risk assessments. So, Kala, you said you wanted to make some kind of creative... Yeah, I mean, no, not really, any creative at all, but as we are a class... Yeah, no, I want to move. It's okay for you. Ah, because of the... Okay. As we are a class and as we have to stay together for a week, I think it's nice for you to introduce yourself. So, please say who you are from where you are from and what is your main research field. Just, you know, to start to knowledge. How long do we give that little exercise? The exercise? What? Yeah, for people to speak. We don't... Not too long each one. No, just the name from where and the main field. You're perfect. So I am going around and I will handle the... Oh, they can, you know, pass the microphone like that. Hello, my name is Kwadu Kwame. I'm a medical doctor. I'm working at the Pasteur Institute of Côte d'Ivoire working in environmental health and I've been starting... I've been started working on air pollution and health recently with Isabella team and with Miriam. Nice to meet you. Thank you. Hello, I'm Alia Syed from Pakistan. I'm a bachelor's student and working on work-turbine disease. Thank you. Hello, everyone. I am Lazy Zilam Rawi from Meteor France. I am a researcher in the field of pollution and the air quality. So for many years I have worked in this field and now I want to see what is the application of the air quality fields on the Hilton Pact. Only the participants or only the lecturers? I'm a research professor in France, both at French Institute for Research in Developing Countries and the French Institute for Agriculture and Agronomy.  Hi, I'm Miriam Rad. I'm an assistant professor at the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Balamand in Lebanon. I work on the effect of air pollution on health and I will be presenting the study on Beirut on Thursday. It's Raymond Haj. I'm an instructor at the same faculty, same university. I'm currently a PhD student. My project is about air quality, indoor air quality actually and health effects. My expertise, I come from a microbiology background. Good afternoon, everyone. My name is Alis Rour. I come from Lebanon. I work at the Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission as a researcher at the accelerator laboratory. One of our topics is the... we use ISAP as a sampler to collect the aerosol samples, basically 2.5 micrometer. We work also on archaeological samples and some other environmental samples. Thank you. Thank you. Hi, I'm Elena de Angelis. I'm from Italy. I'm an environmental engineer and I'm a PhD student in technology for health at the University of Brescia and I work in the environmental control system group in the mechanical department. And my research field is the use of integrated assessment modeling to evaluate the effective air quality policies. Hello, everyone. I'm Praveen Kumar from Patna, India. And I am working as a post-doctoral fellow there. And my area of research is climate change, its impact to climate-driven vector-bound diseases. And I basically do deal with the climate models and simulations and climate-driven disease modeling. Hello, everyone. Myself Sadafadima. I am from Delhi, India. And I am working on the topic atmospheric aerosols and associated human health effects. Thank you. Hello, everyone. I'm Atar Singh from Agra, India. And I am working on physicochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols and its impact on climate as well as human health. Thank you. Thank you. Sorry, Eric. Thank you. No, no, it's just... My name is Hannah Elfum from Ghana. I work with the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission. And I'm involved in air quality dispersion modeling as well as monitoring. And we are also involved with the application of the XRF as well as accelerator and the reactor for profiling of elements. Thank you. Good afternoon. My name is Bethul Mutay from the Department of Meteorology of the University of Nairobi. I'm a meteorologist by training with research implications in remote sensing and air pollution. I just finished my PhD on the linkage between climate change, air pollution and respiratory system. My name is Mohamed Burai. I'm beginning my PhD in the field of atmospheric and environmental physics, especially the relation between air quality and health impact. This study will be in Cairo in Egypt. Thank you. Good afternoon. My name is Mustafa Nazir, assistant professor in the National Research Center in Egypt. My field of research is astrophysics. And recently, I am redirecting to the health impact and its relation with climate change. I am Ali Waheda from Egypt, associated professor, specialist in atmospheric physics and work on climate change and air quality and its impact on health. Thank you. Gamel Gamel, lecturer of meteorology, climateology, Cairo University. My current research activities study extreme events, climate change projections from GCM RCM cortex models over Egypt and Nile basin countries. My name is Ornita Spasova, assistant professor in the National Center of Public Health and Analysis in Sofia, Bulgaria. My background is climatology from Geography Department of the University of Sofia Geology and Geography Faculty. I am interested in climate change and public health issues. Hello everybody. My name is Cyril Mizzoui. I come from Cameroon. I am working on air pollution, particularly urban air pollution. And now looking how to relate urban air pollution to health. Okay, thank you. My name is Komkwa Bienda. I am assistant professor at the University of Chang in Cameroon. I am working on climate variability, especially my research have to do with the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on climate variability over Central Africa. Thank you. Hi, my name is Sarah. I'm from Iran. And I work at air pollution forecasting department of Tehran. Hello, my name is Maria. I'm from Iran. I'm a pleasure student in remote sensing and GIS and we use them as a tool in environmental monitoring. Hello, I am Madhav Giri from Nepal. I teach in Tribune University there in Kathmandu, Nepal. And my background is environmental science. Thank you. Hello, my name is Dia. I come from Indonesia. I'm a researcher from National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia. And I'm doing a research on the application of nuclear analytical technique in the chemical composition characterization of airborne particulate matter, especially in PM 2.5. And actually my institution have a collaboration to do the air quality monitoring in 17 sites in Indonesia and it's still going on. And it's very... I'm interested in making an assessment of health impact because we have a lot of data of PM 2.5, but we cannot further utilize for the health impact. And that's why I'm here to know more about the health impact assessment. Thank you. Hello, I am Katalina Markulet. I am from Romania. I'm working in the Institute of Geography of the Romanian Academy. And my main research activity is in climatology and climate risks. Thank you. Hey, all. My name is Maurizio Gualchieri. I'm from Italy, from the National Agency for New Technologies and Sustainable Development. I work mainly in aerosol characterization and in vitro toxicology of particles. Thank you. Hello, good afternoon. I am Massimo Stafoggia. I am a statistician as a background and I'm a senior epidemiologist in the Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Region in Rome. I will speak later about quality modeling and measurements and today about population rates and the basic... we need to do health impact assessment. Okay, so... I think there is one... There is someone else? Sorry. Yeah, two more questions. Good afternoon. I'm Benjtif Abteh from Morocco, from the National Center of Energy Sciences and Nuclear Techniques. I'm interested in application of nuclear techniques for characterization of aerosol in urban cities. And then I worked actually on the use of modeling tools for forecasting the behavior of aerosols. Thank you. Good afternoon. I am Dr. Ramiz Shubbar from Iraq. I am chief of physics and refinery and I also give lectures in Al-Mustansariya University in Baghdad. Last year I finished my PhD in South Korea. I work in air pollution and modeling of air pollution and I used very complex model named Kalbaf. After six months I control on this model. Thank you. There is one more person. I think at the last, but not the least, as we said. Another continent. Hi, I'm Cara Maisano. I'm originally from the U.S. but I live and work in France, in Paris, which is now the Sorbonne University. I work in environmental epidemiology, focusing mainly on air pollution including health impact assessment. I think the variety of the world is guaranteed. We met someone from Australia. Go back. We have a good mix between climate change people and air pollution people, which is very nice. I'm afraid we have few people just from the health side. So, me, I'm one from the health effect evaluation. So, I'm afraid, not to get you so bored, but the course is on the why we are measuring the exposure because we want to do something about the health effects. So, it's important. I think we'll be brief, let's say half an hour, because I want just to summarize and maybe start to introduce some definition. And then you will have other specific lessons on one of these topics. It's important to understand the base because otherwise, as we use, sometimes there is not so clear about epidemiology when we are talking about health impact. So, I want to try to just to start and try to define. As I told you this morning, I'm an environmental epidemiologist working in Rome, both on environmental studies, but more recently on the health impact study, especially on air pollution. You will see a lot of example coming from the air pollution, but the importance is to understand the methodology. Then you can change the exposure but all the other stuff will be like the one we are going to present. Okay. What are we talking about? Let's say that we have an exposure. This exposure can be a chimney, so an industry, or can be noise as Isabella told this morning. This is Rome. The acoustic map of the traffic noise in Rome, in Italy, traffic comes from cars, so you can see a nice map of the main streets in Rome. Noise is an exposure in environmental epidemiology. Or you can have PM, yes, PM 2.5 air quality. So the maps of concentrations on the ground coming from this particular matter, pollutants of the air. So we have an exposure. We can measure or estimate that and we have people living in these areas. So our question is, is this exposure to this noise, air pollution, climate or what else, industry, environmental factor associated with an effect or a change in the health status of population exposed? I say a change because sometimes the exposure can be a benefit. Let's think about green, blue, water, trees. We know that they can bring beneficial effects of the population exposed. But when we talk about pollutants coming from industry or from traffic, we are talking with an effect an adverse effect. So a change. We are talking about the change in the health status of population exposed. So all this week will be to create knowledge, evidence-based knowledge to let our politicians, this is not just for science. This is not only to write a very good, very well-published paper, but health impact assessment is about to provide people who have to decide evidence-based knowledge that they can use to do something. Health impact is related to interventions. It's not just the description of the health effect. So let's start about that. We are working because we want that someone else, not us as technicians or scientists, use our results to do something. So what we need is a recipe. We need an exposure that could be measured or estimate and we will talk later with Massimo and also tomorrow how we can estimate the exposure. Then we need a completed pathway. This morning someone, probably Bernard, asked how we can say that this disease is related to that outcome. That should be a biological possibility of course, and we have to study or let experts to study on that, but there will be a complete pathway that start from the exposure and finish at the health status of the population. And then we want a comparison. We want to compare people exposed with people non-exposed. So if in this comparison people exposed have a higher rates of mortality, morbidity, drug consumption which you can choose the outcomes depending on the data that you have. But if the exposure is related to the outcomes we will find a higher increase of the morbidity or mortality status in the people exposed. And then this effect should be plausibly related to the exposure. Otherwise I think garbage not science. So at the very beginning we should have a hypothesis that we want to test. And how can we assess exposures? I'm not a technician in exposure. The majority of you in the audience are better than I. So you probably can agree with me in this table that put in a scale starting from the best which is the biomonitoring because if we found in human body fluids, blood nasal fluid something that is exogenous that we cannot have biologically in our body it comes from the external. So the biomonitoring is the perfect exposure assessment study when we want to define the individual exposure of a population. Because for sure they are like monitorings. There are people living in an area with an industry or with a high level of air pollution if we found in their body metals or dioxin or whatever you want to test that's the best way to define the exposure. But biomonitoring studies are very expensive we need a lot of money the sample size is an issue and it's related to the amount of money that you have so it's impossible to biomonitor the whole population. So we have you know the validity of our study and we can measurements we have by routine monitoring monitoring the air quality of let's talk about air pollution as an example we can estimates and Massimo is going to explain how and we can use at the very end but so bad if you don't have anything else it's nice to start a study asking people sometimes also other kind of science such as I don't know focus group or social science can be important if you don't have data because we know the people from US as every every I mean also people coming from the north from Rome in the Mediterranean and I can tell there is some differences between USA and south Europe and then to Africa or East so it's good to have data and to work hard to collect data to you know to let your data become every year better and better and better so you can use you can use them in future so exposure then we will have plenty of lessons on that biomonitoring is a definition the definition is the concentration of biomarkers in blood or urine it's the perfect indicator of human contamination and we will have a specific lesson on human biomonitoring and another one on plants and ecological biomonitoring why we want because we know for sure that the contamination of soil or plants of animals can act with the human body through the shade because we eat vegetables coming from that contaminated soil we can drink water with some contamination and we breath so everybody can come enter our body and produce an health effects that we want to estimate exposure assessment we can start simply with monitony but we will have nowadays the knowledge is extremely enhanced and maximal in half an hour we talk about satellites data to define the exposure and also sensor arriving at the data fusion which is the new frontier of the knowledge in exposure assessment but also the estimation the dispersion modeling because we can using the models and we will have the tomorrow day dedicated on how you can use dispersion modeling because there are a lot of materials for free from the internet so you can you just have to bring your own data but you can use meteorological fields available in the data sets that are for free and it's easy to obtain and we will talk tomorrow about that but how the general idea is that we have an emission source can be a chimney can be an area let's talk about waste for example waste disposal sites and we can follow the particles through into the atmospheres the particle starts to react with other particles transforming something else everything depends of meteorological conditions and orography and so we can wow are we saying that because at the end these particles emitted from our source will end on the ground and in the ground there are people living so we can provide in our research a concentration a quantity an amount of particles that can be measured and can be associated with people using for example the residential address so we don't have to ask people or to biomonitor in them or to do something else just simply having the address of all the people residents in that sites the results of the dispersion modeling using a JIS system we can provide a sign to each individual and we can use an annual average concentration monthly whatever we want so we need emissions we need the meteorological files and we need information about the orography and those sorry here some example this is a test simulation we have two sorts and as you can see depending it's an hour image so in 24 hours depending on orography is the same but depending on the meteorological condition the particles will disperse in different ways so can concentrate in one side of the area or another one this is another example in a city Florence in Italy we have this vertical building which is Campanile di Giotto one of the main beautiful church that we have in Italy and this is traffic and as you can see the Campanile which is I don't know the English for Massimo Help clock no it's not clock it's the well the bell of a church is I don't know but it's at the vertical building maybe I don't know bell tower of a church and the traffic coming from the main street the emissions and then the constructions are influenced by the orography in this case the size of the building and this is another simulation horizontal level but you can see how the pollutants can react and surrounding the buildings and this is extremely important when we talk about people living in urban context we will have maybe one main street and other streets with less traffic, less car traffic but still influence and the dispersion modelling can help you in define the exposure both of people living in the high traffic zone and people living not in maybe in a quiet because air is everything it's not noise for noise if you have a barrier that's it more or less the decibels stopped but for air pollutants is not like that and at the end what we will have we will have this one which is the medium average in a year concentrations maps this is the city of Rome the violet is where the pollutants are more concentrated this is NO2 so traffic and depending on the traffic yellow and green area so in each square people live and if we have the addresses of the people we can assign the estimated is not the true way the estimated exposure of people living in that square so in the last 20 years we have learned some lessons from dispersion models and biomonitoring they are both very useful biomonitoring will be the perfect choice but it depends on how much money you have to start the campaign but any they are two different methods to estimate the exposure and what is important is to define the spatial concentration people living in violet are more exposed the people living in green so it's something that you can tell I mean it's they are differently exposed which is important for epidemiology because we need the contracts exposed and not exposed to define if these pollutants is related with the outcomes or not and very important biomonitoring reflects recent exposures so if you if we start a biomonitoring campaign we found maybe high level of metals, cadmium or I don't know, arsenic in the urine of people this is a very recent exposure let's say three up to six months not more and it's important and the human contamination come mainly from the food some other definition global burden of disease this morning we we we look at some results but what is this exactly is an amount is the magnitude of the impact because in blue we have the exposed and they not exposed the attributable effect the risk the extra risk is you know the red part which is completely attributable to the exposure which means that if we remove the exposure we cannot tell difference between exposed and not exposed so that this is what global burden of disease want to indicate the magnitude of the impact of the pollutant I'm sorry for boring you with very very easy definition but I think it's important for those who maybe are not familiar with the definition to listen and global burden of disease 2010 now there is another release more recent but just to say that ambient air pollution is one of the 10 risk factor for the health of people the global burden of disease means globally considering all the factors coming from environmental factors and not environmental for example first row we have high blood pressure which is the most heavy the determinants of the health of a person then we have tobacco smoking then we have alcohol use individual risk factors are the first three and we can do something because we could not don't smoke reduce the alcohol consumption do sports to decrease the high blood pressure but what about our pollution individually what we can do is something that we cannot do I mean we have to breath so it's something that someone else let's say the politicians or people take decision have to do but just to say that ambient particular matter pollution is one of the first in the first lines so global burden of disease is the amount what is health risk assessment is a process that we use to define the toxicity of an element is there a relation with this element and the risk for health of people involved it comes from the very beginning was related this is the first USA EPA definition it was related to chemicals so the toxicity of the chemicals we can use the risk assessment formula to define the risk for a lot of cancer and this use also for radiation for nutritional factors for socioeconomic factors and mainly on cancer is a process the objective is to estimate toxicity and this is a tool for translating the findings of research into science based risk management risk management what we can do to reduce the exposure of the population exposed in occupational epidemiology for example this is a very common practice because we want to reduce the level of this toxic toxicant element because in order to prevent the health status of people exposed so it's a process start from the hazard identification then the exposure assessment you will see a lot of GIS example because everything is impractical GIS based approach because our goal is to define if there is an association between an exposure and an outcome then we can calculate the number of attributable cases as just explained this morning for climate and air pollution and we can talk of the year so I've lost or the dailies or attributable mortality cases and that's it so anyhow this is we are talking about a scientific process so we need the protocol we have to take into account a very well defined hypothesis at the very beginning because through our process we want to answer that question and risk assessment depends of the amount of chemical in the soil, water or air and the contact to be a toxic there should have been a contact between this particular element and a human body epidemiology my field again the aim is to estimate the effect of exposure of interest so this is a chimney all living around this is a real real example that we perform in Italy the dots black dots are the residential address that we ask at the municipality so they provide a very nice file with the address with all the change of address because when we talk about 20 years 30 years 40 70 I mean we are talking about the general population in there we can take into account also of address when they change address because it's important so we have the maps coming from the dispersion modeling this chimney you know the in orange and in green you can tell some differences in exposure the maps strongly depend on the wind and the meteorological aspects so we can have when we in the past in environmental epidemiology we used distance from the search so we define a point the search and then radius one kilometer two three four because the the hypothesis is that living close to a industry is bad for your health but now we know that everything when we talk about pollutants in the air everything depend of the meteor so you can see that maybe the people living very close are less exposed than people living so far and that's something now we can tell because we have the availability of the dispersion model and how we can tell that that this industry that those chimneys are an odds are the full delta of people because we will have people exposed and cases I don't know lung cancer among them and people on exposed and cases lung cancer because we have to take into account that all the disease have multifactorial factorial determinants so you can have lung cancer both because you smoke and you live close to the industry and you have an occupational job risk at the occupational level and so we will have cases among the exposed people and cases among those not exposed and the epidemiology is very simple because it's a comparison we put at the numerator the number of cases coming from the exposed and at the denominator the number of cases so simply algebra is mathematics simply compare this ration if this ration is higher than one it means that we have more cases in the exposed people and the opposite if so we can tell very easy well I mean it's a PhD ten years but just to understand the principle is a comparison so in epidemiology what we don't have to be wrong is in the exposure because if you failed to define very well the exposure we can do you know provide wrong messages and the ambition of all the epidemiologists would be to measure causal relationships we would like that these determinants has been the major causes of the disease that we are measuring this morning they said how what are the organs and Isabella explained very well that for example of particular matter the PM2.5 or the ultra fine they are so small that they can go directly into the blood and we can have damage of all the Isabella already explained this morning and also when we are exposure now we know that we are exposure all steps of our life even before we in a very very early stage ok so the goal of epidemiology is to assess relationships we want to have the perfect curve the increase of the exposure we observe an increase of the outcome but not always the relationships is so clear those are example coming from the study our study in Rome you can see I'm not going to explain but just to say that relations sometimes is not clear is difficult the interpretation is difficult and just to told you that we need the comparison also with other groups internationally that maybe are working on the same topic so we can compare if two different studies very well conducted big cohort say the same maybe is something going on so that's not we would like the perfect exposure relationships but sometimes is not like that and we can have we can use short term long term effects of air pollution we can use a lot of outcomes depending on what we have because sometimes if you have only mortality ok let's go that use mortality now there are a lot of other that can be used for acute effects we usually the study are temporal differences when in a scale of one year 10 years, 20 years we have a lot of information of the exposure and we can see that maybe the mortality or the morbidity follow the patterns just comparing that is always a comparison and also we can study chronic effects using the maps the general differences in exposed and not exposed person so why we perform an epidemiology study because we want to provide this decision and we want we would like to have them translated into intervention is not always like that and I think you all agree with me now health impact assessment is not the same as epidemiology we conduct a study we measure the exposure we provide the dose response relationships at the end we will have a risk or I don't know attributable risk I mean but a number of the estimation on the risk health impact assessment use results coming from epidemiological study so we don't have to start a cohort study because in epidemiology the best study design is the cohort approach because it's prospective one we will be sure that the exposure and then the outcomes because we are following the people in our data but it's extremely long period and we need money because sometimes to conduct a prospective one it will take 1, 2, 3 years and sometimes we don't have so much time to take a decision if an industry is killing the people living nearby they always they prefer to put money for an epidemiological study in order to postpone the time of decision because when an industry or the levels of pollution are so high the only thing that you can do to prevent the effect is to cut the emission to reduce the population emission so an action is needed because how we can do individually so and then HIA use epidemiological results coming from the study and can be used to compare the policies if any scenarios and we have to decide we have to compare so it's in theory we can do an health impact assessment in your office you don't need anything just the relationships between exposure and outcomes coming from literature so you need a library you need a computer and you need Word and an Excel to perform the calculation and tomorrow we will show you how it works we have major steps but the important thing is that we need number 4 available set of exposure response functions coming from epidemiology so coming from other people study and number 6 the background disease rates of your population because what you want is to calculate the extra risk due to your specific pollutants starting from a background rate because people you die because likely it's age related but you can have cancer you can die from cancer but in some area of the world these rates are really higher than expected so what we want to calculate is the extra risk due to the environmental contaminants because we would like to remove that part and let people to live as the natural history of the disease so we can calculate the burden of disease so an amount again same pathway policy to compare policies we need to know the emissions the concentrations, the map emission is what is emitted in the pollutants, concentration is what is a ground level or what you want and using exposures coming from the literature and calculating above the background disease rates you can have the effects and the impacts that you want finally this is my last part integrated environmental health impact assessment because we can estimate effects it's a more complicated strategy I'm sure someone will give you all the slides so don't take notes but I want you to go through the entire project materials especially the tool because you can use the tool to calculate your own health impact assessment the difference between health impact assessment the integrated environmental health impact assessment that this one is complex take into account both positive and negative effect you can evaluate different scenario and we have people involved also the stakeholders are politicians scientists maybe people living in that area and it has been proved that the participatory process is one of the excellence of the methods so this is the framework we need one month to explain but we will talk about that for all the week so don't worry this is just the introduction again the hypothesis test the question is the very important and then also we sometimes I work not in an academia I work in an institutional place so I work from the government of my region sometimes they care about environment not so often and sometimes they ask me what we have to do it's me I don't know what you have to do but they want help in order to create the scenarios because they don't want they don't know exactly how they want so our also our scope is to provide realistic scenarios so we need a protocol so please also if it's not epidemiology but we still need a very rigorous protocol because we want someone else to replicate your results and then there will be I will have another talk at the end of the week because reporting and communication is crucial because we don't in this context we we are not going to report in a scientific paper it will be a great literature it will be a paper that everybody the cities and the politicians all they have to read so the language should be extremely different and also the communication phases in a public arena when they you know through stones to you if they don't agree with the results so it's very important to have onboard people helping us to communicate because as a scientist we are bad communicators so we need an extra an extra help authority and so is it complex yes in my opinion is it but we can do that just to some of the aspect is complex because in real life we have multiple sources because people live in an urban setting with car with noise with industry with everything else the pathways are different we can take the pollutants from the soil the water the air the time of contamination now I'm working on waste in Africa it's kind of recent issue in environmental epidemiology everything comes from the computer of all around the world it's simply through in an open air and what about the health of people living there population size is an issue and justice please take into account always that the environmental justice is an issue in this topic of this poor when I say poor I say less educated mostly people have to live close to this place because how the price of houses are less so they have no choice they have to stay there blocked this is important if you have an amount of money you don't have to distribute in an equal way of the population but you should put money where the need is more deep that you know divided the cake in regular pieces occupational exposure sometimes people live in a bad environment and also have a very bad occupational I'm talking about worldwide context and you have to take into account the occupational exposure and also and last but not least the environmental worries and media pressure the opinions sometimes we have to start the room or start maybe there is nothing in that area but they are so worried about that that in any case we have to reassure them and so that's very important when we talk as scientists we are not talking about our own personal opinion we should provide evidence based results that's important I know this I choose myself again because I'm saying maybe banal but in environmental epidemiology is really important there is no room for the opinions we need facts evidence based facts so is it multidisciplinary context yes it is and this room we probably have one person from one lie at the end I put law because for example now in Italy we are conducting epidemiological study in environmental bad place because a court asked them which is a mess I mean I don't want to talk now about that and the discipline requires well trained experts that's why I'm really happy again I say thank you to the organisators I mean included me because even the education can be integrated so we can talk each other and exchange our mood so integration the net this is the Italian net a little bit advertisement it took a while to create this net now all the Italian people in environment and delta are connected each other and it's nice I would like to create a network from this classroom because from now on we could participate in maybe in international research project together we'll be nice so in conclusion a close collaboration of researchers so the network is a must I mean no room for people of health staying sitting in the building and people from exposure climate in one building air pollution when we talk about climate change air pollution should be in and the other way around and because our goal is to provide long term positive international health I also want to stress that I don't have any conflict of interest because when you talk about environmental epidemiologists pretend to the speaker to define if they have or not I thank you very much thank you very much Kala I would like to have a question but I will stay with you for all the week so maybe I can leave Massimo we will save a little time it's just for as an introduction because we are going to talk piece by piece for the next days so unless you don't want to say maybe something more precise I think we can move to some working questions but not in the introduction of the court so I don't like the courts ok because let's go to Massimo Massimo Staffordia


A warm welcome to the 7th session of the 4th module in signals and systems. We have commenced looking at the properties of the Laplace transform and the Z transform. We saw the most important property namely linearity in the previous session and we understood the important variation that you need to worry about when you look at the Laplace and the Z transforms namely the region of convergence. You see linearity was a property even in the context of the Fourier transform it was a property in the context of the discrete time Fourier transform. But we did not have to worry about regions of convergence there that is something which you need to bother about and bother about carefully when you talk about the Laplace transform and the Z transform. In this session we shall look at some more properties of the Laplace transform and the Z transform. Now note that we are taking these transforms together this is I am again emphasizing somewhat different from how many textbooks treat it because they tend to separate the two transforms and treat them differently. I personally prefer to treat these two transforms together I think there is a lot of similarity and there are also important dissimilarities or differences which should be emphasized. Let us proceed to the second property. In this second property we are going to look at what happens when you shift on the independent variable. So for example if you are told that a continuous independent variable signal x of t has the Laplace transform and this is the symbol that I am going to use to denote the fact that capital X of s is the Laplace transform of small x of t with the region of convergence r subscript subscript s x. Now what we are going to ask is what is the Laplace transform of x of t minus t0 for some constant t0 and in parallel we are going to also ask if the Z transform of x of n the sequence x of n is capital X of z with the region of convergence script r and subscript capital X what is the Z transform of x of n minus n0 and what is its region of convergence for some integer constant. These questions are not very difficult to answer let us proceed to answer them. Before that let us freeze this notation we will use script L to denote Laplace transform of so you know basically when you put script L as you did here on the previous statement that we made here we are saying that the Laplace transform of x of t is capital X of s with the region of convergence script r subscript capital X and when we write like this as we have written here we are asking what is the Laplace transform of x of t minus t0 for some constant t0 going further script Z as we have written it here would mean Z transform of and therefore you should read this here as the Z transform of x of n is capital X of z with the region of convergence script r subscript capital X and you are asking here what is the Z transform of x of n minus n0. So this is a standard notation that we are going to freeze later we shall also be using the following notation that I write we are going to use script L inverse to denote the inverse Laplace transform and script Z inverse to denote the inverse Z transform of course the preposition of is required. So for example you could say that 1 by s minus 2 with the region of convergence real part of s greater than 2 has the inverse Laplace transform given by e raised to the power 2tut and similarly 1 by 1 minus 2 Z inverse with the region of convergence of mod Z greater than 2 has the inverse Z transform given by 2 raised to the power of n u n. So this is the notation that we are going to freeze and let us use this in future. Now coming back to the property let us investigate the Laplace transform of x of t minus t0 very easy put t minus t0 is another variable let us call it lambda where upon t is lambda plus t0 and of course d t is d lambda also when t runs from minus to plus infinity then lambda also runs from minus to plus infinity there is just a shift after all. So with this substitution what do we have we would be replacing this by lambda here and this by lambda plus t0 and this by d lambda where upon you get so x of lambda e raised to the power minus s into lambda plus t0 d lambda which we can now expand. Now it is very easy to see that what we have here is essentially the Laplace transform of x of t and of course the region of convergence is implied this factor will only be a multiplying factor and as long as it does not tend to infinity there is no problem. So it is not going to affect very seriously. So in fact we can straight away now write down the Laplace transform of x of t minus t0 x of t minus t0 has the Laplace transform essentially the Laplace transform of x t namely capital X of s multiplied by e raised to the power minus s t0 and the region of convergence is essentially the same except possibly the extreme contours as we call them. You know this is the word of caution that we have to give when we shift then everything else remains the same in the region of convergence there is no essential difference but you have to worry about the extremities. Do the extreme contours continue to be included or do they have to be excluded or do they have to continue to be excluded or do they get included you know. So it can happen both ways something that was not initially included could get included something that was included had to get excluded both things can happen. You see let us take an example let us take the Laplace transform of the unit impulse in continuous time very easy all that the unit impulse does is to pick it picks the value of e raised to the power minus s t at t equal to 0 and that is of course equal to 1 and this is unconditional that means we do not have to worry what is the real part of s and so on. So the region of convergence is the entire s plane everywhere in contrast let us look at what happens when you shift the impulse.  So that part has to be excluded in other words the region of convergence now becomes the entire s plane excluding real part of s tending to minus infinity that is important. So you know it is very interesting you have this whole s plane but you have to exclude one extreme contours. Now the same thing has to be seen if I shift the impulse backwards so let us do that now I take delta t plus 1 shifted backwards and calculate the Laplace transform. So it is going to be e raised to the power s into 1 and this is going to get multiplied by 1 and here you are going to have trouble in case real part of s tends to plus infinity. So the region of convergence is the entire s plane except the extreme contour real part of s tends to plus infinity that is what I meant when I said essentially the same region of convergence but you do have to worry about the extremities. Now let us look at a similar case for the z transform so what happens when I shift now remember in the case of a sequence you can only shift by integer steps there is no real meaningful interpretation in general for shifting a sequence by non-integer steps you have to ascribe a meaning to it which we have not yet done. So you can only shift by integer let us come back to it. So suppose a sequence x of n has the z transform capital X of z with the region of convergence script R subscript capital X what is the z transform of x of n minus n 0 well simple make the summation and use the same trick put n minus n 0 is another integer variable m of course n 0 is integer. So n is m plus n 0 and when n runs from minus to plus infinity so does m run from minus to plus infinity and therefore we can make the replacement again here you can replace this by m you can replace this by m plus n 0 and you can essentially use the same summation on m thereby what we get is summation m going from minus to plus infinity x of m z to the power minus m plus n 0 which gives us z to the power minus n 0 summation same thing x m z to the power minus m which is essentially z to the power minus n 0 times the z transform of x and the region of convergence is essentially the same except for the extreme contours. Now what are the extreme contours here what is this mean the extreme contours are z in magnitude tending to infinity and z in magnitude tending to 0. So it does not have to do with the real part or imaginary part has to do with the magnitude remember for the z transform essentially your regions of convergence were between circles located with their center at the origin and different radii. So here it is the radius of the circle center at the origin that is of importance 0 radius and the infinite radius that is the radius tending to infinity infinity in the z plane is a concept not a point there are many ways of putting an infinity in the complex plane one is to take a vertical contour as we did the other is to take the circular contour in fact virtually any contour can start growing and becoming infinite. So infinity is a concept there are many different ways of arriving at infinity in the complex plane. So here again we need to worry about the extreme contours we shall see more of this in the next session. Thank you.


Alright guys, it's Saturday here in Nice and I want to talk about my upcoming races for 2019 My race plans, my goals. We'll talk a little bit about my time goals as well for the different distances Yeah, let's get right into it So it's mid-morning here in France. I'm just chilling and heading out on a run in about half an hour But before that I want to tell you guys about my plans for 2019 in terms of racing So 2018 was really my first year of I would say like really proper training like a full year of solid training And some great races my first to have marathons You know my first attempts at certain distances. I'm just a great overall training year 2019 is now upon us. Actually, it's already started and I have some awesome plans. So I Guess we will start with the next few months and then we'll move through the year like that so right now we're in early January or mid-January actually and I am planning on doing two races while I'm here in France But actually they're not focused races. They're more like just like a training run that I do in a race Okay, so there's the first one coming up in February called Trail the airs or in French Or something like that, I don't know. I'm really bad at pronouncing French Even though I should be good at it because my grandmother was French and I'm a quarter French And I've been in France my whole life and I had six years of French in school. Still I'm pretty bad at it Trail the airs trail days. I don't know something like that. It's a trail run in as basically close by Nisse There's an 11k distance a third 19k distance and a 30k distance I'm thinking of doing the 11k distance and just doing it as high and aerobic training run Meaning I'll just be running comfortably hard below my lactate threshold, you know, just below it and Just enjoy a day in the hills in a race setting so part of my training really I talked about it a little bit actually in my Video a few weeks ago where I talked about my winter training schedule. You can check that out here Then I'll do probably either a half marathon a 10k or 5k is all part of the same event which is called Semi they come or something like that, which is in come. It's a it's a race semi means you know half marathon I think that's what they refer to and That's also just gonna be part of my training again Just a high-end aerobic run or maybe I'll try a 5k PR. Maybe I don't know it depends on how I feel on In that period of my training. Anyway, let's get to the first real race of my season, which is Yet the boy this is light of the in Sweden half marathon on the 18th of May. I'm heading to good Gutenberg, well yet the boy in Sweden to do a half marathon is my third half marathons my second Time really attempting a good time on a half marathon. Let's talk about my time goals. Well, you never quite know What you're capable of and till until you're in the you know in the in the build up Where you can see how your body responds to workouts, etc. So I don't know but If I were to throw out an educated guess, right and knowing myself Going sub 130 I went 133 in Oslo. This is a flatter course. So I'll definitely go sub 130 That's I would be disappointed if I didn't so something like that Could I go as fast as 124 something? I mean if I do I'll be kind of shocked But maybe I'm able to do it so 125 but likely somewhere between 125 and 130 That's that's probably where I'm gonna end up Or or not, maybe I'll go way faster way slower Who knows Depends on the weather a little bit as well if it gets hot, which it can't it can't get hot in that period So let's hope not though. So I'm still in the base phase just building a row bit base But I'll be slowly now moving into that build up in about a month I'll be starting just barely starting that that build up with hard workouts, etc After that, I'll recover and I'll do a little bit of base phase again Just doing summer just a little bit before starting my You know my real build up To the main event of the year, which is drumroll a Marathon. Oh, yeah, I'm doing this marathon. So here in this marathon November 2019 Second or third of November 2019. I'm doing a marathon my first ever marathon my debut marathon and what better place to do it than here in this where I feel at home and It's a good climate in November I think it would be like really good not too hot not too cold just like pretty perfect, I think And you know now that I'm here in this I'll get to train on the course So I'll familiarize myself with the whole course during my time here and that's a good thing intimidating for sure a marathon for a 2.2 K Whoa, that's long. That's that's far. That's far But I will build up my long run distance over the course of the year I will build up my mileage a little bit and I'll probably peak at something like a hundred K per week Before the marathon I maybe 110. I don't know Which is not that much if you want to do well in a marathon, but It's I think is enough for me to just do my first marathon, you know fairly flat course and Just oh, it's epic the thought of a marathon so cool also very intimate a time goal wise I don't know what to expect from a marathon to be perfectly honest, but of course, I do know exercise physiology, I do know the way a certain There's a certain connection between your different times So, you know, if you're if you run this time for a 5k, you'll probably run this time for 10k You're in this time for 10k or probably run this time for a half marathon, etc And you can sort of estimate your marathon time based on your half marathon time, etc so How much fitness will I gain over In the whole of 2019 that's also difficult to predict So in terms of time goals for the marathon is very difficult But as a thought I throw out there. It's just like I want to go sub three, right? Like if I can go sub three hours, I would be happy and then to what extent I will go sub three If I just barely do it or if I'm able to go way below sub three hours I don't know who knows. I might even not be able to go sub three. We'll see That's exciting though. Very exciting But I have a few other races I'll throw in there as well And that is before the half marathon in Yatuboy in April. I will do Centrums Ljöpa, which is like a 10k here or not here, well in Oslo 10k, very famous 10k race in Oslo, fairly fast course So I think I'll attempt that as a 10k PR. It's like three weeks three or four weeks before the half marathon. I think that's a good way to sort of test my Fitness a little bit and as part of the build up, but I'll probably raise it all out or maybe like almost all out We'll see So that's coming up as well What else? In the summer, there's being a battle, but the Raspberry Run that I've almost well I've done it twice. I'll probably do that as well just as part of my training really not really a race and then in the autumn I Might jump into a couple of races just as part of my training again. I won't race them. I will just train I'll do a training run. One of them is probably going to be Oslo half marathon Whether or not I will run the half marathon distance as a slow long run or if I'll maybe run it at marathon pace, you know, it's about Six weeks out from the marathon. So maybe it's a good time to actually Run a half marathon at marathon pace just to see what marathon pace feels like perhaps or maybe I'll just do the 10k I don't know yet So those are some things I need to figure out and then of course after the marathon It's going to be recovery for a few weeks and just going into base pace again or until Christmas really which Which is that I'm going to be a little bit of a break and then start my 2020 year, which I already have thoughts about what I want to do in 2020 Honestly, I have thoughts about what I want to do in 2025. Okay, maybe that's a topic for another video I can talk about my dream races and my long-term progression plans But for now, those are my race plans for 2019. I'm super excited I feel fairly fit after my break. I lost a bit of fitness, of course to be expected I was sick as well and now I'm sort of building back into it and I'm I'm starting to sort of get back into my Fitness and yeah, as I said, I'm heading out for a run now in 20 minutes or so Together with a girl actually she's going to be on the roller blades So she's going to be roller skating and I'm going to be running and I'm thinking of doing like a 5k warm-up followed by three kilometers at Like marathon pace just like like high end aerobic sublactate threshold type pace and then 2k cool down So 10k's on the promenade. She'll be on the roller blades. Let me know in the comments What races you have coming up for 2019. I definitely want to hear about them. Thanks so much for watching Please subscribe. I would love to have you as a subscriber if you haven't done so already and if you are already subscribed Thank you. All right. Have a great day. Bye


Just wanted to share out this concept. It comes from Ron Adner's book as I mentioned Winning the right game It relates to value propositions typical standard. This is a standard kind of value proposition technology change When a new value proposition is suddenly, you know better over time than an old value prop So technology on an old value prop may be improving But a new technology comes along moves up far faster steeper slope Really parody occurs when they cross that's point a on this graph When you're in this discussion really relates to ecosystems when we talk about ecosystems though things are a little bit different Because we may have an ecosystem. That's not quite ready. We have barriers to adoption whether that be There's fundamental technology missing. There are regulatory barriers Society there's societal norms that need to be norms and more is it need to be adjusted? Whatever the reason there are things that need to happen in the ecosystem In order for the technology benefit to be realized that causes a delay So in this case you see the dash red line is the original. Hey if the ecosystem was ready, it would run The solid line is that she shows the delay and we see that we're delayed in time And the old value prop has grown a little bit, but we're still beating it So at point B we reached the the point of parody and now we're back into the you know the ecosystem is ready Your typical technology adoption curve So another phenomenon here where and this is where the OID for VC The IAM world with regards to verifiable credentials is benefiting Where the old value prop is actually getting a bump up because of a new capability So in this case we see the the actual old value prop has increased in value just been a bump It's not changing slope, but it's just it's a bump So in this case the adoption occurs at point C a little bit later because that old value prop Improved as the new value prop was being built out worst of all worlds though is this one where we have combination of the old value prop improving This is the OID for VC capability. You're seeing verifiable credentials being used In in many different forms coming directly out of the ID world, which was you know going competing had it had to head on But further we have we have ecosystem barriers We have barriers to adoption that are one partly our own fault because we keep discussing things like Didcom and or other variants, but there's also just overall adoption You know, we're not seeing the regulatory cover that's necessary to really get the benefit of selective disclosure Zilla knowledge proofs all of these little things are adding up to that lag So we've actually moved our value prop line to the right and The old value prop has gotten better, which means we're coming in even later at point D here Hope that helps


We have to talk about one other player who stock is down. It's Gus Edwards of the Ravens. What were you expecting from him and what went wrong? I guess it wasn't really something that went wrong. I think it was more so that we're getting confirmation that our worst case outcome for Gus Edwards is true. Because in that game against Atlanta, you know, Atlanta is this team notorious for funneling targets to the running back. And they did funnel targets to a running back. It just wasn't Gus Edwards. It was time on Gumry instead. Gus Edwards has one more target than I do this year, one more target than you do, Maria. And that's probably not a good thing for fantasy production because as we talked about on the show many times throughout the year, a target is worth twice as much as a carry. So the 21 carries for Gus Edwards, that's good. He's had good, you know, carry workloads the entire year. And if he scores a touchdown, great. He can still pay off. But if he doesn't get those targets, it's really hard to trust him unless he scores. Or if that team gets behind. And next week they're going on the road. They're facing Kansas City. They're probably not going to win that game. And that's a pretty big red flag for a guy like Gus Edwards. Even though Kansas City's rush defense can be exploited, I don't think it matters with the potential game script in that game because if they fall behind, it's gonna be time on Gumry or Kenneth Dixon who was activated from IR before that game on Saturday. So there are a couple of guys here who can take away targets from Gus Edwards. That's a concern. Kenneth Dixon as a runner, pretty good. He had a really good rookie year. I know he's back in 2016, but he looked good then he was a fun prospect coming out of college too. So they have some talent in that backfield outside of Gus Edwards. And that talent is guys who can take away those higher leverage looks from Edwards specifically as a receiver.  Maybe that's not the way to phrase it, but instead he confirmed our fears where he's not gonna get work as a receiver. And unless he scores, things could go bad in a hurry. So I think next week on the road in Kansas City, that's a spot where I can't trust Gus Edwards. I know, again, the chief's rush defense isn't great, but his archetype of players is not one that's super conducive to upside in fantasy. So for me, I think I'm pretty much out in Gus Edwards at least for next week in Kansas City with that matchup, with that potential game script. And until I see him start to get targets, it's gonna be hard to have a lot of faith in him. Not being a pass catching threat is already one strike against Edwards, then you throw Kenneth Dixon in the mix and some other factors, and it's just not necessarily a play that you feel super comfortable with. Well, Jim Sonness and Number Fire, thanks so much for the insight as always. That's gonna do it for this edition of the FanDuel. Hurry up, but for more content, just hop over to fanduel.com slash the duel and click on videos or subscribe to our YouTube channel for the Fantasy Sports Network.


CPR. What is CPR? Can anybody tell me what CPR stands for? C stands for cardio, P, pulmonary, R, resuscitation. I feel like I'm doing a cheer. Okay. You do not want to attempt CPR on a conscious animal. Should I be looking into the camera or look around at everybody? Okay. You don't want to attempt it on a conscious animal. Why? Because you're going to get bit. Okay.  Okay. So how can you tell if an animal is unconscious and they're not breathing? You can look to see that the rib cage rises. You can take a mirror and hold it in front of their nose and that you'll get condensation on the mirror. All right. Now to see if their heart's beating, the heart is more to the left side of the chest cavity. You want the animal to be lying on the right side.  And where the point that it bends back to on the chest is right where the heart is. So you can place your hand over there. See if you can feel the heartbeat. A good place to find a pulse is on the inside of the thigh on a dog or a cat. Go home and try it tonight on your animal so you get practice doing that. Okay. If you don't feel a pulse, you don't see the animal's breathing. That is when you want to attempt CPR. Now one thing is if you're trying to breathe into the trachea and there's a ball or rock that's obstructed it, are you going to be able to get air into the lungs? You're not.  All right. So the first thing you want to do before you do that, open them up. You could pick the dog up by their tongue. It's a very strong muscle. Open it up. If you see vomit, whatever you got to just scoop it out. Okay. If you see something in there, try and grab it and pull it out if you can. If you push it back farther, I can show you the Heimlich technique. But people are so shy about that. Open it up. See if there's something obstructing the airway. Pull it out. You have the trachea which goes to the lungs. And you're not going to save your animal if there's something in there. So before I do that, I'll just show you the Heimlich. If there is something in there, you can do Heimlich on a dog like you can hurt human.  One, two, very firm like that. And a lot of times it's just going to pop out. You can tip them upside down. Oh, come on. Come on. All right.  With a smaller animal, you can do what we use like in a baby.  You're trying to dislodge that. It works. I've done it. Once you've dislodged that, you know you have an open airway. Then you go ahead and you do rescue breathing with chest massages. It's roughly about, if the animal's under 90 pounds, it would be five chest compressions to one breath. Five chest compressions, five to one, five to one. Over 90, 10 to one. They've simplified it. It used to be very complicated. You should be doing this in the back seat of the car as you're going to the vet hospital because once we get them, we can give them drugs and, you know, if that's feasible. If not, attempt it where you're at. So when you breathe into the animals, what if I just went ahead and exhaled in this dog's mouth like you do with a human? Where's the air going to go? It's going to come right out the nose, guys. So the key is you have to close them out and you want to exhale into the nose. Okay. And when you do that, you want to watch the chest rise. Am I going to exhale into the lungs the same amount in my big guy here as I am the cat? Do you know I can actually burst this cat's lungs? Yes, you can. So you have to be careful. Watch the chest rise as you're exhaling. See? And you can hurt the animals. So just common sense, right? Five breaths to five compressions to one breath. So now you know how to do the breathing. Close them out, exhale into the nose.  Okay. Now for the chest compressions, it's very similar to humans. All right. I told you you bend the elbow back. You watch your pet on which side? Right side down because the heart's to the left. All right.  And you're compressing. Remember, you're going over the ribcage. All right. So you do this two, three, four, five and then exhale. Okay. One.


I'm off, 3 mile easy jog, see ya, 27 minutes. There we go, there we go, nice easy 3 miles, 5K, nice and easy, 9 minutes per mile, just bopping along, now we're gonna, Seth is gonna join me, we're gonna do our strengthening exercises here in the living room, and then out to the shed to talk about easy pace, my theory on easy pace a little bit, and then really dive into the full 2019 racing schedule. Thank you, Seth. Okay, okay, whew, we are in the shed, and yes, I'm getting ready for another live stream, but actually you're watching this on Thursday, so last night we had a live stream, we actually talked about injuries and injury prevention, and again, I'm not a doctor, I'm just a runner who has, yeah, 20 years of experience with injuries, and so go back, up right hand corner, check out that live stream, I think you'll learn a little bit, not only from myself, but also from everyone else who is there chiming in, sharing about their experiences with different injuries, so you know the story, you know the drill, 2018 was marked by pretty serious PF, plantar fasciitis, the goal, the number one goal for 2019 is to completely avoid injuries as a whole, but especially plantar fasciitis, I do not want to have it this year, and I know that right now in January, if I can stay on top of these little teeny tiny exercises that I'm doing in my house, and you saw me in there, I know they look a little funny, and just so you know, where do I pick these exercises up? My high school cross country and track coach, my college coach, and then also my college assistant coach, J. Johnson, and then also who else, who else? Oh yeah, basically just watching other running YouTubers, like there's a lot of great videos out there for overall leg strengthening exercises. And frankly, for me, I'm almost even more interested in that basically mid ankle down to your big toe, so that really lower leg area and your foot. That's where I have a lot of issues. And again, I talked about all of my injuries last night at the live stream. So that's what I'm doing in my house today, just trying to stay on top of it. And if you saw me walking across the floor like a duck, that one was developed by my high school coach, basically to prevent shin splints. And I never had shin splints in high school, in college, the first time I had shin splints, and I tell you what, they are painful. I had no idea the first time I had them, I was 32. So last about 18 months ago, actually. And I could not believe I ran through it. I worked through it, but man, it was painful. So walking like a duck, like that was one exercise that we did in high school, basically to help stretch out those very small areas of muscle on the front, near your shins, but it made a difference. It made a difference. And I never had shin splints. Okay, go watch that. I'm just getting ready here in the shed. Folks, this is this is the studio shed. There's literally rakes and shovels hanging right there. Like when you are trying to build something from the ground up, you got to work with what you have that that applies to life that applies to careers that applies to entrepreneurship that applies to running even like you got to work with what you got. If you are just starting out and running, patience is key. You can't go out and run 50 miles a week or 40 miles a week. You got to do the baby steps, baby steps. And so like I'm showing you right now, a little behind the scenes like this is what I'm working with. And guess what? It seems to be working because we continue to grow every single day because of you because you're spreading the word to your running buddies. And therefore I'm able to use the space right here to do live streaming and all of that. So anyway, that's what I'm doing right now. I'm setting up the live stream in my studio shed. I like that terminology like some didn't Apple start in a garage. I think Apple started in a garage. Well, I'm starting in a shed. Huh? How's that sound? How's it? How do you like them apples? How do you like them apples? There we go. There we go. Little post dinner romp around. Basically, I'm the monster. I catch the boys throw them on the couch and repeat that over and over again for about you know, 20 to 30 minutes and it's a good core workout. I must say. All right. It's a good core workout. All right, miking up, miking up. Here we go. So for the live stream, like right now with the camera that I'm filming with right now the kin 5D. I've got the shotgun mic on top a road shotgun mic, but shotgun mics are not amazing audio quality. So this is a lavalier and it allows for much much better live streaming quality audio. So here's the the pack. All right, I am going to shut this camera off because I need this lens right here. This lens right here for the live stream on a different camera. The camera you saw me loading up before dinner with the audio system. So this is how it happens, folks. And this is a little behind the scenes for you. It's just exciting though. Well, don't break it. A little exciting to be able to share just you know, not just about running but just about how YouTube works and how you know, filming and like getting something in front of you every single day on your phone like some video media content. It's a process. It's a process. Just like training. All right, see you in about an hour and a half. If at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again, just adjusting the light here. Ladies and gentlemen, we just got done with the live stream. I'm actually filming right now with a different camera. And you can probably tell the audio sounds a little bit better than it usually does. So that's good. This is the audio setup that I have for live streaming. And yeah, we had some technical difficulties, but we got it done. We got it done. Thank you if you were there for persevering for those 15 to 20 minutes. It's just like, I don't know what's going on. It's I anyway, we're going to get better at it. This is all this is our third live stream ever. So if this was our 30th, yeah, that would be a major issue, but this is just our third. So yes, next Wednesday, 7pm mountain time, we'll be back and I am working and actually, I'm just going to do it. I'm going to do it right now because you're here watching right now question of the day question of the day. And I know I asked this last week at the live stream last week. Who should I interview during a live stream? Think about athletes, coaches, other running youtubers, anybody who's connected to the running world. I want to interview them. I have a list of runners that I know, whether they're professional runners, whether they're runners that I ran with at the University of Colorado, maybe runners from my high school, my high school days. So that is the question of the day because I love live streaming. I love answering your questions and fielding them as best as I can. But I also know there's an incredible amount of value sitting out there amongst all of these coaches out there and and just guys that have been in ladies who have been putting their time in through the years as coaches, trainers, maybe maybe even like someday I could find some doctors who have are really specialized in working with athletes and runners. So anyway, that is the question of the of the day. Thank you so much for answering down below in the comments. Who should I interview for live streams moving forward cannot stress enough for everybody out there like as soon as you find one, two, three peak races that you just are excited to train for it opens up so much freedom for building your training blocks moving forward. And I must say like I was a little uneasy in the last two weeks because I couldn't find a marathon. I was like, this isn't working. This isn't working. Grandma's is not working. And now that Cleveland is solidified, everything else is going to begin to fall into place for other races. And frankly, more importantly, for the training blocks moving forward. Okay, first race March 6th in Aspen, Colorado March 6th in Aspen, Colorado. It's called America's uphill. If you live in Aspen or the Aspen area, let's let's meet up. Let's you know come say hello. And what is America's uphill? It's a two and a half mile race. That's right 2.5 miles with 3000 feet of vertical gain up a ski mountain Aspen mountain. It's going to be insane. I cannot wait. And this is the crazy thing. The runners are racing against the skiers. So you know you can ski uphill. It's called skinning. You basically put these skins on the bottom of your skis and it allows you to basically kind of walk and slide your way up a ski hill. And so it is going to be insane. So that is March 6th. My next race will be the Cleveland Marathon. So going from the mountains to the Cleveland Marathon. I will have March, April, May, basically 10 weeks of training leading up to the Cleveland Marathon. I'm training for Cleveland right now, but I'll be doing the Cleveland Marathon May 19th. The next race, depending on how Cleveland goes, I'm hoping to jump in a trail 10K in Vale, Colorado. It's called the GoPro Mountain Games and it's sponsored by GoPro. It's a 10K. I have a feeling Joe Gray will be there. So that will be my third race of 2019 on June 6th. I'm hoping in July to race the Under Armour 50K. The Under Armour 50K at Copper Mountain. I haven't heard officially that the race is happening, so I'm a little nervous. I hope it does. That was the race that I was able to win last year. And yes, I would love to go back and do it again. So it's a 50K, 31 miles, 6000 feet of vertical gain, beautiful scenery, and I'm very excited for that race. It's usually in mid-July, early July, mid-July, but we'll see if it actually happens. And the fifth race of 2019 will, yes, be the Pikes Peak Ascent. This is going to be the peak race for me. I just love uphill running. I love mountain running. I love trail running, but I love specifically uphill running, like going straight uphill. And that's what the Pikes Peak Ascent is. 13 miles uphill. It's in Manitou Springs, Colorado, right next to Colorado Springs. So if you live down there, let's meet up. Come say hello. Look for the green hat. Like this race is just going to be a mono-e-mono battle with some tough dudes, probably Joe Gray, probably Andy Wacker, my old teammate at CU, and a bunch of other guys that are local here in Colorado and people from around the world. Okay, and then I'm going to take a little time off, probably a good week after the Pikes Peak Ascent, and just rest up maybe 10 days. We'll see. Depending on how the Cleveland Marathon goes, I will then, listen, if I qualify for the Olympic Trials in Cleveland, like if all goes really well, I will not run the CIM, the California International Marathon in Sacramento in early December. If I, let's say, run 22130 in Cleveland, then yeah, I will make another attempt at a marathon in the fall. And I haven't heard about New York City. I don't know. If I get into New York City, I'm running New York City. But if that doesn't happen, most likely CIM Sacramento, early December 2019. And that'll be the last race of 2019. So that is the lineup for racing in 2019. If you live near Cleveland, Sacramento, Ville, Colorado, Aspen, Colorado, Colorado Springs, Colorado, wherever you live, like I would, of course, love to just hang out, say hello after the race, before the race. I like to focus. But after the race, like let's hang out and, you know, share stories, share war stories if you're racing some of these races. And I know actually a couple of you have already commented and said that you are racing Cleveland. And so I'll see you in Cleveland. And so it's just going to be fun, a great 2019.  And so again, thank you for spreading the word about these daily vlogs, to your running buddies, and to your running friends, and to your running clubs, and the more people that are here sharing their stories, sharing their wisdom, down in the comments, the better, right? I got a fair amount of knowledge, fair amount of knowledge, since I've been running since seventh grade, but listen, there's so many people out there that have been running for 30 years, 40 years, 50 years. Like let's invite everybody to join up for these daily vlogs, the live streaming, and all this good stuff. Oh, I love you guys. Thanks for being here. Oh, keyword, keyword, races. You better believe it. Races down in the comments. And thank you again for hitting that question of the day. Who should I be interviewing for these live streams moving forward? And I know we already talked about that in the live stream last week, but I'd like to get it solidified down in these comments. All right, that's it. Seek beauty, work hard, and love each other. See you tomorrow. Whoo! That was intense, ladies and gentlemen. That was intense.


The U.S. Air Force deploys aircraft and units to Europe for training and to support geographic combatant command objectives. The U.S. Air Force also works with NATO and partner nations to address security and defense in Europe. The U.S. Air Force's deployments to Europe include B-2 Spirit, integrated with a NATO ally at Logis Field F-16s, deployed to Poland to bolster NATO's eastern flank U.S. Air Forces in Europe, headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany


Having to use the washroom is one of the most basic human needs. And it's not something we think about too often, because public and private washrooms are basically anywhere you need them any time. But the same can't be said in space. In space, going to the washroom is a much more complicated affair, especially when it comes to defecation. I'm Amy Shira Tidal and this is a Vintage Space video. During the Mercury program, when missions lasted less than 35 hours, NASA took preventative measures against its astronauts defecating. The agency fed the astronauts low-residue diets, diets consisting of food that left very little waste after the body had absorbed all necessary nutrients. Things got more complicated, however, during Germany and Apollo missions when flights lasted as long as two weeks. It wasn't enough for astronauts to be on low-residue diets. They needed some kind of fecal containment system. And the one NASA developed for Apollo and Germany flights was rudimentary at best. A long plastic bag with a sticky surface around the opening that astronauts could adhere to their bodies and use as a makeshift toilet. The bags were then stored for the duration of the flight, since there was no way of jettisoning solid waste from the spacecraft. But things got better when NASA unveiled the first space toilet on the space shuttle. However, it wasn't a perfect system. The first version of the space toilet from NASA was a complicated system. It used airflow rather than gravity to separate waste from the user, as well as to separate solid from liquid waste. Liquid waste was then jettisoned out the side of the spacecraft, but solid waste was exposed to the vacuum of space and vacuum dried and then stored for the duration of the flight. The whole system used a series of valves, pumps, and motorized spinning pieces. And it wasn't perfect. Vacuum drying fecal matter tended to create fecal dust. And if this dust were to reconstitute in a moist environment, say, an astronaut's throat or nasal passage, it would be a serious problem. Eventually, a better system was unveiled during the STS-41D flight in 1984, a much simpler toilet that didn't have as many moving parts. Currently, on the International Space Station, astronauts use a toilet that recycles waste water, and jettisons fecal matter with the garbage and it's left to burn up in the atmosphere. For more on a brief history of fecal containment systems and some more details on old fecal containment systems, check out the articles linked below.


Now, normally I say Tom here from Warren Systems, but today I'm going to say Tom here from Warren Systems and Tom here from CNWR. I am in the CNWR Toledo Lab. We still have CNWR Southgate. That office still exists. Today I'm setting up a few things and doing a little bit of testing for some customers and we're going to talk about some of the servers and give you a little behind the scenes look. And hopefully no one's configuring this right now, but we have some 100 gig connections that we have set up on these devices. These are actually 40 gig adapters because the 100 ones haven't come in yet. It does have 100 gig adapters. We're going to talk about the project we're doing here for a client and give you some ideas of what goes on when we're not just making videos about some of the homelab stuff. This is the enterprise side of the company where, well, I set all this stuff and put into practice all the different things that I talk about on my channel, which leads to feedback that some of you might be interested in, especially when we take a look at all the NVIDIA cards in there. And I'm actually kind of surprised it's not too loud at idle, but this thing once it gets warmed up is really loud. So let's dive into it. Are you an individual or forward thinking company looking for expert assistance with network engineering, storage or virtualization projects? Perhaps you're an internal IT team seeking help to proactively manage, monitor or secure your systems. We offer comprehensive consulting services tailored to meet your specific project needs. Whether you require fully managed or co-managed IT services, our experienced team is ready to step in and help. We specialize in supporting businesses that need IT administration or IT team seeking an extra layer of support to enhance their operations. To learn more about any of our services, head over to our website and fill out the hire us form at LawrenceSystems.com. Let us start crafting the perfect IT solution for you. If you want to show some extra love for our channel, check out our swag store and affiliate links down below that will lead you to discounts and deals for products and services we've discussed on this channel. With the ad read out of the way, let's get you back to the content that you really came here for. While I can't tell you the name of the client, I can't tell you the use case they have for this setup. This is for their engineering team that collects and analyzes data out in the field. They have specialized software to use of the GPUs to form in-depth analysis. This system is running Proxmox per the client's request as they are already familiar with it and we have it configured to pass through each of the GPUs to their custom software that runs for each of the VMs. The field data they are collecting is all stored on a 45 drives XL 60. And this is actually the second one they bought from us. As with many of the projects, the client did not tell us what servers to buy for this project. They let us know their budget, their needs in terms of CPU, GPU, networking and storage. And then we came up with the Super Micro as being a fit for this particular setup as there's not a lot of servers that can support that many GPUs right out of the box. So this is a direct order from Super Micro with all those GPUs in it. This is not like piecemeal together. Now let's talk about those server specs. This is a Super Micro AS 4125GS-TN RT. You'll find a link in the description below to that because they have a page for it where you can get all those numbers and more details. It has one and a half terabytes of memory, a pair of AMD Epic 9254, 24 core, 48 thread CPUs, giving us 96 threads in total, eight NVIDIA RTX A6000s, only two micron 1.92 terabyte drives, two 10 gig on board. And then we added a Kinect X6 100 gig adapter to this. There's also four 2000 watt titanium level power supplies and hotspot fans. Now the 45 drives XL60, I've reviewed those before. You'll also find a link to that down below. We have this running true NAS core. Once again, it's because this is what the client is familiar with. It has 512 gigs of memory, Intel Xeon Gold 6230, 26 core, 56 thread, 20 terabyte Seagate XL drives, 60 of them, giving us 1.2 petabytes of raw storage. Now, of course, the reason these servers are at our lab and not at the clients is because they should be tested prior to delivery. And that's where I'm really happy we did our testing because I learned about resizable base address registers or resizable bar for short. This is the PCI capability that allows your device, such as a discrete graphics card, to negotiate the bar size to optimize system resources, enabling this functionality can result in performance improvement or in the case of the super micro, as we learned, it can force you to reset the BIOS and you can't get into the BIOS to reset it. So you have to just pop out the battery. That sounds simple enough until you realize the battery is under the entire backplane under all of those cards, which then resulted in a new project called we're going to take apart this assembled server. This was interesting and the people at super micro were amazingly helpful in letting us know exactly what BIOS setting not to change again because it does result in this machine having to have that battery removed. But hey, me and Jason had some fun taking this apart because we learned a lot more about how it works and get to show you a little bit more in depth of what this server looks like taken apart. Now, the testing of the 45 drive server went perfectly smooth. We test these anytime we order them. We ordered quite a few of them in 2023 and this one, well, it went smooth as well. I'm not saying we've never had a bad drive. I'm as happy when we find that drive prior to it getting delivered to the client, but 60 drives out of the box, 60 drives loaded up with data. I use FIO, which is built into TrueNAS from the command line to load up some test data, do some performance testing on the drives, put them under load for hours at a time, see if there's any errors resulting in none means, well, it was ready to ship and move on. But then we wanted to really test the Nvidia cards back in that Super Micro server. I figured the best way, once we figured out that little bios problem and took it apart and put it back together and we want to make sure everything worked, was to pass them all through and do some testing with Hash Cat, which the first thing we learned is we don't have 4,000 watts available on one circuit inside of our lab. So we had to plug in two power supplies on one side of the lab, two power supplies on the other. And then me and Jason dove into testing with Hash Cat and the results were, well, pretty amazing. It is, again, just a pretty basic install, because I think the customer will probably end up blowing this away, but we wanted to install it and deliver it to them with basically a technology preview example of what we intend or they intend to do with it. The customer's use case is actually to run, I think, eight VMs or eight VMs on them, each with a single GPU passed to it. Yep. I couldn't be bothered to do that and I couldn't be bothered to mess with the windows. So I did a single VM and I ran Cali through it. Passing through the GPU is relatively simple. You have to go into the Proxmox shell and basically blacklist the kernel drivers for Nuvo and NVIDIA. And once that's done, the PCI devices are available inside of the actual VM itself. You can see that I have all these PCI devices passed through. And if we go to like this one and click edit, you can actually see in the list here, if I hit the drop down that it's an NVIDIA RTX A6000, right? Like I passed the base one through and I pass all of the functions of it through. I'm not trying to do any sort of map device, although Proxmox does support doing basically VGPU mode. I'm not doing it in this case. When I passed all eight of these devices through to the Cali guest, then once you're in the Cali guest, there's some configuration you have to do the same thing. You have to basically blacklist the Nuvo driver so it's not trying to use it for X. Once that's done, you install the NVIDIA drivers in the CUDA toolkit and that's when the real fun starts. So a couple of things of note here. This server has a bad habit of blowing circuit breakers. It draws it blew a that in the 45 drives box together that Tom is also covering blew the circuit, a 20 amp circuit breaker yesterday when I started hash cat in full mode. So I had to move half of its power. It's got four power supplies. I had to move half of its power to another outlet. It was bad. It's this thing. This thing draws so much power. I can't believe it. I believe it's over 3000 watts when it's fully running. Yeah, it's just insane. It's a lot of wattage, but all that wattage is fun when we want to run a hash cat. It is. You want to run some stuff. Benchmarks. I don't know what one in particular here you were looking to run. I can run, I guess, hash cat. That's B-O, which does just the basic benchmarks of all of the all of the different types of hashes we can run here, right? So we're going to run some MD5. We can do MD5 in the giga hash range, giga hash of second range. It is fast. I we actually had a hash of Cisco hash we were attempting to crack. When I got in this morning, we were it had run for about 18 total hours and we were 50% through the eight character brute force space, right? So like by the end of that, by the midday tomorrow, we would have brute force every possible eight character password combination. So in less than in about probably two days total, we could get through with Salted MD5 the entire eight character password space, which is insane to me. I mean, look at how fast it still is. Even at shot 12, we're still rocking out there. It's a pretty good speed. I mean, you're at that speed, you're getting through the entirety of rock you in a matter of second. It's not slow. It is very, very, very fast. I can show you the hash I was actually cracking before I'll just run through it with rock you and see if and see how long it takes to get through rock you with that hash type. There you go. It's running. The funny thing is it actually takes longer to initialize the devices and compile the kernels than it takes to run some of these these attacks essentially, right? So it's basically compiling and building the engine to do bcrypt. So that's going to take a bit to load in the the actual code into the device that can do bcrypt. It's on device five. So it'll take a second here. We'll see if I can start to hear it is I Can you hear it from your office? Oh, yes, I could hear it from my office when I got in this morning and that room was hot. I could probably almost hear it from Detroit. Yeah, there it goes. It's running. Now, this one's not. I don't expect this one to be as fast, right? So one of the things is, is again, we don't paralyze very well here, right? Because we're doing that. So we're on status here. So we're doing, I mean, this is killer hashes a second. This is actually pretty slow. So we're only, I mean, we're 39 percent through the word list now. But the word list, what the rock you is what 14 million passwords, I think. So we won't get to it. So we're at the very end of it. We're 84 percent through. So this thing estimates it'll complete in five seconds. So it'll, there we go. And we got it. So, yeah, in a matter of what it, that was a minute and 24 seconds. If you look at the start and end time, we went through all of Rocky with BeCrypt. So this machine is very, very fast. How many passwords is Rocky? 14 million, 14 million. Yeah, 14 million. Yeah, 14 million passwords in a minute and four seconds. And I think like a solid 45 of that was compiling the kernel to be able to run BeCrypt inside of the actual CUDA device.  No, we can run it. Yeah, it goes immediately because it's already got it compiled. It caches those. So if you actually look here, I was looking at this earlier. So, yeah, it's already got it compiled. So it's got an optimized kernel for, you know, type. What was that type? 2600, I think it was. It definitely has the kernels optimized and pure for the various device types, and it works really well. Yeah, that's an impressive system for sure. It is. Now, once we were done, we boxed up a super micro, removed all the drives from the 45 drives because, well, 60 drives add a lot of weight to the chassis, and it's not pleasant trying to move it. Plus, we had to install it in a rack, but 45 drives is a tool of system. So just sliding all the drives back in had us up and running in no time. I will do more project videos like this in the future based on some of the feedback I receive. I don't do too many of them because my goal is always to create tutorials and learning, but this is also the other side of what I do, and I wanted to kind of show that for people who are curious or people who say, well, TrueNAS isn't used in enterprise companies, is it? And the answer is absolutely yes. Not just from the consulting we do, but I wanted to kind of showcase a project here where this is a very large company and they are using TrueNAS, they are using Proxbox, which I don't see as often in enterprise companies, but this is what they are familiar with, and ultimately that is the goals to give the client something that is very familiar and usable to them as a solution and a package. And they've already tested this in their proof of concept they have with several other machines before contracting us to build out this big setup that we have in there, which now they have over two petabytes of storage and that fancy super micro system and a lot of data to crunch. It's just really cool seeing it all come together. Love hearing from you, leave your thoughts and comments down below. Let me know what you loved, what you didn't love or if you like videos like this. I'm always curious and listening to feedback. Like and subscribe. You want to see more content from this channel. Sign up for my newsletter if you want to keep up with some of the latest things that we're talking about from technology and some of the videos I got going between this channel and my business technicalities channel. All right and thanks.