I'm sat here today and it is looking a bit grim outside winter in the Northern Hemisphere is coming Jaco. So we need to make a plan for training outdoors. Listen, players. You're listening to the movement, strength and play podcast by the School of Calisthenics. Here are your hosts, Tim and Jaco. Now you know that we are big advocates of training outside. And one of the greatest things about calisthenics is the freedom to basically train wherever you want. And my kind of preference is to train in some of the more enjoyable locations around the world, whether that be at the beach, in the forest, starting to sound weird, but you get what I mean. But I'm sat here today and it is looking a bit grim outside winter in the Northern Hemisphere is coming Jaco. So we need to make a plan for training outdoors. Well, not training outdoors, training indoors when outdoors is less preferable. A wet weather plan, we would like to call it. And it's probably looking at there were some people listen to the podcast, obviously more over the word and you're just like basking in glorious sunshine in Australia or whatever.  And yes, the reality is for many, many people now, particularly those that Tim said in the Northern Hemisphere, we are going to have to train inside and that might disrupt things. And we want to look at giving you some help, some tips and some advice as to carrying on getting the most out of your training during those cold winter months where we might not be outside. One of the options to might be strap a pair on sunshine and get outside and training the training the cold. But yet the reality of making sure that rather than it being like a merry Jaco Christmas, we put on the poundage over Christmas and then you feel a bit of a wish when you come back into January, can we be effective with our training and still enjoy it even though our environment is probably going to change? So I'm going to pick up on your first point because it is part of the sort of narrative in my mind of going, should I just strap a pair on and get outside throughout the winter, come rain or shine, get the train done. This is the lifestyle and the attitude that you've committed to Tim stop kind of steering away from it when it gets a little bit unpleasant. Is there something in my mindset that I need to shift around that or is it that you've got a house and you've got some kid inside. So why are you training outdoors when it's cold and wet? What do you think about that? Yes, there's a potential to combine some sort of not necessarily resilience training cold water therapy with just like cold the cold therapy to get just to get used to it. There is some, you know, I potentially throw this back to you from a from a sports science perspective of like the how good an idea is it to train when you are completely cold in terms of like tissue temperature and like how how that is going to affect what you're doing and therefore you're going to benefit from being inside. The other thing I thought of as well was the fact that some people have been listening to this and going don't know what you pair like. I've got a gym membership still. So I'm absolutely absolutely fine. I'm probably going to go in the sauna after as well. Thanks very much. Well, I know people that maintain their gym memberships that do callous things purely just for the winter periods. Owen's a bit like this. Like he'll have a gym membership because he wants to train indoors in the winter, which kind of makes sense. I've got a thing about this is kind of crossfit box and there's no heating. And I'm actually in a bit of a thing at the moment to be honest and thinking about this is kind of a bit of a side point, but thinking about what my home gym setup like it looks like because I'm had thought about going back to the gym recently just to change the environment. We've spent a lot of time at home in the last 18 months and just to kind of go and surround myself with some people who are training whilst I'm training and just see how that goes. But having a browse around, I'm really struggling to find a gym that is in a acceptable distance from my house that I really want to go and train in that I'm going to see as a inspiring and motivational environment. So I've kind of gone full circle and gone, well, I don't want to get in the car for half an hour to drive and people might go say half an hour to him, but it's not because it's an hour of travel plus an hour in the gym and whatever else you might do when you spend there. That takes up a significant amount of time out of my day. So I'm kind of at the moment going through this narrative of all of this conversation myself of yes, it is a bit difficult to train at home and to break from a workspace into a training space and be in the same four walls the whole time, but I just actually need to have a word myself and get it done. So that's kind of, I guess the point of that is a kind of, I'm just having to redo some work on myself in terms of my overall attitude to training at home and that's harder because it's very easy in the summer to kind of go, I'm going to set the rig up in the garden and go and train in the sunshine. That's kind of feels real nice. Whereas now it's sort of like, I do want something different from my training going into the winter, but I need to actually, because I can't find a solution to that in terms of going to a gym and need to do some work in the house and I've just got to make a mindset shift about that. And it's actually like, that's the thing, I've just get it done, like find and I'm probably going to change my home training environment a little bit just to kind of freshen things up a little bit. But it is an interesting thing about how do we kind of keep things fresh at home, particularly when we can't train outdoors. And I think a lot of people listen to this, they've got home gyms in their garage or whatever they do calisthenics at home already, but they've got a designated training space. So I guess the other conversation to throw into this is around what's it like when it's kind of dark first thing in the morning until maybe nine o'clock in the worst winter, it gets dark again at four o'clock. It is more difficult to get out of bed and train in the dark and cold. I did a full block of that last winter. And it's not, it's not the easiest thing in the world to do. You kind of start to relish the fact that you are up at five o'clock and for some, you get by, you kind of, you get up in the morning at five o'clock and train and you kind of give yourself a badge of honor. There's like, there's a deep internal sense of reward that you need to tell everybody about because that's what we do. There's loads in there, sorry, download. That looks like, because no one else has trained in this time. I think to go pick up on a couple of things that will be and try to make this some practical advice and some ideas, people, the pick up on one point you made of like, if we can, are we able to carve out a different space to dedicate to that? And this doesn't to the training. This doesn't mean that you have to like build a home gym and like build an extra layer on your garage or anything like that. Like the idea of just having different parts that the same way we're like, it's not good for you to sort of like do work where you sleep because like you want the brain to associate those different things. And it's like, if you can, can you create a different environment for when you're training compared if you're working from home physically where it is? And if that's not even the case, can you just move some stuff around to make it just like feel or seem and make a different, like a definite like change of like, okay, this is now like training time. And that might be that like part of that might be what equipment you've got, you get out and it's not normally on display, you know, you hide it away somewhere and then it gets, so you've got this like physical change of the environment, which will help mentally with, okay, this is what this is what we're doing now and give the brain the chance to associate like, okay, this is different like tasks we're doing. I'm not working with we're doing some training. Yeah. There's a really good point you make on that because I know coaches and I've been there in the past when I was doing a lot of face to face coaching, standard powers in the gym, switching from going in a coaching environment to the to the squad or the athlete leaving to then like changing my t-shirt and trying to train in this train in the same environment. It's actually quite hard. Like I know some people who were literally who work in a gym or go and train in a different gym because it's just a different environment. Different association. Yeah, for sure. For sure.  There's like, what can you do inside compared to what you were doing if you was training outside? So you might have been like going to the park to train but you don't really want to do that when it's like snowing or freezing weather or maybe you choose to do that but you put plenty of layers on whatever. But like if my example would be I will do a lot of my training like in my garden, like I love being on the grass but that's when it's nice and at least dry. Like if it's raining, like I'm not going to be rolling around or doing my hands like in the wet grass but I might occasionally join, generally not. And then what does that, what does that mean? Of course, Jack, I could be the annual lying in the snow in your pants photo. Of course, that would be standard. That's recovery, that's what I'm saying. Like having like bars set up outside, like haven't got that inside. So there's some differences of like what I'm going to be able to do. So like I'm not going to be doing muscle ups, for example, inside when it's raining or terrible outside. That's just not something that my training is going to be. So if, and then if I still haven't decided to work on this, how can I, what am I doing in my training to still manage the sort of like the basic bare bones, fundamental elements of that? Like am I still getting some pull-ups and some dipping work done at some relatively decent strength levels? And I can shift my focus from potentially like, so my example for me would be when in the winter being less specific and work on more sort of general base stuff and build up that bigger base is going to be easier for me to facilitate doing with the space and the equipment that I've got. The other one that's really interesting with like with handstands is taking your handstand into a different environment. So I've always found having stuff close to me, like off-putting when I'm trying to do handstand work, also like what you'll feel your hands on the floor, like being on carpet or on wooden floor, depending on what your floor is, you might not be used to it, it might be a bit strange at first, but that variety, that variation can can help with a little bit of that like learning praises or robustness for a handstand that we've talked, we talked about that in great detail in the handstand course that we've got. But challenging my handstand in terms of like doing it in some different rooms in my house would be one example that would be like really off-putting for me to actually try and do. So that's then using my training environment that's actually would be annoying if I look at it that way, like, oh, that stops me from doing what I'm good at normally, as long as I do it safely, but to go and like use it in a way to actually like improve my training as well. So that's a couple of things that hopefully give people a bit of insight and some some ideas of going like match up what you have got available to what you're going to set your intentions for your training for that winter block, rather than just being like, ah, I can't do my human flag because I haven't got any human where to do my human flag inside. Like that's not actually going to help you be effective with what you're training is going to be doing that winter block. Yeah, I think the point you make around doing basics is really is really important. Like that's what I did last year, a full block during the winter months like December, January, February when it's kind of the peak of winter in the UK. And I just set myself a program and a number of people have asked about this actually of just going like, how do you find that consistency within that kind of just that's particular strength orientated block. And I just wrote out a session. I was training like five days a week, probably, and I had everything listed out, but it wasn't complicated. It was basics. I had three main exercises to do each day. It was a push pull and a lower body exercise of some variety. And I just kind of scaled the volume. So I wasn't trying to get through a huge amount of different variations of movement. And I was getting up at like five, I think training at five, 36 o'clock, something like that. But I just, I just had that all written out. So every morning I got up and I was like, this is what I've got to do today. And it might have been pull-ups, dips and some like Nordics or something like that, or a single leg squat variation, something, something progressive around that.  I'm just going to like, I could stay in a sort of like a little bit slumber zone and just kind of get this stuff done, put some music on and whatever. And I really enjoyed that time, but the consistency and not having the, the pressure of kind of come up with a workout on the, on the spot was really useful. And you're right, that build, taking that opportunity where training at home and it's a bit dark and whatever, just to do the grunt work, the basic strength progressive overload stuff, which is going to set you up for what you want to do when we can get back outside.  Like it's just training, but let's just kind of also appreciate that kind of pressure through life, ebb and flow. And we've been at home a lot over the last 18 months. And the summer last year in 2020, and then also this year, it's just a breath, like it is definitely that kind of brings in lightings and mood. We all know that in my house, we are sunshine enjoying people current South African. She hates the winter. And we generally struggle when it is dark, we would get the red light, get the red light on in the morning. So yeah, I just think it's like being kind to yourself during those phases. And if you are, and this is the thing, like somebody who's going to a gym where you go to a class at five o'clock in the six o'clock in the morning, and you've got 10 other people's energy to feed off, then that's a very, very different situation and scenario to getting up and then going downstairs or into your garage to try and grind out a session by yourself. And I'm actually sort of reflecting on this at the moment and going, what does that say about you? Like, what are you, what are you, and this is kind of to my point before about the conversation I'm having with myself is like, do you really want this? Like, is this something you really want to do in terms of the training and what and what you're kind of working towards? Because it's very easy to sort of when you haven't got a group of people or a community or a training partner or something to kind of just, can you find that internal motivation within yourself to actually push yourself to do the training? And this is like after years and years and years of being in this kind of training to still find that by yourself, self-motivated, self-driven. I actually think there's a little bit of a diamond trusted in there that I haven't yet really kind of uncovered for myself. How do you find intensity when it is just you by yourself? Can you, can you go to that place and do the hard work? I think it's interesting. Yeah, that is interesting because it's like, when you've, like, I know for, and there must be, there must be plenty of like, someone must have done some decent research on this that like, when you train as a, in a group and you're encouraging each other, like, you push yourself harder.  Loughborough University, power-based gym where the, where, where the, where kings of strength are made. I wasn't, so I was like, blissfully weak when I went to, when I was 18, I couldn't like, I could barely bench press the bar with no weight on it anyway. I, there was, there was some athletes doing, like, testing and they, I remember a load of people with like, started just crowding around the bench press and everyone's like, what's going on?  And everybody, and literally the whole gym is going around going, everyone PB is lowering the bar down.  And like, you know, the absolute opposite of that is like, getting up, or whenever it is that you're going to train, look at it as miserable outside.  And you know, say you haven't planned out what you're going to do, you're not following one of the online programs in the virtual classrooms, you haven't got it all laid out for you, you know, that's something you might want to consider. But you go, you haven't planned it out and you're like, what am I going to do today? And then just like feel, and that all that sort of, you know, like you said, like, what's, it's an interesting one because you go, you go, do you go and find a way to be part of something and just take that out of the equation? Or do you embrace it and go, right, I know that when I'm with others and with groups, like, I get a lot out of that, but I also want the ability to when it's just me, just on my own, like, can I still bring it at that point and using that as a potential, that's a nice little challenge, challenge over winter. Yeah, I think you're going to go, one like one sort of like final thing for me on this as a bit of a practical thing for people that you mentioned or just touching on going those basics, but match up with rather than by putting your safety got some specific goals in mind, maybe it's a strength based goal, maybe it's a movement or mobility based goal, you go rather than just like thinking like, I'm just not going to like touch on that at all. Whereas go, what are the basic fundamental movement and strength to take the framework from school? That's what the basic movement and strength components or elements of the goal I'm trying to achieve. What's the like foundation and basics of those? And then make sure that they're being hit in your training knowing that even I'm doing these like more basic things that are easier for me to facilitate in my home environment. What is that doing knowing that that's doing something for those longer term goals? And you know, one thing that's really simple for people would be like all the movement stuff. We've just as this goes out, we're we've done maybe one or two weeks of a six week mobility online program, but there'll be another one like you can't sign up to it now, but there'll be there'll be more of them in the future. But everything in there doesn't need any equipment at all, just needs you and your body and like how many people know that a they need to move better be more mobile be more flexible have better mobility through the body, but also know that like it's actually restriction on my shoulder, my spine, my hip that's stopping me from achieving some of the strength goals that I want because I'm just too tight to get in some of these good positions.   So some encouragement for me to think about what are those goals I'm going to am I working towards find out the basics, get those nailed and then where are the movement restrictions that you've got and use some of the simple movement ability stuff that we've got for you inside of it to be able to work on those quite comfortably on your own at home. It's a different type of challenge and intensity in that it's not like a bring it challenge it could be that like they're on the days that you just not really up for like going really hard at something it's like right let's let's start greasing some of these joints and let's start ticking off some of those boxes. Yeah, one thing I know about when training is when you're training mojo is a little bit sort of depleted is that you've got to you've got to you've got to program the sessions that you want to do. So we're always big fans of kind of going you got to often do the work that you don't really want to do because that's probably where your weaknesses are. We're trying to do that where generally like things are more difficult or you're finding your motivation to train maybe a little bit compromised. Like so for me the winter will be a hypertrophy block. I'm just going to go and train volume in basic push pull patterns lower body stuff and just crank out but I'm going to spice it up with things like drop sets and super setting things I mean it's nothing complicated about super set but the drop sets are fun. I love cluster training high intensity cluster training is probably one of my favorites for you to train. So you're going to pick a eight repetition max for example and I'm going to go and do a five three and then a one or something like that. So I'm actually getting nine repetitions at eight rep max like that for me is a hugely potent stimulus but it just mixes things up a little bit but when I'm not feeling great what am I going to value so and this is just a reflection on myself this will be it might be for somebody else as Jaco mentioned it's mobility it could be like just putting them really big metabolic engines you're going to go out and run or you're going to get on a bike or whatever but for me like I'm going to join the winter one of the things that I know motivate me is like feeling good in myself feeling good in my own skin and looking in the mirror going like okay even though it's Christmas and winter where we tend to kind of hunker down and we don't move quite as much because we're not outdoors and like I'm still going to feel pretty good about myself and that will be my motivation to get the sessions done and the consistency within that and and so to your point I'm going to look it's all the way back to beginning Jaco when you mentioned about the sport science side of being training outdoors and being cold yeah if we obviously we're going to have to do appropriate warm-ups but I have seen NFL games in the snow and I have played rugby in the snow and it is the worst worst thing as a winger there's two things that I don't want to do I don't want to be hit by some big bloke and I don't want to like be in the absolute freezing cold standing out on the wing not getting the ball gosh I remember days in west Yorkshire when I was at university we rocked up on a Saturday morning probably with a hangover and it had snowed and I'm stood by the referee going that pitch looks unplayable sir it's not there's about there's about probably two centimetres of snow but I'm like I'm a winger I'm not very big I've not carrying a lot of body fat no one's going to pass me the ball today I'm literally going to be here for 80 minutes at some point I'm going to tackle somebody which means I'm going to have to roll around on the floor get soaking wet and then stand around for a bit longer and so you can do it like you can train in the snow providing you're appropriately warmed up but what I know is going to be the most potent thing for your training is to what is the session that you're actually going to do so you I could sit here inside now going do you know what I'm going to test myself I'm definitely going to train when it's cold I'm going to go outside I'm going to put my hand on the bar it's going to be freezing and my hands are going to get cold I'm going to flip and love that it's going to be a brilliant notebook there'll be there'll definitely be times where I don't want to do that session and I don't do it so how do I structure training to to be something that I really want to do and then within that when we kind of got the habit of training maybe then we can kind of slot in a couple of things that are maybe a little bit less enticing so whatever that is for you you're kind of filling the blank of whatever you don't want to do but you know you need to in preparation for what you're trying to work towards yeah no perfect love it um wanting to wrap things up timber with uh one thing I sort of said it was like joking but it's actually a genuine thing like during the winter the red light comes massively into play when you start on this morning for half an hour breakfast the whole house baby i've got a sick one for a baby she loves it i don't know if it's good for her eyes or not but she likes it there is a sense of getting with them it mimics the um some rise sunset like you i use it morning and night like in the and go harder in the winter like massively helps and the guys at red light rising it's all like uh scientifically proven research back stuff it's it's uh and quality um products you can check out their website red light rising um dot code at uk or dot com i remember but red light search red light rising bit five percent code uh from them the lovely guys that is soc five fifty five percent of any their red light products i mean i'm a scientist right so even if you are a skeptic in your garden or just that research blah blah pick it apart i promise you at six or seven o'clock in the morning when it's dark outside you flick that thing on you are like oh that's nice yeah and and that in itself for me is it's value is it's gold i've been researching it since the sixties there you go nasser they're proper sciences they know and they've been closer to the sun than anyone else exactly if you go to the moon is that close to the sun potentially that could be further away couldn't it depends where the moon is when you get there i suppose or where the earth i don't know i'm going to get i'm going to lose myself and i'm almost i'm in danger i'm going to make myself look less intelligent at the moment when you see the moon and the sun at the same time yeah freaks me out is it day or night yeah or somewhere in between all right that's one good thing about having a four-year-old actually he loves to baseball because he brings him home from school i'm learning a lot with Jupiter last week yeah and he's great last week he came with a hundred facts about science i learned about combustion engines and all sorts never too old to learn jacko that's proper science team that's proper that's right that's a we could do a whole we could do a whole podcast series on that get jack on not complaining because it's winter your hands might get cold when you put when you're holding to your bullet bar right let's wrap it up yeah i mean hope that's been useful there's some nuggets in there just there and we'd i'd love to know actually like send us a some question send us some dms or emails or whatever just let us know like how you're gonna switch you into trading maybe it'll be useful to commit to a a plan and i definitely if you're going to take one thing away from this have a plan structure something if you are going to be training at home and you're a bit sort of like it's hard when it gets into the winter don't just succumb to um to just bumbling your way through the next three or four months have a plan if you want to get jacked with me then like let's do it i'm going to come into spring looking amazing that's the plan yeah he needs to put a high trophy sort of programmed together for all of us over the winter and we can follow it together he wants like a winter a winter bulk body weight bulk still trying to work at the exact content though it doesn't really work for me i kind of just yeah people look at me and go what are you doing bulking well try i think you were looking large and in charge last time i went to the retreat of i was like to go kind of a jacko kind of you give us that that's a body weight bulk program that you've been talking about stop keeping it for yourself oh it's all about the lunges mate i think it's the right we're going to get off the other side of people we're going to put that in but if you're interested in a body weight bulk from tim all that program would look like let us know because i am one of those people who are interested in what that is um and then yeah as tim knows like let us know what you're what you're doing and what your plans are for that because actually you might even give us some inspiration ideas as well and that goes full circle on that and jacko i'll tell you what your first step of your of your body weight bulk program is stop doing all that bendy stuff it's very good for your gains mate to feel it now but there be talking about feeling good when i can move my body i feel good yeah yeah when i'm stiff i feel terrible so that's why maybe get bendy get bendy and big get bendy and big and bendy big and bendy it's a hybrid hybrid of your bulk and hybridary for your mobility perfect perfect all right we're going to go until next time keep exploring your physical potential for your movement strength and play class dismissed


So I adopted Kali when she was six weeks and all was well until she got attacked by a dog She absolutely hated dogs for the last two years two and a half years. I went through four different trainers All over Florida in North Carolina and absolutely Nothing worked.  Just walk around dog parks and show eventually get used to it You know, I never really gave e-callers a chance. I thought you know, that's not for me, but after this I mean Richard's knowledge about it You can't do it any other way. It doesn't work.  It took I'd say what? Two days to see a drastic change Everyone that has seen like known Cali since the beginning has seen this change and they're absolutely in shock We thought it could never happen. So The last time we came up to the park here We introduced her to the dog park and it was like my dog was born again She was finally a dog. She was running around playing with dogs. I could not believe it She's fast. Yeah, there she goes. Yeah, she likes that dog. Have you ever seen her do this? Now she's like miss social Yeah, this is gonna be great for back and forth running through the She's exhausted I promise thank God my battery lasted all the way because it's been on red She's like man, I don't know how cardio like that It I just I'd never seen her so happy before she looks so free and I mean now she's excited to be here instead of being afraid Everyone thinks that e-colors Don't do anything that it's worse that it's inhumane. It's completely like It is the way to go it. It's quick. It's effective. It's not painful for them. It's She ended up happier. She's a happy dog now She's she's great. So thank you Richard. I'm so so so grateful to you


A few years ago, a group of engineers set about rethinking Chromium support for HTML, CSS, and graphics, which led to an effort called Rendering NG, an ambitious refactoring of Chromium's rendering engine. This work has now largely landed, and it's enabling a major evolution in web user experience design. To tell us more, I'll hand things over to Yuna. Thank you. Everything we've talked about today comes back to the user experience. Privacy, measurement, next-gen web capabilities, they all work together to create better experiences that align with our vision for the web, while giving developers the tools and capabilities they need to build them. So today, I'm excited to share a ton of updates and changes coming down the pipeline for UI styling and dev tools. First, let's talk about responsive design and how it's evolving. Responsive design is no longer just about making sure an interface looks good on both desktop and mobile devices. Developers now have the tools to really create customized user experiences based on personalized user preferences in a component-driven architecture model. Recalling this, the new responsive, and it includes being responsive to the user with user preference queries and modalities like dark mode and prefers reduced motion, being responsive to new form factors like foldable devices which allow for multi-display functionality, and being responsive to other components on the page with container queries. This is a feature that's been highly requested by developers. We've been working with the CSS Working Group to spec this feature and have been able to unlock the implementation through recent changes in the Chrome rendering engine. The new container query spec lets you access a parent element's width to make styling decisions for its children. You can even nest container queries and create named queries for easier access in an organization. Let's take a look at an example. Here I have a responsive add to cart button that I can place anywhere in the container. Then when I put it inside of this product card, which is also a container, I can query the product card itself to restyle the already responsive button and shift it from being center aligned to left aligned. This might look simple on the surface, but it's something that wasn't previously possible without a lot of heavy scripting which would significantly slow down your page. We're working with the open source community to provide a polyfill for container queries as we build the feature into the platform. Using container queries makes your interfaces much more flexible. Components own all of their individual responsive styles right where they are and don't rely on the global viewport to adjust styles. This is a huge paradigm shift for component based developments and we're excited to see how you make the most of this new feature. If you want to try it out, container queries are now available for testing behind a flag in Chrome Canary. And because of this big shift, we've been working hard to support you by providing dev tools that allow you to debug in style with container queries as the feature launches. Here you can see that DevTools is pointing out where the container for the child is and highlighting the styles that are being applied by it. Speaking of responsive DevTools, we released several new tools this year for better layout debugging. Layout tooling for Grid now allows you to add names to specific grid lines and also shows you the size of your grid areas. I also love the dynamic new tools for Flexbox and Grid. These let you actually see what different property values do on the page and give you the ability to easily change layout rules with the click of a button. These new DevTools are designed to make CSS layout easier to visualize and understand, which frees up more time to build new features for your users and less time looking up the differences between justify and align. Another way we're helping simplify the process is by launching Web.dev Patterns, a collection of off-the-shelf UI patterns you can use in your web projects. To help you quickly get started with building the base of your UI, we've added layout patterns for everything from large full page spreads and card sets to smaller layouts that can live within those larger layouts, such as the cards themselves. All of these patterns use CSS Grid, Flexbox, or container queries to showcase how quickly you can pick up these tools and build interfaces from the ground up. We're also partnering with Jeremy Keith of Clear Left to launch Learn Responsive Design on Web.dev. This is a free online course with everything you need to know about designing for the new responsive web of today. You'll learn about theming, art direction, logical properties for internationalization, utilizing preference queries, and so much more. Today we're launching the first few course modules at web.dev slash learn slash design with more to come in the following weeks. We're also updating our Learn CSS course with six new modules. Learn CSS is another free evergreen course in reference on web.dev where you can level up your CSS knowledge and test your skills. We launched the first 24 modules at Google I.O. this year, and now we're introducing lists, backgrounds, transitions, text, and typography, media queries, and more. Be sure to check out those new modules and dive in whenever you're ready. We're also working on rolling out some new features in CSS. In addition to container queries, our team has been thinking about how to introduce scope styles and cascade layers. They're not ready just yet, and we look forward to working with you and the web community over the next few months to push them forward. We do have a particularly fun new API that's ready for exploration, and that's scroll timeline. Previously, you could create CSS animations that had a time basis and moved over a length of time. Scroll timeline lets you set scroll-based offsets and timings for animations instead. That means you can set an element to animate as you scroll down or across a page, pretty neat. You can explore scroll timeline using the experimental web platform features flag in Canary. We have another exciting addition that recently reached its first public working draft, and that's CSS nesting. Nesting is a syntactic sugar that brings one of the most popular features of CSS preprocessors to the web, stacking your styles for a cleaner developer experience. While the nesting spec will let you keep your styles tidier and more encapsulated, we recommend that you don't go more than three layers deep to ensure the best performance. We've also launched the size-adjust property for typography. This is particularly useful for preventing cumulative layout shift for core web vitals, as you can adjust the default font to better match your web font. This causes less jank as the web font loads in. And last but not least, accent color just landed in Chromium and Firefox stable. Accent color is a one-line CSS superpower that gives your form controls like checkboxes and radios a theme color to match your brand. We get a lot of feature requests from developers and users alike, but one is a clear favorite, especially for those of you who love to browse the web at night. Dark mode is a popular feature we're really excited to build on, and not just because you asked for it, but because its impact extends beyond the user interface. Dark themes have shown measurable battery life savings over their light-themed counterparts on OLED devices. In our lab study with the single pixel six device, we found an indication that at 60% brightness, dark themes used 11% less power than light themes for OLED screens. And it's a feature that users love too. When Twitter released the first preview version of their new Twitter progressive web app, everyone said, wow, it's new and fast, but where is dark mode? So they surveyed users on what they needed to add, and users said three things, dark mode, an emoji picker, and more dark mode. So it's kind of a big deal to a lot of very vocal users. To create a dark theme, we recommend using CSS custom properties and the prefers color scheme media feature, which is supported in all evergreen browsers. This lets you swap theme colors in and out based on what your users prefer, a core part of our new responsive framework and set of goals. If you need help getting dark mode set up the way you like it, there's some excellent new guidance from the material design team by their research on building beautiful dark themes. This includes how to adjust depth by using lightness instead of shadows, how to adjust color vibrancy to reduce visual vibration, and more. But to make it even easier for your team, Chrome is working on a machine learning aided autodark algorithm feature. This feature will include autodark and websites along with a few affordances to opts out of the autodark functionality on a more granular level. We're still in the early stages of feature developments and we need your help to get it right. To try it out now, you can open the DevTools rendering panel in Chrome Canary and enable autodark mode emulation. Check out the link to learn more and to give us your thoughts. Now I'll pass it back to Ben one last time. Thanks, Yuna. You know, we've seen a lot of change in the web over the past year. And we're still more optimistic than ever about the future of the platform across the areas we just talked about and more. In the years ahead, you can expect to see us continue to push hard to make the web more private and powerful and to provide developers with better tools and guidance to create top quality experiences for people all over the world.


While the government tries to hide the consequences of inflation in their official statistics, Americans see and feel it every day. Join the Mises Institute in Tampa on February 17th for our first event of 2024. We'll discuss inflation, its causes, consequences, and cure. Tom DiLorenzo, Joe Salerno, and Patrick Newman will uncover the state's deceit to reveal inflation for what it really is, deliberate debasement of the dollar to create winners and losers. Sign up now at Mises.org slash Tampa 2024 and use code ACTION24 for 15% off admission. What is the state? How does it preserve itself? What does it fear? These are the questions Murray Rothbard uncovers in his powerful book, Anatomy of the State. Thanks to our generous donors, the Mises Institute is offering a free copy of this Rothbard classic to Human Action Podcast listeners. Get your copy at Mises.org slash HAPodFree. That's HA, like Human Action, pod free. This is the Human Action Podcast, where we debunk the economic, political, and even cultural myths of the days. Here's your host, Dr. Bob Murphy. Tyler, welcome to the Human Action Podcast. Happy to be here. Thank you for having me on, Bob. So the topic of today is going to be your book trying to determine, or at least give the framework by which one might evaluate and determine who is the goat in economics. So can you first explain what that acronym means for those who don't know, and then what made you pick this topic to write a book on? Goat is an acronym that I believe comes from sports, most commonly from the NBA, and it stands for Greatest of All Time. Who is the greatest of all time? So being a fan of economics, I wanted to write this book from the point of view of a fan and ask the question, who's the greatest economist of all time? And that's the origin of the book. Okay, and as you said, was it partly because you weren't sure yourself, how you felt about it, and so you thought, well, I need to write a book in order to flesh out my views? And I'm still not sure who's the greatest economist of all time. It's a deeply complex project, and one never quite settles on a right answer, and that to me makes it more appealing. Yeah, so I heard you, I think it was on Russ Roberts' show, but where, yeah, we're leaving the mystery open to the listeners, like we want them to go read your books. We won't say how Tyler wraps up the analysis, and I should also say, folks, it's a very, there's a lot of material in the book, and so what is going to happen here? By no means am I going to basically have Tyler summarize the whole book. I'm just going to go through as we get into this, and just grab things that caught my eye and have him respond. So, and also we're going to, of course, cater this, make this cater to an Austrian audience, since that's what this podcast is for. Let me just say, the book is free and online, and if you Google Tyler Cowan Goat, you get right to it. Yes. So you can just download it, put it on your Kindle. You can read it through GPT-4 as you wish. So that was one thing, the artificial intelligence angle before we get into the content of the economic discussion. Can you just explain a little bit? I guess you partly wrote it with the assistance of it, but also the AI is there to help you study the book? Can you explain about that? No. I wrote the book completely myself, and I wrote virtually all of it before GPT-4 was even on the market. But you can read the book through GPT-4, and what that means is, well, one way to read the book is just read it like you're reading a normal book. Or you can open up an app we give the reader for free and just start asking questions about the book. Like, what does Tyler think was Adam Smith's greatest contribution? Or what does Tyler see as the greatest flaw on John Maynard Keynes? Or what would Paul Krugman say about this chapter? Or if you don't want to read the chapter on Malthus, just ask it. Summarize this chapter for me. So that's an extra option you have. But again, you can just read it without the AI. Okay, great. Now, one thing that surprised me early on when you were just sort of giving the background and how you got into this is just, you had a little story about that you went to the phone booths in New York City, and you looked at the entry for where the local bookstores were, and you would just rip those pages out. This would be like Wilmington or Philadelphia. Because New York City, we knew how to get around. We knew where the stores were. But if you're in Wilmington for the day, looking for used bookstores, right? There's no internet. You can't Google anything. So you would look for yellow pages. Okay. And then you just, you ripped the pages out. I was just surprised.  That was the point. That's when you were in your hell-raising youth. But that's the worst thing I ever did in my hell-raising youth. Okay. I can tell you that. Okay. Well, why don't we, again, we're going to get into your stuff in a second. But the elephant in the room for this podcast, you know, tied to the Mises is, Tyler, how come not only did Mises not make your short list, but you didn't have an explanation as to why he didn't make the short list? Well, I think Mises would be one of the 15 or 20 greatest economists of all time. Marx is another person I don't consider. I actually thought then and still now that I will write separate, shorter monographs on both Mises and Marx that they were better handled in standalone form. But Mises doesn't make the short list because I don't think he's goat, essentially. Mm-hmm. So I'm a big admirer of his books, Socialism and Liberalism. A Theory of Money and Credit, I think is a quite good tract on monetary economics. But I don't think he is as sharp an economic reasoner as, say, either Milton Friedman or Friedrich Hayek. Okay. And he doesn't have the firstness of, say, Adam Smith. Okay. So I guess what I was thinking in terms like his contributions that, for one thing, let me say this and then you tell me if you think I'm wrong. So I think that he was the one who really showed how this subjective marginal utility approach could handle money. Whereas I think before him, they thought that, no, there was a circular, you know, regress in that and that Mises was the one to show that, no, we can apply this new subjective value theory even to money. Are you okay with my claim there? Well, I don't think that makes him goat. But if you're asking me, do I think we need Mises's regression theorem to solve for a value of money? I don't think we do. I think it's an interesting hypothesis about how expectations were formed. It's a real contribution. But I don't think there was a circularity problem to begin with. Once you stop confusing like movements of supply and demand curves and shifts along the curves, I think there's just broadly speaking an equilibrium in that market with the value of money, especially if government accepts it for payment of taxes. Okay. Let me try one more. Not because I'm disagreeing with you, Tyler, but I just want us to be clarifying our views for the listener. Sure. I'm not saying it doesn't make him goat. I just meant, among your criteria, originality and what new things did they bring to the table, this is what I have always filed in terms of just as an economics scholar as a thinker, did he actually bring anything to economic science? One of the things I had filed away was that using the subjective value theory from 1871 on or the way economists eventually would describe like a barter equilibrium in terms of subjective valuation, there definitely was a strain of thought that said, however, you can't use this new framework for money because you just argue in a circle that you're saying, oh, why does somebody accept money in exchange?  Why do you subjectively value it? Well, because it has purchasing power. It looked like you were explaining the purchasing power of money by reference to the purchasing power of money which is moving in a circle. What Mises did is he said, no, you got to bring in the time element. Today's purchasing power was formed from about expectations of imminent purchasing power and that so, forget like tying it back to gold and silver but just like the idea of bringing the time element to show it's not a circular argument it's an infinite regress but it's not circular. Yeah, that's a contribution. I think his biggest contribution is the 1920 article showing that economic calculation under true socialism is impossible. Okay, so that was going to be the other one I was going to say. Sure, and that's by far his biggest single thing. But again, the books socialism is probably what I today find most interesting in Mises. I think they've held up very well and what he thought was wrong with those systems. It's not just technically correct but he fixed on a lot of the most relevant and interesting points and he had this big picture thinking those are probably, you know, still the best books on their topics. Okay, and then one last thing on Mises that I'll move on is another big one in my book is his explanation of the business cycle. I think his explanation is partly why to you that's not another reason that maybe he's a goat is because you actually don't think that's... I know you've written criticisms of what's called Austrian business cycle theory. Is this on my right on that score? That's right. I think Mises extends the 19th century theory of the credit cycle which to me is a contribution but that said, I don't think he or Hayek for that matter ever explained why in the data consumer and investment good sectors go up and go down together rather than seeing shifts from one to the other so I don't think the theory succeeded as stated but it was a good extension of a 19th century theory. I think Mises himself viewed it as such I would count it as a contribution I think there's probably some modified version of the theory that will in fact explain some sub-segment of business cycles so that counts for something for me. Okay. I meant to ask you before we got going here can you just for the listener with this crowd probably this goes without saying but I'm just curious, especially if there's listeners who are themselves professors and trying to get their students to understand there's a strain in economics of saying all the important discoveries and knowledge of the past has been brought forward and the cutting edge approaches there's no reason to read history of economic thought unless it just interests you there's no reason physicists don't go read stuff that Isaac Newton wrote they might take Afi-Gozame and that kind of stuff but we don't go read it in his work so why the heck would I waste my time going and reading some of these classics if I just want to do good economics do you want to respond to that sort of position? The best classic writers were just better, deeper and broader thinkers than most maybe all current economists so it depends what you're interested in and what your political estimation even then you might want to read them to get a sense of what the important questions are but if you want to understand your world have a better sense of policy of course you need to read them if you don't read them I would just say you're not really literate in economics Florian Aderer, the economist he said today on Twitter no one should read these old books people are debating this on Twitter as we're recording I just think that's so wrong economist you might like much less Marx, Keynes, whatever they're very insightful and smart even if you don't like all the conclusions Yeah, for me it's much more intellectually satisfying to read like Bumbaverk in my mind dismantle Marx's theory of surplus value as opposed to listing all the thousands and millions of people that died under communism as a reputation of Marx like to me the grappling with his theories of it is much more interesting I agree and I would add I don't know of a newer treatment that does it better than Bumbaverk did maybe there's one I don't know about but he's very thorough the quality of the reasoning is very high he hits on the right points and he to my mind just destroys the labor theory of value and the concomitant theory of labor being exploited Okay, one other one I want to ask as to why didn't this person get in it might surprise some of our listeners but what about Irving Fisher couldn't he plausibly have been somebody that you should have given more attention to I think so you know I could have given more attention to Kenneth Arrow, William Stanley Jevins I think is quite underrated there's also Carl Minger I just had to draw a line to make the book a book so it's about a hundred thousand words which is fairly long I can say I'm going to write more in these areas and cover some of these individuals at greater length so I picked people that I thought readers wanted to read about and who were plausible candidates but Minger, Jevins Fisher, possibly Schumpeter who is mentioned but not for so long well Arrow you do explain why Arrow didn't make the shortlist that's what I'm saying that yeah but Arrow I feel is the strongest of the people I put in the queue and who didn't make it and just for the listener I know you know this Tyler but the reason I personally have an affinity for Fisher is a lot of people think oh quantity theory of money and yeah but that's not why his work on interest theory when I was teaching at Hillsdale a history of thought class I spent three lectures just going through excerpts and explain what he did just because not for the history of economic thought purposes but just to really get across the essentials of how to think about inter-temporal transfers and things because I just thought he nailed it so well that anyway and he understood stocks and flows so well right he also invented the Rolodex and he wrote on nutrition and alcohol he was a very interesting guy too much a progressive for my taste but he thought about social matters at a very general and deep level okay so now let's move into the well let's do a quick one on Arrow so Arrow in your framework he didn't make the shortlist but he was a someone you had to explain why didn't make the shortlist so can you just give us your reactions on him he was a very brilliant man and a deep theorist ultimately I don't feel that general equilibrium theory is the way economics either did go or should have gone but for many people especially theorists it's a very very important contribution and the underlying theories of how we price securities which prove themselves every day in the financial markets those really come from Arrow and his work in the mid 60s and that's very very important not enough to make him go but I feel I didn't quite give it enough attention in the book and I might in the future now you did have a line in there that surprised me about him because for me the reason again I have an affinity for him again might surprise some of our listeners is his impossibility theorem you can actually prove that if you have someone who's willing to give you a half an hour they need to have no prior knowledge of set theory or anything and you can sit there and prove I think it was Amartya Sen actually came up with the way to prove it that I ended up using in my classes you know like an easier way to do his you know with some lemmas and stuff that made the whole thing pretty like with little sub-routines as it were to prove it but it was to me it was an astonishing result just like you would not have thought looking at the axioms that the conclusion there is no social welfare function that obeys all these axioms to me that's jaw dropping and yet you seem to say that like yeah it's a good result but it's not really a big deal or I don't remember your exact words but do you want to just react to that I now view the impossibility theorem as less important than I first thought my actual worry with many democracies is just how poorly informed voters are not some intrinsic underlying technical difficulty of having fully consistent voting rules so majority rule in some way with division of powers is what most countries do what's the actual problem it's not procedural I would say it's the quality of the voter inputs okay alright is that analogous if we wanted to draw an analogy to like the critiques of socialism what arrows doing there maybe is a more analogous like Mises saying just in general it's impossible to have calculation but someone might say okay sure maybe but the real issue with communism is like the abuse of power or the incentives are all wrong is that a good analogy and I think that is a limitation on Mises's argument I don't think Mises would have disagreed with what you just said but the planners they're not really trying to calculate an optimum to begin with they're trying to exercise power and seize or answer themselves so you don't even get to the impossibility of calculation mattering that much yeah right it's more like someone with that much power might start murdering their rivals as opposed to how can you be sure that the tangency between the we're just keeping the prices of goods too low to create shortages so there's a queue and you can give away the meat you know for favors or bribes right so in a funny way the people in the shops could calculate the price like the price of meat in the Soviet Union it was always too low it was never too high there was something they did calculate right they knew to set it too low to take in bribes and be correct okay all right yes okay yeah that's maybe a good way to put it so again just we're not losing people your point is yes Mises general observations like even stipulating that the planners want nothing but the best for their people and they have all the technical knowledge still there's this insurmountable review gap if you're not guided by genuine market prices for capital goods but your point is in practice they never got there that they were already deviating from the assumptions of the exercise and that was leading to problems sure and in Mises's book socialism he clearly shows he understood that bigger picture okay all right so why don't we now move into the people that are on your short list so for this podcast obviously Hayek is one of the contenders that you spend you know a chapter on so do you want to just give your broad remarks then maybe I'll ask you to elaborate on some of them well his most important and best known articles such as use of knowledge in society which you could read online I think it's the greatest article of economics of all time so that alone makes him a serious contender the way prices allocate resources mobilized decentralized or even inarticulable knowledge in the marketplace it's just a phenomenal piece it's the best thing we economists have done what's funny about that Tyler is when I was in grad school at NYU like maybe my second or third year so it was in the regular program but it was on an Austrian fellowship so every Monday there would be the colloquium that I would go to as a grad student and some of my peers in the program with me were asking me what is this Austrian stuff and so one of the guys, he was this guy from Japan very good at math so like he was one of our best you know if you had trouble with the problem set you might go ask him for help and so he wanted to know about Austrian so I asked him or I emailed him Hayek's use of knowledge in society and said start with that and he came back a couple days later so I tried to read this and I didn't even know what he was talking about so like that really underscored for me the gap between his studying of mathematical models and determining equilibria versus what Hayek was saying about how markets work and now he could ask chat GPT to explain it to him through my book if he wants to right and that's one of the innovations of the book if there's any part of it you don't understand just ask the AI and it will tell you things that I don't you can even ask the AI well if Tyler put Mises in the book what would he have said about Mises the answers are not so bad okay yeah and by the way I also Tyler think people are underrating chat GPT for that I've been telling people you got to check this thing out you can't believe the capabilities of this like you can have real conversations with it okay what so just again going back to Hayek so you think that he it wasn't just that that was the best one didn't you say something like his his three was it his three are better than any other three from any other single economist is that the different way yeah different ways you can tally them up but competition as a discovery procedure is one of the best articles of all time maybe the second best and Hayek speaks are very very strong I'm not sure about the overall quality of his contributions so unlike some Austrians I don't think Constitution of Liberty is a great book Murray Rothbard wrote a long critique of it I think in the early 60s maybe the late 50s and a lot of Rothbard's critiques Ron Hammouy's critiques I think were correct so Hayek's big master work it's a good and interesting book I don't think it's a great book and Hayek got obsessed with a number of normative questions where he never was willing to either go for a rights theory or be a utilitarian and he would have been better in either direction and it became this rather soggy mess that just got more and more complicated and in my view he never succeeded in resolving but again he's clearly a contender for go the best stuff is incredible right okay let's move on to Keynes so you said again I want to put words in your mouth something along the lines of like if you if you were going to go out to dinner with any economist from the list it would have been Keynes or something like that am I getting it right it seems like he was the most fun so other people who wrote about Keynes including Hayek by the way they seemed to really like him and he was very charming very well educated had an interest in the arts and music people wanted to hang around with him so of course I've never met Keynes and reminiscences can be misleading when it's a powerful man but it does seem like he was a lot of fun okay great yeah you had can you speak a little bit there's something that wasn't on my radar you said he was part of this group called the Apostles can you just speak a little bit about that they were a Cambridge group you know earlier part of the 20th century they were in a way like today's rationality community they were obsessed with using one particular notion of reason to evaluate and improve everything in human life a practice Hayek objected to greatly and I think they overreached they did not have enough epistemic humility they thought they could sit down figure out how everything ought to be which included them as the planners and that in my view was a mistake a detour and it led Keynes and many of the others astray on many issues so it was really a fundamental error and I think behind everything they did even though they were brilliant Bertrand Russell has some of the same problems so overestimating the powers of the individual human mind and underestimating the powers of decentralized mechanisms and you soon after you bring that up you mentioned how Keynes himself admitted that at least for a period this group they viewed Christianity as the enemy was the term apostles like tongue in cheek or not to good question I suspect it was tongue in cheek I don't know that I know I think they didn't stop viewing Christianity as the enemy I think they grew to accept it they realized it wasn't going away though today in Britain the percentage of people who go to church seems to be below 5% I believe so in that sense it's gone away maybe Christian modes of thought have not vanished but Keynes in particular as we know he was gay and the Christian church Anglican church was a strong opponent of having a gay life or being gay and he resented that on that he was clearly correct so the rationalism say the view that we should integrate people with different sexual preferences on that the rationalism completely got it right but in the realm of politics it became more problematic okay so I'm glad you clarified because yeah I know you said something but you may at that point saying we viewed Christianity as the enemy it's not because later they came to be happy with it it was just that they thought okay well it's sticking here so let's move on with our lives and they became more small sea conservative as the age like most people do okay you had an interesting line in here that let me actually read it and then have you explain it so in this your treatment of Keynes you spend a lot of time on what people might think of as his non-economic writings and then you explain that by saying if you want to understand the general theory and the rest of Keynes's corpus think of them as Keynes trying to fill in the blanks so that this broader vision which you know you should just summarize can be realized and to create the politics and economic policy machinery to keep it on track that is what Keynes was all about and that is why I'm so emphasizing his broader social and political thought the economics was a kind of detail so can you just elaborate on that well Keynes is having the central part of his career at a time when communism is very much on the rise it's a real threat and fascism is very much on the rise and Keynes to his credit was strongly opposed to both of those and you wanted to preserve some kind of British liberalism not our classical liberalism not exactly the modern liberalism either but some notion of Britain as a world power with an empire maybe in decline but still making possible this kind of reasoned life where you talked about ideas with your friends there was a fair amount of tolerance something about British traditions could continue within a framework that was neither fascism nor communism and I think that's what motivated him and well you needed good economic policy to get there you can debate whether Keynes got the policy issues right but I think that's why he cared about economics you wanted to preserve this particular world he had grown up in and in that sense he's very small sea conservative and then maybe the last thing on Keynes before we move on near the end there you have a little subsection says does Keynes need to be cancelled and you go through and he has some inflammatory quotes such that if it was a war right wing conservative economist who had said that probably some of their detractors nowadays would bring that stuff up a lot and yet you don't see leftist progressives talking about some of these difficult quotes from Keynes do you want to comment on that? Well Keynes was clearly anti-semitic and for what eight years he was president of the eugenics society in Britain and it wasn't just about birth control it was about actual active eugenics so I don't want to cancel Keynes for those things but the notion that this overly rationalistic progressive approach to economics is going to pick up a lot of other negative baggage along the way because you think your mind can figure everything out that's a way of seeing that Keynes' errors they popped up in these other areas so those are strikes against him intellectually. Okay so actually I realized I was going through my notes here in your manuscript. Going back to Hayek you have a personal anecdote here where you say you were in the room with him and you say I recall asking him a question and then Hayek was saying in response that he was planning to write a sequel volume to his 1941 pure theory of capital because that had dealt with the real economy and then he was going to add money so I had always heard that Hayek intended to write a sequel to the pure theory of capital so the pure meaning there's no money in it and then he just got, my joke was that was so hard he decided to go talk about the nervous system as an easier thing to write on but do we know that from your question or did he elsewhere say that to people that oh yeah I meant to write a sequel and then he just never did but it is known from Hayek's biography that at the time he meant to write a sequel but he started thinking about his earlier review of Hayek's treatise on money which turned out not to matter because Hayek himself repudiated the treatise other the world war, post war reconstruction and Hayek just thought at the time the moment had passed and to try to rebuild the theory of capital integrated with money it wasn't going to get him anywhere he instead was writing the Road to Serfdom which is the best seller I'm very glad he made that switch, Road to Serfdom was a highly influential and great positive book but then this is now Hayek well into his 80s saying he wants to go back to the project and I thought that wasn't realistic of him you know that a man well into his 80s would think he had the intellectual equipment, energy to integrate theory of money in capital basically this is 40 years after he had once been in issue showed you know maybe Hayek was a bit too rationalistic in his own particular way overrating the powers of his individual mind okay I know and no one's ever succeeded at that project there was once talk Roger Garrison would do it you know I liked Roger's piece on Austrian macro but no one really came up with the book that was going to do that I don't really think it's possible to be too complex a problem we're going to go off in a tangent here but what do you think Tyler about the possibility of doing like computers especially talking about AI and whatever what about doing now a pretty sophisticated simulation of the economy and trying to like would you personally be interested in something like that that kind of did a simulated economy and what if you could get an Austrian business cycle to happen in a world like that would that do anything for you or far from that with current AI it's not designed for that purpose but I think current AI can do and people will use it for once there's greater confidentiality is you'll feed in all the documents from your business or maybe even recorded meetings send it to the AI and ask the AI what improvements could we make and I think it will do a very good job at that but a whole economy no we're not there yet I don't think we're close okay it also just again for the listeners don't miss it I'm not saying we can plan an economy with super computers it's not what I'm saying I've explicitly written against that what I'm saying though is instead of economists on paper trying to write little models and things and write books on it you know maybe we could do a simulation okay fair enough looking at the clock here I want to get a couple more in here what about Malthus so Tyler if anyone even knows who Malthus is nowadays 99.9% will say oh yeah he was the guy that thought everyone was going to starve to death and he's the hero of modern environmentalism it's completely antithetical to free markets and you know real economists know the resources are not finite or at least not in a meaningful economically meaningful sense if we need more oil we go find it if you need to feed more people you come up with innovations in agriculture and you know Malthusian is a pejorative term now in the free market camp and yet you're saying Malthus arguably could be the greatest economist of all time so tell us what's how we're thinking about it wrong most people misread Malthus to be clear Malthus is not my candidate for goat but he's considerably underrated he was a largely a classical liberal in his time he understood full well that agricultural productivity could go up that birth control was possible but he was you know a reverend and he a preacher he was afraid that the world that would result from all that birth control would be completely depraved a bit like a London brothel writ large now I think he was quite wrong about that I'm not myself religious or Christian but he's not an out and out pessimist he was a very deep thinker but of all the people I consider on my short list I do think he comes in last so he was wrong about his ultimate fundamentals but he wasn't wrong in the way that most people think okay so are the following correct that you think as an economist he was a lot more than just the essay on population and also the popular distillation of what he was trying to do in that essay is a crude mischaracterization even though probably he is wrong in what he said that essay is that fair yes and you have to distinguish between editions the first edition of Malthus's essay it is pretty crude the third edition is quite sophisticated so he improved a lot which I give him credit for but at the end of the day Malthus isn't the person you read if you want to understand the rest of the 19th century let's put it that way okay okay I'm looking at the clock we got about five minutes here before we have our stop let's end out with Milton Friedman so first do you want to make the case for why he's a contender for goat and then maybe I'll ask you some specifics well he did both micro and macro he did both theory and empirical work he's to this day super influential on monetary economics he along with Hayek was one of the two major figures leading to market oriented reforms and also encouraging people to dump communism and move to systems like what we see in Poland today so in terms of influence doctrine he has a very strong case and you're stressing like he's both a well published scholar with cutting edge research but also a public communicator so he kind of checked all those boxes and he was right about many many issues I never agreed with him about money growth rules but overall Friedman was far far more right than he was wrong for people who don't realize that yeah he was far more than just a glib guy arguing with Phil Donahue about greed or something you mentioned his 48 piece with savage unexpected utility theory like so that's pretty high-brow stuff can you just explain what that is for the listeners who don't know about that result well there was a paradox it's still in the world why is it that the same people both buy insurance and purchase lottery tickets if the risk averse they would buy the insurance but not by the tickets if the risk leaven they would buy the tickets and Friedman savage had a very particular hypothesis as to the shape of the utility function I don't think that particular piece has held up is completely true but they understood a puzzle they tried to answer it they tried to have an answer that would have other empirical implications it was a big advance in the debate at its time and it's deservedly a famous article what about the permanent income hypothesis can you explain what that is this is Friedman revising Keynes and on this Friedman was mostly correct and Keynes was mostly wrong so in simple Keynesian models including in the general theory consumption is determined by current income and Friedman drawing on Irving Fischer pointed out well there's stocks and flows you also care about your wealth and what your income is going to be across the rest of your life you can use the phrase permanent income as a proxy for those broader considerations and if you take that into account if you predicted after World War II there would not be a recession the Keynesians were all terrified that after World War II there would be a recession because of the drop in government spending yes turned out Friedman clearly was correct it may be relevant to inflation falling in 2023 without a recession and it's one of the most important ideas in macro Friedman with Irving Fischer gets credit and again people still are using Friedman's framework to this day and it's not a recession okay great and then maybe the last thing about him and then we'll just kind of wrap up is can you talk something that as you know Tyler there are a lot of libertarian economists particularly if they're fans of the Austrian school and they bristle at Milton Friedman perhaps thinking you know oh he gets too much credit Rothbard was better that sort of thing but something that I think everyone should be able to agree on is the military draft so can you just talk about that well Friedman let a commission that issued a report explaining why the draft should be abolished and President Nixon followed that recommendation so obviously that's a big plus for Friedman it's unjust but it's also economically inefficient and Friedman explained to a broader public why but you know you mentioned the Austrians I do think Friedman was remarkably ungenerous to the Austrian school and when there was talk of giving Hayek a mere honorary appointment in Chicago economics Friedman opposed it and I think Friedman was completely wrong there very closed minded hmm okay what was his rationale I don't know this isn't the historical record it's in the Jennifer Burns biography I asked Jennifer about this in my podcast with her she thought it was simply that well Hayek was not scientific enough for Friedman and Friedman in my in my view did have too much scientism which a bit he abandons later on when he's a more popular figure but he veered a bit too much toward extreme scientism and then extreme popularizer and never quite stopped in the middle at exactly the right point for my taste okay can you just expand a little bit more what specifically was his argument about the military draft just besides saying hey you can't force people to go die against their will what was the like the economic argument is to say why this is a silly or a counterproductive policy well opportunity cost if you look at nominal numbers in the budget a draft seems cheaper because you don't have to pay the people very much but the foregone output what those people could have done in the private sector today it would be all these teenagers with startups right the true opportunity cost of the draft is extraordinarily high and Friedman understood that 110% okay great so last minute here can you maybe just tell people if they want to see more of yours like maybe to talk about your blog or where they should go to follow you or things that you'd like them to know about well you can just google my name Tyler Cowan C-O-W-E-N my blog is called Marginal Revolution my podcast conversations with Tyler my youtube economics education site is mru.org I'm on twitter and again to get to this book you can just google Tyler Cowan goat G-O-A-T thank you Bob thank you all for listening okay thank you Tyler for your time and contributions and the work you've done on this and thank you everyone for tuning in we'll see you next time check back next week for a new episode of the human action podcast in the meantime you can find more content like this on nieces.org


In this video, we provide the solution to question number 10 for the practice final exam for math 1210 We're asked to compute the limit as theta approaches 0 of sine theta over 5 theta squared minus 4 theta My first inclination is because the function is continuous so long as we're inside the domain of the function We're gonna good that is we can just plug in 0 and see what happens 5 times 0 squared minus 4 times 0 on the bottom That's gonna give us 0 in the denominator So we are outside the we are outside the domain of this function But since sine of 0 is likewise 0 we get 0 over 0. This is indeterminate form It turns out this exact question We've already done as a practice question on exam number 3 Because we are able to use limits of trigonometric functions to evaluate this But now that we know Lopi-Tall's rule we could use Lopi-Tall's rule to compute this thing Which might be a more favorable way of computing this one by Lopi-Tall's rule We should take the derivative of the top which will be cosine of theta We should take the derivative of the bottom which will be 10 theta minus 4 Still take the limit as theta approaches 0 which now if we plug in theta equals 0 We're gonna get cosine of 0 which is of 1 actually and then in the denominator We're gonna get 10 times 0 minus 4 so the denominator becomes negative 4 and so we see the correct answer would be choice E