This is Think Tech Hawaii. Community matters here. And welcome to another rousing episode of the Condo Insider, everything condo, condo ownership, condo management, we talk about it all. I'm your host Scott Shirley today and I'm very pleased to announce that we do have a special guest with us. And doing my research for this particular program I realized we haven't really touched on base in our condo discussions on one of the very most important things at a condo association and that's the community manager. So today's episode is going to be on the role of the community manager and I am pleased to announce that we have somebody I've known for a number of years even before we started working together, Steve Farago is our guest today. And would you like to tell everybody what your title is and what you do? Well I am a community association manager at Associate Hawaii here in Honolulu. I also am a director of management services meaning there's a team of seven different individuals who work under me that are community managers. And of course as I said we've known each other for a number of years but it was just recently that we realized we've been doing this for about the same amount of time. Since Captain Cook came. Yeah I believe that's what it was and back then we had this strange thing called paper and pencil that we actually worked with. I just want to remember that. Yeah I do too. So one of the things that we're going to go over today with whatever time we have and that of course is the role of a community manager. What they do, what their responsibility is. So first question to you is does every community association need a community manager? Well first of all they have to know what their governing document states. There are some by-laws that require that they must have a professional community or managing agent and if so they indeed must do that. There are a few independent condominium associations for example who don't require such an agent but it's rare. In general it's a good idea for many reasons. Well and like you said some don't and I've discovered over the years most of those are very small complexes and they just do what is called self management. And what they might do on top of that is hire an accountant to do the fiscal side of it all. But one issue that's come up and Richard and I have actually discussed it before in our discussions under 514B is there is a bit of confusion on the term managing agent. Would you like to explain what our statute says in regards to that? Sure. 514B number three states that the managing agent is a person retained as an independent contractor for the purpose of managing the operation of the property. That's the short version of the answer in the statute. So one of the issues that comes up and it's people misunderstand that term managing agent and over the years of teaching courses on condos and things I've talked about this frequently in that the term managing agent in the statute is actually referring to the management company not an individual person. But there's a confusion there because they say managing agent. But it really means the company. And so in the company there's actually people who work under that as the you can call them account executives. I prefer the term community managers that just sounds nicer. It does. It's sort of like when I was in radio I wasn't a DJ. I was an on air talent. You still are. But you had mentioned as well that that's an important understanding under the bylaws as well is that it'll dictate whether or not you have to hire a managing agent to manage the property. Indeed. Besides dictating that the bylaws also spell out what duties the managing agent can have. The board of directors can delegate the responsibility of running the property which is ultimately theirs. The board's responsible to run the association because they're elected to do so. They can hire agents one of which is a managing agent who has a real estate license as a broker and can therefore serve in that function and hire community managers to assist based on what the bylaws allow them to assist with. And of course clarify it right off the bat. The community manager is not the resident or site manager. That's another one or another category of person who's working at the property. So you're hired to do a condominium association. What do you do? Well first of all again you have to look back at all the responsibilities that the board of directors has in terms of managing the property. Some of those are maintenance related obviously. So the managing agent can assist with that. Suppose you need a vendor to help fix the fans on the roof. The agent might get proposals from valid licensed vendors to do that. Prepare those proposals. Give them to the board to assist the board in their selection. There could also be the resident manager that you mentioned. That the board has a manager who just resigned. The community manager might put an ad in the paper or Craigslist or whatever. Assist in the interviewing and give the board some names that they can choose from. The responsibility of the community manager are almost infinite but the board in conjunction again with the bylaws determines what the agent does. And that aside one of the other big jobs that you do is attend the board meeting. And generally speaking our role as a community manager at a board meeting is not running the meeting. That is the board's duty. What else do you do at the board meeting? Well first of all Scott I'd say that what you do at the meeting begins with your preparation for the meeting. You better be prepared right? So every board there's a board packet it's called that goes out and in that packet there's a notice to have a valid board regular meeting. The notice must be posted so you must send that out to the resident manager say to post on the bulletin board into the board member so they have notice of the meeting. Then there's an agenda. There's the minutes of the last meeting. There's the financials for the last month that are going to be reviewed. There's your own report if you have one a written report might be the resident manager's report a report from the attorney on collections correspondence from owners delinquency collection all the various things that the board needs to discuss. A packet has to be prepared and then when you come to the meeting you're prepared to assist them with each of those items. And you know one of the other duties going back to this issue of posting the notice one of the things we have to do is keep up with what the legislature has done. And Richard and I actually discussed it on a recent show that now the requirement on that meeting notice is you must indicate what is going to be discussed at that meeting because you know part of the testimony on that particular bill was well if I knew the building was going to be painted pink I would have shown up and so now they're requiring you to put what's going to be discussed at the meeting so owners can determine themselves whether or not they want to be there to discuss that particular item. I did actually have a board owner in the training session say but if we put what's on there people will show up. Well I think that's the idea. Imagine that. Well one of your other roles let's say at the board meeting is also to remind the board of legal issues like what the legislature just did and we have to do things differently now or what the statute says. Correct. You can elucidate on that if you want to. That's that's a very important point for example a lot of boards in the past might have been reticent to give out documents to owners feeling that an owner might be using that for some nefarious purpose or whatnot or maybe they're just afraid of them or want to maintain control which is understandable but owners have rights too. That's right. So the legislature changed those requirements of what kind of documents must be made available. So that's an example of something you have to bring to the board's attention. It's a change in their thought or the famous assistance animal idea that you're so fond of. A lot of people feel again some resistance to that on occasion. They have to understand what the law requires of them in that regard. And myself I've attended a number of board meetings with our other community managers on that issue alone. I think I actually attended one with you. You did.  Either you would think I knew better. Yeah exactly. Well I have to admit that I did a role of president on my condo association for two years. And again I knew better and that's why I created for board members the 12 step program to get out of that. So we'll talk later. All right. I'm sure I could use it. Now there has been a lot of concern coming up legislatively wise even discussion at the real estate commission in regards to are these people who do association management are they trained. Do they need to be licensed and that's been actually bubbling to the surface for the last few years. And I know the people you and I work with are actually very well trained. Can you explain where they can get some of this training. Well there's various sources of training. Certainly there are certain kinds of classes people take even in classical education such as accounting business management things like that that are of great use to people. At the same time specific type of training for our industry often comes from the professional organizations such as Community Association Institute Irem. Yes. The Institute of Real Estate Management eight CCA Hawaii Community White Council of Community Associations. All these organizations offer seminars classes that and publications or online publications that can be of assistance to the manager to become more educated in what we do. Yeah. And you know and a lot of these also have designations that go along with them. So it's not just going in for a day seminar and boom you've got the training some of them require you to go to multiple training sessions and once you've completed that and past exams you actually get a designation related to what you are doing. What are some of those. Well for example C.A.I. its first basic designation is for a Community Association specialist basically CMCA it's called and then there's AMS but the most famous one is PCAM or Professional Community Association Manager. It's quite an arduous type of undertaking where you take about 10 different courses and then you do a case study at a property that's quite detailed in terms of the analysis of all aspects of running an association and then if you pass luckily then you become a PCAM. And we do have a number in our office that have the PCAM designation and not only do they take that education but in order to continue to have that designation they have to continue education as well just like the realtors have continuing educations that they're mandated to do every two years. So it's not people just walking in off the street and say I want to do this for a living. Actually I'm not sure how many people actually wake up and say I want to do this for a living. Didn't you think that when you were a child. I was told what I was going to do for a living and that's why I do this I don't know anything else. You know another issue that comes up and I've been very aware of it and we will talk more about it in just a minute is the idea that community managers must be licensed like real estate agents and that has been an issue especially for the last two or three years that has been discussed at great length and we'll talk about that a little more when we come back from our short break. This is Think Tech Hawaii raising public awareness. Ted Rawson here folks you're a host on where the drone leads our weekly show at noon on Thursdays here on Think Tech and we talk about drones anything to do about drones drones remotely piloted aircraft unmanned air christmas whatever you want to call them emerging into Hawaii's economy educational framework and our public life. We talk about things associated with the use the misuse technology engineering legislation with the local experts as well as people from across the country please join us noon on Thursdays and catch the latest on what's taking place in the world of drones that might affect you. Welcome back to the condo insider everything about condos you ever wanted to know. And again our guest today is Steve Farragault who is a professional community manager and what before we went to break we were just discussing this issue of licensing. And so just as a little background that you're aware of but our audience may not be is a couple times there has been attempts to require a community manager to get a real estate license. The first attempt was going to require anybody who works at a management company have a broker's license which when you think about it the person who answers the phone and that's all they do now has to have a broker's license and things like that it didn't make sense plus you have to get one license first before you get a real estate broker's license you have to go through a period of time with a sales license first. Then we also have to realize the fact that what you and I do in community management is completely different than what happens with the typical real estate agent. So this issue has been coming up and you and I and Richard Emory have had this discussion and that is what would be a better way to handle the situation because we're getting the education. We're getting certification. Why not just register everybody. What do you think of that. Well I think that's a good idea. Certainly one of the great things about our industry is that a person can bring a variety of expertise to the industry so that they're not just this or that or the other. The idea though of being registered would be a way to keep track of all the people who are doing this particular job and their notification information and whatnot. I think it's a good idea. Well and as you briefly mentioned at the beginning of the show the requirements under statute for a management company is there must be a principal broker. But beyond that the people who are actually going out and sitting in board meetings helping with the minutes advising the boards do not have to be licensed. In our case most of our people are very well educated and have certifications as well. So this is a tough business to be in. And just to give you an example this morning I got contacted by one of our community managers that he thought that the owner was being unreasonable wanting to know right then and there on the phone call where is the water line and exactly how many feet is it from my sink. And why don't you know that. I don't know why he didn't know that. So in the mood I was in today I commented back that. Oh that's nothing. I had an owner call me up during hurricane a cell to complain that the gutters weren't working right. You know it was a hurricane I don't think they were designed to accommodate the water from a hurricane but that's just an example of what we deal with on a daily basis. What can you add in the regards of tough business. Well it reminds me of my very first experience my first day on the job. My boss sent me out to my new property and I'm walking around with great pride and inspecting and this gentleman comes out and he says please can you help me. And I said how can I assist you. He said my toilet's clogged. OK. Can you come and fix it. I said no no that's not what I do. I tried to explain to him. Well what do I pay you these fees for. You should come in and fix my toilet. So I went back to my boss and he explained. These are the kind of questions you'll get but no we don't clean toilet. I mean it feels that way sometimes but no that's not part of what we do and the other big misconception I think is we just work an eight hour day. Yeah. I don't think there is such a thing as an eight hour day in this business. No it's one of the things about the business for sure. Most community managers put in a full eight hour day in the office maybe going out to properties during the day as well. And as often as not they have meetings at night. I have a meeting tonight myself for example. So you drive to all parts of the island or a neighbor island even perhaps and you go to a board meeting some of which are several hours long as you know that's why you prefer that five hour energy drink. So you might be there for many many hours and then the next day you still got many other things to attend to. Well you and I come from a period of time where if we had to do something we picked up the phone and called that person. Well that doesn't work that way anymore. And so a lot of things we're dealing with on a day to day basis is just an overload of emails. And I don't know what you can say to that but I know some of our community managers say oh I average between a hundred and seventy and three hundred emails a day. That's about right. Yeah. Yeah so you know I do pine for the good old days of just a telephone maybe a pager you sort of did have a life afterwards. And you even remember when you got a letter in the mail imagine that. Oh yeah really open the letter and you would read it. You had a day or two to write a response and get it in the mail and that's predominantly how you communicate. Well I still get comments because I came from a generation where you actually sat down and wrote a thank you note. Not a thank you email but a note. And I had somebody call me goes I've never gotten one of these before. A handwritten note. So our industry is changing and part of that is there's a lot of common misconceptions as to what we do. As you pointed out you don't go and unclog toilets. Generally. What other kind of misconceptions do you think. We get saddled with. Well I think lots of people think that the community association manager again dictates to the board or depending on their acts to grind ought to dictate to the board. Exactly how things are to be done. But they don't understand that we're just an agent we're just an advisor. You can lead a horse to water but you can make him drink as the old saying goes. So the conception that the things that the board does we're responsible for and we should have made them do something else is not the case. Well it's how many times of you and I and other people have dealt with that. You raised my maintenance. Right. Well no we don't. Well your manager was mean to me. I don't have a manager. But this idea that were responsible for raising that maintenance. You know it's based on the budget that the board approved. And that's what raises or lowers. I thought although I've never seen a lower to maintenance. I heard it once. Once. Yeah I think maybe once. And suddenly we're to blame. We're the ones getting the nasty phone calls or the nasty emails. Like when you write the violation letter about their dog barking or some hugely annoying thing that's going on in the property. It's all your fault that you wrote this to them. Well my favorite in regards to violations is the response. Sometimes we get back. So we send them a notice about their dog barking or not picking up after your animal. And usually it comes back with why am I getting this when the other people aren't. Well the key there is is how do you know the other people. You know we do their mail. I told one owner we don't put a poster board up in the lobby that says these are the people who got violation notices this week. So just because you got one don't assume nobody else didn't get one too for whatever their violation was. Right. So we do this. There are misconceptions about what we do but there's also a misunderstanding about the different types of services that we may do as well. True. There we already talked about that there are a few self managed properties. But even then a board of directors has a menu basically of choices in terms of how they engage a managing agent. Right. Fiscal you mentioned earlier is basically you collect money and pay the bill. Keep the books. That's about it with fiscal management. There's various levels of what we call full management as well. Some management companies including the one we work for associate why actually are able to assist further by providing a staff like for maintenance and resident manager things like that. So whatever services a management company provides that's what determines the level of the contract. And as you know I just recently finished up a three week program on training of resident and site managers at the office. And it made me realize maybe our job isn't that bad when you consider what happens with the resident manager who's on property in some cases 24 seven. So yes we can drown our sorrows with each other but then we have to think of the poor resident manager as well. So before we end up our program today one of the things is asking you what you think a good community manager should be. Well it's pretty amazing that a good community manager needs a large variety of skills. And part of that I would be I think not doing justice to the community manager role if I didn't talk briefly about the great advantages of such a job. I mean that you get to meet so many different kinds of people in society. You get to meet very many types of vendors and people in politics and you have a range of people that you meet that you don't often have in a normal kind of job. So that's tremendous benefit. And so you have to like to meet people. You have to like people. So if you're the guy who doesn't like people at all this is not the kind of job for you because you're going to deal with a lot of people and you need to have a sense of good customer service patients good listening skills handle adversity and the anger that might come at you well and understand most people are not really personally attacking you. They're frustrated. Yeah. And if you can figure a way to assist them that's a good thing. You have to have common sense be down to earth kind of person and tolerate uncertainty. Because lots of times owners are asking you what's being decided what's happening. It's a process many times that takes weeks or months. And so you have to be able to tolerate that have to be good with deadlines and good verbal and written communication skills a positive view and strong personality assist as well. I think a good demeanor like yourself does real well in this business. Thank you. Well we didn't get to go over everything which is not untypical of this program. But I again would like to thank you for joining us today and like to thank everybody who joined us here today on the condo insider in the role of a community manager and be sure to tune in next Thursday for everything you never or ever wanted to know about condominium living here on the condo insider.


We have a look on some important groups of the fungi. There are certain phyla, we talk about just some important ones, which are commonly known. There is one phylum called Zygomycota. Zygomycota are some of the important phyla of the fungi and they actually destroy our breads. They are called the bread molds. Rhizopus, for example, the black bread mold, that is, which makes our bread a rusty appearance. When we put it in a humid place at room temperature for a longer period, then there is a group called Eschomycota, Eschomycetes sometimes, the family. They are the sac-like fungi. They are fruiting bodies or they are spore producing structures. They are like sacs. And also, the Eschomycetes group, the Eschomycota phylum, also include the yeast. And we know that yeast are very important organisms. We produce many of the baking products using the yeast. Yeast also have certain important characteristics and we talk about it in some time. Then comes the phylum Basidio Mycota. These are called the club fungi. A very important group of fungi is included in this group called the mushrooms. We know that some mushrooms are edible, that is, we can eat them. They are a good source of proteins because their body consists of proteins. But we know that there are a lot many fungi, the mushrooms, which are highly poisonous. If someone eats them, they may instantly die. So it is really very difficult to find out that a particular type of mushroom, is it poisonous or not poisonous? And of course, the experts can identify them. And fungi are cultured for food, the edible fungi. And they are very costly part of the food, sometimes used in salads. And sometimes we make various foods out of them. There are various dishes of mushrooms, we know that. There are other fungi called puff balls, bracket fungi, the rusts and smarts, which are included in the club fungi, that is, the Basidio Mycota phylum. Rusts, we know that many times, are different materials. We call them, they become rusty. That is, there is some brownish dark colored mass appears upon them. These are the fungi, which grow upon different things when the environment is humid and it's moist. Then comes another group, the phylum Deutromycota. These are called sometimes also, the fungi imperfectly. These are the fungi, which have some characteristics, which are different from the other fungi. So that we call them fungi imperfectly. Penicillium is one of the most important fungus in this group. And we know that penicillium are the fungi, from which scientists derived penicillin. And penicillin was the drug, which actually saved more than thousands of life. We must say hundreds of thousands of lives during the World War II, when it was discovered.  And penicillin was the most important ones to treat those infections. So fungi are also source of very important medicines. Here you can see in a diagram, a fungus, a bread mold in bread, in and on a bread. We can see the surface of the bread. In the diagram, we can see that some part of the fungus, the hyphae, these are present inside the bread and the some part of the same fungus is present outside of the bread. They are inside of the bread, hyphae are spreaded in the bread. At that place, this collection of hyphae inside will be called a mycelium. And the part which is present outside are actually their spore producing structures. We also call them fruiting bodies. So the hyphae, they are inside and the spore producing structures, the fruiting bodies are present outside. And we can see them in the form of a green or a brown, rusty colored, say scum, present on the surface of the bread. Look at another diagram. It shows you the production of, actually the process of sexual reproduction in hyphae. When the hyphae of two different mating types, they grow side by side. For example, on a bread, as you have seen in the previous diagram. When they come across, the tips of these branches develop into gametangela. That is a gamet-like structures. And then the gametangela, they fuse and they make the gametes. These gametes fuse and produce a zygote. Zygote is also called sometimes zygospore, it have two n number of chromosomes. And this is the structure which as we can see and we can observe in the diagram, which is more harder. And it can face more harsh environments. During the harsh environments, it can survive. And when the favorable conditions come, then this structure, the zygospore, carry out meiosis and produces n number of chromosomes. That is, it divides by meiosis into the cells, which have n number of chromosomes. And then they produce the mycelia, which are haploid, again, fungi. They grow almost everywhere. They are present in most of the humid and dry places all over the world. This is a diverse group. Number of described species in somewhere between 69,000 to 100,000. There is an estimate of about 1.5 million species in total of all the fungi present on the planet Earth. They are present in soil, they are present in water, they are present on foods, they are present in our own animal and plant bodies. There are some special groups of fungi, we talk about them, lichens. Lichens are very important groups of fungi. Actually, lichen is our term used for a symbiotic relationship between an algae and a fungi. That is an algal group and a fungal group. The algae, because they are producers, they provide food to the fungi and fungi, give them protection. And they also decomposes various materials, which could be used by the algae. Usually, these lichens are very, very stable structures. And they can tolerate harsh environments. Usually, whenever after destruction of an old ecosystem, a new ecosystem is coming into being, then the lichens are usually the very first inhabitants of those ecosystems. We can say they are important reducers and decomposers of ecosystems. They are heterotrophs and mainly they decomposes the dead organic matters. They convert these dead organic matters into usable forms for the plants. They are one of the most important decomposers groups on the planet earth. As we know that the other decomposers are some animals like earthworms. And most of the decomposers, they are bacteria. But fungi are equally important because they are very widely distributed and they mainly feed upon the dead organic matter, the decaying organic matter. So they are the most important part of the food chain because they have to convert the dead organic matter into those forms which are usable by the producers, the plants. So they make the usable materials available for the plants. They convert sometimes some other materials into less toxic forms as well. As we know that fungi, they are food source, mushrooms. Most of the people like the salads with the mushrooms, there are various types. Some are very poisonous, some are edible and those which are edible are grown for making salads and other types of foods. They are very important protein source. In particularly those areas where the animal meat or we can say the animal source of protein is scarce or less, these are very important form of proteins. But they are themselves costly because it is difficult to grow. These fungi and this is also difficult to actually identify them from the poisonous species because it is spoilage of our foods. For example, the bread molds, they cause spoilage of vegetables, they cause spoilage of fruits. So they are beneficial and they are harmful. Certain fungi are also source of medicines. For example, penicillium is a source of medicine. We produce penicillin from the penicillium which is a fungus. There are many fungi which produces or we can extract different types of medicines out of them. There is a group of fungi called truffles. These are very commonly used in medicines and they grow inside the soils. And this is interesting to just know that these produces some specific smell and these smells could be sensed by the dogs and pigs. So dogs and pigs are when these fungi are grown in the soil for medicinal purposes, the farmers have to use the dogs and the pigs which actually sense that in which part of the soil actually inside the soil the truffles are growing. There are pathogenic fungi. Pathogenic fungi means any organism is called pathogenic when it can cause a disease. There are a lot many pathogenic fungi which are pathogens for plants, which are pathogens for human beings, which are pathogens for animals.


Hello everyone. My paper presentation topic is various presentation of meningioma under the guidance of Yogendra Sajdev, Sir, Professor and Head of Department of Radio Diagnosis, Pravaradu Hospital, Loni. I, Dr. Gheera Janeshgiri present this paper. Meningiomas are the most common non-glial tumor of the CNS, central nervous system. There are a number of characteristics imaging features of meningiomas on magnetic resonance imaging that is on MRI that allow an accurate diagnosis. However, there are a number of atypical features that may be diagnostically challenging. Furthermore, a number of other non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions that may mimic meningiomas. This pictorial review discusses the typical and atypical features of meningiomas on MRI and their mimics. Meningiomas are the most common non-glial tumors of the central nervous system, accounting for between the 16 to 20 percent of intracranial tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice for the investigation of meningiomas, providing superior contrast differentiation and usually the ability of differentiation between intracranial regions. In addition to MRI, computer tomography that is CT has a useful role in a specific cases where there is a calcification and adjacent changes to the calvarium. Although atypical meningiomas have characteristics imaging features, there are multiple atypical variants that may be diagnostically challenging and the value of MRI is predicting WHO grades in meningiomas is limited. A number of benign and malignant pathologies may also mimic some of the features of meningioma. It is important for the radiologists to have an understanding of the typical and atypical features of meningioma to aid their recognition and suggestion of a correct diagnosis. The typical and atypical imaging features of meningioma is this. Meningiomas may be found along any of the external surfaces of the brain as well as within the ventricular system where they arise from the stromal arachnoid cells of the coroid plexus. The most common location include a parasurgical aspect of the cerebral convexity, the lateral hemisphere convexity, the spinoid wing, middle cranial fossa and the olfactory groove. Meningiomas at the skull base may extend through foramina for example into the orbit and along the course of the trigeminal nerve. Meningioma represent the second most common mass lesion of the cerebellopontine angle secondary to the acoustic shamanoma. Less common location include the optic nerve sheath 0.4 to 1.3 percent of cases the coroid plexus 0.5 to 3 percent of cases most commonly in the trigon of the lateral ventricle in adults and the cellular tersica. Approximately 10 percent of the meningiomas arise in the spine very rarely representing approximately 1 percent of cases they may arise entirely outside the dura and may be purely extracalvaryl, calvaryl and calvaryl with extracalvaryl extension with sites including the temporal bone, mandible, mediastinum and the lung describe. The etiology of this ectopic location is thought to be due to a meningocytes or arachnoid capsules trapped in the cranial sutures during remoulding of the brain at birth as a result of trauma or as a result of meningoepithelial differentiation from multi-potential mesenchymal cell precursors. Ends an objective to evaluate the patients for the presence of meningioma in a patients refers to the department of radio diagnosis with the neurological symptoms inclusion criteria, patients giving consent for study, patients refers to radiology department with symptoms of headache, anosmia, gidiness, difficulty in vision and blurring of vision. Extrusion criteria, patients not giving consent for study, patients with contraindication for MRI such as claustrophobia, metallic implants, aneurysm, cleave, pacemakers, prosthetic hurt balls. Materials and methods cross-sectional study was performed, 12 patients were studied, assessment of the patients were done by using a three tesla philips ingenia illusion, imaging features of meningioma. meningioma typically appear as a lobular x-raxial mass with well differentiated margins. They typically have a broad base dural attachment and if sufficiently large cause a inward displacement of cortical gray matter. They may occasionally however exhibit a more infiltrating growth pattern over the dura commonly occur along the spinoid ridge or the convexity. The typical MRI signal intensity characteristics consist of iso intensity to slight hypo intensity relative to gray-white matter on the T1 weighted sequence and iso intensity to slight hyper intensity relative to gray-white matter on two sequence. After contrast administration, meningiomas typically demonstrate avid homogenous enhancement however they may occasionally have areas of central necrosis or calcification that do not enhance. Calcification is typically best demonstrated on CT with variable reported rates of occurrence on MRI. Calcification is best identified on susceptibility weighted images as areas of low signal intensity. However calcification may also be appreciated on T2 weighted sequences as areas of low signal intensity. Contrast is especially useful in delineating n-plug meningiomas that are typically seen as asymmetric thickened sheets of enhancing dura. Various locations of meningiomas. Most common location is a supra-tentorial. 85 to 90 percent occurs in a supra-tentorial region. Parasazetil convexity is 45 percent. The symptoms is caesars and hemiparesis, spinoid reach 15 to 20 percent. All-factory grew or platinum-spinoidal 10 percent. The symptoms is anasminia, usually not recognized. Foster-canady syndrome. Next is juxtasilar, 5 to 10 percent. In these, visual field defects or cranial now deficits are seen. Second most common is infratentorial. It occurs in 5 to 10 percent of cases. Obstructive, it causes obstructive hydrocopilus or cranial now deficits. Third is miscellaneous that is intradural less than 5 percent. Intraventricular meningioma or uptake now meningioma. Various signs in meningioma. CSF cleft sign which is not specific for meningioma but helps to establish the mass to be extra axial. Loss of these can be seen in a grade 2 and grade 3 which may suggest brain panchamic invasion. Second is dural tail sign is seen in 60 to 72 percent. Not that the dural tail is also seen in other processes. Sunbursts or scope will sign appearance of the vessels. White matter buckling sign, arterial narrowing, typically seen in meningioma which encases the arteries. Useful sign in paracellular tumors in distinguishing a meningioma from a pitidary macrodinoma. The lateral typically does not narrow vessels. Now we see the images. This is a spoke wheel sign then the cleft sign dural sign then white matter buckling sign MR spectroscopy. The findings in MR spectroscopy meningioma cases increase in alanine increase glutamine glutamate increase cooling absent or significantly reduce in acetyl aspirated non-neural origin absent or significantly reduce creatinine. In certain circumstances the presence of a dural tail may be useful to distinguish meningiomas from other potential etiologies. For example, in distinguishing meningioma from shanoma in the cerebellum pontine angle as the letter is not typically associated with the dural tail. Although common with meningioma the dural tail sign is not specific as it is also described in some metastases glial tumors and lymphoma. Another important imaging feature suggestive of an extra axial location is the presence of a CSF cleft between the tumor and the underlying brain cortex. The cleft may contain CSF or the cortical basal entrapped between the tumor and the underlying cortex. Bone changes associated with the meningiomas. Bone changes associated with the meningiomas include osteolysis or hypostasis with the later most common described in 20 percent of cases and most common with the plaque form. There may also be an enlargement of the skull base for a menon. The bone changes associated with the meningiomas are the base depicted and assessed on CT however they may be appreciated on MRI. Hypostasis is most common in tumors arising from the skull base and anterior canal fossa and the degree of hypostasis is not proportional to the tumor size. The pathological causes described include a direct tumor invasion of the bone and reactive hyper muscularity of the periosteum leading to benign bone formation. It made difficult to distinguish radiologically between the hypostasis associated with an n-plac meningioma and primary introsius meningiomas that is osteoblastic reported in 59 percent of cases particularly given that the later may be associated with underlying behavioral enhancement. Homogeneous dense enhancement of the tumor within the skull may help distinguish a primary introsius meningioma from a meningioma n-plac. Meningiomas located at the skull base by virtue of their position have the potential to contact and entice vessels particularly the carotid arteries. Supracellar meningioma with involvement of clenoid portion of ICL. Left enterium meningioma, seen in this. Then meningioma in cleft hyperatel region. Rightcipiangle meningioma, meningioma extends to the to involves fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth cranial nerves on right side it involves right vertebral artery and basilar artery. In these images of MRI we see rightcipiangle meningioma. Now on conclusion meningiomas are the commonest extra axial tumor of the CNS that can have a varied appearance on imaging. There are a number of typical and are typical MRI features of meningiomas that are described and it is important for the reporting radiologist to have a broad understanding of their variable potential appearance in order to differentiate the legions from the numerous legions that can mimic their appearance. Bibliography. Thank you.


All right, sir. Side boys, attention. Cover, two, center, face. One step forward, march. Ladies and gentlemen, please rise for the arrival of the official party, and remain standing for the national anthems and the invocation. Sixth Fleet, arriving. Vice Admiral, United States Navy, arriving. Naval Forces Europe, Naval Forces Africa, arriving. Side boys, left, right, face. The national and United States of America. Almighty God, we gathered this morning for a tradition rich in history and meaning that brings continuity of command to Sixth Fleet. We give thanks this morning, first of all, for the great leadership, calm demeanor in and at times chaotic and accomplishments made under the as he has worn many hats and balanced many demand signals. We also give thanks for the sacrifices of his wife Anita and their daughter Chessie, who is here in spirit as they have endured many times of separation. As the awesome responsibility of command is passed to Vice Admiral Davidson this day, we pray that his time as commander be imbued with wisdom, courage, and above all care and respect for all whom he leads. May the legacy left by Vice Admiral Pandolf never be forgotten and the great future of Sixth Fleet under Vice Admiral Davidson continue with honor and distinction. In your most holy name, we pray for these things. Amen. Will the guests please be seated. Ladies and gentlemen, Vice Admiral Pandolf, commander of the United States Sixth Fleet. Thank you so much for joining us. So they tell me it's going to rain out there. So we moved indoors, which of course means it's beautiful outside, but we're so glad you're here this morning. Admiral Klingon, fellow flag and general officers, distinguished guests, welcome. Greetings as well to our major commanders, family, friends, and shipmates, and of course our staff. I know how busy you all are, and I truly appreciate you being here today. I offer a special thanks to the team that planned this ceremony. A lot of work went into Lieutenant Commander Wright, Master Chief Collins, Senior Chief Chadwell, our great protocol team of Freddie Wachensky and Jody Wright, all led with able hands by Captain Bill Shearer and Rear Admiral John Knoll. They literally worked through thousands of details to pull this together today. Thank you gentlemen, thank you ladies, nicely done. And also for our side boys today, thank you for doing that. And finally our band, which the U.S. Naval Forces Europe Band adds so much color and depth to every ceremony in which they participate, so thank you for being here. Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to open today's ceremony by welcoming our guest speaker. He is an officer who everyone here knows very well and has worked alongside, most of us have worked alongside for going on two years now. Admiral Bruce Collingen is a native of Lafayette, Indiana. He was raised in Washington State and graduated from the University of Washington through the NROTC program in June of 1977. He also holds a Master's of Science Degree in Systems Management from the University of Southern California. Since commissioning Admiral Collingen has had a distinguished career, spanning almost four decades of naval service. He is an accomplished fighter pilot and a nuclear-powered trained officer who has commanded at all levels. Aircraft Squadron VF-11, fleet flagship USS LaSalle, aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson, and carrier strike Group III. He also precedes me and several others as the former commander of Sixth Fleet and the commander of Striking and Support Forces NATO. During those tours and while serving a shore, he developed a very broad, perhaps unique, operational and strategic expertise. In Europe, he served on the staff and in-staff assignments in Naples and Lisbon and in Mons, Belgium. He also had key assignments in U.S. Central Command in Tampa, Florida and on the Navy staff in the Pentagon and Washington, D.C. and both the requirements in the policy world. Today, Admiral Collingen wears multiple hats. He serves as commander of U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Africa and also as commander of NATO's Allied Joint Force Command Naples. In those roles, he challenges every one of us to stay ready and to plan carefully and thoroughly for contingencies. Key tasks in our highly dynamic and rapidly evolving theater of operations. An unmatched passion for operational planning is his hallmark and we are better prepared for the challenges of today and of tomorrow because of the leadership of Admiral Collingen. Ladies and gentlemen, it's my pleasure to introduce the commander of U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Africa, Admiral Bruce Collingen. Admiral Pandoff, thanks for that kind invitation. It always stuns me a little bit when he mentions 1977, but thanks. Distinguished guests, fellow flag and general officers, family and friends, good morning and once again welcome to the sixth fleet change of command ceremony. Admiral Fofi, Prefect Mussolino, Dr. Colangelo, Dr. Giancani, General Achille, Chancellor Barroso, thank you for taking the time out of your very busy schedules to join us today. Your presence here is a great honor. For all our Italian friends and colleagues, I cannot pass up the opportunity to express our gratitude for the warmth and hospitality extended to our service members and their families wherever they may wander throughout Italy. I know I speak for all of us here today that we are indeed fortunate to experience the rich culture and to be in the company of such wonderful people. Now, I think we all know why we're here today to welcome Anita back to Italy. Anita, it's not lost on any of us that you've been very busy getting things set up as the advance guard for Frank's next assignment in Washington, D.C., so we're delighted that you could return. Your presence today is a fitting example of the commitment and contributions that our loved ones make in concert with the service of sailors, soldiers, airmen, and Marines throughout the world. Over the past two years, your enthusiasm has inspired us. We thank you for the boundless energy you have applied to the well-being and quality of life of all of our sailors. Here, in Naples, in Guyada, and Lisbon, and beyond, you can be certain you're going to be missed. While we're welcoming Anita back, it's unfortunately a short-lived delight. We must reluctantly embrace that the time has come to bid farewell to an accomplished naval leader. A leader who has harnessed the immense intellectual capital resident in our staff of military and civilian professionals to shape the operational environment. A commander who has been the driving force behind the Sixth Fleet's success in effectively responding to numerous crises over an expansive area of responsibility. I am certain when Admiral Pandoff took the helm two years ago, he did not imagine his area of responsibility would emerge as the most challenging and complex environment the U.S. operates, the U.S. Navy operates today. It's not a soundbite that Brenda, our gifted public affairs officer, cooked up. That's the sentiment of a ship captain who recently surged from the Arabian Gulf to the Eastern Mediterranean. The volatility of the Levant, North Africa, in fact, throughout much of Africa, is unprecedented, and the potential for miscalculation leading to unintended conflict is high. In this context, the importance of strategic patience and considered actions has never been more poignant. Admiral Pandoff artfully mastered these imperatives. And it is in this vein that I would like to highlight just a few of his immense contributions. First and foremost, Frank astutely commanded and controlled Sixth Fleet contributions to a broad spectrum of counterterrorism and crisis response operations. From the Horn of Africa to Benghazi to Mali, his concepts of operation and meticulous employment of scarce assets contributed to the sterling success of named operations that have disrupted the radical Islamist organizations that increasingly threaten the security of Africans, Europeans, Americans alike. Most recently, he moved quickly to position forces in the Eastern Mediterranean as consequent to the employment of chemical weapons in the outskirts of Damascus, thereby providing immediate response options to President Obama as he consulted with allies regarding the most efficacious way forward. Today, those same forces remain thoughtfully employed to inspire Syria to quickly and completely eliminate its chemical weapons. Second, as many of our military colleagues appreciate, planning is the foundation of timely military advice and rapid response to crises. Considering the turmoil in the Levant and across Africa, you can imagine the contingency planning burden associated with being the naval component for two separate combatant commanders. Moreover, the potential for multiple simultaneous operations has never been higher, requiring thorough examination of the synchronization necessary to execute concurrent plans with limited resources. If you examined these efforts in detail, you would find Admiral Pandoff's fingerprints on our on more than 50 combatant commander and naval component plans. I think that's a record in Sixth Fleet history. Finally, Admiral Pandoff's engagement with key leaders has measurably enhanced our collective security. Whether in Africa inspiring emerging partners to improve their maritime security capacity or in Europe implementing ballistic missile defense initiatives or throughout his vast area of responsibility, building trust and interoperability through exercises and conferences, he has inspired collaboration that has enhanced the readiness of the Alliance and that of our partners to address the security challenges of our time. Speaking of the Alliance, it is widely known that Admiral Pandoff also commanded naval strike and support forces in addition to the Sixth Fleet. Some in the audience may not appreciate that he did so during a significant period of restructuring within the Alliance. As part of this sweeping reform, he executed the relocation of strike four NATO staff and families from Naples to Lisbon, Italy in just four months. Two years ahead of schedule without common funding and without compromising war-fighting readiness. Moreover, despite this disruption, he and his staff developed a joint headquarters for maritime expeditionary operations concept that has been accepted by NATO. As usual, no good idea goes unpunished. So NATO, Strike Force NATO, has been formally tasked to provide this key capability to the NATO Alliance by next year. Frank, I know I speak for all of us here today. Thank you for your many contributions and congratulations on your selection to be the Joint Staff Director of Strategic Plans and Policy. I won't be surprised to see you on this stage again sometime in the future, assuming Command and Naval Forces Europe and Naval Forces Africa. Admiral Davidson, Tracy, welcome aboard. We're eager to introduce both of you to our wonderful host nation and you can be certain that you are already intimate members of the Naples family. Phil, I'm sure you've discerned by now that you're going to be busy. While purely coincidental, it is extraordinary that this is the fourth time Admiral Davidson has relieved Admiral Pando. This circumstance bodes well for a seamless transition which is important in view of the security environment and the ongoing operations. You're joining a staff that is competent, hardworking, and most importantly, comprised of great Americans that are absolutely delightful to work with. Your extensive operational and staff experience make you a great addition to the team and perfectly suited to command the Sixth Fleet. We all look forward to working with you. Maybe in about 45 minutes at that operational planning group meeting, but maybe not this afternoon, though I'm sure it will be soon enough if the Chief of Staff gets his way. In any event, Phil and Tracy, welcome. Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to thank you again for joining us at today's ceremony. I'm particularly thankful for the presence of so many Italian friends and colleagues that exemplifies our fruitful collaboration to advance peace, prosperity, and freedom. It was my privilege today to highlight the immense contributions of both Admiral Pandoff and Mrs. Pandoff to these ends, and it is now my honor to formally recognize those contributions. Frank, please join me center stage. Ladies and gentlemen, please rise for the award presentation. The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Medal to Vice Admiral Frank C. Pandoff, United States Navy, for service as set forth in the following citation. For exceptionally meritorious service to the government of the United States in the duties of great responsibility while serving as Commander U.S. Sixth Fleet, Commander Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO, and Deputy Commander U.S. Naval Forces Europe, Africa from October 2011 to October 2013. Vice Admiral Pandoff's vision, operational experience, and tactical expertise were central to the success of 19 operations and numerous contingency planning efforts in two highly dynamic theaters. His keen direction enabled prompt and effective mission execution by five task force commanders. In the wake of a terrorist attack in Benghazi, Libya, his astute command of maritime forces resulted in highly synchronized, timely, and effective operations in support of Commander U.S. Africa Command. In Europe, he established a float ballistic missile defense patrols in the Mediterranean Sea and meticulously prepared the foundation for forward deployed naval forces in Spain and Aegis ashore sites in Romania and Poland. Under his leadership, strike forces NATO, staff, and their families relocated ahead of schedule from Naples to Lisbon, where he led the development of a joint force headquarters capability for the Alliance. Finally, during the Syrian chemical weapons crisis, he rapidly positioned six fleet assets to provide immediate, credible military options to the President of the United States. By his superior leadership, wise judgment, and deep devotion to duty, Vice Admiral Pandoff reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. For the President, Ray Davis, Secretary of the Navy, will Mrs. Pandoff please join Vice Admiral Pandoff on the platform. Admiral Klingon will now present an award to Mrs. Pandoff. The Secretary of the Navy takes great pleasure in presenting the Navy Meritorious Public Service Award to Mrs. Anita Pandoff, for service as set forth in the following citation. For Meritorious Public Service, by providing sterling leadership, support, guidance, and counsel to American service members, civilians, and their families in the U.S. Sixth Fleet, and striking and support forces NATO from October 2011 to October 2013. Demonstrating unique grace, warmth, and understanding, Mrs. Pandoff served as a trusted advocate and friend of the NATO community. As an active board member of the Allied Spouses Club, she planned and executed two highly successful fundraising luncheons for the international community, and helped organize the American Ladies' Booth at two NATO annual bazaars. As a board member of the USA Girl Scouts Overseas, she further programs to provide important educational and cultural opportunities for young women. Furthermore, as a member of the Strike Force NATO's Family Working Group, she aided in that command's relocation from Naples, Italy to Lisbon, Portugal, providing valued assistance to families from 11 nations. Finally, Anita flawlessly represented the United States in numerous diplomatic settings, including the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium, Regional Sea Power Symposium, UCOM and AFRICOM Commander's Conferences, Monaco's National Days, and numerous public and private events with our Italian and Portuguese hosts. Mrs. Pandoff's exceptional vision, giving, and commitment to our service members and their families reflected great credit upon herself, and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the Department of the NATO. Signed, Bruce W. Klingon, Admiral, United States Navy Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Africa. Will the guests please be seated? Ladies and gentlemen, Vice Admiral Pandoff, Commander, United States Sixth Fleet. Well, good morning again. I chose Colonel McCarthy for this role because he's a wonderful planner and he's been a great officer to work with, but it turns out he's got a radio voice that can't be beat. Admiral Klingon, thank you for your kind words to both myself and to Phil. Your leadership has meant so much and your presence here today honors us. Additionally, I would like to honor some other special guests, some of whom were mentioned previously. Vice Admiral Fofi of the Italian Navy is here. It means a great deal to us, sir, as I mentioned privately earlier. Admiral Fofi is my counterpart. He's the commander of the Italian fleet in Toronto and we have had several good meetings together. He was kind enough to host me aboard his flagship, as I'll mention shortly. His Excellency Mussolino, a prefect of Naples, Italy is here with us this morning. Thank you, sir. And Major General Guiencane, Minister of the Budget is here. Good morning, sir. Professor Colangelo is here. He is the Procuratore Capo di Napoli. The United States Council General from Naples is here. Miss Columbia Barossa, thank you for joining us, ma'am. Lieutenant General Achille and Major General Ferla of the Guardia di Finanza are here as well. Major General Adolfini of the Carabinieri, Major General Giancotti of the Italian Air Force, and Admiral Basile of the Naples Port Commandant have joined us. Also here this morning is Admiral Persendos, the Commandant of the Maritime Region up in the Gallera area. And from Joint Force Command Naples, we are honored by the presence of multiple flag officers, Lieutenant General Vance, Lieutenant General Bovio, Major General Dean, Major General Berger, Major General Weihil, Major General Angelotti, Brigadier General Berghoff, and Command Sergeant Major Jarabeck have all joined us. And of course, we are joined today by our sailors, from our staff, and our task forces, and very importantly by many, many close friends and family. Ladies and gentlemen, you've heard it before, but it's true, this award reflects the collective efforts of everyone in this audience. And as such, it belongs to our staff. The kind words that Admiral Klingon spoke a few moments ago don't reflect my performance. They reflect your performance. And as I will say, I have been very, very fortunate to have been part of this team. I have been grateful to have an opportunity to work with all of you. During my time in Naples, I have come to appreciate how lucky I am to have sailed alongside such wonderful shipmates. Please know that when I wear this award, it will remind me of each of you. As I look back on the last two years, which have gone by in the blink of an eye, as I mentioned to Admiral Davidson a moment ago, I am amazed at the change that has taken place. The region in which we operate is indeed, as Admiral Klingon said, highly dynamic and unpredictable. It requires ready forces that are thoroughly trained and properly positioned, well-focused and practiced at working alongside our allies to enhance security and stability in this area. Meeting those goals requires close teamwork by skilled professionals who are incredibly dedicated to each other and to the mission. And that brings me to you. And so, as I thought about what I might say this morning, I decided to simply say thank you for all that you have done. I would like to begin by thanking our Italian friends. Anita and I will forever remember the great kindnesses we experienced during our time here in Italy. At the heart of those memories is the ageless beauty of this nation and her people. We have had the good fortune to make so many Italian friends over the past two years. For example, although they have moved on to other assignments, Anita and I can't thank Vice Admiral Enrita Verri enough for including us in so many memorable events at Admiralty Palace, or for Major General Monica Baldi for inviting us to the Air Force Academy to enjoy Neapolitan music. We have also been very grateful for the impressive protection of our cariboneri detail. We have come to know them and their families very well. As we have so many other wonderful Italian friends who have enriched our lives here in Naples, you are far too many to name. But you came here to celebrate with us today, and we are very happy that you did. Please know we will always remember you. And what an amazing place this is. My family and I have walked the streets of this city so many times, savoring its unique blend of the ancient and the modern, its beauty and its energy. Yet we have barely scratched the surface of all the wonders that it holds. One could truly spend a lifetime within 50 miles of Naples and not see all that there is to see. So it is with profound respect that I offer the following words to our Italian friends. In recent years, my name is Lasharonno to go to the new world, carrying the heart of Italy, and then to convey it to my father and to me. Therefore, it has been an honor for me to have the possibility of living for two years in this beautiful country and to have met all of you. Thank you. I have also been privileged to represent our Navy in Gaieta, where our flagship, USS Mount Whitney, is home ported. There we have experienced the warm hospitality of that lovely and historic community, which has such close ties to our families and their sailors, I'm sorry, our sailors and their families. And for those of us who have traveled from Gaieta today, welcome as well. As guests of the Italian Navy, Anita and I have shared the wonders of Venice, and I was honored to be hosted aboard the Italian aircraft carrier, Cavour, by Admiral Fofi and Taranto, for each and every one of those experiences on a very personal level. We are thankful. Also during this tour, I've been honored to represent Sixth Fleet throughout Europe, Africa, and Israel, and in every place I was received with great kindness and courtesy, the frank conversations that I had with my counterparts underlined time and again the centrality of our combined efforts to countering the growing threats of this new age. I just finished reading a book I recommended to you. It's called The Great Sea by David Aguilatia. He's a professor of history at Cambridge. It's a history of the Mediterranean, and it conveys the critical role played by that sea in the advancement of civilization, as an avenue to spread culture and trade, as a stage for conflict, as a path to new destinations for those seeking a better life. All of those things describe the Mediterranean today. This magnificent sea lies at the heart of a highly dynamic region that is critical to present and will be to the present events as well as future events. It is a gathering place where nations work together to meet the challenges of regional instability, terrorism, and the illegal transfer of weapons, money, drugs, and people. We meet those challenges together in the greatest alliance the world has ever known. At 28 Nations, NATO is the largest peace-time alliance in history, and it reflects a lasting agreement and a full understanding that our security truly is stronger together. It is an alliance that reflects our profound commitment to the universal values of freedom and dignity that first took root in the soil of these Mediterranean lands. So I am honored that so many members from Allied Joint Force Command Naples have joined us today. Thank you. But the major message I have for this morning is one of pride in the wonderful staff assembled here today and in our superb task forces. I will forever remember that I was a leader of the United Nations and the United States. I reported aboard in October 2011 at the tail end of Operation Unified Protector where NATO and the UN worked together to protect the people of Libya. I watched your performance from afar and I knew I was joining a war-fighting staff that was equal to any in the world. And you just got better from there. And the weeks at sea together I watched you and you were amazing. Imagination, mutual support and operational effectiveness you demonstrated were truly first rate. General Hamm, Commander of U.S. Africa Command praised your performance by saying that our naval forces performed superbly providing him with credible options he needed to enhance security during a very difficult time. Just by chance I ran into General Hamm in Washington a few days ago and he remains thoroughly impressed by the great work that you did. As mentioned more recently when chemical weapons were used in Syria you once again rose to the challenge. By rapidly positioning the fleet you provided the capabilities needed to deter further use of these terrible weapons. Our forces were trained when called upon because of you. We were positioned because of you and they were ready because of you. For the past two years the staff and our task forces our ships, aircraft and sailors in the fleet have worked together to enhance security throughout this theater from ballistic missile defense to preparing for crisis response and conducting maritime security operations you delivered success to this region to our nation and to the world of what you have done. So as I look around this audience this morning I see so many faces that in other places and other days I saw focused on the mission at hand mentoring fellow sailors briefing the staff enjoying each other's company and supporting one another you are a team you are a family and it has been a tremendous privilege to sail with you. I have every confidence that when the call comes again you will be ready and it will come we do not know when or where or why but this great sea has not seen the end of strife the profound issues of human dignity and freedom are not settled and so ready we must stay and ready you will be of course no man is an island and I have been blessed to share my life with my lovely wife Anita and my wonderful daughter Francesca Anita, thank you for all you have given to our family over the past two years this has been a wonderful adventure together your amazing spirit and warm smile have brought so much brightness to our Navy and Naples communities you truly are my better half I love you and I thank you from the bottom of my heart and so it's time for me to say goodbye fortunately this task is made easier because I am seating command to a very close friend for whom I have the greatest respect Vice Admiral Phil Davidson is a tremendous officer in every way he is smart and energetic, visionary and he is a caring leader he and his lovely wife Tracy are exactly the right team to lead this command into the future toward greater success Phil, Tracy, welcome and congratulations ladies and gentlemen one final time it has been a profound honor to serve with you here in Naples and Sixfleet thank you for everything you have done to support me and Anita during the past two years but more importantly thank you for everything you have done to protect and defend the cause of freedom I will now read my orders from Chief of Naval Operations to Vice Admiral Frank C. Pandolf subject change of duty order number 2143 when directed detached from duty as commander United States Sixfleet commander, naval striking and support forces NATO deputy commander, United States Naval Forces Europe deputy commander, US Naval Forces Africa and Joint Forest Maritime Component Commander Europe support for duty as directed to assume responsibilities as director strategic plans and policy Joint J5, the Joint Staff Washington DC and senior member United States delegation to the United Nations Military Staff Committee Admiral Davidson, I am ready to be relieved I will now read my orders subject change of duty order number 1793 when directed detached from duty as director maritime operations United States Fleet Forces Command and report as commander United States Sixfleet commander, naval striking and support forces NATO deputy commander, US Naval Forces Europe deputy commander, United States Naval Forces Africa and Joint Forest Maritime Commander Europe good as a great privilege it falls to me to thank many in the audience today distinguished guests fellow flag and general officers headquarters staff, family friends, thank you for joining us here today your presence is testament to your outstanding support of the United States Navy family here in Naples and the Vice Admiral Frank Pandoff's exceptional work here as commander United States Sixfleet Gratsy I must immediately thank all those that made this wonderful ceremony possible especially Captain Bill Scherer Miss Freddie Wachensky everyone on the change of command committee as well as the marvelous US Naval Forces Europe Band thank you very much Admiral Klingon, thank you for the very kind words ceremony today, I'm looking forward to the many months ahead Vice Admiral Pandoff as Admiral Klingon said this will be the fourth time I'm going to stop reading where you're going as always you leave for large footprints behind you thank you for your hard work as commander Sixfleet and for your thoughtful advice this past week also I must thank the entire headquarters for the preparatory briefings staff here, staff I have closely observed your efforts from afar for several months now and I must say that I am impressed by your enthusiasm and your professionalism most importantly Sopratuto Lechartini Gratsyari Il Nostro Aspiti La Favalosa Citta De Napoli e chiaro che il vostro sostenio ed ospitalate ospitalata sono solo l'inizio e la vostra amicizia che pur tu rende a tutto lo staff e la loro familie il vivere lavorare, estare qui un vero piacere grazia grazia di vero cuore da tutti noi qui accom Sixfleet io e trezi non vediamo vorre di diventare parte della vostra comunità apple klingen and place apple pandoff have articulated quite well for you the many accomplishments and attributes of the United States Sixfleet let me add just one short thought all of us in the United States Navy continue to be guided by our chief naval operations three tenants to focus our efforts on war fighting first to operate forward to deter to influence events and to win in an era of uncertainty and to be ready be ready to employ our forces if called upon to do so at US Sixfleet we can and will continue to embody these tenants in our current operations in our readiness to respond to crisis and in the many partnerships we have here in Europe and Africa in other words you can continue to rely on the United States Navy apple klingen place apple pandoff thank you once again I look forward to working with all of you and thank you all for your presence of participation here today ladies and gentlemen please rise and remain standing throughout the departure of the official party and their families Captain Trost will deliver the benediction we have seen the morning your blessings upon Vice Admiral Davidson and Vice Admiral Pandoff and Anita as they head back state side to DC as they reunite with friends from the past we pray that their time of transition is as peaceful as transitions can be so ask your blessings upon Vice Admiral Davidson and his wife Tracy as they settle here in Italy and for the entire sixth fleet staff under his leadership and direction as we respond naval forces Europe naval sixth fleet departing


Hi you guys, it's Lindsay here. Welcome back to my channel, Inside the Hem. If you follow me on Instagram then you know what a frenzy this little top has caused. So let's get to it so you can get to shopping right away. The fabric is from Joanne's new fabric line called Endless Sea. I got it at the end of last year and I've watched it slowly disappear each time I go back to my store. Many of you have reported that your store is out of stock already. So if you want it, head to your store ASAP to check availability. And if they are out of stock, like other places, we can all only hope they will restock this super cute fabric. It's a really great blue and white shirt with this gorgeous navy embroidered border edge. When I originally saw the fabric, I knew it would be a top. And then when I saw the Loretta pattern on Seamwork's website, I knew that was the top it'd be. Loretta is an easy to sew versatile blouse that will take you through all seasons. I made version two, which is a blouse-linked top that can be worn on or off the shoulder. Loretta's ease makes the blouse very comfortable to wear, especially in the warmer months. To make Loretta suitable for the border fabric, I just had to straighten out the bottom hem and sleeve hems. No biggie and a super easy alteration. You have to have a subscription to Seamwork to get the pattern, so I'll leave a link in the description box below that will take you exactly where you need to go. I can't wait to wear this top all spring and summer long. It's going to be a heavy rotation for sure. I hope you guys like it too. Thanks so much for watching. Bye!


Hello students, welcome to Centrum Academy YouTube channel where we bring for you every day a new problem in mathematics in our problem solving So here we are here. We are again with one of the questions on integral calculus. Okay, so guys and girls Let's read this question and let's find out the way to solve it Let I n so I with an index of n is related to a definite integral Which is x to the power n cos x integral from 0 to pi by 2 and being a non-negative integer Then we have to find which of the following option is basically give this summation to you Summation of i n by n factorial plus i n minus 2 by n minus 2 factorial n going from 2 to infinity Okay, guys and girls. Let's have a look at this question The first feeling that we get when we read this question is Can we apply? Can we apply integration by parts on this? Yes, so we have two functions here One is x to the power n which happens to be an Algebraic function and there's another function which is cos of x which happens to be a trigonometric function So can we start applying integration by parts on it by considering this to be my first function We can call it as you and this we can call it as a v, right? So integration by parts formula everybody knows that integral of u v with respect to x will be u integral of v Minus integral of The product of derivative of u with the integral of v Right, so this is our integration by parts formula integration by parts also called as ibp integration by parts Okay, so let us use this formula over here. Let's use this formula So considering u to be my x to the power n and v to be my cos of x Can I say I can write i n x to the power n? cos of x integration is sin x and Mind you when you are doing integration by parts with the limits with the limits of integration You have to put the limits of integration immediately after writing this expression minus Integral from 0 to pi by 2 Derivative of x to the power n will be n x to the power n minus 1 into sin of x dx Okay, so far so good. No issues with that Alright my friends. So here if you want to write this down you can simplify this as Pi by 2 to the power n So basically I'm putting the upper limit so pi by 2 to the power n sin pi by 2 is going to be 1 and Putting a 0 will give everything 0 The other term will become integral of n times 0 to pi by 2 x to the power n minus 1 sin x dx Right. So basically you can call this as you can call this as i n minus 1 as well Because you're just changing the index over here. You're just changing the index over here from n to n minus 1 But mind you in my question the requirement is to strike a relation with i n minus 2 Yes, my dear friends i n minus 2. So what I need to do here? Obviously, I need to apply integration by parts once again on this fellow Yes, I need to apply integration by parts once again to that and let's see What do we achieve when we apply integration by parts once again to that? Okay, let's start applying integration by parts again for doing integration by parts I will take this to be you and this to be V Right, so let's see. What is the result? So x to the power n minus 1 integral of sin is going to be negative cos x Okay, limits of integration. We all know 0 to pi by 2 Minus but if you realize there's already a minus which will come along with cos x so that I can write directly as a plus 0 to pi by 2 then you'll have n minus 1 x to the power n minus 2 sin x dx. Yes or no, is it fine? Everybody's happy so far All right, so let's move on. So when we further simplify this a rather, you know, write it in a more simple-looking format All of you please pay attention. The moment you put a pi by 2 as the upper limit in this expression it's going to become a 0 because cos x is sitting over there and The moment you put the lower limit which is 0 in this again This is going to become a 0 because x to the power n minus 1 is sitting there so this guy is anyways going to be a 0 okay, and May I say that this is going to be n minus 1 times i n minus 2? Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes or no? Okay, so if you agree with me on that you must also agree with me that this further Simplifies to this expression this further simplifies to this expression I hope nobody has any problem up till now any problem up till now. Okay, great so now now Let's bring down The nn minus 1 i n minus 2 to the left-hand side So we have pi by 2 to the power n Okay, and let's also divide it by n factorial because that is what we are expected to arrive at in the summation So as you can see here clearly you have been given that there is an n factorial which is sitting below i n Right, so in light of that if I divide it by n factorial Okay, all of you please pay attention over here because some factorial properties are going to surface out over here Correct. So now nn minus 1 will cancel out with the n factorial to a large extent giving you n minus 2 factorial Yes, okay, so we have basically simplified that expression to a term which is going to be Looking somewhat like that. Is it fine any questions any concerns so far, please Let me know in the comment box Now what we are doing we are summing this up. We are summing this up from 2 to infinity. Yes, my dear friends 2 to infinity Let's not have let's not forget this that the summation is going from 2 all the way till infinity So summation of this expression i n upon n factorial plus i n minus 2 by n minus 2 factorial from n equal to 2 to infinity which is as good as You summing 1 by n factorial pi by 2 to the power n from n equal to 2 to infinity Right. Okay. Now guys and girls I would like to draw your attention here to the McLaren series expansion for e to the power x Right. So all of you have seen the McLaren series expansion for e to the power x which runs like this 1 plus x plus x square by 2 factorial plus x cube by 3 factorial plus x 4 by 4 factorial and So on all the way till infinity isn't it? Okay, now in this expression twice substituting twice substituting your x as a pi by 2, right? So when you do so The right hand side of the expression will appear to be somewhat like this Pi by 2 square 1 by 2 factorial then we have pi by 2 cube divided by 3 factorial and Pi by 2 to the power 4 divided by 4 factorial and all the way till infinity. Okay Now what I'm going to do is I'm going to bring the 1 and the pi by 2 to the left Thereby leaving me with an expression on the right side, which will basically Look like this Right all the way till infinity Now don't you think don't you realize that this expression on the right side is the summation here that we require So if you see this summation, it is basically saying the summation of 1 by 2 factorial pi by 2 to the power 2 1 by 3 factorial pi by 2 to the power 3 1 by 4 factorial pi by 2 to the power 4 and so on and so forth till infinity So isn't that the summation that we have already got on the right side here? So this is 1 by n factorial pi by 2 to the power n n going from 2 to infinity Right, so that leaves us with actually the solution to this question So what we needed is this answer? So this becomes the answer to this given question So yes, my dear friends So since we required this expression which is equal to this expression and this expression happens to be Equal to this fellow. Can I say this is my final answer to this question which happens to be which of the options? Let's find it out. Let's find it out. So e to the power pi by 2 minus 1 minus pi by 2 Which is obviously option number 8. Thank you so much for watching. Stay safe. Stay healthy


African drums are talking. Spotted sunlight fades from the floor of the forest and daytime twilight becomes a wall of inky blackness. The harmless chatter of monkeys changes to the moan of the hyena. The soft calling of birds to the snarling cry of the hunting cat. The beauty of the forest is blotted out. Death stalks abroad and the night becomes hideous with the screams of its unwilling victims. Beauty and death go hand in hand. This is Africa. In the village of the leopard men, Ifabe, the mysterious native girl who has just broken the charm of death cast on Jack by Milini, the witch doctor, hands the professor a beautiful golden goblet with strange carvings on it. Professor Edwards identifies the cup as a very old Egyptian work with Roman lettering and of great value. The girl promises to tell him where there are many more, but first the party must rest for a while as the place is many days' march from the village. We find the professor and Jack just awakening after a full 12 hours' sleep. Well, Jack, you up or about already? What time is it? Four o'clock, sir. Is it? All right, George. Well, I slipped the clock around. Soon be sunset. By the way, how do you feel now? Oh, fine. I've been waiting for the last 15 minutes to ask you what happened. The last thing I remember was Ifabe telling me to sleep. I guess I did. Yes, you did. Soundly.  Ifabe? Oh, hello, Andrew. Oh, that smells good. Banana cakes, eh? Oh, good boy, now. Let me get my boots on and I'll be with you. Any water, Jack? Yes, and that wooden ball over there. A little buana oil well one time, huh? Yes, thanks, and go. But I haven't the thinnest idea of what happened. Which doctor? Him, Makeham, Devil Fettish. Yes, I remember that much. The whole of my right side seem to be paralyzed. I think I remember the pain moving into my left leg, too. Oh, hello, Lorna. Oh, Jack, it's so good to see you well again. Are you all right now, darling? No bad effect? Never felt better, dear. I'm just trying to find out what happened. Perhaps you can tell me. Don't you think we'd better forget about it, dear? The whole thing seems like a nightmare now. Let's just be thankful and grow, brought a farbie along when he did. But how did a farbie come to... Oh, forget about it for now, Jack. We'll discuss it later. Eh, eh, that wars took the cobwebs out of my head. You know, there's something interesting I want to discuss with you. Well, it's something thrilling, Jack, and matches perfectly with what an guru said was going to happen. You mean about the help? The buried money? Yes, but it isn't money that's buried. Here, take a look at this cup. Isn't it beautiful? Great sconce, sir. Where did you get that? Well, it's solid gold. What do you make of the carvings? Well, it's certainly Egyptian work. But this, um... That's a lot. At me guessing for a while, I've been sent out of it. What does it say on Father? Well, as far as I can make out, the cup evidently belonged to a set of gold plate that was owned by a gentleman called Septimus. He was a governor of some unheard of state. But where did it come from? How did you get it, sir? It probably brought it. Lord, that woman again? She seems to be in everything. Oh, I'm afraid she's going to be in a lot more before we can get rid of her. She made Father promise to help her in some mysterious quest before she'd attempt to... Well, before she'd help you. Oh, I see. Well, you better fill up on these banana cakes while they're hot, people. Very good. The girl cooked them. I had mine in my hut before you folks were about. How did he make them, Father? With flour from dried bananas. Native dish. Now, come on, Jack. I'm a bit worried about that promise you had to make, sir. That put you in a rather awkward position. Well, it probably certainly chose the right moment to ask it. But now, uh, I'm not at all sorry if she did. She says there are a lot more gold cups where that one came from. But the whispering forest of death she spoke of... What does she mean by that? It sounds horrible. Oh, it's a native name for part of unexplored jungle. I've heard it spoken of. Fantastic tales of voices that speak from nowhere. You know, the usual native chatter. Well, what about the spores? That's where we have to go. Any white men been in there, sir? No, not that I know of. The natives won't go near the place.  Don't even know where it's located? Somewhere on the border. And from what if Bobby says it's out of the jurisdiction of the white men? I don't like the name of that forest. Oh? Bona, neat snake woman. Pillum plenty, huh? There isn't, girl. I've never known her to be wrong. But there's one thing we must be very careful of. We must never actually trust if Bobby. Apparently, yes. She's a combination of breeds that I'm afraid don't make for stability. There's a lot about her I don't like. Are you expecting trouble from her, sir? No. And if we find this cash of gold, I'm positive the moment her eyes contact anything of real value, she can't help herself. It's natural. We can't blame her. It's in the blood. Bona, moon witch, she comes. Oh, here she comes now. Now don't forget, implicit trust in two. Oh, come in here, Bobby. You have rested well, white man. Yes, completely. And I'm anxious to hear more of this journey you wish just to undertake. We begin with the rising moon, for the keepers of the treasure have left their hearts, and we must follow them. The young Bona is well again. Yes. I'm told I have you to thank for being on my feet once more. It is of no matter. For if Bobby has need of the white man's help. Well, who are these keepers of the treasure? They are the ones whose place it is to visit the whispering forests of death and talk with the spirits of those who once were. With the passing of the four seasons, the waning of a moon, these two men leave their hearts for that purpose. Hmm. Yes, I've heard of such things. They keep the secret of the treasure in one family and visit it once a year to see that it's safe. And no man may follow the cause of the devils who guard the way. Well, then how did you come by this cup of gold, if Bobby? There were three brothers, white man. They were called the keepers of the treasure. One of them brought the cup to me as a gift. And now there are only two keepers, eh? Yes. They guard their secret well. The other two found out, eh? Evidently. So, uh, you don't know the exact location. If Bobby knows that it lies below the surface of the earth in a box which rests between two upright stones, these stones have a writing upon them which no man may read. But the way through the forest is dark and the keepers of the treasure know the secret path. Which will make it easier, of course. Does anyone in the village know of your intentions? I have caused it to be known that I visit the soles of the dead, which is true. But there are many in the whispering forest of death. M'guro. Aye, Buona. You've heard what if Bobby has to say. I thank you. Buona him say go, and guru say go. Maybe catch him for his devil, make him fight her. That's all you live for. In the hope there'll be a fight. And we may catch a forest devil at that. Well, any suggestions, people? Personally, Father, I'd like to know more about this forest with the spooky name. Does if Bobby know anything about it? If Bobby knows that the breath of eternal sleep whispers unceasingly through its branches and even the jackals may not stay within the reach of its perfumed breath. Mmm, perfumed breath, eh? Well, aren't you afraid to go in there, if Bobby? Best holds no terror for if Bobby. Since life and death are but one in many ways. Mmm, all right then. It's settled. When do you want to start? It is where to begin now, as the sun is leaving the earth. If Bobby will meet you where the trail joins the mountain. Where does the trail begin? To the east of the village, and will lead along the roots of the mountains. Your warrior will find it. The keepers of the treasure will not hide their marks. For all men know it is forbidden to follow. If Bobby goes now, you will see her in the face of my father shining upon the earth. Hmm. Well, that starts us on the move again. Feel up to it, Laura? Yes, I think I'm just as anxious to get there as you are. Well, we haven't anything to pack. How about supplies, sir? Have to trust it luck. We hope there's meat to be found along the road. What's that you have there, Guru? Him, plenty of banana, make him bread, Buanna. Hmm, banana flour. Well, you people can have all the meat you want. I'll take him, Guru, a cake. Well, have you left anything in your heart that you might need, Laura? No, I haven't anything to leave, Father, unless it was some of the dirt from the cave. Hear that leopard, sir? Yes. Sounds as if it's been wounded. Drum's talking, too. Buanna, him which doctor go for be plenty dead. Look only, say, middle-dead. Middle-dead? Hmm, well, let's have a look. Hey, George, yes, they're pulling down the walls of his hut. There'll be a dance of death in the village tonight. Does it say how he died, Father? No, they're merely equating other witch doctors of the fact. But I think I can make a good guess. Malini and I probably practically ran this village between them. I was wondering how they were going to split up. He evidently knew she was going after the treasure. I saw the traveling companion to look forward to, sir. Hey, so you see what we have to look out for? Well, there's another message going on. The natives are gathering in the square. They seem excited about something. Buanna, locally, say, white man dower killed Malini. What did he say, Father?  Quick, everybody, we've got to move out right away. I'll bet the chief's stun started that. Well, they're starting down this way, sir. We can't leave now without being seen. Cut away through the back of the hut. We can get into the high grass before they get here. Use the big sword, Nguro. Aye, Buanna. That'll do. Buanna, I'll lead the way, Nguro. Follow him, Buanna. Have we got everything, Jack? I think so. All right. Let's go.