Hello, and hey, welcome to e-fap episodes 200 and 300 of this You will die that just comes to mind whatever I say no anyway Today we're doing a really special Pre-recorded episode for several reasons one so that we have something ready for you guys in case all of us die Yes, either one or all of us temporarily done. Yeah, or there has been a terrible catastrophe that has befallen our great nation or We we are someone's alarm didn't go off one of those things one of those yeah, cuz we feel like if there's a This is never where we all died once I think everybody's dead and no one's gonna see this Yeah, I would be a terrible coincidence. No, no, no, no, I've got it So we recorded 10 billion offline episodes already so that'll keep going for a while and then hopefully by the time They reach the end someone's seen them all and cobble together an AI version of us so we can keep going.  We're like house usher. Yeah, that one. So Here we are To present to you today something a little bit different something that I've wanted to do for a while So I've talked about So it relates to back in the day when you were when you were youngster anyone else here can can relate to this I'm sure we have a watch in them documentaries about life Good ol life animals. Yeah, yeah, probably my animal life or just yeah Like like I suppose I wouldn't want limited to have an animal life, but I'm kind of cool talking about animal plants rocks Oh, all of them. What are they up to science clouds? Yeah?  Yeah, you're like.  They gave it a name and everything. You said they're a six-year-old He was like, oh, yeah, and then it's like oh So as a Brit because we got got four corners of the world here Okay, sort of if such a thing could be said I saw a lot of BBC ones Meanwhile, I assume you guys didn't really see much BBC content at all. Why would you right? Yeah, no, I'm I'm saying you're saying some Stuff okay. Well, I mean it might have been BBC stuff. I couldn't tell you I was like six Oh, you could always spot a BBC when you see one So This is part of the reason why this is pre-recorded. You must have heard of the walking with series, correct I know of it. Yes. Yes The classic the famous walking with dinosaurs was quite popular People were like, well, it's real cool. Well, they did was like create a nature program But it was with CGI dinos go in bra-bra-bra-bra and some some prosthetic Recreations as well, and then it would just be all taken as though it's serious and happening and you know people like this Fascinating this life. I've never seen before. Wow Yeah, it was fun and then they were like, well now what and then they made I can't remember actually the order of this Let me find out walking with muppets walking with my muppets I don't know. I just thought you know strange creatures from a different land. I mean, they like dinosaurs Muppets they make they make a walking with bogey walking with The ground trembles with every step the mighty brontosaurus so you got you see Beasts came out afterward and walking with beasts is the story of what happened after the comet hits where it's like But you know killed the dinosaurs like how do the mammals rise? Oh, cool.  Yeah walking with beasts ends with humans Going like hey, then they made walking with cavemen, which I remember not being that good as a kid I don't remember how good it actually is then they made I don't know if it was called walking with But I think it's just called sea monsters. I guess it was like look this big boys See, okay, then they made one last one That was as far as I'm concerned the goat the best one the best best one that everyone should have seen called walking with monsters You guys ever heard of it? Walking with monsters. Is that like a Halloween special? They decided there's still one gap of time They didn't really cover which is the age of monsters zero two dinosaurs What happened in there? What's going on in that period? You know, what's that called and what's going on? So they made it and unfortunately the others were six episodes You know big and that this one was only three. Oh Fine, I guess it's just not much to say it's funny So I was watching the Netflix Morgan Freeman narrated life on our planet series, which is essentially the same thing It covers well it goes from zero to humans Over ten episodes. I think it is quite good. I recommend it. It's a lot of fun But they that's that series intertwines like half of it is CG Old stuff and then half of it is just new stuff where they like this would tell us how these creatures back then probably did things But one thing I'll say about it The CG in it is like sometimes can be really special and amazing. It's a lot of time You're saying this doesn't look so amazing.  It was like sometimes you water. It's like, how did you get these shots? How do you what are you doing? And you see like videos where they have the the sneaky ninja cams inside like what look like weird things Yeah, like actual animals to try and blend in maybe build them into rocks and you're like, man I mean, not only are they gonna take ages to sell that up But I wonder how much footage they record and how much they actually use like wonder if it's even 0.1 percent overall, you know Mm-hmm in any case I find these things fascinating super interesting and fun to talk about and I thought that today since I found out It's just all on YouTube don't know if that means that we'll be able to upload this video without trouble So we'll sort out and copyright never now if we okay need to Walking with monsters is just on there and I was like, oh my god. This will be so much fun Be it'll be it'll be fun to not only wash with you guys But to talk about it and I imagine the audience is Fired up somewhat because a lot of them would have seen this when they were young and I brought it in for school And it was like the most popular sort of show-and-tell science thing ever just because I didn't have to do anything I was just like let's just watch this TV show. It's really good and it's BBC You know back when BBC can make stuff that was like with paying for I guess or at least Yes, I like that you're talking about this pretty highly no But I'm still like kind of sussed out because you made me play golem back in the day But I haven't always led you guys astray so Yeah, the idea here will be that we're just gonna watch it the series is Sonya now and a half in total And it's gonna be I guess the BBC's attempt to try and give some education on how life may have formed That's just the premise as a whole so this is the BBC's attempt to educate the British population. Yeah You and I swear to God if all of education were done this way, I'm pretty sure we would be able educated populace This is way more on ironically if education was more entertaining and general teachers more entertaining and invested I would have been compelled to learn they'll be like you guys don't know where you know When blah blah blah happen or who blah blah just like yeah, but I mean, you know all of like 40 K's law You're like, how do you ever? There's the 700th time you you taught that subject. Of course, you know this yeah that they're like You know, yeah, well 40 K is interesting.  Yeah, it's the best when you get that teacher Yeah, get this you can get the teacher that already checked out. He has like what two years left before he goes to retirement And he brings this over a projector. I don't know. There was a wall. He's like, no, let me tell you about the Vietnamese I'm talking about the one who has like those ones are fun. You don't want the ones that are just sitting down going Yeah Oh, they've been using the same over approach over a projector files for like 17 years Yeah, like I'm gonna scroll through there. See I wrote those 15,000 years ago. Just write that down It's on the test and you're like, can we move you about it instead?  Anyway, it goes also narrated by Kenneth Branagh famous for directing Thor That's his primary This is main goal attributes. Sorry. This is like whoa, that's what everyone thinks Yeah Anyway, here goes Let's go Oh space. This is earth. I've been there four point four billion years ago Oh, not back then a toxic sterile ball of spree. He's describing It's like the internet Geez did an in-cell write this Tox's sterile ball of women Meteorites rained down on it 2000 and it ain't looking good. This this isn't a place where life happens of lethal assets Upside there is no knives yet.  Oh, no Cuz we'll probably talk a lot about these different things But like is everyone familiar with this theory for the origins of you know earth as it stands Yeah, like the whole like another thing crashed into like a big one and then I forget what it's called as a theory But it's and Sermia. I believe it's called. It's the the theory that Something writing on something else landed on earth and that's what began life Oh, I think I thought this was what they were showing right now is a collision between yeah, not the planet that created the moon Yeah Revitational pole to planets. Yeah moon. Yeah, and the big old set of rubble formed the moon Which I think as far as I'm aware this is widely accepted now as like the assumption I understand it Yes, this is generally accepted Yeah, I mean, that's one that I knew about So been a weird day for it Nobody on it. I want you to actually consider the concept that if there are no like living things on The planet everything is there's nothing to see anything. Yeah, so there's no color There's no it's all just like black in a sense, right? There's no there's nothing to perceive anything because the rocks don't perceive anything the gas doesn't perceive anything It's all just out there and it's all just like shrouded in darkness because there's no one to look at it or see it in a way Not entirely sure you mean like if we went back in time, we would see it all right Yeah, yeah, but like at the time there was nobody to see any of this all of this was happening in a way completely blind All the rocks and gases and all the clouds and all that the things moving through space It's all just happening due to physics fortunate to have shaman rags Like the guy with open book. We got our own shaman to guide us on this spiritual quest Well, I'm not even charging you for this.   This is I'm curly time dances with tassels And this is my great wisdom that I bring to you free of charge. I just moonlight a bit as a shaman As you can see the graphics are top-notch. I think this was made When did this one come out old school? That is a good question. It was made in 2005 BBC okay, okay Look right, you know another planet see a smashed into earth and the two planets fused Creating a brand new world. I believe a lot of people would listen to that and be like that's insane and nonsense Earth is bisexual nice But it's it's I think it's a badass origin the idea that like yeah, that's insane That's great that the idea that we're like our planet that we're walking on and live on is the fused You know parts of two different other planets that came together and their gravity just sort of Bolify that the big sex and then they made them. Yeah a little kid They got really hot as well. They're both moons are made Those balls have been locked man. Mm-hmm Even today fear lies right beneath our feet Whoa, sorry to step on you a smaller chunk of fear became our moon Slowly our oceans for but it wasn't our metal That was like 10 seconds look like a few minutes like yes Blank me and miss it until life on earth was ready to begin But who would inherit this blue planet? The meat Series I don't look very meek. No, no, yeah, I guess I was misled Ordinary story of life before the dinosaurs a Time when strange and savage creatures for a ruthless battle to rule the earth.  It's all right. Like, you know, that's Centipede Yeah, I mean depends on the scale that Centipede could be absolutely terrifying centipedes are already terrifying I think he's open about the graphics. Yeah. Oh, well, I was gone. I was all right, Mahler. You want to all right? I Was getting lost in the magic and the mystery, but you know, it's yeah, the graphics could be better. I agree That's not what I said.  Oh, he looks friendly. Oh Decide whether we humans hear that that's your tail like they do now My god that night vision back then that's crazy. Yeah As they evolved these bizarre creatures created the blueprint not only for our bodies, but for everything living today grow those legs I Need those Brothers legs.  I think it's cool. It's really really cool.  Yeah Everyone knows the Cambrian period. Yeah, I've been to Cambridge before yeah My girl. We're gonna see an explosion here a big old explosion Finally the good old days of China. That's China. That looks wake. Yeah, man Nothing yet lives on land Jump into the ocean great, but in the ocean. It's a different story. Oh my god go for swim I didn't bring my swimsuits Life has already been evolving for millions of years at a slow and steady pace So they kind of skip chapter one which would have been which would have been single-celled organisms for like three billion Yeah, the would it be the primordial soup right is is like where life begins collection of all kinds of Chemicals and gases and stuff and then it's not very loud at all I guess the thing is they've are they've jumped to the to the the old explosion here. Well, yes Why I find the that part so interesting though is because a lot of people will be like Yeah, you can't explain that part. It's like no actually that that part's super interesting like the the single-celled organisms gradually Evolving into even slightly more complicated or very much more complicated over many many millions and perhaps even billions of years Who knows exactly how long I think there's definitely a time limit on how long that's interesting for a lot of people And I think myself included it's it to see the single-celled and rid of the microscopic stuff That's neat for a little bit and then I'm like We got to get to animals we got to get I'm not talking about it from this point of view of whether or not this is a smart decision I'm fine with it. I'm talking about the actual thing itself just how Yeah, do you guys know about like the evolution of the eye? It was like To be one of the ones that kind of defeats the notion of evolution is so complicated and so incredible It's always misused the quote and then they don't say the thing Well, the irony is the modern sort of assessments of the eye is that it's broken in a couple of ways Like the design is fucked up the I forget we know pretty much all the steps along the way for the evolution of the yes Which is being able to detect photons period the pop I find super fascinating cave and mirrored Like when you have the simple simple simple simple simple simple creatures that have like light detection is something they The you know going for mutation, right? It's like why would that be something that would help them survive? It's like well, they can tell the difference between being in the open and being under shade Um under shade is more safe So already I have I get you know I'm so layman on this But the fact is like as long as you can find some level of survivability increase based on an evolutionary mutation There's reason that allows you to better pass on your genes. Exactly So, uh, the whole like an indent appears to better tell the direction of light and then It closes around Creates a ball so you have a pinhole to really You know finalize your ability to tell where light's coming from Then the lens would develop so that it better Stands the light forward and like you can like I don't know if you've ever seen the videos But they talk about how from step zeroed all the way up to where we are of how the eye got to where it is Super fucking cool And that's not super interesting Plus what I'm saying is just like I'd love to have seen that even if it was done over one minute But like, you know the same thing happens for legs arms heart lungs brain all this different stuff Like it just all has this different reason to keep moving on and a lot of what gets done in this show Is stuff like that, which is like Look at the jellyfish they they look at them go early boys. Oh We should watch the sphere What? the sphere Uh, what's that? It's a movie where there's uh, the underwater and michael fish burns in it or Lawrence fish burns in it and Uh, there's the they're under the ocean and it's kind of like a sci-fi spooky sort of Movie my god There's a scene with a lot of jellyfish That's a lot of jellies no thoughts Just swim how many mass extinction events have there been was it five? Uh, there have you seen twitter lately? Because I guess this one's going to be leading up to the uh, that big one before the dinosaurs Uh, uh when panjia like that with the big old heat wave or whatever I as I as I thought it was wasn't it something to do with like basically mass eruptions for tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years That was that was one of them as well. Yeah Because there was a great ice age as well, right?  Freeze was actually referencing One before the dinosaurs like the kicked off that era that was the biggest one in terms of the sheer amounts of Species arguably for me. We are the biggest one Wow I don't think we are actually but yeah, well, I don't think we're even close No, of course not It's only ever in a metaphorical sense in terms of what is going to happen Eventually all the what damage we've done and what species we prevented from you know all that bullshit We need the gene-spliced new species together to make up for it I'm gonna Jurassic not all that all that is Is all the other animals being jealous of how successful we were they're all like do Jurassic park. Just do it smart with big fences Just do it smart And maybe genetically don't give them such sharp teeth and claws give them all padded teeth Like I'm gonna give them a little uh, yeah, give them mittens. Just put mittens on them You could do this right We know we believe in you Endly drifting in the currents We Look at them go. I'm upside down, but I don't care. I'm just a woman. No skeleton Oh, look arthropod.  Oh man He's hanging out I believe this guy was one of the ones that was sent in to us to check out as an extinct creature Anomalacharis. This is anomalacharis earth's first super predator. But edgy, but all right Oh, I'm a super predator So that's like six feet long something like that. How long is a meter and feet? Eyes Eyes Good eyes That's an answer to your question right? Many predators in the Cambrian seas have also evolved eyes And so have their prey No, damn it No fair Explosive No, they can see them coming. Dang it. That's the one thing I didn't want to happen This battle continues today. It is a major force behind the variety of life To combat being visible and vulnerable 80% of creatures in these shallow seas carry firearms Turn your ground In the future they'll give rise to insects and spiders Oh, but also okay, but in these spiders can be cool. Yeah everywhere And even the mighty anomalacharis's defenses are constantly put to the test Say the thing. I mean, yeah, do it desert even can shoot for anything. So that's true There will be people who will comment on this saying you know that this is an accurate, right? I feel like Listen, okay. All right. I think they tried they gave a shot, but they got some stuff wrong as far as I way That's okay.  Yeah, listen to the music. This is fight music. Not this is sex music I am incredibly wrecked right now. This is what I always turn on Get a lady in the bedroom turn on the soundtrack for walking monsters Oh, no, she's about to be walking with a monster.  Come on To a completely different threat We are legion For we are many.  This is haiku ikthis He's the size of your thumbnail, but he's an evolutionary giant He's just haiku for friends. I just want to look at my thumbnail just to get a good idea He's a little guy. He's unique because look he's us But super young Oh, that's good Like he doesn't care what other people think he's confident. He has a lot of stuff self-esteem And he's like don't worry guys. I'm gonna hang in there so that you can happen That's right. That's the kind of armor on the inside I need What a lad He's the very first vertebrate Forerunner of all future backboneed animals from the dinosaur to the elephant to us Yay. Yay. We're us.  Oh here goes Evolution takes over Just like that evolution go Oh my god What it is all these type of gradual changes real small but as millions of years past Fish build on that basic design. I like how he says the design is though.  You gotta gotta get out there.  Yeah This is kathalaspis. She's a peaceful grazer kathalaspis. Hello kathalaspis. How are you doing today?  Oh Oh crab. Oh my god. Just swim up swim up swim up swim up They're ready for round two I just got that screen.  That's the first screen on earth. Oh my god. Oh my god scorpions and squids and crabs This is the crustaceans time Zoynberg is on the rise Zoynberg Sponges filter food alongside sea urchins. No one cares about the sponges.   I don't know where I'm going as a truck Long as a truck Along as a truck. Jesus christ. That would be Or is a truck as long as he is I guess a truck is as long as he is because he came first, right? Kyle, do you want to eat the vanilla custard or the cuttlefish?  I don't fish in asparagus or vanilla paste. Yeah Bronto, scorpio.  It's okay. It's great It's fine. We'll roll it back so that bringing in milk and meat Bronto Scorpio It's okay meat Bronto Scorpio Hello Pretty cool name. Ah, ah, he's a meter long monster scorpion. Jesus with gills And a stinger at the size of a light bulb imagine that thing the size of showing up on your front porch It really is interesting to think about how scorpions still exist. You know that even yeah, yeah Yeah, they're basically the same just on the guy that the base design persisted and endured It's just that it's just that ace Yeah What's all about like filling an ecological niche even if you're not, you know Absolutely at the top this has evolved an early warning system Eyes spider senses special sensors on her skin detect the tiniest vibrations in the water Oh, okay. My early warning system is my eyes. Is that another real model that's showing us right now? Oh, it looks like yeah, it looks really good. Yeah, that looks tangible need So it's like wait. Oh man. There's a scorpion. Oh my god.      Oh, hey, thanks, terry I got you. Yeah, I got you man. You just lead him over here next time. I'm always I'm getting bronto scorpios all day Yeah, I'll just tear this up And my kid's gonna have some She's turned the tables on bronto scorpio a little bit he'll make a good meal for her young. I love this delivery Just the best kind of uber eats you can get oh, yeah, you shouldn't be up there a lot Their head is heavy.  I love freshwater in land. Yeah, that's good. It brings me life. It is where I shall settle When people were shorter and lived by the water except in Las Vegas for some reason There's a dam we made a dam. Yeah, that's kind of far away, isn't it? Yeah, not well, I mean Hot of them. That's our cheese. That's pretty hot actually It's precisely the air would be toxic to us It has much less oxygen and 300 times more carbon dioxide than today Oh, yeah, because we ain't up to plants yet But some forms of life have gained a foothold in this furnace. Oh, wait. Yeah, we are Yeah, fringy Look at the popcorn Look at them go good lads That looks like a model they built it does it does But yeah, that's probably the way to do it Looks like flimpy fingers It looks like a flimped fingers from Book of Boba Fett. All we figured out is to go up. That's what we've got so far Like not bad. Not bad We're doing better than star wars They know where up is I remember I want to now I kind of want to see like a Jordan Peterson documentary that's just talking about crabs Yeah Oh Walking with lobsters First those lobsters cleaned their room and then uh, they're gonna go to the sex place The Kephalaspis convoy plows up river away from the sea They're making the marathon journey back to the spawning grounds where they hatched Incredibly our fish ancestors already use memory they use familiar landmarks to navigate Oh, they they got memory they unlocked that in the skill tree. Nice Memory that's a main unlock one of the first complex brains. Whoa Look at it. It's beautiful. What are you saying? The other ones are simple I guess he is what a brick. They seemed pretty simple It's thanks to these primitive fish that we can think and solve problems today fish. Yeah, so say thanks everyone Thank you. Thanks old fish. Yeah, thanks for I eat fish now Just saying don't tell them that the fish have underestimated their enemy. Uh-oh. Oh, no They already had legs darn it. Oh, look you bumped the camera It looks pretty good too. I think so it is the arthropods and not our ancestors Who have taken the first momentous steps out of the sea onto dry land Man, it's so funny that these guys had no idea what they what they just done Yeah, I guess we'll go on land. It's not it's not bad. I feel heavier, but oh look lungs Whoa as well as gills. He has simple lungs made up of hundreds of thin layers of tissue He can't yeah, it's my bad when I'm gonna cold He can't breathe in and out like we do He just absorbs the oxygen into his blood. Oh, okay. Whoa interesting The holy well to conquer that look like he was praising the sun The scorpions patrol the shoreline Scavenging on whatever the sea washes up neck It's like the next ones we can go to let oh, they're here. Just the one that comes in is it flotsam or jetsam Yes Oh, no Yeah, well things are fine here Finally the fish approach their destination They've navigated their way back to the spawning pool Oh spawning pool it costs 200 minerals now. They have to cross a ridge of rock to make the river to the pool Ah, you got it. You got a A little jump Some are definitely better than others, but that's all right. Oh, yeah, when you go just straight across like yeah I'm pretty good at this. Yeah, it's like damn. I'm getting late Oh No That's cheating away. I'm just trying to coom. No Are they spawn camping right now? Holy yes, they're spawning pool camping. Passing scorpions have stumbled on this bounty Oh The sad music But the fish have numbers on their side Yeah, we'll just make more the clever kephalaspis have navigated their way While brontoscopio are only here by luck They cleverly have numbers on their side. I didn't expect that like as soon stuff to the gills While the fish keep jumping.  It doesn't know what's going on.  It's like, oh god.  Hey, this is real.   He did it.  So I'll just say You're just used to what you do our ancestors have survived They've laid their eggs and are returning to the sea. They've survived level two or something And now we are leveling up sweating. You'll really be in trouble. Spend your skill points Oh my god.  Here we go again. What's that a clock? The fishes gills adapt to form the first jaw with the very first teeth. Whoa.  So they got feetsies Mmm some develop tougher bones and muscles in their fins and shoulders Which become the first limbs limbs. That's true because there's not trees yet Oh With this oh salamander boy. Yeah. Yeah, this is the lad you may famously know is more so consider the one that crawled out Dev it's dev Well, that's dev's final form. It's his period It's dev's period Yeah, look at me go over it. Giant amphibian. Hynepotent The man Land He makes noises Giant killer fish. Oh Oh, well, that's everyone's Hazard just to really just assume that going forward that giant killer fish or its weakness Hynepotent are over a meter and a half in length much larger than most amphibians today Neat amphibians seem really friendly. So I don't mind if they're big Yeah, we like them amphibians. They're the good guys. Hey, look Arthropod enemies still exist, but they shrunk since they're bronchoscorpio glory days But now then I'm not Get out. Shed your skin somewhere else. You freak. How the drink tables Still life for this pioneer is far from easy Now someone with a gun shows up, right? Yeah, who's about to jump out jerky warriors. It's a whole new world Who's gonna eat him? Oh my god trees. No. No There's a tree fall on him like no Tree falls But there are many dangers. The dreaded tree has evolved It's like lightning strikes him Trees developed the ability to fall on their friend. The dreaded weather has formed. The trees have formed an alliance with the sky And with nothing around to eat them they've grown into vast forests pumping oxygen into the air. Yay trees are five We're gonna need that for later.  Don't worry. It all works out in the end Oh jesus His lungs are sacks just like ours and he breathes like we do Forcing air in and out so his blood can absorb more oxygen. You've got nice lung sacks That's a great looking thing they had there. Yeah Strange amphibian I like those close-ups. So oh that looks nasty inerpetent can breathe on land, but he's still waterbound It looks like all slimy and you his skin is much thinner than ours and it dries out in minutes So he has to keep it wet. That looks good. Yeah, that looks pretty and the water is a danger zone. Oh, dang it Water is a dangerous area Something dangerous zone Hmm. This all seems rather fine and nice and safe the fish are now our ancestors enemies Oh, look at him. Oh god. It's a catfish shark The anchorhead I'm gonna brew you into a stew of some kind.  Oh, look out those trees fall over. Oh, no scary music Run little man. Oh man. You gotta swim. There you go The amphibians limbs are his saving grace I think we many of us can say the same thing. Hmm As the burning sun dips hynerpetent can spend more time on land This stretch of shoreline is his territory. I mean, that's the same for all of us Yes Hey, the sun's dipped. We can spend more time outside We fear the sun hynerpetent females are choosy And will only go for males who can defend their turf. Yeah The andrutatosaurus Lottery pleased This hynerpetent has a Ferrari He has many Bugattis which he speaks about constantly. This one over there is what we call a beta He doesn't have any Bugatti the first sexual predators emerge. Oh, no The trafficking has begun Trafficking evolves Another male with his eye on this prime patch Oh fight fight fight girls love it when you call them that prime patch Are they gonna be able to do anything They can they can fight they got teeth. Oh, no, they should find them become friends to avoid injury The males demonstrate their strength in a strange push-up contest.  That's well. Why don't humans do that where we just start doing push-ups in front of each other And the girls are like, wow, I want you, bro. Look how much yeah, and then the guy who wins the other guy can vary He's just like, you know what good stuff, bro You can do it. I respect you, bro. I respect you, bro. Yeah, I respect you, bro Okay, jeez.  I didn't know you could do 50 push-ups, jeez But now our male may be too late for love Has his girlfriend been devoured misily by some other terrible creature? Probably What if it was mad? Oh Oh, they didn't tell me why it was too late. She would already gone because it could give us so she left And she was like you guys are being silly. You guys are being. Yeah, jerry chad. Oh Dang Terry is still down. They're waiting to be fed. Hynerpeton seems to have missed his chance The only attention he's attracting comes from the dark waters of the lake. Oh, no Damn it.  No, I waited for you, jerry Climb aboard. Yeah Yeah, this is great. This is really good. This this is good stuff Educational right? Yeah Yeah, this is good All right Do it Amphibian eggs are soft and their young have gills not lungs. So they must be laid in water Where amphibians are most vulnerable Oh, jeez not while he's doing that. No, that's just gross Bye Oh, no Dude, not cool.  Yeah, I should have ran further Oh Hey, at least you got to have sex. Yeah, diversion Worth it But the amphibians are about to find a way to leave the dangers of the water behind for good Smart move Yeah, things are great on land up here lies in changing their eggs They evolve a hard waterproof casing whoa, oh my god, you know what that means Oh They've unlocked reptiles Fully developed air breathing and independent They are the first ever true vertebrate land lovers Land lovers vertebrate land lovers. Yeah, the land Yeah, land's great.  Here comes the land water's gay boo The sea is always wrong Ridley than ever before Boo, I want to go back to the water the athrapods are back I'm back. We're so back. We're so back, baby We enter the world of killer bugs from huge flesh-eating spiders to three meter millipede relatives. Oh go back.  Themselves each other.  I love that intro for the spiders Yeah, we coming boys Ah Yeah, love us. Yeah. Yeah, bite and fighting running Back Life before dinosaurs because dinosaurs keep taking all the spotlight Yeah, boo right dinosaurs Carboniferous your movie Oh, Kansas Kansas USA Lot of oxygen giant insects a lot more oxygen 300 million years ago Much of the earth was covered in vast swamp forests Hmm Which uh, as I understand it thanks to good old curse gazax It means that a lot of fossil Fossiles fossils would have been lost Because they don't get preserved so well in uh Swamps and rainforests. Yeah Even the air is alien Alien over a third is off by definition not right This is earth This oxygen well alien Includes things on it. What would it be really good for us? Or would it be bad for it to be that much oxygen? Like is there a ceiling crown much oxygen we could have?  Oh, I I gotta get just like let me go check the mirror to see how big this thing is Don't do it. Uh-huh. You'll be scared right into it Oh, look at that hq. I open the door turn on the light.  Ah, oh god She rests her feet on carefully constructed trip lines Spider-man in amazing spider-man This is where peter parker lives the smart spiders pretty smart spider are they smarter than ants? Oh Individually maybe oh no one of our ancestors run. He's a good guy I don't know the spiders might be our ancestors No No, what look he's got scale. Have you seen the people today? Scales. Yeah, body vital for all land dwellers Because he doesn't dry out in the sun he can venture away from water But that means and Oh, such a like. Yeah. What is water? We don't want that and then they come here and water Well, if I can't take the water I I'll no, I will take the water. I don't know. I'm a lizard Oh Run go. Oh my goodness. Here's niblets spider would have got him if the camera wasn't in the way Lucky Lucky Oh, this was a scene from that one movie the reptile outruns the spider Hello Oh, there's a there's a star wars creature that sounds like that In fact, oh, it's from the phantom menace He's one of these in the pod race, right? Yeah. Yeah, one of the pod racers makes those noise. This is his ancestor Oh boy Now that's a beautiful heart you got there bud This time though. He's trapped inside a log All right. Well, all right.  Oh, I don't want to be eaten The autistic screeching of the spider can be heard throughout the swamp But she's not going to give up so uh, oh no No, yo your light sensing organs should have saved you Oh, dang it. Oh, jeez. Oh, jeez Dang We'll get you next time in her lair.  Yeah, why can't you just snap a snack or something?  Shoot in the back of the head. You already evolved the glock. Come on Chemical warfare already, jeez Good god, imagine like if you were still alive it drags all the way back to its old spider hole The spider drags her dinner home But something's wrong.  Someone peed in here immediately shits So she'll have to find another hole she can adapt. He's like, oh where we're going now Sorry ma'am. Sorry lady. I have to find another hole I can adapt. Listen, I'll eat you. Hey Oh, come on. Yo, I worked decently hard for that It's already dissolving the inside. Come on. That's just a dragonfly.   Wow, not your home specific close enough the other kansas not the one with the r Below is due to an approaching storm The super oxygenated atmosphere which has helped fuel the growth of the insects and arthropods is highly volatile Ah You know what that's just the spice of life The clock is ticking. You can't have it be sunny every day. That'd get boring Oh, these guys seem chill. Yo, what's up? What's up? The rising water levels suit one group of hunters Amphibians. Yeah, make a splash.   Can I just crush your couch for tonight? Come on, man. He's a distant relative of modern millipedes.  No That's not you know with all the with all the cgi stuff we have today that stupid Adam driver movie they could have been in this period and it would be way cooler horrifying thing 65 million or whatever it was called Just poopy moose Three I think it was just was 65. Yeah, remember but the title was 65 million years ago Oh, that was so clever of it.   The arthropods armor is his best defense I'm sure it happened one time rags, and that's what we saw. Okay.  Yeah At least it did call his friends.  I don't even want to Dragonflies just gonna steal it They have speed and stamina on their side. Yeah. Yeah Meanwhile the spider starts to turn the hole into a hunter's lair Nice I've only had a shovel. Oh If I could invent a shovel or evolve one Evolve a shovel for now. Well, I have this vlog in my face. I did everybody a new home I hope nothing horrible happens She tests the new trip lines.  It goes into the hole I was I was meming I didn't mean it Rags your hatred for this spider translated to the show now I hope you're happy fire ignited by lightning has devastated mesotheli's neighborhood Is the spooder okay? Is he fine? Is he safe? The silk was extra flammable and it cooked the spider Suspends us killing me. However, a petrolacosaurus managed to outrun the flames Oh petrolacosaurus, it's good that they called it that on account of it will be a fossil fuel someday No, no Don't go in there. That's where the spooder is Or is it? Oh, oh Oh, he's cooked. Oh, it's crispy. Look at our water. He's crispy Kansas fried spider Was at the center of the lightning strike Mm crispy critter. Mm-hmm the reptile gets a spider barbecue. Nice. Nice spider barbecue I do like barbecue. Um giant bugs is coming to an end Oh, thank god. Oh I wish the monster insects and spiders can't survive the change But with their efficient hearts and waterproof skin our versatile ancestors flourish in the nude Yeah, a fish and hearts waterproof skin a fish and hearts. Oh my god. Here we go. We're going time Whoa Look at my back lacking restrictive armor means the reptiles can start to make it big.   Uh, okay. Sorry. I got excited. All right. The goobery monsters. They're not dinosaurs This is still the the flute cover a kind of version Oh, look jimmy. Yo, never heard of that place in my life Pro maca Oh, it's a fossil site for early permean vertebrates. All right. Yeah makes sense. Dang. They're hippo sized Where is that? Life in their new bro maca germany. Yeah, wouldn't pay attention to you.  Bro maca. How's is this? Bro maker the many of juice it's like almost in the center of germany Asparagus potatoes Conifers. Oh, wow. Look at that. Wow primitive conifers in this harsh world Creatures need ways to regulate their body temperature Regulators Edaphosaurus are sluggish in the autumn morning chill, but they'll soon warm up Thanks to the huge sail on their backs Back to the water we go Their backbone has tall spines connected by a thin membrane of blood-filled skin This large surface area can lose heat fast if the edaphosaurus need to cool down So Well to heat up they simply turn their sails towards the sun like a solar panel Wow solar panel energy I feel like that's one of those things. We're just like, yeah, check out our cool upgrade. It's like, I don't know how useful that is I mean, that's that's interesting, but I don't know if I want one What have you evolved? It's like Huge fangs Oh, okay, okay, and to them that we have control over our body temperature today I thought we were like in the chill phase now, huh? I'm sure something will be horrifically devoured moment Well, that's one of those dangerous trees over there, so oh no, they're not good at stinking over hills though No Look at how evil he is. Yeah, he's got the black Stripe on him and he's got the oh, look. Yeah, he's yeah, he's scowling This is dimetrodon A vicious carnivore the biggest reptile on earth scheming, but he doesn't know it Does he know he's got a Guinness World Book of Records achievement? Yeah He's gonna you would be so proud Well, I guess the record's being beaten though now. She's pregnant and almost ready to lay her eggs She finds a smaller softer target.  Whoa.  Nice try loses Gee So destroying nature to make this documentary No, I gotta say big clap to the cameraman. He's done some great job, you know Yeah, and this would be pretty scary environment to be in. I'd be terrified.  No, not the slow one She's evolved specialized teeth In sizes shear off chunks of flesh. I don't know. I've heard that they were really good at eating watermelons No, really, that's what a lot of younger creationists say What Before the yeah before the fall of man in the garden of Eden and all that there weren't any Predators, there weren't any carnivores Right. It was the fall of man that created carnivores What so all the fossils and stuff and everything that had all the sharp teeth That was for like eating gourds and watermelons and pumpkins and stuff I'm not memeing. This is what they say I'm being completely serious I feel like that's one of the earlier things you learned about the teeth like the incisors Chop the canines rip first things you learn and then the molars crush like that's just you know and and the A lot of herbivores have like a full set of just molars.  They kind of need those canines by the time the group is finished There'll be nothing left but bones Bones, I love bones though. Bones are yummy. I stole her. I stole it.     Yeah, why can't everyone just get along in this series?  Like is this are you helping me?  Sometimes she's shoveling it on. Sometimes she's scraping it away Like stock. I just have a blanket. Come on No blanket would do it natural Oh Doing this is the way god intended Where's the watermelon? It's now Still the female keeps her vigil Her vigil Wow, what a good mama It didn't make her all the time We started off by saying that she looks evil which in our defense. She does but you know now we understand her struggle Now we understand.  It's like wait a minute. Who do you want?   All you have to do is dig your own hole. We're on the same team It's it's the amphibians that we should meet up.  It would have been easier if you just made a hole. It's a real good hole rags I guess that's just the best hole. It's a great neighborhood. Uh, the price is good.  Wow Painting is famously unfun painting Painting.  We talk like painting pictures or painting like houses and walls. Well. Oh, no If i'm saying the fun one Well, I don't know Just want to be clear Painting rooms is not fun Oh, what a plot twist what a plot twist my god Precious eggs are safe and ready to hatch. Yay The mother can hear them squeaking. She's achieved her goal.  She won't nurture her young Her instinct now is to save herself by finding food time to squeeze out another one Hmm That's a checkpoint. They work on the checkpoint system these reptiles. They don't look back I'm just saying though our method. I mean we ended up winning Yeah for now Make some nice little egg thingies there and make them hatch They take their first steps into a perilous world and are struck by lightning They look kind of sail. They look exactly the same but tiny Yeah, yeah I wonder if it's uh, it's because they couldn't They have time to make it like a baby vision model a danger in a familiar form awaits them Adult dimetrodon are cannibals. Oh, no Just stop laying eggs. So this is like little chicken nuggets running around.  Oh, hello friends. Let's stay in a group together and be safe. Oh god.  I shook that out of intestines the other day Welcome. This is like your first 10 minutes of life. Yeah, oh my god.  What a plot twist. Oh my god, you never know what's gonna happen in the show, you know show weed out weary Yeah, yeah, yeah try to rationalize it Like no, no, no, this is good for them This is good for them. I do this because I love them. Oh Their legs straighten and lengthen holding them more upright at least that one I grew back. That's good. Yeah, that is great It's evolution.  All right.  Oh, yeah, it's like yakub A new age of specialist reptiles has dawned This one is an electrical engineer. Oh boy the light for me and that means we're getting close to the extinction event Oh, no, we worked so hard to get here next time on walking with monsters We enter the world of the first terrifying saber tooth, but find it isn't always size that counts Oh Oh, look at the lumpy boy. Oh, you're not you're not pretty Back to the water Wow, what an answer so fun so much. Yeah, that's fun stuff I guess it is interesting because this is an era of dinosaurs get so much attention That the era that came before that does feel like it gets a bit overlooked Yeah, um, I just I really like, uh, learning how we got from, you know, zero to one to two to three sort of stuff Yeah, yeah, it's interesting to see How do we know this this is oh, like, you know, I wouldn't rely on it for basically anything But it's it's a good sort of broad Over the view of how a lot of things may have happened ish Well, yeah, because I figure we would have learned a good amount in the last 20 years Since this came out. Yeah, like the the one I watched on Netflix is a lot of the stuff in that I learned from this and I was like, oh, that's cool. And then there's lots of new stuff and overlapping stuff and like they go over the not just evolution for the sake of survival or rather the different way because there's only one essential sense of mutation and evolution happening is to increase the um the ability to pass on your genes, right? It's not even survivability necessarily. It's the uh proliferation. I guess survivability in the long game if you survive and then die but leave nothing behind then that doesn't carry through to subsequent generations It's that next generation stuff.  We have decided that it's no longer having that effect But over the course of millions of years, I think that's the thing that gets uh a bit harder to comprehend is Well, I mean it's it's simultaneously harder to comprehend but makes a lot more sense when you you expand it across millions and millions of years Very very very gradual changes that for a long time things were pretty You know that in terms of the span of any individual animal's life Everything would seem like this is the way that it always was for all time But then the longer the time horizon the more the changes the way that the trees would work right because you have like base animal and then it Out of its 10 gajillion evolutions that let's just say 10 of them were pretty good And then those 10 Have the same process then those next have the same process and eventually it's like wait How do we how do we end up now with like a bear a bird and a Human who's like yeah, because they've all gone different directions of all the different results something that's kind of uh Tier zoo the channel tier zoo will refer to like mass extinction events as like a patch Like a When when the dinosaurs get knocked out it's like a balanced patch that enabled uh, you guys need to be Yeah, exactly. It'd be like the idea that the dinosaurs got nerfed or something right, right But it's interesting because because it's like the the idea that each of these animals fills out some kind of ecological niche and If it's not able to fill out some kind of niche then it essentially ceases to exist But as new animals arise they create new ecological niches that need to be filled And it's like just just uh, you know All of all of the different aspects of the environment that will ultimately influence the way that these things develop And how much it can fluctuate depending on what's happening on the planet But also the other animals that are around and an animal that was successful for a really long time The interesting one would be that crocodiles have obviously filled an ecological niche That has persisted for tens of millions of years Uh, crocodiles don't need to change that much compared to humans who We're very new on the uh, yeah, yeah on the the whole time scale of of uh critters Yeah, and uh mammals were like hyper successful before we even took over Well mammals were successful after dinosaurs because during the age of the dinosaurs We were like the underdogs. Well, even competing with the birds reptiles and amphibians.  These are like some really Like successful animals in terms of just being incredibly effective as uh as hunters and survivors Obviously, uh great apes did a pretty good job Rats, you know rats and mice The Netflix series was like But still mammals uh in the form of like whales dominate the sea at least for size And then dolphins and walkers do really well too. Um as much as birds have control of the sky You got bats are in the sky as well So it's like that we've got shit tons of bats in the world is 1,400 species of bat and they make up a fifth of all mammals Really? I didn't know that Sometimes I hear numbers for like different species and I was like, how's there so many and how do I know about this? I thought it was like a bat and that's it The thing that's going though Because gizak video that was interesting is that the vast vast vast majority of animal biomass is on land not in the sea Which I guess makes sense But I always thought like well, yeah, but I mean the seas cover a lot of the ocean is like that's true But most Of the animals that live in the sea live up at the top of the sea Like in the top layers. There's very a lot lot less.  That's like crazy The amount of species we had even just like a hundred years back Oh has been like severely cut down and that's what the uh, I think the network show was trying to argue As in terms of a mass extinction is thanks to a lot of the stuff that we've done Even for bats.  You can see where they'll mark Yeah, this was the historic range and it's like, oh, what is it? Oh, it just covers all of North America Now here's where they actually are and it's a much much much smaller portion of it and Tigers is probably the starkest one. I think tigers like Siberian tigers I believe used to have a range stretching all the way from Russia Like through china through India like basically across the uh across all of asia And now it's just these small little pockets They used to be like a hundred thousand of them probably in the the turn of the 20th century and then by now it's like how many about four thousand Three thousand something like that the introduction in the network show for like actually bringing in and looking at humans as Hunters was um, you know not impressive for any base weaponry essentially but except for their brains and they have like a huge herd of bison and The humans just organize it completely so that they slowly Edge them further and further along this huge plane until they get to a cliff and then they scare all the bison off into one side And then they just Essentially kill like 50 of them with ease with gravity. It's like that was fucking smart Yeah, I understand it The the big buffs that human have is not only being smart But also endurance that we've got like incredible endurance compared to a lot of other animals because of sweat Yeah, we're one of the it's not the best long distance You're right and the reason why is because we sweat Sweat is like an incredibly effective mechanism for cooling down whereas other animals Like the reason why dogs and cats and stuff pants is because that's like a that's one of the best ways that they have of dispersing The heat Right, that's yeah, am I not that right like correct? Yeah, I think that's correct. Yeah, that's what that's Elephants have their chungus is because that's how they get all the heat out or evolving a giant sail Yeah, something like that Oh, look at where we look at how far look how far we've come. Yeah, I remember that guy He was cool. It was a long time ago. I like a long time ago They have survived the giant insects of the swamps and mushroomed into massive reptiles Because what what these creatures are thinking about the whole time is I don't know I have long enough to get to mcdonald's. That's what they want. I just have this giant insects anymore No mcdonald survived to get to burger king Well, maybe that's the big conflict like the arthropods are waiting for burger king But the amphibians are waiting for mcdonald's and Well, depending who goes to mcdonald's The whole planet is entering a different kind of crisis One that will destroy most of these monster reptiles and wipe out 90 percent of life on earth What will the dinosaurs do? We're getting close to that one.  It's completely overgrown He said they basically say like, you know what animal will inherit the earth next It's just like hey, we're doing fine Like we're gonna win. We're gonna be forever Just because every other dominant life form eventually gets destroyed doesn't mean we will Siberia, it doesn't look like Siberia Not going to Australia apparently. Sorry fringy close enough though All the continents on earth have now drifted together to create one giant landmass called pangea And when they hit uh, when they finally slam together all the creatures were like, whoa, did you guys feel that? What was that? Oh my god. Well, they're all in a big big party. They're like, hey We were like the war was separate, but now we can hang out. It's great It's a brutal world where animals have to be especially tough Perfect for reptiles. Good old reptiles hanging out in the sun Yeah, got a little sales can sneak over those dunes as well. It's good This is a one ton Siberian scutosaurus A distant ancestor of turtles Although he has no shell his back is covered in hard bony plates and just as well That's all right. You don't need a shell. Yeah So, yeah, you have plenty about you.  It's vulnerable He's like, hey Look all yeah, he looks all bony and bumpy. Oh, no The flim flam His attacker is a carnivorous gorgonopsid. Oh, no, not the carnivorous gorgonopsid Yeah, that's really bad news for this guy. Look at him already She's fast powerful and equipped with deadly weapons. No hunter has had before Like What you about to find out laser laser beams For she Godzilla the old scutosaurus has no fight left. Yeah, this is one of those like just kill me.     It's penis.  It's a little t. It's a let. Yeah I agree Hey guys huge female gorgonopsid has come looking for a drug That's how I like my female gorgonopsids huge gorgonopsids will do well to keep out of her way We're on this side. You're on that side. We've got plenty of room. She's the top predator on earth There'll be nothing to rival her until the dinosaurs evolve in 30 million years time He's like, oh you guys left. Okay. You're just gonna drink the whole wow. Just jump right through it Probably took some coordination. I guess but unlike the dinosaurs These early reptiles are more closely linked to our ancestors mammals than to lizards and crocodiles Oh, they don't have fur But they've already evolved scent glands in their skin This way everyone can tell when the giant gorgonopsid is around and I'll piss on it do it Yeah Yum sweetest honey.   Yeah, interesting Yeah Curiously for the sparse vegetation that is their food this frequently leads to confrontation We could have been friends No, it's my food. No, it's mine. We could just split it. This is why we know it is it is our food comrade We're trying to eke out a live in here. Didn't you hear the narrator? Are we actually fighting a wee play? Yeah, how many push-ups can you do? Huh loser? This is my tiny shrub There is however one big advantage to living in a crowd You don't get lonely if a neighbor spots danger Everyone soon knows about it Guy's huge fuckers on the way Yeah a gorgon of god hide I heard some eakin over here, and I'm just checking it out I can't fit in there.  Yeah They're being cheeky. Yeah That counts That's right. It's how you use it.    Oh my god.  It's so tiny Oh my god. Oh Wow, you really are That was brave Punching above your weight there, buddy He's like, oh, I thought you were someone else.    Oh, thank god, but there's no rain. Oh, yeah With life under such pressure B.C.'s are dying out at a rate that won't be matched until humans evolve in 250 million years time What are you trying to say in there right? Sorry The waterhole is now no more than a large puddle Just because we're really good at killing stuff doesn't mean it's a bad thing. It's a good thing More adaptable than most they can dig deeper to escape the heat Carving out tunnels in the rock hard mud It was like, eh, eh man, eh man Hey, did you turn down the A-C in here? Get Santa Claus.  I don't know what you're talking about I don't It's not it's not it's like, oh, dammit Oh Oh god artillery Dig deeper go Is this when that one dinosaur movie was set? Hmm, which one? No, the one that like around 2000 or so that the animated one with the monkeys Well dinosaur the disney one dinosaur All right, I guess it it would be later because yeah, because there's a dinosaur Because there are no mammals yet and these aren't dinosaurs and this could well be the first drink they've had in six months Oh, jeez. I've forgotten how to drink Again see this is why they want McDonald's and Burger King. They have refreshments on tap These large reptiles are designed to squeeze out every ounce. Yeah, I know girls like that They cannot chew Their huge stomachs hold stones they've picked up from the desert These help grind the vegetation so their digestive juices can get to work I remember first learning about this form of digestion.  It's like, okay. Yes. Yeah Um, if it works it works. I guess I shouldn't break it. I really don't really want to do crappy work around doesn't it?    They have drunk it dry. Oh god. What happened to the little goober moved on once again In their eternal search for food. He's just left over. He's just in there You know Uh-huh. Like a like a a lone little ice cube at the bottom of the drink after you've you know had it all They represent the plight of all creatures on the continent of panjia Mortal the global drought is now obliterating millions of years of evolution evolution.  Come on.   Yeah, baby Eat that thing Eat the torpid cocoon creature Oh, and look a bit of a goo as well Looks like uh, there's drought man, but not too gooey eventually storm clouds gather But instead of rainwater They bring sand. Yeah, oh Oh, that's not what we need. We didn't agree to this Sand is not very wet. I don't want you to bring sand. That's what we have in abundance here. We don't need any more Yeah, can at least take some away. Yeah, it's a little crazy sand.  Did the sand win? The vast pangean deserts continue to spread snuffing out entire ecosystems Even the mighty gorgonopsid has at last succumbed With no prey even she could not survive. Oh, geez.  Remember that you are dust. Avenge me Avenge me over the next few million years The earth will suffocate under a stagnant blanket of heat Sparking a mass extinction even greater than the one that will destroy the dinosaurs Imagine going through all that pain and suffering torment then finally dying Turning into a fossil fuel being dug up by great apes millions and millions of years later And then fueling a previous but these lads They're fueling a price Yeah, that's these guys are gonna This seems to me how it works.  Yeah, that's incredible. I don't know if I believe that Would Kenneth Brown out lie to us I don't think so these goofy goobers are half the life on earth and I'm like what Are these flies that run so fast that they're like run on their back feet? Yeah They need weights. They need to put like a weight on their To keep them down so they don't fly away and flip a tiny insect eater He may not look much of a threat to the dominant reptiles But the key to his success is in his hip. Oh, yeah The way his thigh bone is attached allows him to run on two legs. Whoa. Well, well That seems familiar the first gamer This kind of agility has never been seen before in reptiles The gamer subs add to soon.  I used to steal lizards like you Respect me Bear me, do you know who I am? Do you know? The monster herds of listrosaurus Hoover up so much vegetation that they constantly migrate to find fresh food. Well green.    Did you make that word up? He's like, yeah, we're making reports all the time Come sunset they begin the dangerous descent It will take several hours Punched him in the face with the tail. It's like, hey, there's only space to move in single file Which leaves them very vulnerable, but it does hide their numbers Hmm. Oh no the night vision Night vision serotops The predators have invented night vision goggles.  They're being watched By a vicious nocturnal hunter Whoa, there is a falion There is a falion. There is a falion There is a falion brings the pain But this hunter doesn't rely on power to make a kill.    The victim collapses, but the herd moves on without concern. They have no social bonds Yeah Sorry, we don't care about you.  I never liked you The therophallions close in for the kill They're all like whoa Anyway, dude. Anyway, glad that wasn't me. You didn't me Dawn at the foot of the escarpment Here the listerosaurus escarpment Escarpment. Yeah. Have you never heard that word before? I don't think I have me neither with open jaws Yo, open jaws. You're the crocodile Chasmatosaurs are the earliest ancestors of crocodiles and alligators. Yeah Their strange overbite means once they get their teeth into a victim There is no chance of escape. Yeah, like with me, but they're here for a special event The annual migration, but it's Jim's birthday It's harry and lucy the 20th anniversary. Put the food in here, okay The river's not the river's not a great place for hunting insects, but he has speed on his side He's like is this a trap this looks like a trap Are you you're in cahoots with a dragonfly Oh run away He's like oh should Don't get me all bad. The chasmatosaurs are drawn towards the water Some of them haven't eaten since the listerosaurus last passed this way a year ago Whoa, okay The front of the vast listerosaurus herd finally reaches the river You know that these guys like are those those proto crocodiles here again Are we the are we just like the shitty default dinosaur that you start out as and everything else gets to be cool and interesting Everything else eats us. Everything just eats us. They're strong swimmers But drowning is not the danger here and the narrator's like, but there's lots of you and you're like And there's lots of chickens They linger at the river's edge reluctant to go in For reptiles, they have relatively large brains and they may remember what happened last year They may remember The other reptiles look at the camera like i'm sorry what? You go first.  We are the gloss one right of figuring out like yeah Is it good to be at the front or at the back to find a place where he can get ashore And every extra moment in the water increases the risk Yeah, better hurry what I like how he's gone. No one else has Brave you know in this case being first is good because it's before that they're ready to get you But you think maybe go with when the most of them are in you should go safety in numbers because everyone else will get eaten, hopefully I mean depending on how they operate in the water probably they want to wait for the first couple who wants to go over So there's more for them to catch Maybe yeah, if you instantly grab a white strategy and the rest will be like, well, we're not doing that Come on, you were brave you went first. I believe in you the first swimmer has made it. Yeah Good job first swimmer bam gets it by lightning See now they're all like, oh, we should go now that now's a good time now's a good time. Yeah, and then they're gonna get eaten The moral is be extremely brave or extremely cowardly. Yeah never in between Maybe they maybe all the alligators saw the first one.  He's got a death wish I'm not missing around with that first guy. He has no fear Those are models again, aren't they?  Oh, no, it's terrible. I can't watch Oh, no I'm not I'm not that upset. They're not really that I like the first brave one, but the rest Plenty of them will make it it's fine. It's like the default fortnite skin of animals and I'm just Most of them don't even care. They're just like, no, yeah I mean, they don't have no social bonds apparently exactly. Oh, what's uh, whatever There's trees over there Although many listosaurus are dead.   This is this is breaking the lore this They've done that like five times already. I know but this is like the biggest most, you know They have the scorpion kill the camera earlier. That was a that was a cheeky one This one he was like guys, what if we just have like animals bump into the camera sometimes and sniff it and they're like, yeah Let's do it. Instead. It is creatures like you park area that are about to usher in a new golden age Oh, nothing. I Eyes are juicy these specialists on two legs will provide a cornerstone for one of the greatest dynasties The world will ever see Oh Look at the crocodile. It's like, oh Jesus Christ. Did you just like level up from discovering a new zone or something? Geez their descendants will become the dominant life form on earth for more than 170 million years And be known as the most notorious monsters of them all. Yeah, look at them I had boys it good to be here. Whoo We did it. We made it to the dinosaurs all jinkins peter thorns Thanks, tina connects you up to to walking with dinosaurs now. You got it completely now We're caught up on all the lore. This is the earth lore that i'm learning about earth lore I like earth lore That's neat. Thanks. Tim hains Yeah, what a legend. Tim hains was out there with the dinosaur.  Oh, yes, this is a great shot It has a great shadow look as if these like trust me. It's for art All right spider down there in the hole. All right stay nice and still so we can have the lightning hit you. All right All right, wait, this is like Lightning what? Yeah, um walking with dinosaurs had 15 million viewers. This only had five million So didn't oh, yeah, yeah, okay I mean, I guess that doesn't make that's not really surprising dinosaurs are awesome and people don't know as much about these fellas Yeah, uh, nathan southern gave walking with monsters a positive review writing that the program was likely to entertain young viewers While encouraging them to think about pre-history But ian johns gave walking with monsters a negative review criticizing its over insistence that every creature was locked in a ruthless battle to rule earth Oh In a way, I understand his perspective. Oh, it's supposed to be fun. It's not like it's actually like they don't even know what earth is I really liked it It's they did really well with the I mean the cgi was pretty good like considering it's like 2004 2005 or something I mean there was this dbc budget and pretty solid. Yeah, and then they look you know, it's an interesting blend of practical Yeah, exactly After these models, I kind of want to see like the full models they used because we only got like Close-ups a couple of times I would have loved it if they just crank it all up way bigger budget way longer show cover more of Pre-history and go into like how things evolve. I think that's uh, that's kind of like where we're at now Though we're in an era where those sorts of uh programs Can exist and thrive a bit more Well, the one thing this is why it's my favorite one out of like all of them Is that those moments where it shows the the animals progressing over time and imagine slowing that down even further and talking about why Like why Any one mutation happens and then multiple ones and then how it develops over time and pushes You know just biology in particular directions and talk about the ones that are like dead ends and how they happen Well, the thing is if we did it now We probably because I think the amount of fossils that we uncover has grown pretty significantly Well, yeah, like I said the last one let me think about this was the netflix one that came out Semi-recent. I don't know how new that is was relatively new and uh, they do it like this But they don't have anything of like the evolving sequences. I haven't seen that in any of these other shows Which is interesting because they put the the scale there Yeah, this is the already Highlighting the biggest changes and why Maybe this is the one that popularized it I remember growing up watching like discovery channel stuff and thinking history channel stuff and they would do stuff like it So, I don't know if that if this is what sort of popularized it Maybe it's just I haven't found it in the right places But I just wish it was in the super high budget stuff, right? You know like the david attenborough morgan freeman Yeah, yeah, imagine the ones that had hundreds and millions behind it. It's like oh, yeah That would be really cool to see, you know 100 million years for this thing to gradually turn into this thing I think what's cool about this one is the whole premise of ground work It's it's trying to say like you have to understand this is like the ground work for what came afterward So if you've ever wondered what's the deal with hearts or eyes or things like that Well, this is where they originated from and why they did which is really cool Because yeah, once you're in dinosaurs You're starting to get to more familiar because it's funny once we got to the end there with the dinosaurs I felt like more comfortable almost Yeah Like oh, yeah dinosaurs like yeah, fuck. Yeah those boys. Yeah Because dinosaurs even though they're obviously very different It's like they feel way more legible as uh as creatures compared to today Whereas yeah for them they felt like a lot more bizarre and strange We are like giants and apes and really weird underground Like you know gopher reptiles or a little yeah I don't think they would have had a brief understanding of the history of basically, you know First form of life two dinosaurs and been like right which ones we highlightings. We have an hour and a half. That's it So no exactly you got to pick and choose I guess the interesting thing is I wonder how they would have been able to ascertain aspects of the behavior based on Fossils I assume a lot of that is very much guessing I I assume what they probably do is they do a lot of comparisons that animals today behave like It's it's one of my favorite again to reference them It's one of my favorite kerzgesagt videos is what did dinosaurs actually look like where like challenges the popular conception of What dinosaurs look like because obviously the artistic impressions were based on You know you're based on the skeletons, but it's worth remembering that if you base it just on the skeleton If you talk like animals from today and try to figure out what they were based on their skeletons without thinking of like fat or Weird like skin flaps and things to recreate boogie based on a skeleton Well, yeah, probably wouldn't look to say right so jelly And of course bearing in mind that good old birds they're the modern dinosaurs You know birds have really interesting behavior and lots of interesting colors and I mean it's that I've talked about a lot Velociraptors with feathers. I like them a lot more than I think the velociraptors are cool, but I like the feathered ones Yeah, being feathered and colorful It is it's a really neat look You get the the Utah raptors and things like that The times also reviewed walking with monsters negatively writing It was full of small mouthfuls of ghoulish factoids and gory suppositions And the monsters look like prototypes for toy manufacturers and computer games And that the programs seem to be aimed at nine-year-old american boys rather than mature british audiences Okay If someone needs like an actual I don't know intellectual defense of it It's to give us an idea of what like what's the worst of their existence and how much they struggled and why they develop the things They do and what they can use them for presenting it as a narrative is way more It was something that we talked about at the beginning of this Learning is fun if you present it in a way that's fun. Yeah So much of what we're aware of like characters almost and you want to you know, you want to watch them and see what happens It's one of the amazing things about like all of the david attenborough nature documentaries is the way that he'll present them as a narrative That's like that's his great strength Obviously aside from the intelligence and the wonderful voice and everything is the Haking what we see in nature and presenting it in a way that's really comprehensible and makes you empathize with the animals Yeah, and like a lot of our understanding of other cultures does come from media as opposed to school You know, I mean like well, yeah everything is you can make a book really interesting if it's got cool illustrations and stuff like that Um, but when you present it in a dry and clinical way Yeah, that that can just be a barrier to entry where where stuff like this is the kind of thing that would make someone go Damn, I want to read a bit more about you know, some of the critters that we saw in this uh documentary Yeah, when we see dinosaurs in all the books and stuff growing up as kids They're they're jumping around and leaping and they're chasing one another And you know they're up on their hind legs on trees and stuff and you're like, oh, yeah They're not just like standing around in this same way that uh, I think people's interest in space and astronomy I mean, I could say for myself like the reason why I like astronomy and space and all that is because of science fiction I like science fiction Dealing with that even if even if it wasn't realistic like rationing clank ain't realistic But that was part of the influence of liking space and science fiction Oh, yeah, oh revolution needs to happen for education to make it more fucking engaging But I was even gonna say like, you know, if someone was watching this in a science class And when they say the arthropods are back I could see the teacher being like, uh, so they never went away I don't know why he's presented it this way. They would there is no round two That doesn't even make sense Is that they weren't always competing with amphibians. They were just life that he's like, we know It's okay. It's fun. It's fun and interesting. Yeah, no one's like, yeah, the chicago cubs are back.   That might just be something they know forever now Because you made it fun. Exactly. What a way in their brain But no instead we played pokemon because That was more fun than than school Because it was like really and it was interesting and you know it had all the stuff going on I feel like um, it's kind of like how the sims was something that inspired people to get into architecture Like the sims is oh, yeah, I can see that much time building houses that actually or you know stuff like sim city Right where you play sim city and that kind of gets you interested in city management Roads and whatnot that there's a lot of different avenues if you can present it in a fun and engaging way That can get people interested in ways that Translate to the real world.  I want to build a city.  We need a fire station. It's like Oh, yeah with practical problems but presented in a gamified way that makes it fun in much the same way that this presents you with You know, I guess at this point probably yeah, there's some stuff where it's probably not accurate anymore But at the very least it's like an entry point By the way, I'm more interested This was shot over two years and it cost three million to make and I don't know three million dollars. Yeah interesting in 2005 The production was envisioned as finishing the story of prehistoric life beginning with walking with dinosaurs in 1999 and continued to walking with beasts in 2001 dinosaurs focused on the mesozoic Beasts on the senozoic and then the monsters completes the trilogy of life. That's really neat Like a full taco thing. You can do with three million dollars. Well, it's right. Be right. It's like You know a safe bet to say that you could have made a hundred of those for you get the bobbles instead like With the marketing costs and stuff the thing is now these these shows get a bigger budget They do is like more of a capacity for them to exist and thrive Yeah, and the like I said watching the newer ones the stuff they capture now is absolutely incredible of like actual just even current life, you know Oh, well, I mean, it's it's something that I remember it was kind of mind-blowing when I saw it But it was one of the it was like a bbc documentary that presented the first ever captured in the wild footage of Of a snow leopards good old tai lung and it's apparently it took them like decades to ever achieve that That was an incredibly difficult thing for them to ever capture Um shockingly self-conscious and camera shy, so yeah, exactly But the thing is is that it's it's almost like the success of it is presenting it in a way that's effortless As though there's no barrier between you as the viewer and and viewing this nature when in reality These are insane logistical challenges that take years and years and years to our to create Although walking with monsters attracted the least viewers and it had the most mixed reviews It won an emmy for outstanding animated program Interesting after outstanding animated program. Does that I wonder how they like um decide How that's one if it has to do with Like the animation itself or how it's incorporated into the In brackets for one hour or more, which is interesting Yeah, the thing is is it out because I have less than an hour is the thick like simpson south park That's you know that would be like the category under half an hour over an hour Is uh, yeah like television specials Yeah, it says like uh The computer graphics of walking the monsters were created by the visual effects company frame store And they were the most sophisticated CGI in the entire franchise with 29 different creatures created in almost 600 vfx shots God damn and then they had animatronics and uh You know burrows and different things created on sets and studios. It's like man That's something that's what I was impressed by with the production is that they recognized even with what they could achieve the limitations And still tried to use a lot of practical environments a lot of the time Practical like interaction between digital Preachers but with physical impacts on like the water and on the ground and whatnot And then the animatronics like it seemed like some pretty intelligent use of the tools that they had And again, three million dollars.  I mean, that's about that's about what the descent cost, right? Was it like three and a half million pounds or three million pounds something like that? Yeah, there are knots Yeah, I can't remember exactly, but um, we've always wasn't much noted how I mean, that's one of the biggest problems with the biggest studios is the absolutely insane spending But uh, no, I spent 200 million dollars on the marvels. That was a great idea Fuck's sake So much money and it's so ass Anyway, I hope you guys enjoyed that very specific strange and special episode of eFab. Yeah. Yeah Yeah, that was interesting. It was a great idea. I enjoyed that I figured you guys would have seen it. Maybe I didn't know because uh, no, I've no I've not seen Always fun program for this fun But apparently it ran in Germany. It's this pulse even that's that's a german channel. So It must have ran here at some point I've always known it to be like have decent amount of fans. I didn't realize it was like the most the worst reviewed out of the law I was like, oh Here is something that I think it might have needed. Um If you're getting people into this sort of thing, I think that a The the fact that things evolve in such ways Is presented very matter of factly Which is okay if you're an adult But especially if it's for younger audiences Giving the baseline explanation of what evolution really is You know Would probably be helpful Yeah, and it wouldn't take too long at the beginning but to say like yeah Like you might think at first that you know, it it this amazing transformation takes place over You know an uncountable amount of generations tiny piece by tiny piece and it's little by little And it's all about adaptation and what little changes happen And every creature is a mutation from its parents. That's why you look different from your parents And some mutations are beneficial most are just don't you never even notice them? Some are bad some are good and sometimes those good little mutations can help that species You know or that individual survive and spread their genes and so you act that you know Rack that up over millions of years and you have you know, what eventually amounts to big changes And I think that's the kind of thing that it probably needs at the beginning Give that very baseline entry level of here's what evolution is Yeah The eye thing that we were talking about right as a starter just as a sense of a creature that is searching for light And how yeah you have the little goobers on the ground in the on the on the Floor of the the ocean and then a shadow passes over it And then it like scurries away because it recognized that there was that like all of a sudden the light went away Like but how does it know because the first version of eyes, you know The the ancient descendants of our eyes are on this creature because it just likes sensitive cells And then maybe as the show goes on you could always return to the eyes like the eye gets a little bit better And so by the time you're near the end It's like now they could see like you know shapes and colors and things of distance And is some even have can see underwater clearly because they have film over their eyes or something like that And that would have been neat to take one element that all these creatures pretty much share And see how it gets more complex and changes over time I still think it was a grand effort and it's unfortunate. It was not yeah very engaged with apparently, but hey We like it. So yeah, I like it. I'm glad it exists and I'm sure a lot of my kids were too It's good stuff. Okay. Bye. Bye. Bye.  Ah, that's right be careful


At IEEE, we know that the advancement of scientific and technical knowledge has always been the engine that quality of life has been improving because of things we do. As a public charity, IEEE, its mission includes using technology to improve global conditions along with universal and affordable access to internet in the poorest countries of this world. As a Secretary General of IEEE, you, Ms. Bogdan-Martin, lead your members, the transformational contribution to forging a better world, you have emphasized the need for digital transformation to achieve economic prosperity, gender equality and socioeconomic inclusion. It is my honor to recognize as a transformational leader and an IEEE member. So the commitment you made to bridge the digital divide globally. IEEE President Saifur Rahman, IEEE Board members, members of the IEEE community, I am honored and deeply grateful to accept this prestigious award. What a humbling experience to be in the company of giants like the late Catherine Johnson who did so much for space exploration and for women in tech. I've always had a deep fascination for space since the days of Apollo 11. We live at a time of unprecedented opportunities made possible by transformational new technologies. It's our responsibility to ensure that they serve humanity, all of it. This decade will be decisive in achieving sustainable digital transformation while leaving no one behind. It's ITU's mission, it's my top priority and I know it's something that we share with the entire IEEE community. So thank you again for this incredible honor which I accept with a deep sense of responsibility as we build together our shared inclusive sustainable digital future. Thank you.


Hello everyone, myself Sandeep Javeri, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering from Valtryan Institute of Technology, Sholapur. In today's session, we are going to discuss problem on DLMR principle for lift which is in motion. This is a part of dynamics and the subject is engineering mechanics. The learning outcome at the end of this session students will be able to solve problem on DLMR principle for lift which is in motion. Now before starting the problem on DLMR principle, we first know or we should understood what is the DLMR principle. So the statement is the DLMR states that the impressed forces which are acting on the body are in dynamic equilibrium with inertia forces of the body under motion. So to understand this, let us consider this body having mass m and which is moving in the right foot direction and it is subjected to external forces f. If there is a friction exist or if you consider the DLMR principle then it says that during the motion of this body there exist inertia force which try to tend it to the opposite direction. So this inertia force is acting in the opposite direction. So the mass is replaced by the weight that is mass into access into the gravity mg. So or we can say this mass is represented by W by G. This mass is represented by W by G. So DLMR principle states that the resultant of external forces and the inertia force is always 0. This is the condition of dynamic equilibrium. So if you write down the expression for this, you are getting f minus W by G into a equal to 0. So we are considering summation of force in x direction equal to 0. So we are getting f that is a force which is acting on a body having mass m is equal to W by G into a. So here this DLMR principle says whenever the body is in motion there exist an inertia force which is opposite to the reaction of motion and there exist a dynamic equilibrium. So now let us consider the problem, a lift carries a weight of 100 Newton and is moving with a uniform acceleration of 2.45 meter per second square. Determine the tension in the cables supporting the lift when lift is moving downwards and lift is moving upwards. Take accession due to gravity as 9.80 meter per second square. So here there are two cases given. One is lift is moving in downward direction and the lift is moving in upward direction and we are supposed to find out the tension in the cables in both the cases. Let us consider the solution for this. We require the free board diagram for the lift which is in motion that is in downward motion. So as we know let T be the tension in the string this is because of the cable which is attached to the lift. This is a lift this is say rectangular shape. Now the motion of the lift is given as downward direction. So this is the accession direction is given that is nothing but the direction of motion. Now according to DLM principle there exists an inertia force that is W by G into A that is W is the weight of the lift that is 100 Newton. Now the weight of lift is acting in a downward direction that is shown here. So what are the forces which are acting on the body that is shown by the free board diagram. So there are different forces which are acting on the lift one is T there is a tension in the cable then there is a weight of the lift itself that is 100 Newton and the inertia force according to DLM principle that is acting in opposite to the direction of motion that is W by G into A. Now from this expression we are getting one equation that is if you consider all the forces in an equilibrium and applying the DLM principle we are getting T plus W by G into A equal to W we are considering upward forces are positive and downward forces are negative. So these are the upward forces and this is the downward force. So T plus W by G into A is equal to W if you put the value of W as 100 and G as 9.81 acceleration as 2.45 then we are getting the tension in the lift or tension in the rope as 24.97 Newton. Now consider the case 2 that lift is moving in the upward direction for that again we have to consider the free board diagram. So in this diagram the lift is moving in upward direction so this is the direction of motion and T is a tension in the string and W is a weight which is acting what you can downward through the CG of this body. Now inertia force is acting opposite direction of motion that is in downward so it is given by W by G into A. Now rewriting the equation now we are supposed to write the equation by using the DLM principle. So according to the DLM principle considering all the vertical forces in the equilibrium so T minus W by G into A minus W equal to 0 so T that is the tension in the string is equal to W into 1 plus A by G equal to 0 put the value of A as 2.45 G as 9.81. So we are taking out the W that is a weight common that is 100 so we are getting the tension in the cable as 2249.949 say 250 Newton. So this tension is almost 10 times than that of the previous case so in previous case we are getting the value of tension as 24.97 it is nearly about 25 Newton when the lift is moving in a normal direction and when lift is moving in upward direction we are getting the tension in the cable is almost 10 times that what we obtained in the previous case. So it is obviously more because when lift is moving we are entering in the lift so we feel that there is a heavy weight when we are inside the lift because our direction of motion is opposite to the acceleration due to gravity and when lift is moving downward that is in the direction of acceleration due to gravity so the tension which is created in the lift is in the cable is less now you are supposed to pause the video and answer this question so here in this problem a lift has an upward acceleration of 1 meter per second square and the question is what reaction offered by the man having weight 600 Newton on the floor of the lift. So for this we had to first draw a freeboard diagram let us consider the freeboard diagram a man is entering the lift having weight is 600 Newton and this is a floor which is in contact with that man and there is a resistance is offered from this floor that is R so let us consider A be the acceleration of the system that is 1 meter per second square given W is the weight of the man that is 600 Newton and R is the reaction offered by the man on the floor and mass of the man in kg that is written as W by G so that is 600 by 9.81 now using the freeboard diagram of the lift which is moving upward direction we are getting this freeboard diagram this is the direction of motion direction of inertia force is opposite to that direction of motion now using the DLM principle at dynamic equilibrium considering the vertical forces so consider upward forces are positive now what as negative so R minus W minus W by G into A equal to 0 so W is 600 put the value of W as 600 9.81 as G we are getting R is equal to 661.16 Newton so when lift is moving upward we are feeling heavy weight or we are offering the more resistance reaction offered by the man during upward motion of the lift is equal to 661.16 Newton now you are supposed to pause the video and answer this question these are the answers as we know DLM principle direction of inertia force is opposite to direction of motion and when lift is moving upward direction of the reaction offered by the man having weight W is on the lift is given by R is equal to W plus W by G into A so A is the right answer these are the references which we are considering for the creation of this video thank you.


The Portland Water District has an extensive education program to teach students the importance of protecting and preserving our vital water resources. They recently hired two new environmental educators, and Brian Knoblock talked with Meg Rounds about the educational resources the district has to offer. Meg, tell me what an environmental educator does. An environmental educator does a lot of different things. We will go out into the classrooms and teach monthly lessons. Karina and myself both have our own set schools where we teach our lessons, and we will go out teach lessons to the same students every month for about seven months. And in addition to that, we run a little Lake Steward story time here at the Ecology Center. We do that once a month, roughly around the second or third Friday of each month. We are on planning committees for water festivals and events. We put on water events over the course of the school year for students and for children and families in the community. So those seven months, is there sort of a set curriculum, a progression of classes? There is. We have a curriculum. I printed it out for you, and that curriculum just shows that all of our lessons kind of build on the previous one. So at the end of the seven months, the students walk away with very solid background and source protection, how water works in our world. And what do the lessons look like? Are they hands-on experiments or what are they? A lot of labs, hands-on activities, games. The students have a very short period of time where they are actually listening to me teach, and a lot of self-investigation. So they will actually manipulate water, manipulate materials, and learn on their own over the course of doing research in a lesson. So what kind of classes and sessions do you have here at the Ecology Center? We do the Little Lake Stewart Storytime. It is directed for three to six-year-olds, and we read stories, do crafts, play games, educational activities, and we also provide a really awesome snack. And what kind of background and training do you have to do this sort of work? I am an educator. I went to Keen State College for secondary education, and then I had two years experience working at a small K through 8 school in Dumberston, Vermont. I moved up here about a year and a half ago, and I started my employment here. And why does the water district hold these classes? What's the purpose behind them? We have these classes because we really care about keeping Tobago Lake clean. It's our drinking water resource for much of southern Maine, and we hold the quality of the water to a very high standard. So as long as the people in the community are aware of how important this water source is, we believe that they'll continue respecting it the same way that we do. So we hope that by reaching out to 4 through 6 graders that that sense of belonging, that sense of this lake belongs to me, I need to take care of it. We'll stay with them throughout their entire lives. Environmental educator Carina Brown demonstrated one of the lessons they teach the students. One of the lessons that we do is with watersheds, and that's the lesson we'll be doing in November. So when we talk about watersheds with the students, we say it's defined by an area and the boundaries are high points in the land, such as mountain ridges. So what we do is we have a piece of tinfoil set up and it's in the shape of kind of like a simple mountain. So we have the students draw on the edges of it in two separate colors right on the edge of this boundary. Because what we ask them to do is to rain on the mountain so they can see how water falls on land and we'll either go into onto one side of this divide or the other. And then the water base marker that's on the mountain edges really shows you which way the rain is falling. So on the blue side the water has fallen down and it's very clear because of the water base marker. And then on the other side we've got the red, what we would say the red watershed or the blue watershed. So they get to manipulate water and how it would fall over land in this lesson. So we also bring maps in for the students so they can really see the Casco Bay watershed, which is what our kind of focus on is this Casco Bay and the Sabago Lake watershed. We bring these overlays that really define the boundaries of the Casco Bay watershed. And then we also bring one for the Sabago Lake watershed, which being the Portland Water District is our big focus. Karina, what's the best part about working with the children? Probably the best part about working with the students is seeing their intuition click in when you teach them something new that they haven't looked at in this way and then they start asking you questions. Like you didn't really think that they would look at it this way and you see their minds saying, wow, I've never thought about water in this way and how I can impact water. Do you think that the lessons that you have really helped them understand the water system better? I feel like we give them a nice broad overview and then I think it's something that's going to last with them because they've really invested in this. They're really getting their hands in there, they're getting dirty, they're getting wet, they're having fun, they're taking stuff home. I know students who have gone home and told their parents all about what they learned that day. So it's not like they walk out of that classroom and just forget everything we just did.


Here are a few easy ways that you can stay focused while studying. The first one is to have an easy in and out. The most difficult part about studying is actually getting started. So sometimes one of the easiest things you can do is give yourself two easy tasks at the start and the end of a study session. Number two is to have some kind of phone block. Now for most students, including myself when I was in medical school, my phone was easily the biggest source of distraction. So one of the things I would do is either leave it in a different room or use an anti-distraction app. My favorite being to stay focused. Apps like these allow you to block all the different apps in social medias as well as URLs that you easily will get distracted by. When you turn them off at the very end of your study session. And then finally and probably the most important is make sure you differentiate the time that spent planning on what you'll be studying and then when it's time to study actually getting to work. Often the reason for distraction and lack of focus is uncertainty of what you should be doing during that study session. But if you have a different time block on a Sunday afternoon where you plan the rest of your week, then when it's time to study, you just commit to the task that you put on your calendar. Now, if you enjoyed those tips and strategies and want more to help you on your medical journey, make sure you hit that like and follow and subscribe for more content just like this.