Welcome to our all-day movie workshop. Great to see you again. So I'm Peter, I'll be the host today. And as always, I'll just run through the flow of the day for those who are new. So we have the movie with David to start off with. And then we're going to go to a 10 minute break. We'll have our breakout rooms then for you to express any emotions or any thing that came up during the movie. Then we'll have 45 minutes as a break and then we'll go into our closing session with our Q&A with me. So I'll pass it over to you now, David. Okay, thank you, Peter. Hi, everyone, welcome. Here we go again, down the rabbit hole. The rabbit hole of joy as we let things that we have believed in, we let them go. We let the thoughts that we have thought about this world, we let them go. We let go of everything in the past that we think we've done right or wrong. We let it go further and further from things that we believe we did into the bright light of the kingdom of heaven that radiates through us as us, the Christ mind fully illuminated. That's our inheritance. That's our destiny. Wow, that's everything. Why would we give a care or a thought for anything else when the kingdom of heaven is at hand? It's very, very close. So today, I'm very grateful to show you again, one of our classics. For me, that's the excitement. Sometimes I pray and people suggest a lot of different movies for me, but the classics always have the inside track. They're always, if it was like a roller derby there in front on the inside track, leading the pack. The other ones try to get in there, but the classics, they're timeless. They're timeless, amazing, amazing movies. Some of these movies I have seen, you wouldn't even want to know how many times I've watched these movies.  They're mind washers, they're mind rinsers. They're power washers. It's like going through a car wash and except you go through like 45 times. And so you're really rinsed.  So as usual, I never know what's coming, but I do love when we put out these themes and you vote for the themes. So that's our cue. That's our cue for Jesus. Like, hey, okay, Jesus, this is what's on the mind right now. So here's our themes for this week. Coming in number one by a lot, by 10 votes was allowing all unfinished business to be healed. Don't you like that way that's worded? Unfinished business. And what could the unfinished business be except unconscious beliefs that we're still hiding from the light? People ask me about reincarnation. I say, well, what seems to be a lifetime in form, it really seems to go a long time in the egos. For most of us, we think of our lives as being pretty lengthy, not like necessarily a short story, but one time Helen Shuckman was flying with Jesus and they were looking over all the earth and the lifetimes and everything and they almost missed Helen Shuckman's entire life because it was just a blip. What we think of as a whole entire life in the time-space dimension is a fraction of a second. It's the tiniest blip. If you could just see your entire lifespan between birth and death as this tiny, minuscule little blip, then you would know what Shakespeare meant when he said much ado about nothing. He would think, why did I have such a struggle and so much suffer over that blip? I really, what a joke to think I got all bent out of shape and all upset and emotional and suffering over a blip, over a tiny blip, but we also know that the ego is a little puff of nothingness. So it shouldn't surprise us that it's world and it's so-called physical lifetimes are blips too. You get a blip from a blip and you get eternity from eternity. You get the kingdom of heaven from God. So that's our first one, allowing all unfinished business to be healed. Coming in number two, letting go of judgment by seeing, I cannot judge. Not that you have judged and you have a terrible bad habit of judging and you have to figure out how to stop this runaway freight train of judgment, but just having a moment of realization that I cannot judge. God did not create you, me, anyone with the ability to judge. That's not a creative aspect of spirit. Judgment is not part of spirit. And Jesus says that judgment was invented by the ego after the separation belief. So judgment came after the separation beliefs. It doesn't have anything to do with God. That's why when you've been raised Christian and you're so concerned about God's final judgment, well, actually God doesn't even know what judgment means. God is I am presence, just pure love. God doesn't understand judgment, but judgment was made as a device to try to bring some sense of order into chaos because the separation, the fall from grace was pure chaos, insanity, and then the ego invented judgment to bring a semblance of order. That's why we have prisons. That's why we have rules and regulations. Maybe some of the things you don't like about the earth are there's too many rules and regulations. Well, God really has nothing to do with the rules and regulations. God is just pure business, pure love, but the ego invented judgment and that's where all the rules and regulations come in. And of course, people will say, well, that's why we have prisons because you can't have criminals running all over the place. You can't have murders running around in society. And the belief is without rules and laws, all would be chaos. Actually, Jesus begs to differ. He says, no, no, without judgment, all is love. See, it's a little different interpretation about judgment. Without judgment, all is love. And the ego says, no, you need rules because it would be total chaos and I'm giving you a gift of judgment to bring some semblance of order into your chaos. The only thing the ego doesn't tell you is that by giving you this gift of judgment that you can't know who you are and you can't know God when you believe in this artificial gift and it doesn't really serve. It just serves to minimize fear without letting it go, which is what the ego does. It always offers gifts to minimize fear, guilt upset without letting it go. In other words, here's a gift so you can stay guilty, stay fearful, stay shameful, but it's a softer version. It's more deluded. It's not all at once. It's just spread out over lots of time. So you just feel generally upset but not horrifically upset. You see, that's the gift. Oh, thank you. Thank you for that gift, ego. That's just great. Now I can have minimized pain, minimize fear and guilt. Sorry, that's not good enough for us. We're the Christ and it's about time we free ourselves from every little scrap of fear and guilt. Okay, what do we got next here? Choosing to trust my brothers beyond all doubt thoughts. Wow, that is an invitation to a healed relationship. That is an invitation to holy relationship. That's an invitation to true empathy. Choosing to trust my brothers beyond all doubt thoughts. So even when the doubt thoughts come up, you can go back to that Course in Miracles workbook lesson. I trust my brothers who are one with me. And he's saying basically he's drawing us to the Holy Spirit. He's not saying that you have to trust the bodies of your brothers and sisters because the bodies are part of fragmented distorted perception. And that's why people don't trust their brothers and sisters because they got too many past memories of what these bodies said, did, behaved. You know, it's, they're like, I know people who get to that lesson in the workbook, I trust my brothers who are one with me. It's like people say, oh please Jesus, not this one. You know, just tell me to trust God, that's all right. Tell me to trust the Holy Spirit, that's all right. Tell me to trust you, Jesus, I'm okay with that even. But don't, please don't give me the lesson. I trust my brothers who are one with me. If you knew what they did, you wouldn't trust them either. And Jesus is like, forgive them for they've known out what they do. Basically now we're getting a modern day translations. Forgive them because they really aren't bodies. That's a projection of the ego. That's a projection of your own unconscious grievances that made those bodies. God didn't create those bodies. Why would you hold anything against those bodies when God created everyone in spirit and pure love? And now you're just beholding projections and holding grievances against the projections. That's why the ego projected the world out. So you would blame somebody and you would always think you had a good reason to be mad and a good reason to be guilty and good reason to be upset. There is no good reason to be upset. It's basically just a part of a misperception. Okay, next one. Wow, good, good themes. Make my invulnerability manifest. And only way you can do that is you can make your spirit manifest.  That's the way to make your strength, your spirit, your light manifest is by expressing it. And you might as well just enjoy it because it's a brief, I told you it's a blip anyway. Wouldn't you rather have a happy blip by expressing the light instead of a sad blip where you're just destined to repeat another blip?  I'm gonna try another blip. We don't need another blip. So we wanna make my invulnerability manifest. The best workbook lesson for that is I am the light of the world. That's a good one. I am the light of the world. Salvation comes through me. The salvation of the world comes through me. The next one, the last one is how to consistently focus on giving as the way out. Sometimes I like the words play on words. I'm kind of like Bill Thudford. I do like the play on words. So let's look at the word forgiveness. And then if we shorten it a little bit, forgiving, forgiving my brother, forgiving my sister, and then let's just shorten for giving. I was created for giving. I am going to wake up from this dream by giving. What's number seven of the 10 characteristics of a teacher of God? Generosity, that's what giving is, is true generosity. The teacher of God does not want anything. He cannot give away what he wanted for. He could only lose because of it. So whenever we get into the getting mode, what am I going to get for Christmas? What am I going to get for my birthday? What am I going to get for my anniversary? Those really are not the questions we should be asking. What am I going to give for Christmas? What am I going to give for my birthday? What am I going to give for my anniversary? The ego has created a world where we feel so bad that now we're happy with trinkets as gifts. When we really could be giving our storehouse of miracles we have loaded up in our mind, we could be giving them away. We settled for trinkets, trinkets. It's like little things that we call gifts that are really, they're forgetting. And when we use the trinkets for getting then we are forgetting God. We are forgetting God by getting into the getting motive. We are really falling asleep and having amnesia and forgetting the presence of God. God can only be known now. I saw that line in the course this morning. It was a short sentence, but I like it. It said, the sentence was, God loves you now, period. Don't you like the simplicity of it? God loves you now, period. God doesn't love you in the future and God doesn't love you in the past. God loves you now. So wow, you picked a really good set of themes for this week. And when I prayed on the movie for this particular set, Jesus was just, he was smiling, he was like, oh yeah, we need, yeah, the only way to go at all of those themes at once is through a relationship movie. His course is a relationship course and you need a classic relationship movie to really blow the lid off of the ego. And that's what we're gonna do today.  This is a power washer session. We're gonna use the power washer. We're not gonna use the spray. This is not for spray. This is the power washer time. So because this is such a classic relationship movie, I just wanna remind everybody that there are many traditional pathways to reach God and they all work. And that could involve long hours of prayer, many, many hours of meditation. It could involve service like Mother Teresa talked about service in the East. I believe it's called SIVA. It could involve devotional mantras, particular breathing techniques. It could involve repetition of prayers like mantras or prayers. But actually Jesus has already told us in the course, he says, your way will be different, not in terms of content of course because forgiveness is the same curriculum we all have. We don't get a choice of picking the curriculum. We're here to forgive. That is the curriculum. It doesn't matter what culture you live in, what language you speak or what ethnicity or philosophy you believe in, forgiveness is the gateway back to the kingdom of heaven or nirvana. But actually what Jesus says is your way will be different. A holy relationship is given you as a means of saving time. And he's not talking about just saving time personally. He's saying, you're gonna save time for the whole universe. As you slip past this belief in linear time, you're going to do this for the whole universe. You're taking all your brothers and sisters with you. What a great task. That's like a Holy Spirit version of the hero, not the body, but the mind that decides, I'm gonna put an end to this deception and I'm actually gonna forgive and accept the Atonement and wake up and join God and all my creations in heaven. That's no small thing.  In any seeming lifetime, this is the biggest goal. So this morning, I had somebody ask a question and they tagged me on Facebook and they were saying, the Course is teaching that the body is not the temple of the Holy Spirit, but a relationship is the temple of the Holy Spirit. Could you help me out here? I'm trying to talk to somebody about this and I'm, so I did make a little reference from the Course. So I'm gonna start off with that today just before we launch into our movie. It's basically from chapter 20 and basically it says the Holy Spirit's temple is not a body, but a relationship.  Wow, it's more than saying that the Holy Spirit's temple is not a body. He doesn't have anything really good to say about the body and the rest of the senses. Basically, he goes on to say in that same section, the Holy Spirit does not build his temples where love can never be. Would he who sees the face of Christ choose as his home the only place in all the universe where it cannot be seen? So the body is the only place in all the universe where the face of Christ cannot be seen. So you saw the promo at the beginning where I was saying, we need to forgive the Easter story. Well, we even need to forgive the face of Jesus. I mean, the Jewish historical face, the beard and the hair, everything, because the body is not the temple of the Holy Spirit. In fact, some people say, well, the Bible says the word was made flesh and Jesus clarifies that in his texts. He said, strictly speaking the word, capital W word, which is the Christ, the I am as God created me presence cannot be made flesh because you can't translate one order of reality into another, which he's saying, you can't translate spirit into matter because the body is part of the veil that was made to cover the light.  Right now, who you are is the Christ right now. That's the whole point of the realization. That's where the joy is. That's where the happiness is. I am as God created me now in this moment. And then Jesus is a good symbol or demonstration in terms of perception because he spoke words and we still love the words that came through the mouth of Jesus. We still are inspired by the scripture I call the red letters in the Bible. But Jesus is saying, and the Holy Spirit is saying, no, no, it's the Holy Spirit's temple is not a body. Now I know some of you are pretty wide red and study and you say, well, wait a minute, what about the Kamasutra? What about Tantra? Aren't there any ways that the body can become the temple of the Holy Spirit? No, I'm giving the answer. No, no, no, no, no, no, no. You do not reach God through the body. The body is a device, a learning device for your mind that you can use. You can really let the Holy Spirit use it to speak through it and you can use the body to go beyond the body. But you cannot make the body into the temple of the Holy Spirit. So so much for spiritualizing matter. No, no, no, all attempts, no matter where they are in all history to spiritualize the body, spiritualize matter to make the body holy, to make the body sacred.  Krishna, Mehir Baba, Jesus, Ramana Maharshi, Paramahansa Yogananda, St. Francis, Mother Teresa, you take me back into your secret altar room and I'm like, listen, it's not in the bodies. The bodies were just symbols of a great idea that's prior to time and space and that great idea is sacred. God is sacred. Love is sacred. Spirit is sacred, but we're gonna pop a few bubbles today by saying no, the body is not the temple of the Holy Spirit and the body cannot be the temple of the Holy Spirit because the body is form and the spirit is eternal love and light. So another thing we can say is, this one I really like the way that it ends, in his function as interpreter of what you made, the Holy Spirit uses special relationships which you have chosen to support the ego as learning experiences that point to truth. Under his teaching, under the Holy Spirit's teaching, every relationship becomes a lesson in love. Every relationship with your postal carrier, with your meter reader, if you still get a newspaper in this day and age, it's pretty rare.  In fact, it's so different. He says everyone on earth has formed special relationships and although this is not so in heaven, the Holy Spirit knows how to bring a touch of heaven to them here. In the holy instant, no one is special for your personal needs intrude on no one to make your brothers seem different. Without the values from the past, you would see them all the same and like yourselves. And basically he goes on to say that under the Holy Spirit's teaching, every relationship is a total commitment. I know sometimes when you even consider something like volunteering or marrying somebody, you go, ooh, that's a big commitment. Cold feet, cold feet, ooh, that's tough. Listen, that's just getting married for the blip. If you've got cold feet of getting married for the blip, what about eternity? Let's talk eternity here, you know. So what Jesus is saying under the Holy Spirit's teaching, every relationship is a total commitment. It's not a hierarchy of commitment. You don't have less of a commitment to your newspaper deliverer supposing as if you've got a newspaper anymore. Nobody does. Okay, that's an old metaphor. Let's say when you go to buy groceries, the person that checks you out at the grocery store, maybe that's better, you have the same commitment to that grocery store checkout person as you do to everyone else on the planet, including Vladimir Putin. Let's not leave Putin out of this. He's a good symbol now, the grocery store clerk and Vladimir Putin, total commitment to both. Why? Because you're here to forgive them all. You're here to overlook the body and see the spirit. You're here to see with the vision of Christ. That's really the only thing this is all about, Christ's vision. It's the only thing worth going for. I really wouldn't advise anything else. People are writing to me, David, what should I do about Bitcoin? Have you invested in Bitcoin yet? And I'm just laughing and going, oh, my Christ vision is the only thing worth investing in. I'm not interested in cryptocurrencies. That seems a little crypto creepy to me. But I'm into the vision of Christ. So basically the other thing I should mention is that this is a world of perception and perception is selective. So when you think to yourself, I'm gonna love that person today, you have to have the same love that you would give to everything and every one that you would give to that person. You don't want to make them a substitute for eternal love because you'll just generate a dependency and nobody likes a feeling of dependency in a relationship. So basically Jesus says, any relationship you would substitute for another has not been offered to the Holy Spirit for His use. So I'll say that again, any relationship you would substitute for another has not been offered to the Holy Spirit for its use.  That sounds like a basketball game. What do you mean? You mean you get people on the rebound like a ball that comes off the rim. You gotta grab the rebound, like grab them while they're available. They're married, they're married, clank. The ball comes off the rim. Grab that rebound, you know. Jesus is saying, now that's a substitution. You're just, if you think you can substitute one love for another love, if you think you can substitute one relationship for another relationship, you're not offering the relationships to the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit doesn't understand this rebound stuff. The Holy Spirit doesn't understand the availability. If you think you wanna be in a relationship with someone but they're not available, you should really ask the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is like, I'm here, I'm available. I'm available right now, you don't have to wait for me and I'll give you a whole different purpose for relationships and I'll give you a whole different purpose for looking at this world and the world won't even look the same and it's gonna turn into a happy dream but you can't really substitute one relationship for another. There is no substitute for love. If you would attempt to substitute one aspect of love for another, you have placed less value on one and more on the other. You have not only separated them but you have also judged against both. Yet you had judged against yourself first or you would never have imagined that you needed your brothers as they were not. Unless you had first seen yourself, had seen yourself as without love, you could not have judged them so like you in lack. So basically that's what this world is. A mind sees itself as a body or person and says, oh, I'm lacking. I want to be in love, I've waited so long. God, when are you gonna send me my soulmate? I'm not gonna make it if I don't have my soulmate. I can't stand this world without a soulmate. And Jesus is saying, oh, come on now. You're seeing yourself as lacking and now you're looking for another lacking one. So you think that two lackings make a whole. Bring two lacks together and you get a whole. Jesus is like, no, no, no, that's not it. It's basically, it's like John Bradshaw, the family therapist said, most people believe that they're one half and they're looking for their other half and that if they bring their half together with the other half, then they'll have a whole. And then John Bradshaw said, no, it's a multiplication equation. One half times one half equals one fourth. You feel even worse if you believe in that equation. You feel like a fourth of a self, a quarter of yourself. You're not a whole self when you find another half. If you believe in halves, you're headed for a very deep sense of unworthiness because it's never gonna work. The trick never works. So Jesus then says, this is the last thing I'll say before I take us into the movie. It is impossible to use one relationship at the expense of another and not to suffer guilt. And it is equally impossible to condemn part of a relationship and find peace within it. Under the Holy Spirit's teaching, all relationships are seen as total commitments and yet they do not conflict with one another in any way. Perfect faith in each one for its ability to satisfy you completely arises only from perfect faith in yourself. And this you cannot have while guilt remains. And there will be guilt as long as you accept the possibility and cherish it that you can make a brother into what he is not because you would have him so. What it means is you're the light, your brothers are the light, your sisters are the light but if you hold them to a role of this world and a conception and a definition as a body, you cannot know the wholeness of love and you miss who they really are. You've just believed in an appearance even though God knows not form and God didn't create the form, you believed in a form appearance as reality. And then you wonder why do I have grievances because the reality is really spirit behind the parents. That's who everyone is the spirit. God created us the spirit. That which is born of the flesh is flesh. It's an illusion. That which is born of the spirit is spirit. That's the reality. So we need a movie today. We're like saying, come on Jesus. Wow, we've been hanging in heaven difficulty with these interpersonal relationships and we need a way to transcend our physical perception and see the light. We need to see the light if we're gonna be truly happy for eternity. And what Jesus is saying is, well, this is the fast track.  It's not the bodies that are the temptation. It's the meaning that you give to the bodies. That is the problem.  He loves to use interpersonal relationships because there's so much mirroring that goes on. I know we have thought at times, I want to be alone. I'm gonna be a hermit. I'm gonna really find God. I'm gonna be the best hermit in history. And I'm gonna find God. And God's like, well, hermitages can be helpful but you don't need to make your whole world into a hermitage. You can start to realize that whatever meaning you've given to the bodies is your unfinished business. And so if you've got bodies reflecting things to you all day, you're getting a reflection of your unfinished business which is what you need actually. You need to have it brought to awareness. So Jesus is taking what the ego made as the greatest trap. The ego was sneaky little puff of nothing thinking, I'm just gonna invent a world with lots of bodies and I'm gonna make some bodies very alluring and some of them really ugly but and some of them in between grayer but I'm gonna make it so that the bodies can be used as a distraction from going within and seeing the light. You see, I'm gonna put false meaning onto these. He even tells us that sometimes you try to value certain parts even better than other parts. Here it is. The ego's use of relationship is so fragmented that it frequently goes even further. One part of one aspect suits its purposes while it prefers different parts of another aspect. Thus does it assemble reality to its own capricious liking offering for your seeking a picture whose likeness does not exist. So the ego makes a fragmented world and then it says, here you are. You've come down to see my world now. This is the world I've given you in place of God but the ego says God kicked you out so better make the best of this one. Now, what do you like here? Do you like that lollipop over there? Do you like that little sparkler there? Which bodies do you like the best and which parts of which bodies do you like the best? And let's just make a composite here of that. I saw there was a movie on Netflix where this woman, she has to always be dating five guys because there's no single guy that can give her everything that she wants. So she's got a minimum of fives going all the time. So she can take from each, one has the money, one has the good looks, one has the intellect, one has the beautiful heart. You see, she's like keeping five relationships going so she can be satisfied. And that's kind of an example of how the ego made this world. So that's why people will say, well, I like this about this. I have a spouse and I like these things about my spouse but here's what I don't like about my spouse, this and this and this. And then I have to go find it somewhere else in the world. I wanna get all the characteristics and this is how the ego made the world.  That's why it values money because it says you can play a bigger level of the game. Well, there's no levels of this game. They're all dark.  You know, the more money you get and the more choices you seem to have, the more you're sunk into the ego's world and you believe you're gliding down the highway but in the words of Simon and Garfunkel, in fact, you're slip sliding away. You are not going to find God by making multiple choices in this world and thinking the more choices you have, the better. That's the wrong direction. That's the capricious ego's making. So what we have today is we have the answer presented in the form of a movie, a relationship movie. This movie is one of the all time classics. If you've not seen it before, you will probably see it again after this one. It's called Ira and Abby from 2006. Ira is very intellectual. He's a doctorate candidate but he can't seem to finish his doctoral degree. And Ira is kind of, well, if we put some ego adjectives to it, he's kind of, he's a bit narcissistic. He's impetuous, he's impulsive. He has a lot of doubt. He has a lot of fear. He has a lot of uncertainty. And he loves blaming the world. He loves blaming other people for all of his misery. He is a perfect symbol for the Holy Spirit and Jesus to use because he doesn't really feel safe as a person. He's very, very insecure. He's extremely insecure. And he's been in therapy. He's had the same therapist. There's Ken over there in Spain, Kenneth Clifford. He's had that therapy. He's had that years of therapy. Ken and I know how that goes. And the therapist just listens to him and he goes in and goes on and on about what's wrong with his life, who harmed him, who did him wrong, how miserable he is. And he's paying the therapist to listen to his misery. And the therapist is taking the money. He's doing kind of the rosary and unconditional positive regard. I hope. And anyway, I was just going on and on until finally we're gonna see the beginning of the movie. He's gonna go in and spew all of his stuff to the therapist. And the therapist is saying, listen, this is not working. You are stuck and you need something different. Get out of here. The therapist fires the patient. Like, hey, listen, you need to change your tune. You're stuck in some old dark funeral dirge here as your self-concept and you need to find something else. So you need to change. So out the door you go. And then, so he's even more depressed now. He hasn't finished his doctorate. His parents are pressuring him. When are you gonna date somebody? When are you gonna finish your doctorate? Typical parent expectations. And then he's going to go to a health club. And in this health club, he's going to see a sign in the window, a poster in the window that ask him the question, what are you waiting for? Okay. So this is the Holy Spirit. He's going to go to a health club and he's going to see what are you waiting for? And it's the Holy Spirit saying, enough with therapy, enough with this dark funeral dirge of thoughts, what are you waiting for? And in the health club, he's going to meet Abby. Now, Abby is, I'll say she's intuitive. She's caring. She's open-minded. She's trusting. Isn't that fantastic? That as soon as you've been dumped by your therapist, the Holy Spirit takes you and shows you the sign, what are you waiting for? And introduces the contrast that he's been needing. He needs a contrast experience. He needs a contrast experience. And so Abby is sent in and both of them are sent together, put together for the Holy Spirit's healing purpose. And I have to say, as far as relationship movies go, this is one of the best I've seen. People being brought together by the Holy Spirit for healing purposes. And yet it's going to bring up a lot of unfinished business. And every single interpersonal relationship, the reason there's so much unfinished business is because of the belief in the body. I mean, if you have a very, very weak investment in the body and it's very peripheral to you, like it's not, there's nothing highlighting to you in the entire cosmos of images. There's nothing highlighting about the body. It's quite easy to slip into the Holy relationship when you devalue the body. But generally in this world, the body has given a lot of value. It's seen as who we are. It's seen as our identity. It's seen as our home. It's seen as something that when we open our eyes in the morning, it's there waiting for us. Usually, unless you have a mystical experience and it's not there, there's no eyeballs there if you go into the light. But in general, the body is seen as quite important. And that's why interpersonal relationships are seen as quite important. And for most people, they say, David, I can't even imagine a relationship without bodies. And I said, yeah, Jesus doesn't want you to try. He knows that you're imagining a whole world of time and space and bodies are just an aspect of that entire, you're imagining stars.  You're imagining oceans and mountains. And bodies are just part of that whole picture. No big deal. But what he's saying is under the Holy spirit's use, you're going to start to feel urges and prompts and nudges inside to collaborate. And we all know that I think we've had a taste of collaborations. I love collaborations. I love collaborating with my brothers and sisters. I've been doing it for like 30 years, three decades. And I have to say after three decades, I love it even more now than I did when I started. I love collaborations because everybody gains through the collaborations. We're doing this for the whole. We're doing something for the whole. I see Lucy Ricks there. She put together a book of parables that we're getting, we're trying to get it into print copy now too. It's such a beautiful book. We've got an e-book and a PDF. Oh, let's make a book. So I was just a couple of days ago, I was like collaborating with somebody from Pakistan to help format Lucy's book into a print thing. Like this guy from Pakistan and I were like, yeah, yeah, yeah, let's do it. Oh yeah, yeah, what about this? What size do you want? So for me, I'm into collaborations that bless the whole. That's my joy, you know? And in terms of trying to shrink perception down into just an interpersonal relationship, to me it has to have a purpose behind it. We have to make a, what's the Bible say? Make a joyful noise unto the Lord. That's what my collaborations are about. I'm trying to make a joyful noise unto the Lord. I'm trying to make a joyful noise so loud that it somehow reaches God.  God gets a little tickle. What was that? From the joy, you know, the collaborations of joy. So in this movie, we're gonna see that the Holy Spirit's gonna bring together Ira and Abby and it is purely for healing. We are going to see the ways that the Holy Spirit uses it and then we're gonna see the ways Ego tries to reclaim it, tries to take it back for darkness, for guilt and shame and fear. And that's what my commentary will be about today. Let's notice where they really trust and they really go for it. And let's also notice where the ego tries to creep back in and grab the relationship and pull it back into darkness. Because this is what we're talking about in daily life. This is what we go through every day. We need Ira and Abby to help show us this, make it clear for us so we can really see what the real purpose is. So I'm so glad to be with you. I'm thrilled that we can go into this relationship movie with Jesus and the Holy Spirit. And I think you're gonna love it. I think this is gonna be on your classics list after today if it wasn't already. I'll pop in soon.


Well, Brussels, fantastic to be with you, but you need to understand you have a bigger responsibility than most other cities, because Brussels is not just the capital of Belgium, European Union. It's up to you to make the change in EU. This is once in a generation opportunity. We must make this happen. Always, to be in that state that you're not angry with anybody, you're not hateful, you're not in a war on climate change, war on soil destruction, no. This is a love affair. This is not a war. It doesn't matter who says what, it doesn't matter what discouraging things they do, when you're in love, you're on. Let's be on, let's make it happen.


HBCU Digest Radio, welcome back. I'm your host, Jared Carter. This is our presidential series, Conversations with Distinguished Leaders, presidents and chancellors from our historically black colleges and universities. And today, our honored guest is my dear friend, the president of Mother Shaw University, Dr. Paulette Dillard, who if you haven't been paying attention or outside of the orbit of Raleigh, North Carolina, Shaw has been at the center of several big initiatives, just in the last few weeks that involve substantial growth and opportunity, and the opportunity for the school to move boldly into a new direction. So, Madam President, it is an honor to have you on for sure. It's always good to have a conversation with you, Jared. You always seem to have your finger on the pulse of what's going on in the world of HBCU. That's a nice way to put it. I thought you was going to say, most people have their middle finger pointed at you. But that, again, high praise for you. So, Shaw, big news recently, a substantial gift made to the university. Talk a little bit about that, because Shaw has been on an upward trajectory of fundraising for the last couple of years. But this is over the $1 million mark. So, tell us more about that. Yeah, it's real exciting. The Forbes family, and they have significant ties to the university. David Forbes was a student here, and I think was the president of the SGA at the time that Nick was formed here in Raleigh. And Dr. David Forbes' father, Bishop James A. Forbes Sr., received his degree, both his undergraduate and his divinity degree, from Shaw University. So, the remaining six siblings decided that they wanted to make a legacy gift in his honor. And so, during our Founder's Day celebration this October, they made a $1 million gift to Shaw University in memory of their father, Bishop James A. Forbes Sr. So, we were excited because Dr. James A. Forbes Jr. is the acclaimed Pastry Meredith of the Riverside Baptist Church. I mean, the Riverside Church, I'm sorry, in New York. And so, he has retired back to Raleigh, which was their home place growing up. And so, the siblings got together and said, how best can we honor our dad? And they remembered how entrenched he was with Shaw University, not only in getting his degrees, but they lived about two blocks from the university. So, students spent lots of time, they are eating being tutored in French and languages. And so, they have a history with Shaw University and decided that what better way to honor their father than to give back to the institution and the community that he loved so dearly. And so, they called us up and said, we'd like to make a special gift. And we don't get many calls like that. Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha. Well, people give to Shaw, but it's rare where they say we got a million dollars for you. Right, it's rare. And they come with the chat. That's right, that's right. A lot of times, they come with the intent to do, but not only did they give us this incredible gift, they came with the check and wanted to just pay forward what they were so blessed to have because everybody in the family is well educated and has each made a contribution in their fields. Family-wide, one of the sisters is married to former congressman Ed Towns, so it is a storied family. But they want to now contribute to making a difference in the lives of the young people that are currently at Shaw, the way they remember experiencing it. And so, it was a tremendous gift in a number of ways. And many of them now live in the city. James Ford's moved back to Raleigh about a year ago. And so, not only are they giving us money, but volunteering their time and their influence as well. So this is what I would call a major gift. And that's what's important because it's a lasting relationship or at least a relationship that appears to be building towards something very, very long lasting. And Shaw has that effect on people. As I mentioned, alumni given has really been among the best among HBCUs over the last handful of years. What do you think it is about the message that you have been sending the students and the alumni have been sending over recent years that has resonated with folks to support, obviously a great institution, but not one that you hear every day in national media or social media when people are talking about and thinking about HBCUs. What is it that has made Shaw so resonant? We were just talking about that recently, Jared, trying to really put narrative to what we believe is the reason for that. And what we've come up with, and you and I have talked about it a little bit in the past, is the stories about the impact that Shaw has had on the lives of individuals. And each time we get a gift or something major happens and the story is told, it resonates with people. And they say, that was me, that was me. And something about that makes them want to reconnect and do something for Shaw. And it is amazing. And we've been trying to come up with a way to collect all of these stories so that they can be in a volume somewhere because it comes down to that was me and had it not been for someone or something at Shaw, the outcome for me would have been significantly different. Absolutely. And it's said time and time again. And that is what has me thinking about that storytelling institute that belongs at Shaw University. There was an article written in, I forgot what the periodical was about a month ago. And I think the title was the schools that if you get a degree from these 10 schools, it's equivalent to not having gone to college at all. And so the question was asked of me, how do you respond to that kind of thing? And I said, you don't because for every life that was changed by Shaw, it speaks to its value. So I'm not going to try to disprove when you look at ratios, debt, how much money people make when they graduate from Shaw, those are not the arenas in which Shaw has made its name or its legacy. It's been the magnitude of the changes that have been made in communities and the world because a graduate of Shaw wanted to go do something bigger than earn a paycheck. And you can't argue that when you're talking about metrics and business indicators. You can't win in that discussion, but I can win in the life-changing discussions. I can win on the stories of individuals who have gone on to change the landscape in education, change the landscape in law. Exactly. And so that is the thing about Shaw that it's hard to characterize with people who the experience go, that's what makes Shaw special to me. And we have yet to be able to really capture that in such a way others understand the Shaw effect. Well, it's coming. It appears that it's coming. There's a wave of people who understand and you have the university in great position to capitalize on that. But let's talk about some other opportunities that the university is undertaking. And this is really unique to HBCUs, at least from a public perspective where a lot of people know about what's going on. Shaw is embarking on a land assessment survey to talk about the university, its surrounding properties, its real estate as an asset to Raleigh. And I think that that's important because as a lot of our metropolitan and rural based campuses start to think about what is the future of our revenue model look like? What is development and zoning around us look like? It's important to do something like this and you guys are doing it. Tell us more about the process of trying to get this done and what it involves and what you think will be the outcome. Oh, I'm excited to talk about that. In fact, we launched this initiative this coming Sunday. And so I'm really, really excited. What it is is a land use assessment. And this particular assessment is being done by a group called the Urban Land Institute. And this is an association or organization made up of architects, developers, urban planners, you know, artists that belong to this organization that's been in existence for, you know, over 35 years. And what they do is they're, it's a professional organization and they are members of it. And what they offer to institutions of all kinds is they will assemble an advisory panel that includes developers, urban planners, lawyers, a whole group of professionals in that space. And typically your panel is from outside of your geography so that they're not influenced by what is going on in your local landscape. So they identify about eight or nine such individuals on a panel. And that panel, we prepare what are the questions that you are trying to answer as it relates to your institution. And of course we are located in downtown Raleigh, North Carolina, one of the fastest growing cities in the nation, you know, among the top places to retire, the top places to do business. So it is at, you know, an unbelievable growth rate. And so we are sitting here trying to determine, you know, how do we leverage our position so that our students have the greatest student experience. We are contributors to the growing, you know, business landscape while we're sitting in an opportunity zone able to help the community in which we live. And we realized early on that we're in, we've got great professors and we know the business of education, we don't know the business of land development and youth and city planning, et cetera. So we determine what better use of a resource is there than to assemble these professionals to come in and do this kind of work. And what has been exciting is they've never done it for a historically black college and university. And so, you know, so the briefing book and the questions they've, you know, they've, I had as we develop the scope of work has been really, really fascinating. And so what happened is we put together a list of over 200 names of stakeholders, other higher ed institutions, elected officials, community folk, bankers, developers, to ask them, would they be willing to sit through a panel interview for one hour, you know, to talk about their view of Shaw, you know, their view of downtown and what are some of the possibilities? Additionally, they're working with the city to see the city plans independent of what Shaw is doing. And so all of this happens over a series of by date. So on Sunday, the panel and the institution will meet and, you know, meet each other and get comfortable. Monday, we will tour all of the properties around Raleigh and the proximity to other institutions in Raleigh. Monday, we'll have a reception with all of these various stakeholders. Monday, I mean, Tuesday all day will be panel interviews. And then the panel will spend the next two days putting together a report about what they found and what the opportunities are that they have identified. And on Friday, we will have a public meeting to share the finding. Do you think the novelty of something like this, because you said this particular group that's doing the assessment has never worked with an HBCU before. Correct. Do you think that the, I guess that because that this has not been done before, it gives way to some folks to having hesitation about it. In other words, how would you address now, you know, we can, you and I can talk about this. There have always been rumors because of where Shaw is located in the literally smack in the middle of downtown if you've never seen it. Beautiful canvas surrounded by office buildings and all kinds of stuff all over the place. But do you think that that fuels rumors of, uh-oh, Shaw is getting ready to sell land. And do you think that it's fueled by some of the things that have gone on at other schools in the area that have started to relinquish properties, relinquish buildings, land? Does that, do you understand if people have hesitations about it and how do you respond to that? People have hesitations about it.  But we, you know, that doesn't give me pause. And the reason that I think the work hasn't been done necessarily with HBCU is that, you know, until we started this process, I wasn't even aware that an organization called the Urban Land Institute even existed. And so I think it's more of a, you know, not knowing what's available to you until you start wrestling with an idea. You know, that you find a group like this. And I think that as people become aware of, you know, it's an independent, you know, third-party group, you do not have to accept any of the recommendations. They just lay it out and then they're done. They don't have a dog in the fight. They have used their best professional skills to offer you options. And I think that the fact that they haven't worked with an HBCU is that we're just now getting to the point where we're, you know, we're really wrestling with P3 partnership, opportunity zones. Some of us have been more advanced than others.  And they've been able to leverage that to do some significant building on their campus. So as we become more, you know, while we're leveraging our assets, I think that more organizations like ULI will be used for our benefit. So I think that, yes, there will be rumors. There have already been rumors and have been, I've been in Raleigh since 2012. And when I arrived in 2012, that was even the discussion then. That the goal is to have the city or developers acquire, you know, the Chal property. And I think the difference in using this process is it puts Chal in the driver's seat in deciding what is the path forward for Chal that benefits Chal long term and puts Chal in the driver's seat as opposed to being the victim of the desires of others. Yeah. Well, it's hard to mention you guys and the growth that you guys have had and not have the context, even in, you know, the back of our mind in a silent way about what's going on down the street at St. Augustine's. Now you guys are rivals, everybody knows that. But you also, and maybe people all over the country, listen to this, don't realize, you also have worked together on a lot of things. Yes, we do. Coalitions for academic development and student access. What was it a year ago where you guys decided to partner with the athletic facilities? So you guys work together closely. When you see some of the things that have gone on with St. Aug over the last one or two years. And there was a recent article in the Triad Business Journal about, you know, calling for the two schools to work more closely together. Again, with the Whisper Committee, do you think that inevitably or by choice, there will be a path moving towards even broader consolidation of the operations of the two schools? And do you have any concern that the people who love both schools, alumni and students on both sides, will fight that and what could be the result? I have been very, very pleased with the reception of the two schools working together to utilize the stadium. And that has gone without a hitch. And, you know, both sides have applauded that move. What St. Aug and Shaw have determined is that individually, it's gonna be tough to fight the fight that we have in North Carolina for the survival of the private institution. And so, you know, if we each are fighting using the same resources, we have a far better chance together than we do individually.  We are very much alike, so we're more alike than we are different. And so that offers the opportunity for us to approach ideas of cost sharing, cost sharing of faculty, of front end and back end processes. And things like that can be done with each of us maintaining, you know, our unique identity. And I think that, you know, that is more of a likely scenario or reality than being, you know, constant competitors. President Balkan and I have been in discussions. We've had our CFOs in conversation with each other. Our chief academic officers have been in conversations with each other. And in fact, our student affairs leaders have been working on a joint project to offer emergency disaster relief training for our students as a composite. And so, you know, it is really not, you know, so far fetched because we've kind of been doing it, but we've been doing it not under the guys that we are attempting to merge, but we are attempting to figure out the best places that we can work together to the benefit of both institutions. And what is so interesting, Jared, is that we do that as part of a consortium for independent colleges and universities. We do it as part of the co-operating Raleigh Colleges Consortium.  And so we don't see it as much of a, oh my God, as I think our alumni and others might perceive of it, but they know that we are talking and that we are supporting each other in all the ways that we possibly can.


The next topic that we are going to discuss is the principle of increase of entropy. Perhaps this is the most important concern concerning second law of thermodynamics. The principle of increase of entropy has now come to be recognized as a universal principle and for that reason it is an extremely fundamental idea that comes out of second law of thermodynamics and is of fundamental importance also. So, we will discuss this in detail. So, let us start like this. Let us say that we have a thermodynamic system at temperature T and let it have a heat interaction delta Q with the surroundings at temperature T naught. So, at an instant so, we have a system like this. So, at an instant the system is at a temperature T and it has a heat interaction with the surroundings of delta Q. It could either receive heat from the surroundings or I could reject heat to the surroundings anything is possible, but it has a heat interaction with the surroundings which are at a temperature of T naught. So, it could be like this, it could be like this. Now, the change in entropy of the system as a result of this process is d s equal to delta Q over T plus delta sigma int which is the entropy generation due to internal irreversibility in the system. So, the change in entropy of the surroundings denoted d s surroundings is given simply as d s surroundings equal to delta Q surrounding over T naught. Remember there is simply a transfer of entropy from the system to the surroundings or vice versa. The surroundings are not executing a process either the surroundings are supplying an amount of heat delta Q or the system is rejecting an amount of heat delta Q to the surroundings. So, the change in entropy of the surrounding is only due to the entropy transfer. So, it is delta Q surrounding over T naught and based on our sign convention delta Q surrounding is equal to minus delta Q sis. This point is very important there is only transfer of entropy between the system and the surroundings and the system is the one that is executing a process. So, if you combine the entropy change of the system and the surroundings we get the entropy change of the universe. So, entropy change of the universe d s universe is equal to d s s plus d s surroundings and if you rewrite this expression you get this to be equal to this. So, once again there are two terms in this expression for change in entropy of the universe the first is due to external irreversibility notice that the system is at a different temperature from the surroundings when it rejects heat or when it receives heat when it is rejecting heat of course, T is greater than T naught when it is receiving heat T is less than T naught. But whatever it is there is an external irreversibility here and there is also entropy generation due to internal irreversibility. So, the entropy of the universe increases as a result of the external irreversibility plus internal irreversibility. So, any change in the entropy of the universe of the system is due to irreversibilities. If there are no irreversibilities then obviously there is no change in the entropy of the universe otherwise there is going to be a change in the entropy of the universe. Now, let us look at the various possibilities that we may encounter in this situation. The first possibility is the simplest no internal or external irreversibility which means that in this case we set this to be 0 and we set T equal to T naught no external irreversibility. So, this is also equal to 0 both the right hand side terms are 0. So, entropy of the universe remains the same. Now, let us examine the possibility when we have internal irreversibility, but no external irreversibility. So, which means that we have internal irreversibility, but no external irreversibility since delta sigma int is always greater than 0 the entropy of the universe increases in this case. So, you must remember that delta sigma int is equal to 0 or greater than 0 since we are now saying there is an internal irreversibility this is positive. So, the entropy of the universe increases. Now, the third possibility external irreversibility no internal irreversibility. So, in this case we have external irreversibility. So, that means this is present, but no internal irreversibility. So, this is 0. However, before we can ascertain the sign of this term we need to again look at two possibilities one when heat is supplied to the system another when heat is rejected by the system. Let us look at both these situations. So, system temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature this means that the system is rejecting heat. So, that means delta q is negative and the quantity within the parenthesis is also negative. So, if I look at 1 over t minus 1 over t naught since the t is greater than t naught this is also negative. So, delta q is negative and 1 over t minus 1 over t naught is also negative hence the product term on the right hand side is positive. So, d s universe is positive. Now, the other possibility is t is less than t naught this means heat is supplied to the system. So, delta q is positive and 1 over t minus 1 over t naught in this case is actually positive. So, the product term on the right hand side is positive which means that entropy of the universe increases in this case also. So, we have the last possibility is when we have both internal irreversibility and external irreversibility in this case both the terms on the right hand side are non zero and positive hence the entropy of the universe increases. So, we have considered all possible cases and we have concluded that the entropy of the universe either remains the same or increases this is known as the principle of increase of entropy. It remains the same at best remember no internal or external irreversibility is the best possible situation which means the entropy of the universe remains the same at best or increases. So, this is the principle of increase of entropy entropy of the universe always increases or at best remains the same. Now, this statement is actually considered to be the second law of thermodynamics by many many practitioners of different branches of engineering. For mechanical engineers of course, you know the pedagogy is along the lines that we have followed. We started with the Kelvin Planck statement and then we progressed from there and we have finally, arrived at the principle of increase of entropy actually these are all equivalent. In fact, we will show that they are equivalent in a minute we showed K p and Clausius to be equivalent. So, our development followed K p statement Clausius statement absolute temperature scale efficiency of a chrono cycle and then we went to entropy Clausius inequality then entropy and then from there now we are coming to principle of increase of entropy. So, this is a sequence that mechanical engineers tend to follow because we always ask the same question. What is the maximum efficiency of the engine? What is the maximum possible efficiency of the engine? If this is not possible then what is the maximum possible? So, that is the that is the path that we have gone down and then finally, arrived at this, but people in other branches of engineering and even sciences physicists for example, considered this to be the starting statement of second law of thermodynamics. So, there is a very interesting footnote here involving something called the Maxwell's demon which was for long for about a century it was actually thought to violate the principle of increase of entropy. For example, it was enunciated in 1871 and it was not until 1987 that it was satisfactorily and convincingly resolved. So, it remained like that for about or more than a century and then it was shown eventually that the Maxwell's demon does not violate the principle of increase of entropy. There are certain other examples also where it was thought that this principle is violated, but very careful analysis showed that not to be the case this some these are mentioned in my textbook if you are interested you can look it up. Now, as I said we have mentioned Kelvin Planck statement, Clausius statement, definition of absolute temperature Q H over T H equal to Q C over T C and now we are giving principle of increase of entropy or all these the same or they all equivalent statements or is there a possibility that you know there could be differences among this. For example, some engine say does not violate Kelvin Planck statement, but violates the principle of increase of entropy and so on. Let us take a look at that Kelvin Planck statement earlier we considered a direct engine that violated that violated the Kelvin Planck statement. So, basically it took an amount of heat Q H from reservoir at T H converted all of it to work without rejecting any of it.  So, this was so this was the engine Q H W equal to Q H and it was also said that the engine executes a cyclic process otherwise Kelvin Planck statement would not be applicable. So, the engine operates in a cycle converts all of the heat to work that is why it violates the Kelvin Planck statement. Since, the engine operates in a cycle that we take that to be the system. So, since the system executes a cyclic process delta S is 0 because S is a property we start and end at the same state. So, delta S for the system is 0. Now, the surrounding supply a certain amount of heat Q H to the engine which means the entropy of the surroundings decreases. So, it is equal to minus Q H over T H and we may then write delta S for the universe as delta S system plus delta S surroundings which is negative and clearly this engine violates the entropy increase principle also because entropy increase principle says it can be 0 or positive. So, it cannot be negative. So, clearly this violates the principle of increase of entropy. So, an engine that violates the K P statement violates the principle of increase of entropy also. The next example is a is an engine reverse engine that violates the Clausius statement. So, basically we have high temperature reservoir and engine E which operates in a cycle I am sorry. So, we have a low temperature reservoir T C. So, this moves a certain amount of heat Q C from the low temperature reservoir and without taking any work input transfers it to the high temperature reservoir and while operating in a cycle. So, again for the system the engine delta S is 0 because it is operating in a cycle and the surroundings are supplying an amount of heat Q C from a reservoir at T C. So, that means the entropy of the surroundings decrease during this part of the process and then a certain amount of heat Q C is rejected to the surroundings by the engine during another part of the cycle which means entropy of the surroundings go up during this part of the cycle. So, that is plus Q C over at T H. So, delta S universe is delta S system plus delta S surroundings and you can see that this is equal to Q C times 1 over T H minus 1 over T C. Again this quantity since T H is greater than T C this quantity comes out to be negative which violates the principle of increase of entropy. So, any engine that violates the Clausius statement also violates the principle of increase of entropy. The last one thermodynamic temperature scale. So, here we are looking at a corner engine. So, let us just catch the PV diagram T S diagram anything is ok. So, let us say that this is a corner engine that operates between reservoirs T H and T C direct engine that operates like this. So, delta S for the system is 0 because the corner engine is executing a cyclic process. So, delta S system as usual is equal to 0 delta S surroundings a certain amount of heat Q H is supplied at temperature T H and a certain amount of heat Q C is rejected at temperature T C. So, the entropy of the surrounding decreases when heat is supplied to the system and the entropy of the surroundings increases when heat is rejected by the system. So, the change in entropy of the universe delta S universe is delta S system plus surroundings is equal to this and since there are no internal or external irreversibilities. Remember, we are talking about a corner engine with no internal or external irreversibilities the entropy change of the universe should be 0. So, Q H over T H equal to Q C over T C. So, the thermodynamic temperature scale definition of that is also consistent with the principle of increase of entropy. So, what we will do in the next lecture is to work out examples which involve calculation of entropy change and and as a result we will calculate or and from that we will calculate entropy generated in the universe as a result of the process that that we look at. So, we will do several examples and calculate entropy change for each process and then evaluate entropy change of the universe as a result of each one of these processes. So, in this lecture we will work out a few examples that demonstrate the principle of increase of entropy and we will calculate the entropy change of the system plus surroundings. Now, before we do that let us just take a final look at this expression. So, here we have shown that DS universe is made up of two terms. One is this term here which is due to external irreversibility and the other one is this term which is due to internal irreversibility. Now, notice that both these actually are entropy generation terms. So, this is also entropy generation this term denotes entropy generation due to external irreversibility and this is as we have already discussed entropy generation due to internal irreversibility in the system. So, in fact what we can actually say is that you know this itself may be interpreted as as an entropy generation in the universe. For instance, we may write it like this. So, we say that this is delta sigma int and this entire term may be written as delta sigma ext denoting external irreversibilities and instead of writing it as DS universe we may actually interpret this and write this as delta sigma which is the total entropy generated in the universe due to internal irreversibility in a system and external irreversibility due to its interactions with the surroundings. Notice that the external irreversibility is coming from the I mean it is coming from the interaction of the system with the surroundings. So, it is external to the system but it is a consequence of the interaction of the system with its surroundings. So, in that sense it is connected to the system it is external to the system but it is a consequence of the interactions of the system with the surroundings. So, we may actually write this term as delta sigma which essentially says that this is entropy generated in the universe as a result of the process that the system undergoes. So, the system undergoes a certain process and there is a certain amount of entropy generated due to the internal irreversibility and there is a certain amount of entropy generated due to external irreversibility. These two together contribute to the change in universe of the system or alternatively we may say that this is the amount of entropy that is generated in the universe. So, in fact, this is the notation that we will use in our examples. We will say that sigma is equal to so much which means that this is entropy change in the universe or entropy generation in the universe. That is what we are going to do and this is actually a let us say an interesting and quite powerful way of interpreting this particular expression here. Since both these are entropy generation terms the entropy change of the universe is actually nothing but entropy generated in the universe due to internal and external irreversibilities. That is how we will interpret this. The first example that we are going to look at reads like this. So, we have a steel casting specific heat is given and the mass is 20 kilogram at 200 degree Celsius. So, it is to be cool to the room temperature which is 27 degree Celsius. We do this in different stages. So, initially the casting at 200 degree Celsius is kept in a furnace that is maintained at 140 degree Celsius. So, once it is the temperature of the casting reaches 140 degree Celsius we take it out and put it in a water bath. This is not an infinite water bath. This is a water bath with a finite mass 80 kilograms of water which is initially at the room temperature. So, we put the casting at 140 degree Celsius in the water bath and then allow it to cool down. Since the water bath is of a finite mass the final temperature there will be an increase in temperature of the water bath as the casting cools down. So, it cools down to a certain temperature. Once it is at that temperature we then take it out and allow it to cool in the ambient air which is at 27 degree Celsius. We are asked to calculate the entropy generated during this process. So, that would be sigma entropy generated due to internal plus external irreversibilities and the system here is the casting. So, we take the casting as the system and calculate its entropy change and and treat the rest of the the universe as the surrounding. So, initially the part of the universe that interacts with the casting is the furnace. Then the part of the universe that interacts with the system is the water bath. Then it is the ambient. So, we are doing this in 3 stages. So, step 1 delta S system for step 1 may be calculated quite easily the casting cools from 200 degree Celsius to 140 degree Celsius and because it is losing heat the entropy of the system decreases. Now, from first law we can easily calculate the amount of heat that is lost by the system that is nothing but mass of the system times its specific heat capacity times change in temperature. So, 600 kilojoules of heat is transferred to the surrounding. So, the entropy of the surrounding increases. So, the surroundings are at a temperature of 140 degree Celsius. In fact, the furnace is at a temperature of 140 degree Celsius and 600 kilojoules of heat is transferred to the furnace. So, that means entropy changes the surroundings is positive in this step. So, in the next step we take the the casting and put it in the water bath. The final temperature of the bath plus the system may be determined by using first law. So, if you apply first law to the bath plus the casting delta E equal to delta U no change in K E or P E is equal to Q minus W. W is 0 there is no displacement or any other form of work.  Since delta U is M times C times delta T because this is a casting is a solid the bath which is water is actually in liquid. So, we can easily calculate the final temperature of the bath to be 30.266 degree Celsius. So, the bath initially was at 27 degree Celsius as a result of putting the casting which is at a temperature of 140 degree Celsius into the bath its temperature increases which means that the casting now is cooled from 140 to to 30.266 and the bath temperature of the bath increases from 27 to 30.266. So, delta S for the casting may be evaluated based on its initial temperature which is 140 degree Celsius and the final temperature which is 30.266. And the surroundings in this case is the bath. So, the change in entropy of the surroundings may be evaluated based on its initial temperature and final temperature. Since heat is transferred to the surroundings the entropy change in the system is negative and since the surroundings receive heat the entropy change of the surroundings is positive. Step 3 the casting is now taken out of the water bath and allowed to cool in the ambient. So, its temperature changes from 30.266 to 266 to 27 degree Celsius. Again heat is lost to the ambient. So, the entropy of the casting decreases. And the amount of heat that is lost to the surroundings may be easily calculated by applying first law. So, the Q comes out to be equal to delta U which is nothing but M times C times C of the casting times delta T. So, this much heat is transferred to the surroundings 32.66 kilo joules. So, the entropy change of the surroundings may be evaluated like this. Since the temperature of the surroundings remains a constant we may evaluate this simply as Q over T naught. Now the total entropy generated during the process may be evaluated quite easily as total entropy change for the system plus total entropy change for the surroundings. So, we add them up algebraically and we end up with a positive number 0.6469 as we showed because entropy of the universe increases or at best remains the same. So, sigma should always be positive and we get this to be 0.6469. So, this is actually the entropy change of the universe or alternatively the entropy that is generated in the universe as a result of this quenching process. The next example is something that we have looked at earlier. You may recall that 2 kg of air that was contained in the piston cylinder assembly was compressed from 100 kPa to 800 kPa is initially at a temperature of 300 Kelvin and it underwent a polytropic process exponent was also given. So, we are now asked to calculate the amount of entropy generated in the universe as a result of this polytropic process. So, we considered the air to be the system and we will continue to do that. The final temperature of the air was determined to be 467 Kelvin and the heat that was transferred to the ambient was minus 116.06 Kelvin I am sorry 116.06 kilojoules. So, taking the air as the system we may evaluate delta S for the system using this formula since the final temperatures and final temperature and final pressure are both known we may evaluate the change in entropy of the system. Since heat is lost by the system its entropy decreases as seen from this negative sign. The surroundings comprise of the ambient at 300 Kelvin. So, the entropy change of the surroundings may be evaluated as Q surrounding divided by T naught and this comes out to be plus 386.87 joule per Kelvin because heat is transferred to the surroundings its entropy increases. So, the entropy change of the universe delta S universe is nothing but entropy that is generated which is equal to delta S cis plus delta S surroundings and that comes out to be plus 80.56 joule per Kelvin. The last example that we will look at in this on this topic is this 5 kg of saturated R134A vapor minus 15 degree Celsius is contained in a rigid vessel. The R134A is stirred by transferring an amount of work equal to 500 kilojoules. So, basically we have R134A in a rigid vessel and we have a stirrer and it is initially at minus 15 degree Celsius saturated vapor and we transfer an amount of work 500 kilojoules by stirring and simultaneously heat transferred to the ambient also takes place. So, the ambient is at 30 degree Celsius it is also losing heat to the ambient as stirring process takes place and then initially the R134A vapor is at minus 15 degree Celsius. So, it actually is at a temperature less than the ambient temperature but as we stir it its temperature increases stirring is highly irreversible process its temperature increases. So, there will be heat loss from the R134A to the surrounding and we take this to be our system. So, the initial state it is given that it is a saturated vapor at minus 15 degree Celsius. So, we may easily retrieve property values from the temperature table specific volume specific insulin energy and specific entropy. At the final state again two property values are known temperature is given to be 30 degree Celsius since the volume of the vessel is constant specific volume also remains constant. So, V2 equal to V1 equal to 0.12066 and temperature is also known. So, and we can easily show that this is a superheated state by noticing that or by noting that V2 is greater than Vg at 30 degree Celsius. So, we can retrieve specific insulin energy and specific entropy from the superheated tables. Now, we have already shown that we have taken the R134A in the vessel as our system. If you apply first law we get delta E equal to delta U equal to Q minus W no change in K or P E. So, Q may be evaluated like this notice that W here is stellar work PDV work is absent because the volume is constant and 500 kilojoules is supplied which means W is minus 500. So, we get the heat loss from the system to the surroundings as minus 332.45 kilojoules. Entropy change in the system may be evaluated as M times the change in the specific entropy. So, that comes out to be plus 0.599 kilojoule per Kelvin. Notice that although heat is being lost by the system to the surroundings its entropy still increases because of the internal irreversibility which is stirring. So, the internal irreversibility is so high that the entropy increases in spite of the fact that heat is lost to the ambient. So, the entropy generation due to internal irreversibility is very high. So, delta S system comes out to be positive in this case and delta S surroundings may be easily evaluated as the heat that is transferred to the surroundings. Since heat is transferred to the surroundings the entropy of the surroundings increases. So, it is Q divided by T naught in Kelvin. So, 273 plus 30. So, the total change in entropy of the universe delta S universe is same as entropy generated in the universe and that comes out to be a positive number 1.6962. So, heat is lost to the surroundings as a result of which the temperature of the surroundings increases and its entropy I am sorry heat is lost to the surroundings as a result of which the entropy of the surroundings increases. Although heat is lost to the surroundings from the system its entropy still goes up because of the internal irreversibility associated with the stirring work. So, the entropy of the system increases, entropy of the surroundings also increases. So, we have a very special process here where the system temperature the entropy of the system increases and the entropy of the surroundings also increases and so we have total entropy of the universe increasing as a result of both this. This is somewhat unusual because when a system is losing heat to the surroundings usually the entropy of the system will go down as we would expect. You recall dS is delta Q dS for a system is delta Q over T plus delta sigma int. So, when delta Q is negative we usually expect dS to go down unless delta sigma int is so high and positive that the overall entropy increases which is what is happening in this case. So, this is very high and positive this is less than 0 but the sum eventually comes out to be greater than 0.


I'm in my own, my batteries, yes, because my batteries are in my bag, so it's good. Yes, please, no problem.


Hi Kanya, thanks for having me. My name is Wongakulu. I'm the regional manager for Tav's Hau-Teng region. We're basically first and foremost a commercial property finance company that seeks to work and partner up with entrepreneurs to bring about affordable decent housing within the inner cities. We currently have five regional offices with our head office in Johannesburg. We've got a regional office in Cape Town, Deben, Port Elizabeth. Through our Port Elizabeth office, we're also able to reach to the East London town. Throughout Deben office, we also service the Pita Modest back town. Yeah, so our primary focus is basically to empower entrepreneurs to unlock funding to be able to take advantage of the property investment opportunities that they come across in the market in order to bring about decent affordable housing that is well located, close to work opportunities and other social services, like your public hospitals, clinics, affordable public schools, recreational centers, you know, and help entrepreneurs, you know, build about conducive neighborhoods for families to be able to work and play and, you know, pursue their dreams. It also forms part of our social impact. And, you know, there's a lot of rejuvenation opportunities within the inner city. We all know the history of our country. Around about 1994, there was an exodus of businesses from the inner city towards the north. That's how, you know, sent in, became, you know, sent in, became what it is today. And that left behind a lot of opportunities of properties that were underutilized. So when Tuft was started, it was started with the premise that it seeks to take advantage of those opportunities to repurpose those good properties that were left behind to bring about the much needed, you know, affordable rental housing within the inner city to bring people close to work opportunities. Favorite color is orange. You know, orange for me, it speaks about happiness, brings about hope, is bold, is active.