when you divide by the weights, they will end up canceling out. For our three methods, we got the following values. Method number one, using the arithmetical mean, we got a value of 5.024 inches for our mean depth. For number two, for our thesis in polygon, we got a mean value of 5.108 inches. And for our third method, our isohyetal method, we got an average depth of 5.072 inches.


It was such an awesome weekend that we have had here at the Good News Church and it was such such a great time meeting so many people who you know who not only are fans but people who are our friends and some churches that I sometimes would go in and and then they come back here and you would hear them they listen to every podcast they follow every single Wednesday service and then how they kind of you know do what we do and though they're like separated so far from us it's so encouraging for us to never to take every service for granted you know and never to just sit and simply say well today's ones and I just gotta be here you know to scratch that off no matter how you feel but to always be focused on our vision we've reached that place in our church now let me speak to just church people were the vision that we used to carry today that vision carries us you know that vision that used to we have to we had to carry and protect it and today you know when I meet with different guys even few days ago had the opportunity you know to meet with the young man who got saved on Wednesday and he said you know passive lad I just got out of jail and he says the first time I come to church I get saved during the salvation he says I literally felt electricity he says when you place your hand on my head electricity went through my whole body he says I felt something I never felt before comes back on Sunday now has a job comes to home cup and he said now I want to bring other people to Jesus Christ you know that feeds you when you hear that you know a young man who comes to every service you know on during the conference and I'm not gonna mention much details and that meet with him and stuff and he says passive lad I want to give my life to Jesus Christ but he says God can't forgive me I was like of course he can forgive you I was like what did you do you know did you kill somebody's like no he said it's something worse he says for a very long time I don't use drugs I sell them I was like oh that's different well definitely God can't forgive you for that but and then I find out some guys who got free from drugs here they're like hey I know that guy I bought drugs from him what is he doing in church I'm like who said God can only forgive the drug addicts not the drug dealers and I remember I start talking to him and I start praying with him and praying for him and he's I want to change he said my brother isn't in right now facing 25 year to life and he said I don't want that road I know that that weekend was a wake-up for me and I wanted to find God and when you when that when you see that when you're surrounded by that you know it makes morning prayers at five in the morning enjoyable when you meet other people you know who come in and who's saying you know guys don't give up because of what's happening a young gentleman who came on Saturday night drove all the way from Seattle on Saturday night just for one thing from Seattle four hours got a hotel just to receive a prayer because of attacks of the enemy on his mind a decent good-looking if you will look at him you would never recognize somebody who needs help you know and you see things like that you know something shifts with any you recognize the vision that we have is no longer we have it it has us can somebody say amen you look and you raise a microphone and so just really want to encourage each one of you another thing that I want to encourage you with right now is this is that every time God does a miracle in our life it's not only to reward us for our faithfulness but it is to inspire our commitment every time God does a miracle in your life it's not to reward you for your faithfulness it is to inspire your commitment when Jesus comes to Peter and Peter is fishing all night and he cannot catch fish and Jesus touches Peter's situation and Peter catches so much fish that his boat begins to sink then net begins to rip and Peter comes out and Peter doesn't just simply throw a party and say hey guys I want to write a book on how to catch so much fish that your boat will sink and your nets will rip he doesn't start a block on how to be a very successful fisherman with Jesus along your side that miracle inspired in him a commitment to follow Jesus in abandoning the ship and the boat you know it it touched my heart when that scripture became a reality because sometimes when I see small blessings in my life you know I immediately look is like what did I do right and sometimes God wants to remind you it's not about what you did right it's how I want to inspire your commitment God sometimes will be good to you not because you've done something good but to inspire you to be good the Bible says the goodness of God leads men to repentance that means that God sometimes does something in your life just to lead you to help you inspire you pat you on the back to change see most of us are thinking that God is the only one who pulls out a belt and beats people into change sometimes he stretches his arms and hugs you into change blesses you into change loves you into change and gives you things into change because somebody say amen so don't ever when you have good things happen in life pat yourself on the back and you say well it's because I'm smart I can smoke weed drink and do these things and not get caught and life is just good to me no no no my friend the reason why things work out for you and never got caught is because God is trying to be good to you to lead you into change he loves you too much yeah he loves you too much because somebody say amen and so our God is a good God our God is a positive God our God is a victorious God and our God he's the best one we are so blessed to know him and we are so blessed to be connected with him I just finished reading book of Jeremiah and finishing is equal is equal depressing book very depressing book I'm so glad for Jesus because if we will be stuck with this equally with very very hard life but reading book of Jeremiah and you see half of book of Jeremiah these prophecies against Israel because of their disobedience to God and you see God's displeasure with them and then you see Israel getting into captivity of Babylon because of their disobedience to God and my favorite verse from book of Jeremiah is the one that I had on my wedding invitation most of you have heard this verse you probably have it somewhere in your house it's the verse says this in Jeremiah 11 29 I think it's 11 29 29 11 I always get them mixed up Jeremiah 29 11 this is what the verse says for I know the plans that I think of you says the Lord the plans of good and not of evil to give you hope and to give you future anybody heard that verse before okay you did so when you read the Bible that's why encourage people to read the Bible from the beginning till end because then you don't just take verses that you like and put it on your refrigerator you see those verses in the context of when they were written did you know that 29th chapter of Jeremiah it was a letter of Jeremiah written to the people of Israel who were rebellious to God who were stubborn who were so stiff neck that they were delivered to captivity and when they got delivered to captivity and they got what they deserved God sends them a message to the people he said please don't sin or else your sins will catch you to the people God said please stop rebelling against me stop turning your back against me because that's gonna turn out bad for you and to the people who always said to God we'll do whatever we want to do those kind of people when they got what they deserved when they finally made a mistake and the mess of their life God sends a message and God doesn't send the message and said I told you so I warned you you foolish little uncircumcised Philistine God doesn't send a letter and say you are such a stupid people I'm sick and tired of you and I'm so relieved you're in trouble God sends a message and says for I know the plans I have for you you're rebellious people he doesn't say that but he says I know the plans to remember these are rebellious people and God even for people who are trapped in their own sin God still has a plan see we read this verse and we think it's talking about the priest the pope the nun the pastor it's talking about your neighbor that looks better than you but God says I know the plans that I think about you not only when you do good but even when you find yourself in the mess the plans of good and not of evil the plans to prosper you and not to harm you that's my God that's your God can somebody say man God has a plan for your life even if you're not serving him right now maybe you found yourself today in some problems maybe you're crushed in the mess maybe you made mistakes and they caught up to you God has a plan for your life still amen when I was in San Diego two days to two weeks ago and we had to use a rent rental car and we didn't know the city of San Diego so we had to rely on Google apps because Apple apps fail and so Google apps are like the Lord has never failed and so in the Google apps one of the things that we would do because we don't know the city and we don't know the highways and we know that with the city so vast millions of people there and so we would constantly get lost we would constantly take wrong turns it would say take this turn and there's like five different lanes I don't know which lane to take and so I would always take the wrong turn and what I love about the Google Maps is that anytime you took a wrong turn it will right away reroute you from that turn all the way around I've never once had an incident where I took a wrong turn and the Google Maps says you stupid I quit on you somehow we think God will do that to us when you take a wrong turn you don't cancel your destiny you will detour you may delay it you might take it longer but God never says I'm done we're finished I hang up the phone as long as there is a breath in your lungs God will pursue you he won't give up on you he has a plan for your life cuz somebody say amen your disobedience does not cancel God's plan it may delay God's plan you might have to five more minutes go straight and take a u-turn and if you keep disobeying that five will turn into 50 minutes it will turn into five hours and five million hours but I want to tell you something there's no place you can find yourself if the God's GPS cannot point you home no place no turn you can take the God can say you know what you too stupid I don't handle these idiots no no no even if for Israel there were rebellious God still found a way and says I have plans and I have a future for you in Jesus name you know if when I told you I finished reading book of Jeremiah when I got to the half of book of Jeremiah and God first half was so displeased with the nation of Israel because of their disobedience he was so not happy with them and he told them guys don't do this because you it's gonna it's gonna get wrong for you and then when they finally disobeyed God and they got themselves into trouble the rest of the half of the book of Jeremiah God goes bashing under slave masters under land of Babylon God says how he's gonna attack and punish them because they punished his kids who got into their mess because of their own stupidity oh just made me love God more and when I get myself into trouble even because of my own sin and God it doesn't bring God's pleasure but then God gets angry about my problem and not instead of pushing me down in my problem God wants to punish that problem and destroy that problem and set me free that is our God he has freedom he has liberty and salvation in mind like a pastor always says God never warms his hands on people sorrow God never gets a kick out of your tears God never smiles out of your despair God never inside laughs you know how sometimes you have some people that you jealous of for people that you don't like and when they get like some smaller trouble and you would never show it never posted on Facebook up but inside you're like I'm just so relieved let's face it we all have this sometimes God never has that inside he never has the sense of relief when you're suffering even if that's suffering is caused by your own mistakes let's open judges chapter 16 in verse 21 it's a negative verse sad verse yet we're gonna learn something so the Philistines captured him him is Samson and gouged out his eyes somebody say ouch they took him to Gaza where he was bound with bronze chains and forced to grind the grain in the prison if you came around the church or any know anything about stories from the Bible you probably have stumbled upon this story of this normal guy who had this Rambo Superman kind of powers who went around unfortunately beating people this was his way of setting free his people and at this particular time we see that this man he gets blinded by the enemy and when they take his eyes then they quickly bind him and then they make him go in circles and then we see eventually he actually commits a suicide in destroying his enemies I want to speak today about faith now we're gonna get to this scripture in the moment in the title of the message will be called painful positivity faith is maintaining positive attitude in the midst of negative circumstances sometimes when we hear were faith we immediately think of something like a creed a doctrine a philosophy something so deep something so profound but faith let's break down faith and bring it down to a normal level faith is actually having a positive attitude in the midst of negative situations why in the midst of negative situation because everyone is positive when their life is positive and that's not faith faith is not when you're positive because everything is good that's called common sense and if you can't be positive and your life is positive it's most likely you got a demonic attack on your life it's actually very serious but typically normal average people when everything is good you got good grades you got a promotion you got the card that you wanted the person that you like finally responded back and you set up the date you finally got the home group that person you prayed for came the daughter you prayed for God say when things happen that you like you typically normally smile and rejoice why because you're happy when things are happy that's not faith that's called common sense most of us exchange that and think that is faith if I'm happy when everything is good that means I have faith that is not true my friend that just simply means you're a human who has all of his greats working properly real faith is when you can maintain a positive outlook and attitude when everything is negative now most of us when everything is negative we go debit the downer we immediately start going into negativity we immediately start going into loss of a seam we immediately start saying panic mode some people go into depression other people begin talking to young gentlemen today he says when everything's the falling from underneath of my feet I had a gun and I was tossing it back and forth to shoot myself because that is exactly what happens when there is no faith in the negative situations we are negative it's kind of like Titanic Titanic did not sink in the ocean because there was too much water in the ocean Titanic sunk because the water around Titanic got inside of the Titanic and no matter how magnificent and unsinkable Titanic was it sunk to the bottom of the ocean and just the same with you when the problems around you get inside of you you sink that's called absence of faith faith is like that boat that keeps you above the problems in life now during hard times it is natural to be negative and positivity is painful how many you found it that it's very easy to be negative when things are hard it comes like a gift naturally you're like I never knew I was so good at it and to be positive when things are negative is actually mentally painful it would be easier to put little needles into your body lift 300 pounds when you can't lift the bar it would be easier to run a marathon during that time than to actually think one positive thought when everything around you is falling apart and what would you think do you think God is sympathetic to you to me when he sees that our life is negative our circumstances our health our finances our relationships maybe they're not going the right way they think God comes along and sees our negativity he sees our self pity he sees like us been our bitterness and God says you know what actually I understand God does not allow negativity even when being positive is painful look at the father whose daughter is sick in the Bible he comes to Jesus to ask Jesus to go help his daughter who is sick probably high fever he comes to Jesus Jesus let's go to my house heal my daughter as they're walking he receives a text message don't bother Jesus your daughter her fever spiked and there's no more pulse her heart stopped beating she's dead we're making the funeral arrangements leave Jesus alone this is where a heart of the father plunges into negativity depression despair that none of us here most of us here will never understand because we don't have children this is a moment where this is not just when your bills are due and you don't have money this is not just a moment when your daughter or your son is struggling and you're praying and they're not making change this is when they die this is the worst of the worst of the worst of the worst of the worst that could happen and it happens right here and he walks with Jesus and you think Jesus would give him a hug and say listen I'm sorry I'm sorry I feel you I send my condolences I send my sympathies with you Jesus looks at him and Jesus asked him to do something unthinkable and something extremely painful he grabs him in the Bible says he says don't be afraid only belief how could you believe how could you be positive when everything is negative how could you be walking with faith when everything around is a failure but Jesus expects us to have painful positivity when negativity seems so natural when being depressed comes with the flow when being stressed out when being negative in your thoughts and in your feelings and say well you just don't understand how hard and difficult it is and you just want to throw the towel and Jesus comes along and does not pity you but he says rise up be positive even if it's painful he did this with other instances what he almost seemed to not have a regard of how painful it is to have faith and people who had that kind of faith they saw results they saw changes and they saw breakthroughs in their lives as statistics as medical statistics as health statistics says that if you're positive you're more likely live 10 years longer than people who are negative you're more likely fight cold and flu better than those people who are negative you are more likely to outperform your co-workers you're more likely to have happier relationships make more money you are more likely have a lower rate of heart attack and all other hard related diseases you are more likely to recover when you get a disease the statistic studies our human body and notices one thing is that you are prone to overcome your problems when you don't let your problems overcome you why is it that because the God who created you created you he is positive God and the reason he overcomes every problem is because he never lets any problem overcome him he placed that inside of your DNA and God doesn't necessarily protect you from problems but he wants you to protect your faith in the midst of your problems and to understand the Satan's main aim will be to take your faith away because when he takes your faith he takes your fighting chances when your faith is gone you stop fighting you give up he ties your hands and you're like a person who gets thrown into a lake with your hands tied you can't swim why because your hands are tied when you lose your positivity when you lose your faith no matter what the reasons are remember one thing it is Satan who wants to take your eyes out your eyes is your faith you may say why is our eyes like a faith because just like faith so is eyes we can see with eyes the whole picture of the room for example God forbid if there is one person here in amongst us that would be blind would walk into this room they would only see the darkness they will not be able to see the colors they will not be able to see the carpet they will not be able to see the objects the pews they will not be able to see the walls they will not be able to see the stairs and they will walk in the room and they will see the dark they will be convinced that darkness is all that exists in this room they will be a hundred percent right but you and I will know one thing is the darkness is not the only thing that is in this room this room also has pews this room has walls this room has a carpet this room has a handsome man holding a microphone speaking to teenagers this room has bunch of handsome young men and young women this room has lights this room has music this room has different things why because you see a full picture see what faith does is faith lets you see a problem as a peace in the puzzle without faith your problem is the whole puzzle without faith the problem is that's all you see it's just pitch dark samson anointed big but walks around he only sees pitch dark because that's exactly what the enemy wants him to see just the dark I want to tell you something tonight Satan is after your faith he's not really even after other things when he takes your faith this is what happens you come to church your hands can't lift when you come to church your feet can't jump oh no and it's not because you haven't been going to gym you come to church your sour even right now looking at some of you I see like somebody put a vacuum inside of your mouth and suck life out of you you come you live in America you have an AC in your house you got an AC in your car you have a place to live you have a roof over your over your head you even have a roof over your car you got a job you got Starbucks you got a church you got a family but what the enemy wants to do he wants to bring a problem blindfold you with that problem that's the only thing you see and you are like samson remember if Satan can make you blind then he can make you bound if he can make you bound he will make you go in circles without faith faith lets me see the full picture faith sees that there is symptoms of cancer but it also sees the healer it also see that I will live forever in heaven it also sees hundreds of thousands of people who got healed and so I look at this cancer with the full picture of everything else that exists but without faith I only see cancer and 20,000 20 million people who died out of cancer and I'm like Samson I'm walking around blind and then guess what happens I am bound by that cancer because now I'm walking around nobody gets healed I just need to get dialysis that's it I might die very soon I am bound by this cancer and my life reduced to go in circles my friend God doesn't want you to live like that God wants you to live by faith faith is having a full picture maybe you broke today maybe you've been betrayed maybe you're like Joseph and your brothers betrayed you maybe your family has hurt you that is a small piece it feels like a whole puzzle it feels like your whole world is falling apart listen it's just a paragraph in the chapter of the book of your story it's not the end faith says this this sickness is not here to kill me it will be a puzzle in my testimony of healing faith unties your hands and gives you a fighting chance it makes you a fighter faith doesn't remove all the problems it just gives you gloves to fight and when you lose faith you stop fighting you're like a victim thrown into a pool of problems of life and your hands are tied you will drown you will drown and not because the water is too strong not because the pool is too deep your hands are tied you can't swim if you're drowning inside full of negativity when I was younger I used to think that Satan is only after taking my holiness and he just wants to condemn me to hell that if I like have one evil thought or if I compromise I will right away go to hell when I die even though I have a relationship with God and I was so afraid of sinning because I would go to hell and then I grew up I understood a little bit more about the grace of God I understood a little bit more about the love of God I understood a little bit more about sanctification the process by which God produces a God like character within us but then listening to the teachings of this pastor Vladimir Montan from Ukraine and he started talking about how praying and sacrificing financially and doing all of these things to grow your faith and I remember I listened to that I was like I know the Bible says faith comes from the hearing of the word of God means if you read the Bible you're gonna get faith but I never really understood how do you get faith by reading the Bible and what is that faith that he's talking about until when I started to take those steps in prayer and in sacrifices and feeding myself with testimonies and I started to experience that when I'm done I feel this confidence inside or I feel this like I call it sometimes hype but it's this inner confidence that God is on my side I am on the right path everything is gonna be good and everything will work out well and I started to recognize actually that is what faith is faith is not some cloud there it is that inner boldness and confidence that when you hear sing when you hear the songs he is on the throne yeah he's on the throne he's faithful he's a mighty God maybe not everything is the right but but that thing charges you on inside but guess what happens when you compromise your consciousness guess what happens when you go to the bar on Friday night the next morning you wake up and guess what's gonna be lost your faith you won't pick up the Bible not because God doesn't love you but because there's that confidence gone somebody asked you hey bring your friend now no no no I can't bring my friends I oh I just need a lot of work on myself yet hey you gotta come to school leaders no no no no not for me I don't know man I can't come for prayer no man I can't do the whole thing getting up and praying here yeah I can't do that and not necessarily because you're shy when you used to do that it's when faith is gone you lose your righteousness you lose your holiness and you quickly get bound when you get blind you get bound when you get bound you go in circles if you're going in circles I want to ask you a question are you bound if you're bound I want to ask you a question where have you stopped feeding your faith protecting your faith that's why I want to be very specific even when I'm very busy to constantly watch and listen to the Bible to the teachings sermons to testimonies even this week you know I was extremely busy I had to prepare 20 sermons to send to Florida for a Bible school that I'm gonna do their next month to teach there and every single day it was something else coming up and my brain had to be fried with that but even right before the service when I finished preparing I had to turn on some lessons of the school that I'm doing and some other testimonies and literally take a few hours and just to feed my faith my faith was good but I felt like my faith was a little bit weak not because I've done anything wrong which sometimes that's how we destroy our faith but because I've never fed it I had doing so many other things and when you feed your faith you walk into church like a lion you walk into a church you brave you walk into a church and you want some something to call me like I just you walk into your posture changes you have this you have this face inside inside of you it touches your spirit you're looking at other people you it seems like you're walking with these wings and not because of something physical but because of something spiritual that's happening inside it's called faith it's very simple when you feed it it will grow when you compromise your consciousness it will starve and then when you come you're like oh pastor the sermon is not good today the songs are not good so many people are gone no no no no no when the faith drops you go bound when you go bound you go in circles no matter how great you think you are you need to protect your faith can somebody say man we learn another thing about faith is that faith does not ignore the facts but it refuses to be ruled by them faith is not ignoring the facts faith when you have faith you don't ignore the fact that you are sick and those people who say well I have faith I'm gonna throw away all the medicine the doctor gave me sometimes that's that's assumption we're not talking about when you have faith that's it and you can't walk for example and you're dragging you walking and you're falling when you know you can't walk this is not ignoring the facts when you have faith that you're gonna be a milliner that doesn't necessarily mean that you're gonna go buy a Cadillac tomorrow or the God is gonna bless your financial it doesn't mean that you get a loan that you can't afford it just simply means that when you have faith you don't ignore your situation you just refuse your situation to make you into a slave you don't ignore the symptoms you you don't ignore the fact that maybe your dreams are not coming to pass your disappointments are greater than your successes in life it's just you do one thing with those things you say I don't ignore you but I also know you're not it you're not the whole picture there is other things in this room there is God's promises that is God's provision that is God's presence that is God's protection that is God's process that is God's glory that is God's miracles there is so many things in this room I see you problem but I also see other things I see Nazar but I also see the pew I also see Alexandra I also see Bryson I also see arena and they also see yes mean your problem is just one piece in the room faith lets you see your problem as one of them in the room among God's promise God's miracles God's past miracles God's help God's provision the fact you won't live forever on this earth and this problem even if it doesn't get fixed on this earth it will still end when you die it lets you see everything and you walk around and you're looking at your problems you're giving it its proper place it's not a pharaoh it's your slave it's no longer something you ignore but it's not something you get ruled by having faith does not mean if you get a payment for your car and look I have faith that it's paid for and you throw away the payment that's not faith that's called foolishness but it doesn't also mean that if you picked up the payment for your car and you don't have the funds that you go and pick up whiskey to help you deal with the fact that you don't have money that you go around and say him poor little me nothing ever works out to me no no no faith is not ignoring it but refusing to be ruled by it because somebody say man I want to inspire each person this morning this evening and I want to encourage you protect your faith don't watch junk not because you're gonna lose your salvation but because you're gonna lose your faith and honestly on earth this is worse when you lose your salvation when you lose your faith on earth you will live in hell you walk around beaten couch potato no passion no desire no passion was so you're gonna be only playing video games feeling guilty about it playing more video games feeling getting about drinking smoking and honestly and that will never cause anything to go away you'll be a titanic sinking down walk in faith you will walk over your problems you will overcome your problems and you will see the glory of God because everybody say man when you have an optimistic attitude you're more likely to overcome problems in life we have a girl in our home group we have a girl in our home group and her name is a lana's home group her name is a ksana the little xana not the one not xana schmiel the little xana she was an orphan when she was in Russia or Ukraine and she's the Russia and she was telling us the stories of how her dad she only now reconnected with her dad who's somewhere who knows where he was an alcoholic and how she never see her mom and she was dropping the orphanage where the things she mentioned to us the abuses as a little child she endured the beatings physical beatings and these are not like beatings in America where one person beats a child and they end up in prison in Russia there's no prison for the people like that you just do whatever you want especially in those times she got beaten she had to eat go in the cemetery and eat food that the people leave for the dead because there was no food she was traumatized to that degree she says the things i went through it was a crazy extraordinary other sisters that she went through the same things alcoholics today some are dead some can didn't make it and the rest of them literally they're drinking bottle to bottle every single day because that trauma is so devastating if you look at her life you see that she made it through even before she gave her life to jesus she still was able to somehow navigate through finish school get a job get a car and and somehow maintain everything and i remember i asked her i said what was the secret and before she answered the question she showed one of her pictures from that place out of all the people who were in that place she's the only one with a smile she said Vlad one thing that got me through she said even when i didn't know god she said i always remained ridiculously and i don't know for what reason optimistic that things will work out she's like one one time those people who were supposed to watch over us they didn't come home and they seemed like they were not coming home he said i saw the cross they said i didn't even know what the cross meant who it is for she said i came to the cross and i prayed to the cross and i said whoever you are and whatever you are whatever this represents if you can help those people who are watching over me to come back home and he said in five minutes they walked in he says i became more positive he says i went through things that other people will literally kill themselves if they go through half of the what i went through but she says i survived i'm not better i'm not mad because from the beginning somehow it came better and easier for me to be optimistic she didn't even know god you do know god optimism for you is not an option positivity for you is not an option it's a required no matter how painful it gets you gotta be positive you can make ends meet stay positive your god can help you you don't know what tomorrow holds you know somebody who holds tomorrow his name is jesus christ come off somebody chant your neighbor and say be positive chant the other name and say have faith chant the other name and say your faith will not fail


What's the best way to do girl's night out painting with a twist party with your friends get away from it all It's a little bit of painting a little bit of wine and a whole lot of fun visit painting with a twist calm


because I don't need you. And yes, okay, I think everybody is in this session. So, as far as I know, we are live. Thank you very much, everybody. I'm going to give most of the last word to Luca. I just want to start by, yes, initially saying thank you to all the speakers and attendees. And also, because this is very much incumbent upon me, thank you to the FNRS, the Fundational Research Scientifique, the Wallonian Funding Agency, who is behind this whole project of which this conference is the last big event. So, wrapping up a project here on our side. So, with that, let me hand it off to Luca. Okay, everybody, thanks to all. We are at the end of this marathon. I think I really think everything has been really great. We encompassed so many different topics and research areas, all related one another by being applications of digital science or by being reflections on digital science from multiple perspectives. And I must say that besides the very high quality of all contributions, some general things really impressed me and I guess impressed many of you in a particular order. Of course, one of these is the amazing visualization techniques which we have admired. I personally look forward both to steal some of those ideas and better to collaborate with some visualization expert in the future. We have seen that literature mining also, we have seen that literature mining, which originally had probably started on biological literature, has extended towards many other kinds of corpora and has increasingly been used in many different disciplines, philosophy or science included, where these other disciplines were probably these techniques are still quite new. So actually, I think it is one of our main goal to spur philosophy or science to use these data mining techniques more and more. And we did believe that all the speakers have given a very good contribution toward updating philosophy or science on the status of scientific research is making use of literature mining and at the same time have spurred philosophy or science toward this new turn, which is probably needed. That is a turn toward a data driven experimental philosophy or science of which we assume some pioneering as examples here. And all of this has once again indicated how inclusive and interdisciplinary the reflection of science must be nowadays. In this regard, I managed to do some quick and dirty back of the angle of statistics. So if I'm not if I'm not mistaken, even if the majority 57% more or less of contributors have been from areas of philosophy or science or history of philosophy or science, me and Charles included, there have been contributions from visualization experts about 20% computer science or machine learning 12% linguists, architects, digital humanists, artists, poets, engineers, really interesting. So we really hope that an active community able to push and continue along these lines and to exchange ideas is being gathering. It may be has already gathered and consolidated also with the help of this conference. Hint says that these are already visible and make me think that this project of community formation is already ongoing. As a first step after the conference to help proceed along this road, we would like to take a snapshot of the state of the art which has been represented here by working toward a proposal of a special issue based on the conference contents to a relevant academic journal. We are going to update everybody on the status of this operation and ensuring we won't lose sight of each other. So again, thanks a lot for all the great things we have been watching being discussed during the event. And okay, I will now yield the floor to Charles Pence to whom goes most of the merit for this event for some final words. So yeah, thanks again. And the last thing that I will say in addition to looking out for that, that what I hope will be an exciting and excited, exciting collected volume to come out of this. I'm going to send around a survey after this to see what you guys all thought of the meeting, collect thoughts, collect possible future steps. I really hope you take some time to share with me your ideas, but not only about how the conference work, but about this community of scholarship in general, what there is here, what it is that we've maybe uncovered or not over the course of the four of the four days. So thank you all again. I know this was a lot of meeting for four days. So for those of you who soldiered on through most of all the talks, I really appreciate it. And with that, I will hopefully have a good reason to cross paths with all of you in the physical realm before too long. So thanks very much. Good afternoon or good evening depending on depending on where the time zones find you. Take care, everybody. Bye-bye.