Good afternoon to the afternoon session. Let me initially assign some problems for a solution. Then I am around for interaction on these problems and on the morning lecture. And after the tea break, Professor Gaitonde will handle all kinds of general questions too. So, of course, if there are problems in these that I cannot handle, here we available to handle those two.  So, these are the four problems that I have written in the open system tutorial sheet. Problem number seven is relates to a compressor in a ship, in a ship propulsion system. Problem number eight is regarding a nozzle in a steam turbine. Problem number fourteen is a rigid insulated bottle, which is perfectly evacuated and you let air flow in. And problem number seventeen is with regard to a heat exchanger. So, please do these questions and I think I will be ready to take questions now. Pillai Panvel, is there a question? Over to you. Question number seven, this 5 percent moisture is given. So, sir, I have a doubt say where this moisture is to be considered. Over to you sir. Let me take it over. The question is regarding question number seven. It says at the inlet of the compressor, the steam is at 3.4 bar and 5 percent moisture. So, when you are looking on your steam tables or when you have the steam table. So, you should assume that there is 5 percent of moisture, which is liquid and 95 percent of steam. So, the quality would be 0.95, excess 0.95. So, that is how you must proceed with this. Thank you. NIT Trichy, is there any question from your side? Over. Very good afternoon sir. This question is related to the open system. For example, let me take a heat exchanger or a compressor or a turbine or a boiler. There are basically two analysis like one is thermodynamic analysis, another one is heat transfer analysis. Does these two analysis go in parallel and which analysis is more suitable for determining the performance of the system? Over to you sir. I think this is slightly confusing. I do not know what kind of analysis you are talking of. In the, if you are talking of extreme nitty-gritty as to what is the heat exchanger length, what is the heat exchanger area, we are not going to take those into consideration. So, but if you let us say you are talking in terms of a heat exchanger, we will probably only calculate heat transfer and entropy production. If you think that the entropy production is too much, you may want to design a heat exchanger where the delta T's are very small, but you will soon realize that you are probably having too much area. You and calculation of edge, calculation of all the other things will be in a separate domain which we are not doing. We are only calculating roughly what is the kind of input and output parameters we are having and whether such a process is possible, roughly how much irreversible is it. So, those are the kind of questions we will answer in our analysis. We will not get down to calculating heat transfer coefficients or areas of heat exchanger or lengths of turbine. So, if those nitty-gritties hopefully you will take care of in the heat transfer course. So, we are not getting into those nitty-gritties here. Over. Thank you sir, over and out. Over and out, please handle your problems now. Amal Jyoti, Kerala, any questions from your side? Over. Hello. So, I have two questions. One is that you are shown in the first slide that all the open systems are considered as it is also called control volumes. So, can we consider all the control, all the open systems as the control volumes? Because and second question is that in case of a reciprocating compressor, the volume is constantly changing. Can we call it as a control volume approach? Instead, it is very nice to see. Instead, we can call it simply as an open system approach rather than to call it as a control volume approach. Thank you sir, over to you. So, let me take the question. Yes, open system analysis typically is called control volume approach. So, this is exactly what we do even in fluid mechanics where we are analyzing control volume. Those are nothing but open system. So, anywhere where there is a flow coming in and going out, that is what we are calling as an open system analysis. Now, typically in IC engines and reciprocating compressors, a big chunk of our analysis is done when the walls are closed and the mass does not cross the boundaries. In that case, it becomes a closed system analysis during the part of the analysis and it is not a control volume analysis. I hope that answers your question. Over. Thank you sir, over and out. Yes, S V N I T Surat. Any questions from your side? Related to study flow energy equation applied for duct. You mentioned that the equation which you about duct, it is in terms of pressure and kinetic energy. You also mentioned that it is similar to the Bernoulli's equation. But to the best of my knowledge, when you see the duct, it is of uniform cross-sectional area. Although when there is a pressure drop, it is a frictional pressure drop and certainly it does not result in increase in kinetic energy. Please comment. Over to you. Thank you. So, if you look at the duct there, let me see. I think it is on the previous. I think I have just written this. See, if you are considering some liquid, I mean of course, I did not show any change in area. But you can assume that there may be a change in area. But the other thing is that, you know, there may be change in the density if by chance it happens. Then there can be a change in kinetic energy. But you are right. I mean, in general, if there is a change in area, etcetera, that has been considered. I did not write that down so specifically here. But if there is a change in kinetic energy, it could be because of many reasons. I am just saying that that is not negligible in this case. That is all that was being said. Over. Over and out. Okay. Over and out. Government call a Salem, any questions from your side? There is a question regarding 11th problem. So, this question, the combination of hydraulic pumps and the boiler. Here the question is asked related to the exit velocity from the boiler and the state of the system also asking. So, there is a while solving the statistical energy equation separately from hydraulic pumps as well as the boiler, I hope that some missing data is in this problem exists. Please explain in user. Over to user. In the problem number 11, there is first a pump and then it goes into a boiler. So, what you can do is first consider only the pump as an open system. The inlet state is given, the power is given. So, you can calculate the outlet H of the fluid as it exits the pump. And then that you can consider as the inlet state for the boiler, consider the boiler as a separate open system. And then the Q input into the boiler is given. So, now, once this is known that you can calculate the exit state of the boiler. So, you can consider these as two continuous open systems in a sequence and solve them separately and you should get your answer. Over. Sir, for solving separately for the pump velocity boiler, we cannot proceed further from the pump. I hope there is some missing data, given data. See, I can see very clearly that the inlet to the pump is given as 1 bar 35 degrees C. H at the inlet of the pump can be found out. M dot is given because ray 120 kg per minute is given and the pump power is given as 110 kilowatt. See, if I just apply the first law for open systems, you will just get that W is M dot H e minus H i. H i is known. W is known. M dot is known. So, all you have to do is get H exit and that is all that is needed because that is going to be the H for the inlet of the boiler. So, I do not think there is anything else that is really necessary. Actually, you can even do this as a single control volume and it would not matter. But I think everything to find out the exit state of the pump is already given in there. So, I do not think that should be a problem at all. Over. Sir, what about the velocity where kinetic energy changes in the pump? As already mentioned for turbines, compressors, pumps, we will assume that the net change in kinetic energy from inlet to exit is quite negligible. So, you can safely neglect the changes in kinetic energy for the pump, for the compressor, for the turbine. Over. Sir, the question is they are asking about the exit velocity of the boiler. If you know the inlet velocity of the boiler only, we can able to calculate our exit velocity of the boiler. For knowing velocity of the inlet velocity of the boiler, we should know the data from pump side. See, the mass flow rate of the boiler is given and if m dot is given, m dot is just rho into A into velocity. So, the area is given, the mass flow rate is given, rho will come from the exit state of the boiler because you know what the exit state of the boiler is. You know the pressure and you know the enthalpy. So, you can go to the steam tables and find out the specific volume. So, once rho is known, area is known, all you have to do is calculate velocity because m dot is known, m dot is just rho A V. So, you do not need any other data except the mass flow rate. Over. Thank you very much. Panvel, any question from your side? Over. Regarding question number 7, part B. Sir, is the process possible or impossible? In what context are we have to find out the possibility of the process? Yes, as I said, you know if you just apply the first law, you can just get, you know that delta H, you can correlate delta H and work, but what has been given is directly you have been told what the inlet and exit states are and you have been told to you know yourself ensure isentropic or not isentropic. So, what you should do is just see if the second law is applicable that is whether you need to, whether the second law is being satisfied I should say. So, you just check on the entropy of the inlet and exit states. It is an adiabatic system. So, the entropy at the exit better be more than the entropy at the inlet or at best it should be equal to the entropy at the inlet. So, that is definitely very necessary to check because someone just cannot give you the inlet and exit states and say I will design a turbine like this or a pump like this. You should definitely check whether the exit state entropy is more than the inlet state entropy. So, the limiting case, limiting exit state is of course, you know the going to be the one with entropy equal to the inlet state. So, please check on this fact over. So, may I have any questions from your side? Over. The condition of steam at inlet is wet steam and at outlet it is dry and saturated steam. Compressor can handle two phase mixture? Yes, I mean to some extent yes. So, we are just assuming that in this case the inlet state is given. Of course, we are not talking of you know whether the compressor can really handle such thing or not, but in most cases it can handle especially in sometimes in refrigerator system. It does handle a small amount of moisture over. Over to you sir. Thank you. Amrita Coimbatore, any question from your side? Over. Sir, good afternoon. This is Uday from Amrita Coimbatore. My question is regarding 6.8. There you asked us to find out the exit velocity and exit area. Actually the diameters has not been given there. So, how we have to find the velocity and area in terms of inlet velocity? Yes, if you check the question, the inlet conditions for the nozzle of a steam turbine are 60 bar 350 degree Celsius. The exit conditions are 10 bar and 0.9 dry. So, what you need to do is first this is a nozzle. So, you can go ahead and get the velocity. The steam mass flow rate is given. So, m dot is known. From the nozzle equation, you will get the velocity and since you now know the state of the system 10 bar and 0.9, you can get the density or specific volume and m dot is just rho A v. So, rho is known. Velocity is known. All you have to do is calculate area. So, m dot is given for it. Over. Thank you, sir. NIT, Nakpur, any questions from your side? Over. Sir, my question is steady flow. We derived so many steady flow energy equations for the different mechanical devices were producing, absorbing, non-work producing, non-work absorbing like that. So, in that case, we assume that the flow is steady means our constant mass flow rate is taken place in that particular device. Suppose we have any application like natural convection solar air heater where the flow is taken place because of the natural convection. As the temperature of the plate, absorber plate go on increasing, the flow rate will getting enhanced. So, in that particular case, will that energy equation is suitable? See, if there is no steady flow, that would be tough. But I think you are asking for natural quick. If you are asking for natural convection and if it comes to steady state, then you can take a suitable control volume and try to analyze that and you will realize that those steady state flow situations can be analyzed using this. So, as long as this flow is developing or transient, it is difficult to analyze this. But once it has reached steady state, most of these problems because you can consider, I mean as long as you can calculate, you can consider q dot coming in or going out to the surface. You will have to get some method of calculating m dot and then you can go ahead and solve the problem. Thank you sir. Sir, one more question. Can we have any correlation for calculation of the mass flow rate for the natural convection? What do you say? I think those kind of problems we will deal within the heat transfer course because that is where you will get into what is the rough velocity, what is the rough m dot for natural convection and what are the heat transfer coefficients for natural convection. So, since we have a heat transfer course follow up and that is more relevant to that course, I think that is best answered there and not here, over. Thank you sir, over to you. Amruta, Coimbatore, any questions from your side, over. Sir, this is Uday again from Coimbatore. Still I am not clear with problem 6.8. You explain that it can be found from mass flow rate given. The mass flow rate is given mass flow rate is defined as rho times area times velocity density can be found from the state of the property of specific volume area is not given and velocity is not given there are two unknown variables. So, how can we? So, as I said see this is a problem for a nozzle, it is not a turbine problem. So, knowing the inlet and exit state you know the change in delta H and the delta H is entirely going to result in a change in the velocity. So, one assumption you can definitely make is that the inlet velocity is negligible. So, all the delta H goes in increasing the exit velocity and you will have V e square by 2 is just H e or H i minus H e and that is how you get the exit velocity and from the state as you said you can get the specific volume and since you know the mass flow rate you can get the area. So, the purpose of a nozzle is just to get that exit velocity and since it is a nozzle the very first thing you have to do is actually calculate the exit velocity without anything else and then you can see whether the last thing of course, definitely you need to do is check whether this is possible. I mean since it is assumed to be adiabatic please check whether you know the entropy increases at the exit otherwise someone just cannot directly give you the inlet and exit state and tell you to go ahead with it over. Sir, if that is the case then conservation of mass is not valid because rho A V at entrance must be equal to rho A V at exit. So, if inlet is negligible then conservation of mass is not valid. So, how can we tackle this problem? I think see this is an engineering problem definitely when you are talking of the velocities you should realize that definitely conservation of mass we are assuming to happen and what we are doing is see this is a big nozzle let me draw it here and for the same mass flow rate even here it is around 10 meters per second and if it goes here close to 800 meters per second then you will say why do I need to know the inlet velocity at all because if I square this this is having a negligible effect if I square this here and you realize that there is really no need to bother about the inlet velocity. In fact, in many nozzle problems we just do not bother about the inlet velocity definitely you know you should not assume that you know the flow is being created out of nothing definitely a flow is being created and there is a small flow at the inlet of the nozzle, but we are not really bothered about that because most of the delta it is even if I take this 10 meters per second into consideration it is going to only change in some decimal point at the exit velocity. So, neglecting it is not going to cause any kind of harm. So, that is a very typical analysis that we do for all nozzle problems unless we are talking of nozzle velocity between stages of turbines sometime that the exit of one stage of a turbine the velocity is reasonably high in that case during the design we need to give the inlet state to a nozzle or inlet velocity otherwise in most nozzle problems it is very good assumption to just neglect the inlet velocity component because it is not going to affect the calculation you know significantly at all over. K.K. Varanasiak anything from your side over. Hello sir, I want to know the minus VDP work. Is there any significance of minus VDP work in open system? I think during our analysis you saw that nowhere we have come across this minus VDP term. So, I do not think you should even bother or even try telling your students that there is anything like this it is only something confusing we will not talk about it over. Thank you sir, but in many books it is given like that. So, should we refer to that or we should go by our method only. I can definitely recommend that that section should definitely not be read. So, you must throw those books out if you have them and continue with this because definitely it is not the right way to teach things over. Thank you sir, thank you very much over and out. J.N.T.U. Hyderabad you have raised your hand any questions from your side over. Good afternoon sir. This is regarding the second part of the seventh question. Is the process possible or impossible? Why what is the limiting exit state? Over to you. So, in you should realize whether it is any kind of problem compressor, turbine and even heat transfer device where you know the Q dot. As long see in a turbine and nozzle problem there is no Q dot term. So, you must ensure that S e minus S i comes positive that there is a net entropy production rate or in the best case it is 0 because that is just the reversible process. In a heat transfer device you must ensure that S e minus S i and minus Q dot by T is such that there is a positive entropy production rate. So, these are the things you must ensure to see if the process is possible. The limiting case is obviously when the equation is just satisfied. So, for example, in turbines if S e is equal to S i and the net entropy production rate is 0 that is when the that is the limiting case. Otherwise you should always get something where S dot P is greater than 0 that is M dot into S e minus S i should be a positive number. So, that is definitely what you should get. So, do not just take someone's data on what is the inlet and exit conditions and believe it. I think that is what we have been trying to tell. Definitely you can always calculate W dot using inlet and exit states, but unless you check for the entropy you will not know whether that thing is possible or not. Definitely check if S dot P is going to be greater than or equal to 0 in the best case over. Thank you, sir. Over to you. Over and out. KK, there is no video from your side, but if your audio is working please go ahead with your question. Hello, sir. Can you take an example of charging and discharging of a system or illustration? Only charging of a system or discharging of a system? I hope you do not mean electrical charging or discharging. If it is charging of a cylinder or discharging of a cylinder then that is exactly what problem 14 is which we have assigned to you just now. So, I hope this is what you mean by charging and discharging. Over. Thank you, sir. Over and out. P.H.G. Coimbatore, any question from your side? Over. Sir, in the problem number 7 and problem number 8, so we have to find out whether the process is possible or impossible and you ask that why and what is the limiting exit state and in the problem number 8, same thing, is this process possible or impossible? Why? What is the limiting exit state and exit velocity? Can you guide me for this problem? How to say that process is possible or impossible and what is the limiting state and how to find out that? I am taking over. See, during the class we had drawn an H.S. diagram. Let me draw that again. And well, problem number 7 is a compressor problem and problem number 8 is a nozzle problem. So, in one case, in the compressor problem we go down in pressure P 1, P 2 and in the nozzle problem, sorry, in the compressor problem inlet is at a lower pressure, exit is at a higher pressure and in the nozzle problem inlet is at a higher pressure and exit is at a lower pressure and what we had said clearly in class was that since Q is 0, you must get M dot S e minus S i is entropy production rate which is greater than or equal to 0. Hence, S e should be greater than or equal to S i and we had drawn that this was let us say for example, here i to e, this is the ideal case and in the reality you would go somewhere here. Similarly, in this case you would go somewhere to increasing entropy. Now, what has happened is that we have directly given you the exit state and we have not told you what the entropy is. Now, since you know the state, you should go and find out what the exit state is. See that its entropy is either equal to the inlet entropy or it is more than the exit entropy. The limiting case is always when the exit entropy is same as the inlet entropy that is the reversible case. In all other cases, your exit entropy must be greater than your inlet entropy. So, if the specified problem, let us say the compressor problem, if we have given you the exit state which is lying here to the left as far as entropy is concerned, then this would not have been possible. This process is not possible. So, we would like you to please check what the entropy is at the exit. You cannot blindly take the given data and just do your calculations regarding power input and exit velocity. You must also check in for the entropy condition over and we are getting that answer entropy production in negative value. So, the limiting case is S i is equal to S e. Yes, the limiting case is S i is equal to S e. So, if you are getting a negative value right now, that process is not possible. So, you must figure out the state where S i is equal to S e. That is possible and all other states may be where S e is greater than S i. You must check for those. Those are all possible. Over. Then what about that limiting exit states, sir? We have to take, what state we have to take? What is the limiting exit state? For example, now let us say that your inlet to the compressor is 3.4 bar and 5 percent moisture. Please get the entropy at that state from the steam tables. So, assuming that the compressor is going to deliver at the same exit pressure of 8 bar, please calculate at what condition the entropy would be the same. That would be the limiting case as far as the entropy, as far as the compressor is concerned. As far as the nozzle is concerned, the inlet state is given. So, it is 60 bar 350 degree centigrade that is going to be a superheated state for steam. Please get the entropy from the superheated tables and then again go down at 10 bar. So, exit condition we will always assume that the pressure is specified. So, we will see where on the pressure line and on the isobar line, we will get our exactly S e is equal to S i. That would be our limiting case. So, if S e is greater than S i already, then there is no problem that thing is possible, but the limiting case is when on the 10 bar line you have S e is equal to S i. Over. Thank you, sir. Over and out. Somaya, any questions over to you? Sir, how to solve problem number 9? Yes, I am taking over problem number 9. So, it is given the inlet conditions of a water pump are 1 bar and 25 degree centigrade. The exit pressure is 180 bar. The pump consumes 75 kilowatt of power and pumps 12000 liters of water per hour and this liters per hour that is given at inlet conditions. Determine the temperature of water at the exit of the pump. If we define the ideal pump as the one which does pumping isothermally, what is the efficiency of the pump? So, let us take the system here. It is a pump. So, I will just draw one circle here and what is coming in is given. So, that is 1 bar and 25 degree centigrade and the exit pressure is given. It is 180 bar. Now, you know for a pump, again we had w dot into the pump or if I just want to calculate it. It is m dot h i minus h e. Now, this is the simplified equation that I have. Now, h i is known because I know the inlet conditions. It is 1 bar and 25 degree centigrade. So, if it is sub cooled, as we said, if you apply the incompressible fluid assumption, then even if h is not given in the steam tables, you must just take it as u plus p v. Pressure is known and you must get the u and v for the saturated liquid at 25 degree centigrade. So, that will give you h i and m dot you can calculate from the flow rate. So, the flow rate is 12000 liters per second, not liters per second. Since, you know the flow rate as a volumetric flow rate, at 25 degree centigrade, just get the rho and using the rho and this flow rate, you should get the m dot. So, m dot is known, w dot is already given to you. So, you must, you will automatically get h e. Now, if h e is known and the exit pressure is known. So, one thing is you will have to get h e is u e plus p e v e and in this case, you know what is h e, you know what is p e and you will probably have to calculate what is u e and v e. Now, one method is you can assume some temperature and figure out what the u and v at that temperature is, plug it in here because at that same temperature you will get both u and v, plug it in here and hence get the temperature. So, that is how you must go ahead and try to figure out what the temperature would be at the exit of the pump. Now, if you define the ideal pump as the one which does the pumping isothermally, you will get that, if the temperature does not change, the entropy does not change and it is the same as taking the isentropic efficiency and hence you should get the ideal pump work in that case and then go ahead and calculate the efficiency of the pump over. Sir, what is the significance of flow work in case of open systems? See, in all open systems, you will have at least one place where either mass is coming in or mass is going out and or you may have both just in the most general case that we have considered, we will have may be both of them normally. In fact, nearly in all devices that we are considering, we will have both one inlet and one outlet unless it is a charging discharging situation. Now, in all these cases, wherever mass is flowing in, you will realize that there is some work involved in either pushing in mass into the system or pushing mass out of the system. So, if you take a closed system thing, then you will realize that it involves stretching, pushing the boundaries against either an external pressure or external environment pushing the boundaries into the system. So, both these constitute work, PDV kind of work and hence by default in any kind of system, sorry, an open system analysis, the flow work is definitely going to come because of this and you cannot avoid it. That is one of the reasons the PV term always comes in an open system analysis and since the PV term comes, you can just combine it with a U-term and nearly and you will always see that there is an H-term in any open system analysis over. Anaitin Agpur, any questions from you over? Good afternoon, sir. My question is, can we imagine a quasi-static frictionless adiabatic expansion of a fluid in case of a nozzle so that it can become an isentropic expansion? Over to you, sir. Thank you. See, in fact, in most nozzle analysis, this is what we really do whenever we are calculating exit states of the nozzle. The most common analysis, in fact, this is what we do. We calculate an adiabatic isentropic and hence reversible expansion of the nozzle and that is really our limiting case. So, you can very well imagine this as far as we are concerned. That is the limiting case. It is a possible case and hence you can go ahead and all real cases will be where the entropy will increase at the exit. But they shall be next to impossible, sir. Yes. In fact, all our analysis with reversible adiabatic cases is as good as impossible. In fact, as has been already mentioned quite a few times in the previous lectures, this is just about impossible. You can never get such things even if you try your best. These are for our analysis. It is just giving us the limiting case only. You should know what the limiting case is. This is, but as far as nature is concerned, this is impossible. Everything else which is possible, you must realize that there is going to be an entropy production rate. Thank you. Over to you, sir. Okay. Over and out. See you after 10 half an hour at 4 o'clock. Over.


We might not be able to agree on politics, sports, or religion. But what we can agree on is pizza. My name is India, and today we are going to find out how good is Israeli pizza? Pizza is clearly one of the world's most popular foods. In fact, it is the world's most photographed food on social media. Food like falafel, hummus, or shwarma are traditionally part of Israeli cuisine, but not pizza. So for a long time, it was hard to find good pizza in Israel. Today, popular American chains like Pizza Hut and Domino's have found their way here. But Israelis have also decided to take a shot at making pizza. Let me introduce you to... Adi Chazan. A man who invented a very special pizza oven here in Israel. And now, pizza-making professionals across Israel are using it. Adi hit rock bottom in the middle of his life. But he used his gift for building things to turn it around.  I never built ovens before. But Adi was determined. And he invented these mobile pizza ovens here. And today, he even has a workshop where Palestinians and Israelis work side by side. This here is proof that we can all benefit from one person's determination. It looks good, it tastes good, and I wish you could smell it. Okay, Israeli pizza has my approval. But it is different from the pizza in the US where I am from, especially with the toppings. The most popular topping on pizza in the US is pepperoni, but not in Israel. They prefer toppings like olives, corn, or just extra cheese. This could be because many people here in Israel keep kosher and do not eat meats and dairy together. So many places use mainly veggie toppings. You might think, what does a 38 year old Israeli man and a 23 year old American girl have in common? Well, we both enjoy a good slice of pizza. This is how we do pizza. This is Inside Israel. Thanks for watching and I'll see you next time.


Thank you so much to those of you who are joining us today. Appreciate your time. My name is Deanna Cropes-Pullio. I am with Cal OES. We are just about to get started and going to talk about essentially kind of this series of upcoming storms. As our friends start to pin us, you can see who our speakers are going to be today. Let's go to the next slide. Essentially, you will hear from a few of us talking about what the state is doing to ensure that Californians are safe and ready before the storm. In particular, you'll hear first from National Weather Service. We'll hand it over to Cal OES to talk about the coordinated preparation. Then we'll go to Department of Water Resources, then Department of Transportation, Cal Fire, and the California Military Department. With that, we will then wrap it up with some Q&A. I will say already that if you have any questions, feel free to put them in the Q&A feature or in the chat. Happy to intake those and answer them all at the very end. Also would recommend that you also raise your hand too if you'd like to ask a question, and then we will take you in that order in particular. With that, I'm going to hand it over to Robert Hart, who is a meteorologist with the National Weather Service Western Region. All right. Thank you. Good morning, everyone. Well, as everyone is well aware of, we are entering a quite active weather pattern across the state, not only this week, but as we head into next week as well. But primarily, I'm going to be briefing on what we're expecting today and tomorrow with this atmospheric river that is currently moving into the state. Already have rain occurring across much of the northern part of California. Heaviest rain today for the northern and central part of the state is expected now through this afternoon and into this evening. On average, we're expecting widespread two to five inches of rain, locally six inches, maybe slightly higher, again, isolated locations, but on average two to five inches. The rain starts to shift south and east across southern California later this evening and into tonight through tomorrow. This rain for southern California is expected primarily tomorrow, on average, one to three inches for the southern part of the state, locally up to five inches across some of the southern mountains, mainly some of the higher elevations across southern California. And for the Central Valley area, generally one to three inches, you get into the northern Sacramento Valley could get up to about four inches of rain based on some local effects there. But all in all, much if not the entire portion of the state is expecting measurable rainfall as we head through today and tomorrow. Now on the next slide, we're going to shift more towards some of the snowfall information. We are talking about higher snows, high snow freezing levels is what I'm trying to say for this first part of the system. So freezing levels, we're gradually going to be lowering today and tomorrow as the storm system is across the state. Highest snowfall for today through tomorrow for the higher Sierra elevations, including the Mt. Shasta area, one to three feet of snow, again one to three feet, mainly for the higher elevations across southern California. Once you get above about 7,000 feet, we're expecting anywhere up to about 18 inches, 12 to 18 inches on average. And once you're below 7,000 feet, we're going to shift to about 6 inches or less. Again, that's just because the freezing level is so high right now. Now as the storm system continues to move on through those snow levels, the freezing levels gradually going to be lowering down. So snow levels by tomorrow and especially Friday across the northern part of the state down to about 2,000 feet. And by Thursday and Friday down to about 4,500 feet for the southern part of the state. The next slide, we're going to be talking about wind impacts. There is a lot of wind energy with this system, though not necessarily as strong of winds as some of the past storm systems we've had across the state. For northern and central California, on average 35 to 45 mile per hour sustained winds, a gusts up to about 60 miles per hour for some of the higher elevations and some of the highest elevations across northern and central California. Some of those mountain tops could briefly gust around 75 miles per hour, but again most areas of the peak should be closer to 60 miles per hour or less. Again, that's mainly today and into tonight for northern and central California. By tomorrow and through Friday, again that storm system moving across the state, southern California mountains and into the Mojave Desert could have gusts of 35 to 55 miles per hour again spreading through the southern half of the state tomorrow and Friday. And we could have a little bit in the way of power outages, some weekend trees blow down, but the main impacts with this first storm system are going to be really a lot of impacts from the heavy rain. Again, damaging winds across the northern central part of California may bring some pockets of tree damage and some power outages, but again the main impact is going to be runoff from heavy rainfall. That's probably going to result in flooding of some waterways across both northern and southern California. We're going to see some rises in the river levels along rivers, creeks and streams. If you're in a typical flood prone location keep an eye to the water levels. Those could quickly begin to rise. We get into a period of heavy rainfall and typical low water crossings will likely become water covered at times. Talking about specific river levels, again we're going to see some rise on the rivers especially across the northern coast and into the Sacramento river system, but even farther to the south of San Diego River near Fashion Valley is kind of our pinpointed area for also having some higher impact areas. Of course the heavy mountain snow will bring its traditional travel impacts at times through late week as the snow begins to pile up. One last slide I have. In addition to the weather impacts today, tomorrow and Friday, we'll get a bit of a reprieve Saturday before the next atmospheric river begins to move into the area starting Sunday. Still a little bit of a question is to the onset timing on Sunday, but especially the first half of next work week are really going to see the next storm system moving in maybe continuing at times into the second half of the week. There may be not as positive news for next week as next week's rainfall and snowfall could be even more impactful than what we're expecting over the next couple of days especially the southern half of the state next week, mainly because the next storm system may be tracking just a little farther south than the current one, but even across the north next week, the next round of precipitation could provide even significant snowfall amounts again because the freezing level and snow level is going to be even lower. So that is the end of report I have. I will turn it back over to Cal OES. Thank you so much Robert, really appreciate your time. Just a reminder too for our Spanish language media we can give an interview in Spanish. We are here available in Spanish as well and with that I will hand it over to Brian Ferguson our Deputy Director of Crisis Communication and Public Affairs at Cal OES. Helps to be unmuted. Good morning everyone and thank you for joining us particularly to our media partners as we kind of get the word out to each of you about really the severe magnitude of what we face not just this week but over the next 10 to 14 days. We view this storm as a significant threat to the safety of Californians and what you are going to be hearing about today from myself and all the other first responder organizations on the call is really an all in state response to protect public safety. As many of you experienced and covered last year floods are one of the most dangerous disasters we have here in the state. Nationally flooding and water kills more folks than wildfires and earthquakes every year and it's certainly something that we are very cognizant of having tragically lost more than 20 lives during the flooding that we experienced last winter and spring. As you likely saw yesterday Governor Newsom has activated the state operation center here in Mather, California to coordinate a holistic and all in state response partnering with local agencies who are on the ground in the communities keeping folks safe and also working very closely with our federal partners as needed to bring in resources and activate support for folks on the ground as this event continues. What we are looking at is not just what's going to happen today and tomorrow but that this is a longer duration event that this is something that is going to take this week into next week and maybe even the following week after that. That is why the level of concern is high at the state level is not just the localized impacts but the duration of the impacts and the wide geographic distribution of the challenges. As you heard from the National Weather Service a moment ago the impacts extend from the north coast almost near the Oregon border all the way down to San Diego towards our border with Mexico. It also is going to impact our coastal communities all the way up to snow impacts in our mountain communities. This really is a broad width of California that's going to see threats over the coming week. That's why we're leaning forward. We're talking to you today in many parts to say we're actually under blue skies because we want to be early and proactive on our emergency response efforts and be on the front foot. Disasters are not a game where we want to play that's why it's important to talk to you today because we'd also like to get the word out to Californians so they can understand the impacts and the important role they play in a disaster. One of the things we're concerned about is not just the rain but the wind. There is significant opportunities for widespread power outages. We know particularly for the most vulnerable Californians often those that rely on durable medical equipment or insulin or other things that require electricity that's something we're looking very closely at. The same thing with how do we protect the other vulnerable members of our communities whether that's farm workers who work in the fields where we saw significant impacts last year individuals experiencing homelessness who may be living or camping in low lying and flood prone areas and so there's an intensive effort underway today to do outreach to those groups and to really have the state partner with locals to get the word out so that we can hopefully keep all Californians safe during this disaster. There are also parts of our state particularly in San Diego they're still recovering from a round of storms that we saw last week so that's an acute need that we're paying close attention to of the communities that may be at greater risk because they just experienced another storm. We're going to come back at the end and kind of give you a few more pointers and areas of emphasis that we want to emphasize to Californians but as we go through the presentations today what we hope you'll take away is that California is leaning in and being very proactive to do everything we can do to prepare for these storms on the front end and we're happy to take your questions at the end and throw it back to Deanna but once you know that Calo is a research for you as reporters as we go forward if there are questions that you have or localized impacts we view that as a two-way conversation and so very happy and eager to answer any additional offline questions or inquiries you may have. I'm going to throw it back to Deanna and we'll talk to you at the end. Thanks so much Brian really appreciate that recap on everything the state is doing with that I'm going to hand it over to the Department of Water Resources Deputy Director John Pash. I thank you Deanna California is prepared and has resources ready Department of Water Resources manages the state Federal Flood Operations Center a partnership between DWR and our partners at the National Weather Service the FOC has elevated its readiness operating under extended hours and and the California Nevada River Forecast Center in collaboration with DWR forecast river levels at over 100 locations and it's currently a 24 hour operation producing updated forecast every six hours throughout the duration of the storm event the flood centers making high water notification calls to local flood managers and locations forecast to reach monitor stage and for reference when a river location reaches monitor stage these notifications to local flood emergency managers trigger proactive monitoring of the flood system and when a location reaches flood stage which is higher it triggers heightened awareness and 24 hour levy patrols daily the California Nevada River Forecast Center and DWR are conducting weather and hydrology briefings these began last Friday and will again continue through the storm event and these weather and hydrology briefings are followed by reservoir coordinated operations discussions with the major water managers controlling flood space in our reservoirs our groundwater management teams are in contact with local water managers to enable aquifer to enable aquifer recharge for opportunities present themselves and since the start of 2023 DWR has conducted 39 flood fight training courses to over a thousand individual members of state local and tribal emergency response agencies statewide and we've really bulked up our flood fight materials which now includes five million sand bags that have been preposition at 64 locations statewide for a quick deployment if they're needed our flood fight specialists are on notice and stand ready for deployment and needed and we've also been in contact with our federal partners at the Army Corps of Engineers confirming their materials and resources will be available if needed and thank you for allowing me to share this message I'll pass it back to Cal OES Thank you so much Department of Water Resources really appreciate that overview of some of the work that you guys are doing in California with that I'm going to hand it over to CalTrans our Acting Deputy Director, Sergio Aceves Thank you Deanna and good morning everybody First of all I want to thank everyone for the opportunity to talk about what CalTrans is doing as always I want to emphasize that for us our top priority is safety we want our roads to be safe for all travelers and our workers even through some of the most difficult conditions we are working with our partners and our crews across the state to quickly mobilize our fleet and personnel to be ready wherever and whenever they might be needed this includes prepositioning of equipment at critical locations in anticipation of flooding slides or snow operations just for everyone's awareness we have approximately 1200 pieces of equipment that are available for use and are being used for snow operations up and down the state from the northern tip of the state to our southern end in addition in case of flooding crews are prepositioning if needed water pumps and flood prone areas that we know of to make sure we're also making sure that our storm drains are clear of debris we also check our portable backup generators making sure they're fully fueled and functioning as well as talking up on retro-reflective science in case of power outages as well as in case we need to sign detours due to road closures our traffic management centers have prepared electronic messaging messaging to inform the public of travel conditions we will also be monitoring burn scar areas from recent wildfires for slide potentials these are areas that may be more prone to slide and slip outs and for those reasons we monitor those we also monitor our bridges at river levels in case they rise and to make sure that we can mitigate the increase in water flows if needed our crews are available to work extended shifts depending on weather conditions to maintain our roadway safe we are in communication with local contractors in case we need a more robust response in case of a slide or a slip out where we may need major road repairs so we've already pre-positioned our folks to talk to those contractors and getting them on board as soon as possible I also want to talk a little bit about importing driving tips for everybody during harsh weather conditions please inspect your vehicle before a trip especially your tire pressure windshield wipers tire thread make sure you have a fuel tank available before a trip or if it's an electric vehicle a fully charged vehicle you don't want to be looking for fuel or being low on fuel when you're up in the mountains obviously I recommend to always carry chains and blankets when you go up to the mountains keep your cell phones fully charged and please never go around any of our road closures or barricades they are there for your safety please do not do that as that will imperil not just you as a driver but our crews that are out there doing their work I encourage if you haven't done so for everybody to download the Caltrans quick map apps application to get the most up to date weather conditions as well as please look out for our emergency crews and first responders slow down when driving through our work zones and also if possible move over when you see our flashing amber lights that means I've been working on the side of the road for your safety it is our job to get you there in the safest way possible and we believe that by following these guidelines you and other travelers of the road will have a safer voyage I also want to say just a few words in Spanish for our Spanish speaking folks I want to say I want to say I want to say I want to say I want to say I want to say I want to say I want to say I want to speak I want to say time 6 o 6 6 K. 5 verificar su lincabrisas, presión de aire en sus llantas, y también llevar cadenas cuando suban a las montañas. Muchas gracias que tenga un buen día. That's all I have. Back to you Diana. Thank you. Thank you so much CalTrans and Sergio for that overview. With that, I'm going to hand it over to CalFire, our Deputy Director of Communications, Nick Shuler. Good morning to our media partners. I'd like to begin by expressing our gratitude for your ongoing support in ensuring that our communities remain informed, aware, and prepared for the upcoming weather event. CalFire, along with our partner agencies, stand committed to providing a coordinated and rapid deployment of resources before, during, and after this weather system, just as we do for all events throughout California. Over the past week, CalFire resources have been assisting our local government partners during the storm in San Diego County. In fact, on Monday, January 22, our slipwater rescue team successfully rescued two individuals who were trapped as they attempted to drive their vehicle through moving water in the community of Benito. As we speak, our hand crews are actively engaged in recovery efforts, having filled more than 15,000 sandbags in hard to hit neighborhoods in Spring Valley and assisting with debris removal in and around homes. This labor-intensive work is a testament to our dedication to public service, providing immediate support to the families who've been impacted by these destructive storms. As we prepare for the challenges ahead, California's robust master mutual aid system will likely be on display as agencies across the state support one another. A CalFire staffed additional four-wheel drive engines, slipwater rescue teams, and we have five hand crews that currently are mission tasked in supporting recovery efforts in San Diego County. These resources are in addition to our daily staffing that represent a vast response capability across California. However, we also rely on the public to do their part. Today, not tomorrow, is the time to talk with your family, support your elderly neighbors, and ensure that you are prepared. Being prepared will undoubtedly save you from unimaginable grief that we've seen this past week. Have an evacuation plan, a go bag with essential medications, and necessary documents. Plan for your pets, ensure you have a full tank of gas like as what's been said before. Do not drive through moving water, and most importantly, if you are asked to evacuate, please do so without hesitation. For additional information, we encourage folks to follow our website at fire.ca.gov, as well as all of our social media content, and I point out that slipwater rescue on the slide deck are images of that occurring last week. Dianne, I'll turn it back to you. Thank you. Thank you so much, Nick. Really appreciate the information from CalFire. With that, I'm going to hand it over to General Payoletti, Director of the Joint Staff for the California Military Department to talk about their resources. General? Good morning. The California National Guard stands ready to support the state as a state-level resource through the California Office of Emergency Services. We are postured very well this weekend to support any needs that the state might have, as a majority of our units are already doing their normal drill training throughout the state this weekend. So that will allow us a more rapid response from those units that are already drilling. And those include our high-water vehicles, or our LMTVs you see in the picture on the right. The picture in the middle is actually from last January, where we were assisting slipwater rescue with some of those rescues in Pajaro. We also have aviation search and rescue assets, as well as general aviation, that can respond. We have military police that can assist local jurisdictions with traffic control around the flooded area. And we also have a lot of general engineering, heavy engineering equipment that can come and help with debris flows, as we did in Montecito last January, and a lot of general transportation capabilities. So, as always, the Guard is always ready, always there, and we stand ready to support Cal OES in responding to the state's needs. And I'll hand it back to OES. Thank you so much, General. I really appreciate your time and that information. With that, I'm going to hand it back over to Brian Ferguson to kind of wrap us up a little bit to give us those five key tips that we want everyone to walk away with. Brian? Thank you, Deanna. And thank you, everyone who's joined today, the partners. What we'll hope you'll take away as we go forward is that this really is a all-in-state response, that all of the essential personnel, first responders are being pre-positioned, we're leaning forward early to keep folks safe. We also would like to emphasize to our media partners that the hardest thing to control in any disaster is human behavior. And so there are a few things that Californians can do now to keep themselves safe. Today truly is the day for folks to take protective steps for themselves, their families, their neighbors ahead of the storm, so that we don't need all the folks on this call to do rescues, to be in communities. We are here, and it's our purpose to stay ready, but the more we can be thoughtful and forward-leaning as Californians, the more we can keep everyone safe. So first, we would like to remind everyone to sign up for alerts from their county. That's the first line of defense for folks to get notifications about dangerous actions happening in their community. These alerts come from local officials on the ground, typically the sheriff or the county office of emergency services. Everyone can go to callalerts.org, that's a Call OES-maintained website, where all 58 counties have information on where to sign up to get emergency notifications. These are opt-in systems. So for the most part, if you want to receive alerts in a crisis, you need to sign up for them. We encourage people to do that today. Secondly, we want to encourage the public to get information from trusted sources, like all the members of the media on this call. We are seeing more miss and disinformation online with this round of storms than we've seen for almost any disaster in the past. And part of that is just our changing media environment of people watching things on TikTok and Instagram, or people trying to actively confuse Californians and miss and disinformation. We have both local folks here in the state, influencers who are well-meaning, who may post things that are not true. And then we actually have bad actors, both at the state and American level and outside the country, who are trying to use disasters as a way to turn Americans and Californians against each other. So we want to encourage the public to get information from trusted sources, from law enforcement, from their local meteorologists, from the outlets like you all work for. So that's an important part of what we're doing. We also want to emphasize the wind portion of this. We want people to prepare for high winds, know that power could go out, get that lawn furniture in today. Anything that could fly, we want you to take that action today so it doesn't become an object that could hurt folks. We also want to emphasize that travel is a big part of it. Don't go up to the mountains if you can avoid it, particularly during the most intensive parts of the storm. Don't want to create a situation where Caltran, CHP, or even the Guard need to go in and get people out because they tried to get up to the ski resorts. And we also want folks to take very basic steps like making sure your devices are charged or flashlights ready. Together we can get through this. Californians are resilient people. We know that we will persevere, get through these storms, but just by taking a few basic steps, everyone can keep themselves and their families safe during the coming days. I'll throw it back over to Diana and we'll start to take questions. Thanks so much, Brian. Before we do that, I'll just take a moment of personal privilege to say a few things, say some of those tips in Spanish. It's important that you do your part and don't go out, don't walk your dog, don't go walking during these high winds, because what we've seen in the past, the trees can fall down. There's something that can happen and it's like, unfortunately, in the last year, almost 20 people died due to these very strong winds. In addition, it's important not to go to the mountains if it's not absolutely necessary. We know there's going to be snow, wind, rain, and for many it's maybe some nice vacations, but the return can be something extremely dangerous. And also, in the end, it's important to have all the devices charged, have your car full, with gasoline or charged, if it's electric, because it could be that with these high winds, electricity is also going to be used. With that, I'm going to hand it over to the next slide and do some of that Q&A. There's a few options here. I'll also add it into the chat. You can raise your hand to be called on, put your questions in the chat, or also send us any media inquiries if you need longer form interviews as well. If you need B-roll 2, Calloist has that. I do have a question in the chat specifically and I'm going to ask the National Weather Service to join us. Are there any specific localized impacts to the Bay Area that the Bay Area might see in this storm and the one next week? If Mr. Robert Hart can kind of speak to that, please. Yeah, so for that specific question, I'll probably, if you want real significant specifics off to refer you to the National Weather Service Forecast Office out of San Francisco, but the main impacts in that area overall in that region of the state are going to be the significant rainfall that's already starting to move onshore in portions of that area, followed by the wind as the storm system arrives. But for a neighborhood and a town city specific impacts, I'll refer you to the Weather Service out of San Francisco. Thank you so much National Weather Service. I also have a question, maybe I'll throw it over to Brian Ferguson, specifically maybe talking about what some of our federal partners are doing and, you know, a mention or a non to the Army Corps of Engineers. If you don't mind kind of talking about some of that coordination collaboration. Yeah, and I want to emphasize that one of the reasons the Governor activated State Operations Center is to kind of increase that coordination element with our federal partners, our local partners, and those conversations are happening right now. Even prior to any sort of federal disaster declaration, we're not there on that yet. We hope to not get there. We work closely, whether it's with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Army Corps of Engineers Department of Defense, to have conversations in real time about what the resources are and particularly any federal assets. The Army Corps of Engineers in particular is a very important partner in terms of their role in they controlled many of the the flood control efforts in the state and many of the reservoirs that we have in California are operated federally and so those conversations happen in real time. John and his team at the Flood Operations Center work very closely with the federal government, the Army Corps, you know, and if there are any incidents or breaches on waterways that are overseen by the federal government, we work hand in glove with them to quickly correct that action and so that's part of what's happening. Yeah, I think you may be remembering particularly what happened in Pajaro and Monterey and Santa Cruz County last year. That's an Army Corps controlled levy and so there's been ongoing coordination that's happened throughout the year from last winter to now to prepare that levy for any impacts this year. So I think that's a start and, you know, as the incident evolves, we'll continue to work with, you know, any partners that are appropriate either at the local level or federal level to ensure a unified response. Thank you so much. We'll keep Brian up because I think there's a few more questions. Um, specifically about kind of some of the sheltering, Brian, if you don't mind mentioning our coordination with Department of Social Services. You know, I think that we've seen some shelters across the state. There's a question specifically to Fresno or Merced County as well. I know the team is rapidly taking a look to see what shelters are available there, but Brian, if you want to take that question. Sure. Here in the State Operations Center, there's a group led by the California Department of Social Services that works very closely with the American Red Cross and local county health and human services agencies, social services agencies that facilitate sheltering during any sort of disaster. We do expect that there will be shelters that open up in a number of communities over the next several days. We will post those here. We do expect that those will be advertised locally as well. Happy to take any questions offline or specific to those shelters, but that's an important part of the work that we do, particularly as we move individuals who may be in flood prone areas out, or if there's any sort of evacuation set up by Sheriff's, want those folks to have a place to go, have resource available to them. We've also pre-positioned cots and blankets and emergency shelter supplies through Cal OES. Our state logistics branch has trucks that are on the road already, and I think we have about 100,000 cots and blankets that are ready to go all over the state wherever they're needed to set up shelters. We hope we don't get there, but we have extensive capacity to assist with sheltering if need be. Brian, I'll keep you up, and then also Cal Fire, the Guard, DWR, any of those also want to add, but there's kind of some talk about what kind of resources are available, maybe in specific parts of the state. There was a mention specifically of Mendocino and Humboldt counties. I know that we're doing a pretty significant through our mutual aid system to pre-position some swift water, rescue crews in areas that are highest risk. Do you want to kind of talk about that? And then after your answer, I'll leave it open to our partners to chime in as well. Yeah, every single group on this call is pre-positioning folks across the state. Cal Fire, the Guard, Caltrans. So the idea is that we want state workers in communities ahead of the disaster so we can quickly get where it's needed, whether that's in San Diego or all the way up in Humboldt. And we're lucky that we have thousands of trained professionals at Cal Fire, at the Highway Patrol, at Caltrans, at the Guard who do this work, and equipment. This Governor has made immense investments in recent years in emergency management. So we have as much capacity as the state has ever had as a result of hiring staff, buying equipment, to respond to incidents like that. We often talk about it in the frame of a wildfire, but the same resources and tools that we use in terms of equipment and personnel for a wildfire apply here too. I think it might be good to have John talk a little bit about how they just do river and stream monitoring and how they're kind of watching that in real time. But all these folks here are actively working ahead of the disaster to pre-position, and we're also looking at the rivers and streams. I'll turn it to John. Yeah, thank you, Brian. That far north part of the state, there's still quite a bit of state resources and federal resources up there. You mentioned all the different departments and agencies that have a presence up there. Just to speak to the flood monitoring up in that part of the state, our department is co-located with the National Weather Service's Eureka Weather Forecast Office, and we call it our Eureka Flood Center, something that was instituted as a result of the major flooding back in 1964. And so we have a presence up there, certainly locked in with Cal OES, making sure the county emergency managers are well resourced and have the support they need from the state. If you're looking for any particular type of stream monitoring, I direct it to our California Data Exchange Center, cdec.water.ca.gov. There's also, you know, you're looking at the websites for the Eureka Weather Forecast Office and USGS, if you really want to look at any kind of particular gauges that are monitored up in that area. And so we're talking about, you know, the Il River and Navarro River in Mendocino County. You get up into the MAD River when you start getting further north. And so, you know, Dale North, Eureka, Mendocino Counties, there's gauging in place, and there's resources in place up there as well. Thank you so much.  I did put that email that you mentioned, John, in the chat. Let me know if I can. Deanne, I can just mention, you know, we have a strong emergency response presence, both in Mendocino and Humboldt on a normal basis. And if you would call last year during the weather, we were also tasked with our helicopters to feed cattle and horses in very remote areas. So when we're thinking about the response capabilities of the state, we're thinking even beyond people and the assets of our aviation program, the guards aviation program, there's a lot we can do and we are ready for that. Thank you so much, Nick. I see one more question in the chat, just a last call for either hands up or submitting questions in the chat. Just information on where to find kind of shelters. I'll just add that Cal OES tries to keep a comprehensive list daily of all of the shelters that are available statewide. We coordinate with our local partners to open those, just like how Brian mentioned, with the Department of Social Services and the American Red Cross. And so whether your county has that information, your city, Cal OES will also have that as well at news.caloes.ca.gov. Brian, am I missing anything there? Just want to make sure it's comprehensive. Yeah, that's helpful. I did get a direct message from one of our colleagues asking specifically about how we support homeless individuals during this event.  And so a huge part of the work that we do is to support those communities and really lean in on how to keep folks safe. And so we actually have established what we call a priority populations task force, which is a group of state entities that are coordinating together in real time to think through what are the actions that the state can do to protect Californians regardless of background or how much money they have in their bank account. And so that will continue to be a priority through this response effort. Caltrans in particular is taking an outsized effort to the roadways and encampments. They have folks who are in the field right now working with those folks, working with local government partners to make sure we're getting the word out. There are many local law enforcement agencies who are actually out today doing broadcasts via speakers or driving through or going tent to tent in either our river or stream systems that we know are going to be flooded. We have more water in our reservoirs this year than we've had last year, so there will be more spillways, more gates open, which will result more water into our stream systems, places like the LA River, San Jose, other places where we know that there are large homeless populations that live. So that will continue to be a huge emphasis that goes forward to try to not have any unfortunate loss of life. And that will be a priority to keep folks safe, and that's really a huge part of the state's response and focus in this event. All right. Thank you so much, Brian. I see John corrected me in the chat where to go for some of that information on their resources and whatnot. And last call for questions. Again, as always, you can shoot us an email media at hallowees.ca.gov. We're available 24 hours a day essentially over these next couple of weeks to be responsive. Please check out our website news.ca.gov where we will be putting up information on shelters, sandbags, others as well. So if I see no other questions, I appreciate all of our speakers for attending and media for taking the time to be with us today. Thank you so much.