Okay, so this is going to be demonstration of the common carotid, external carotid and all the branches of the external carotid that we can see here. We have completely exposed the infra-temporal fossa, removed all the structures, parotid fossa removed all the structures, reflected the sternocleidomastoid and opened up part of the submandibular triangle, exposed the lateral cervical region and the entry cervical region to show the full course, this is the right side of the cadaver. So let's start off from here. So this is the common carotid artery coming from the brachycephalic trunk and this is the beginning of the subclavian artery on the right side. So let's focus on the common carotid. This groove that you see here is actually an artifact produced by the mortician. The common carotid artery travels on the medial side of the internal jugular vein and at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, approximately at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage, it divides into an internal and external carotid and we can see this division here. This is the division. This is the external carotid and the other one is the internal carotid. We shall focus on the external carotid. So therefore the external carotid artery extends only from the level of the superior border of thyroid cartilage, it is located in the carotid triangle of the neck and then it goes like this deep to the posterior belly of the digastric and the stalohyad and it finishes inside the carotid gland as it's two terminal branches. So this is the only extent of the external carotid. The reason why this is called external carotid is because it supplies all the structures outside the skull with a few exceptions that we shall see later. Now let's take a look at the branches of the external carotid. For ease of understanding, we have the rule of one, two and three. The external carotid has got one branch going medially which unfortunately we cannot see here. It is the smallest branch and which goes deep and medially and that is called the ascending pharyngeal artery. We cannot show it in this. The ascending pharyngeal artery runs on the postural lateral aspect of the pharynx and goes straight up. So that is the first branch. Then we have three branches extending anteriorly. Those three branches we can see very clearly here. Coming from below up, the first branch that we can see here is this one. This is the superior thyroid artery. The superior thyroid artery, it enters the upper pole of the thyroid gland and it is accompanied by the externalaryngeal nerve. This is an important artery from the surgical point of view. When we are doing a thyroidectomy, we have to ligate this artery and in the process of ligating, we have to safeguard the externalaryngeal nerve which is liable to be injured. So that is about the superior thyroid artery. The second branch going anteriorly is this one which I have lifted up. This is the lingual artery and we can see that it is slightly torturous and it makes a loop up. This lingual artery is the one which goes into the tongue deep to the higher glosses and in here in the tongue it divides into a dorsal branch, a deep lingual branch and a sublingual branch and it supplies the tongue. This lingual artery is crossed in front by this nerve that we can see here and this is an important relationship. This is the hypoglossal nerve which crosses in front of the loop of the lingual artery and the hypoglossal nerve then enters the tongue superficial to the higher glosses muscle. So that is the second branch that we can see here. The third branch which goes anteriorly is this one which I have lifted up here. I have pushed the lingual artery with my one instrument and with my four steps I am lifting up this one. This is the facial artery, the third branch going anteriorly. The facial artery it goes under this muscle. This is the posterior of digastric and it also goes under the other muscle which is the stylohyard muscle and then it comes on to the mandible and this is the other end of the facial artery and if you notice if I pull here it is getting traction from here. This facial artery it runs inside the body of the mandible. It makes a loop and then it comes out again and then it travels along the lower border of the body of the mandible and it travels up to the face. In the process of doing it is located in the submandibular triangle and in the submandible triangle we have retained part of the submandibular salivary gland. It makes a groove on the posterior aspect of the submandibular salivary gland and we can see this groove here. This groove is produced by the facial artery and we have removed and separated the two. So this is an important relationship of the facial artery and we can feel the pulsation of the facial artery against this bone here, the lower border of the body of the mandible in front of the meseter muscle which has been removed and this is where we can feel the pulsation. Facial artery in the face is highly tortuous as you can see because the face muscles are moving constantly and here it gives several branches. We can see them. This is the submental branch. This is the inferior labial branch. Then it gives a superior labial branch which gives a nasal branch to the nose. Then it gives a lateral nasal branch and it finishes off as the angular artery at the angle of the medial angle of the eye. So this is the full course of the facial artery, part of which we can see here. The importance of the facial artery lies in the fact that when we are doing a submandibular salivary gland surgery because it is so intimately related to the submandibular salivary gland and you can see it is closely related, we are liable to injure the facial artery. So therefore this is one of the structures among many other structures which we have to safeguard when we are doing submandibular salivary gland surgery. That is the third branch which is coming out from the anterior aspect. We have two branches of the external carotid which go posteriorly. I have lifted up this branch here. This is the occipital artery. The occipital artery runs under the posterior digastric as you can see here and it runs very close to the mastoid process near the insertion of the posterior belly of digastric. In fact it makes a groove on the mastoid process and this is the occipital artery which supplies the scalp, the back of the scalp. This is the occipital artery and when it is passing from here it is located at the apex of the lateral cervical region and that is why the upper part of the lateral cervical region is also referred to as the occipital triangle. So this is the occipital artery. That is the first of the two branches going posteriorly. The next branch which goes posteriorly is this artery which I have picked up here. This is the posterior auricular artery. By now the external carotid artery has also come above the posterior belly of digastric and the stylohyoid muscle and here it gives this branch. This is the posterior auricular artery and the posterior auricular artery is accompanied by the posterior auricular vein which we can see here. This posterior auricular artery supplies the skin of the scalp behind the ear. So these are the two branches which go posteriorly and after that the same external carotid artery now enters the substance of the carotid gland. This is the portion of the external carotid which is inside the carotid gland and therefore we can see that the consistency is somewhat different because it was located inside the carotid gland and inside the carotid gland it divides into its two terminal divisions. This is the part of the carotid that we have retained here. The two terminal divisions are we can see the larger terminal division here going inside the intratemporal fossa. This is the maxillary artery which enters the intratemporal fossa and the smaller terminal division is this one here. This is the superficial temporal artery. The superficial temporal artery is tortuous and it runs in front of the tragus of the ear. It runs over the temporal region and it supplies the skin of the temporal region and we can feel the pulsation of the superficial temporal artery against the zygomatic arch which has been removed here. And the superficial temporal artery we can see part of it in this place here on the superficial temporal fascia and we can see the superficial temporal artery here. Coming to the maxillary artery. The maxillary artery is the larger terminal division and it has got three parts. One portion is proximal to the lateral teregoid muscle that is the first part that has got five branches. Then there's a portion which is deep to the maxillary artery that's the second part. That's got four branches and there's a third part which enters the teregopalatin fossa and that is the third part. Here we can see only the branches of the first part of the maxillary artery and let's take a look at them. This is one branch that we can see here of the first part. This is called the deep auricular artery. It supplies the extraordinary meters and the outer surface of the tympanic membrane. The second branch of the first part of the maxillary artery is this one which has been partially cut. This is the anterior tympanic artery which supplies the tympanic membrane from inside. The third branch of the first part of the maxillary artery is this one here which runs in close proximity to the lateral teregoid and this is the middle meningeal artery, the all-important middle meningeal artery. This is the only exception to the rule in so far that this is a branch of the external carotid but it enters the cranial cavity. This enters the cranial cavity through the foremins spinosum and it supplies the meninges of the middle cranial fossa and the posterior cranial fossa and this can rupture in a fracture of the tereon and can produce bleeding which is referred to as extradural hematoma which can be life-threatening. After the middle meningeal artery there is an accessory meningeal artery which is not very visible here which enters also the cranial cavity through the foremins ovei and which also supplies the meninges. The fifth branch of the first part is this artery that we see here this is the inferior alveolar artery and this inferior alveolar artery enters the mandibular canal as we can see here and it runs in the mandibular canal and it supplies the lower teeth and then it comes out from the chin through the metal forearm as the mental artery. So these are the five branches of the first part of the maxillary artery that we can see. So these are all the structures and the branches of the maxillary and the external carotid artery that I wanted to show you starting from here all the way to the infrared temporal fossa with their clinical correlations. Thank you very much for watching. If you have any questions or comments please put them in the comment section below. Have a nice day Dr. Sanjay Sanyal signing out.


2023 has been a very difficult year for LGBTQ plus people because the legal attacks have been the worst that I can remember. And you would think that each year things would get progressively better with regard to civil rights issues. But we've made so many steps backwards this year that it's almost unfathomable. The ACLU has mapped a total of 491 anti-LGBTQ plus bills in legislatures across the country, mostly anti-trans bills. And we're only in June, there's still half the year left to go. But these bigots are so unoriginal that they haven't even bothered to change their talking points. For example, look at the images that Matt juxtaposed here of Anita Bryant's and Marjorie Taylor Greene. It's literally the same style of bigotry, but in color. But I mean, if history really does repeat itself, then we all know what's probably next. If we were going to go on a crusade across the nation and try to do away with the homosexuals, then we certainly would have done it on June the 8th after one of the most overwhelming victories in the country. But we didn't. We tried to avoid it and went into a place called Northport, Virginia, and we're met with protest and all kinds of problems. But on a more serious note, one thing that we've always kind of had working in our favor is the U.S. Constitution, baby. And I know that it sounds corny, but I think it's true. As flawed as that document may be, I think that the 14th Amendment is very crucial. It's the most powerful tool that we have. I mean, the judiciary is where we fought and successfully won a lot, if not most, of our rights. I mean, marriage equality was not something that was codified by Congress. The Supreme Court said that bans on same-sex marriages are unconstitutional, and that's how we got that right. And I think that that's still mostly true to this day. And I say this because we got more victories that were delivered by the judiciary, including one from a right-wing judge that was appointed by Donald Trump that you wouldn't necessarily expect. So the Tennessee ban on drag that we just talked about a couple of weeks ago that was struck down by a judge appointed by Donald Trump, citing that it violates free speech. And as the Washington Post explains, in his ruling issued Friday, U.S. District Judge Thomas Parker wrote that the law violates First Amendment freedom of speech protections and was unconstitutionally vague and substantially overboard. Tennessee Attorney General Jonathan Scrimetti said in a statement that he expects to appeal the ruling at the appropriate time. LGBTQ rights groups are taking the Tennessee ruling as a victory that could set the tone for legal challenges to drag bans nationwide. Attorney Bryce Timmons, one of the lawyers who represented the plaintiffs in this case, said he and his Donati law colleague, Melissa Stewart, are headed to Florida for a hearing on their court challenge to that state's drag ban. You love to see it. Now that drag ban in Tennessee was one of 26 introduced across the country. And these Republican lawmakers, let's be clear, are well aware that these bans, they violate the First Amendment because obviously, but what they're doing is they're throwing red meat to the base. And even if they know that they're going to get struck down, they're still taking this as a political win for their base. But hopefully this ruling will create a sort of domino effect where Republicans feel less emboldened and hopefully less inclined to target drag shows or at least limit the scope of these bans if they're planning to keep them on the books.  So they're going to have a hard time getting these unconstitutional laws to stick, but odds are they're going to continue to push them because that's what they've decided to do this year. But the article mentioned how Florida is their next battleground, or at least the battleground for these attorneys here. And as many of you know, Ron DeSantis also signed an effective ban on drag shows that is already having a chilling effect on free speech since several pride parades have been canceled altogether. But when it comes to Florida's ban on gender-affirming care, something that we talked about a couple of weeks ago, we got another positive development there as well. As Axios reports, a federal judge on Tuesday temporarily blocked a pair of Florida bans on gender-affirming care for youths while a legal challenge plays out, arguing that both are likely to be found unconstitutional. Four Florida families argued in their lawsuit that the bans violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause by singling out transminors and asked the court to freeze the bans while the lawsuit is reviewed. U.S. District Court Judge Robert Hinkel said that most of Florida's bans represent a purposeful discrimination against transgenders. The law not only criminalized care for trans people under 18, but added restrictions for adults seeking care. While the injunction doesn't address the adult restrictions, lawyers for the plaintiffs are planning to ask the court to block them, said Simone Chris, director of the Transgender Rights Initiative at the Florida-based Southern Legal Council. That could mean adding an adult trans Floridian as a plaintiff in the suit. And I really hope that that is the case because trans adults in Florida, they are in a state of crisis and panic for good reason. But more on that in a moment.   And this, in my opinion, just shows that our judiciary, it's like the only functioning part of government that we have left, it's still hanging on by a thread. But like when you see these types of judgments, you just, you can't not feel at least a little bit more hopeful. As Politico explains, quote, nothing could have motivated this remarkable intrusion into parental prerogatives other than opposition to transgender status itself, wrote Hinkle, who was appointed by former President Bill Clinton. Hinkle also added that the statute and the rules were an exercise in politics, not good medicine. This is a politically fraught area. There has long been and still is substantial bigotry directed at transgender individuals. Common experience confirms this as does a Florida legislator's remarkable reference to transgender witnesses at a committee hearing as mutants and demons. And even when not based on bigotry, there are those who incorrectly, but sincerely believe that gender identity is not real, but instead just a choice. Again, that was a judge who wrote that. It's really nice to see, honestly, this judge knows what's up. He is plugged into the discourse and he saw this law for what it was, bigotry in its purest form. And for those of you unaware to what he was referring to when he pointed out the mutants and demon reference, he was explaining how Florida Republican Webster Barnaby literally called trans people demons and mutants. And it's not necessarily surprising to know that these fascist Republicans think about trans people this way. But what was surprising is that he bothered to apologize at least. I mean, he probably didn't mean it, but I guess it's better than nothing, right? Now, another really interesting element about this story is as Harvard Law's Alejandro Carbio points out, Florida could not provide evidence of a single resident who regretted transition. This is exactly why they have to fly Chloe Cole into every state. They don't have anyone else, let alone anyone who actually lives in Florida. Yeah, it's almost like they have no evidence and they also realize that their arguments are legally flimsy. So they're grasping at straws.  And they're using her as evidence that it's bad. Her testimony is doing this. And I'm sure that one day she's going to come to regret her decisions. But regardless, she's doing a lot of harm and that's what they're using. But under, you know, this judge's opinion, it's still not good enough. Now, obviously the fight in Florida is not over. But I hope that adults can at least sometime soon get temporary relief because Florida has put trans people in an impossible predicament to where they may have to lead their state soon. And they shouldn't have to do this, but that's where we're at, right? Ron DeSantis signed this ban into law and it caused a complete disruption for trans people across the state because nurse practitioners were banned from administering gender affirming care to trans adults. Now, the reason why that's so substantial is because 80% of trans adults get their care from nurse practitioners. So if you prohibit them from giving adults gender affirming care, you are effectively banning it for most adults in Florida. And that's what Ron DeSantis did. And trans adults still don't have relief. They're still wondering where they can get gender affirming care. Some of them have been on it for years, if not decades. But that was cut off like that because of Republican fascists in this state. Now, we're not going to get into this article, but I do want to highly recommend that you read Chris Walker's write-up in Truthout about the dozens of GoFundMe's from trans people in red states trying to escape. Not that long ago, I shared my friend Ashley's GoFundMe, and thankfully she has since raised enough funds to leave Florida. But there's still thousands of trans people that need to get out. But what people need to realize, and I can't not emphasize this enough, is that we are in a state of emergency for trans rights in this country and Florida is ground zero. And that is affecting trans people in substantial ways. And these stories are important. For example, ABC News explains Eli and Lucas, trans men who are a couple, followed the discussions in the legislature where Democrats warned that trans children would be more prone to suicide under a ban on gender affirming care for minors and Republicans responded with misplaced tales of mutilated kids. Eli said he and his partner felt blindsided when they discovered the bill contained language that would also disrupt their lives. Lucas, 26, lost his access to treatment when the Orlando Clinic that prescribed him hormone replacement therapy stopped providing gender affirming care altogether. The couple also worries about staying in a state that this year enacted several other bills targeting the LGBTQ plus community. My entire life is here. All my friends, my family, I just got a promotion at my job, which I'm probably not going to be able to keep. Lucas, who works in a financial aid office at a college, said, I'm losing everything except Eli and my pets moving out of here. So this was not a decision that I took lightly at all. Yeah, and I can't even imagine what they're going through.  So they shouldn't have to worry about this, but here we are. And we often talk about how moving is very difficult. It requires capital, connections and resources.  Even if you are able to move, you shouldn't have to leave your home and your family and your job and start all over because fascists don't accept who you are.  That's not the world that we currently live in, unfortunately. And as Republicans devolve further into an authoritarian fascistic organization, trans rights are the first rights to go. They're the first rights on the chopping block. But heed my words, it's not going to stop there. Your rights are next if you don't stand up for trans people. So this is something that all of us need to care about. When Americans are being persecuted and discriminated against, none of us are free, all of us are in jeopardy. So I absolutely feel so bad for everyone living in Florida currently, just everyone, but primarily trans adults. You as an adult should be able to make decisions about your healthcare. But the fact that that is being denied to you is not just cruel. It is a violation of your human rights and it has to be stopped and fought against vociferously. Every single person must be speaking out as loudly as they possibly can because this cannot stand. And I believe that it will not stand. But just the fact that you have to wait to get healthcare that you've been receiving for years is completely just unacceptable. Woke, mom, mom. Ke kano, ke kano, ke kano, ke kano, ke kano. Woke, mom, mom. Ke kano, ke kano, ke kano, ke kano, ke kano. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke task. Woke ideology. Woke Olympic. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology. Woke ideology.


Here's Kasten from the German Wikimedia meeting space in Hamburg, Germany. Before I start my presentation, I will show you around. I'm in the Vicky Contour in Hamburg. In the background you see our photo background. And I show you around a little bit. There on the back is our kitchen area. And then we have our library and the big screen for presentations over there. And that's about all here in this Vicky Media community space. And we have, of course, a cellar where you can store something. I will now show you my presentation. The topic is local meetings for and for and by the community. And in Germany we have several of such rooms. I am talking now here from the Contour Hamburg and we have one in Berlin, in Hannover, in Cologne and Munich. And third Vicky is something special that's more or less local Vicky, which is connected to Vicky Media in a certain way. Here you can see some pictures from our office. This is here on the left bottom is the outside of this office. That's in Berlin, that's third. That is inside the office in Hannover. People editing and here we have students here in our office and I'm sitting right here now. What do we do here in this meeting points? They are financed by Vicky Media Deutschland. The local management is done here on the spot. We offer information about Vicky Media, Vicky Comments, Vicky Loves Anything. Everything people ask. We do assist editors, new editors and old editors and persons who are involved with an entry. They come to us and say, oh, that's not true and I have a better picture of my uncle and all these things and we must then thought it out what we can use and what we have to deny as requests. The local offices do also research on regional subjects because we know our town best and we do lists of monuments, lists of so-called Stolpersteine. We are keeping a library. We participate in the regional activities, the Open Day Museum and the Open Heritage site. We are doing a guided tour around here. This office, nearly all of the buildings around us are more or less on some heritage status. We cooperate with regional museums, art galleries and artists for our enjoyment and of course we help them to present themselves in the proper way. Some meeting points organize after work meetings so they cook together and on the way home members of the community stop by for one or two hours, as we would call it, eat and edit. We have also resources here for the community, the camera is 360 degrees camera and drone here and of course we have a lot of laptops for people who come by without any equipment that can work. Yes we are then organizing visits to local points of interest also based in the reach of the Wikimedia movement to get knowledge and of course other groups like UIs for competitions and can meet here without further cost to the Wikimedia. We share sometimes rooms with other organizations which are also connected to open knowledge. Here in Hamburg we had open street mats, engineers for water, coding Da Vinci in Munich they have a group who assisting pupils with their homeworks in this office. Here in Hamburg we have this Deutsche Quizfein which is also about knowledge but a little bit different. And of course I've talked about the first third wiki they are more or less like a historical society and they do their own research and strictly speaking Wikipedia is a guest in their office but Wikimedia Deutschland is also funding their room in Fürth. Fürth is near Nürnberg but they don't like that the way they say for Nürnberg is a smaller town. Yes what do you need to have such an open space here for the community? You need some dedicated members that are willing to run it for a longer period. Here in Hamburg three members were responsible in regards of all the finance and their reports of Wikimedia and other members take responsible for special subjects so organizing meetings, organizing tours for objects of interest and one is responsible that we have always coffee and other drinks and all the other members here in the Hamburg region are invited to take part in our activities and to organize others themselves. So we are in Germany and the fortunate situation that Wikimedia Germany is rich organization, rich chapter and but of course not everywhere you have these resources and so I have some ideas where you can do also something like that without getting a real office. One idea would be that perhaps members, companies have spaces where you can meet without going into the inner circles so they have meeting rules which they use on the daytime for meeting customers and making interviews with new employees and you can just go in from the street or when you are in the position to use that would be fine and we have also tried, not tried, we have visited shared office spaces where you can get a lot of extras when you even if you have only a small room that because they have meeting rooms and sometimes very large rooms where you are allowed to use and when you make good friends with the other tenants there will be a good partner I think there and of course you can have asked local chambers of commerce I think especially in America they have are interested in local things the local library or historical society like they have done it in food where you can meet once a week or once a month so that's the end of my presentation of course here are all the images always under a free license and if you would like I'm prepared to answer questions Ok thank you for your presentation it was really interesting to see what you can do locally and I was wondering how much does Wikimedia Deutschland how much money it costs to Wikimedia Deutschland to maintain one of these clubs one of these wiki places yes actually I don't know they pay the rent here that used to be a shop our neighbor is a jeweller and we have a barbershop on the opposite side with very small rooms I think they pay about 900 euro per month per month for rent and of course we have expenses for drinks and snacks where Charles paid when we want to drink the final beer we have to pay it for ourselves but that's no problem and actually I don't know but it's somewhere in the papers you know ok so the rent is you said 900 euros per year yes per month and there are you said six of these yes they are not so big as I think they pay more for the other one more for rent ok it's really nice this one is the smallest ok it's really nice and I hope that it can be done also elsewhere in Europe because it's a really nice thing to have yes any first test the community a warm invitation for every big comedian who comes to Germany have a look where the next office is and get in contact and when you are not there at the regular hours our community would like to welcome you on other days yes I'm sad because I was in Berlin in June didn't know anything about this if I knew I would have contacted the local wiki bar yes thank you so much yes goodbye to to Singapore and have a good time there can you repeat the question I'm sorry yes goodbye to you in Singapore have a good time for the rest of the wiki mania thank you so much thank you so much bye


I knew that my parents were from Mexico, but I didn't quite understand how I was a Mexican-American and what it meant in terms of traditions and language and resiliency until I went to college. And I soon saw that most of my classmates did not reflect my own identity, whether it was language, the color of my hair, the color of my skin. And I kept going to college classes, right? And then I kept seeing these inequities. So I thought, wow, we don't have as many people in the school system that are necessary to tell Mexican-Americans, to tell African-Americans, to tell Asian-Americans, Native Americans, that you belong in college. So in that moment, I said, you know what? I want to tell kids that they belong in this institution. They should demand this opportunity. At that point, I saw it as my civil rights activist cause. I saw it as my form of bettering my community, my form of protest. And I just wanted to teach. I wanted to uplift youth and I wanted them to take up spaces in college classrooms. Adriana celebrates diversity with everything that she does. She wants kids to understand just how important it is to understand their cultures, to celebrate them and to have others recognize them as well. I want kids to see that it's more than just our ethnic makeup, but every bit of our culture that makes us who we are is something that we should be proud of and something that we shouldn't hide. And having this class this year, it really made me feel like more proud to be of that heritage of Mexican-American. Now I feel more confident knowing my background. It feels like, you know, these people really fought hard to give me what I have, you know, why waste it. It just empowered me a lot by telling me that no matter what, that my voice should be heard. Even if someone does put me down to always make sure that I'm heard. I never knew about my people until I came into this class. Having teachers like that make me want to come to school. That's what it is, it's so you get proud of your culture, that belief that you belong at the table. Not only do you belong, you must be at the table because we're not as strong as we could be when we all come together. She gets them to embrace who they are, where they are, and that they're capable of getting to where they need to be. And all this makes the students feel successful, they feel important, they feel like they have no choice but to rise to the next level of their academic lives. She wants to be able to give those students, you know, the academic foundation of those tools to fight any battle that they may face as they're going through life. She's going to continue doing that even till her last heartbeat. Honestly, I'm just so happy. I feel like I'm living my dream. I have so much love for my students. I see their passion in life, and when I say passion, I mean their anger, I mean their emotion, right? So when they show it to me, I see, I see me, you know, I see someone that's just trying to be honest, and someone who's just trying to move forward. When I see that, it just drives me to want to give my 100 million percent to them.


Hello friends welcome to the session I am Malka, let us verify mean value theorem if fx equal to x cube minus pi by x square minus 3x in the interval a, b, where a equal to 1 and b equal to 3 find all c being the element of open interval 1, 3 for which f dash c equal to 0. So let us start with the solution we are given fx equal to x cube minus pi by x square minus 3x. Now being a polynomial function it is continuous, it is continuous in close interval 1, 3 hence differentiable open interval 1, 3. Now we will find f1 which is equal to 1 minus 5 minus 3 equal to minus 7, f3 equal to 27 minus 45 minus 9 equal to minus 27 this implies f1 is not equal to f3 thus we see that all the three conditions are satisfied all three conditions value theorem are satisfied therefore f dash c is not equal to 0 in close interval 1, 3. Now we are given fx equal to x cube minus 5x square minus 3x and we will find f dash x which will be equal to 3x square minus 10x minus 3 therefore f dash c will be equal to 3c square minus 10c minus 3. Now but we are given that f dash c equal to 0 therefore 3c square minus 10c minus 3 equal to 0 this implies c equal to minus b which is minus of minus 10 plus minus square root of v square which is minus 10 minus 4ac upon 2a this is equal to 10 plus minus square root of 100 plus 36 upon 6 this implies c equal to 10 plus minus square root of 4 into 34 by 6 this implies c equal to 5 plus minus root 34 upon 3 this implies c equal to 5 plus minus 5.83 upon 3 this is approximate value of square root of 34 now this implies c equal to 10.83 by 3 or minus 0.83 by 3. There is no value of c being the element of open interval 1, 3. There no value c being the element of open interval 1, 3. So hope you understood the solution and enjoyed the session. Goodbye and take care.


Welcome back everybody. This is an extension of the previous video. In the previous video we ended by talking about how different protein molecules have a specific sequence, their own special order of connecting the amino acids to each other in, and the order that you connect them in or the sequence that they're connected in controls what type of job the protein molecule does. This little bit is new, and we haven't discussed it in the previous video. The sequence that you connect the amino acids to each other in actually makes protein molecules fold up in 3D in their own special way. Now I can't really draw anything in 3D because I'm horrible at drawing, but if you didn't know any better, I'm going to pretend that each amino acid is like a little ball connected to each other in a protein molecule. So here's amino acid number one. It's a little ball connected to amino acid number two, and let's say that there's a hundred of them, right? It goes on and on, and here's number 99, and there's number 100. If you didn't know any better, the way that we've been talking about a bunch of amino acids connected to each other, you might think that the molecule that you make is just like this big long string, right?  In reality, what happens is the order that you connect the amino acids in makes every protein molecule fold up in 3D in its own special way. So even though I have a hundred amino acids and you might think that they're like this, what ends up happening in real life when the protein molecule gets made is it might fold up in its own special way. So this is my horrible way of showing you the protein molecule folded up properly. One of the other pieces of information that I want you to know is that every different type of protein molecule folds up in 3D in its own special way. So one protein molecule might fold up like this, another protein molecule might fold up like that. Again, these are just cartoons, they obviously don't fold up like that, but you get the point hopefully. The way that the protein molecule folds up helps control what kind of job it does.  So in this particular video, again, this is just a cartoon, it's very difficult to see real protein molecules fold up, but you'll get the idea here. What they're going to show you is one particular protein molecule. At the beginning, I think they're going to show you every single atom in the molecule, but then that's really complicated. So they are going to replace that, I believe, with the one-letter abbreviation for all of the amino acids connected to each other, and then even that's a little bit complicated, and they're going to replace every one-letter abbreviation with just a little ball, and each little ball is supposed to be one amino acid connected to the other ones. And at the beginning, the protein molecule is going to be unfolded, and you're going to see it gradually fold up in its own 3D way. Here we go. This is the name of the protein molecule, you do not need to know this. Here's the protein molecule, all the atoms, there's the one-letter abbreviation. This is the protein molecule with each little amino acid is like a little ball, it is not folded up, and here it is in the process of folding up, it's still not quite folded up, and now it's folded up. It looks like there are little spaces between there, but you'll see that it doesn't, there are not really empty spaces there, it's pretty tightly packed once they show you everything filled in. So there it is filled in, whatever that protein is, there it is properly folded up in 3D. So every protein molecule folds up in its own special way in 3D. This is the three-dimensional shape of one specific protein molecule called kinesin. Kinesin is a molecule in all of our cells whose job is to carry other molecules around to different parts of the cell. But you can see that chemists and biologists probably spent years trying to figure out the three-dimensional shape of this specific molecule. It is not an easy thing to do. There are reasons for wanting to do this, a lot of times people feel like if they can figure out the shape of a molecule it can help them understand what job it does and how it does its job. Again, I don't want you to get lost in the details, but there are some things, right? There's an N and a C here, you probably know what those mean. This is one end where the amino acids start getting connected to each other. This is the other end. But for this particular molecule when it's folded up properly, the N terminus and the C terminus end up being close to each other. And there are all sorts of weird little shapes, right? There's this spiral here, there are all these spirals, there are other things. This is just to show you an example of how complicated the 3D shape can be for a protein molecule. That's all I want you to know here. There are a couple of points I also want you to know as well, but I don't want you to get lost in the details of this picture. This is very important. If a protein molecule doesn't fold up properly, it will not do its job. And unfolded proteins, so proteins that are not folded up properly, not doing their job can be a big problem for living things, for ourselves. This is a little bit of new information. If you remember a couple of videos back, I said that there are 20 amino acids that can break the amino acids into two categories. The amino acids that are hydrophobic, that means there are some amino acids that don't like to mix with water, and there are also amino acids that are hydrophilic. Those are amino acids that do like to mix with water. Well, there are some general rules about these kinds of amino acids. The amino acids that are hydrophobic, as a rule, they tend to be buried on the inside of protein molecules. So I just spent 10 minutes talking about how protein molecules like to fold up, right? So here's some pretend folded up protein molecule. Well, if this molecule is bouncing around in your cell, that molecule is mostly surrounded by water molecules. But some of the amino acids in this molecule don't like to mix with water. They are the hydrophobic amino acids. And as a rule, they tend to be buried on the inside of the protein molecules, away from the water. And the hydrophilic amino acids tend to be on the surface of protein molecules. So if here's my properly folded up protein molecule, and it's mostly surrounded by water molecules, well, this protein molecule also has hydrophilic amino acids as well. And the hydrophilic ones are usually on the surface because they're pretty happy interacting with the water molecules. So this is a general rule that I want you to know. Hydrophobic amino acids are usually on the inside of a protein molecule. Hydrophilic amino acids are usually on the surface. There are many exceptions to this, but this is generally true. So just to drive this point home, remember these amino acids are hydrophobic because it says so right there. As a rule, you will find these amino acids buried on the interior of protein molecules once they fold it up. And as a rule, all of the other ones, hydrophilic, these ones, and these ones as well, these you usually find on the surface of protein molecules. So what does this have to do with the price of bananas, right? Who cares? Well, it turns out that a lot of human diseases are related to protein molecules folding up properly or not folding up properly. One example of this is sickle cell disease. If you are familiar with sickle cell disease, one thing that I say is going to be old news to you if you're not, this is a picture of red blood cells from a person who has sickle cell disease. People with healthy red blood cells make red blood cells that look like this or like this. They look like round fluffy pillows. People who have sickle cell disease, they might make some healthy red blood cells, but they also make red blood cells that have these weird shapes. They're kind of long and pointy. The problem with red blood cells that are long and pointy like that is they get stuck in narrow blood vessels and they can clog those blood vessels. And if they clog the blood vessels, they cause a tremendous amount of pain. So sometimes these kind of stretched out red blood cells get stuck in narrow blood vessels. When this happens, people have difficulty breathing. There's a tremendous amount of pain. They get significant tissue damage. People with sickle cell disease have an average life expectancy that's a lot less than a healthy person who does not have sickle cell disease. So what does this have to do with protein molecules? Well, first thing I want you to know is that red blood cells, you should think of them as bags of hemoglobin.  The hemoglobin protein molecules pick up oxygen from your lungs and then the red blood cells leave your lungs and they go to other tissues and then the hemoglobin molecules release the oxygen to the other tissues that need it.  If you look at people who are healthy, well, people who do not have sickle cell disease, you look at the sequence of the amino acids in hemoglobin. They have an E. E is the one letter abbreviation, I believe, for glutamic acid. So they have, I think this is, they have a leucine amino acid connected to a threnine amino acid connected to proline and glutamic acid and glutamic acid, et cetera, et cetera. And this is for people who do not have sickle cell disease, this is part of the hemoglobin protein molecule. The people who have sickle cell disease, in the most common version of sickle cell disease, the people who have the disease, they make almost the same kind of hemoglobin protein molecule. Except instead of this E, which is, stands for glutamic acid, their bodies put another amino acid in called valine. Now at this point I'd like you to pause the video and look at your book or whatever you have and figure out whether glutamic acid and valine are hydrophobic or hydrophilic. And then you can pause the video and we will talk. If you unpause the video, what you'll notice is that glutamic acid is hydrophilic. That means this amino acid likes to mix with water. Problem is valine is not, valine is hydrophobic. So what happens in people, well, what happens in people who are healthy, people who do not have sickle cell disease? They make hemoglobin molecules that fold up properly.  And this E here is hydrophilic. It likes to mix with water and it actually is on the surface of the hemoglobin molecule. But the people who have sickle cell disease, they put a valine amino acid in the same spot. And valine does not like to mix with water. But the cell is done. The cell doesn't, the cell is just following orders, just following the instructions. So it puts the valine there for people who have sickle cell disease. But the valine doesn't want to be there. It's surrounded by water and it's not happy. So what ends up happening is the amino acid molecule is all clumped together to try to bury their valine amino acids that are exposed on the surface to try to bury those valine amino acids away from the water. And if they clump together enough for people who have the disease, then they end up making the red blood cell have this weird shape, which ends up making the red blood cells get caught in narrow blood vessels, which causes this horrible disease. So this horrible disease is caused by a really tiny change in a very important molecule. But it's a tiny change that makes all of those things clump together because you went from a hydrophilic amino acid to a hydrophobic one. That's just one example of proteins clumping together or not folding properly that one example where diseases can be caused. There are other ones as well. There's muscular dystrophy is caused by protein not being made properly and not folding out cystic fibrosis as well. There are many diseases like this. This is not the only one. Although I believe that sickle cell disease was the first disease that was understood at this level of detail. Prior to sickle cell disease, you might have a disease, let's say in the 1920s, you have sickle cell disease or you have cystic fibrosis. Well, what's wrong with you? We don't know.  This sickle cell disease was the first disease where people were actually able to find a specific molecule that was messed up that appeared to cause the disease. After that, then they also figured out specific molecules that were involved in cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy. But this was the first one that was understood. That's the end of this video. See you in the next one.


proudly we hail from New York home of the American stage another dramatic documentary of our country and our people featuring a cast of outstanding players public service time has been made available by this radio station so that your army and your Air Force can bring you now a tale of scientific precision as proudly we hail the army map service for those who think a map is something to crumple in the glove compartment of the car for the soldiers who followed them all over the world and who figured they'd always been around for those who would tablet of a business here is a story we call maps by the millions it started a hundred and five years ago yet it's as young as today it stands unmatched for sheer courage and genius the story in a moment right now a message of interest an important message for the young men of our country if you think you can hold down a man's job there's a man's job waiting for you in your country's rapidly expanding United States Army go to your nearest United States Army and United States Air Force recruiting station and get all the facts today it's summer in Washington the year is 1950 the hot stickiness of the night is only relieved by an occasional gust of human wind off the river on the southern tip of land but just into the Potomac is a military reservation the lights that blaze the staccato slapping of hurrying footsteps are in sharp contrast to the slumbering quietness of the surrounding city deep in the military reservation is a rambling building parts of it windowless it probes with the muffled pulsating of frantic machinery a tall figure hurries down the path inserts a key in the lock opens the door and passes through the welcoming rectangle of yellow light he identifies himself as Fred Cowan two armed guards paces along subterranean corridors and enters a vast closed room shaking with the gyrations of rows of giant printing presses lockers line one wall the man hurries to his unlocks it shakes himself out of his light summer coat hangs it on a hook and follows with other pieces of clothing he pulls on a pair of ink smeared pressman's overalls and walks to number five litho press another man stands beside that press as sheet after sheet is ejected he scans the finished product his right hand high on a series of control buttons ready to halt the printing the instant any variation is noticed his name is William Connors Hi Bill what's on oh hi Freddy your guess is as good as mine I got the same phone call you did well I live out further you know that don't you sure sure I didn't mean nothing what they're all excited over nothing like a since the war all candle on the phone said it was top priority I haven't seen him since I got in the press was all set up in Roland what's the map run Louisiana maneuver area again now now this is a large-scale country in the Far East which one it's here on the identification box some place called Korea if you fight a war these days you've got to have maps and they've got to be good they've got to be detailed and accurate when aggression from the North forced United Nations troops into Korea in June of 1950 the maps they had of the area were the best in the world the powerful presses of the Army map service in Washington started rolling that hot summer night to supply additional thousands that would be needed as the war surged up and down the Korean Peninsula and as details filtered back the maps were altered a misplaced coal a hill where none had been shown on the map a new railroad spur precise up to the minute flown by air to the men fighting their way up a foreign coastline field units setting up presses in the Pacific as they had during the war to make the myriad maps of fighting army requires the quick sweep of speedy photo planes the incredible calculations based on the aerial pictures the detailed maps that so speedily result but it wasn't always this way once when our nation was young when the great distances of the West were all but unexplored the Congress of the United States authorized an expedition to chart the unknown to mark the trails that only explorers and guides like Kit Carson knew to such an assignment was ordered John C. Freeman Lieutenant United States Army we set out in the summer of 1842 from Shoutu's landing on the Missouri River we traveled about a hundred miles along the core river and then struck out overland to Fort Laramie on the way a new mountain peak was discovered the party insisted on naming it for me we returned to St. Louis along the plat in Missouri rivers we mapped as we went as accurately as our instruments would permit a quiet narrative of a hard laborious journey that was just preparation for the job to come the surveying of the trails to the Pacific Coast over the Rockies across the salt desert to the Great Salt Lake along the trail of Lewis and Clark on the Columbia River back southward through Nevada to the eastern base of the towering Sierra Nevada Mountains where the party paused for a moment in January 1844 then as Fremont's own diary reports it February 2nd 1844 traveled 16 miles elevation of camp 6,760 feet February 9th snow five feet deep putting on snowshoes which we made ourselves the glare of the snow has rendered many of our people almost blind we're fortunate in having some black silk handkerchiefs which worn as veils very much relieved our eyes February 20th we end camped with all our animals on the summit of the pass in the dividing Ridge elevation 9,338 feet February 22nd tonight we killed another mule now our only resource from starvation February 23rd going ahead with Kit Carson to reconnoiter the road we reached in the afternoon a creek which made the outlet of a lake what now kid cross it direction all right follow me the salt shot coming oh oh oh this water is cold all to the rock John are you hurt hold on now no no no don't Kit I'm all right my guys colder than I thought hold on to me now I'll get you out I'm all right just can't catch my breath that's cold as well I came in after you I lost my muscle I gotta find it no you don't not back in that water you can afford to lose the gun but not you first things build a fire swinging an axe to keep the blood running warm anyway after we had partially dried ourselves we went back to meet the camp we afterwards found that the gun had been slung under the ice which lined the banks of the Greek February 27th we grew very anxious as the day advanced to no grass appeared for the lives of our horses and mules depended on finding it tonight the day was nearly gone when towns one of our men I would keep on this way I think I'll be going home now yes I will go home now it's back up in the mountains town what do you think you are only a little ways from home I'm hungry I think I'll go home for supper now the town stop it don't you know who I am who am I for your you're our baker at least I think you are but you don't have any bread out here it's back in your shop I'm going to your shop for bread and I'm going home for supper towns come back you fool you freeze up there you'll ask and take this pack I'm going up to town so I'll bring him back somehow towns wandered off into the woods not knowing where he was I was able to bring him back but he had to be strained until he recovered sufficiently March 6th 1844 reached Sutter's Fort today of the 67 horses and mules with which we started across the Sierra only 35 arrived at Sutter's Fort but the maps were made the trails were blazed in spite of cold and even madness a section of the earth was charted John Fremont had done his job better than he knew for as he drew his maps he was also drawing the outlines of a rich tradition that would be followed through the years by the army's topographical engineers by the daring pilots whose flying cameras were to chart great portions of the world by the far-reaching organization of the army map service although born of war it will achieve greatness in peace it is doubtful that there were many times in our history when our country's needs were as desperately urgent as in early 1942 in the east over Europe the engine noise of a few b-17s was a weak promise of what was to come in the other direction out over the limitless Pacific the thunder of the first naval engagements were echoing to the shores of Japan and then silence settled over the vast area where would the United States strike the enemy wondered and the answer was in the making but veiled in silence and dark with the word secret all right then gentlemen you have the target we agreed on the d-date we all have a lot of work ahead of us i want to see troop dispositions available transport air support plan and full tactical maps of the area as soon as possible that would be all gentlemen oh matthews yes general about the maps will they be ready i haven't said anything about it but i'm afraid there's trouble oh what sort of trouble oh that target island yes never been mapped much less the sea approaches oh i know better all there are some navigational charts and area maps but the engineers say there are tremendous discrepancies between the different ones available some of them are 20 or 30 years old some have harbors where others show straight coastline it's that bad can they get any kind of a map from what they've got to you know how short time is not the maps we need with accurate enough details for amphibious beach operations and for pre-assault air bombardment no sir we find ourselves pumping high explosives into some uninhabited back jungle matthews you've got something going or you would have brought this up before they're working on it and it ought to wind up in time to give us a set of maps for this target that'll match the best aerial mapping operation that's right sir air transport command is flying in some of the air force staff that did the aerial mapping in alaska on the alkan highway are you set up to run them in quantity once the area has been photographed in the maps planet a complete engineered topographic mapping battalion is ready draftsman play shop presses whole works good all right carry on with it matthews but understand any hitch and i'm to be immediately notified without maps these troops these ships these guns without maps they're all useless these were the blue chips boats guns trucks tanks and men not one of them could be tossed in the pot a hand couldn't be raised to draw a card until they had their maps but they did move and as so often is true in war a great moment of history depended on the courage of a single man in this case his name was carl polifka captain united states air force in a moment more about maps and the men who make them more about the unsung work of the army map service now we pause in the proudly beheld production of maps by the minions for this important message you young men of american know that the united states army has been expanding however that expansion must continue when your health is needed it's needed right now you yourself can get ahead in the army because there are many opportunities for advancement if you have initiative courage and leadership ability so visit your local united states army and united states air force recruiting station and enlist in the united states army today you are listening to proudly we hail a dramatic documentary saluting the army map service a story we've called maps by the minions you sent for me major yes captain prolifer relax sit down spare me the treatment sir just uh just tell me the bad news it's bad all right maybe you can change it i'm human there's limits to what you can expect you're my boy carl anybody can swing at you can let me know what it is am i supposed to fly a b-17 down somebody's chimney in a sense what i'm going to tell you is top secret okay the task force assembling now for our first counterattack well it's the best news since december i feel the same way you do carl there's a hitch yeah there are no maps of area x we comb the islands state side they've turned the files upside down nothing the missionaries the arcy planters what have they been using to navigate steamships on those waters not accurate enough for an amphibious landing operation a campaign to take an island you know what these island sketch maps are location not accurate within several miles they want the area mapped that's the story specialist team was headed in from the states their planes down project was set for a flight of p-38s rigged for aerial mapping f-4s they call them those planes were lost on a sub picked off the freighter carrying well what do i use uh a b-17 that's a bum joke because you're right that island has to be mapped 17 is the only thing i've got for you with range enough to get there and back well i'll try it but listen uh yeah if the pictures aren't in focus don't make me go back sergeant strip all armament load extra fuel tanks in the bomb bay we're flying light but fast okay corporal you're the photographer rig the cameras any way you want and tell me what you have to have pom pom tower this is army 8753 airborne at 0614 destination area x army 8753 flew almost a thousand miles to area x and over the island that was its target the plane set a new course straight down the backbone of that brown and green oval on the blue pacific fighters rose to protect the enemy base black pups of anti-aircraft polka dotted the length of the island the fortress banked turned and made another run puzzled enemy pilots hesitated long enough for the big plane to find cloud cover and head for home army 8753 did come home in time came this announcement and associated press bulletin august 7th 1942 dateline somewhere in the pacific united states troops have successfully landed on a strongly fortified enemy base in the salomon island's group american troops have taken the first step back on the road to the philippines that map made history you could say it made freedom it was the map for the entire campaign in that area it was the first reliable map ever made of the island and the speed with which it was made proved once and for all that aerial mapping was a vital key to victory in a global war now global that's a good word it means a lot when you start talking in terms of maps i had a man ask me the other day maps what about them during war any army just goes on through things or these days over them in the air what's all this about maps well will you admit it's a good idea to know where you're going well sure but there are always maps around you heard what happened out in the pacific at the start of the last war oh yeah yeah that's true but uh well you need maps for uncivilized pastels out there but you mean europe yeah oh why didn't they use road maps from the gas station they got them in europe seems to me they do just as well except the tank isn't a private car and you can't calculate the height of hills the depth and width of rivers from a roadmap and look mac a clover leaf intersection near durham north carolina doesn't look like much from an airplane 30 000 feet in the air no maybe you're right but not convinced uh well answer me this can you read a roadmap from a gas station in a blacked out tank or plane can you figure how to coordinate artillery fire with infantry movements how to figure in advance where the enemy would be likely to hide 60 millimeter mortars all right all right don't don't get excited what's more you don't plan a global war on a map from a geography book any more than you plan an invasion of france on a map made for napoleon you're kidding me for napoleon no that's the truth when we began to prepare for d-day the only military map in existence of the french coastal areas was one that had been made for the little corporal huh well uh what'd they use in uh well the first world war for example well most military operations even in the first world war were localized in required little mapping oh sure the aef had maps but by today's requirements they were pretty crude before the first world war most military operations mapped as they went along and most military decisions were made from information secured from advanced troops scouting ahead well then you mean that on december 7th in 1941 we almost had to fight from a roadmap well almost but not quite you see the question you asked was answered by the creation of the army map service one week of december had barely passed before the call started to come into washington vital we have a map of luzon philippine islands at once have to have a map of the south pacific scale one to fifty thousand send out by air at least a dozen copies of maps for the dutch east india find a map of someplace in the pacific called tarawa the existing sources of maps both military and civilian couldn't handle a war of this size the need was for some major agency to collect maps to compile maps to print maps and to distribute them where they were needed and so was born the army map service we understand ma'am you did some missionary work in the south seas for some time yes i did for over nine years did you have any maps of your area i don't think so no not that i remember but my husband and i did draw a sketch one of the trails in new guinea with water courses and all i may still have it in the attic somewhere young man you wait right here and i'll look you could help us quite a bit if you will captain sure i'll help you why would i sail my ship through those islands that's it sir that'll be the information we need and if we can have your charts for that part of the pacific sergeant williams reporting sir we've located an entire series of somatra area maps at the offices of an oil company in california lieutenant vote sir calling from seattle as an old trader up here used to sail into the harbour a truck his charts are going to be a gold mine it's a real break the information was coming in snapshots postcards diaries letters it was analyzed checked and recorded but map requirements continued to mount and so a revolutionary concept in map making was suggested produce maps on an assembly line basis despite history's contention that it was laborious specialized handwork the argument was advanced that there weren't even enough available personnel to staff a production line the army map service had the answer they turned to the women of america and they got the colleges of the country to give courses course 511 mapping topography cartography one semester five points professor malone this course is indoctrination for cartography will include the latest methods from photographic mapping to high speed lithography note to those interested government employment assured on completion of course 20 colleges and universities gave such a course to their women 500 came to washington and went to work in a secluded secret building where even the waste baskets had locks here was a vital part of america an enemy knowing what maps were being made would know where the united states was going to launch its offenses often the young women knew before the generals where amphibious landings were contemplated they did a variety of jobs my name is Dorothy Tis I run a high speed lithograph press it can turn out 3000 maps an hour day in and day out night in and night out we had a swing ship before factories knew what the word meant I take pictures with just about the biggest camera in the world I'm terry hayward and I come from mobile alabama and the cameras for making the plates that they print the maps from not all of the women came from the schools many had done civilian drafting had worked in highly skilled positions in photography all wanted to help during world war two the army map service made 500 million maps we figured it out that's a pile higher than the washington monuments 70 million maps 3000 kinds for france alone 40 000 different maps during the war 70 000 atlases gazetteers glossaries yeah that's a lot of maps you could say that again they'd weigh as much as 83 pulmon cars and if they were spread out they'd cover new york from the battery to central park yeah that's a lot of maps it's figured that mapping began in prehistoric days when a hunter scratched out a crude diagram in the dustivus cave to show some neighbor where he had pounded that dinosaur into steak in america the great tradition of such men as mapmaker john fremont reached a peak during the most terrible wars the world has ever seen certainly one climax was the morning patents racing army awoke to find that they had outrun the limits of their maps and sent up a howling that only ceased when 10 tons of maps were parachuted down to them oh very interesting but uh where do they go from here a good question the answer is everywhere the demands of peace are in many ways as pressing as those of war the world has grown smaller we have neighbors now where once we had only acquaintances new developments scientific marvels to keep pace with the time fluorescent maps for use in the dark and under special lights emergency cloth maps for aviators forced down at sea they'll withstand water and exposure then there's the use of radar as an aid in mapping with a promise that someday it may be one of the basic means for computing maps new methods and equipment for aerial mapping an amazing new camera with a piece of film nine and one half inches wide and 200 feet long built for 600 mile an hour jets and so accurate that the pictures show a golf ball on a t photograph from 20 000 feet this then has been the story a brief introduction to maps the men and women who made them during the war and who make them now and the army map service it began in america with john freemont and his men laboring through the mountains over a hundred years ago it came down through work and legend to the lumbering b17 carrying a crew and cameras away from an island in the enemy infested pacific the nimble fingers keen eyes and minds and stout hearts of the men and women in the squat building near washington this has been the story the tradition and the service to the nation of maps and the army map service they make them by the millions proudly we hail now brings you an important message the united states army the senior service of our armed forces is expanding rapidly and need your help by enlisting in the united states army you'll not only get the finest training in the world but you'll have the special pride that goes with wearing a united states army uniform if you have the qualifications the army will train you in such interesting career fields as radio radar electronics mechanics meteorology and many others why not get full details by visiting your local united states army and united states air force recruiting station today this has been another program on proudly we hail presented transcribed in cooperation with this station by the united states army and the united states air force recruiting service this program featured norman rose as narrator this is kenneth banghardt speaking and inviting you to tune in this same station next week for another interesting story on proudly we hail