Yesterday's masterpiece provoked a lot of questions, and I am here to question all your answers. Today we are going to discuss how the borderline is forced into demonizing you, and if she fails, she demonizes herself. And yes, yes, gender pronouns are interchangeable. He, she, borderline personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder are diagnosed among men and among women, sometimes equally. So chill, I am using she or he for convenience sake. My name is Sam Vakni, I am the author of Malignant Self-Love, Narcissism Revisited, and I am a former visiting professor of psychology. And today we are going to visit the realm of the borderline narcissistic relationship and what they do to each other. And start by elucidating some of the more obscure points in yesterday's video. Borderline personality disorder. The borderline suffers from persecutory delusions. She has paranoid ideation. She is hyper-vigilant. She suspects everyone. She doesn't trust anyone, including herself. She is all the time questioning what is happening, why is it happening. She has referential ideation.  Paranoia is an integral part of borderline personality disorder, but why? Why does the borderline feel the need to be paranoid? Because it is an instrument. The paranoid ideation allows the borderline to extricate herself, to remove herself from a relationship. Now you remember that borderlines suffer from the twin anxieties. Abandonment anxiety, on the one hand, also known as separation insecurity. And engulfment and enmeshment anxiety. She approaches, then she avoids. Approach, avoidance, repetition, compulsion.  Don't leave me. But how could she justify to herself dumping or withdrawing from or avoiding a perfectly good partner? Someone who loves her, adores her, caters to her needs is even a bit submissive or subservient. How could she explain to herself why she would get rid of someone like that? And who better is she likely to find? This is done via paranoia. The borderline concocts very convoluted and complex narratives in which she is being victimized by a cabal of ill wishes, and that includes her intimate partner. Her intimate partner becomes an enemy, the secretary object that allows her to withdraw from him and to avoid him in good conscience. I'm withdrawing, I'm avoidant, I'm withholding, I'm frustrating, because he hates me. He conspires against me. He is malicious and malevolent. He is evil. And so, paranoid ideation is the pivot around which the borderline constructs her self-justifying stories as to why she keeps abandoning, rejecting, humiliating and fleeing from perfectly good partners. Of course, only to return a bit later. The persecutory dynamic in the borderline, I am being persecuted, is either autoplastic or alloplastic. Allow me to explain. I love these words. Absolutely adornable. Allow me to explain. Autoplastic persecutory dynamics? Dynamic? I'm a bad object. I'm an abuser. I'm not good for you. I'm corrupt. I'm having a bad influence on you. I'm retarding your growth. I'm undermining you. I'm destroying you. Stay away from me. That's an autoplastic persecutory dynamic, self-directed. The alloplastic persecutory dynamic is exactly the opposite. I'm a victim. You're abusing me. You're mistreating me. You're molesting me. It's horrible what you're doing to me. This is not justified. You're destroying me. You're controlling me.  You're my enemy. When the borderline feels the need to withdraw from the partner, to avoid the partner because she feels enmeshed. She feels engulfed, subsumed, consumed, digested by the partner. She feels she is on the verge of disappearing into the partner, merging, merging, infusing with him to the point of extinction. When she's terrified of decent measurement and engulfment, she develops the secretary delusions or paranoid ideation of one of two types, self-directed. I'm leaving you. I'm abandoning you. I'm rejecting you, my terrific intimate partner, because I'm bad for you. I'm bad for you. I don't want to affect you badly. I don't want to impact your life adversely. I'm protecting you. I'm doing this because I love you, etc. So this is autoplastic, self-directed, persecutory delusion. The other type, much more common, by the way, is the alloplastic, alloplastic variety. You are bad for me. It's not that I'm bad for you. You are bad for me.  I mean, you're wrong for me. When the borderline wants to extricate herself from a relationship because she feels enmeshed and engulfed, in short, she would either say to the partner, I'm bad for you, I'm gone, or she would say to the partner, you are bad for me, be gone. Okay? Got the picture? Okay. But what happens when the borderline fails, when her defenses fail, and she cannot convert an idealized object to a persecutory object? The borderline's intimate partner, exactly like the narcissist, is idealized. And now she needs to convert him from this angel to inflame soulmate, and I don't know what else, she needs to convert him into a persecutor, an enemy, an adversary, someone who hates her, someone who is out to get her, a conspirator. So this is not an easy process to transition from an idealized object to a persecutory object. And sometimes it fails. It's a defense. It's a way to defend against emotional vulnerability, emotional dysregulation, and intimacy. But what if this defense fails, and the object remains idealized? She cannot convert her partner in good faith into a molester, or an attacker, or an enemy, or because he's too good. He's simply too good. He doesn't give her reasons to do this. The reality is too much, and she just can't think of him this way. At this point, she can't regard herself as a victim. If her intimate partner is the ideal, perfect intimate partner, and she fails to convert him in her mind into an enemy, then of course she cannot claim to be a victim. And then there's only one option left. If the alloplastic dynamic failed, had failed, the only other option is the otoplastic dynamic. So having failed to render herself a victim because she couldn't bring herself to convert the idealized partner into an enemy, having failed that, the borderline then transforms herself into an abuser, perceives herself as a bad, unworthy object. If the partner is perfect, the partner is ideal, if the partner is a true friend and a real lover, then something is wrong with her. She is the one who is destroying the relationship.  This is the otoplastic dynamic, the otoplastic persecutory dynamic, and this ego-distony is too much to bear. This realization that she is the one who has been abusing her partner, she is the one who has been mistreating him, she is the one who has been torturing him with her drama antiques, etc., etc. This realization is too much. It creates extreme dissonance, which gives rise to unbearable anxiety, and then the only way out of this anxiety is acting out. The classic defenses collapse, she cannot project, she cannot split. She failed, she tried, she tried to convert her partner into a demon, into a devil. She tried to regard her partner as this evil, wicked, sinful entity, and she failed. And because she had failed, she now cannot be a victim, cannot perceive herself as a victim, and she regards herself as the abuser, and that is too much to bear, so she decompensates and she acts out. Acting out confirms to the borderline that she is a bad object.   So here's the sequence. When the relationship is highly intimate, the borderline begins to feel engulfed and meshed, subsumed, consumed. She's terrified. She wants out of the relationship. At first, she tries to reconceive of her intimate partner as an enemy. If he is an enemy, she is the victim. If she is the victim, she is justified in running away from him. If this were to fail, if this attempt to recast and render the intimate partner a demonic, evil, malicious and malevolent entity, if this attempt fails, the borderline then proceeds to regard herself as a bad, malevolent, evil, corrupt, decrepit object. But she has to prove this to herself. She has to somehow point at specific behaviors in order to convince herself that she is the abuser. She is the bad object. And this is where acting out comes into play. By acting out, the borderline affirms and confirms the basic deformities, flaws, shortcomings, and general malice that characterize herself as a bad object. Acting out is being a bad girl or a bad boy. Being a bad girl confirms to the borderline that she should withdraw from the relationship. She should abandon her intimate partner. She should walk away because she loves him and she doesn't want him to suffer and she doesn't want to impact his life adversely. It's an act of self-sacrifice. The borderline legitimizes forbidden, repressed interests in her partner. She resonates with her partner's pathological parts. She becomes a vector of contagion. It's as if the borderline is her intimate partner's dark side, his shadow and complexes, externalized, rarefied, embodied in the borderline. This is why in a relationship with the borderline there's always the feeling of some risk, residual risk, some danger lurking, some foreboding, some element of catastrophizing, because she is a repository of everything in her intimate partner that he had spent a lifetime denying, repressing, suppressing, forgetting, ignoring. Here she is, a perfect, beautifully shaped, sexy reminder of everything that he had wanted to forget about himself. The borderline in this sense brings to the surface currents and undercurrents which threaten to destabilize the composure and inner balance of her intimate partner. This is doubly and triply and quadruply true when the borderline's intimate partner is a narcissist because the borderline is the mirror image of the narcissist. She has introject inconstancy. He has object inconstancy. She considers herself a bad object externally, but not internally. He considers himself a bad object internally, but not externally. Now, introject inconstancy and object inconstancy I've discussed in previous videos and I recommend that you use the search facility, the search box on my channel to find them. Just type in introject constancy and you will find everything you need. But I want to focus on the second thing I've said. Second thing I've said is that both the borderline and the narcissist perceive themselves as bad objects. The belief that they are bad, unworthy has been inculcated in them in early childhood. But the locus of the badness, the locus of the bad object is different. The borderline believes that she is a bad object externally, behaviorally, socially, in interaction with others, interpersonally, but deep inside. She is not a bad object actually. She is a sweetheart. She is amazing. She is a heart of gold. She is a giver. She cares. She is compassionate. She is beautiful and wonderful.  That's how she perceives herself, the borderline. The narcissist perceives himself as exactly the opposite. Externally, he considers himself a gift to humanity, an amazing person, a wonder to behold, a unique specimen, a godlike entity.  So, borderline, internally, good object, externally, bad object, narcissist, internally, bad object, externally, good object. And this explains a lot of the dynamics between narcissists and borderlines when they are in an intimate couple. The borderline considers herself bad and flawed, and so she is very hyper-vigilant. She says, if my intimate partner gets too close to me, he will abandon me. If he sees me for who I am, he will run to the hills screaming. If he finds out the truth about me, he will flee. He will disappear on me. So, I want him to live in fantasy. I want him to not be embedded in reality. I don't want him to see the real me. I don't want him to see the real me. Because externally, I look, I appear to be a bad object. I know that internally, says the borderline, I know that internally, I'm a wonderful person. But externally, I appear to be a horrible person, and if he gets too close to the external apparition, to the external bad object, he will just vanish my intimate partner, this perfect ideal man that I've just found. So, the borderline pushes her narcissistic partner to reside in fantasy, to subsist in fantasy, to consist of fantasy. She wants him to fantasize. But fantasy, the fantasy defense in the case of narcissism, is apophagogy. It's sick, it's unhealthy. So, we can say safely that the borderline wants her narcissistic partner or her narcissistic partner to be sick, to be mentally ill, to be divorced from reality, to have an impaired reality testing, to be almost psychotic, to cultivate a fantastic space, rather than cope somehow with survival in reality. She pushes him to be sick. The borderline incentivizes and reinforces the narcissist's pathological fantasy defense, because within this fantasy defense, she is ideal, and he will never abandon her. Outside the fantasy space, she is real, she is bad, she is malicious, and when it comes to learn this, when it comes to know about this, is likely to reject her and abandon her. So, what she does, she feeds the narcissist with drama and conflicts. The borderline keeps the narcissist busy and distracted, as he desperately attempts to realign, reframe and redefine his internal objects. She throws, she creates situations which are very high in uncertainty, indeterminacy, fear, unpredictability, keeping him away from reality, busy, retouching and photoshopping her snapshot in his mind.  With all this, he pushes her to the brink of decompensation, falling apart, disintegrating, and then acting out cruelly, viciously and aggressively and psychopathically. She is a secondary psychopath. And so, this is the dynamic, the unhealthy dynamic between borderlines and narcissism. Someone wrote this question on Instagram. Is it a fair assumption to make that the narcissist regularly changes the internal state of the internal object, as all good or all bad, due owing to their own failures in life. So that he has her to blame, due to his grandiosity it can never be his fault. So he projects this onto the internal object and then coerces this image onto the external object in order to start the discard phase. No, you're confusing or conflating two issues. The discard, the devaluation and discard phases have to do with the uncompleted, incomplete separation, individuation in early childhood. I have about a bazillion videos dedicated exactly to this point. Devaluation and discard have nothing to do with reality, with events, with the environment. This is a totally internal process in the narcissist's mind, inexorable, needed, and there's nothing you can do about it. And nothing, you have no involvement in this as an intimate partner. The narcissist is going to devalue and discard you no matter what, because he needs to essentially devalue and discard his mother. She did not allow him to separate from her.  He's going to try to separate from you an individual. The only way to separate from you is to devalue you and then discard you. This has nothing to do with what you have mentioned. It is true that narcissists have alloplastic defenses. So whenever something goes wrong, whenever there's a failure or a defeat or a misfortune, the narcissist would tend to blame these on other people. And when they blame other people, of course, they reconceive, redefine, reframe, photoshop the internal objects that correspond to these people. So if the narcissist had failed, he would tend to blame his intimate partner and he would, of course, modify the internal object that represents his intimate partner. So as to reflect this imputed blame, guilt and responsibility, but this would have a temporary impact. The internal object would be re-idealized following the alloplastic defense. So that's a temporary thing. Devalue and discard are not temporary. In the devalue and discard phase, the narcissist detaches the internal object from the external object. The internal object actually remains idealized until very late in devaluation and discard. And then the narcissist changes, alters the internal object, renders it a persecutory object, which legitimizes the devaluation and the discard. But devaluation and discard is an autonomous process. And every time the narcissist's life is going to rise, every time he's failed in something, narcissistically been narcissistically injured, yes, he's going to blame you as an intimate partner, but it's not going to last. Your internal object is going to be re-idealized very fast until the point where he needs to separate from you permanently and then he will devalue you irreversibly, irrevocably and then discard you. I hope I've answered your questions. And if there's anything else I can do to elucidate your tumultuous and tormenting relationships with borderlines, please call upon me. I have a lot of vast experience with these women. And they are unusual. They require depth. They require deciphering and decoding. It is to your detriment if you don't understand them perfectly and deeply. It's a risky proposition to form a couple, become an intimate partner, or even to do business with someone with borderline personality disorder and just attribute their behavior to some eccentricity or oddity. That's not the case here. You need to be on your toes and alert because this can and often does end disastrously and badly. And you need to be protected in advance. So I'm giving you the heads up. The rest is up to you.


Mae'r amgueddfa Uso a mae'r unify sy'n eu cofanddo. Unify'r sylfa sy'n 2019 yn meddwl i'r campaign sy'n myllai sy'n myllai'r campaign, ac mae'r cerdd ymlaen i'r cyllid yn ei wneud. Ac mae'r campaign sy'n myllai sylfa sy'n myllai sy'n myllai, ac mae'n meddwl i'r buitawr mewn i'r unify sylfa sy'n myllai sylfa. Mae'r amgueddfa Ijaca Hasser yn myllai sylfa sy'n myllai sylfa. Mae'r unify sylfa sylfa sylfa. The second mural is based on the Welsh team, qualifying for the Euros. We've also got the Garry Speed, the WWE and the HIV campaign. I think the murals for me are a representation of the communities that they reside in, in particular the Buton Monalisa, which was created to represent the community within Buton. Buton is the oldest black community in Wales, which is wanting to create a mural that reflects that. The murals represent our voices to express identity and for the people, for the community, to kind of see themselves, you know, to be easy to identify. Also to show that, you know, no matter who you are, what colour skin, where you came from, that you're actually Welsh. I think it was great to be nominated for the St David's Award because just the recognition of our work was just something that was humbly.


Hello, I hope I haven't kept you waiting. Yes, this is the crime club. I'm the librarian. Hurses, don't hurry. Yes, we have that crime club story for you. Come right over. Take the easy chair by the window. Comfortable? The book is on this shelf. Here it is. Hurses, don't hurry. By Stephen Ransom. The very exciting story of a cleanup campaign that was messed up by murder. Let's look at it under the reading lamp. The city was small and clean and comfortable. Seen from a train window, it looked like many another American city, but something new had been added to this one that could not be seen from a train window. It was Christopher Chance, young special prosecutor who's been appointed by the governor to investigate corruption given the office of Anthony Pierce, the district attorney. It was early evening when Christopher Chance left the courthouse after a long conference with his friend and political benefactor, Judge Rosseter. Main Street was deserted and so was the little side street, two blocks away where his office was located. He walked slowly, but as he was about to step into the lobby of the small building, he turned just in time. I'm all right, Lee. I heard shots. Are you sure? You're not hurt. Not a scratch, darling. Oh, thank heavens. I've been so worried about you. There's nothing to worry about. Those gangsters had no intention of killing me. But they shot at you. The strategy of terror, Lee. I'll have Tony Pierce. Let's go upstairs to the office.  I'm afraid so. Maybe I'm getting a lot closer to his neck than I think. I'd give anything to see this case closed. You don't know what it's doing to me, Kit. It hasn't made you less beautiful, sweetheart. Don't forget, Mr. Chance. I'm still only your secretary. From nine to five. And from five to nine. You've got a big job to do. Is that why you're still here at seven o'clock? Because you're only my secretary? I was cleaning my typewriter. I bought this bottle of cleaning fluid this afternoon and I thought, well, I didn't know how long you were going to be with Judge Rosseter. I'm serious, Kit. What did he want? I've got to bring Tony Pierce to trial in two days. You can. I've got to. I've been on this job for three months and the governor wants action. Oh, are you sure it's the governor? What do you mean? It could be the judge for the sake of his daughter. What's Diane got to do with my case against Tony Pierce? Nothing, but she would like to be Mrs. Christopher Chance. You're not making sense, Lee. Well, you and Diane were pretty thick before you got the appointment and hired me. Look, dear, I've known Diane since we were pups. We were good friends, that's all. Kit, wasn't it Judge Rosseter who got you this appointment? Yeah. Why did he pick you? Because he thought I could do the job. Are you sure Diane didn't put him up to it? Well, I suppose she did. This golden opportunity, the magic carpet of a political career. Make good and you can go anywhere. All right.  But now I think she's out to break your political neck. You don't know Diane. She's very sweet, dear. But why is her father putting the pressure on you? He knows you're not ready to bring Tony Pierce to trial. I told him I have 18 witnesses who are ready to testify. Tony frame charges against them and settle for cash. He thinks that's enough. Did you tell him that Tony never took that money in person? Yeah, I even told him about Hope Schuyler. The mysterious lady who can't be found. Whom nobody even saw. He's got the whole story, Lee. About the abandoned warehouse on River Street, too? Well, the money was left in envelopes addressed to Hope Schuyler. Yeah. And still he wants you to be ready for trial in two days. Don't you think he realizes you have no case without Hope Schuyler? I'm not going to believe that Diane is knifeing me. Well, suit yourself. I won't say another word. You don't seem to understand. These people wouldn't put me on the spot. They're the oldest friends I have. They. Hello, Special Prosecutor's Office. Is Mr. Chance there? Yes, he's here. Who's calling? Skeets Nally. Just a minute. It's for you, Kit. Skeets Nally. No. Hello, Skeets. Where are you? I'm in a phone booth across the road from Art Gurney's flying school. There's a gas station here. Yes, I know. What's new? Plenty. The biggest break so far. But I ain't talking unless you're alone. All right. Hold on a minute. I'll take this inside, Lee. Go ahead, Skeets. Listen, I got the dope on Hope Schuyler. What? Yeah, I figured that she and that Tony Pierce guy must have been like mashed potatoes, so I done a little snooping.  Well, he's got a cabin in the woods near Bedminster, about a hundred miles from our town. Some of the folks up there remember seeing Tony Pierce driving through. Oh, what about Hope Schuyler? She used to get there by plane. Did anybody see her? No, but lots of folks who had a plane. And what do you know, boys? There's a very small landing field right near the cabin. Very, very private. How do you know there's a woman in that plane? I checked the cabin. That's how I know. It's called Lark Lodge, and there was a woman's dressing gown in one of the closets. Great. Does that prove she was Hope Schuyler? The plane that thing was using came out of the Art Gurney flying school. How do you know? Because I seen it. It's a two-seating job with the initials. H.S. painted on the side. Well... I got a break, see, when it took Gurney's heart, and his wife, Phyllis, went up for a little stratosphere. They left the hangar door open. So what was I going to do? It did fine, Skeets. Stay where you are. I'll be there in 15 minutes. Okay. I guess the Gurney should be able to give us a good description of Hope Schuyler. See you later, pal. Lee. Lee, darling. Lee, come on in. Lee, we cracked the case. We've got... Lee. Coral form. Operator. Get me police headquarters right away. I want to report a kidnapping. Skeets. Skeets is going to meet me in 15 minutes. I waited two hours. And I tried to get you on the phone. Lee Dale's been kidnapped. The Gurney's came down from their flight. Huh? What did you say? It's right out of my office while I was in the next room talking to you. Cloroplamman carried out. Wow. Somebody took an awful chance. I've been scouring the town of the police. Every joint from the warehouse on River Street to the back rooms of the pool parlors. Sony Pierce got this job done. And if he asked me... I thought I'd have locked large too. Did you tell the cops? No, not yet. Well, I don't get it. I've got to be sure she's there before I do anything. Oh, okay. I'm expecting a phone call. That's why I came back to the office. Who's going to call you? One of Tony Pierce's gangsters. And I can tell you exactly what he'll say. Yeah? Resign a special prosecutor and kill the evidence you've got, or you'll never see Lee Dale alive again. I suppose that happens. What do you do? I don't know. Would you quit? I said I don't know. Okay, so you'll quit. Just when we've gotten Tony Pierce and Hope Skyler. Hello? Kid? Lee, Lee Darling, are you all right? Yes, I'm all right. Where are you? I don't know. Oh, just a minute. Skeet, I know you want me to trace. Make it snappy. Lee, tell me what happened, huh? I can't. What was it, Tony Pierce? I haven't seen him. Kid, I've got something to tell you. Naturally. These men want you to quit. Yes. They say that if you don't quit, they'll kill me. I expected it, darling. I don't want anything to happen to you. Tell them I... No, Kid, I don't want you to resign. I don't... Kid, listen to me. I don't care what they do to me. I don't want you to... Lee, Lee. Skeets, Skeets. Just got it, boss. The number's bedminster942. Lock Lodge. That's what the operator said, Mr. Chance. Are we going now or are you still quitting? We're going. There it is, boss. Lock Lodge. And there's somebody home. Yes. We should have took the cops along, Mr. Chance. Okay, so you didn't want to shoot him. But what about us? We even got gunned. We're going right in. What? Oh, it's a special prosecutor. Come in, come in, won't you? And, uh, next time don't bother to knock. Where is she, Pearson? Where is who, Mr. Special Prosecutor? Lee Dale. Lee Dale. Oh, yes, yes, your charming secretary. Has she, uh, given you the win? All right, Skeets, search the house. That's easy. There's only three rooms. Excuse me, Mr. Special Prosecutor. I, uh, don't want to be picky on, but, uh, have you a warrant? Go ahead, Skeets. I'm afraid I'll have to say no. Hey, he's loaded. We, uh, back woodsmen always insist on our rights. We don't like intruders who, uh, break in without words.  Really? Well, this is serious, isn't it? But if you'd rather go to the chair as a murderer, put a bullet in my back because I'm going to search this house myself. You don't have to, kid. What on earth? Hey. Diane. I guess I won't need this gun now. You can search the place if you still want to. Diane Rosseter. I'm sorry about this, kid. I didn't think that Tony and I would ever be found out. Where's Lidae? My father mustn't know. It would kill him. He must never find out. Just tell me where I can find Lidae. I don't know. You're lying. I haven't seen her since this morning. She was here. She phoned me from here. Skeets traced the call. I haven't seen her since this morning, kid. Where's she been moved to? I... Oh, right at that time. But listen to me and you two, Pierce. You've given me my case. I can drag Hope Schuyler into court now. You're wrong, kid. I'm not Hope Schuyler. But I'll forget the whole thing. It leaves in her apartment by the time Skeets and I get back to town. Does that mean that you're going to resign? You've got exactly three hours. Come on, Skeets. Kid? Leave him alone, Diane. He knows what he's doing. But, Tony... It's a great sacrifice. I told him once that herces don't hurry. The grave always waits. It's too bad, Mr. Special Prosecutor. We had to dig such a deep one for you. What's the time, Mr. Chance? Oh, about half past two. Yeah. It's been a great day for the grave diggers. Mind if I turn on the radio? I feel like some slumber music. Skeets, I just can't get it through my head about Diane. She's Hope Schuyler. A partner of that chief chiseling crew. A girl I've known practically all my life. Yeah, but that ain't no reason to quit. She's Judge Rossiter's daughter. Skeets, have you any idea what that man did for me? He got your point at Special Prosecutor. He let me money to go to law school with him. Then he set me up in practice. How can I show up his own daughter? That ain't easy, boss. But in this world, the guy's got to be practical. Friendship, okay. But when you've got a chance, you've got to be practical. Friendship, okay. But when you've got a chance to go places, you've got to. We interrupt the early morning recital of organ music by Al Finnelli to bring you the latest developments in the flying school murder. Hey, what's that? The police are now satisfied that Art Gurney, who operated the school and landing field with his wife, Phyllis, was shot and killed sometime between 10 and 11 o'clock last night. Did you hear that, Art Gurney? All indications point to a woman as the murderer. Phyllis Gurney, the murdered man's wife, has disappeared, and several motorists have come forth with information that a small, unidentified plane took off from the field at about the time Art Gurney was believed to have been killed. Several of these witnesses insist that the person at the controls was a woman. But when asked for a description, they were not able to... Now you can't quit, boys. It's murder between 10 and 11 o'clock last night. Them two people was the only ones who could have told us what Hope Skyler looked like. Now one of them's dead. Hey, what's the idea, turning off the road? We're going to the Gurney Field. I want you to see if Hope Skyler's plane is missing. Sure, but I can tell you right now. Look, Mr. Chance, is that girl Diana Rossiter know how to fly? Well, she has a license. Okay. I go where you go, but between you and me, I'd rather go home. There's the hang of it, boys. The door's open. Hey, you have to run so fast.  I'll need it in the future. All right, skis. Phew. Where's the light switch? It should be, uh, right about here. I got it. What color was it, skis? Yellow. Two-seater. Yeah, and initials, eight chests on this side. There's a yellow plane. That ain't it, Mr. Chance. That's a single. Hope Skyler's plane ain't here. Well, you know, we wasn't made right. Don't run, Santa. Let's go, skis. I'll drive you home, and I'll stop off at Lee's apartment. And she'd better be there. Oh, please. Not all at once. Oh, darling. Um, don't you think we ought to close the door? All right. Oh, you don't know what looking at you does to me. I'm a little glad to see myself. Let's sit down. They didn't hurt you. Kit, they let me go. They drove me to the door downstairs. They even let me see their faces. Why, Kit? I'm resigning. No. I've got to, Lee. Tony Pierce hit me twice tonight. Once with you and... I'm not letting you quit. I don't care what kind of a bargain you made with Tony Pierce about me. You don't... You don't have to keep it. He's a thief. Ah, there's more to it than that. Diane Rosseter is Hope Skyler. What? Well, no doubt about it. I bring Tony to trial. I have to prosecute Diane for murder. Murder? Ah, what's... You don't know I wasn't cut out for big things. I'm too sentimental. Who was murdered, Kit? Art Gurney. The flying school. Yes, I've seen it. But why him? Look, dear, you've had a pretty eventful night. I'll tell you the whole story at the office tomorrow. You're going to tell me now why Diane Rosseter is so important that you've got to protect her. I'm not protecting her, Lee. It's her... Who can that be at four o'clock in the morning? Well, probably a wrong number. Don't move. I'll be back. Hello? Yes, speaking. Who? I just got in a few minutes ago. What? I see. Yes. Where can I reach you about ten o'clock? Uh-huh. All right, phone me in the morning. No, here. I'll tell you where I can meet you. Yes. Goodbye. Who was it, Lee? Hmm? What? Uh, something a matter? The matter? No. No, of course not. That was a friend of mine. She's at a party and she... It's nothing important. Nice people. Well, see you at the office. Yes.  I got some business with Judge Rosseter first. All right, kid. I'll see you whenever you get there. When did you return to the fold? Kid, please. Yeah. Tell Judge Rosseter I'd like to see him. Kid, I tried to get you on the phone a few minutes ago. I'd like to speak to your father, Diane. He's at the courthouse. He left early this morning. All right, I'll speak to him then. Wait. What for? I want you to give me a chance to explain about last night. Some other time. No.  Now look, Diane.  I'm not hope, Skylar.  Sure. You've got to believe me. I went a little crazy yesterday. I saw Lee Dale in the morning.  She told you? I stopped thinking. Oh, kid, I've been in love with you for years. I've never shown it, but I hope to spend that girl in less than three months. Now, what's that got to do with Tony Pierce?  I wanted to hurt you. Anything. So long as it would destroy you. What about that crook, Diane? There was only one way. Your career. You would never finish the case against Tony if it meant disgracing my father. So I called Tony and I told him that I would be willing to let you suspect me of being Hope Skylar. And I told him why. But last night at Lark Lodge, you denied it. I lost my nerve. I realized what a vicious thing I was doing. And then when you asked Tony and me about Lee Dale... You knew she'd been kidnapped. No. No, all I knew was that Tony was sure you'd come there. I didn't know why. Yeah. You don't believe me. How did you get up to the lodge? In Tony's car. He called me a few minutes before eight and asked me to meet him near the lodge. What about your plane? My what? The one you stored at the Gurney flying field. Get you know I've never owned a plane. Do I? I have a palace license, but... What are you talking about? The Art Gurney murder. I heard about it on the radio. The plane that took off between 10 and 11 and never came back belongs to Hope Skylar. Oh. Art Gurney was killed between 10 and 11 last night. And you think that I... You've got nothing to worry about. I won't tell a soul. Get you're so wrong. You're so wrong. And it's all my fault. If I had lost my head yesterday.  Oh, can't forgive me, please. Forgive me. You don't know what it means to be in love with someone who doesn't love you. I didn't realize what I was doing. You'd better answer that phone die, and it might be your boyfriend. All right, and I'll answer it. Hello. Is that you, Mr. Chance? What's the matter, Skeets? I've been trying to get you all over town. Your apartment, your office, no answer, no place. So I figured... Here you are. Listen, I spotted that Phyllis Gurney thing. She was driving right through the middle of town. What's that got to do with me? Well, listen, will you? So I get in the cab and I follow her. Guess where she went? Skeets, in case you've forgotten, I'm resigning. Yeah, yeah, I know. She went right to that old warehouse on River Street. What? You know, the place where Hope Scala used to pick up the sucker dough for Tony Pierce? Where are you now? I'm in a phone booth a couple of blocks away, at the ferry station. Wait for me. I'll be there in ten minutes. That's how I figured, boys. What's this thing wanting is warehouse? Get out, Skeets. See? Sure. And then it hits me. Tony Pierce collected a lot of dough in the way, but it don't show up in his bank books. And you checked all the safety boxes in town, so where's the dough? Is that her car over there? Yeah. Hey, that came from inside the warehouse. Come on. It's locked. We'll have to break it down. Come, ready? All right. One more. McCauskey's. The back of the warehouse. It's gone. Must have been parked in that open lot. Whoever was here with Phyllis Gurney got out through this open window. Maybe it was Phyllis. Let's look around. That storage room over there. But her car is up front. Hey, there's a light in that room. Looks like something's on the floor. Burn it. Come on. There's more than a light. Step on that light. Quick. She looks dead to me, boss. She is. Huh. First the husband gets knocked off. Now it's Phyllis. Maybe I was wrong about her coming here for... Hey, I smell cleaning stuff. The dress is saturated with the skeets. You mean that burning rag was meant to... Holy mackerel. Somebody was out to do a good job, huh? But didn't have time to finish it. The killer even forgot to take the empty bottle. What are you holding her like that for by the top of her neck? Maybe fingerprints. You stay here, Skeets. I'm going to put this bottle in my car. Then I'm going to make a couple of phone calls. One of them to the police. Oh, he's just come in, Judge Rosseter. I'm sorry I bothered you. Goodbye. Kit, where have you been? I surely thought you'd gone to resign. There's no hurry, Lee. I can do that an hour from now. You're not going to do it at all. Kit, you must listen. Where were you about 40 minutes ago? Where? I called you here at the office several times. There's no answer. I was downstairs looking for the super. I forgot my keys and he had to... I noticed your car downstairs. What's the matter with you? I always leave my ignition key at the garage. I have my car delivered every morning. Oh, I'm sorry. There's been another murder. Oh? Who? Phyllis Gurney. Good heavens. When? About an hour ago. Well, I guess I'd better get cleaned up if I'm going to see Judge Rosseter. You're not resigning, Kit. I'm afraid there's nothing you can do about it, Lee. Where's that bottle of cleaning fluid you bought yesterday? Listen to me, please.  You were using it to clean up your typewriter. That's not important now. Don't you realize what's going to happen to you? You'll be called a failure. Look, honey, I want to get these grease spots out of my coat. Will you get me that cleaning fluid? Kit, don't I mean anything to you? Have you been just talking to me about love? Lee, haven't you got that bottle? Yes, I have it if that's all you care about. It's in the closet where I put it. You'll worry about grease spots, but I can talk myself sick. Here. Here's the bottle of cleaning fluid. Enjoy yourself. Thanks. I, uh, spoke to Tony Pearson on the phone before I came back here. Of course. You're his buddy now. He is at Locke Lodge. I'm not interested. He couldn't have been in town this morning and gotten back to the lodge so fast. I knew he didn't fly.  Yes. You must have hidden strength. Or would this be a new bottle that had never been opened before? What do you mean? Would you like to make the rounds of the hardware and department stores with me? There aren't too many in this town. I'd like to know what you meant by that, Kit. All right. Your Hope Schuyler. What?   You just walked out after you listened in on my conversation with Skeets. Isn't that right? No. You heard him tell me about Locke Lodge, the gurneys and the plane so you decided to get rid of the gurneys. You don't know what you're talking about. You had chloroform and you left the odor of it in this room. Then you got in touch with Tony and told him what Skeets had found out. Oh, for pity's sake. Our est was operation frame-up. You flew to Locke Lodge and phoned me. You know I'd have the call traced. In the meantime, Tony was getting Diane ready for her grand entrance.  You knew how she'd react. You wanted to marry me, didn't you, Kit? Yes. But you never said you would to me. There's a good reason, wasn't there? You're already married to Tony Pierce. What? I found his marriage certificate in the bottom drawer of your dresser. Anthony Pierce, Hope Schuyler. Just one week before you came to work for me. Wedding before him by a justice of the peace upstate. Big secret. Well, what are you going to do about it? Is that the gun that killed two gurneys? Mm-hmm. Two gurneys and one special prosecutor. Lee, didn't you notice I left the door open when I came in? You what? Why do you suppose I did that? To create a draft? Oh. You have a CUNY police department in this town? It likes to be in on everything. There's only one place in the world that feels like home. The old, rossety living room. I'm glad you still think so, Kit. It's all over Diane. Lee confessed, Tony confessed. They're going to be tried for murder, and I'm prosecuting. But Tony didn't commit murder. He certainly did. Lee did the shooting, but Tony helped her plan it. Kit, what made you suspect Lee? Up to this morning... A bottle. In fact, she didn't answer the phone at the office. That's all? That's all a fellow needs, honey, to start thinking. After that, I remembered everything. How things began to move after Skeet's phoned me about Hope Schuyler. Then the mysterious phone call, at four o'clock in the morning. Who was it, really? Phyllis Gurney. You see, Tony and Lee had been paying the Gurneys to keep quiet about Hope Schuyler. But when Art Gurney was murdered, Phyllis decided it would take a lot of money to compensate her. A hundred thousand dollars. Well, we all do foolish things sometimes. Diane, would you do me a favor? Of course. After we're married, if I ever look at another woman, will you please? Darling, I'll never be selfish again. Oh, no. Be selfish. But if you're going to ruin me, dear, do it with a kiss, huh? And so closes tonight's crime club book, Herces Don't Hurry, based on a story by Stephen Ransom. Stedman Cole's did the radio adaptation, Roger Bauer produced and directed. In tonight's cast, you heard Sidney Smith as Christopher Chase, Charlotte Lawrence as Lee Dale, Joseph Julian as Skeets, Helen Shields was Diane Rosseter, and Larry Haynes was Anthony Pierce. Oh, I beg your pardon. Hello? I hope I haven't kept you waiting. Yes, this is the crime club. I'm the librarian. Yes, come over a week from tonight. Good. We have the very exciting story of an image that was the reflection of death. It's called Death Never Doubles. In the meantime? Well, in the meantime, there's a new crime club book available this week and every week at bookstores everywhere. Yes, it's available now. Fine. Can we look for you next week? Oh, yes. You've probably jotted down the birthdays to remember during June. Remember that June is Remember Disabled Veterans Month. This program came from New York. This is the Mutual Broadcasting System.


Hello, everybody. Welcome back to another episode of Anabaptist Perspectives. We're here at Effort of Mennonite School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. We're with Chester Weaver. Now, you've spent an awful lot of time teaching. I know you especially love history. And I think this is a great opportunity to dive into some of our past. So the one we're going to cover today is fundamentalism. And before we get too deep into that, just describe a little. What is Christian fundamentalism? Okay.  Our session here tonight is not going to be dealing with the story of the Dutch Mennonites. We'll talk about fundamentalism in the context of the Swiss Brethren people. So there are three branches of Anabaptism, the Dutch, Prussian, Russian Mennonites, the Swiss Brethren, and the Hutterites. So I'm only looking at the Swiss Brethren part of the story. I'm also very much aware that this topic is very easily misunderstood. On one hand, what we're talking about may tend to jerk the rug out from under some people's feet. I plead carefulness and further research. And I realize whenever I'm entering into this, some people may feel threatened by what I have to say. And I just ask the evidence of Anabaptist history. If something can be misunderstood, it will be misunderstood. So I recognize this that it's dangerous and I probably will be misunderstood and criticized and labeled as a result of this. But somebody has to do this dangerous work. Okay. Fundamentalism grows out of a reaction to liberalism. So I'm going to have to define both fundamentalism and liberalism. Let me start with liberalism. Modern religious liberalism was born in Germany in the 1800s. And it's often associated with Friedrich Schleiermacher and Julius Wellhausen. So their religious liberalism was, we usually think of in terms of higher criticism, where you doubt what God says in his word until it's proven. Okay. So that began to filter into the Mennonite Church, what I'm calling the old Swiss Brethren Mennonite Church, especially through Goshen College. Not full-fledged, but it began to edge into that. Some responsible leaders began to see that they need to do something about this. And to combat liberalism, they borrowed fundamentalism. They did not go back to their own story. And so if I could go to this chart, you'll notice that in our beginnings here in 1500 and 1600, we experienced persecution. Eventually, when we came across the water, our people experienced materialism from 1700 up to the 1800s. And in the mid-1800s, by this time, we were losing people by the droves because they were moving west. The word was, go west, young man. But they didn't go west to a church. Church was not as important as money. Okay. So if people have no anchor and they're going to set up a school, part of the revival that happened over this time, like with John S. Kaufman, is we got to go to school. And so when they started Goshen to deal with some of our weaknesses, it became tainted with liberalism. And so that is why fundamentalism was born and borrowed. Okay. So now let's go back and talk about fundamentalism. So what is it? May I read something directly off this paper? Because I want to be careful that I said exactly right. Perhaps the most important point for understanding theological liberalism is that it was a movement to save Protestantism. The generations of Protestants that came of age between 1865 and 1917 were faced with the most profound challenges to their faith. Darwinism and higher criticism were challenging the authority of the Bible, and the new Freudian psychological ways of thinking were revolutionizing thought at almost every level. It meant social changes, plus rapid secularization, especially in science and higher education, were eroding Protestantism's practical dominance in this country. Now that we're talking about America. That's right. In personal terms, this meant that many people brought up to accept unquestioningly the complete authority of the Bible, and the sure truths of evangelical teaching found themselves living in a world where such beliefs no longer were considered intellectually respectable. Such was typical of the personal histories of the leaders of the liberal movement. When they reached the universities, they were confronted with the most difficult choice. They could hang on to evangelicalism at the cost of sacrificing the current standards for intellectual respectability. If they were going to retain such intellectual respectability, it seemed that they must either abandon Christianity or modify it to meet the standards of the day. For many, the latter choice seemed the only live option. Many church-going people must have shared these liberal sentiments. By the first decades of the century, liberalism or modernism, as it was coming to be called, was well entrenched in almost all of the leading theological seminaries. Probably more than half of Protestant publications leaned toward modernism, and liberals occupied perhaps one-third of the nation's pulpits. Okay, that's a quote from Marston in his book. His book is entitled Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism. Now, so liberalism is trying to save the faith. They're trying to save the faith by deifying the historical process that God was incarnate in the development of humanity versus God invading history to do a particular work. Now, I don't have time to flesh all that out. Just take my word on it for right now. Secondly, they were stressing at the ethical Christianity. Christianity was doing good, not doctrine, okay, versus being a child of God. Stressing ethics over actually living their faith. That's right. Ethics and theology versus living. Okay, so now we come into dualism, and if you notice this, Gnosticism, and we ought to do a whole session on this. Gnosticism is practically expressed in Protestantism as salvation is separated from ethics, beliefs, and church. Whereas the New Testament teaches salvation, it's all this as one, oneness, okay? So this is a part of the mix. Dualism is coming in. Okay, another way of defining this is the centrality of religious feelings versus routine faithfulness to Christ. Okay, so this problem is not a problem of the people of the Two Kingdom concept. This is a problem for people who have dualism. But because of encroaching worldliness and the increasing loss of the Two Kingdom concept, the problem became a Mennonite problem. It wasn't originally a problem. It's because Mennonites by this time had lost their story. They were on this side of the ocean, they were going from German to English, and they were borrowing Protestantism as their worldview. And because of that, they inherited this problem. But instead of looking to their own history to solve the problem, they looked to Protestantism to solve their problem. And so, on the one hand, while Goshen was getting these liberal influences, some leaders were seeing that this is not okay. But their way of combating it was not to go to their own story, but to borrow fundamentalism. So now we need to flesh out what we mean by fundamentalism. There are several fundamentalist lies. Christianity is performance, perfectionism-based. Fundamentalism teaches pride, fear, and shame, and despair that characterize normal Christian experience. Again, it would be nice to flesh all of this out. But a third lie, others who do not do it our way are threats to us. And fourth, being argumentative, critical, and judgmental of others is okay. And so, in our people, we have a divide. We have the liberal influences now being attacked by this kind of thing. And it made a huge issue in our people. And finally, the issue came to a head in 1944, a watershed year. In 1943 and 44, the church leaders came together at the Mennonite General Conference, and they were at loggerheads. Something had to give. Yeah. Okay, we cannot. There's two thoughts. Can two walk together except they'd be agreed? No. So what happened there? The liberals took it from there. So that lays the groundwork as to what happened later in the 60s and why it happened. So that's not where we're going right now. Sure, which we'll catch that in the next episode, so stay tuned for that. The conservative Protestants saw the religious liberals as a sell-out to simple unbelief. So they launched this counterattack. Okay, so part of their basic part of their counterattack was rejection of Darwinism because it questioned the accuracy of the Bible and reversed the relationship of science to Christian faith. And secondly, they introduced several Protestant innovations such as premillennialism, dispensational premillennialism. There was a book, a set of books, 12 books that were written called The Fundamentals. The word fundamentalism actually was taken from. And we have 12 volumes, and I don't want to take the time. You can see them here, like The Virgin Birth, The Deity of Christ. Some of these fundamentals we very much appreciate, like The Resurrection, The Little Resurrection of Jesus Christ, The Virgin Birth of Christ. Inspiration of the Bible, all that stuff. But there's a whole lot more to it that makes the issue. Okay, and it's those issues that actually turned the Anabaptists away from their own story. Let me show you this. The impact of fundamentalism on the old Mennonites now. Okay, in reaction to this liberalism, we absorb their Protestant emphasis on a personal conversion. It's God and I. Historically, Anabaptism talks about God and we. As in the community of believers. That's right. God works with us as individuals and as a group. But now we're losing the group consciousness. We're losing Glassenheit. We're going back to just God and I. I need to get a ticket to heaven. Okay, so number two. Revival meetings of the 1800s were modeled after the evangelical revival meetings. It's a fundamentalism of that. The strong preaching against liberalism. We just borrowed it. But revivalism is not a part of our history. It's not a part of our story. Man, interesting. Okay.  And so we're back to this dualism thing over here. See, the Protestant version of dualism, you separate salvation from ethics and beliefs and church. And that's not biblical. The real source of this fundamentalism comes from Princeton College's militant fundamentalism and Calvinism. Fifthly, borrowings from D. L. Moody and Schofield's premillennialism help bring these ideas into the mainstream of evangelical Christianity. And as they came in, we borrowed it. I don't want to hit a rabbit drill here, but the premillennialism thing. Was that at all anything to do with anti-Baptism before this time? No. That is so interesting because it's not like that at all anymore. Okay, I didn't know that. Prosperity eliminated the need for each other and train travel made transportation both fast and comfortable. And so we're losing community also as a part of this. Okay, that's some of the impact here. Ideas always have consequences. And sometimes we need to look at the ideas to understand the consequences that have generated these ideas. Get back to the bigger picture in our country. World War I was like a watershed. It was the last time anti-Baptists were persecuted. But it's also prime time for fundamentalism to come into the church. We actually benefited from some of this fundamentalism because we drank and brewed our own liquor. But the fundamentalists helped us understand that tea totalism is better than that. And we are indebted to fundamentalism for helping us get rid of alcohol, believe it or not. And prohibition was the national mood and we bought into it. And we actually helped ourselves on that one. That's interesting. So now we're talking about 100 years ago at this point. That's right, 100 years ago. So another thing that happened over this time. Atheism and religious liberalism are related. And this was unfolding in Russia. Stalin, Russia. Lenin's, Russia. Atheism. It's an outgrowth of liberalism. Okay, so anybody who is fundamentalist is against communism and atheism. Big time. So that also feeds into the emotional reaction that we had. We want to oppose this with everything we've got. So we're against communism and against atheism. We transferred that over into this country and we started getting involved in politics. We need to vote now to keep these atheists and communists out of government. But the facts are secularism had come to stay in America. And we had to deal with it and so instead of borrowing from our own, using our own story, we did all this borrowing and we didn't stay on top of it too well because there was a revolution in morals that was going on and we used fundamentalism to deal with the morals. The movies were coming in as a new thing. Sex stars, violence. But the way we dealt with it is through fundamentalism. We make rules against it. Anabaptism is all about a living, personal relationship with Jesus Christ. A love, obedient relationship to Jesus Christ. And this idea of having rules now to deal with our issues is opposite, is not a part of the anabaptist story. So that's more of a newer thing that came because of this secularism. Exactly. Wow. Afroideanism and the freedom of expression is another one. Modern advertising encouraged consumerism. But again, if you have a fundamentalist mindset, you've got to make rules to deal with all these things. And if you have the collapse of communal standards for enforcing proper behavior, that's what was happening in America. Everything was, the morals were breaking down. You've got to make rules to make people behave right. Correctly. And that's not anabaptist. It's not a historic faith. Women began smoking in public. They didn't always cover their knees. They cut their hair short. They stepped outside the home. You've got to make a rule to deal with this. Instead of having a relationship with Jesus Christ where He already speaks to those things, we switched from Christ to fundamentalism as a way to solve our problem. Dancing became socially acceptable out there, so we need to make a rule on it. Evolution was viewed as scientific and creationism was caricatured as ignorance in religious clothes. On this one, we actually learned some things. We never lost our creationism. Interesting. Okay. So we benefited from this one. And our liberal Mennonite friends have turned to more of a theistic evolution kind of thing. But the kind of people you and I represent have not. So again, not everything that fundamentalism introduced was negative. So we've unpacked some of what fundamentalism is, specifically how it's affected our Mennonite churches here in America. With that backdrop, how do we move forward? What's the next step for, well, I guess you could say my generation, the millennials? That's a very good question. May I answer that in 10 points? Yes, please. First of all, there was no such thing as liberalism, fundamentalism, controversy in our story for 350 years. Whoa. I never thought of that before. Okay. Old Mennonites understood the word of God as Jesus Christ, the living word. They believed and obeyed to the best of one's ability. No alternatives existed. Secondly, Jesus Christ stood at the center of the Holy Scriptures. He was Emmanuel, God with us. The Holy Scriptures were to be interpreted Christocentrically. Christ himself was to be incarnated in every individual Christian, as well as every congregation in their everyday experience. It's not dualism where you do the religious things on Sunday and other things during the week. This is all one. This is standard Anabaptist theology since its origin. And to be real strict on Sunday and then loose on Monday through Saturday is an expression of fundamentalism. Thirdly, the Schleitheim Confession 1527, the first known as Brotherly Union, states in his cover letter, quote, Dear Brothers and Sisters, we who have been assembled in the Lord at Schleitheim make known in points and articles unto all that love God, that as far as we're concerned, we have been united to stand fast in the Lord as obedient children of God, sons and daughters who have been and shall be separated from the world in all that we do and leave undone, uncontradicted by all the brothers completely at peace. That's our story right there. And it was stated in 1527, Schleitheim. Fourthly, Anabaptism has always held a theology of a living story based on a relationship with a living Christ. With his disciples walking in the resurrection. Christianity was about a relationship with a person. Daniel Kaufman used strange language in his doctrines of the Bible when he said, quote, the right keeping of the teaching of the Word of God necessarily depends on the right understanding of the truth. Christian doctrine involves the commandments, teaching, standards, and principles essential to saving faith and victorious life. End of quote. The entire book, doctrines of the Bible, breathed a different spirit than traditional Anabaptist understanding. Number five, movement forward on issues happens with strong group consensus. That's a way forward. The Schleitheim Confession was a statement of the Christian way of life in the context of brotherhood. No man is in Christ apart from his brother. You and I find our way together as a part of the body of Christ in dealing with the issues we face. Thus, the simple majority vote is invalid on major issues because not all the brothers have come to agreement. And we can park and talk about that. Yeah, yeah. That's interesting, but I see where you're coming from. Yeah. Number six, an obedient love-faith relationship between Christ and a believer is prerequisite for church membership. Anabaptism then understood the locus of authority to be in the local congregation. Old Mennonites borrowed from other traditions the idea of institutions, like conferences, to manage spiritual life inter-congregationally. That also comes in as a borrowed idea. We're talking about ways forward here. Number seven, this is pretty important. The Apostles Creed, the Nicene Creed, the first article of the Dorter Confession, which is in 1632, all begin with God. Subsequent articles in the Dorter Confession define living faith as discipleship to Jesus Christ. However, the Garden City fundamentals, which were written in 1921 in the time period we're talking about, do not begin with God. They begin with the Holy Scriptures, being careful to include the language of inerrancy while being less careful to define Christianity as discipleship to Jesus Christ. It's a subtle shift, but I've never thought of that before. Some people would say that the Garden City fundamentals, which are used by a number of conservative groups today, is a Lutheran confession, a Lutheran statement. Number eight, historian Robert Friedman noted that Galassanite had largely been lost among the Old Mennonites by 1930. As a result of borrowing this fundamentalism, we lost our Galassanite. Galassanite is a key element required for individuals and churches to work together. It might or lack thereof is evidence of Christ's presence or absence in working relationships. However, the use of the law during times of ordination as a work in congregational expression of Galassanite has not been lost. Number nine, in the first half of the 1900s, the Old Mennonite General Conference, found in 1898, had become a legislative enforcement agency in its effort to preclude encroachment by the world, including liberalism. When local leaders failed to win the loyalty of their local congregations to Christ and the perennial struggle against general worldliness, Mennonite General Conference was expected to do the job. This institutional expectation was the departure from traditional Anabaptist understanding. We're talking about ways forward here, and the way forward is not to have an institution make the rules. Number 10, 1943-1944 meetings of the Mennonite General Conference illustrate the clash and the impasse between progressive and fundamentalist leaders. The suspicions, the stubbornness, and Galassanite failure on both sides of the clash had troubled the Mennonite General Conference for years, and that 1944 was considered the watershed year. To this day, the Old Mennonites of both sides, the liberal side and the conservative side, neither one of them have recovered from the innovations introduced during that liberalism-fundamentalism clash to this day. Wow. Okay, so I'd like to conclude by saying Harold Bender, when he went back into history and shared with us our own story, refused to buy into liberalism or fundamentalism. He insisted that there's another way, but he was a lonely voice and only a few people got it. Now, I'm curious, what did he call that other option between those two? Did he have a name for it? No, he didn't really have a name for it. It's almost like a third way, like a third option. Exactly. Yeah. See, human beings are forever. If you're not in this ditch, you go to the other ditch. Right. We are so predictable in that way. So to wrap it all up, people that are watching this, what's one thing they can do right now to either learn more about this or instigate some of these changes in their own lives? The most important thing is to have a living relationship with Jesus Christ. A living love-faith relationship with Jesus Christ. That is, and it's called discipleship on it. The animatrix has assisted them in discipleship. And the other thing, there's all kinds of books out here to read. Julian's submission is one of them. And this book by Marston, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelism. When we work on uploading this, make sure we need to make sure and put links to those books so we can go and buy those. Yes. A lot of this is maybe people need to gain the knowledge to understand these things to be able to choose the right path. Don't trust me. Read it for yourself. The very sad thing is that many people now are equating fundamentalism with anti-baptism. Yeah, I've heard that. It's not true. It's not true. But we're living in ignorance and nobody knows. That's part of the passion, that's part of the burden that I have. So maybe hopefully this video and this podcast will help change some of that. Hopefully. Well, thank you so much for sharing that. I really appreciate it. Again, anybody listening or watching this send us an email, write us a comment and look up some of these materials you've mentioned as well. Yeah, thank you so much.