An obstetric ultrasound is used to produce pictures of a developing embryo and the mother's uterus and ovaries. For scans done in early pregnancy, you're required to have a full bladder. For scans in the second and third trimester, you need to have eaten well to ensure that the baby is active. On the day of the scan, you'll be settled comfortably in a private area and you need to remove all accessories. Please inform the doctor about your medical history. Gel will be applied to the abdomen to provide better contact between the skin and the scanner. Obstetric ultrasound is best if the fetus is examined in different positions to optimally visualise the fetal parts. Pictures are sent instantly to a nearby monitor. The doctor may have to push quite firmly at times to see the deeper structures. The excess gel is wiped off gently after the scan. The procedure usually takes about 30 minutes. As the desired fetal positions may not be obtained in one sitting, multiple sittings may be required.


In recent weeks, the level of insecurity in Korgi State has been alarming. On the 5th of June, many people were feared dead and several houses raised during a renewed BASA Igbura crisis in BASA local government area of the state. Well, joining us to shed more light on this is the Honourable Commissioner for Information in Korgi State, Mr Kingsley Fowler. Thank you so much, Mr Fowler, for joining us. Thank you very much for having me and good evening viewers around the world. Great. I'm super interested in the way that these attacks keep happening. In October of 2021, six persons reportedly died in a communal clash. This was reported by police. Sometime again in 2022, earlier this year, there was another clash and then a few days ago, there's another clash. Help us walk us through what exactly is the cause or is behind these communal clashes. Thank you very much. We are not comfortable with the insecurity brewing in BASA local government area. It is one of the 21 local government councils in Korgi State, so we cannot be talking about an alarming rate of insecurity in the state. We also read a lot of reports concerning the attacks and the violence there. We can report authentically that since it broke out, we have less than 10 people that we've lost. That's a very high figure because every single soul is precious to the government of Korgi State. What's actually happened in BASA has been an age-long hostility between two main tribes that constitute that local government. You have the BASA KUM and you have the GERA MOZU. These two groups have been at logger's head for years, for hundreds of years. In the last 16 years, the thing has escalated to a very high level. In 2016, November, we had a very serious crisis that the state government had to step in to be able to resolve. A lot of things have led to these hostilities, including land disputes between the two ethnic groups. It also had to do with disputes on fish ponds by the two major ethnic groups. Also, you discover that these two ethnic groups are in Nassarawa State. Whenever there is a crisis between the two ethnic groups in Nassarawa State, it was peeled to Korgi State. A lot of this has resulted into a lot of hostilities. Some are political, some are even instigated by some traditional rulers in those places. We are having a very holistic approach at the moment to ensure that anyone who is found wanting is severely dealt with. As you speak, the royal fathers of the two ethnic groups are giving very useful information to the police. As far as we are concerned, no matter who's ox is gone, we have to attack the issue with bloody-mindedness to ensure that the lives of our people are safe. I'm made to understand that there are some elders and community leaders that have been arrested in connection to all of these ethnic clashes. I'm asking because if these ethnic groups are from Nassarawa, there has to be some form of communication. Let's say a group from the state in Korgi goes to Nassarawa State to have some conversation. I'm wondering, does Korgi State have a peace or reconciliation or any committee to address the issue? Because you talked about it being an age-long issue and it has lingered for this long and now people are having to die for it. What has the government done to address these issues, no matter how pedestrian it might be? We are working on a ballistic mechanism and I would tell you that since this administration came on board, we've been able to a very large extent extend the tide of the crisis rocking that local government. The current issue has unraveled a lot of revelations and the state government is setting up mechanism to be able to attack it from the root. I am not saying that 100% discussed by some of these clashes in Nassarawa spilling over to Korgi State. We are attacking the ones that we can attack in the state and we're also setting up mechanism to be able to have this conversation across borders and we are to be able to enlighten the people in Nassarawa State of how their hostilities are already spilling to Korgi State. Korgi is known to be a very peaceful state under this administration as you can all attest to as the governor has won so many awards in ensuring peace and stability. And what we are dealing with at the moment is not about insolvency or terrorism. It's about coming up clashes and the state government is working on a lot of mechanism to be able to put this to bed. As you are aware, you are not going to serve peace. It's not going to work that way. The state government will have to work. The state government is doing that already, putting in place mechanism, putting in place apparatus to ensure that we are able to put this to bed and ensure that people in Nassarawa are safe. Talking about land because land is very important. The government is in charge of the land even though it belongs to citizens. If one of these issues is an issue of land, that's where the government should come in first, right? And help us to understand, in Nigeria we understand that these clashes happen, especially because of land. It happens between Cross River and Aqaibom, the two people and the people in Odupane, they have those issues. But then that's where the government should come in to determine where these boundaries are. That is one way to deal with the issue. And then again, you have to go to the grassroots to, like I said, get to the core. I find it difficult when governments tell us that, oh, is this man from this place that came in here to cause trouble? How secure, shouldn't your people in your state be safe and secure so much so that an outsider cannot come and disrupt the peace that you have in the land? I remember your principal had been campaigning for presidency and part of the things that he was campaigning with was that he has successfully brought peace and security to the people of Kogi State. I'm beginning to doubt that. Let me not make it as simple, but an issue as big as communal crisis and somebody coming in from another state to cause trouble in your state has not been handled for this long. And now it's claimed at least 10 lives. Should we still be discussing that now, especially at the close, almost at the close of his administration? I think we need to set the record. We are not talking about 10 lives. We are saying less than 10 lives because we are putting the figures together. And also, I have just confirmed to you that the state government has set up a team that is working very closely with the Nassarawas state government to ensure that we get to the roots of the matter from there. How long has this team been on for? How long? Let me land on this thought. We are dealing with a lot of, we are dealing with a lot of factors on this matter. It is just one of the factors. We are talking about the issue of land dispute. We are talking about issues that has to do with fish ponds. We are talking about issues as simple, as trivial, as even cultural masquerades and all of that. You know, it has to do with the stakeholders. The stakeholders in those communities. And that is why the state government ensure that they came in very strongly to bring out these stakeholders to come and answer questions with law enforcement agencies. We have also been able to put the whole thing in calm as we talk because we are able to mobilize the security architecture, the entire security architecture and minds of the security agencies in the state of the place. Among personnel carriers are there to speak and we have been able to stem the tide. The crisis has gone down significantly, but we are digging into the road because we don't want to solve it now and tomorrow to come up again. So as a very responsible administration that has won so many awards in security, we don't want these to tarnish our credentials as far as the security of lives and properties concern. And that's why we are zeroing in to ensure that everybody and anybody that has been involved in the crisis is brought to justice. Many of them have been arrested. We have been able to recover a lot of them and the people are confident today that their government, the government they elected has kept in to do its primary responsibility. We are not seeking for commendation for this. The governor stepped in. I remember that a few days ago till 2 a.m. he was still in touch with the state security advisor and all the security heads in the state to ensure that the place is peaceful. And as I'm talking to you now, it is significantly very peaceful. And you also need to understand that it's a very difficult terrain because we have to cross the river from Lokoja to get to Basah. But the people from Nassarawa can easily infiltrate and that's what we are working on with our border security agencies to ensure that we don't allow them to get into the state to prevent trouble. Going forward, just as you said, very interesting. You have said that the government is working tirelessly to make sure that this is put to bed. But then again, let's look at some of the things that are at the core of issues like this. It could be poverty. It could be ignorance. And then you have said there are some things that are as funny as culture or masquerades, which I don't think should be an issue. But what is the level of awareness or, I mean, because everybody does not have to have formal education, but is there some form of grassroots awareness program that would help the people understand that they're all together. They're one people and killing one another for land that nobody's going to go to their graves with. It should not be a thing that divides them because, of course, we already, as a country, are divided across ethnic and religious lines. What is there anything that is being done at the grassroots, whether in collaboration with local governments or even community heads? Thank you very much. The strength of our security in the state is not just because we are the unbearing security agents. It's beyond that. The strength of our security accomplishment as a government has to do with intelligence, has to do with enlightenment, has to do with the partnership between the government and the people of the state. And that has been working well for the people of the state. We have lines that even people in the villages can quickly call for them to have the intervention of security agents. And that has been working very seriously for us. If you go to the smallest village in Kogi state as a visitor today, immediately you will see that they will report your entrance to that village to the community head. You'll be screened and they will be able to find out the kind of person you are and your mission in that community. All these things have been working well. Apart from that, my ministry in the past few months had gone around the state doing a lot of sensitization and orientation. We call it the town hall meetings. We have gone around the nine federal constituencies in the state to sit down with the stakeholders, the local government administrators, traditional rulers, youth groups, women groups, and all of that. To tell them the partnership that the IABL administration has brought to be, you know, because, you know, you need to carry them along in the security architecture of the state. And that's working very well. When you're talking about poverty, but some people are some of the most resourceful people in Nigeria. You know, with the river, with the water bodies around them, they are people that are economically viable. And they are great farmers. They are great hunters. They are great fishermen and women. And that has been able to boost their economy to a very large extent. I think it has to do with the age-long hostility between the two major ethnic groups. And as far as the state government is concerned, the traditional rulers in those places have not done enough to ensure unity and peace. And that's why you got that report that the two frontline traditional rulers were brought to Lokoja and security agents were able to probe into the activities. And we have a lot of information. Anybody that's involved in that will definitely be brought to vote. You know, the Office of the State Security Advisor has been doing a lot of work and base to ensure that the people are sensitized, to ensure that the people are safe, to ensure that those who have broken the law do not go scot-free. That is what we are doing to sound the very strong funding to perpetrators of evil, not only in Bazaar, but across the state, that when you do it in Kogi State, you will not go scot-free. Honorable Commissioner for Information in Kogi State, thank you so much for speaking with us. We'll keep our eyes on that story and hopefully something good comes out of it. Thank you very much. I appreciate it. All right. Well, thank you all for staying with us. That's our show for tonight. We'll be back tomorrow talking for development. And my name is Mary Annacone. Have a good evening.


Everybody forced here ripping 22 23 revolution Chinese New Year basketball 8 box case number 3 random teams check out the results anytime late sports cards commas go ahead and get started They don't want to think that the sons of beat the nuggets sure some people did That's crazy to me crazy to me. There we go. We're passing these Damn on the red Yeah, there's like parallels like that Garland So Christian Brown rookie Chinese New Year red got a siacum red. I assume you Is it Phoenix's off at the strategy give Katie your book of the ball? Yeah, it's pretty much it They don't have a whole lot of other pieces that can like really help out with CP3 down tie tie Washington Is your new rookie for the Rockets eight eight is out tonight, too. Oh, dude. Yeah, this is this is done This is for sure done Jalen Green It's a Wagner and come on. Let's see one of those gold to eight Johnny Davis rookie Trey young Is there a trend for the She'll just Alexander for the what I eat Now kind of just randomly inserted really Rookie Wendell more junior see wolves All right guys, let's get prison Premier League choice filled up again gonna sell out promo on those two breaks specifically We get those filled up We'll random off a sealed box of 22 23 Donner soccer hobby To somebody from Those two breaks so 40 spots total There's a Tyler hero number two one of eight New Year gold nice hero Kennedy Chandler rookie for the Grizzlies God Jalen Suggs Jalen Green There's a plague Wesley rookie for the spurs Andrew Wiggins for the Warriors Gordon Hayward Jibarra speed the junior rookie base There's a rookie Isaiah Mowgli for the Cavs on the new year Donovan Mitchell Cavaliers on the new year Walker Kessler Tyler hero And rookie Kendall Brown Pacers on the new year. What Corgi? What it was? Oh the You're rooting against the Corgi are you rooting for the Corgi? Yep, Corgi picks the games dude Cole Anthony For the magic on the new year Need the dog to be right got Joel and bead Jane Ivy rookie red Tyra Easton for the Rockets Ben Simmons Tyra Easton. Oh, John. No be raptors Rookie Josh Manott T wolves on the new year John Collins. How's the Corgi doing otherwise? Like is it right all the way so far? Oh green rookie Tyra East Martin Hawks. This one's numbered to 88 69 of 88 Which recap everything There's two cards for rookie Scotty Pippin jr. For the Lakers All in the new year God Yolk it's new new year for the for the Nuggets I Didn't witty. There's a Jane Ivy rookie new year the pistons my box for God D'Angelo Russell on the new year The collider would be cool green to 88 van Vliet Raptors Something I've ever pulled the collider Chet Holmgren rookie new year for the Thunder red Jalen Brown Celtics or New Year Jalen Brown Celtics Davis for the Lakers Hey Chris, what's up, man? It's been a minute red rookie. Oh shag Bajie jazz the new year is going is going Got Paul George Brendan Ingram on the new year Mark Williams rookie for the Hornets You enjoying the the Kraken playoff run Chris red clay Thompson. Yeah, you can change it because the Because the Nuggets ain't losing desert pain Trying to yeah, it's tense. Welcome to be in a hockey fan It might be worse than being a baseball fan Benedict Mathurid rookie new year for the Pacers Might be worse. I don't know Right now I'm saying hockey hockey is worse. Yeah, we're just gonna get dark right now. I'll say hockey is far worse Far far far worse Break your heart better harder worse John Wall Jordan pool rookie Bryce McAllen's new year for the Hornets Luke it's not just new year for the for the Mavericks asking a fan John Morant poor a's fans man Poor a's fans rookie musta the abate The new year buddy healed new year. Nice. Sorry. He's in a rookie four of eight Congrats Rockets Or if it a new year gold, I think this is Well, I was never parallel you can get in any revolution. I believe There we go. We'll get the east and mag for your Rockets. All right, so playbooks sold out We've got 14 to go on prison Premier League choice With the sellout promo Again, if we can fill up those two choice breaks tonight fully fill them up Got rookie Jalen Duran on the new year for the Pistons Then we'll random off a sealed box of 22 23 Don Russ soccer hobby, which is about $300 retail Deandre Aiden Jalen Duran So again, that's just for those choice prison Premier League breaks 14 and 16 to go you much appreciated y'all But again one spot is a one in 40 chance if we fully sell out of getting a Don Russ hobby box sealed sent to you Got the column. It's a good promo right there. We're gonna we're gonna get to do it got Dyson Daniels rookie New year for the for the pelicans. I mean it depends on the card You can sell a lot of big soccer cards in the US I've sold a lot of mine not like huge cards, but you know three-figure cards on eBay in the US Darius garland red, but yeah, if you want to get a bigger audience and actually sell something big for a lot of money Yeah, just selling a national in eBay. You good to go God Red Sea Occam. It's got to go international in eBay. That's it One of the breakers here sold the card to someone in China Yeah for a good amount of money three Bay Vince Williams junior rookie or the Grizzlies You guys got that thing for sellers I assume Palo Ben caro Well comparatively no, but you can still sell there God's your mom Murray right here. Let's come down. Oh god. Oh Got Patrick Baldwin junior Yeah, exactly Chris got Franz Wagner. I do eBay internationally good to go That's like hockey cards. I do international is Canada a Large chunk of the hockey cards that I purchased come from China. I would probably say over 50% God j-dub that might be even that's just as big as like soccer. I would think as far as like selling internationally She had gilded Alexander in New Year. Let's go the dog in him. Let's get that room Got out of bio Geez Chris, that's crazy god Bochamp That's sick though Bochamp on the new year. Benny junior gold. Holy cow. Oh your baneers cards. Yeah There's not a whole lot of hockey cards that I bought that I didn't have to pay for the shipping from Canada Lindell That's a tough one. I think you'd be good either way to sell or hold I feel like that's that's safe for the future, right? Anyone else want to weigh in Damie Llewitt? I think you could do either one right now Probably won't go way up, but I don't think you get burned if you hold and doesn't like you know Keep going up Kawai Leonard, but the run they're on it's kind of tough, right? Maybe he probably get a bigger role going forward though Christian Brown on the new year. Let me see if there's ever person We're gonna finish super late on group breaks. Yeah, there's probably space. I'll probably get it done by 2 a.m 2 a.m. Eastern Kate Cunningham new year Jalen Williams Again guys got that sellout promo on the choice prison Premier League breaks to buy his hairs on the new year Ty Ty Washington rookie New year Rockets Marcus smart. I see a Chris stop it in man Nice green Lillard to 88 for the Blazers 27 of 88 Got Johnny Davis On the rookie new year for the Wizards Laurie Markenon Got Karris Levert new year calves Ricky Wendell more junior T Wolves New Year Tony what's your new year's resolution? You know what we're five months into the year Get better golf or something it was that for a while, but it's still kind of is but it's kind of Starting to be on my backseat Got Malcolm Brogdon red Got a both donovitch Baji Basework Yagwajee it'd be nice to properly learn how to flip Keegan Murray the best way to learn do it get skin in the game. Yeah, Keegan Murray red new year for the Kings That's how you learn that's the best way because then you're more you're more cautious you pay more attention It's true Kaminga like I don't even do it that much.  I would like to like just be able to make enough money the Pretty much like get cards. I want to hold on to you know, I mean I Want to use money from cards to buy Just like more collection stuff. I'm not trade. I don't play golf so Debugs does that mean I don't count? I'm not trying to get better at golf. I'm not even trying to play.  I like I was like dude. It's so hot outside.  No, I'm not flipping that Babu. That's that's PC forever They do pretty well after that Do you regret giving it to me sin Victor? Anthony Simons because after after freaking Mando season 3 all of our freaks went up in the back of you Okay, red Andrew Nemard Pacers on the On the New year All right, just a few numbered cards in the case. We had green at 88 Lillard and van leet's gold to eight hero Green Martin and gold to eight eason. Nice. Thanks again everybody on to football


I'm Marco Distinto, I'm from Italy but I'm based in the UK. I did my PhD at the European University Business School and I concluded it in October 2020. My research was about the experiences of the refugees trapped in Italy after the crisis of 2015 and the daily life inside the reception centres and the relationship between migrants and social workers inside these centres. The issue of migrants experience is important for me because firstly though a privileged one and a migrant myself and then being from the south of Italy I personally witnessed the arrival of the refugees in the country. I realised that often the migrants experience are overshadowed by ideological discourses and episodes of racism so with my research I wanted to tell people about the stories of migrants but also about the social workers because they think that their lives are meaningful and we really can learn from them. These reception centres are often poorly supported and this carries out the risk of shifting the burden of integration on to the migrants. It was the first time for me for an university but I've always felt at home because the open university is really open, it's open to people and it's open to ideas and it is a university that really values academic freedom and it provides you with a good environment where you can share your ideas and you can share your work.


channel for physics please subscribe my channel hello everyone and welcome back to another episode of physics partner today I would like to introduce a very very basic terms which students are usually confused with and that is the current voltage and resistance so what is current what is voltage and what is resistance so you can see on the video there is a small electric circuit I have placed here as a simulation so you can see some electrons are moving some charges are moving from battery towards the bulb and it's going back to the battery and this is how it works so let's understand one by one the three basic terms in this video I will not go in any detail I will just give you a concept of three basic terms the current the potential difference voltage and the resistance let's talk about the current first current is the rate of flow of charges what it means it means how many charges are passed in how much seconds is called current so you can see on the screen current will be indicated as I and its unit is amperes it means the number of coulombs passes in how much seconds is considered as amperes let's talk about the second physical unit which is electromotive force or voltage don't confuse with the word force the unit of this voltage is not Newton it is not actually a force but it is a motive behind but it is a factor which makes the electrons moving so actually potential difference or electromotive force is a kind of a hidden energy which makes electrons move it means when some electrons are moving so how they are moving for motion we know there is a element needed there is a force required to move them so the battery because of the chemical reaction it produces some force which allow electrons to move on and you can say the energy which makes the charges moving is actually coming from the battery which is a source of emf or voltage the unit of potential difference or emf is voltage we are writing in a volt that is the unit and you can see the formula on the screen itself this is how you can find out the voltage the finally is the resistance what is resistance means you can see here a bulb is acting as a resistance so resistance is something which try to stop or slow down the movement of electrons that is resistance. So, resistance can try to oppose the flow of the charges so we can say that the force which is against the flow of charges is called resistance so if we add one more batteries actually we are providing more voltages or the same hidden energy which is trying to move the electrons what happen if I add one more bulb in parallel to this so what you can see now electrons are not only moving in one direction they have another way to move on so they are moving from one direction here and one direction here, but ultimately they are gathering in one place and passing on so let me quickly revise with so current is the rate of flow of charges here is the formula voltage is the hidden potential behind the flow of charges there is a formula for that and the resistance is something which opposes the flow of charges. So, I hope you enjoyed the video I hope you understand I made this video just for giving you a clear concept about current voltage and resistance thank you very much for listening and we will meet you again with the new video of electricity meanwhile take care of yourself goodbye and do not forget to subscribe my channel thank you very much.


SEGA DRUNK A long while back, I made a video about Road Rash 64, and while I'm not a huge fan of the Nintendo 64, I still to this day have a ton of fun playing that game, to the point that it's probably my favorite game on that console. That, of course, led me to getting into the rest of the Road Rash series, particularly on Sega Genesis, which in turn led me to find Skitchin, and it features the same kind of gameplay you'd expect from the Road Rash series, only on Rollerblades, with a few other mechanics thrown in as well. The word Skitchin refers to hanging onto another vehicle, and hitching a ride while on a bike or a skateboard, or in this case, on Rollerblades. This one was developed by Electronic Arts in 1994, and of course, they also made the Road Rash series, which makes Skitchin a kind of sort of spin-off game. And yeah, just like any Road Rash game, the structure here is really simple.  All while trying to finish in the top five to advance to the next city, eventually getting to the Skitchin World Championship. Ah, yes, I think I remember watching that on ESPN Ocho at 2AM.  There's all sorts of weapons you can pick up or take from other skaters to dish out damage. The usual assortment of chains, pipes, crowbars, and baseball bats, along with two special items, like a Nitro Burst, and my favorite, the Stun Gun, which lights up your opponent. Now that's great. The A button grabs and releases from vehicles, the B button accelerates, and the C button deals damage. The gameplay seems really simple at a glance, but I admit it's kinda sorta tricky to get the hang of it first. Not only do you have to get the timing right to grab onto a car, you also have to be just in the right position, and that can take a little while to get used to.  And just like Road Rash, the icing on the cake here is the sound. It's friggin' hilarious to hear the cartoony sounds of bats hitting someone in the skull. Money is also a big part of this game, since the more you race, the more you get beat up, and the more you get beat up, the more you gotta spend on equipment. And of course, there's also cops that can bust you and end the race on the spot, making you pay a fine to continue the game. The same sort of deal applies to health, too. If you can afford the hospital bill, you can continue, otherwise it's game over, but there is a password system here, however. So, how do you get money? The game rewards you for hanging onto different cards, and rewards you for hanging onto police cars the most, and of course, you gotta win races or just place high in general. You also get money by doing tricks. No, not those tricks.  That's one major nitpick I have with this game. The tricks and stunts almost feel like they were thrown in at the last second.  I suppose the five frames per second frame rate here isn't all that helpful, but hey, that's no different than the other Road Rash games. Still, the stunt system could have been a little more refined. What is refined here is the music. I mean, for one thing, how often do you hear double bass drums in a video game soundtrack from 1994?  Seriously, though, the music here is a lot of fun and adds a lot to the game, especially since these tracks aren't just the same 20 or 30 second loops, they're full-fledged songs. All the settings here are also well done, and combined with the distinct music, it almost gives Skitchin' an outrun kind of vibe. Although there's some oddities here and there, like, since when is the metrodome in Vancouver? Anyway, yeah, as you might expect, it's real simple. If you like Road Rash, you'll like Skitchin'. It's not quite the same sort of game, but they did just enough to make it its own thing to stand out. I personally still prefer Road Rash, especially Road Rash 64, but still, if you're into that kind of thing, you'll definitely get a big kick out of Skitchin'. Alright, I want to thank you for watching, and I hope you have a great rest of your day.


Good morning and welcome to this week's edition of Encompass Live. I am your host, Krista Burns, here at the Nebraska Library Commission. Encompass Live is the commission's weekly online event.  We're here live online every Wednesday morning at 10 a.m. Central Time. But if you are unable to join us on Wednesday mornings, that's okay. We do record the show every week, so you can always go to our website, which I will show at the end of today's session, and see our archive shows. We post our recordings to YouTube. If any of our presenters or speakers have any slides, as Jonathan does have here, that we post them to online or share them somewhere. And any links or websites that are mentioned, I collect those throughout the show as well, and post them in a collection in our delicious account. So if you can't join us on Wednesday mornings, check out our website. We've got all of the recordings that are going back to the very first one, which was in January 2009. So everything is up there if you want to see them. We do a mixture of things here on the show, book reviews, mini training sessions, presentations, demos of software and equipment. Basically, our only criteria is that something is library related. And any types of libraries. Here in Nebraska, we're the Nebraska Library Commission. We are the state agency for all types of libraries. So public, academic, special, museums, even anything that's a library, we would have something on our show for you. Sometimes we have a Nebraska Library Commission staff that come on and do sessions specific to programs and services that we offer here at the commission. But we also bring in guest speakers. And that is what we have this morning on the line is Jonathan Smith, who is currently at Sonoma State University, way out on the West Coast in California, director for library technology out there. Hi, Jonathan. Good morning. Good morning. Yeah. And he's up early a couple hours before us to join us from out there. So thank you so much for good for waking up early to join us. We sometimes even have attendees that come in from West Coast, I know. And Jonathan was previously at California State University and had worked there with their makerspace. And last month, I attended a conference up in the St. Paul, Minnesota, the library technology conference. And I saw him do this presentation there. And I just want to say, if you do ever have a chance to get to the library technology conference in St. Paul, I highly recommend it. It's Midwest focused. Well, it's in the upper Midwest, obviously. And it's a small conference. I think they're max 500 or so attendees. But really good. Anything library and technology related happens at this conference. So it's every spring, as I said, it was last March, last month in March. So whenever that goes open up for next year, I definitely recommend attending it. I think I'm going to keep going to it now. This is my first one. And like I said, I saw Jonathan do this. And I said, this is a great view. I mean, we've seen a lot of things about makerspaces, obviously, in libraries and lots of things about schools and public libraries. And I know I've seen people asking about, well, what about at the academic level? What about universities? And that's what we have here today. So I'll just hand over to you, Jonathan, to go ahead and take it away and tell us about what you did in your makerspace. Great. Great. Thank you. Yeah. And I have to concur about the library technology conference as well. That was my first time attending. And it was really fantastic. So I'm going to try and get back there next year again. But good morning, everybody. As Christa mentioned, I'm currently at Sonoma State University. I actually just started there last month. I'll be speaking about a project that I did at California State University, San Bernardino, established in their makerspace, or what we call the Innovation Lab. But it's essentially a technology focused makerspace. And of course, I'll be speaking from my perspective, which is a university library. But really, when it comes to makerspaces, I think that there's a lot of common ground, regardless of the type of library or even community makerspaces that you may be talking about. So I'll be talking about that project that I started there. And actually, I've recently begun a very similar project at Sonoma as well. So what I've decided, the best way to kind of go through this is I'd like to take you through the process of how I implemented this makerspace last year. We actually just launched it in the fall of 2015. And so we've spent the previous six months preparing for that, launched in the fall of 2015. And I'll take you through that process of how I planned, actually got it up and running, what it took to keep the place running. And then that last word, which is a little scary assessment, as we start to think about whether we're reaching our goals, or for actually accomplishing what we set out to do. This picture on the slide here is kind of fun. In our makerspace area, we used whiteboard paint on one of the walls. And we just leave the markers out for the students to write down their notes, or they're, you know, talk about the projects that they're working on. And it's pretty fun to see what type of graffiti that I'll walk in in the morning and, you know, walk in on. This particular one, of course, you can see Winnie the Pooh there and says, take your first steps towards fun and creativity and more. And the honeypot there says innovation. And I was just so thrilled to walk in and see that a student had done this, you know, on their own without any prompting from me. That just made me very happy. So we're going to start off with planning, because of course anytime you launch into a project, you want to plan for that. And while makerspaces are, you know, they're kind of new and they're exciting, it's kind of nice not to be on the actual bleeding edge of that anymore. So there are plenty of universities and other libraries and community centers who have actually done some of this. So I have been watching this trend for a little while myself, attending a few different conferences, South by Southwest Interactive is one that I really enjoyed to kind of get outside the box and see, you know, look for new ideas and that sort of thing. But in particular, once I started thinking about, well, could I actually do this at my university? I started to look for similar, you know, situations or cases out there. University of Nevada, Reno, their science libraries have been kind of at the forefront of makerspaces in university libraries, so they're definitely worth looking up. And then St. Petersburg College in Florida was actually very inspirational to me, because when I first began this project, I did not have a or space or staff to do this with. And they started with almost nothing. They started very, very small. And I kept an eye on them and seen the success that they had beginning very small and just kind of building on what they had was, you know, very inspirational to me. I decided, you know what, maybe I actually can do this at Cal State, San Bernardino. And then I do mention what other university there is, well, San Diego State. So I had a sister institution just like an hour and a half down the road who had just recently started doing 3D printing. So I was actually able to go visit. And I ended up stealing quite a few of their policies, which I'll be sharing with you later. So looking at, you know, similar cases to what your situation may be can certainly be very helpful.  We're all about sharing and building on those ideas. The big a-ha moment for me though came when I attended a Maker Faire. Now, Maker Faires aren't, they're not everywhere across the country, but if you ever do have the opportunity to attend one, I highly, highly recommend it. It's just so inspirational seeing what's out there. And really this kind of goes along with the little soapbox that I have in that I don't know what, you know, everybody's conference or travel budgets are. But really one of my soapboxes is to, you know, kind of get outside of the library box, see, you know, go look for inspirational ideas elsewhere. I mean library conferences are fantastic. Kristen and I had just mentioned, you know, how great library technology conference in St. Paul was. But it's really exciting to see what other people in other industries are doing. And you can take all sorts of good ideas and inspiration from that. And then the other thing too that I really got to mention in here too, stakeholders, it kind of goes without saying that, you know, anytime you start talking about a project, yeah, we need to talk to our stakeholders, blah, blah, blah. But no, actually this is like really critical to the success of your Maker Space is really getting those stakeholders involved. A Maker Space really is, you'll find even at the university it's community driven. It's successful to depend on, you know, the participation of the students and the faculty there. And they'll, they will drive the events and the activities and the learning that takes place in your Maker Space. So it's really about getting those stakeholders involved at a very, very early point. And then also if you're like me, you didn't, you don't have any experience with Maker Spaces coming into this. So you may not necessarily know what people will be looking for in this. I had no idea. I would not have thought to bring an oscilloscope into our Maker Space, but I had some engineering students say, hey, be really great if we could use that. Okay, you know, we'll get an oscilloscope. That's cool. So you'll get all kinds of ideas. And then the other side of that as well is that this is where it's, you're already starting your marketing before you even have anything to market at this point. So if you're talking to students, I was meeting with several different student groups. I started with the computer science students since that seemed like the obvious easy buy-in computer science club and our IEEE chapter. And I would meet with those students a few times, kind of talk up the idea of what a Maker Space is, because most of them have never even heard of the thing. They may have may have heard of 3D printing, but that was about as far as it went. So talk up my idea, and then they started to get excited about it. And before we even opened, they were coming into the library asking, hey, when is the innovation lab going to open? So your marketing starts there as well. Space obviously is very important. Where are you going to put this thing? I was fortunate that I was able to get some really prime real estate dedicated for my innovation lab. Mine ended up being placed right on the first floor, just around the corner from the research desk, the information desk, or reference desk as you may call it, I guess. And so that's, you know, prime location for foot traffic. Students happen to wander by. It may be that you don't have any space.  Some people are doing that. You may have a 3D printer and some other equipment on a rolling cart that you can stick in a closet and then roll it out into some general area to use. But having that dedicated space really is pretty fantastic and very useful. So think about where you place it. Sticking it in the corner of the fifth floor where nobody ever goes, you know, probably isn't going to help you out a whole lot. As I said, a lot of, at least in my case, and I assume this would be common, a lot of students have never even heard the term Maker Space before. So they really have no idea what it is.  You know, what kind of crazy stuff is going on in there? And then we've pulled in so many people that way. Just being able to actually see it. It's like you can understand the concept of 3D printing.  So having it in a place where people can see, a few other things to think about will affect the type of equipment that you choose. Ventilation will matter or may matter. In my case, I'm in an older building, and we weren't able to upgrade or change the ventilation in the room. So that affected the type of filament or the plastic that I chose for the 3D printers. I'll talk a little bit more about 3D printers. But ventilation will, you know, can affect what type of stuff.   But I had no ventilation. So that was one constraint on my space. Noise matters too, because it can get pretty noisy in here. Not just the people talking to each other and being busy and having fun learning, but also the equipment can be pretty noisy, depending on what you get. Networking, by that, you know, lots of wireless, because everybody's going to bring in their laptops to work on their laptops, lots of electrical outlets, which, you know, so it seems to be a problem all over the place in the library. But really, make sure you have plenty of electrical outlets in your maker space. And then just some workspace. I had a bunch of tables that were able to just kind of leave empty so students can sit down with their projects and start working on it there, and they can make their own space. In my case, I didn't buy any new furniture. I just kind of went with what was in there, because to be honest, I didn't really know what was going to work best. I ended up taking over an old computer lab. And so we just left all the desks in there. I rearranged them and thought, well, let's just kind of see how this works. And just having a bunch of desks in there that are flat tables essentially has been fantastic. It's worked out great. So I started to think about where this money was going to come from. As I mentioned, I didn't have a budget. I was kind of fortunate that at my university, they make some student fees available through an internal granting process. So I started to put this little grant together and think about the philosophy and concept behind my innovation lab. And really what I wanted was to make sure that we had an open laboratory where any students could come and go. This is really the benefit of putting the maker space in the library. And particularly, I would say in the central library, not even a branch library, it's there for all of the students to use. It doesn't matter what their background or what their major is or their skill set. Anybody can walk in and use this lab. It may be that some departments or other units on campus have a 3D printer or that sort of thing. But those end up being locked away in closets or access is very limited. So having it in the central library is open to all students. This is really what it was all about for me. Right, open lab for all students to come and go regardless of their skill set or discipline. So I put that all together and it was time to actually get this thing going. Again, I mentioned the grant process. This actually worked out really well for me. I realized I was very fortunate that I was able to get, and I don't mind sharing the number, I was able to get $50,000 to purchase equipment. But don't let that number scare you because I actually, you know, you can start off with a much smaller than that. I felt like I was shooting for the moon with that and it just worked out really well. So purchasing pitfalls. The biggest issue that I've had, probably the most challenging thing about starting this makerspace and maintaining it actually was in purchasing all of the equipment. And I was totally unprepared for that.  And that ended up being the case here big time because a lot of the... And explaining something like, no, I was just thinking and explaining something like this to those purchasing people. How do you get that whole concept across of what exactly it is? It's not their usual type of things that the university people, purchasers or accountants are looking at you, you would think. Right, right. And so a lot of this equipment that you may want to purchase is coming from a startup or Kickstarter or some overseas company. That's actually where I had the most problems. Trying to purchase stuff directly from China or Germany. My, you know, purchasing department was not having it. And they took their time getting back to me. And that ended up delaying the opening of our lab because it took a couple months to figure out the purchasing. And then it took several months for the equipment to come. So, you know, plan ahead, grease those wheels if you need to try to find stateside vendors. You know, at least that would be mine. As I do this again at my new university, I'm going to make sure I'm buying everything stateside because that'll save me a lot of headache. So, and then, you know, I do mention take some time to learn your new equipment, but I don't take too much time because it would take forever to learn everything. And really, part of the fun of the makerspace is learning as you go. I ended up learning a lot from my students. I would get the basics down, get the equipment set up, but then they became the experts really fast and they would teach me how to do this, that or the other thing with the Raspberry Pi or to fix this problem with the 3D printer. There we go. So, getting into some of the equipment, 3D printing. 3D printing is a great place for consumers right now. The market has come down really fast. There are a lot of little startups out there, prices have come down, good quality printers. I ended up getting Ultimakers, which I have to say I absolutely love. They've been wonderful. I've heard very good things about the Lowell spot as well. So, two very good printers out there and there are a lot of reviews that you can read on the internet as well as you do your shopping for 3D printers. I mentioned technology here and there's some acronyms, so just to kind of a brief rundown, technology to be aware of FDM versus SLA. So, FDM means Fused Deposition Modeling and that's the most common type of consumer desktop 3D printer you'll find out there. That's what those Ultimakers are in the picture. What that does is it takes a string of plastic, they call that string filament, but it takes a string of plastic and it melts the plastic and it kind of squirts it out at what they call an extruder, a little nozzle under the build platform and it builds one layer of your object and the platform moves a little bit or the extruder moves a little bit and it spits out another melted layer of plastic on top of that first layer and it keeps doing that, building your object up layer by layer until you have a finished plastic object. That's what FDM is and that's by far the most common way to go and I would recommend that as the technology of choice, especially for the consumer of great printers which costs $1,000 to $3,000 to $4,000. So, that's FDM. I do mention SLA as well. SLA is Stereolithography or more commonly maybe known as resin printing and so what that does is you start with a basin of liquid resin and that 3D printer has a laser that shoots through the resin and where the laser contacts the build point, that's also the focal point of the laser, it cures that resin into a solid shape and again it does layer by layer, but in this case it's actually doing it building it from the top to the bottom so it pulls the object out of the liquid resin. It looks really cool, it looks like something from a science fiction movie, but that's what SLA is. That I would consider probably more advanced, that can be messy dealing with the resin, it can get all over the place and it's very difficult to deal with. I would highly recommend that if this is your first time that you definitely go with some type of FDM 3D printer. And for the FDM 3D printers the two most common filament types are ABS and PLA they're both great. ABS is a type of plastic that LEGOs are made out of, it's real durable. PLA is a plant-based biodegradable plastic, supposedly not quite as durable as ABS, but the thing to be aware of here is that melted ABS has, well some research, there's some research that says that the ABS can put off toxic fumes. So if you're working in your garage where you can open the door and there's a breeze coming through it's probably no big deal, but in my case I'm in a room with no ventilation, so that totally ruled out using ABS. I didn't need to poison myself or the students. So we went with PLA which doesn't put off that toxic fume, it actually doesn't even smell too bad and that's what we've been printing with and it's been fantastic and I'm super happy with it. Yeah I encountered that to the ABS, the smell that here we had the 3D printer that people were trying out and I couldn't go near it. I was like choking from the smell from that, so definitely and I know and I did look, I've looked at stuff about 3D printers, there are either use of the ventilation, if you can get a room that has ventilation that would be what that ventilation is for is for those fumes, correct? Some of these 3D printers come with those or it's an extra kit or piece you can get to put on it to help with the ventilation and help with the smell, so definitely pay attention to that when you're looking at them because we didn't do that here and I'm hoping we're going to be switching to the other kind. Right, so if you have good ventilation then you're okay using the ABS, a hood or some other way, you know making sure there's strong air flow, but you know in my case I did not have that, so yeah. All right so the equipment and then the software I mentioned, okay so the slicer is the software that prepares the 3D model to be printed before you give it to the 3D printer. So you start with your 3D model, maybe you downloaded it from the internet or you actually created it yourself and some modeling software like Tinkertab which I mentioned there. The slicer preps the model for the printer, it basically just tells the printer, well it does kind of what it says, it slices that object into a bunch of layers so the nozzle or the print head knows where to move around and how to print that object. Cura is the software that both Ultimaker and WallsBox and actually a few other printers use, it's open source and it's free to download and that's what we've been using, it's very user-friendly and it's very easy to use, I like it quite a bit. As you start to get a little bit more advanced, you know Tinkercad, different modeling software, maybe of interest. Tinkercad is actually a website, it's modeling software that you can use in your browser, so there's no download. I love it because it's very easy to use and this is what I teach all the students in their very beginning intro to 3D printing workshop. I show them Tinkercad because it's just like it's click-and-drag with your mouse. It's so intuitive, there are several short tutorials you can take to teach yourself. I highly recommend checking it out and then as you start to get more advanced to it and say you want to move on to something more complex but Tinkercad is a great place to start. Oh another nice thing about Tinkercad is that you can also upload 3D models to it so you don't necessarily have to start from scratch. You could download a model or find a model somewhere else, upload that model to Tinkercad and then modify it or fix it or whatever maybe that you want to do. So you need to also think about the policies, make sure you've got your policies in place before you start allowing people to 3D print. I didn't quite have all my policies done, I had my procedures figured out, I was like okay I know that we're not going to charge for printing because we already have this funded. I have the students submit their 3D models through a Google form that I set up on our website. This is actually an idea that I stole from San Diego State and I really liked it. So they fill out a form with their name and you know some other questions that I ask them like their major and things and then they submit, they upload their 3D model to a Google Drive account that I have and then my student assistant or myself will download that model and we'll print it for them on the 3D printer. The main reason I did this is because 3D printing is slow. It takes a long time to print and I didn't need, you know, didn't want students to have to stand around for hours at a time waiting for their stuff to print. So we print it for them and then we send them an email when it's done. That's the procedure.  I didn't have a policy in place to deal with weapons and in the first month I had two cases to deal with. I had one student who wanted to print something that was called the self-defense key chain and, you know, I thought, oh yeah, that sounds nice.  I support that. Once I printed it out and I saw it, it was actually something that you kind of slip your fingers through, kind of like brass knuckles, if you can imagine that, that had two really sharp spikes coming out of it, that you could seriously, you know, cut somebody with. And I realized, oh, maybe it's not a good idea to hand out weapons from our makerspace. And I had another student who wanted to print a model of a weapon from the video game Halo, which may not have been such an issue in itself except that all the parts moved. The trigger, the action, I don't know, I don't know a whole lot about guns, but all the pieces moved and that was starting across the line for me because I didn't know if it could be modified into some type of actual working weapon. And there's a difference between, there's like a statue of it and it's just solid and something working, moving components, yes. Right, the moving components. Yeah, so that was where I ended up just kind of drawing the line and saying, all right, we're just going to make a blanket policy here of no weapons or nothing that can be construed as a weapon, which I know is super broad, but it, you know, makes it safe for me.  Since I am mediating, you know, all the print jobs that come in, that does make it a little easier for me to preview them and say whether or not something's okay. But that's something just, you know, you'll have to consider in your particular case how to handle those situations. People have also asked me about whether I'm concerned about copyright violations or something else people think about is whether students need to patent their creations. Again, this is, these are questions for you to kind of, you know, figure out yourself. My opinion of copyright, well, I'm sorry, my opinion of copyright in this particular case of students printing things in the 3D printer. I just, my attitude is I, you know, what the students is just to go for it, you know, print whatever they want. Fair use, baby.  We're here to learn the 3D printing process and how this all works. So in that case, I just let them print whatever they want. But another policy just thing for you to think about. We also have several 3D scanners. This is something I was very excited about. You could use those 3D scanners to scan an object and then print it out on your 3D printer, maybe scan the object, improve it, change it, remix it, print out the result, or take that 3D model and throw it into a video game. Personally, I was excited about scanning Rialia and artifacts that we have in our archives and library collection and throwing those into online galleries. There's a lot of really cool things that you could do with 3D scanning. It's something I'm really excited about. However, you do need to be aware that the 3D scanning consumer market environment isn't nearly as well developed as the 3D printer. So good scanners. Do you cost quite a bit more money? It's very difficult to find good reviews out there. They just basically don't exist. There's not a whole lot of information out there on 3D scanners. It seems like it's very niche to particular industries right now like engineering. But I decided to get into it anyways. And so just a brief kind of intro to 3D scanning. Some of the technology you'll run into and these slides, again, I'll be making them available to Christos so that you can download them. But I mentioned common tech there. There are actually a whole lot of different types of 3D scanning technologies and procedures, but these three are the most common that you'll run into. Photogrammetry. What that means is your 3D scanner essentially takes multiple pictures. So you take multiple pictures. The software looks at the images and tries to find common digital structures in those images, and then it puts the model together using those common structures and you end up through 3D model. There are some applications you can download for your mobile phone, your iPhone or Android or whatever. Like 1, 2, 3D catch is one that's free and it's easy to use. This uses a procedure called the photogrammetry. That's what it's doing. It's taking multiple pictures and it's stitching them together. That's all right. It kind of gives you the basic idea of 3D scanning, but you're not going to get very much detail that way even with the more expensive photogrammetry scanners. The detail is just not there. Another type of technology is structured light scanning. And this is the image on the slide there is of a structured light scanner that I purchased for our lab or makerspace. And what that does is you see the camera on the left and what the object on the right there is actually just a projector. They're both connected to a computer. What structured light scanning does is it flashes light patterns onto an object. Black and white patterns of light. And then the software looks at how those patterns are deformed and it builds your 3D model based off that. And one of the nice things about structured light scanning is that it's actually very fast and you get some really good precision with it. The level of detail is really, really fantastic I have to say. Another, actually the Microsoft Connect is well, that's the accessory for the Microsoft Xbox. Some people have actually built those into 3D scanners. You can like homebrew your own scanner. That uses the same idea. It also uses structured light scanning although it's using infrared light instead of visible light. But that's what structured light scanning is. And then the other one you'll run into is laser based triangulation. So essentially you've got your object in the middle and then you have two lasers that are offset from each other pointing out that object. And then there's a camera as well that's looking at how the lasers hit the object. And the software again looks at where the laser is triangulating where it meets the object and it builds your 3D model based off of that. And there are also very common desktop models out there that use laser based triangulation. The matter and form is a entry level 3D scanner and that uses laser based triangulation. The picture you see there is of the David SLS. That's what I purchased. I have to say I've been absolutely thrilled with it. It's so easy to use and the level of quality is just really, really fantastic. It's not cheap however. It runs about $5,000 to $6,000. And I think what you're really paying for there is the software because that's where the magic really happens. And then the last product I mentioned there are the Dot Product DPI8. So you've got your stationary scanners. And in this picture I have an object sitting on a little turntable which rotates 30 degrees. It takes a scan, rotates, takes a scan, rotates. There are also handheld scanners out there. And there are some really fancy ones. Arctic Eva comes to mind. That sucker runs like $15,000 to $20,000. And the idea of the handheld scanner is that then you can just walk around your object. You can scan a car. You can scan a person. That sort of thing. And so I bought a less, I don't want to say it's cheap, but a less expensive one. That's the Dot Product. I didn't get a chance to try it out though that arrived right before I left for my new job. But that's what that is in any case. And so I'm going to run a little video here. I hope that you can actually see it in action. I took, I apologize for the camera work because I did this with my cell phone. But just to give you an idea, this is my very first scan that I ever did. And I was just so thrilled with how well it came out. I just grabbed a multimeter since that's what happened to be sitting next to me. So the video is running now. Hopefully you can see it. There's the scanner. Good, good, good. You can see the patterns that are flashing on the object that turned black and white patterns. It showed color, that the color is how it gets the color scan. We'll pause it right there. And now I'm looking at the computer screen. And so it's flashing the patterns. The object turns, flashes the patterns. And that's, the computer screen is like a live view of the scan as it's happening. And just to explain what you're looking at there, there are some blue lines and some red wiggly lines. When you're setting it up, the red wiggly lines are kind of sine waves. And that helps you adjust how bright the light should be and the level of contrast. You want those red lines to be in between the blue lines where it overlays the object. You don't need to remember any of that unless you end up doing this. And then you'll learn, you'll go through the tutorials. But all that just to say how easy this was to do. It took probably about, I'm trying to remember now, probably about five or 10 minutes to do the complete scan. Another couple minutes for post-processing, which is basically there are a couple artifacts that I had to remove. You know, things that scanned the background, that scanned that didn't need to be there. But that part was really easy too. It was just again like click and drag with the mouse over the part that I didn't want. And then I hit delete on my keyboard and that part went away. And then in this next slide, this is the actual, so this is the result of the scan. And whoops, I'm sorry about the volume. I don't know if that's coming through or not. It didn't mean to. But in any case. No, it's fine. Good, good, no volume. Because that was, yeah, there was some milling going on in the lab and it was really noisy. But you can see the quality, the level of quality there. This is my great first scan. I had no idea what I was doing. You got full color texture. They call it texture, but that's the color that you can see, the detail, and then the object itself, which I'm rotating around on the screen. So then I could 3D print this if I wanted to. And we have since 3D printed objects that we scan. I could, you know, throw this into a video game. I just, I'm so excited about that. I could talk about that for a while. Yeah, that was pretty amazing. That's something I think you said 3D printers are pretty well known. People are, you know, seeing those. But the scanning, when I saw you do that, I was like, that is so cool. I hope more places start getting into having that in their libraries. Right. That's awesome. And then, and then seeing the students too, as they learned one piece of technology in the lab, and then they start to connect it with other pieces of technology, you know, from the scanner to the printer, from the scanner to the virtual reality video games, you know, all the different directions they can take. So cool. So another piece of equipment I want to mention here, CNC milling. CNC means computer numerical controlled. And this is kind of the opposite process of 3D printing, where 3D printing is additive manufacturing. You're adding material together to build something. CNC takes material away. You have a mill bit, which is like a drill bit inside this machine. And then you put material in there like wood or brass or plastic. And the drill bit moves around and it cars out your object or 3D object from that material. This is a little desktop CNC mill that we purchased called The Other Mill. And this was fantastic for learning, you know, the idea of milling, which is something I didn't have any experience with. Normally, you'll run into mills in metal shops or wood shops and they're big, giant things. They use them at, you know, to build the wings for aircraft and that sort of thing. But this is a little tiny desktop one. And this one I chose mainly because it's fully enclosed. And I didn't need to have, you know, sawdust or metal filings flying around in the library. So all the stuff stays inside. If you open it, the emergency stop halts the drill bit so that I don't have to worry about students sticking their fingers into the, you know, the bit and get the chewed up or anything like that. So this is The Other Mill. One thing in particular about this other, this particular mill though, is that you do need a Macintosh to run it. The 3D printers I was using, they actually don't even need a computer. You just put the model onto an SD card and plug it in. Not only does The Other Mill need a computer plug in, but it has to be a Mac. There are other options out there as well. The print bed on this is very small. So it's like five inches by four inches and it'll only do objects that are about an inch and three quarters deep. But it's been fantastic for learning the milling process. My computer science students are really excited about making circuit boards on it. You can put a blank circuit board in there. It's essentially copper, a sheet of copper on a piece of plastic. And then the software will take your circuit board design, translate it so that it can then etch out the pathways. Our art students are excited about making stamps and molds using this. So lots of neat stuff that you can do with the mill. I have a question for the audience, Jonathan. Actually going back to the scanner. The video there, I know it's embedded into the slides that you're going to send me. Is that posted online somewhere too where people could watch it? It actually is on YouTube as well. So I can also dig up the link, but I do have it on YouTube. Okay, great. Someone was asking if there would be a link for it so they could watch the video of that scanning. Sure, no problem. So electronics, little bits, I just want to rundown a few of these, little bits are really fantastic. I got to say they were designed for elementary to junior high age students, but the college students allow them.  Each bit has one specific task, whether it's some sort of input or output or processing. It might be a light sensor, it might be a button or a slide dimmer, or it might be LED lights, this sort of thing, a little motor and engine, and they connect to each other using magnets. So you don't have to worry about soldering or wires. You're not going to break it by putting it together the wrong way because magnets can only, because of their polarity, they can like go in one direction. And it's fantastic for anyone to just, they're so approachable. So anybody with no background in electronics at all can sit down and just start playing with these and creating and seeing what they can come up with. And then for your advanced students, they could use these for actual real prototyping of ideas they wanted to. So little bits are awesome. Arduino, that's definitely for the advanced students. Probably your computer science and engineering students will be into this stuff. Arduino is invented electronics. So you see an Arduino board there, that's what that looks like. That's like a, that's a basic computer. And then you plug wires into it. Those wires can connect to sensors, temperature sensors, light sensors, they can plug into LEDs or other outputs. If you wanted to build a robot, this might be what you wanted to use for the brains to control the robot's movements and motors and that sort of thing. That's what Arduino is. And I would recommend looking at the SparkFun Inventors Kit. This is a fantastic place for people to start with Arduino. It has a full color, glossy manual with lots of projects in it that kind of take you through step by step. You know, I've never heard of Arduino before. I've never worked with electronics. You know, this is where you plug the wire. This is how you load the software program. Really cool. Raspberry Pi, it's, so Arduino is good for embedded electronics sensors, motors. Raspberry Pi is a full blown computer that's about the same size as the Arduino board there. So a little tiny computer, they can actually plug your HDMI monitor into it, a keyboard, a mouse. You can plug in Wi-Fi modules, that sort of thing. So it's a full blown computer. Raspberry Pi's were developed with schools in mind. I forget which university developed it, but they're like $35. It's a $35 computer essentially and then you have to plug in all your accessories. But a $35 computer, you can load, you know, Linux operating systems on there. Although I understand that I think Microsoft actually has a version that will run on Raspberry Pi as well. So that's what that is. Redboarding is something to consider. At the moment, we're not doing any soldering in our lab. So soldering is when you take basically some, the solder is some metal that you can melt to connect wires and other, you know, electronics permanently. We're not doing any soldering. It's something that we're considering for the future. For the moment, we're only doing breadboarding. And breadboarding is, the breadboard is a plastic square with a whole bunch of holes in it that you can plug wires into and then you can unplug the wires. And what's great about that is that you can prototype. It's not permanent. Students reuse all these other electronics that we have.  And then there's some good resources that I mentioned. Adafruit.com, Sparkfund.com. Those are both stores, but they have a ton of tutorials on them as well that kind of explain the process of how to use different electronics and then make seem as well. Virtual reality. So if 3D printing is one of our gateway drugs to draw students into our lab, virtual reality is the other one. That's an Oculus DK2 that was a developers kit. I believe the Oculus Rift, which is a consumer model, has been released now. And I got to say, like 3D printing, until you've actually experienced it, you can understand the concept, but then actually experience it is just this, wow, it's so cool. It's kind of mind-blowing. So it's so real. You put on that headset and you put on your headphones and you've got freedom of movement with your head.  And the depth perception and that sort of thing is just really, really amazing. So the students love this. It's really great to get students in here. It's actually pretty funny. Some of the students now, they have this one particular game that they love or demo. It's a fairly basic game, but it's a horror game.  It's so much fun. They'll put on the headset, put on the headphones, and then outcome the cell phones and they start Snapchatting or their friends' response when they jump up or scream out in terror and they're playing this video game. So they don't warn them what kind of game they're going to show them? No, no, they're just, hey, play this game. It's fun. And then it's like a spooky sounds and a monster jumps out kind of video game. It's pretty funny. But it's great to see that. So they're taking the first step of VR. What I'm hoping they'll do now, getting them to take that next step will be the challenge. And by next step, I mean actually creating their own virtual environments from scratch to start moving around and playing with. But that's VR. All right, so that was a rundown of all the equipment that we're using. We're going to want to think about how to maintain this. As I mentioned, it's an open lab. I'm not charging for any of the consumables. And by that, I mostly mean the 3D printing, but also some of the smaller electronics, the jumper wires and capacitors and resistors and stuff like that, LEDs. Those are so cheap, 10, 15 cents each, that I'm not worried about those being spent or used up. But if you don't have a grant like I did, then you'll want to think about that. A lot of labs do charge for 3D printing. And there are some formulas you can find out there that kind of take into account the amount of plastic that they use and the length of time that they use the 3D printer. And really, since I'm not charging for the material, the way that I am limiting 3D printing to make sure everybody gets a shot at it is I'm limiting the length of time that they use the 3D printers. I limit them. Right now, I'm limiting them to two hours of printing per week, unless they attend one of my workshops. So this isn't sent up to get them to workshop. If they attend a workshop, then they let them use four hours of time per week on one of the 3D printers. My lab is staffed by Student Assistant that I've trained. And I do some workshops that freeze me up to do consultations or workshops. I don't have to be hanging around in the lab all day long. And I talked about taking that next step with the virtual reality. Having a project binder comes in really handy. So it's one thing to, ooh, that looks shiny and fun. And let me try that. And so they print their first thing, which is probably a little Pokemon piece. And then what do they do next? So having some sample projects that they can do ready to go, for no matter the type of equipment, the electronics or what have you, this comes in really handy as well. And then maintenance as well. Just expect that you're going to be maintaining everything pretty much yourself. Although I have to say, maybe I'm just fortunate I need to knock on wood. I haven't had any real maintenance problems with my equipment. Maybe because I purchased a very well-reviewed printer or several printers in a nice 3D scanner. But just be prepared that you'll actually be maintaining that equipment yourself. And then how the students use the space. So I've found that I hate to say build it and they will come. But that's actually been my experience. The students love the space. This actually, this really has become the third space for a number of the students at our university. Students that were never using the library before are now in the maker space every day. And this is great for drawing in those hard sciences, engineering, computer science students. But also it's actually been heavily used by the art students and business students as well. And then seeing that, you know, cross-disciplinary collaboration has just been really fantastic. You know, I had an idea that that might happen, but it really is. Seeing the computer science student hook up with the art student because the art student wants to do an interactive display that uses sensors and led lights, but they don't know the first thing about electronics. So the computer science students helping them out with that. It's actually happening. And then the peer instruction was not something I thought about, but it happens all the time. The students are teaching each other how to use the equipment and learning from each other. It's been really, really amazing. This is also an opportunity to bring staff in. Maybe there are staff on campus who have expertise in certain areas, or community members, maybe businesses that are involved in, you know, different sciences or engineering. It's a place where the students can interact with them on projects as well. Just a few examples of some class assignments that have come out of this. And this is just making the lab and technology available. There's an art, a ceramics class. And this is something I never would have thought of, because I don't have an art background. But I had a ceramics professor come in, see the scanners, and get really excited. So that's what the picture is right here. So her ceramics class, she assigned them a project to build something or make something on the potter's wheel. And then they brought their creations into the lab. We 3D scanned their object for them. And then the students are taking that 3D model and they're deforming it and they're deconstructing it in Tinker CAD. And they're going to print out the result on the 3D printer and do an art show of the original creation on one side and the deconstructed 3D printed object on the other side. Really awesome. And I totally would not have thought of that. Yeah, this is something I thought, yeah, when you did your presentation, that is just amazing. Yeah, the different, having the different types of disciplines. Things you just wouldn't think about, yeah. And those are some really cool things they have on the table there. I was just, I was looking at the designs. They look like, you know, some of them are like very nice and perfect. And some are just, I'm going to smush this into whatever ice, weird shape I can. And it's art. Some of them are kind of challenging to scan. I can see that, you know, the more intricate and complex ones, yeah. Right, when you're dealing with cavities, basically the scanner can only scan what it can see. So sure you can scan around the sides and you can scan the top and the bottom for all sorts of different angles, but if there is a big hollow opening on the inside, you know, if you can't see that opening, it's not going to come through on the scan. Doesn't know what to do with it, yeah. Right, so yeah, that's been great. All right, assessment. Okay, I do have a question before you go on to that last bit. Someone wants to know if you could, but again, was the program that the students used with the virtual reality? Oh yeah, I didn't mention that today. So there are a lot of different demos and video games you can download, go any stuff for free. Since we have an Oculus share, it's like an online community where people upload their virtual, you know, creations, virtual environments, video games, demos, and that's mostly what we've been doing. It's just downloading free stuff from Oculus share to do. And there are some really intricate, fantastic developed games on there for free as well. Some video games are shipping now with VR capabilities. Sorry, I mentioned Steam VR. Steam, if you're not aware of that, is a video game distribution platform where you can purchase video games and download them. And there are plenty of games now. They have like a whole category for VR-enabled games. And then Unity, Unity is the development software that my students are going to going to be using for creating their own virtual environments. So that's the software run down there. Nice. Okay. Thanks. Right. So assessment is something that's kind of difficult to talk about, you know, whether we're meeting our goals or not. And to be frank, I'm not, assessment is not my forte. But in my presentations that I've attended on makerspaces, there's not a whole lot of discussion around this. So this is kind of my attempt to get that ball rolling, the conversation started, you know, talk about whether this is just a fun, cool thing to have in the library that's going to go away a year or, you know, what's actually coming out of this. It's easy to, you know, do use statistics. We're librarians. We're really good at use statistics, right? Counting the gate, you know, whether equipment's getting used. It can be really interesting to look at demographics. In my case, the demographics I'm interested in are, you know, what are the majors, what departments are the students or staff coming from, you know, who are using our equipment. So that's one thing you can do. But then to talk about student learning outcomes, you know, what kind of skills that they're acquiring, that's, you know, a lot mushier. For lack of a better term, you know, how do you assess that? So this SLO that I've listed there, that was something I included in my grant proposal since I had to have student learning outcomes. I couldn't just have a fun idea. But the way that I'm trying to assess this, really innovation is where I base this around. So innovation, learning new skills through exploration. One way you could do that is maybe to start a blog to showcase, you know, the student work. You know, I've been kind of taking a photo journal, essentially. I've taken pictures of all the projects that students are working on. So, you know, we can kind of, you know, present these are the neat things that the students are doing in here. And they're not, a lot of them are not assignments. They're projects that they're coming up with on their own, or they're creating their own projects now. And an outcome of that might also be to have, well not an SLO, but an outcome of that might be to have the students in write up a tutorial to share on Instructables or some other website. This is how you do this cool, you know, make this cool light up interactive display or whatever it is that they're trying to accomplish. And so, you know, we're looking for the student's ability to identify problems here and attempt solutions. And one of the great things also about makerspaces is that it's okay to fail. It's okay to mess up because you learn from that. And then we're documenting, you know, their failures and their successes and how they grow from that. It's, so it, you know, goes hand in hand with the makerspace. I did do a kind of a paper check-in sheet for a while. I guess about, you know, our first one. Just out of curiosity, I wanted to see who was actually coming into the lab. And in my case, you know, I had 45% of my students were computer science and engineering students coming into the lab. Now I have to admit that's probably skewed because I spent a lot of time in the planning stage meeting with student groups from computer science and engineering. So I built up, you know, that interest there. And so now it's on me to start reaching out to some of these other majors as well. But I mean, it's less than half. So I suppose that's not too bad. They're bringing in their friends. People are walking by. They're discovering what we're doing in the lab. Because I have the students fill out a form to submit their 3D models, I can collect all sorts of fun information. And I know the text is really small there, but that's really just to illustrate how much information I'm collecting. I'm not only using this spreadsheet here. This is in Google Docs as a way to track, you know, what we've printed, where we are in our print jobs and what plastic color they want to use and how much time it should take and how much material we're using. But also what majors they are, the students are, you know, what their, you know, status is if they're an undergraduate student, graduate student faculty. So I'm collecting all this information and then I can start collating it. And so here you can see where the 3D print requests are coming from. And this is before this pie chart here represents right before that art class started their big project with the ceramics and stuff. So I imagine the arts have actually picked up quite a bit now in some, you know, other areas of the pie chart are going to shrink. But of course we had the initial interest from computer science. Business is one that kind of surprised me because I did not reach out to them at all. But I've got a lot of business students who are interested in the 3D printers to prototype their, you know, ideas for, you know, maybe design a product and present that in class. So good information there as well. And that kind of wraps up the science that I set up here. Yeah, a little picture there of our whiteboard wall computer science humor. But yeah, so that's, yeah, that's it. Thank you very much. I don't know if we have any questions. Awesome. Yeah, great. Thank you very much, Nathya. That whiteboard paint, until you talked, I had never heard about that. I know I've seen and people do chalkboard paint where you can paint an item or a whole wall for your kids or something. But the whiteboard paint sounds like an awesome idea for places that you can't don't have an actual whiteboard to stick up on the wall or do something with. Right, right. And it's not permanent. It's just the paint. Oh, it's just the paint that you always do something else. Yeah. Especially when you like you said you were going into a space that was the computer lab before. So it wasn't like something built for your innovation lab that you were doing. So does anybody have any other questions? We did have some that I grabbed throughout the session, as you see. We are a little after 11 o'clock, but we don't get cut off here. I'm in charge of my software here. So we'll go as long as necessary if anyone does have any questions. We just said very really great. Lots of good information and good for thank you for taking us through it step by step, which I think was yeah. And like I said, we see a lot of things at public libraries and you see news articles about they use a 3D printer to do this and that. And I think a lot of people have not figured out a thought about how to get it into the academic environment. And it's maker spaces, 3D printing is, as you said, not brand new anymore, which is great. We're not on the cutting edge of it. Where some things have been figured out, but still figuring how to get it into new different places and how to pull that off. And once the board gets out to the faculty that you've got a space like this or this equipment, you may be surprised who will come knocking on your door. They might start to feel like some curriculum about it may be not yet, actually said the actual project. One thing I was actually surprised about was when you mentioned that some of the students walking by had that people actually have not heard of maker spaces before, which we think from it being so prevalent now and being mentioned all over the place in libraries and from us in the library world who work there, that no, there may be people who don't know that this is a thing. Yeah, that was, I was surprised by that. Yeah, I'd have to say most, actually most of the students I've spoken to have no idea what a maker space is. They haven't heard the term. So, but, you know, once you start explaining the idea behind it, you know, they may have heard of 3D printing. 3D printing is the one thing that they've probably heard about, otherwise. Yeah, and I think that I'd have noticed also there's been a trend now for many places to not call these maker spaces. Like you said it's innovation lab or a creation lab or something like that. One of them that you shared, I'll call that something else. But yeah, that terminology is something people don't know what it means when you say it. So, making it something more broader and also something like innovation or just creation, you can bring in things that are not just techie. You know, the things you mentioned here, all those computer technical things, but some lots of maker spaces, this is just about making anything.  I mean, Legos, so they can also expand it out into those kind of things. Well, it doesn't look like any last minute urgent questions came in while we were chatting. Like I said, I grabbed them as we were going, so I got all the ones that people mentioned throughout your session. But I'm sure if you do have any questions, if you want to, you can reach out to Jonathan, where he is now at Sonoma. And you said you're going to be working on this now at your new job, trying to start one up there as well. That's right. Yeah, I've got a head start because there are already some 3D printers, but everything else needs to be done. Right. Well, you've got this experience before, you can do it all over again. Great. All right. Well, thank you very much, Jonathan. Thank you, everyone, for attending. This was awesome. I am going to pull back, present your control now to my screen. There it goes. All right. So yeah, that will wrap it up for today's show. It is being recorded still, and the recording will be posted here. This is our Encompass Live website. I give the URL on our slides at the beginning, but you just Google Encompass Live and it'll come up. Luckily, nobody else has called anything they do this yet. We are the only results that come up right at the top of your searches. The recording will be posted over here in our archives. Let's see. This is last week's where we had, yeah, we had the recording goes to our YouTube channel, presentation into our slideshares. You can view it there, and Jonathan, you'll email me your slides. Yes, and I'll also include the YouTube links. Yeah, wherever that is. Yeah. And then the links into our delicious account for people to view any of the services you mentioned, the products, the different libraries that you said were doing it. All right. There's something, Simon, going by. I was noticing, let's see if this is working. Delicious was down earlier when I was trying to do it, but I'll get to them. So they'll all be posted there in our archives when they are available. Ready, I will send an email out to everyone who attended and everyone who registered, so you all know where to go when it's available. And then that I hope you join us for next week's show, which is Welcome to the World to Your Library, Creating a Multilingual Library Introduction Video. This is a series of videos that was done here at our Lincoln City Libraries right here in Lincoln, Nebraska. Catherine Kelly and Katie Murtha were the two staff there that worked on this program, another grant-funded thing, just like Jonathan's, where they were trying to get more non-English language learners, non-native English speakers learning about the library and how to use it, what they can do. And so they're going to come on the show next week and tell us how they did that. So definitely register for that. And any of our other upcoming shows, I have a few more I'm going to add here. You can see we just got May up. I've got a few things in process that I need to get in the schedule, so keep an eye on that. Also, if you are a big Facebook user, please do like us over there. I do post notifications about things. Here is a reminder of today's show a little over an hour ago. Log in right now for today's show. When our recordings are available, I post them on here. So anything, you know, if you are big on Facebook, like us there and you'll get notices about what we're doing. Other than that, that wraps it up for this week's show. Thank you very much for attending and we'll see you next time you're with us on Encompass Live. Bye-bye. Bye-bye.