This is the place of the long wind, or so it was called by early men who crossed these barren ways. An area apparently at the bankrupt end of nature's bounty. A place of incessant sun, wind and sand. The bed of a lake that rarely has water. An area shunned by men and avoided by most forms of life. A place of largely unexplored potential. Until fairly recently in man's history. How long ago man may have visited and where he retreated from this hostile environment is not known. The railroad came through the valley in 1856, and the first permanent settlers began to arrive in the following years. But not until around 1910 did any homesteaders venture to the edge of the lake itself. There on the north edge of the lake, a family named Corum took out a claim and established a well. They found water at only 19 feet of the growth of their community follow. They called it Muroc, Corum's Bell Backwards. Mrs. Effie Corum Pelton recalls her place somewhat nostalgically, for Muroc is now the site of Edwards Air Force Base, California. I'm standing on the original homestead. Soon after we settled, others came in and settled around us, and the town of Muroc was formed. We raised white holland turkey and Pimus rock chickens. At fair you see the Edwards hangar was once our out south of here. The army first took a military interest in the lake in 1933. Lieutenant Colonel Haparth was in charge of Mar-Cher base in those days, and sent out a detail to place bombing targets on the lake. This was probably the best use for the area than anyone up till then had figured out. Sergeant Harley Fogelman once wrote that he was in charge because they couldn't get any officer to stay out there. They'd just take one look at the place and take off again without shutting off their engine. Meanwhile the area of the lake continued to be a favorite location for movies. The desert cavalry and the cowboys and Indians fought countless engagements through the sand and sage. The continuously clear weather, barren locations and proximity to the Los Angeles area, the same quality that were to later make it valuable to aviation, recommended it to the Hollywood movie makers. In 1937, the entire Army Air Corps, all 200 planes, encamped on the lake for maneuvers and bombing practice. December 7, 1941, the world became aware of the real importance of air power. And here, on this dry lake, far from the harbors of Japan, B-24 crews practiced their skill on the only Japanese cruiser to be grounded this far from Tokyo, the Murak Maru. And with the frequent desert mirage effects, this target sometimes looked pretty realistic. During those same grim wartime years, a fabulous development which was to shape the future of Murak was being born in shrouded secrecy back in Buffalo, New York. There, in a secret design room hidden above an automobile agency, a radical departure in aircraft was planned by Bell engineers. Downstairs, business went on as usual, camouflaging the real business at hand. Upstairs, the details of America's first all-jet airplane were feverishly worked out. The airspace around Buffalo was far too easily observed to test such a craft. And so, in the fall of 1942, the Bell XP-59 plane was placed on a heavily guarded train and shipped west to Murak. The security precautions even included a dummy propeller to confuse armament. The Murak Air Base is remembered by many airmen of World War II. A bewildered young private zikardi who got off the train one night would have special reason to remember it. Boy, do I remember this railroad station. When I first arrived here, the scared young private in October 1942, not knowing anyone here, it was cold and dark. I asked the railroad station master here where I was to report to. He pointed across the lakebed there, the light says it's 12 miles, start walking. Right with my duffel bag on my shoulder and I walked those 12 miles. There in a secret base at the west end of the dry lake, he became acquainted with the Bell XP-59. He became part of its crew and there in 1942 witnessed the history-making launch of America's jet-propelled flight. Since then, a lot of history has been made here at Edwards Air Force Base. We have had numerous test aircraft, odd ones such as the X-13, the XP-70, the YF-12A. We've probably had more test aircraft here at this center and seen more different shapes than probably any place in the world. Just five years after the first jet flew at Murak, another radical aircraft, one of the X-series experimental rocket planes, broke the sound barrier. The following year, 1948, the flight of still another experimental craft, XP-49, the Flying Wing, ended in tragedy. This incident gave the base its present name in memory of the pilot, Captain Glenn W. Edwards. A whole new generation of fighters, bombers and transport aircraft were tested for the Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base in the years that followed. This event, with its nearly limitless expanses of suitable landing area, has been conservatively estimated to have saved over $2.5 billion worth of these aircraft, saving not only dollars, but valuable experience and development time as well. One of the growing group of young pilots who cut his teeth on flight testing, Major Robert L. Stevens, worked on the development of the F-86 and later the F-102. Test director of the YF-12 and SR-71 test programs, Colonel Stevens has seen flight testing grow from a seat of the pants talent into a highly exacting science. In the early days of testing here at Edwards, test pilots like Colonel Joe Rogers and myself got a quick briefing, slipped into our G-suit, went out to the F-102, kicked the tire, lit the fire and took it up to see what it would do. But today, in the test flights of the YF-12, we have several hundred people riding along with us by way of ground telemetry and other instrumentation. In preparation for one of our YF-12 test missions, we first go through a complete pre-flight briefing of the mission. This is attended by all the participants, the test pilot and systems operator, the flight test engineer, maintenance crew chief and the systems and data engineers. YF-12 935 should be in commission for a 1,300 launch. Sergeant Peake, is the aircraft about ready to go? We'll find it, sir. We've got about 10 more minutes on refueling and then we'll let the President President be ready, sir. Very good. I think it's the only thing left is the radar. Colonel Andre, what's the late reading on the radar condition? Tony, has the antenna control problem been repaired? Yes, sir. I'll take care of it last night. Fire control system is in commission and ready to go. Very good. Then we put on our full pressure suits for protection in the hostile environment of the stratosphere should the cabin pressurization malfunction. After ground checks are complete, the engines are started and the aircraft taxed to the runway for takeoff. The test mission is flown exactly as briefed so that it can be monitored by the engineers and technicians with fewer surprises as far as what is about to happen. If, however, some in-flight emergency or unscheduled occurrence does take place, the in-flight and ground data systems will tell the entire story and can be very valuable to supplement the comments by the test pilot on just what occurred. Along the high range at Edwards are located a multitude of exceptionally accurate radars, communications and telemetry stations, Ascania camera stations that can pinpoint the position of the aircraft within a few feet at any time. During the flight, lasting about an hour, the YF-12 will cover several states and cruise at speeds of over 2,000 miles per hour and altitudes over 80,000 feet. After the mission, the same people who attended the pre-flight briefing gather for the post-flight briefing where the entire flight is recapped from beginning to end. In-flight discrepancies as well as design deficiencies are covered in detail and the end result is a vastly improved weapons system. Generally speaking, gentlemen, the mission went pretty much as scheduled. I think it was a very successful dry run, so everyone's here will start to debriefing. Modern flight testing is an incremental business where progress is made in small solid steps, not bold leaps. But each step adds to our ability to move farther into the hostile environment of these unknown areas with increased confidence. The XC-142 is another new approach to an old problem. Explored in cooperation with the Navy and the Army, but managed by the Air Force, the XC-142 program is a tri-service project. From this program, a rather novel idea about flying is emerging. Operating like both a helicopter and a conventional airplane, it requires versatile pilots, and these tri-service pilots are writing the book by which they'll be trained. One estimate is that our knowledge of these tall flight today is like our knowledge of helicopters in the late 30s, and that similar progress can be expected both for military and commercial applications. Now across the lake bed, on a futuristic ridge of rock, the power plants of far more advanced aerospace systems undergo the same kind of careful evaluation at the Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory. One such is the Mikey Titan Free, which since these tests has proved itself a standardized space launching system, the first large booster to be designated by the Department of Defense strictly for space purposes. On February 12, 1965, a Titan 3A rocket hurled its third stage into orbit as a flying launch platform, and in a space age first, executed a series of maneuvers involving four orbit changes and three satellites. One of its payloads is the initial Defense Communications Satellite Program. Designed to provide the Department of Defense with instantaneous worldwide command and control of its forces, the system is comprised of up to 24 satellites, which Titan 3C can deploy at the rate of 8 per launch. Now the silent stands of earlier programs stand as mute monuments to progress. Changing needs dictate ever more exotic systems and larger thrusts, and so the roar of power from the rocket propulsion laboratory echoes across a thousand square miles of distance. Not all firings are heard at such distances.  This is just the right amount of push to maneuver a man or an entire spacecraft at delicate few feet in the vacuum beyond the Earth's atmosphere. Behind any such specific application, however, there is always a foundation of exploratory development. From this comes theoretical assumptions that must themselves be tested before actual hardware systems are designed. Young scientists are collaborating on such problems, synthesizing fluorine-containing compounds, for example. There's a feasibility study anticipating the propellant needs of future systems with a thorough and systematic analysis of a large family of compounds. Here, as in the rest of the testing business, pains taking comparisons are made between the theoretical behavior and actual performance of each sample. Small implements of information add to the sum total of man's understanding of things unknown. Thus, the beginning of rocket flight in this X-1 was also not the end achievement, but only the beginning of a whole new series of questions which led straight to space. These changing requirements are seen in the experimental vehicles that fly from NASA's Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base. The X-15 has been building an impressive series of records as it reaches higher and faster, but its records have not been the real goal. It is a product of the Air Force, NASA, and Navy cooperation. Its real mission has been a quest for knowledge, and it has been called by some the most successful research airplane ever built. Many of its complicated systems will have application in tomorrow's supersonic and hypersonic aircraft and in spacecraft. Strictly out of this world is the LLRB, or Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, exploring the problems of flight in the entirely different environment of the moon. The vehicle is maneuvered by 16 small rockets. Another Air Force project a little closer to early application is the XB-70. Time and distance throughout the world will be compressed even further when airliners that have grown out of this research plane join the commercial and military airplanes. Perhaps the most prophetic activity of the National Space Program is one that demonstrates what may be the ultimate destiny of the lake. Men have long dreamed of exploring space and returning to Earth in pilot-controlled flight, selecting a landing site anywhere within a continent. A man close to that dream is John Reeves, an inspector on the M2F2 lifting body program. He is a practical man who knows his bird from the bones out. Every item has had to pass his scrutiny in the assembly. It's a far out idea of building an experimental vehicle to fly back into the atmosphere from space. But he's used to working on visionary programs. He worked his way through the X-15 program from drawings to breaking world's records. He's used to working with the men who conceive and design the craft and with the pilots who take them out to meet the moment of truth. He's used to sweating out the missions and the careful rehash of the data. And the modifications that inevitably come out of post-flight analysis. He's contributed his share of ideas to the growth of his birds and feels a special kind of relationship when the mothership tunnels his fledgling under its wing and heads for the runway. But this latest fledgling is something special controlled by reaction jets in the upper atmosphere but behaving more like an airplane in the lower and thicker air. A bird whose nest is on the lake whose success could possibly influence the entire future of man's flight through space and return. Since the early days of high performance testing, the professional requirements of the specialized vocation of test pilots has been recognized and pursued here where the testing programs themselves were located. One of the young pilots attracted to this exacting and exciting career in the early days was Captain Chuck Yeager. He left his first mark on history back in 1947 when he broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1. More record-breaking achievements followed. Years later, as Colonel Yeager, he was the first commander of the Aerospace Research Pilot School. His successor is a flying scholar, Colonel Buchanan, the first Air Force PhD in Astronautics. You know, we're turning out an entirely different breed of pilot here at the school. These guys will be working on programs all the way from the surface of the Earth to space. In fact, they'll probably be flying vehicles that are under-heard of today. They come from all branches of the services from industry and from several foreign countries. Several of the graduates have already become astronauts and many more will. It's a demanding discipline requiring the utmost in aptitude and academic preparation. Many candidates come with advanced degrees. The hardcore curriculum includes such fundamentals as aerothermodynamics, astronomy, computer theory, bio-astronautics, and flight mechanics. Practical experience with actual flight problems comes the hard way. In the cockpit, the fleet of specially modified test aircraft, like the reaction-controlled NF-104. But even more unique is the space flight simulator. In its cockpit, a pilot can experience all the sensations of space flight except weightlessness. Blast-off, orbit, rendezvous, and recovery, the full mission can be practiced in this imaginative instructional system by use of the tremendous resources of computer programming. The problems are realistically programmed into the system by the instructor, who can supervise the student cockpit by means of a duplicate display of instruments and a closed system television monitor. Rendezvous and docking displays are also fed into the system by television. The cockpit realistically duplicates the instrument displays and controls of spacecraft, the views of the world outside, and the noise, heat, and vibration experienced on an actual mission. Here students can practice the solutions to problems in a fully recoverable situation, and the memory core of the computer can call up every trick in the book. Captain Jeffries is by now as much at home in orbit as he is in the local traffic pattern, although he has never actually lifted off. His problem on this mission is rendezvous and docking. I've got you closing at one foot per second. You probably ought to start the maneuver up to align your axis with that of the target. Raj, closing at one foot per. At mission's end, recovery techniques can be practiced. Tiny patch of earth, a barren scar on the changeless space of the desert, has been witnessed to more technological change in the lifetime of present man than perhaps any other spot on earth. It is events such as these that have given Edwards Air Force Base its special character. Its future destiny is to continue to play a vital role in man's quest for knowledge, a quest that leads man farther toward the unexplored, the model of the nation's window on the aerospace world of tomorrow.


Life here is a lot like the Navy life is in comparison to West Point. Things are a little bit, I would say, more relaxed here. So I was expecting to feel a little bit more of an outsider when I came in, but the guys that I met pretty quick on, they took me in, and I'm really comfortable with all my Navy friends now. It's been really fun. I've gotten to meet a lot of people and get involved in a lot of activities. I've learned that we're a lot more similar than different. A lot of the midshipmen here could easily be cadets at West Point and vice versa. I think I'm going to miss some of the people I met here and the area is obviously gorgeous, but I miss all my friends that made back at West Point and it's going to be great to go see them. I'm probably going to take away the Naval approach to like everyday life and how they perceive like the military and perceive their way of, their part of the Department of Defense. Understanding differences in the Navy, Marine and Army culture and how we do things the same and differently will be really useful. I think we're all very similar motivations and ambitions and are all excited to go serve our country. I knew it would be pretty fun to come here and see how the Navy kids live and obviously leading up to the Army-Navy game, it's going to be an awesome experience to go through. I'm really excited for the football game. I think doing the prisoner exchange, running across the field is going to be really awesome. Where they send out the Navy manchipmen who have been at West Point for the semester and the Army gets to go to the Navy for the semester and they exchange them. I think it will be one of the memories that I'll hold on to from my Academy experience. We'll just be running across that field to see if Gray. Go Army! Re-Aggray!


Hi, my name is Prabhara Grawal and I welcome you all today at the Kubernetes Community Days Channel. I am thankful and very excited to be a part of this event which is happening for the first time. I believe you all must be familiar with Kube scheduler and I have got an interesting and fairly newer tool called Kube scheduler simulator to present amongst you. Before we move forward a little bit about me. I work as a DevOps engineer at IBM ISL for the IBM Kubernetes service and those are my different handles to reach out to me on Twitter, GitHub and Slack. For today's agenda we have what is Kube scheduler simulator, its different components and its architecture, how it works and a little demo to show how to get started with. Kubernetes scheduler is one of the main master components responsible for scheduling pods onto the worker nodes. The scheduler may look as one but it is made of small different parts doing clock work to stay everything put. For the cluster admins, the scheduler may always look like a single component running either as a pod or a service on master nodes but when it comes to visualizing how scheduler actually works it is pretty hard to do so. Now we have Kube scheduler simulator which can easily help us in visualizing how to create, edit, delete of pods, nodes, volumes which works by simulating inside a cluster. Kube scheduler simulator is a Kubernetes 6 project which is maintained under 6 scheduling. It is an open source project which is written in Go and it can run very well locally using talker or the talker compose. It mainly focuses on visualizing resource creation from KITS scheduler's perspective. We can simulate the creation of different resources like nodes, pods, storage class and volumes. The node assignment of pods by scheduler is done on the basis of scores and filter plugins but in the Kube scheduler simulator we have custom filter or score plugins which are used in the place of default plugins. We can also configure custom scheduler configuration by either passing the configuration file or we can use the default scheduler. Kube scheduler simulator has a web UI which can be used to try out the behavior of scheduler and check the working of plugins as well. Using the web interface you can create a new resource like node, pod, priority class or the storage class and we can see the result of the scheduling in this section. We will see the UI in detail once we move forward. In today's presentation we will mainly be taking a look at how scheduler simulator works, how to get started with it by installing in local. Let's take a look at the different components involved in the Kube scheduler simulator. Once the Kube scheduler simulator is bootstrapped using the talker compose it basically creates three containers one is the HCD server, another one is the simulator server or the actual backend server and the other one is the front end server. The backend server which is also called the simulator server executes the Kube API server at first. Since the Kube API server is the brain of any Kubernetes cluster it is followed by the persistent volume controller which will help in maintaining the persistent volumes across the cluster. Then it also triggers the scheduler which is the default scheduler which comes with the Kube scheduler simulator and then this simulator server is initiated which will help us in actually visualizing how the different resources are scheduled inside the Kubernetes cluster. We also have a web UI just like we saw in the previous slide and the HCD server which acts as the default data store for the whole project and this is the architecture diagram of the scheduler simulator. The main components are the simulator server so as soon as we execute the talker compose up it basically executes the API server at first. The API server then triggers the persistent volume controller which is followed by the scheduler which is the default scheduler inside the cluster and then the simulator server. These are the different API end points which are also registered mostly simulator server or the respective component has been created or executed. We can directly get the metadata or the other information by querying these end points running inside the scheduler simulator. For the installation we can simply give the following command by after cloning the project into a local which we will just see in the demo which is the make talker build end up and it will start building all the three containers which will involve the HCD scheduler simulator and the front end and now we will see the demo we will first see the installation of the scheduler simulator in my local and then I will run the talker compose in my local machine so that we can execute the scheduler simulator in the real time. So, I will follow the guide as mentioned in the scheduler simulator GitHub wrapper. So, we basically need to clone the project and then we will simply give the command as mentioned here either make talker build end up or make start. So, make talker build end up would basically trigger the talker compose file and we will try to create all the containers as mentioned in it. So, we will try to create the simulator server the simulator front end and the HCD in the interest of time I already have the project cloned in my local and I will try to run the talker compose command. So, we will wait while the containers are being bootstrapped it is done. So, you can see that three new containers have been added just now whereas the first one is mentioned it is of HCD running at the version 3.4 then the simulator server which is the backend server for our project and the simulator front end where which will be running the simulator UI. So, UI would be accessible at the port 3000. So, what I would do is I would just reset it and I will delete the existing resources and then we will try to create fresh resources from scratch. So, you can see on this UI we can basically create either new storage class, new priority class, new persistent volume plane or the new node or new pod. So, we will start by creating new nodes. So, once you click on the new node option it will basically give you an editor where you can put in the details of the memory specification or the CPU you want your node to be configured with it. So, I will not change it and we will try to schedule it with the default values and if you click on the node you can basically see all the relative information with respect to the newly created node. So, it says that the phase is running for the node. Now, I will try to create another new node with the same configuration and node 2 will also be having the same status. Now, I will create a new pod. So, by default the pod which will be created will be based on the pod's container image. We will just try to minimize it to some 2M of CPU and 1 or maybe 2 gigs of and you can see all the other default information mentioned which is the termination SH path image polarity and then the DNS policy and then I will apply. You can see that the pod has been scheduled on the node 1 and now I will create another pod with a little change in the configuration. We will keep it as 5 and 5 gigs of and it will also be having the same configuration apart from the resources as compared to the other pod. Now, we will go and see the first pod which is being created just now. You can see that the few fields have been added apart from the resource definition fields. So, one is the filter by default the official filters defined for are both of nodes are like azure disc limits, inter pod affinity, node affinity. So, these are all the by default filters which are defined as the as part of the cube scheduler basic configuration and then if we check the score. So, here it says that the scores are defined on few or the certain factors which is the image locality inter pod affinity, node affinity, node resources balance allocation, resources fetch, port upon which is spread and the taint on which. But in our case since we did not define any of the inter pod affinity or node affinity or even port upon which is spread. So, we could see that the values are termed as zeros in that case. Whereas, for the node resource balance allocation and node resources fetch we have a default value of 96 which is a score and then at the end we basically have a sum of the finalized or the normalized and the applied plug-in scores. So, here we can see again that balance allocation and resource fetch are again as 96, but the port upon which is spread and taint toleration have been termed as 100 and 200 for each node. So, to understand plug-in or filter score allocations which we saw just now in the cube scheduler simulator UI for each node and every pod we need to understand the motivation behind scheduling of pods onto the different nodes. The scheduling of pods onto the nodes are managed in two phases. One is the scheduling cycle and the other one is the binding cycle. The scheduling cycle it selects a node for the pod and binding cycle it applies the decision to the cluster and we also have few extension points like pre-filter, filter, post-filter, pre-score, score and the normalized score. All these plug-ins are used for various reasons like filtering out the nodes that cannot run the pod, some for pre-scoring work which generates a state for plug-ins to use and some are used to rank the nodes that have past the filtering phases. The scheduler it eventually calls each scoring plug-in before it finds the pods onto the respective nodes and the allocation is done based on the best score value calculated. So, before we move on to the next part of our presentation, I will try to bring down the existing set of which I have in my local. To do that, I will basically call a docker-down command from the make file and as you can see it has started stopping all the three containers which is the HDD, the front-end server and the back-end server and it has been cleaned up now. So, moving on to the next part, we have few other implementations being done for the scheduler simulator recently. The project was earlier using GitHub actions to run its CI checks which were mostly being triggered as part of the PR and push-based checks and there were some works done to migrate to Proud which is a Kubernetes-based or the Kubernetes community-maintained tool to have the CI streamlined with the very common tool throughout the org. So, currently the CI part of scheduler simulator is being handled using Kubernetes Proud and the end-to-end test for the scheduler simulator which is currently in progress. These will focus in testing all the different components of the scheduler simulator like the Qube API server or the response return from the Qube API server, Qube scheduler, whether there was a node or pod created properly or not. So, if you are interested in knowing more about the scheduler simulator, you can always follow the project link. There is a whole lot of documentation available which will be helpful for the beginners to get started with. There is a guide mentioned in the root of, mentioned in the readme of the project which will help in getting started and how to use scheduler simulator, how to bootstrap it locally. We also have a doc section which will help basically explains how the scheduler simulator works. The different configuration you can use for Qube API server and if you are interested in checking the responses of the different APIs exposed, you can also check the section. Few links to follow, the project link is there, the documentation link is also there. You can always reach out the maintainers of scheduler simulator on 6 scheduling channels over the Kubernetes slack and that is all for the presentation. I hope you would have enjoyed knowing a few things about scheduler simulator. It is a really good tool if you are looking for some help in understanding and visualizing how scheduler works and the different components around it works. The community is always looking for new contributors who can come and pick up issues and start working on it. It will be very great to have different folks working on it. Once again I would like to extend my thanks for giving me a chance to present. Hey Praveer, thanks for the insightful session. It was really helpful and in the end you said you are a welcoming contributor. One question that I have around is what is the skill set that you are looking for as in say if I have to be a contributor, what is the minimum requirement that you would expect for us to contribute in your space? So to contribute in any project under Kubernetes, you can basically start off fresh. Even if you don't know or go that much or you are not that much aware about Kubernetes, you can start helping with the documentation or maybe bash clips which are used for end to end testing or CI CD path. So there is always way up the ladder from there and if you are really interested in Go development, you can pick up a few issues which are around core helping with the Go port. Otherwise in any of the project under Kubernetes you can find your way in. For scheduler simulator, similarly, you can always help in the documentation part. There is front end part which you must have seen just now in the presentation. If you are good with JavaScript or if you have keen interest in that, you can also pick up issues around there. Then we have APIs written in Go. You can pick up issues around there as well. There is a lot of work going on with respect to end to end testing which I mentioned. If you really like to have just knowledge around bash scripts, you can pick your way up from there as well. Sure, Prabha. That answers my question. Thanks a lot. So participants, do you have any questions? Prabha is around and he is daily. He will be more than happy to help you guys. One thing I would mention is please take part in any of the community meetings for scheduling. Those happen every other Thursday around 10.30 p.m. in your time and there is one which happens for the APAC, the Asia Pacific, every month, the first Thursday of every month. You can reach out to me on Slack. I will share all the details. Any other community member which is available on Slack, you can always reach out for help. Please don't hesitate to ask any questions. The community is very friendly as you must have been aware of. Sure, Prabha. One of the participants is already interested to contribute. You have already answered that you are reachable in Slack. Is there any other community member who can reach out to you or is it only Slack or you are active in LinkedIn? Yeah, I am active in LinkedIn. My Gmail address would be there or I can have them via you. The other ways would be Twitter. I am active on Twitter as well these days. So all these three, four things. I have a personal question. I will wrap it up and have the last question. I like this idea of simulator. What was the starting point as in like what was the spark to come up with a simulator? Because generally people don't, we all tend to work in CLI and we generally don't or rather not have the requirement to have a simulator as such.  I may not be the best person to answer this because I am not the one who created this project. But it basically came out as a GSOC project and the main idea was to have a showcase kind of which can help people to really visualize how the different plugins and the different scoring happens when you are trying to assign pods to a different node or to distribute to different nodes from the scheduler side because we would always read in the documentation and we can see in the cluster that the pod goes to node A and node B. But in actually how does it look like if it is to happen somehow. So that was the main intention behind it. The project is still growing. We are adding different new components, different support for different custom plugins. You may be able to write your own simulator one day. So yeah, it is growing from there. Thanks a lot Prabha. You have answered all the questions and the session was very insightful and helpful. I hope the participants are benefitted as well. Thanks a lot. Have a good day. Bye. Yeah, you too. Enjoy the rest of the session.


This will change your life. What's up, money geeks? Mr. V here. Welcome to another video, guys. Into this video, I want to show you guys one trick that will change the way you save money. I guarantee you with this one trick, if you implement it, you're going to see how your savings is going to grow overnight. But before we jump into that one trick, the question is why are people not saving a ton of money? Why are you not saving a ton of money? So right here on the board, I have three reasons why I think people are not saving a ton of money. So the first one that I have here is that they're not making a ton of money. So if you don't make a ton of money, you're not going to save a ton of money. We all agree on that, right? Second one is that you're spending too much. So if you make a ton of money and you spend a ton of money, there's nothing left for you to save. And the last one, which is what we're going to cover into this video, is you have no saving strategy. And if you don't have a strategy to save money, Tennessee is, you're just going with the flow. Money comes in, money goes out, and you don't really know where your money went at the end of the month. And you see that you make a ton of money, but yet your savings account is still empty. There's nothing in it. And so in today's video lessons, this is going to be our focus. If you are not making enough money, I've actually done videos here on the channel where you can actually go and find side hustles from maybe walking dogs or house sitting or driving Uber to actually make extra money that would help you be able to save for emergency or whatever. If you're not really in the habit of cutting back on your spending, so if you're spending way too much money, it's more of a psychological thing. So you want somebody, maybe a mentor or a buddy, somebody that can hold you accountable to cut back on your spending.  Maybe you're trying to keep up with the Joneses, right?  So now let's jump into the savings strategy. So before we get into this one trick, guys, if you're new to the channel, please definitely go ahead and hit that subscribe button. We teach people here how to make money, how to save money, how to invest money and how to build real wealth. So if that's something that you're interested in, hit that subscribe button and give us a thumbs up on this video. Also, share the video with somebody that think that would find it useful. Again, like I said, if you're looking for ways to save money, this one trick that I'm talking about here, just this one trick, it's going to completely change the way you save money. So I want you to imagine yourself working. Let's say you work eight hours a day, right? You work eight hours a day and you make good money. And then when it comes to saving, you're looking around like, hey, I made money, but that money disappeared, right? Most people just spend dollars and they look at it from this perspective, or it's only 30 bucks or it's only 40 bucks. Here's what I want you to do. And believe me, guys, mentally, it's not going to make sense, but just take a minute and digest it. It's going to hit you really hard. Then that's going to make a lot of sense. And once you start implementing this, you're going to sit by, look at yourself and laugh. So I want you to look at every purchase, every purchase that you make. I want you to look at it from the perspective of time. It's a ski time. When you make a purchase, how much time did I spend at work for me to be able to make that purchase? Just think about it. Is this another make sense? So what do you use an example here? It's going to give you more clarity, right?  Let's say you buy shoes for $90. So you spend $90 on a pair of shoes. This is where it's really going to sink in. So let's convert that $90 into the amount of time it took you to actually work before you can buy that pair of shoes. So if we do $90 by $30, so $90, if we do that by $30. So you spend actually three hours working, three hours working to buy one pair of shoes. That's equivalent of about 180 minutes. So you spend three hours or 180 minutes working to buy one pair of shoes for $90. Now the question is, did that really make sense? Is that helpful? Is that something that you wanted? So the minute you start converting all your purchases in terms of minutes or in terms of hours, that's going to ring a bell. Before you swipe that credit card, you're going to be like, okay, that's three hours of work. I spent a good three hours just to buy this one little toy. Is it worth it? And trust me, guys, this is a saving strategy that it's going to change the way you do things.  And he's going to show you the hours or minute that you actually spend working to go out and purchase that. If it just buying tickets to go to maybe a game, buying tickets to go to a concert, you say, okay, those tickets are $200 or $300. So you take that, you divide it by your $30 an hour.  Is that worth it to you? If not, then you should probably rethink that expense. Again, guys, this is just one trick that works. If you try it, let me know in the comment section how it's working for you. Question of the day, what is the one trick that you've tried saving money? Let me know in the comment section. If you liked the video, guys, again, go ahead and give that thumbs up. If you find it useful, share it with one friend. And if you think that what we're doing here really, really helps, please go ahead and hit that subscribe button. And as always, guys, stay motivated.


Hi friends, welcome back to my channel and welcome back to another weekly WW meal prep. I am so excited you guys this week for the recipes. They all sound absolutely Delicious, I am making three recipes a breakfast a lunch and a one smart point dessert Yes, one smart point and it's cake. So what's better than that?  I'm just going to be pairing that with some eggs Because the points are a little bit higher. They kind of consume my breakfast points for me for the casserole So I'm gonna have zero point eggs. So let me show you what is in our French toast casserole First you're going to need some skim milk. So I'm going to go ahead and use the fair life You'll need some sweetener alternative. Whatever your preference is some sugar-free maple syrup fat free half-and-half fresh strawberries a day old loaf of French bread Fat free cream cheese you need 12 ounces. So I have four ounces and eight ounces to make the 12 ounces You'll also need an egg Some sugar-free strawberry preserves cinnamon lemon juice vanilla extract and Ground nutmeg. So let's get started on this week's breakfast So the first thing we need to do for our French toast casserole is cream our 12 ounces of that free cream cheese So with your hand mixer, you just want to mix this until your cream cheese is nice and fluffy Once your cream cheese is all fluffy You're gonna add in your two-thirds cup of whatever sweetener you're using and we're gonna give that just another quick mix To make sure our sweetener is nice and combined in with our cream cheese mix next we're going to mix in our one egg and Also our lemon juice. We want about a teaspoon of lemon juice and then we're gonna give this just one more quick mix Get everything nice and incorporated and then set this aside Next we're going to whisk together 10 eggs with some more of our wet ingredients before we add it to our slices of bread In your eggs, we're gonna go ahead and add in one-third cup of the sugar-free maple syrup We're also going to add in our vanilla extract about a teaspoon We have three-quarters of a cup of skim milk And we have three-quarters of a cup of fat-free And then we're also going to add in some ground nutmeg and again I don't follow the recipe. I just kind of do it to my taste and these are some of my favorite seasonings So I'm gonna put a lot and then some ground cinnamon And then we're gonna take our whisk and we're just gonna whisk this together Until our eggs are nice and combined in with our milk and all that delicious Spices you guys the smells so good Cinnamon-y delicious cannot wait Next we're going to take half of our slices of bread So I have a total of six my other pieces are over here I also have two cups of sliced strawberries and my cream cheese mixture So what we want to do is we want to use our cream cheese mixture And we want to kind of spread it on to one slice of our bread And then we are going to layer on some strawberries So go ahead and just load it up with some sliced up strawberries And then we are going to put another piece of our French bread on top of this piece of French bread and Basically create a sandwich and this is what is going to be the basis of our strawberry French toast So I'm just gonna set that aside Finish out my other five slices, and then we'll move on to the next step Once you have your little sandwiches put together We are going to do our best to cut these into cubes Kind of once they're put together it might be a little bit messy But I'm gonna go ahead and just kind of do mine in half and we're going to place that into our baking dish Actually, you know what I changed my mind I am gonna cut it into cubes only because it's so thick in the baking dish There we go So we can just kind of plunk those into our baking dish And you want to do that with half of your little sandwiches and the other halves will actually go on Top of our casserole So go ahead and just kind of plunk in your halves of your sandwiches and then we'll add the next layer Once you've added about half of your sliced bread pieces to the bottom of your baking dish You're going to take the remaining strawberries that you have and you're just gonna kind of place them on top of those chunks of bread I ended up using Another half of a slice of a sandwich to fill the bottom of my baking dish It wasn't quite enough So that is my suggestion or just make sure whatever you do that there's a lot of There's a piece of bread of your mixture pretty much in every little crevice of your dish That way everything gets nice and cooked together So go ahead and add your strawberries and then our remaining cream cheese mixture We're just gonna go ahead and plunk on top as well Get that nice and spread out over the bread and the strawberries And then our next layer will be the rest of our slices of bread our little bread sandwiches Next we're gonna place the remainder of our little bread pieces right on top you guys Yum stuffed French toast. I am so Incredibly excited for this. So I'm just gonna evenly place my slices of bread on top of what I kind of coated with the cream cheese And those extra strawberries Yum, and then we're gonna go ahead and top it with our egg mixture And the last step is you're gonna take your egg mixture and you are going to pour this over the top of your French toast cubes Just make sure that all of your bread Pieces get soaked in the egg. Otherwise you will have dry chunks of bread and no one wants that So just make sure that everything gets nice and coated at least some egg mixture on all of your Bread cubes and then we'll get ready to pop this into the oven at 350 for about 20 to 25 minutes Now the recipe does suggest that once you add your egg mixture to the top that you do Refrigerate this overnight. I am not going to do that for time's sake, but that is a suggestion here in the recipe So I'm gonna pop this into the oven and I'll be back to show you the completed cream cheese Strawberry stuffed French toast you guys. I just pulled the double stuffed cheese cake Strawberry French toast out look at this. This looks incredible I am so excited. Look at how thick and delicious with that cream cheese and big chunks of Cinnamon sugary bread yum, so I'm gonna let this cool just a little bit We'll get this cut into serving sizes We're gonna make up a little bit of a topping or a syrup for our French toast as well so for the syrup I mixed together one half of a cup of Sugar-free strawberry preserves in one half of a cup of maple syrup you guys this legit tastes like strawberry syrup at a restaurant It is so good, so I'm gonna divide this in two eight equal servings and then our French toast casserole. I'm also going to divide into eight equal servings So let me get this into my meal prep container and I'll show you the completed breakfast and give you the smart point So here is the completed meal prep So this is what I'm going to be having for breakfast this week So I have one serving of the strawberry cheesecake French toast you guys It's amazing and then I have a little bit of the syrup the strawberry syrup I topped it with some fresh strawberries that will just warm up right along with the French toast casserole I'm pairing that with a couple of scrambled eggs made with one and a half eggs or so And then I'll be having a bag of blueberries each day as well That will count as a fruit. There isn't enough strawberries in the French toast to really count as a full fruit So this will be my breakfast This is the leftovers and I went ahead and added the syrup directly to it. Look at how good that looks So my hubby will munch on this so for this French toast for one eighth of the pan is Seven smart points you can put this into ten servings for six smart points But I thought the only thing that has points in breakfast is the French toast casserole So it's seven for that zero for the eggs zero for the blueberries So my breakfast is a total of seven smart points and I'm getting French toast casserole for seven smart points For lunches this week I'm gonna be having deviled chicken sausages and I'm going to pair those with some potatoes and Some Brussels sprouts. So first let me show you everything you're going to need for the deviled chicken Sausage first you're going to need some water some minced garlic Worcestershire sauce Brown sugar or brown sugar alternative. I'm going to use the swerve brown You'll also need some Dijon mustard Chicken sausages. I'm using the Sam's choice chicken apple I did grab two packs because I need a total of five days and there's only four sausages per pack the rest I typically just throw into the freezer. They last forever that way and onion apples and Tomato sauce and then I'm going to be pairing that with some of these petite Fingerling potatoes I'm going to season these up and throw these into my air fryer And then I'm going to have some Brussels sprouts. So this is going to be what I'm having for lunch So let's get started with the deviled chicken sausage. So the first thing we need to do is get chopping So I'm going to slice my two apples. I'm going to slice in half and filet five sausages cut my onion into slices and I'm going to take these Fingerling potatoes and I'm just going to cut them into smaller pieces that way they cook a little bit faster in the air fryer So these ones are fine, but these larger ones. I'll probably just cut in half So I'm going to get everything all chopped up and then we'll get everything started Potatoes roasting on a sheet pan in the oven. So to my bag of potatoes here I'm going to add one teaspoon of olive oil I definitely want that a little bit of healthy fats And then I'm also going to add a little bit of garlic salt And I put this in the bag because then you can kind of just mix it all together And then I'm also going to add this which I love pretty much on any potato or vegetable This is the dax green zest you guys dax seasonings amazing It is salt free so no fear when you need to weigh in But it is packed with a punch of flavor and I love this green zest. It's all natural. It's non-gmo So I love this on veggies on potatoes so good So I'm definitely going to load up on the dax green zest If you're interested in dax, I do have a discount code Down in the description box that will save you 10 percent and also get you free shipping. So check out dax It seriously is amazing seasoning. So make sure you order some because I'll be using this a lot So once you get your seasoning and your little bit of olive oil in your bag I go ahead and close it and then literally I'm just going to toss The potatoes and that little bit of olive oil is flenty to just coat the potatoes It helps to stick the seasoning to them and then I'm going to lay them out here on my sheet pan, but look yum So here are our potatoes. Look at how good those look I did drizzle just about another half a teaspoon of olive oil Over the top of my potatoes just to get them nice and crispy So I'm going to throw these in the oven at 400 degrees until they are cooked through and crispy And now let's get going on our sausage So the first thing we're going to do is make the sauce for our Deviled chicken sausages. So here I have three tablespoons of tomato sauce And I just went ahead and measured it out of that really small can I have two teaspoons of the swerve brown sugar I have three tablespoons of worcestershire sauce To that I'm going to be adding in some Dijon mustard. I want one teaspoon And I'm just going to kind of eyeball that And then lastly I'm going to add one half of a cup that I just built of water And then we're going to just give that a nice mix until it is nice and combined And this is going to be the sauce for our deviled chicken sausages next Let's get these onions and garlic cooking Next you want to go ahead and get a pan warming up on your stove with some non stick cooking spray To that I'm going to add a very large scoop of minced garlic And I'm also going to add all of my sliced up onions And we're going to let those onions in that garlic cook down until the onions are nice and Sauteed and then we will add in our sausage But this you guys already sounds like such a great lunch paired with those potatoes Once your onions start to cook down, we're going to go ahead and add in our sausages We do want to get those a little bit browned along with our onions So we'll continue to let this cook through and then we're going to add in our sauce and our apples Once your onion and sausage starts to brown We're going to add in that amazing sauce That we made and we are also going to add in our sliced apples And we're going to let this just simmer and cook down until our apples are softened Here's our apples and sausages and onions. Look at how amazing that looks Who to thought right put an apples in with this? So we want to let this cook until our apples are completely softened A lot of that liquid has been soaked up by both the apples the sausage and the onions And then we'll be ready to pop out our potatoes and put together our meal prep Here's our completed sausage Apples and onions look at how amazing that looks I'm going to let this cool for just a few minutes the potatoes are just about done And then we will put together the meal prep And here are the roasted potatoes these look so good So I'm going to let these cool We're going to dish up our chicken sausage and then we'll add our potatoes to our meal prep container So for each meal prep, I basically want four halves Of sausage because I cut all of my links into four pieces So I want to make sure that each day I'm having four links of sausage And then to that I can go ahead and just add a variety of the sausage and the or the I'm sorry the Apples and the onions just to kind of finish off each day's meal prep. Look at that yum So I'm going to get the sausages all divided out equally into my meal prep containers Add in a little apple onion mixture and then we'll add our potatoes Once we've added in our chicken sausage, we're going to go ahead and come back over and add in our potatoes So we're just going to divide these evenly Into the other smaller compartment of our meal prep container and we're going to Divide what we cooked into five equal Servings So I will be back to show you the completed meal prep and to give you the smart points So here is our completed meal prep.  I cannot wait to have this for lunch and there's even room for dessert So let me show you what I'm going to be having So here I have a serving of the trader joes frozen Brussels sprouts I'll just warm those up in the microwave add a little bit of spray butter salt and pepper I have one serving of the private selection fingerling Roasted potatoes with that one and a half teaspoons of olive oil over all of them And then one serving of the chicken apple sausage Deviled and that includes the sauce the apples the onions How amazing does this look so it is three smart points for The fingerling potatoes and two smart points for the chicken apple sausage Nothing else has points in that part of the recipe. So this lunch prep is five smart points Let me show you what I'm having for dessert as well But the main portion of my lunch looks absolutely positively Phenomenal So for dessert, I'm going to have one of my sweet nothings you guys know that I'm obsessed with these These are amazing. So this is the peanut new get cluster. It literally tastes like a snickers bar No lie Legit a snickers bar, and it is only one smart point 35 calories Now weight watchers math makes two of these three smart points. So just keep that in the back of your mind I did order these off of the protein wise website down in the description box is a link Click that enter my code here on the screen and you'll get ten dollars off your first order And I want to say a bag of these sweet nothings is Three something so you can buy almost three bags for free with your free ten dollars off You can't be ten dollars worth of free delicious food and there are so many items on the protein wise website That are not only delicious, but ww friendly. So i'm going to be having one of these for one smart point So that makes my entire lunch a total of six smart points or i'm sorry seven smart points Three for the potatoes two for the chicken apple sausage and one for the sweet nothings So this is my seven point amazing lunch for a sweet treat this week I'm going to be making mini crème brûlée cakes. These are going to be Adorable and wait until you guys hear the smart points. You're not going to believe it So here's what's in our mini bun cakes. So first and foremost, you'll need some devotion nutrition This is the angel food cake protein powder best protein powder on the market hands Down it is only one smart point per scoop It is fabulous for baking. It is delicious Shaken up with some water or some almond milk and I love it in a blended protein shake with some frozen fruit So good. So if you're interested in devotion, which I highly recommend and I will be using it Exclusively moving forward in baking recipes. You can go on to devotion nutrition There's a link down in my description box use my code Save 10% off of your order, which is always nice and make sure you grab both the angel food cake and brownie batter So that you can follow along in my upcoming recipes because Exclusively I am a devotion nutrition fan. So we'll be using some of the angel food cake You'll also need some flour. I am out of eggs. So I'm just going to use egg whites unsweetened applesauce baking powder Vanilla extract and then some nice cold water. So let's get started So to get started on our mini crumber lay cakes, we're throwing everything into one bowl So first I have one and a quarter cup of cold water Make sure the water you're using is cold You are also going to do two scoops of the devotion angel food cake protein powder And one half of a cup of all-purpose flour One teaspoon of baking powder One quarter cup of unsweetened applesauce and one egg And then we are just going to take a spoon and get everything Nice and combined and I'm going to show you my fun little mini butt cake Silicone pans that I have and that's what we're going to be using to cook our cakes.  I also purchased these off of amazon I think it was a three pack of scoops for about ten dollars All of this these and the scoops are in my amazon store We want to get a total of 12 Bundt cakes So I'm just going to kind of add my mix just kind of Equally to make sure that I get 12 out of the recipe And you can always go back and add a little more batter to your molds if you don't quite If you have leftover batter after you've Gotten the amount that you are wanting to get so I'm shooting for 12 So I'm going to get these filled and then we will get ready to put these into the oven So we're going to go ahead and get our little mini cakes into the oven. Look at how cute these are They will rise they will come out perfect So we're putting these in at 350 for about 10 minutes or until you can insert a toothpick And it comes out clean and while these are cooking we're going to make a delicious topping for zero points that we're going to add to our mini cakes So for the topping for our little Bundt cakes, what I have here is three tablespoons of light Cool whip so I went ahead and just used the Kroger brand Light cool whip and I measured out all my food scale three tablespoons To that I'm going to add two tablespoons of almond milk And this is the almond milk that I use. It's just the silk almond and coconut And I'm going to give that a stir you want to make sure that you get The whipped topping and the almond milk kind of stirred together so that it's kind of a thicker Thicker mix kind of get the chunks out if you can And then to that I'm going to be adding one of the devotion nutrition rainbow pack flex flavors These you guys are awesome. They are zero calories sugar-free Stevia sweetened and gluten-free you can literally add these little packets to just about anything Oatmeal yogurt cereal coffee you name it and they are all Amazing amazing flavors you can buy these off the devotion nutrition website same link same discount code You can use my code to get 10 off the box is 30 packets Again, you'll be seeing these a lot in recipes. So today I decided to go ahead and use the devotion nutrition I don't know if you can see that very well, but this is the creme brulee packet So that's what's going to give us that caramel Delicious creme brulee flavor to the top of our little cake. So go ahead and enter your little pack your rainbow pack Into your mix give that a stir and literally you just now have zero point creme brulee topping So by the time you divide this out over all 12 bundt cakes it ends up being zero smart points And let me tell you sound it smells delicious So make sure that you also grab this when you're on the devotion website So I just pulled the little bundt cakes out of the oven. They are so adorable So I'm going to let these get nice and cooled and then we'll transfer them to some parchment paper And we'll drizzle over the top that delicious creme brulee topping that we made with the devotion rainbow pack Look at our little mini cakes you guys these are seriously Absolutely adorable. Look at how cute those are Little cute bundt cake shapes. They are the perfect size So I went ahead and popped them out of the mold laid them here on some foil Here is our mix and I'm basically just going to spoon That in the middle and over the top of all of our cakes And then I'm going to let these cool just a few minutes longer let this Delicious creme brulee soak into the sponge of the cake and then I'll plate it up And I will show you a serving which is one little cake and give you the smart points You guys are not going to believe the smart points on these little cakes because it is cake with a creme brulee topping And wait until you hear how reasonable end points that these are so make sure that you just add As much of your little cream to the top of all of your cakes you want to use it up because again It is adding zero additional points. So make sure you use it up And there are our glazed mini bunk cakes You guys these are so delicious. They're sweet that creme brulee flavor is on point from that flex flavor This entire little mini bunk cake is one point one smart point. So what a great little snack Deserved one point you can't go wrong and it's absolutely positively delicious So here's what I'm going to be bringing for snacks this week. So as usual I'm going to be bringing a built bar, but I want you to pay special close attention to these built bars This is the brand new flavor. This is the mint brownie delight you guys This is fantastic I'm going to insert a picture here to show you the inside it is chocolate It is fudgy It is brownie. It has a very very very subtle Mint flavor, but it's primarily this ooey gooey fudgy brownie So fantastic So these go on sale officially tomorrow tuesday june 25th and the sale runs until thursday june 27 So you literally have three days and three days only to pick up this bar and then they are gone They are an extremely limited edition.   So they are also offering you guys a little extra bonus with these brownie Delight bars if you order a full box any flavor single flavor mix flavor Build your own box You can even order a full box of this if you want to go ahead and do that You will receive two free mint brownie deluxe bars So for every two boxes you buy of any flavor you'll get two extra bars Now if you buy two boxes Again of any flavor not only will you receive two of the mint brownie delight you will also receive six Yes six of the blueberry cheesecake. That is a ten dollar value So between the six free blueberry cheesecake, which by the way, this flavor is on point delicious You will also receive four mint brownie delights for free. You guys that's 14 free bars That is almost an entire box of build bar. That is a 30 dollar value That is insane and that is only for three days. So stock up stock up stock up Don't miss out to order go to build bar.com use my code here on the screen And you will save 10 and get free shipping You can also click the link down in the description box and it will automatically apply The 10 discount and the free shipping. So hurry run fast to build bar I'm also going to have a package of the petite carrots. I really like these. You know that in these little individual packets They're perfect for on the go. Oh, and by the way three points for the build bars zero for the carrots I'm also going to be having my favorite light and fit, which is the tiramisu I really like this flavor of the light and fit and I only have a couple left and I want to eat them up And I'm going to top that with my very favorite granola in literally the world This is the julienne bakery pro granola and this flavor is espresso cluster You guys if you are new to my channel or have not jumped in and purchased this granola, please do so It is amazing. Absolutely amazing Here are the stats of the granola and that is for half of a cup 12 grams of protein Zero sugar. So it is only two smart points. You guys for half of a cup of granola Typical granola is anywhere from five to ten smart points for half of a cup This granola is made with all good ingredients. It is paleo and keto. It has low net carbs high protein gluten free grain free Nothing artificial non gmo. This one has prebiotics and probiotics. I'm telling you you guys Not only does it taste delicious, but it's good for you So hop on to julienne bakery.com click the link Down in the description box and enter my code and you'll get 10 off in free shipping now You have to click the link in order for the code to be valid So just scroll down to the description box and go into the julienne bakery site from there So definitely get yourself some granola delicious. So I put one tablespoon on my yogurt for zero points So all I have to count for is the two points for the yogurt Again, get some julienne bakery Don't miss out on the bill bars and this my friends are my snacks for this week Thank you for joining me on another weekly w w meal prep I hope you enjoyed seeing all three recipes that I shared with you Everything is so good and those cakes are amazing So I definitely encourage you to try out all of the recipes that I shared with you today I am linking them all down in the description box below So it makes it extremely easy to find all of my discount codes are down there as well So happy shopping with those. Thank you again so much for watching If you're new I'd like to extend a huge warm welcome Thank you for coming over to my channel and joining my youtube friends and family You guys are seriously the best part of every day for me Make sure that you subscribe hit the little bell that way you're notified every time that I upload a new video If you are new to my channel, I do upload every day pretty much every single day So there's always some amazing w w with a little bit of spin content coming your way I'd love it if you'd give this video a thumbs up comment down below Let me know what you thought of this week's meal prep And if you're going to give any of these recipes a try and I'll see you guys all in my next video Bye guys


Hello everyone. In the previous lecture, I discussed about the production of radioisotopes by radiating the target's neutrons and also we discussed how we can produce the carrier-free radioisotopes by different means. In this particular part, I will discuss the radioisotope production using charge particles and also some of the other aspects of radioisotope production like what are the ways how the radioisotopes are handled after radiation and in particularly in the Indian context, what are the mechanisms and processes by which the isotopes are produced and supplied to the regions. So, in the charge particle radiation, you can use a cyclotron or a linear accelerator or a tandem accelerator. Tandem means two-stage accelerator and then depending upon the radiation time, the facility that is available to you, you can get the radioisotopes, you need the suitable beam and the target. So, the knowledge of nuclear reaction will be very much useful in choosing what beam, what target. So, before you have a cyclotron and it is giving proton beam, then you already have the projectile fixed. So, now, you can fix the target accordingly go for the isotope production. Before you go for the radioisotope production, you need to know the excitation function. That means the cross section. So, this is the cross section sigma r versus energy of the projectile. Then this is the total cross section and you will have the excitation functions of different products like alpha n, alpha 2n, alpha 3n and so on. So, depending upon the excitation function for a particular radioisotopes, you have to choose the energy of the projectile and also make sure that it is available from the machine that you have to use. So, these aspects we have already discussed in the previous lectures on nuclear reaction. Now, we come to see what are the isotopes that can be produced using proton, uterine and this alpha particles. The heavy ions at projectiles can be used for the rest of production, but you will find that the heavy ions are having multiple charges. So, the currents are low and you may produce many other isotopes which may not be useful. So, mostly for commercial applications or applications in the industry or healthcare, whatever radioisotopes are produced, they are either produced using protons or alpha particles, uterium using cyclotrons because cyclotrons produce give rise to very high beam intensities. Beam intensity means current in microamperes. So, 1 microamperes of proton will have 6.24 10 power 12 particles per second. Accordingly, 1 microamperes of 1 microamperes or alpha particles of 1 microamperes current it will have is a 2 plus charge state 6.24 upon 2. That is how typical currents, some of the accelerators produce milliamp currents. Like for medical cyclotrons, you want very high activity of a short lived isotope to go for milliamp current. 1 milliamp 10 power 15 alpha particles of protons per second. That is the kind of intensities you use. So, proton induced reactions are used to produce fluorine 18. You can produce cadmium indium 111 and F18 is a used in pet, the positron emission tomography. So, you this F18 is having only 109 minutes supply. So, about 2 hours and so you irradiate H2O18, H2O18 and PN2 H18F and you have to do very quick chemistry because the half line is only 109 minutes. And you tag a glucose molecule, fluorodeoxyglucose and the tag is F18. So, and then you can transport it to hospital for pet operations. This 111 also used in the analysis, the diagnosis of diseases, 111 indium indium is beautiful gamma lines 100 to 200 kV range. So, it is also used in plastics. Again, another isotopes gallium 69 PN reaction P200, germanium 68. The germanium 68 has a half life of 270 days which decays to gallium 68 which is a beta plus emitter and hence it is a pet radioisopropyl. Any beta plus emitter being short lived are ideal for pet radioisopropyl, pet diagnosis, positron emission tomography. So, you can have a generator system, germanium, gallium generator system. So, because you have to supply this gallium 68 to the hospitals. So, in the hospital you can have a germanium 68 column and don't milking every few hours gallium 63. Similarly, thalium 201, thalium 201 is used in stress test single photon emission computer tomography. Irradiate thalium 201, this is actually thalium 203, 201, P3N led 201 and which is emitting the plus or electron capture give rise to thalium 201. And this has been half life of few days in 10 minutes for stress analysis, camera, scintigraphy camera. 125th iodine 60 days is another isotope iodine used in, it means a low energy gamma ray and it is used in a radio in say of iodine like thyroid hormones. So, iodine 127 P3N, dienone 125 and 127 iodine, you can also produce by 127 iodine target P5N, dienone 153 goes to 123 iodine. So, some of the isotopes of iodine 123, 125 apart from 131, 131 is a beta emitter and these are emitting electron capture and the acceleration low energy gamma. So, depending upon the type of application you have, you can choose which isotope of iodine suitable. Viterium targets are used to produce sodium 22 and oxygen 15, sodium 22 is a positon emitter though it is not huge impact because it has got a half life of about a year or two. So, but it is a source for calibration. So, it emits high level KV gamma rays. So, if you want to calibrate your system and you can filter the chemistry of positonium. So, positon is a positon source and many chemistry of positonium atoms are done with sodium 20. In fact, there are positon beams, you can take a source of sodium 22 which is emitting positon and you can accelerate these positons to use for many reasons. Oxon 15 is a beta emitter and you can use this by for the PET analysis, a short lived isotope produced by 1914 Dn reaction. For alpha induced reaction again 111 indium, emission 95, plutonium 238, plutonium in the heat source or the space applications in satellites, you can use some power. See, typically 1 watt or if you want to have 1 watt in heat, then about 2 grams or 1 gram of plutonium 238 gives some 2 watts. So, typically that is the kind of wattage you can get from plutonium in the heat source. So, these are the isotopes that are produced in e-luene excitons. There will be many and just giving you examples, there are more isotopes. In fact, we will come along, we will discuss further. So, many radioisotopes which are not produced in radioisotopes and many reactors and many isotopes which have different types of applications where you require carrier free, it may not be possible by reactor. So, you go for accident. So, this is the list of cyclotone produced radioisotopes, sodium 22, magnesium 24, the alpha over 57, little 58, P2N, gallium 68. You can directly produce gallium 68 or you can go for gallium 69, P2N reaction, indium 111, cadmium 112, P2N, iron 130, 123, tellurium or genome as a target material, helium 201, helium 203, P3N, lead 201, followed by pressure decay. Carbon 11, nitrogen 13 and oxal 50, these are all positon emitters. Short-lived ones you can see, 20 minutes, 9 minutes and 122 seconds and 109 minutes, they are all positon emitters. Some of these isotopes are actually, the cyclotones coupled with the pet facility directly with half-lives are very short. So, these are the reactions used for producing these alpha positon emitters and they are widely used in pet telephones. Caladium 103, 16 days, again rhodium 103, P2N reaction. So, you will find there are hundreds of radioisotopes having different applications. So, what we can do, you can just suppose you want pressure of a particular element, want to trace the path of an element, take the nuclear chart, look for the isotope having suitable half-life decay characteristics and then see in what way you can produce a particular radioisotope. So, having the knowledge of nuclear reactions, you should be in a position to find out a reaction which will give you the desired isotope, proper yield, particular activity and whatever activity you need and particular chemical form also should be the chemistry and delivery to the futures. So, let us compare the radioisotope production in a reactor and the cyclotone with different attributes. You can see here in the case of a reactor, reactor is in a big sea of neutrons. So, you can irradiate large amount of target material like oval metal, you can irradiate 10-20 grams, 100 grams. But in a cyclotone where the beam is travelling, beam, first of all the beam dimensions are very small, few millimeters. So, you cannot irradiate large quantity, even if you irradiate larger pile, it will not bombard that material, only a very small section, first section the target will be irradiated. So, small amount of target only can be irradiated in the cyclotone. So, cyclotone I am saying is the representative of an accelerator, but most of the time you will find the isotope production by chart particles is mostly done in cyclotones. So, I am just comparing reactor and cyclotone, but this is also valid for any chart particle accelerator. Accordingly the specific activity is generally low in reactor neutron irradiation, particularly you know when the target material is irradiated and become by N gamma reaction you get the isotope of the same element. There have been cases like multiple neutron capture or model this one beta decay, N gamma problem beta minus decay, then you can get carrier free, but in general if you irradiate a target material by N gamma you will get low specific activity. In cyclotone you are using a chart particle, so you are changing the atomic number of the isotope compared to target. Therefore, you have very high specific activity for the neutron isotopes. Number of targets at a time in a reactor you can irradiate large number of radioactors in the target materials. So, at a time many targets are being irradiated and you can just remove which one you want to remove depending upon the time of irradiation and their half-life. So, you can irradiate many targets in the reactor. So, throughput is very high, but in a cyclotone at a time only one target. We suppose you have multiple beam lines, at a time the beam will go in a particular beam line. So, there is no point putting irradiation in other beam lines at that point of time. At a time only one target irradiation. Irradiation time can be kept long like I was telling Kovalt you know if you irradiate for years to do apply this 5.27 years, so you can irradiate for one year. In the case of accelerators you cannot create irradiate, you cannot hold that accelerator for one target production, it is a production exclusive. So, usually the irradiation time will be one day or two hours and so on and the beam time is very costly, cyclotone operations are very costly. Type of decay of radioactors producing reactors mostly beta minus, but in the case of cyclotone produced radioactors which are plus cyclotone. So, they are neutron rich, they are neutron deficient that is the only difference. And the cost of production accordingly in the reactor cost of oxygen is low, but in the accelerator oxygen is very high. So, you have to weigh, you have to optimize the cost also, but when you are delivering to for you know for industry some applications or in hospitals. So, as so that you produced whatever the cost that would go into the another cost of the operation or test. All these factors are important to choose what is that method of. So, you may get a low specific activity in the reactor, but it is cheaper. You want to go for high specific activity in cyclotone, you pay for it that is how you have to assess the situation and plan. Now, many times you know there are many elements have multiple isotopes and you want to produce a particular isotope again gamma or charge particle, but there will be side reactions other isotopes also will interfere, they produce other activity which may not be required. And so, at that point of time you need to have enriched isotope. So, if an element have got multiple isotope and you want to irradiate a particular isotope, you need to get rid of the other which are not useful. So, enriched isotopes are required and the isotope enrichment is a very expensive process. So, that adds the cost to the whole production of the radioisotopes. They are expensive, but at many times they are innovative. You cannot afford to not have the isotopes. So, I will just give you some examples what are the situations in which you needed the isotopes. So, there are situations where you want the radioisotope with high yield and high specific activity, for you know the target atom should contain only radioactivity. At that time you cannot have the other isotopes. You see just a given example 112 India tin n gamma 113 tin. So, you want 113 tin which is used in medicine. Now, the abundance of 112 tin is only 1 percent. You can see here other isotopes of tin will also capture neutron or the volume say 99 percent of the tin is other isotopes. So, if you produce 113 tin, bulk of the tin is still the natural tin. And so, the activity produced of 113 will be very small because 112 is only 1 percent. So, what you do? You try to enrich 112 in the sample so that your specific activity will go up and your high yield also will go up. Similarly, chlorine 18 that you want to produce for pet operations, oxen 18 is very small percentage, 0.2 percent, bulk of the oxen is oxen 16. So, if you radiate natural water, you will get very small activity of F18 because oxen 18 very small abundance. So, what you do? Irradiate you enrich water in so, you have X2O18 and you can irradiate you can enrich oxen 18 up to more than 95 percent. See this is a low mass number. So, it is easy to enrich the low mass elements. So, these are the things you know you necessarily need to enrich the target element in the desired isotope. Second requirement is to minimize contamination from unwanted reactants. You are looking for a particular isotope, but there are other target isotopes which may give you unwanted activity which is not desired. For example, 187 N gamma gives 188 Rehenium. We want 188 Rehenium for our application, but there is another reaction 185 Rehenium N gamma 186 Rehenium which is not required. So, you have one isotope three days, other isotope 17 hours. Abundance of 185 is 37 percent. 187 is 62 percent. So, these are the two reactions concurrently happening. Your isotope of interest is actually 188 Rehenium which is used in therapeutic applications. So, you have to to obtain pure Rehenium 188 you have to allow Rehenium 186 to decay, but how you can allow it to decay? Rehenium 188 is shorter than 186 Rehenium. So, this is not possible to allow 186 Rehenium to decay. Therefore, what you do? You use enriched 187 Rehenium. That is what I was telling that tungsten 188 if you have you can produce by two neutron capture that can give you 188 Rehenium and so, these problems are not there. So, by N gamma root if you produce 188 Rehenium it will be contaminated with 186 which is longer than 188. So, that is that those situations you require necessarily in this isotope. Similarly, again here also this is similar to that radio-nucleic purity means the sample should be pure with regard to particular radio isotope and there can be parallel reactions. For example, you want to get 123 iodine, you irradiate Genon-124 P2N, CGM-123 going to Genon-133 and then by electron capture it goes to iodine-123, but the abundance of Genon-124 is only 0.095. So, if you irradiate natural Genon it has got very low abundance and so, you get very small 1.26 Genon also has got about same abundance as 1.24 Genon and that also gives you by similar reaction 1.26 Genon P2N reaction, 1.25 CGM, electron capture, electron capture 125 and so, this is actually 60 days. So, 125 iodine is longer than 123 iodine and so, it will always contaminate your spectrum. So, if you have 123 iodine produced by Genon-124 P2N reaction, you will invariably have 125 iodine which is longer lived and therefore, there will be always contamination. Therefore, you need to enrich Genon-124 up to more than 99 percent. The gaseous isotopes are easy to enrich, different methods are there believable for isotope enrichment and so, the enrichment of isotopes is a very common technology these days and many vendors are available to supply you in these targets. There are situations where target element may contain isotopes which have very high neutron absorption process. So, you want to produce one isotope of that element, but the other isotopes may have very high neutron absorption process. So, that will they will suppress the neutron flux in the position. So, they act as neutron poisons means though the isotopes which have very high perception for neutron capture, they act as neutron poisons, they will actually absorb the neutrons and reduce the flux. For example, you want 153 samarium for many medical applications, you irradiate 152 samarium n gamma and you get 153 samarium, half life is about 46 hours. But if you see here, you have 149 samarium n gamma, 150 samarium. Though 150 samarium is stable, it will not give you any activity, but the very high perception 41,000 barn of samarium 149 n gamma, it will this high this high perception will reduce the neutron flux. Most of the neutrons will be captured by the 5149 samarium. And so, it will is like a neutron poison. So, it will affect the neutron economy in that position and your yield of 150 samarium will be less. So, these are the reasons where you need to have enriched isotopes. There are other ways also where you can have radioisotopes. I have separated this class of radioisotope because they are very handy in many applications. So, I give you some of the generators, radioisotope generators means you have a parent-daughter relationship, you have a long-lived parent and short-lived daughter and you can. So, you can put in a column or a A is here and you can milk B. So, this is cow, cow, this is called cow, you milk the cow. So, you can hold the parent isotope in the column and you can go on milking discussed in the Merlinum 99 case, you can milk technician from Merlinum generator. They are called radioisotope generators and they are very popular these days because you can send people who are manufacturing these generators, they can sell the generators to hospitals and hospitals have their own hospital radio pharmacy, they can go on milking the isotope of interest. So, Merlinum 99 is the parent of Technica 99M. Technica 799M is the workhorse of nuclear medicine, particularly for the diagnostic departments. So, a spec, single photon emission conflict tomography, you are doing the image of an organ, you inject a leveled compound, compound level with Technica 99M and then when it is going in the blood stream, particularly organ where the blood is flowing, you can take the image of like for example heart imaging, you can see what part of the heart is, if there is a there had been a heart attack, then what part of the heart is infected to us, you can see this one. So, 66 hours and 6 hours ideal transfer equilibrium can go on milking technician from that. Another pair is gallium, germanium 68, gallium 68, say beta plus emitters. So, for pet radio pharmaceuticals, you can use this generator 270 days and 68 minutes, 113 tin and indium 113. Indium 113M is the radio isotope useful for diagnostic radio pharmaceuticals and so you can milk it from 113 tin having applied 115 days and this is 90 minutes. This internal transition, it is not pure gamma emitter like Technica 99M. So, they are ideal for imaging. Stompsome 90, 28 years, mitreum 90, 64 hours and so this is again another pair where mitreum 90 is used in therapeutic radio pharmaceuticals, tungsten 188 decaying to rehenium 188 which is used in therapeutic radio pharmaceuticals and caesium 137, berium 137 used in the laboratory experiments for the gamma ray half light determination and many applications you will find. 137 caesium is also used in blood radiators. So, these are another way of producing. Now, I will just briefly discuss the some of the activities in India. In India, we have the in a cromby campus, we have the Sirus reactor, that goes to start for functioning now, but we have the Dhruva reactor which is producing radio isotopes and there is a sequence of events to irradiate in the reactor, take it to the reticemical laboratory and then process them sent to other agency for distribution in the country. So, inside the Dhruva, we have the reactor hall in Dhruva, inside the reactor hall these are the facilities for experiments, neutron scattering and other things. But inside the reactor, see the electrical entry, inside the reactor we will have the conditions where you can load the sample, radiate them for a specific period of time, take out for processing. So, these are from the irradiation, after the irradiation in the reactor, you bring them to the heart cells. Heart cells are you know, these are the, this you can see the yellow color in the windows, these are led glasses because the inside the heart cells, the radio isotopes of very large activity to curies, hundreds of curies are being handled and the person who are handling them should not get the radiation dose. So, the viewing window is not pure glass, it is made of lead glass. So, lead will, it will renovate the gamma ray, so the personnel are not getting much gamma dose. So, that is why you can see by adding lead, some color will develop in the, and also the radiation was of the radio isotope sources, they also have their, you can see to generate colors in the glass details. So, the viewing window, and these are the master slave manipulators, you can manipulate them and do the chemistry inside the heart cell, you have to open the can, do different chemistry, transfer from one port to other port. So, all these operations are done in the sealed heart cells. This is a complete sequence of radioisotope production, you have the targets, you can have powder, you can put them in the tube and then sealed in the, these are the cans, aluminum cans, you fill the powder into this one and then you can put a cap, you can do welding, irradiate in the reactor, you, this have to go a quality check so that it does not leak. And then you, after this, you bring in the sealed data tasks in the, on the reactor, tell the steel or, you know, parts, lead parts, then they have to be transported to the processing laboratory where the people are now doing operations in the heart cell to separate the particular isotope of interest. They are then dispensed, you can bring it in the vials, properly capping them so that there is no leakage, there has to be a quality check. Many a times the sterility also have to be checked if it is a direct injection to the human being. Then these are packed into the lead parts and then you have the package, you have to give the proper package so that people can identify what is the dose, what is the activity and all that and then these they are supplied to hospitals by the agency. For the charge particle irradiation in our country, we have a medical cyclotron facility at variable energy cyclotron Kolkata, has been commissioned some time back. And the, this will give you proton beams of 30 amoeba and then you can produce these isotopes which are the positon, positon emitters or electron capture between the device slopes like gallium 67, helium 201, at least 123, over in 80, gallium 68 by different types of reactions P2N, P3N, PN, PN, PN reactions. So, I just discussed how they are produced in this discussion. And so, like gallium 67 soft tissue tumor imaging, the gallium 201 for myocardial perfusion imaging after the stress test 123 iodine for thyroid imaging, F184 glucose metabolism and gallium 68 for pet analysis of neuroendoprine tumors. So, these are the kind of activities are being produced at medical cyclotron. And in the country, there are several pet cyclotrons now available, private hospitals have the pet cyclotrons, medical cyclotron for pet isotopes. And particularly F18 is produced in these cyclotrons, you have the 16 amoeba proton beam bombarding H2O18 that gives you F18. And then there is an automated radiochemical processing unit where now within a few seconds or two minutes, you will get the compound labeled with the fluoride. Then it can be directly sent to hospitals for pet imaging. These are the kind of facilities that are available for. So, in our country, the board of radiations and isotope technology is called BRIT. It is the agency to supply different radio isotopes for different kids and they also supply, do the services for industry, in medicine, in the medical industry, normal industry and many other that whoever wants radio isotope in the country, you will find the pharmaceuticals, radio minoc, SA kits, if you want labeled compounds, sealed sources or even technology, radiographic camera, radio chemicals, dogemitry systems, all are supplied by BRIT. You can go to the website of the BRIT and see what are the products they are supplying. And for the larger products, medical products sterilization, processing, vulcanization of rubber and many other, this electron beam processing for installation of tables or consultancy, calibration of radioisotopes, all the facilities, services are provided by BRIT in the country. So, you can go to the website and see what are the things they do. So, I will stop here and thank you very much for your attention. I hope you are getting a feel of what the radioisotopes can do and how you can produce them in our facilities. Thank you very much.


The most important thing for EU is that it's delivered for its citizens. And that should be in all areas, in jobs, in climate, in growth, and in the everyday life. Well, concerning the multispeed Europe, Sweden thinks that we already have a multispeed Europe in some aspects. Some are members of Europe, some are not members, some are members of China, some are not members. Some are members of Home and Security, some are not members. So that is not a big deal. But we think for EU to develop the most, we should try to keep together as much as possible. So we don't want it to be something that happens in all issues, that in all issues ask who will go first, who will go later. And Swedish policy priority is first, social or Europe for growth and jobs. Second, a Europe with climate, energy and environmental priorities. And thirdly, a Europe that is working with migration and the safer world. We think we can work a lot together with Ireland, but also with Germany and many other countries. Actually now when the UK is leaving, for Sweden it's important to find partners in many different issues where we have to formally work together in the UK. And fortunately, I don't think that's a problem. For example, when it comes to the digital, single digital market, we work together with the front runners of digitization. We call it the D9, that's the nine most digital countries, including Ireland and Sweden. And I think that is a very strong group for both looking to the future, but also push the decision to become more in a digitalized way. Ireland and Sweden's relationships are very, very good. We have been working together since Sweden became a member 22 years ago. And in many areas we think the same of the development of the EU, when it comes to free trade, when it comes to security, when it comes to jobs and growth. So I think that we are already on a path that could only be better.