Ingersoll's Lecture on Humboldt This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Ingersoll's Lecture on Humboldt. Ladies and gentlemen, great minds seem to be a part of the infinite. Those possessing them seem to be brothers of the mountains and the seas. Humboldt was one of these. He was one of the few great enough to rise above the superstition and prejudice of his time, and to know that experience, observation, and reason are the only basis of knowledge. He became one of the greatest of men in spite of having been born rich and noble, in spite of position. I say in spite of these things, because wealth and position are generally the enemies of genius and the destroyers of talent. It is often said of this or that man that he is a self-made man, that he was born of the poorest and humblest parents, and that with every obstacle to overcome, he became great. This is a mistake. Poverty is generally an advantage. Most of the intellectual giants of the world have been nursed at the sad but loving breast of poverty. Most of those who have climbed highest on the shining ladder of fame commenced at the lowest round. They were reared in the straw-thatched cottages of Europe, in the log houses of America, in the factories of the great cities, in the midst of toil in the smoke and den of labor, and on the verge of want. They were rocked by the feet of mothers whose hands at the same time were busy with the needle or the wheel. It is hard for the rich to resist the thousand allurements of pleasure, and so I say that humboldt, in spite of having been born to wealth and high social position, became truly and grandly great. In the antiquated and romantic castle of Tegel, by the side of the pine forest on the shore of the charming lake near the beautiful city of Berlin, the great humboldt, one hundred years ago today was born, and there he was educated after the method suggested by Rousseau, Campe, the philologist and critic, and the intellectual Kunt being his tutors. There he received the impressions that determined his career, there the great idea that the universe is governed by law took possession of his mind, and there he dedicated his life to the demonstration of this sublime truth. He came to the conclusion that the source of man's unhappiness is his ignorance of nature. He longed to give a physical description of the universe a grand picture of nature, to account for all phenomena, to discover the laws governing the world, to do away with that splendid delusion called special providence, and to establish the fact that the universe is governed by law. To establish this truth was and is of infinite importance to mankind. That fact is the death knell of superstition. It gives liberty to every soul, annihilates fear, and ushers in the age of reason. The object of this illustrious man was to comprehend the phenomena of physical objects in their general connection, and to represent nature as one great whole, moved and animated by internal forces. For this purpose he turned his attention to descriptive botany, traversing distant lands and mountain ranges to ascertain with certainty the geographical distribution of plants. He investigated the laws regulating the differences of temperature and climate and the changes of the atmosphere. He studied the formation of the earth's crust, explored the deepest mines, ascended the highest mountains, and wandered through the craters of extinct volcanoes. He became thoroughly acquainted with chemistry, with astronomy, with terrestrial magnetism, and as the investigation of one subject leads to all others, for the reason that there is a mutual dependence and a necessary connection between all facts, so Humboldt became acquainted with all the known sciences. His fame does not depend so much upon his discoveries, although he discovered enough to make hundreds of reputations as upon his vast and splendid generalizations. He was to science what Shakespeare was to drama. He found, so to speak, the world full of unconnected facts, all portions of a vast system, parts of a great machine. He discovered the connection that each bears to all, put them together, and demonstrated beyond all contradiction that the earth is governed by law. He knew that to discover the connection of phenomena is the primary aim of all natural investigation. He was infinitely practical. Origin and destiny were questions with which he had nothing to do. His surroundings made him what he was. In accordance with the law not fully comprehended, he was a production of his time. Great men do not live alone. They are surrounded by the great. They are the instruments used to accomplish the tendencies of their generation. They fulfill the prophecies of their age. Nearly all of the scientific men of the 18th century had the same idea entertained by Humboldt, but most of them in a dim and confused way. There was, however, a general belief among the intelligent that the world is governed by law and that there really exists a connection between all facts, or that all facts are simply the different aspects of a general fact, and that the task of science is to discover this connection, to comprehend this general fact, or to announce the laws of things. Germany was full of thought, and her universities swarmed with philosophers and grand thinkers in every department of knowledge. Humboldt was the friend and companion of the greatest poets, historians, philologists, artists, statesmen, critics, and logicians of his time. He was the companion of Schiller, who believed that man would be regenerated through the influence of the beautiful, of Goethe, the grand patriarch of German literature, of Ireland, who has been called the Voltaire of Germany, of Herder, who wrote the outlines of a philosophical history of man, of Kotsubu, who lived in the world of romance, or Schliermacher, the pantheist, of Schlegel, who gave to his country the enchanted realm of Shakespeare, of the sublime Kant, author of the first work published in Germany on pure reason, of Ficht, the infinite idealist, of Schopenhauer, the European Buddhist who followed the great Gautama to the painless and dreamless Nirvana, and of hundreds of others whose names are familiar to and honored by the scientific world. The German mind had been grandly roused from the long lethargy of the dark ages of ignorance, fear, and faith. Guided by the holy light of reason, every department of knowledge was investigated, enriched, and illustrated. Humboldt breathed the atmosphere of investigation. Old ideas were abandoned. Old creeds hallowed by centuries were thrown aside. Thought became courageous. The athlete, reason, challenged to mortal combat the monsters of superstition. No wonder that under these influences Humboldt formed the great purpose of presenting to the world a picture of nature in order that men might for the first time behold the face of their mother. Europe becoming too small for his genius, he visited the tropics in the new world where in the most circumscribed limits he could find the greatest number of plants, of animals, and the greatest diversity of climate, that he might ascertain the laws governing the production and distribution of plants, animals, and men, and the effects of climate upon them all. He sailed along the gigantic Amazon, the mysterious Orinoco, traversed the Pampas, climbed the Andes until he stood upon the crags of Chimborazo, more than eighteen thousand feet above the level of the sea, and climbed on until blood flowed from his eyes and lips. For nearly five years he pursued his investigations in the new world, accompanied by the intrepid bonpland. Nothing escaped his attention. He was the best intellectual organ of these new revelations of science. He was calm, reflective, and eloquent, filled with the sense of the beautiful and the love of truth. His collections were immense and valuable beyond calculation to every science. He endured innumerable hardships, braved countless dangers in unknown and savage lands, and exhausted his fortune for the advancement of true learning. Upon his return to Europe he was hailed as the second Columbus, as the scientific discoverer of America, as the revealer of a new world, as the great demonstrator of the sublime truth that universe is governed by law.  Crowned with the snow of his whitened hair, he looked the intellectual autocrat of this world. Not satisfied with his discoveries in America, he crossed the steps of Asia, the wastes of Siberia, the great Ural Range, adding to the knowledge of mankind at every step. His energy acknowledged no obstacle, his life knew no leisure. Every day was filled with labor and with thought. He was one of the apostles of science, and he served his divine master with a self-sacrificing zeal that knew no abatement, with an ardor that constantly increased, and with a devotion unwavering and constant as the polar star. In order that the people at large might have the benefit of his numerous discoveries and his vast knowledge, he delivered at Berlin a course of lectures consisting of 61 free addresses upon the following subjects. Five upon the nature and limits of physical geography, three were devoted to a history of science, two to inducements to a study of natural science, sixteen on the heavens, five on the form, density, latent heat, and magnetic power of the earth, and to the polar light. Four were on the nature of the crust of the earth, on hot springs, earthquakes, and volcanoes, two on mountains and the type of their formation, two on the form of the earth's surface, on the connection of continents and the elevation of soil over ravines, three on the sea as a globular fluid surrounding the earth, ten on the atmosphere as an elastic fluid surrounding the earth, and on the distribution of heat, one on the geographic distribution of organized matter in general, three on the geography of plants, three on the geography of animals, and two on the races of men. These lectures are what is known as the cosmos and present a scientific picture of the world of infinite diversity in unity of ceaseless motion in the eternal grasp of law. These lectures contain the result of his investigation, observation, and experience. They furnish the connection between phenomena. They disclose some of the changes through which the earth has passed in the countless ages, the history of vegetation, animals, and men, the effects of climate upon individuals and nations, the relation we sustain to other worlds, and demonstrate that all phenomena, whether insignificant or grand, exist in accordance with inexorable law. There are some truths, however, that we never should forget. Superstition has always been the relentless enemy of science. Faith has been a hater of demonstration. Hypocrisy has been sincere only in its dread of truth, and all religions are inconsistent with mental freedom. Since the murder of Hypatia in the fifth century, when the polished blade of Greek philosophy was broken by the club of ignorant Catholicism, until today, superstition has detested every effort of reason. It is almost impossible to conceive of the completeness of the victory that the church achieved over philosophy. For ages science was utterly ignored.  Faith put out the eyes of the soul. The reason was a trembling coward.  Every human feeling was sought to be suppressed. Love was considered infinitely sinful. Pleasure was the road to eternal fire, and God was supposed to be happy only when his children were miserable. The world was governed by an almighty's whim. Prayers could change the order of things, halt the grand procession of nature, could produce rain, avert pestilence, famine, and death in all its forms. There was no idea of the certain, all depended upon divine pleasure, or displeasure, rather.  Everything was done to appease the divine wrath. Every public calamity was caused by the sins of the people, by a failure to pay tithes, or for having even in secret felt a disrespect for a priest. To the poor multitude the earth was a kind of enchanted forest full of demons ready to devour, and theological serpents lurking with infinite power to fascinate and torture the unhappy and impotent soul. Life to them was a dim and mysterious labyrinth, in which they wandered weary and lost, guided by priests as bewildered as themselves, without knowing that at every step the Ariadne of Reason offered them the long lost clue. The very heavens were full of death, the lightning was regarded as the glittering vengeance of God, and the earth was thick with snares for the unwary feet of man. The soul was supposed to be crowded with the wild beasts of desire, the heart to be totally corrupt, prompting only to crime. Virtues were regarded as deadly sins in disguise. There was a continual warfare being waged between the deity and the devil for the possession of every soul. The latter generally being considered victorious. The flood, the tornado, the volcano were all evidences of the displeasure of heaven and the sinfulness of man. The blight that withered the frost that blackened the earthquake that devoured were the messengers of the Creator. The world was governed by fear. Against all the evils of nature there was known only the defense of prayer, a fasting of credulity and devotion. Man in his helplessness endeavored to soften the heart of God. The faces of the multitude were blanched with fear and wet with tears. They were the prey of hypocrites, kings, and priests. My heart bleeds when I contemplate the sufferings endured by the millions now dead. Of those who lived when the world appeared to be insane, when the heavens were filled with an infinite horror who snatched babes with dimpled hands and rosy cheeks from the white breasts of mothers and dashed them into an abyss of eternal flame. Slowly, beautifully, like the coming of the dawn came the grand truth that the universe is governed by law, that disease fastens itself upon the good and upon the bad, that the tornado cannot be stopped by counting beads, that the rushing lava pauses not for bended knees, the lightning for clasped and uplifted hands, nor the cruel waves of the sea for prayer, that paying tides causes rather than prevents famine, that pleasure is not sin, that happiness is the only good that demons and gods exist only in the imagination, that faith is a lullaby, sung to put the soul to sleep, that devotion is a bribe that fear offers to supposed power, that offering rewards in another world for obedience in this is simply buying a soul on credit, that knowledge consists in ascertaining the laws of nature and that wisdom is the science of happiness. Slowly, grandly, beautifully, these things are dawning upon mankind. From Copernicus we learned that this earth is only a grain of sand on the infinite shore of the universe, that everywhere we are surrounded by shining worlds vastly greater than our own, all moving and existing in accordance with law. True, the earth began to grow small, but man began to grow great. The moment the fact was established that other worlds are governed by law, it was only natural to conclude that our little world was also under its dominion. The old theological method of accounting for physical phenomena by the pleasure and displeasure of the deity was, by the intellectual, abandoned. They found that disease, death, life, thought, heat, cold, the seasons, the winds, the dreams of man, the instinct of animals, in short, that all physical and mental phenomena are governed by law, absolute, eternal and inexorable. Let it be understood, by the term law is meant the same invariable relations of succession and resemblance predicated of all facts, springing from like conditions. Law is a fact, not a cause, it is a fact that like conditions produce like results, this fact is law. When we say that the universe is governed by law, we mean that this fact called law is incapable of change, that it is, has been and forever will be the same inexorable, immutable fact inseparable from all phenomena. Law in this sense was not enacted or made it could not have been otherwise than as it is, that which necessarily exists has no creator. Only a few years ago this earth was considered the real center of the universe. All the stars were supposed to revolve around this insignificant atom. The German mind, more than any other, has done away with this piece of egotism. Perbach and Mulleris in the 15th century contributed most to the advancement of astronomy in their day. To the latter the world is indebted for the introduction of decimal fractions which completed our arithmetical notation and formed the second of the three steps by which in modern times the science of numbers has been so greatly improved. And yet both of these men believed in the most childish absurdities, at least in enough of them to die without their orthodoxy having ever been questioned. Next came the great Copernicus and he stands at the head of the heroic thinkers of his time who had the courage and the mental strength to break the chains of prejudice, custom and authority and to establish truth on the basis of experience, observation and reason. He removed the earth, so to speak, from the center of the universe and ascribed to it a twofold motion and demonstrated the true position which it occupies in the solar system. At his bidding the earth began to revolve. At the command of his genius it commenced its grand flight amid the eternal constellations around the sun. For fifty years his discoveries were disregarded. All at once by the exertions of Galileo they were kindled into so grand a conflagration as to consume the philosophy of Aristotle to alarm the hierarchy of Rome and to threaten the existence of every opinion not founded upon experience, observation and reason. The earth was no longer considered a universe governed by the caprices of some revengeful deity who had made the stars out of what he had left after completing the world and had stuck them in the sky simply to adorn the night. I have said this much concerning astronomy because it was the first splendid step forward, the first sublime blow that shattered the lands and shivered the shield of superstition, the first real help that man received from heaven. Because it was the first great lever placed beneath the altar of a false religion, the first revelation of the infinite to man, the first authoritative declaration that the universe is governed by law, the first science that gave the lie direct to the cosmogony of barbarism, and because it is the sublimest victory that reason has achieved. In speaking of astronomy, I have confined myself to the discoveries made since the revival of learning. Long ago on the banks of the Ganges, ages before Copernicus lived, Ayabata taught that the earth is a sphere and revolves on its own axis. This however does not detract from the glory of the great German. The discovery of the Hindu had been lost in the midnight of Europe in the age of faith, and Copernicus was as much a discoverer as though Ayabata had never lived. In this short address there is no time to speak of other sciences and to point out the particular evidence furnished by each to establish the dominion of law, nor to more than mention the names of Descartes, the first who undertook to give an explanation of the celestial motions, or who formed the vast and philosophic conception of reducing all phenomena of the universe to the same law, of Montaigne, one of the heroes of common sense, of Galvani whose experiments gave the telegraph to the world, of Voltaire who contributed more than any other of the sons of men to the destruction of religious intolerance, of Auguste Comte whose genius erected to itself a monument that still touches the stars, of Gutenberg, Watt, Stevenson, Arkwright, all soldiers of science in the grand army of the dead kings. The glory of science is that it is freeing the soul, breaking the mental manacles, getting the brain out of bondage, giving courage to thought, filling the world with mercy, justice, and joy. Science found agriculture plowing with a stick, reaping with a sickle, commerce at a mercy of the treacherous waves and the inconstant winds, a world without books, without schools, man denying the authority of reason, employing his ingenuity in the manufacture of instruments of torture, in building inquisitions and cathedrals. It found the land filled with malicious monks, with persecuting protestants and the burners of men. It found a world full of fear, ignorance on its knees, credulity the greatest virtue. Women treated like beasts of burden, cruelty the only means of reformation. It found the world at the mercy of disease and famine, men trying to read their fates in the stars and to tell their fortunes by signs and wonders, generals thinking to conquer their enemies by making the sign of the cross or by telling a rosary.  It found the earth filled with slaves and tyrants, the people in all countries downtrodden, half naked half starved without hope and without reason in the world. Such was the condition of man when the mourning of science dawned upon his brain and before he had heard the sublime declaration that the universe is governed by law. For the change that has taken place we are indebted solely to science, the only lever capable of raising mankind. Abject faith is barbarism, reason is civilization, to obey is slavish, to act from a sense of obligation perceived by the reason is noble. Ignorance worships mystery, reason explains it, the one grovels, the other soars. No wonder that fable is the enemy of knowledge, a man with a false diamond shuns the society of lapidaries and it is upon this principle that superstition abhors science. In all ages the people have honored those who dishonored them, they have worshiped their destroyers, they have canonized the most gigantic liars and buried the great thieves in marble and gold. Under the loftiest monuments sleep the dust of murder. Imposture has always worn a crown. The world is beginning to change because the people are beginning to think. To think is to advance. Everywhere the great minds are investigating the creeds and the superstitions of men, the phenomena of nature and the laws of things. At the head of this great army of investigators stood Humboldt, the serene leader of an intellectual host, a king by the suffrage of science and the divine right of genius.  We are honoring the grand Humboldt whose victories were all achieved in the arena of thought, who destroyed prejudice, ignorance and error, not men, who shed light, not blood, and who contributed to the knowledge, the wealth and the happiness of all mankind. His life was pure, his aims lofty, his learning varied and profound and his achievements vast. We honor him because he has ennobled our race, because he has contributed as much as any man living or dead to the real prosperity of the world. We honor him because he honored us, because he labored for others, because he was the most learned man of the most learned nation, because he left a legacy of glory to every human being, for these reasons he is honored throughout the world. Millions are doing homage to his genius at this moment, and millions are pronouncing his name with reverence and recounting what he accomplished. We associate the name of Humboldt with oceans, continents, mountains and volcanoes, with the great plains, the wide deserts, the snow-lipped craters of the Andes, with primeval forests and European capitals, with wildernesses and universities, with savages and savants, with the lonely rivers of unpeopled wastes, with the peaks and pompous and steppes and cliffs and crags, with the progress of the world, with every science known to man and with every star glittering in the immensity of space. Humboldt adopted none of the soul-shrinking creeds of his day, wasted none of his time in the stupidities, inanities and contradictions of theological metaphysics. He did not endeavor to harmonize the astronomy and geology of a barbarous people with the science of the nineteenth century. Never, for one moment, did he abandon the sublime standard of truth. He investigated, he studied, he thought, he separated the gold from the dross in the crucible of his grand brain. He was never found on his knees before the altar of superstition. He stood erect by the grand tranquil column of reason. He was an admirer, a lover, an adorer of nature, and at the age of ninety, bowed by the weight of nearly a century, covered with the insignia of honor, loved by a nation, respected by a world, with kings for his servants.  History added another name to the starry scroll of the immortals. The world is his monument. Upon the eternal granite of her hills he inscribed his name, and there upon everlasting stone his genius wrote this, the sublime of truths. The universe is governed by law. End of Ingersoll's lecture on Humboldt. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. Read for you by Ted DeLorm in Fort Mill, South Carolina during May 2007. Ingersoll's lecture on Which Way This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Ingersoll's lecture on Which Way from the collection lectures of Colonel Robert Green Ingersoll. Ladies and gentlemen, for thousands of years men have been asking the questions, how shall we civilize the world? How shall we protect life, liberty, property, and reputations? How shall we do away with crime and poverty? How clothe and feed and educate and civilize mankind? These are the questions that are asked by thoughtful men and thoughtful women. The question with them is not, what will we do in some other world? Time enough to ask that when we get there. The business we will attend to now is, how are we to civilize the world? What priest shall I ask? What sacred volume shall I search? What oracle can I consult? At what shrine must I bow to find out what is to be done? Each church has a different answer, each has a different recipe for the salvation of the people, but not while they are in this world. All that is to be done in this world is to get ready for the next. In the first place I am met by the theological world. Have I the right to inquire? They say certainly it is your duty to inquire. Each church has a recipe for the salvation of this world, but not while you are in this world. Afterward, they treat time as a kind of pier, a kind of wharf, running out into the great ocean of eternity, and they treat us all as though we were waiting there, sitting on our trunks for the gospel ship. I want to know what to do here. Have I the right to inquire? Yes. If I have the right to inquire, then I have the right to investigate. If I have the right to investigate, I have the right to accept. If I have the right to accept, I have the right to reject. And what religion have I the right to reject? That which does not conform with my reason, with my standard of truth and my standard of common sense. Millions of men have been endeavoring to govern this world by means of the supernatural. Thousands and thousands of churches exist. Thousands of cathedrals and temples have been built. Millions of men have been engaged to preach this gospel. And what has been the result in this world? Will one church have any sympathy with another? Does the religion of one country have any respect for that of another? Or does not each religion claim to be the only one? And does not the priest of every religion with infinite impudence consign the disciples of all others to eternal fire? Why is it the churches have failed to civilize this world? Why is it that the Christian countries are no better than any other countries? Why is it that Christian men are no better than any other men? Why is it that ministers as a class are no better than doctors or lawyers or merchants or mechanics or locomotive engineers? And a locomotive engineer is a thousand times more useful. Give me a good engineer and a bad preacher to go through this world with rather than a bad engineer and a good preacher. And there is this curious fact about the believers in the supernatural. The priests of one church have no confidence in the miracles and wonders told by the priests of the other churches. Maybe they know each other. A Christian missionary will tell the Hindu of the miracles in the Bible. The Hindu smiles. The Hindu tells the Christian missionary of the miracles of his sacred books. And the missionary looks upon him with pity and contempt. No priest takes the word of another. I heard once a little story that illustrates this point. A gentleman in a little party was telling of a most wonderful occurrence. And when he had finished everybody said, is it possible? Why did you ever hear anything like that? All united in a kind of wondering chorus except one man. He said nothing. He was perfectly still and unmoved.  Yes. Well, you don't appear to be excited. Well, no, he said.  There is another trouble with the supernatural. It has no honesty. It is consumed by egotism. It does not think it knows. Consequently, it has no patience with the honest doubter. And how has the church treated the honest doubter? He has been answered by force, by authority, by popes, by cardinals and bishops and councils, and above all by mobs. In that way the honest doubter has been answered. There is this difference between the minister, the church, the clergy and the men who believe in this world. I might as well state the question. I may go further than you. The real question is this. Are we to be governed by a supernatural being or are we to govern ourselves? That is the question. Is God the source of power or does all authority spring in governing from the consent of the governed? That is the question. In other words, is the universe a monarchy, a despotism or a democracy? I take the democratic side, not in a political sense. The question is whether this world should be governed by God or by man. And when I say God, I mean the being that these gentlemen have treated and enthroned upon the ignorance of mankind. Now let us admit for the sake of argument that the Bible is true. Let us admit for the sake of argument that God once governed this world. Not that he did, but let us admit it. And I intend to speak of no God but our God, because we all insist that of all the gods ours is the best. And if he is not good, we need not trouble ourselves about the others. Let them take care of themselves. Now the first question is whether this world shall be governed by God or man. Admitting that the being spoken of in the Bible is God, he governed this world once. There was a theocracy at the start. That was the first government of the world. Now how do you judge of a man? The best test of a man is how does he use power? That is the supreme test of manhood. How does he treat those within his control? The greater the man, the grander the man, the more careful he is in the use of power, the tenderer he is, the nearer just the greater, the more merciful, the grander, the more charitable.  That, I say, is the supreme test, and we know tonight how a good and great man treats his inferiors. We know that. And a man endeavoring to raise his fellow men higher in the scale of civilization, what will that man appeal to? Will he appeal to the lowest or to the highest that is in man? Let us be honest. Will he appeal to prejudice, the fortress, the armor, the sword and shield of ignorance? Will he appeal to credulity, the ring in the nose by which priests lead stupidity? Will he appeal to the cowardly man? Will he play upon his fears, fear the capital stock of imposture, the lever and fulcrum of hypocrisy? Will he appeal to the selfishness and all the slimy serpents that crawl in the den of savagery? Or will he appeal to reason, the torch of the mind? Will he appeal to justice? Will he appeal to charity, which is justice in blossom? Will he appeal to liberty and love? These are the questions. What will he do? What did our God do? Let us see. The first thing we know of him is in the Garden of Eden. How did he endeavor to make his children great and strong and good and free? Did he say anything to Adam and Eve about the sacred relation of marriage? Did he say anything to them about loving children? Did he say anything to them about learning anything under heaven? Did he say one word about intellectual liberty? Did he say one word about reason or about justice? Did he make the slightest effort to improve them?  Thou shalt not eat of a certain fruit. That's all that amounted to anything. And when they sinned, did this great God take them in the arms of his love and endeavor to reform them? No, he simply put on them a curse. When they were expelled, he said to the woman, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow. In sorrow shalt thou bring forth children. Thy husband shall rule over thee.  Our God made wives slaves, slaves of their husbands. Our God corrupted the marriage relation and paralyzed the firesides of this world. That is what our God did. And what did he say to poor Adam? Cursed be the ground for thy sake.  Thorns and thistles shall it bring forth to thee. And thou shalt eat the herb of the field.  Did he say one word calculated to make him a better man? Did he put in the horizon of the future one star of hope? Let us be honest and see what this God did, and we will judge of him simply by ordinary common sense. After a while Cain murdered his brother, and he was detected by this God. And what did this God say to him? Did he say one word of the crime of shedding human blood? Not a word. Did he say one word calculated to excite in the breast of Cain the slightest sorrow for his deed? Not the slightest. Did he tell him anything about where Abel was? Nothing. Did he endeavor to make him a better man? Not a bit. What had he ever taught him before on that subject? Nothing. And so Cain went out to the other sons and daughters of Adam, according to the Bible, and they multiplied and increased until they covered the earth. God gave them no code of laws. God never built them a schoolhouse. God never sent a teacher. God never said a word to them about a future state. God never held up before their gaze, that dazzling reward of heaven never spoke about the lurid gulfs of hell, kept divine punishment a perfect secret, and without having given them the slightest opportunity, simply drowned the world. Splendid administration. Cleveland will do better than that. And after the waters had gone away, then he gave them some commandments. I suppose that he saw by that time that they needed guidance. And here are the commandments. One, you may eat all kinds of birds, beasts, and fishes. Two, you must not eat blood.  Three, whosoever shedeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed. Nothing more. No good advice, not a word about government, not a word about the rights of man or woman or children, not a word about any law of nature, not a word about any science. Nothing, not even arithmetic. Nothing. And so he let them go on. And in a little while they came to the same old state, and began building the Tower of Babel. And he went there and confounded, as they said, their languages. Never said a word to them, never told them how foolish it was to try and reach heaven that way. And the next we find him talking to Abraham, and with Abraham he makes a contract. And how did he do it? I will bless them that bless thee, and curse them that curse thee. Find contract for a God. And thereupon he made certain promises to Abraham, promised to give him the whole world, all the nations round about, and that his seed should be as the sands of the sea. Never kept one of his promises, not one. He made the same promises to Isaac, and broke every one. Then he made them all over to Jacob, and broke every one, made them again to Moses, and broke them all. Never said a word about anybody behaving themselves. Not a word. Finally these people whom he had taken under his special care, became slaves in the land of Egypt.  Finally he made up his mind to rescue them from that servitude. And he sent Moses and Aaron. He never said a word to Moses or Aaron that Pharaoh was wrong. He never said a word to them about how the women felt when their male children were taken and destroyed. He simply sent Moses before Pharaoh with a cane in his hand that he could turn into a serpent. And when Pharaoh called in magicians and they did the same, Pharaoh laughed. And then they made frogs, and Pharaoh sent for his magicians, and they did the same, and Pharaoh still laughed. And this God had infinite power, but Pharaoh defeated him at every point. It puts me in mind of the story that Great Fennian told when the great excitement was about Ireland. An Irishman was telling about the condition of Ireland. He said, We have gotten Ireland now over three hundred thousand soldiers, all equipped. Every man of them has got a musket and ammunition. They are ready to march at a minute notice. But, said the other man, why don't they march? Why, said the other man, the police won't let them. How admirable! Imagine the infinite God endeavouring to liberate the Hebrews and prevent it by a king who would not let the children of Israel go until he had done some little miracles with sticks. Think of it! But, said Christians, you must wait a little while if you wish to find the foundation of law. Christians now assert that from Sinai came to this world all knowledge of right and wrong, and that from its flaming top we received the first ideas of law and justice. Let us look at those ten commandments. Which of those ten commandments were new, and which of those ten commandments were old? Thou shalt not kill. That was as old as life. Murder has been a crime. Also, because men object to being murdered. If you read the same Bible you will find that Moses, seeing an Israelite and an Egyptian contending together, smote the Egyptian and hid his body in the sand. After he had committed that crime, Moses fled from the land. Why? Simply because there was a law against murder. That is all. Honor thy father and thy mother. That is as old as birth.  That is as old as sex. Thou shalt not steal. That is as old as work and as old as property. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. That is as old as the earth. Never was there a nation. Never was there a tribe on the earth that did not have substantially those commandments. What then were new? First, thou shalt worship no other God.  Why? Because I am a jealous God. Second, thou shalt not make any graven image. Third, thou shalt not take my name in vain. Fourth, thou shalt not work on the Sabbath day. What use were these commandments? None, not the slightest. How much better it would have been if God from Sinai instead of the commandments had said, Thou shalt not enslave thy fellow man. No human being is entitled to the results of another's labor. Suppose he had said, Thou shalt not persecute for opinion's sake. Thought and speech must be forever free. Suppose he had said, Instead of thou shalt not work on the Sabbath day, A man shall have but one wife. A woman shall have but one husband. Husbands shall love their wives. Wives shall love their husbands and their children with all their hearts and as themselves. How much better it would have been for this world. Long before Moses was born, the Egyptians taught one God. But afterwards, I believe, in their weakness, they degenerated into a belief in the Trinity. They taught the divine origin of the soul and taught judgment after death. They taught as a reward for belief in their doctrine, eternal joy, and as a punishment for non-belief, eternal pain. Egypt, as a matter of fact, was far better governed than Palestine. The laws of Egypt were better than the laws of God. In Egypt, woman was equal with man. Long before Moses was born, there were queens upon the Egyptian throne. Long before Moses was born, they had a written code of laws, and their laws were administered by courts and judges. They had rules of evidence. They understood the philosophy of damages. Long before Moses was born, they had asylums for the insane and hospitals for the sick. Long before God appeared on Sinai, there were schools in Egypt, and the highest office next to the throne was opened to the successful scholar. The Egyptian married but one wife. His wife was called the lady of the house. Women were not secluded, and above all and over all, the people of Egypt were not divided into castes, and were infinitely better governed than God ever thought of. I am speaking of the God of this Bible. If Moses had remembered more of what he saw in Egypt, his government would have been far better than it was. Long before these commandments were given, Zoroaster taught the Hindus that there was one infinite and supreme God. They had a code of laws, and their laws were administered by judges in their courts. By those laws, at the death of a father, the unmarried daughter received twice as much of his property as his son. Compare those laws with the laws of Moses. So too the Romans had their code of laws. The Romans were the greatest lawyers the world produced. The Romans had a code of civil laws, and that code today is the foundation of all law in the civilized world. The Romans built temples to truth, to faith, to valor, to concord, to modesty, to charity, and to chastity. And so with the Grecians. And yet you will find Christian ministers today contending that all ideas of law, of justice, and of right came from Sinai, from the Ten Commandments, from the Mosaic Laws. No lawyer who understands his profession will claim that is so. No lawyer who has studied the history of law will claim it. No man who knows history itself will claim it.  Let us go another step. Let us compare the ideas of this God with the ideas of uninspired men. I am making this long preface because I want to get it out of your minds that the Bible is inspired. Now let us go along a little and see what is God's opinion of liberty. Nothing is of more value in this world today than liberty. Liberty of body and liberty of mind. Without liberty the universe would be as a dungeon into which human beings are flung like poor and miserable convicts. Intellectual liberty is the air of the soul, the sunshine of the mind. Without it we should be in darkness. Now Jehovah commanded the Jewish people to take captive the strangers and sojourners amongst them, and ordered that they and their children should be bondsmen and bondswomen forever. Now let us compare Jehovah to Epictetus, a man to whom no revelation was ever made, a man to whom this God did not appear. Let us listen to him. Remember your servants are to be treated as your own brothers, children of the same God. On the subject of liberty is not Epictetus a better authority than Jehovah, who told the Jews to make bondsmen and bondswomen of the heathen roundabout, and he said they were to make them their bondsmen and bondswoman forever. Why? Because they were heathen. Why? Because they were not children of the Jews. He was the God of the Jews and not the rest of mankind. So he said to his chosen people, pillage upon the enemy and destroy the people of other gods, bury the heathen roundabout. Yet Cicero, a poor pagan lawyer, said this, and he had not even read the Old Testament, had not even had the advantage of being enlightened by the prophets. They who say that we should love our fellow citizens and not foreigners, destroy the universal brotherhood of mankind, and with it benevolence and justice would perish forever. Is not Cicero greater than Jehovah? The Bible inspired by Jehovah says, if a man smite his servant with a rod and he die under his hand, he shall be punished. If he continue a day or two and then die, he shall not be punished. Zeno, the founder of the Stoics, who had never heard of Jehovah and never read a word of Moses, said this, no man can be the owner of another, and the title is bad. Whether the slave became a slave by conquest or by purchase, the title is bad. Let us come and see whether Jehovah has any humanity in him. Jehovah ordered the Jewish general to make war, and this was the order, and when the Lord thy God shall deliver them before thee, thou shalt smite them and utterly destroy them, thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them. And yet Epictetus, whom I have already quoted, said, treat those in thy power as thou wouldst have thy superiors treat thee. I am on the side of the pagan. Is it possible that a being of infinite goodness said, I will heap mischief upon them, I will send my arrows upon them, they shall be burned with hunger, they shall be devoured with burning heat, and with bitter destruction. I will also send the teeth of locusts upon them, with the poisonous serpent of the desert, the sound without and the terror within shall destroy both the young men and the virgins, the sucklings also and the men with grey hairs. While Seneca, a poor uninspired Roman, said, a wise man will not pardon any crime that ought to be punished, but will accomplish in other way all that is sought. He will spare some, he will pardon and watch over some because of their youth. He will pardon these on account of their ignorance. His clemency will not fail what is sought by justice, but his clemency will fulfil justice. That was said by Seneca. Can we believe that this Jehovah said, let his children be fatherless, and his wife a widow, let his children be continually vagabonds and beg, let them seek their bread out of desolate places, let the extortioner catch all that he hath, and let the stranger spoil his labour, let no one extend mercy unto them, neither let any favour his fatherless children. Did Jehovah say this? Surely he had never heard this line, this plaintive music from the Hindu. Sweet is the loot to those who have not heard the voices of their own children. Let us see the generosity of Jehovah out of the cloud of darkness on Mount Sinai.  Thou shalt not bow down to any other gods, for the Lord thy God is a jealous God, visiting the iniquities of the fathers upon the children to the third and fourth generation of them that hate me. Just think of God saying to people, if you do not love me, I will damn you. Contrast this with the words put by the Hindu poet into the mouth of Brahma. I am the same to all mankind. They who honestly worship other gods involuntarily worship me. I am he that partakeeth of all worship. I am the reward of worship. How perfectly sublime. Let me read it to you again. I am the same to all mankind. They who honestly worship other gods involuntarily worship me. I am he that partakeeth of all worship. I am the reward of worship. Compare these passages. The first is a dungeon which crude hands have digged with jealous slime. The other is like the dome of the firmament inlaid with constellations. Is it possible God ever said, if a prophet deceived when he had spoken a thing, I the Lord hath deceived that prophet? Compare that passage with the poet, a pagan. Better remain silent the remainder of life than speak falsely. Can we believe a being of infinite mercy gave this command? Put every man his sword by his side.  Consecrate it yourselves this day.  Surely that was not the outcome of a great magnanimous spirit, like that of the Roman emperor who declared, I had rather keep a single Roman citizen alive than slay a thousand enemies. Compare the last command given to the children of Israel with the words of Marcus Aurelius. I have formed an idea of the state in which there is the same law for all, and equal rights, and equal liberty of speech established for all, an empire where nothing is honored so much as the freedom of the citizens. I am on the side of the Roman emperor. What is more beautiful than the old story from Sufi? There was a man who for seven years did every act of good, every kind of charity, and at the end of the seven years he mounted the steps to the gate of heaven and knocked. A voice cried, Who is there? He cried, Thy servant, O Lord, and the gates were shut. Seven other years he did every good work, and again mounted the steps to heaven and knocked. The voice cried, Who is there? He answered, Thy slave, O God, and the gates were shut. Seven other years he did every good deed, and again mounted the steps to heaven and the voice said, Who is there? He replied, Thyself, O God, and the gates wide open flew. Is there anything in our religion so warm or so beautiful as that? Compare that story from a pagan with the Presbyterian religion. Take this story of Indus Thora, who was a king of Egypt, and started for the place where the horizon touched the earth, where he was to meet God. With him followed Argun and Bemis and Trabatian. They were taught that when any man started after God in that way, if he had been guilty of any crime he would fall by the way. Indus Thora walked at the head, and suddenly he missed Argun. He said he was not always merciful in the hour of victory. A little while after he missed Bemis, and said he fought not so much for the rights of man as for his own glory. A little farther on he missed Trabatian. He said, My God, I know no reason for his failing to reach the place where the horizon touches the earth. And the God Ram appeared to him, and opening the curtains of the sky said to him, Enter. And Indus Thora said, But where are my brethren? Where are Arjun and Bemis and Trabatian? And the God said, They sinned in their time, and they are condemned to suffer below. Then said Indus Thora, I do not wish to enter into your heaven without my friends. If they are below, then I will join them. But the God said they are here before you. I simply said this to try your soul. Indus Thora simply turned and said, But what of my dog? The God said, Thou knowest that if the shadow of a dog fall upon the sacrifice it is unclean. How then can a dog enter heaven? And Indus Thora replies, I know that, and I know another thing. That ingratitude is the blackest of crimes, whether it be to man or beast. That dog has been my faithful friend. He has followed me, and I will not desert even him. And the God said, Let the dog follow. Compare that with the Bible stories. Long before the advent of Christ, Aristotle said we should conduct ourselves towards others as we would have them conduct themselves toward us. Seneca said, Do not to your neighbor what you would not have your neighbor do to you. Socrates said, Act toward others as you would have others act toward you.  Krishna said, Cease to do evil, aim to do well, love your enemies. It is the law of love that virtue is the only thing that has strength. Poor, miserable pagans, did you ever hear anything like this? Is it possible that one of the authors of the New Testament was inspired when he said that man was not created for woman, but woman for man?  Compare that with St. Paul. But I would have you know that the head of every man is Christ, and the head of the woman is the man, and the head of Christ is God. Wives, submit yourselves unto your husbands as unto the Lord. That was inspiration. This was written by a poor despised heathen. In whatever house the husband is contented with the wife and the wife with the husband, in that house will fortune dwell. In the house where the woman is not honored, let the curse be pronounced. Where the wife is honored, there God is truly worshipped. I wish Jehovah had said something like that from Sinai. Is there anything as beautiful as this in the New Testament? Shall I tell you where nature is more blessed and fair? It is where those we love abide. Though the space be small, it is ample as earth. Though it be a desert, through it run the rivers of paradise. Compare these things with the curses pronounced in the Old Testament, where you read of the heathen being given over to butchery and death, and the women and babes to destruction, and after you have read them, read the chapters of horror in the New Testament, threatening eternal fire and flame, and then read this, the greatest thought uttered by the greatest of human beings. The quality of mercy is not strained. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. It is twice blessed. It blesseth him that gives and him that takes. Tis mightiest in the mighty, it becomes the throned monarch better than his crown. Compare that with your doctrine of the New Testament. If Jehovah was an infinite God and knew things from the beginning, he knew that his Bible would be a breastwork behind which tyranny and hypocrisy would crouch, and knew his Bible would be the auction block on which the mother would stand while her babe was sold from her, because he knew his Bible would be quoted by tyrants, that it would be quoted in defense of robbers called kings, and by hypocrites called priests. He knew that he had taught the Jewish people. He knew that he had found them free and left them slaves. He knew that he had broken every single promise made to them. He knew that while other nations advanced in knowledge, in art, in science, his chosen people were subjects still. He promised them the world. He gave them a desert. He promised them liberty and made them slaves. He promised them power. He gave them exile. And any one who reads the Old Testament is compelled to say that nothing could add to their misery. Let us be honest. How do you account for this religion, this world? Where did it come from? You hear every minister say that man is a religious animal, that religion is natural.  Where did we get this religion? The savage knew but little of nature, but thought that everything happened in reference to him. He thought his sins caused earthquakes, and that his virtues made the sunshine. Nothing is so egotistical as ignorance. You know, and so do I, that if no human being existed, the sun would shine, and that tempests would now and then devastate the earth. Violets would spread their velvet bosoms to the sun, daisies would grow, roses would fill the air with perfume, and now and then volcanoes would illuminate the horizon with their lurid glare. The grass would grow, the waters would run, and so far as nature is concerned, everything would be as joyous as though the earth were filled with happy homes. We know the barbarian savage thinks that all this was on his account. He thinks that there dwelt two very powerful deities, that there was a good one because he knows good things happened to him, and that there was a bad one because he knows bad things happened to him. Behind the evil influence he puts a devil, and behind the good an intention of God, and then he imagines both these beings are in opposition and that between them they struggle for the possession of his ignorant soul. He also thinks that the place where the good deity lives is heaven, and at the place where the other deity keeps himself is a place of torture and punishment. And about that time other barbarians have chosen to keep the ignorant ones in subjection by means of the doctrine of fear and punishment. There is no reforming power in fear. You can scare a man maybe so bad that he won't do a thing, but you can't scare him so bad he won't want to do it. There is no reforming power in punishment or brute force, but our barbarians rather imagine that every being would punish in accordance with his power and his dignity, and that God would subject them to torture in the same way as those who made him angry. They knew the king would inflict torments upon one and his power, and they suppose that God would inflict torture according to his power.  That was their idea. All meanness, revenge, selfishness, cruelty, and hatred of which men here are capable burst into blossom and bore fruit in that one word, hell. In this way a God of infinite wisdom experimented with man, keeping him between an outstretched abyss beneath and a heaven above. And in time the man came to believe that he could please God by having read a few sacred books, could count beads, could sprinkle water, eat little square pieces of bread, and that he could shut his eyes and say words to the clouds, but the moment he left this world nothing remained except to damn him. He was to be kept miserable one day in seven, and he could slander and persecute other men all the other days in the week. That was the chance that God gave a man here, but the moment he left this world that settled it. He would go to eternal pain or else to eternal joy. That was the way that the supernatural governed this world through fear, through terror, through eternity of punishment, and that government I say tonight has failed. How has it been kept alive so long? It was born in ignorance. Let me tell you whoever attacks a creed will be confronted with a list of great men who have believed in it. Probably their belief in that creed was the only weakness they had, but he will be asked, so you know more than all the great men who have taught and all the respectable men who have believed in that faith. For the church is always going about to get a certificate from some governor or even perhaps members of the legislature, and you are told because so and so believed all these things, and you have no more talents than they, that you should believe the same thing. But I contend as against this argument that you should not take the testimony of these men unless you are willing to take at the same time all their beliefs on other subjects.  The churches today seek the rich, and poverty unwillingly seeks them. Light thrown from diamonds adorns the repentant here. We are told that the rich, the fortunate, and the holders of place are Christians now, and yet ministers grow eloquent over the poverty of Christ, who was born in a manger, and say that the Holy Ghost passed the titled Ladies of the World and selected the wife of a poor mechanic for the mother of God. Such is the difference between theory and practice. The church condemns the men of Jerusalem who held positions and who held the pretensions of the Saviour in contempt. They admit that he was so little known that they had to bribe a man to point him out to the soldiers. They assert that he performed miracles, yet he remained absolutely unknown, hidden in the depth of obscurity. No one knew him, and one of his disciples had to be bribed to point him out. Surely he and his disciples could have met the arguments which were urged against their religion at that time. So long as the church honoured philosophers, she kept her great men in the majority. How is it now? I say tonight that no man of genius in the world is in the Orthodox pulpit, so far as I know. Where are they? Where are the Orthodox great men? I challenge the Christian church to produce a man like Alexander Humboldt. I challenge the world to produce a naturalist like Engel. I challenge the Christian world to produce a man like Darwin. Where in the ranks of orthodoxy are historians like Draper and Buckle? Where are the naturalists like Tyndall, philosophers like Mills and Spencer, and women like George Eliot and Harriet Martino? You may get tired of the great men argument, but the names of the great thinkers and naturalists and scientists of our time cannot be matched by the supernatural world.  The father and mother argument. You must not disgrace your parents. How did Christ come to leave the religion of his mother? That argument proves too much. There is one way every man can honour his mother. That is by finding out more than she knew. There is one way a man can honour his father by correcting the old man's errors. Most people imagine that the creed we have came from the brain and heart of Christ. They have no idea how it was made. They think it was all made at one time. They don't understand that it was a slow growth. They don't understand that theology is a science made up of mistakes, prejudices, and falsehoods. Let me tell you a few facts. The Emperor Constantine, who lifted the Christian religion into power, murdered his wife and his eldest son the very year that he convened the Council of Nice to decide whether Jesus Christ was man or God. And that was not decided until the year of Grace 325. Then the Edocious called a council at Constantinople in 381, and this council decided that the Holy Ghost proceeded from the father. You see, there was a little doubt on that question before this was done. Then another council was called later to determine who the Virgin Mary really was, and it was solemnly decided that she was the mother of Christ. In 431 and then in 451 a council was held in Calcedon by the Emperor Martian, and that decided that Christ had two natures, a human and a divine. In 680 another council was held at Constantinople, and in 1274 at Lyons it was decided that the Holy Ghost proceeded not only from the father but from the son. And when you take into consideration the fact that a belief in the Trinity is absolutely essential to salvation, you see how important it was that these doctrines should have been established in 1274 when millions of people had dropped into hell in the interim solely because they had forgotten that question. At last we know how religions are made, we know how miracles are manufactured, we know the history of relics and bones and pieces of the true cross, and at last we understand apostolic succession. At last we have examined other religions, and we find them all the same, and we are beginning to suspect that ours is like the rest. I think we understand it. I read a little story a short time ago from the Japanese that throws light upon the question. There was an old priest at a monastery. This monastery was built over the bones of what he called a saint, and people came there and were cured of many diseases. This priest had an assistant. After the assistant grew up and got quite to understand his business, the old priest gave him a little donkey and told him that henceforth he was to take care of himself. The young priest started out with his little donkey and asked alms of those he met. Few gave to him. Finally he got very poor. He could not raise money enough to feed the donkey. Finally the donkey died. He was about to bury it when a thought occurred to him.  Thereupon a man gave money. Others followed his example. A shrine was raised, and in a little while a monastery was built over the bones of the sinless one. Down in the grave the young priest made an orifice so that persons afflicted with any disease could reach down and touch the bones of the sinless one. Hundreds were thus cured, and persons left their crutches as testimonials to the miraculous power of the bones of the sinless one. Finally the priest became so rich that he thought he would visit his old master. He went to the old monastery with a fine retinue. His old master asked him how he became so rich and prosperous.   The old priest exclaimed, not quite so fast, young man, not quite so fast.  This shrine of mine is built over the bones of the mother of your little donkey. We have now reached a point in the history of the world when we know that theocracy as a form of government is a failure, and we see that theology as a foundation of government is an absolute failure. We can see that theocracy and theology created not liberty, but despotism. We know enough of the history of the churches in this world to know that they never can civilize mankind, that they are not imbued with the spirit of progress, that they are not imbued with the spirit of justice and mercy. What I ask you tonight is, what has the church done to civilize mankind? What has the church done for us? How has it added to the prosperity of this world? Has it ever produced anything? Nothing. Why they say it has been charitable. How can a beggar be charitable? A beggar produces nothing. The church has been an eternal and everlasting pauper. It is not charitable. It is an object of charity, and yet it claims to be charitable. The giver is the charitable one, somebody who has made something, somebody who has by his labor produced something. He alone can be charitable. And let me say another thing. The church is always on the wrong side. Let us take first the Episcopal church, if you call that a church. Let me tell you one thing about that church. You know what is called the rebellion in England in 1688? Do you know what caused it? I will tell you. King James was a Catholic, and notwithstanding that fact, he issued an edict of toleration for the dissenters and Catholics. And what next did he do? He ordered all the bishops to have this edict of toleration read in the Episcopal churches. They refused to do it, most of them. You recollect that trial of the seven bishops? That is what it was all about. They would not read the edict of toleration. Then what happened? A strange thing to say, and it is one of the miracles of this world. The dissenters in whose favor that edict was issued joined hands with the Episcopalians and raised the rebellion against the king, because he wanted to give the dissenters liberty. And these dissenters and these Episcopalians on account of toleration drove King James into exile. This is the history of the first rebellion the Church of England ever raised against the king, simply because he issued an edict of toleration, and the poor miserable wretches in whose favor the edict was issued joined hands with their oppressors. I want to show you how much the Church of England has done for England. I get it from good authority. Let me read it to you to show how little influenced the Christian Church the Church of England had with the government of that country. Let me tell you that up to the reign of George I there were in that country 67 offences punishable with death. There is not a lawyer in this city who can think of those offences and write them down in one day. Think of it, 67 offences punishable with death. Now between the accession of George I and the termination of the reign of George III there were added 159 new crimes punishable with death, making in all 223 crimes in England punishable with death. There is no lawyer in this state who can think of that many crimes in a week. Now during all those years the government was becoming more and more cruel, more and more barbarous, and we do not find, and we have not found, that the Church of England with its 15,000 or 20,000 ministers, with its more than a score of bishops in the House of Lords, has ever raised its voice or perfected any organization in favor of a more merciful code, or in condemnation of the enormous cruelty which the laws were continually inflicting, and was not Voltaire justified in saying that the English were a people who murdered by law. Now that is an extract from a speech made by John Bright in May 1883 that shows what the Church of England did, 223 offences in England punishable with death, and no minister, no bishop, no church organization raising his or its voice against the monstrous cruelty, and why even then it was better than the law of Jehovah. And the Protestants were as bad as the Catholics. You remember the time of Henry IV in France when the Edict of Nantes was issued simply to give the Protestants the right to worship God according to the dictates of their conscience. Just as soon as that Edict was issued the Protestants themselves in the cities where they had power prevented the Catholics from worshiping their God according to the dictates of their conscience, and it was on account of the refusal of those Protestants to allow the Catholics to worship God as they desired that there was a civil war lasting for seven years in France. Richelieu came into authority about the second or third year of that war. He made no difference between Protestants and Catholics, and it was owing to Richelieu that the Thirty Years' War terminated. It was owing to Richelieu that the peace of Westphalia was made in 1643, although I believe he had been dead a year before that time. But it was owing to him, and it was the first peace ever made between nations on a secular basis with everything religious left out, and it was the last great religious war. You may ask me what I want. Well, in the first place, I want to get theology out of government. It has no business there. Man gets his authority from man, and is responsible only to man. I want to get theology out of politics. Our ancestors in 1776 retired God from politics because of the jealousies among the churches, and the result has been splendid for mankind. I want to get theology out of education. Teach the children what somebody knows, not what somebody guesses. I want to get theology out of morality and out of charity. Don't give for God's sake, but for man's sake. I want you to know another thing, that neither Protestants nor Catholics are fit to govern this world. They are not fit to govern themselves. How could you elect a minister of any religion, President of the United States? Could you elect a bishop of the Catholic Church, or a Methodist bishop, or a Episcopal minister, or one of the elders? No. And why? We are afraid of the ecclesiastic spirit. We are afraid to trust the liberties of men in the hands of people who acknowledge that they are bound by a standard different from that of the welfare of mankind. The history of Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Cuba, and Brazil all show that slavery existed where Catholicism was a power. I would suggest an education that would rule theology out of the government, and teach people to rely more on themselves and less on providence. There are two ways of living. The broad way of life lived for others, and the narrow theological way. It is wise to so live that death can be serenely faced. And then if there is another world, the best way to prepare for it is to make the best of this. And if there be no other world, the best way to live here is to so live as to be happy, and make everybody else happy. End Ingersoll's lecture on which way. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. Ingersoll's lecture on which way, from the book Lectures of Colonel R.G. Ingersoll, read for you by Ted DeLorm in Fort Mill, South Carolina, during June 2007.


Hi, welcome. My name is Dr. Marcy Stone and this is Unit 7, the effects of consumer groups in your consumer behavior course. This course has 10 units and Unit 7 is on the effects of consumer groups. These are the Unit 7 learning outcomes. Explain how we are motivated to buy or use products in order to be consistent with what other people do. Explain how consumers' word of mouth, both positive and negative, is often more influential than advertising campaigns. Assess how online technologies are accelerating the impact of word of mouth communication. Identify how social networking is changing the way companies and consumers interact. Identify the demographic factors that relate to family and household structure. Why are learning outcomes important? So every learning outcome ties back to course materials and content. And that includes your assessments and also your test preparation. And then these are the Unit 7 overview topics. So we have consumer buying motivations, consumer word of mouth versus advertising campaigns, social networking and communication, and then we have demographic factors. And then these are the vocabulary terms that we're going to be discussing in this presentation. All right. So there are quite a few things that influence the consumer buying decision process. So these might include friends, social media, family, coworkers, or online reviews. Sometimes a consumer may make a decision to buy a product to compete with friends or neighbors. And this thought process may be conscious or unconscious. Other influences on the consumer buying decision process may include culture, social class, or groups the consumer belongs to. From a marketing perspective, it's important to consider that influences may come from a variety of sources. Okay. So this slide, it just analyzes again that consumer buying process. We look at need recognition. So I have a problem. We search for product information. We might look at several products and then evaluate those. We might actually make a choice and then purchase it. And then we have that post purchase behavior in here and evaluation of that product again. And then any disposal issues at some point. And so when you're looking at each of these stages, consumers may, depending on the purchase, they may go through some of these very quickly and just make up their mind about what they want to purchase and then be done with it. And then others may take months to evaluate. So just depending on maybe the level of involvement that they might have in that research process. And it might depend on like overall value of what they're going to be paying. So word of mouth advertising works well for consumers and marketing companies. It's inexpensive and it can be one of the best ways to promote a product. So when someone gets really excited about a product, they may tell a dozen people about it. They may create a video and post it online. Social media is a great way to get word of mouth marketing advertising promoted. So there's also social media influencers who have a great many followers who might also promote products through word of mouth. So these influencers may be given free products or even paid for their might even be paid for their reviews. And advertising campaigns can cost quite a bit of money and take time to develop. So a strategic marketing plan should include the possibility for word of mouth promotions and potentially using or hiring social media influencers. So social media is an effective way to promote products or brand and over the last decade it has continually changed. Social media allows companies to better target to their specific market for products and services. Strategic marketing plans should include social circles, social networking and ways that consumers can interact with companies through social media. So this may be even a Facebook targeted ads. So if a consumer searches for like air conditioning repair on Google in the morning, they may check into Facebook in the afternoon and see air conditioning repair ads and possibly coupons. Many consumers may see this as useful and not advertising at all. So in addition, consumers enjoy interacting with their favorite brands on social media. Companies may answer questions about products and post their latest commercials. So this type of marketing is important to include in a marketing plan. Okay, so now we have a consumer buying process here and we've talked about this quite a bit in this course. But we're looking at what draws their interest. What is it about a particular product that might draw their interest? Is it beneficial? Is it going to provide any values for the consumer? And then we look at how embedded might it be. Let's say that they look at a product, they don't buy it. Let's say that they're on Amazon and they look at a product and they don't buy it. Do they think about it even days later and then go back in and eventually buy it? So is it something that's visibly at the top of their mind? And then you have those psychological factors we've talked about. Is it something they're going to love? Is it something they're going to hate? Do they appreciate it? Are they surprised? Or is it something that maybe they love or hate because of a past experience? I actually recently was searching to a little bit of a consumer story from me. I actually was researching different ways to do my hair and online. And I happened to come across, I don't even remember how. I don't remember if it came up in advertising, but I happened to see different types of blow dryers. And it was the first time for whatever reason. I've never really actually searched this, but it was the first time I ever heard that you can buy blow dryers that have brushes in them. And I was like, huh. So I went from there, went on to Amazon and looked at a couple, found one that I think it was around $40 and ordered it. And I figured if I didn't like it, I could just return it, that kind of thing. And I didn't really think much about it, just that it would be fun to try, you know.  It made my hair a lot straighter and a little bit of a wavy hair. And so this thing was, it dried my hair very quickly. I was pleasantly surprised for something that I literally had no idea even existed a few days before. I was pleasantly surprised. And so for me, that process of buying it was actually better than the anticipation for this particular product. I was so happy about it that I told, I don't know, 10 people about it in two weeks. And now I'm telling you, but I was so happy with it that I told people about it. And the first time I brought it up, someone said, oh yeah, I have one of those. It's a Dyson. And I was like, Dyson, the vacuum people make these things. And then someone else told me, yeah, it's like $600. And I was like, I don't need that. So it's interesting how we go through these kind of ups and downs almost during the buying process. And sometimes we truly are pleasantly surprised with a product that we weren't even aware of or didn't really have high expectations for maybe. So anyway, just a little personal story. And we all have these as consumers as we go through the buying process. Okay, so it's important to consider demographics to better understand consumer buying habits. So we've talked about this a little bit before, but it includes demographics might include age, race, education level, homeowners. It really helps to really narrow down your population or your target market. Family demographics might include information about the size of a family or maybe who the head of household is. One example of this might be, again, we talked about the prenatal vitamins and buying those and then receiving coupons that are related to that purchase. And so we see this a lot.  The coupons that are going to come up almost immediately are usually related to something that you just bought. And so it's trying to show you this system or the CRM system is trying to show you things that they think you are going to be mostly interested in. And that's really what demographics and narrowing down your market is all about. Alright, so Unit 7 learning outcomes. So we talked a little bit about how we get motivated to buy products or maybe to compete with other people. We talked a little bit about how important word of mouth is, both positive and negative. And then how online technologies accelerate that world of word of mouth when we see that with social media. And then how social networking is changing the way that companies and their customers interact with each other. And then any demographic factors that might be related to family and household structure. What's next? Unit 8, the influences of class, ethnicity and age. My name is Dr. Marcy Stone and I just wanted to say thanks for listening.