Hi you guys, Lindsay here. Welcome back to my channel Inside the Hymn. Today I am excited to talk about my plans for September. If you saw my makes video then you know I went a little nuts in August and made a gajillion things. So September is going to be a little bit more low key. Mostly two because I have two trips planned in September that will take me away from my studio, away from home where I won't be able to do any sewing. So I'm going on an anniversary trip to Boston. It's our 10-year anniversary this year. Very exciting. And then at the end of the month I am headed to New Orleans where I will be seeing my girl Taylor Swift in concert. I am so excited. I feel like she's been on tour forever and ever and everyone else has gone except for me. Everyone else has seen it except for me. I mean I know that's obviously not the case but I just feel like we're at the tail end of the tour now and so I'm ready. It's my turn. So I'll have a couple of DIYs that I'm doing for that weekend. Mostly just some like iron-on vinyl type of t-shirts. I already made my costume or the outfit that I'm going to wear to the show. I made that back in January if you remember the rainbow sequin top and like little leather short that I made. So you'll get to see some of that at the end of the month on my social media accounts. But for the sewing for September I have a few things. One is it is so my style time no no style maker fabrics. It's style maker fabrics time again meaning her fall fabric collection is getting ready to launch. She's already got a couple of fall fabrics on her website. They are awesome as always. Super great quality. I love her stuff. I'm going to be getting the swatches next week I think or maybe this week later on this week. Either way I'm going to be getting them and doing the swatch video very very soon. That is going to go up in September. And then the items that I am making for the tour for the like the blog tour that fabric will be coming in as well. I'm going to be making the style arc sally jeans skirt out of some stretch stretch denim stretch something stretch twill a camo print because in case you haven't seen camo is all the rage it's the new animal print it's the new neutral people are just putting camo on everything. So I'm making like a denim skirt out of that fabric and then I've got a really really cool idea for a sweater I am going to be using a sweater pattern that I already own or like a yeah sweater sweatshirt top pattern that I already own and I'm going to be doing like a little hack to it to create something that in my mind is really really really cute and I'm very excited about it so that's going to take a little bit of thought to get that together but both of those are coming up sorry I have no fabric to show you but if you can imagine camo and then like raspberry ribbed sweater knit try and picture that in your mind that'll be my outfit for that. I'm going to be doing another um project with buyanny.com if you remember I did the take a stand tote bag last month and this month I'll be doing the clam up zippered pouches so with all the travel that I have coming up these pouches are going to be great I am of the mindset that when you travel you need to be really organized that way you don't leave anything at home you don't leave anything in the hotel room and you can kind of stay tidied up in such a small area um so I like everything to have its own bag I put um like I use the packing bags for like my garments separated by category and then like all of my like toiletries and everything else all has bags so I'll be making up some of these and seeing like what I can switch over from purchased um how to purchase zipper cases to these um so I'm really excited the way that the take a stand tote turned out I think these are going to be um equally as great and I'm going to be using some of the fabrics that I've got from the um from the um modern maker box that I was subscribed to last year I'm still using those cottons and I find still a good jillion reasons to use them so if you are looking for a way to like stock up on cottons and things that you can use for like little scrap busters here and there still go check out the modern maker box okay um I wanted to show you a little sneak peek I couldn't add this to my um makes video for August because it's not done yet it is very very close but it is not done but so I thought I'd give you a sneak peek and let you know that I'd probably be finishing it this month but here is the bird dress yay so this is a Carolina Herrera fabric that I picked up in New York City and I decided to use um a bird style pattern for it oh there's still pins in there um added some piping and some cute details it's got great pockets and you know just really worked on you know this whole side panel pieces a little bit tricky but I think that I have gotten there the fit is a little tight um I find that the bird of patterns run small do you guys find that I even sized up from my muslin and it's still it's still very tight so thankfully this is a stretch cotton sateen um thankfully I'm losing a little bit of weight still so that hopefully I will be able to wear it and have it look nice so um so yeah stay tuned to see more on that I really just have like the neck facings and the arm facings to do next um okay and then for some my style this month it is the chalk and notch fringe dress and top or blouse which I do think is super super cute and I'm excited to make it I hemmed it hot a little bit about making the dress or the top and I think I've settled on the dress just from seeing so many other people's makes but and I um really want to do it in something that's lightweight and drapey I looked at my cottons like my chambres and stuff but I I don't know maybe I'm not convinced of this fabric either this might be too lightweight but this is the direction I want to go this is a ray on shally um from free spirit you guys have seen this before this came in one of those um kits that I got from fabric mart is that right fabric mart fashion fabrics club one of those that does the kits um I got this fabric originally for a maxi skirt um pattern but I think that would make a really cute fringe dress if any of you have made it before you're thinking about making it for semi style in september um let me know if you think rayon in this kind of print you know very vertical print would be good that's kind of where my mind is at but anyways um that is it for my makes I don't even have a refashion planned yet for this month um which isn't a very good sign but I do have some clothing that I purchased from goodwill in the past that I just need to kind of go through and find my inspiration for and and sort out a plan so I might end up eking out a um refashion but maybe not I really want to though because I'm I think I'm on track maybe I've missed like one or two months I don't know anyways those are my plans for September um I encourage you to follow me on instagram and facebook and twitter I post a lot of progress pictures and stories and things like that there so if you want to see what I'm doing in the meantime between the plans video and the makes video um please be sure to follow me on social media I am at inside the hem everywhere easy to find um but in the comments of this video please let me know what your plans are for September sewing wise or otherwise are you traveling I know a lot of you have sent all of your kids off back to school but there are a lot of you who don't have kids so let me know what everyone is planning on doing now that the weather is finally starting to cool off a little bit um I want to know just kind of what you guys are getting into so if you enjoyed this please give the video a thumbs up it really helps out a lot and until next time I'll see you all very soon bye


But one thing that's just as big as all those additions, something that may, I mean, I can't necessarily call it bigger, but it may even be, it's just as big as all those additions is the addition of somebody who he did bring out, Todd Munkin. And we're excited to see what Todd Munkin does with this Baltimore Ravens offense. Because the players, the personnel are extremely important, extremely important. I believe that with better personnel, it just makes things easier for everybody. But somebody who is just as important is a person who's calling the shots. In this case, calling the plays, that being the offensive coordinator. So with everything that we expect Todd Munkin to do, we gotta see it first.


I'm Paul Webley, I'm the director of SCIAS, I'd like to welcome all of you in the audience tonight, particularly all of those who've travelled a long way to be here and to Professor Richard Reeds, friends and colleagues. We've got guests from all over the place tonight, some people have travelled a long way to be here and we're very grateful to you all. SCIAS in Orgles are rather special and I say that having been at other universities where Orgles seem to me to get less and less special with the years. It's kind of downgraded and important, optional and so on and so forth. It seems to me that SCIAS in Orgles have a real sense of occasion, there is celebration, there are each passage for the speaker. Richard assures me that he has no nerves at all and an enjoyable intellectual event for the whole SCIAS community. It's also a great pleasure to welcome Richard's mother, wife and brother. I don't know where they are in the audience but I'm told they're here somewhere. No, welcome.  This will be great. I can assure you it will be a wonderful occasion. Now just to make sure it's a wonderful occasion, can I just do a bit of simple housekeeping. First thing is do turn off your mobile phones. Sorry, mobile phones first.  Good.  The other thing is if there's a fire alarm it means there's a fire. Don't panic, note where the fire exits are. I'm very pleased to preside over this inaugural lecture. It's the second one of the 2013-14 inaugural lecture series. I think it's particularly appropriate that Richard is giving his inaugural this term. It coincides with the brilliant exhibition on David Livingstone for which he was the lead academic. If you've not seen it, please make sure you go in and look at it. It is really excellent. You might have to make an effort because it's not immediately obvious when you go through the Zoriastriad exhibition that there is actually a brilliant Livingstone exhibition to see as well. If you haven't seen it, please go. It's really, really good. Professor Reid will be introduced by Professor Justin Willis. He's a professor in the Department of History at Durham University. His work has largely been concerned with identity, authority and social change in eastern Africa over the last 200 years. He's conducted extensive archival and oral historical research in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Sudan. He's also held research awards from the ESRC, AHRC, Leverhoom Trust. It's all very impressive. Professor Will's current research particularly rates the history of elections in eastern Africa since the 1950s. From 2006-2009 he was seconded from Durham to serve as director of the British Institute in eastern Africa in Nairobi. The vote of thanks will be delivered by Dr John Parker of the Department of History here at SOAS. So he really needs no introduction but you'll get a couple of sentences. John's a senior lecturer in the history of Africa here. He's the author of Making the Town, Garstate and Society in an Ecolonia Acra, Tongnab, The History of West African God and African History, a very short introduction which I've read so I know it's very good. He's recently researched a book on the history of death and burial in Ghana. He's edited the Oxford Handbook of Modern African History with Richard. We're very grateful to both of you for being part of today's event and I'll pass over to Professor Willis in a moment. At the end notice that you'll also be invited upstairs to the Brunei Suite for some wine and food. So over to you Professor Willis. Good evening everyone. I can't remember when I first met Richard Reid which is quite surprising to me because he has come to loom quite large in my life subsequently. But my first memory relating to Richard is sitting on the top deck of a number 29 bus reading a seminar paper by him I think in 1995. At a time when I was a temporary lecturer here trying not very adequately to fill the shoes of Andrew Roberts who had been my own supervisor and was Richard's at this time. And although I don't remember meeting Richard I do remember reading his seminar paper and I do remember being impressed at the time by his determination to study pre-colonial African history at a time when so many including myself were being tempted to study the more recent past by the relative ease and convenience of doing so. I then lost touch with Richard for some years. I was in East Africa. Richard also was but in a different part he went off to Eritrea to enjoy what in retrospect we can see as the all to brief Eritrean political and intellectual spring of the mid to late 1990s. And I think it's probably fair to say, Richard can correct me if I'm wrong, that it was at this time that Richard really developed some of the characteristics of his subsequent work. And I think it's fair to say that his work has really been marked both by an extraordinarily broad regional sweep of interests but also by a real interest in a chronological depth. But yet again also in a willingness to think about the very recent past and understanding contemporary Africa in terms of that deep past. And I think Richard's experience in Eritrea helped him to think about all of these things in a very profound and sometimes quite intense way. Richard reappeared in my life in quite a major way in 2002 I think it was when he came to join me at Durham as a lecturer in African history. I really hadn't been keeping in contact with his work or with him over the years and so I had no idea what to expect when he appeared. And I have to say it was an extraordinarily pleasant surprise and from the day of his arrival I was delighted that he had come to join me at Durham. That was partly of course because Richard is quite simply immensely good company. He's a very sociable person. He's very entertaining to be with. It took him a little while to adjust to the hard drinking culture of the northeast. But after the first couple of minutes he seemed to get the hang of it. And thereafter he was it's safe to say the life of the party for myself and for other colleagues and also often for our postgraduate students. And he played a tremendous role socially which should never be underestimated in any institution. But he was also an extraordinarily hard worker at a time when we faced extremely heavy workloads in Durham. He was thoroughly committed to teaching. And we are if I can blow the Durham trumpet for a moment a department which prides itself on its teaching of undergraduates. We have a very distinctive competitive and demanding group of undergraduates. And Richard rose to the task of teaching those students with extraordinary calm and a plumb and also sometimes with vigor and energy. And he was great to work with. Really an excellent colleague. And last but not least Richard was marvellous to work with because of the candour and clarity which he brought to any intellectual discussion. He was really a good person to talk about work with not only because he was sympathetic and entertaining and clever but also because he was willing to say things which sometimes people weren't always willing to hear or willing to think about. This quality I think his candour and his directness has consistently marked Richard's published work. A not altogether friendly reviewer remarked of his Frontiers of Warfare book in a review on the unusual if contentious approach of the book and on Richard's eriodite and provocative style. Now I don't think that Richard would quibble with any of those adjectives although he may well have found reason to disagree with much of the rest of the content of that particular review. As John Rowe noted in his sleeve notes on Richard's first book, Political Power in Precolonial Burganda, Richard takes no prisoners in his academic writing. It is of course a very apposite metaphor since from the outset Richard has been concerned in his study with the theme of violence and particularly the relationship of violence to state power in eastern Africa and across Africa more widely. The choice of topic in itself is revealing of Richard's great virtue of directness and robustness. Many Africanist historians, I think it's safe to say, have shied away from the topic of violence and warfare in African history, partly because we're a liberal lefty sort of lot and we hate bloodshed, but also of course because the shadow of Hugh Trevor Roper has always lain heavy upon our profession and the thought that by raising the topic of precolonial warfare in particular, one might be accused of presenting Africa's past as one of endless mindless violence, is one I think that has dissuaded many historians from approaching this topic. Characteristically, Richard took this head on and in his work consistently time and again he has shown that African warfare has not been primitive, that it has not been meaningless either and also that it has not been simply driven by external demands for ivory and slaves as some would like to argue. Richard has, as a reviewer put it in writing of his book on precolonial warfare in eastern Africa, made war meaningful if not rational in African history. I think actually Richard might actually dispute the second part of that in that I think he would argue that warfare often is very rational, has been rational in the African past, because while he is sought to explain it in terms of culture and explain its meanings culturally, he has also argued that for state actors warfare has been a very rational and constructive approach to the pursuit of certain tasks, although of course he has also shown how patterns of violence can repeat themselves destructively along historically enduring lines of conflict. Richard left Durham in 2007 while my back was turned, lured south possibly by the attractions of working at Urt-Sawas, possibly by other reasons who can say, we were extremely sorry to see him go, although I should say that if we were sorry the owner of Fabio's bar was absolutely desolate, the move has however suited Richard in all kinds of ways. I think all his friends and colleagues will know that he has thrived here in a number of ways and we have been pleased to see him thrive and pleased to see his family thrive, but also of course his scholarship has gone from strength to strength. Richard's written output has continued to be both prodigious and extremely readable. His publications and his engagement with a policy audience have confirmed his reputation as a scholar who is willing to pursue an unfashionable line of inquiry and make a difficult argument in a very clear and comprehensible way. For me editing Richard's recent and now already much cited piece on pre-colonial history in the Journal of African History was a rare pleasure. It is not usual to come across a historian writing about African historiography who can make one laugh out loud with the sheer boisterousness of their prose and it was quite a pleasure to edit that piece. So Richard has continued to show himself not only willing, but actively determined to think across a long span of African history in explaining the African present, whether to undergraduate students or to diplomats or to other policy makers. Richard's performance as a lecturer on the Rift Valley Institute's Horn of Africa course is an absolute masterclass in how to make history relevant to a wider audience of policy makers and also in how to switch between the grand regional overview and the very local insight and make the two cohere together in a single presentation. Richard is in short a scholar whose research insights, whose gift for effective communication make him richly deserving of the recognition bestowed on him by the chair. And it is my very great pleasure to introduce my unusual, contentious, eriodite and provocative colleague and friend Richard Reid. I chose well. Thank you very much Justin. Some of that is even believable. Just a quick couple of thanks to various family members and there's quite a few of them. I feel a little like George Bernard Shaw tonight. All relatives, no friends. I'm exaggerating slightly. There are a number of people I've managed to rustle up who I'm not related to tonight. So thank you for coming. And a couple of particular thank yous to my mum and brother who have come rather further than most today. Now you might get an idea of what I actually do and then you can judge for yourselves whether it's a sensible use of public funds. And a special quick thanks to my wife Anna, who I've lost there she is, who deposited tonight our three-year-olds in the care of a total stranger to be here tonight. Let's hope that works out. Anna's support particularly in recent months has been absolutely invaluable and I feel in some ways that the two of us are giving this inaugural lecture tonight although she may want to distance herself from that when she hears me after tonight. Justin talked quite a lot about my work on violence and I've decided to demilitarise. I'm not going to talk about war tonight although there is some political violence in this but rather I want to use this occasion to talk about a current project which is essentially an exploration of historical culture and consciousness. It's a new project. It's been running around a year now. It's funded by the Leverhulme Trust very generously and the idea here is to explore the uses of the past, what history has meant in the making of modern African society and politics using the case study of Uganda. I did begin my career in Uganda many years ago, well 20 years ago, before moving up to the Horn of Africa, Ethiopia, Eritrea and I've since returned to Uganda largely because I can no longer get into Eritrea. Uganda, as I hope I will demonstrate, is a good place to test some ideas about the uses of the past and the importance of history. This project, which is in some ways quite simple and yet in other ways terribly complicated, is essentially about the role of the pre-colonial in the making of a modern African nation state. It has a long gestation period. It is, as Justin pointed out, I was a student here at SOAS at 20 years since I first showed up here to study under Professor Andrew Roberts who I'm very pleased to say is here tonight. I was very surprised to discover that I was the only student in my cohort who was doing pre-colonial history. I had naively thought when studying as an undergraduate at Sterling under Professor Robin Law, who's also here, that pre-colonial history was African history. I didn't understand these people who did the 20th century which seemed to me to be basically politics. I've been thinking about this for quite a long time and in the sense it's developed over the last two decades, the way in which the past, the African past has been increasingly foreshortened and as Justin pointed out in his very generous introduction, there has been a trend towards looking at the colonial period and increasingly in fact the post-colonial period. Anything before around 1900 is increasingly regarded as largely irrelevant. This is not to say it's completely dead in the water, it isn't. There's a number of people working on the pre-colonial past, particularly in North America, but it is still minority sport. Then there was my own experiences teaching, for example, in Eritrea for a number of years. It came to my attention just how fragile was the study of history, the teaching of history in a young country like Eritrea. I was privileged to be part of the first BA degree programme there. This was before the war with Ethiopia. Things were looking good and then it quickly became clear, of course, that history was quite dangerous and very contentious. So my project is very broadly concerned with the way that history has been mobilised in Uganda over a number of decades, often cynically mobilised, and to explore the paradox that sat at the heart of the new nations of the 1960s, in which you had a period where African history, of course, is born as a professional discipline and so us is very much at the forefront of that. Yet history becomes dangerous to those new nations, particularly the case in Uganda, in various ways, as I hope to demonstrate. History and writing and talking about the past became a profoundly problematic intellectual and political exercise. I don't want to keep you too long tonight. There's an excellent reception waiting for us, so let me skip on. A further moment of inspiration, I have to say, in the Ugandan context came in 2010 when I was there doing exploratory work for this project. I was very struck by the story of the Ugandan Museum, this very uninspiring looking building which lies on the outskirts of the city centre in Kampala. Essentially the story went that the government was determined to close the Ugandan Museum. This particular building dates to the 1950s. It was originally held at Macari University itself, which we'll come to later. The government decided that this museum was a waste of space. It occupies prime real estate on a hill as you head north out of the city. It was going to close the museum, mothball the contents, and in its place it was going to build an East African trade centre. 30 stories high or something. This struck me as remarkable because in many ways it speaks to a very current concern, certainly of mine and one or two others in modern African history and politics, which is a hostility to the past or aspects of the past. In the Ugandan context I believe increasingly that things like history are frankly irrelevant. What matters is economic development, GDP growth rates. The past however we choose to identify it and there will be various forms of history as I will show over the next half hour or so. History was associated with sectarianism, with tribalism, and in fact was inimical to national development. I think the current government under the national resistance movement, the NRM, have very much inherited this idea from earlier regimes, including Milton Abote, Idi Amin in particular. This was also a moment of inspiration. I have to say that the museum survives still. There was an enormous outcry about this and the government apparently has shelved its plans for the moment to close this uninspiring but incredibly important building. So we wait to see what happens. I should say a word or two about the Ugandan context itself for those of you who are uninitiated into the complexities of Uganda. Two pictures here. The one on my right is a rather simpler view of Uganda with some of the key kingdoms, Buganda, Toro, Kohle, Banyoro and the later addition of Basoga there to the east. The reality looks much more like the other one on my left. Uganda is small but incredibly complex with large numbers of ethnic cultural linguistic groups pressed in within quite a small area. Uganda is small but incredibly complex. My point being here that within this enclosed space there's been enormous competition over the past, enormous competition over what history means and what it might mean crucially, of course, for the future. I should say something also about Buganda, Uganda. I've tried to elaborate on this to several cohorts of students over the years. Buganda is not Uganda and vice versa. Uganda is named after the kingdom that sits there in the south centre of the modern state. The British basically misspelled it, as many others did, and the whole territory becomes known as Uganda, in fact it is named after that original kingdom. Buganda, as really an accident of historical geography, looms large in our story. Buganda has one of the loudest voices in Uganda historically. It has an extraordinarily rich, literal and oral output. Buganda tends to overshadow all these other bits. My talk is very ganda-centric, but that's largely because the project is in its early stages. If an academic wants to get out claws, we always say it's work in progress, don't criticise me yet, but we are still looking at the various bits and pieces around Buganda. Much of what I have to say this evening is concerned with Buganda and we have to understand Buganda's hugely problematic, dominant role in Uganda's 20th century. Much of what I'm dealing with in this project is concerned with the politics of the past, but I want to begin with something slightly different. An important aspect of this project is to examine the representation of the pre-colonial past, for example in Ugandan writing, Ugandan literature. I myself, virgin territory very much. Uganda, even by contrast with neighbouring Kenya for example, does not have a very big footprint in literary collections, for example. But there are a number of important authors that the project is looking at. For example, this chap, Okot Betech, who is described by some Ugandans problematically as Ugandan's Chinua Echebi. And Okot belongs to a particular generation. He wrote his early work in the 1950s at the same time as Echebi, and for example, Kamara Le was writing in French Guinea, pioneers of African writing. And these are probably his most famous works on the left here, Song of Luino, Song of Achol. These are traditional formats. They are presented in song form. And it's basically, you have to read them sequentially. Luino is a wronged woman presented in this work as a traditional woman full of pre-colonial virtue. And Achol is her fancy husband who has adopted Western ways and taken up with a westernised woman. And they basically sing insults at one another. It's a wonderful kind of breakdown of a marriage and in fact a culture in literature. And White Teeth. Not, of course, I was delighted to discover that Zedith Smith has obviously ripped off a title of an Acholi novel that was originally written in 1953 but was only translated in the late 1980s. And White Teeth again, if you want to read something uplifting and about the resilience of the human spirit, do not read White Teeth. It makes Irish misery literature look positively like Monty Python-esque. Everything that can go wrong goes wrong. It's absolutely one misery after another and it's basically the story of a young man who travels to Campala from the rural north, tries to make a living, fails miserably, and returns having been robbed of his last possessions on the bus home. And that's where the novel ends. You're kind of turning the page waiting for something nice to happen. Nothing happens.  So he ends up going home. And, of course, the whole story is basically as lots of Chebys' work was and Camarole in French Guinea was all about the breakages of supposedly pre-colonial culture under the wit of colonial modernity. But it's not simply fictional writing. I also am quite keen to look at the burgeoning realm of memoir in Ugandan writing. And I couldn't let go of the opportunity to present Princess Elizabeth of Toro who was quite prolific in her way. But her most famous book, of course, inevitably entitled African Princess. And she was famous in the 1970s for all sorts of reasons, some good, some not so good. She was, for a time, Minister and came from royalty in the west of the country and ended up writing this memoir. And it's a very good example of the packaging of a particular type, a vision of traditional society. Again, the project will be looking at this kind of thing. And indeed, the president of Ugandan himself, Museveni, has also gone into print. This is unusual. He doesn't normally look this grumpy. Normally, he's quite a smiley chap, although less so of late. But Museveni has also written. He's become a very didactic president. He likes to instruct and he likes to instruct in print. And his own book, his original book, Sewing the Mustard Seed, was very keen to kind of reach back to a past that's full of virtuous peasants doing the right thing. So the project, in a sense, is not only about overt politics. I'm also very keen to look at this kind of literary output. But let me turn back a little bit to the early colonial period. And there are a number of experts in this audience. All I can do tonight is skip through particular episodes and give glimpses at the kinds of things the project is aiming to look at. And we begin with the era of the scramble for Africa, which I define as a period between the 1870s and the 1920s. This is a period where thinking about history and historical production or cultural production of a historical nature becomes incredibly intense. A new political marketplace has opened up a result of the African-European engagement. European imperialism provokes new ways of thinking about the past. Now I've tried for quite a long time to argue that we should not be obsessed with the colonial period and then in fact that in some places the colonial moment is largely irrelevant. But there's no question that the coming together of European and African thinkers provokes new types of writing and thinking about the past. Again, Buganda which is represented in this picture, the young king is over there on the left between the great pillars of British society in the early Ugandan protectorate. Buganda understood very well the advantages not simply of political engagement but of intellectual engagement. Of putting their point of view forward of producing histories that were meaningful and would create space for themselves, cultural and political space within which to operate. Historical writing was above all an imperial activity. So you get lots of stories which are essentially of course written in the style of the Old Testament. This was of course the first texts that many baptized Christian Gandah had read. So they tended to write history in the style of the Old Testament. And lots of begatting and smiting and indicating of course that particular peoples were worthy of dominating over others and so on. This was very much an Afro-European exercise. European writers were also complicit in the production of Gandah-centric visions of the region's past. This picture is of what remains of course one of the possibly still the finest public school in Uganda, King's College Budo which was opened in 1906 and here's the grid and the good gathered including as I said the young king in 1906. And their output was very important in forging a new kind of African history and one of the earliest texts to come out of Budo school was a book by the Reverend Weatherhead and Samson Buzongeri which was called an introduction to the history of the entire world. Three quarters of which dealt with Buganda. So very much in the style of British world history writing where England of course is smack in the middle of much of the narrative. So this was a period of history in the making and the particular characters that were involved in this will be familiar to many people who know about Uganda. This I think is a particularly delightful picture. This is Apollo Cagwa and Ham Mokasa outside Westminster Abbey on the occasion of Edward VII's coronation in 1902. Cagwa is the one without the hat. Like myself. And his secretary sorry other way around. Cagwa is wearing the hat and his secretary is on his right Ham Mokasa. Now these were political heavyweights. They're literary endeavours. The writing of history cemented their authority. They seized Cagwa in particular dominated a generation of historical writing in Uganda. And of course collaborated very famously with a church missionary society missionary called John Rosco. They worked off one another. Occasionally they disagreed over particular interpretations. But they were very much in sync. Cagwa was a very problematic figure. You had a later generation that basically grew up trying to kind of deconstruct everything that Cagwa had ever written. But in the 1900s particularly with his Bassa Kabaka King's of Buganda which is basically a kind of chronicle. His Burgon customs of Buganda the clans of Buganda extraordinarily prolific all churned out on his own little printing press. So this was a period in which historical writing proliferates. Clan histories get written. The missionary societies themselves and I should add something here about the religious tensions because of course this was a particular colonial territory that was split between Protestants and Catholics. The Protestants got there first they thought they had a virgin land in the 1870s and a couple of years later the Catholics arrived, they were French which made it even worse. Some of the letters from missionaries are absolutely wonderful ranting about here we are in the centre of Africa we've got a population ready for conversion and along come these French Catholics and move just a mile down the road unbelievable. They both made converts and both churned out particular views of the past and sponsored particular newspapers Ibiza Mubaganda for example Ibiza was the CMS sponsored newsletter from 1907 Muno was produced means your friend was the rival Catholic paper from 1911 and certainly by the 1920s you're getting the appearance of vernacular newspapers often concerned with contemporary events but very often with a great deal of historical content, historical debates the origins of particular kings and cultures and so on. In other words Ganda like to see themselves in print it was very important, it was politically important to get yourself into print and history mattered the pre-colonial past mattered because this was the best way that you could make your point about the future the present and the future of Uganda. Buganda again particular has a flourishing local publishing scene and writings take various forms in this period lots of moral instruction what to do, what not to do marriage for example, war memoirs biographies all of historical bent and one of the tensions by the 1930s was the arrival of western ways in many ways this anxiety continues in fact in Uganda today and in some ways for various reasons that some of you may be aware of it's actually being reinvigorated to some extent and political heavywits weighed in on this including the new Kabaka, Kabaka simply means king of Buganda Daodichwa he was the small boy in the picture of the public school earlier and Daodichwa weighs in on this and produces in the 1930s pamphlets and statements on the pre-colonial past including quite a famous one published in 1935 education, civilisation and foreignisation in Buganda in which he basically talks about the beautiful pristine nature of pre-colonial custom and behaviour he says there was no adultery in pre-colonial Buganda only Europeans introduced sexual messing around no human sacrifice in fact of course there was not much human sacrifice under the British either as far as we're aware but he felt keen to make the point that we didn't sacrifice one another and then they deserved it lots of personal respect, personal kindness in other words Daodichwa the king looked out from Mengo which is the royal palace and saw all these all these young dudes walking about dressed like the Europeans and began to despair that the pre-colonial past was being forgotten and so history becomes a matter of morality and a reflection of generational conflict there is, of course I'm told a time in everybody's life when you begin to grumble about young people obviously I haven't reached that stage yet and I can't quite understand how this happens but in Uganda you begin to get this by the 1930s Hamukasa who we noted earlier on as Kagwa's secretary comes into his own in the 1930s he appears to do the same thing produce enormous tomes these are men who are now reaching their 50s their 60s and believe that they're being forgotten they need to remind these young bucks who've been born since the British came what they achieved in the late 19th century and Hamukasa in particular produces his monumental Sumudanuma which means don't turn back it was a three volume history of the 19th century in the triumph of religious truth Hamukasa was a good Protestant others weighed in at the same time others talked about and some of this stuff's quite bizarre in its make up kind of fusion of ganda culture with Roman Catholic morality for example but all of them deplored the new ways of drinking and marital infidelity and so on we focused as historical works on the turbulence of the late 19th century the 1880s, 1890s when this particular generation Hamukasa and others had come to the fore and kind of rescued Uganda from darkness there are real comparisons to be made with other with European examples of similar kind of generational shifts I couldn't give an academic lecture without showing you the front cover of a journal this is about as exciting as it gets for academics well this journal is actually quite exciting this is the Uganda Journal and this is another major outlet for historical debate this is volume one number one January 1934 cost you a lot of money on eBay and this is a kind of fledging academy the Uganda Journal is set up in 1934 this is one thing that British did very well they promoted this in most of their territory certainly in our region as far as I am aware in Tanganyika and Sudan and so on and these were journals if you can see the top there the organ of the Ugandan Literary and Scientific Society and they were full of they were kind of random notes about the making of canoes or how to roast your bananas properly to keep your man happy but they also had historical pieces and this is this particular issue is no different the fourth one down there is a piece on Mutasa of Uganda who was a big late 19th century Kabaka so you are beginning to get lots of outlets both for Europeans and African writers now much of this concerns Uganda and of course one of the simple lessons that we are told about history is that it's usually written by the winners there are lots of losers in Uganda we don't have time to go on into all of them tonight but much of the outputs down to this point relates to Uganda that was the favourite partner of the British they were the centre of Uganda and colonial life in many respects they regarded themselves and this is important as being undefeated and this is still true today that Uganda do not believe that they were conquered by the British they invited the British in which is actually kind of true but others didn't come out of it so well including this glum looking chap this is Mukama or King Kabalega of Banyoro made the decision to resist the British violently and was brutally crushed and history writing and historical recollection in Banyoro takes a very different form much more concerns with nostalgia and something lost irreparably lost unlike Uganda where history is very much alive and in the present and things to be debated over Banyoro this was not true he's also glum of course cos he's just had his arm amputated I should also say that so these cultures of defeat nostalgia one of the things we want to explore in the project is to look at places like Banyoro and examine the ways in which that kind of history also got written the chap on the right is Tito Winy King of Banyoro here he is signing an agreement with the British Governor Andrew Cohen in 1955 but Winy was very important in pushing a particular historical agenda in Banyoro including trying to get back territory that the so-called lost counties that Banyoro had lost to Uganda in 1900 and in fact under a pseudonym KW this guy actually wrote a number of very important pieces for the Uganda Journal in the mid 1930s and he wasn't the first Neuro historian to go into print but he was one of the most important and articulate and then I'm afraid this is my worst par point of the evening very hard to get a good snap of this chap but John Neacatura finally comes through in 1947 with his major work which is basically trying to match Buganda's earlier historical output and his book was Abakama by Banyoro the Kings of Banyoro where he tried to kind of re-put Banyoro back into the picture but through much of the colonial period it's important to note that the British regarded Banyoro as a kind of lost cause very fatalistic wrote a number of colonial administrators and Banyoro's prime minister told John Beatty who was a prominent anthropologist in the early 1950s our spirit is dead and many others find the same thing in the 50s simply something that we tell around the fire the fire at night but we've been separated from former glories there are many other losers which we don't have time to go into tonight Ugandan Muslims are a very important area to go into Ugandan Muslims of course had fewer education little advantages from the 1900s they were lit beginners but even among the Muslim community by the 30s and 40s you're beginning to get a Ugandan Muslim historiography so history becomes ever more politicised and politics becomes ever more historicised during the colonisation and again nowhere was this history politics vortex if you like more turbulent again than in Uganda and in many ways the debates, the arguments what becomes a crisis is between these two men on the right in his robes the New Kabaka in 1939 becomes King of Uganda Edward Matesa Cambridge educated and on the left Milton Abote a langi from the north and they represented very diverse traditions, cultures Edward Matesa of course the King of one of the most hierarchical states anywhere in Africa Abote a socialist from the north which at that time at least lacked the same kind of monarchical tendencies and they clashed fundamentally over their visions of Uganda's past and therefore its future there's lots more that can be said about the decolonisation period but it's worth noting of course one development which is the emergence of Kabaka Yka which means the king alone which became for Uganda a kind of ethno nationalist movement and one of their arguments was in fact secession from Uganda their argument was let Uganda go hang, we are a precolonial kingdom of incredible strength and cogency we can simply move on and here's Edward Matesa addressing all his his key figures and this was often regarded as neo-traditionalism and the clash between northern very broadly speaking northern and southern historical visions was stark in this period so this was the monarchical view that believed in the king and the king's things the king was at the centre of everything was at the centre but it wasn't the only vision probably the most famous figure of course in this picture is the one in the middle Jomo Kenyata but we're concerned with the one to his right Ben Chowanaka who was in fact Uganda's first prime minister long forgotten in many ways under internal self-government and Chowanaka was also a ganda but he very much rejected the royalist monarchical movement and believed that Uganda had been strongest when it was open and more egalitarian, more democratic and so on so there were these alternative visions of the past decolonisation results in a brutal historical revisionism which is how I've chosen to interpret the abolition of the kingdoms eventually Milton Abote does ask the abolish the kingdoms after working with for a short few years in the early 1960s they brought Uganda to independence in 62 but by 1966 the kingdoms were abolished and in many ways all political and cultural systems in which authority and identity were rooted in the precolonial past were deemed troublesome divisive anachronistic this was not the new Uganda that we wanted and this is a rather grainy picture is poor old Edward Matesa arriving having walked hundreds of miles to get to Burundi where he sought asylum if you notice he always has a packet of cigarettes with him wherever he goes Edward Matesa has always got a packet of ffags in his hand heavy smoker and by all kinds a heavy drinker as well and of course he later died London in 1969 under some say mysterious circumstances so historical revisionism was very powerful in the political arena in the late 1960s and this was continued in many ways by Idi Amin himself who had a particular take on historical revisionism and I particularly like this picture of him being carried around by some poor mozungus some poor white guys who had chosen to remain in Uganda and of course had to take an oath of allegiance to him he's a very big man he must have weighed a bloody ton but there he is being carried around if I was Idi Amin I would have done exactly the same thing quite frankly but Idi Amin has a particular view of a revisionist approach of course one of his titles self awarded was Conquer of the British Empire and of course most people have their own little mean stories he also of course laid claim to the supposedly empty throne of Scotland he offered to marry that poor girl Princess Anne he offered to take her off the queen's hands and my particular favourite is that he offered to send Ugandan peacekeepers to the troubled streets of Belfast that would certainly have made my childhood a little more colourful than I remember it to be so history was becoming dangerous I'll shoot through this and yet ironically alongside these turbulent historical or anti-historical dynamics in many ways in the political arena there is something of an historical revolution taking place in the professional academy this fine building is McCarrary University and McCarrary University in Kampala was very much at the forefront of the new African history that was being born in the 1950s 1960s here soas of course comes into the story because at least according to his own account my illustrious predecessor as professor of African history here at Soas Roland Oliver was approached and asked if he would go and save McCarrary and rebuild an African history department he declined but he certainly trained lots of the people who ended up going there the history of Uganda project that was launched in the 1960s did amazing work and regarded themselves as part of a nation building project even though the history department at McCarrary remained largely white and male until really the early 1960s but very much historical revolution just at the moment when political forces are kind of moving against the past but to be a historian was a risky business as those who worked under Idi Amin again in areas on the one side sort of looking like us with his robes of course he was the chancellor of McCarrary for a time and on the left with all those medals awarded himself and the expansion of the historical academy was largely brought to an end by the late Abote regime and then of course by Amin in the early 1970s and Amin moved against McCarrary in sort of subtle ways in many respects and his own view of history was idiosyncratic in around 1974 he complained bitterly to the powers that be at McCarrary that he heard that lots of students were doing their dissertations on the 19th century Arab slave trade and he was very annoyed about this because he said this will simply insult our Arab neighbours he was getting very close to Gaddafi at that point and he instructed them to stop these students talking about the Arab slave trade this slave trade was nothing to do with the Arabs and much more problematically in 1976 he laid claim to the western half of Kenya which was problematic and instructed historians to find evidence in support of this and they promptly left the country so in many ways this is a sort of historical crux a critical moment Samora Michelle the president of Mozambique had it of course in his oft decided declaration for the nation to live the tribe must die and increasingly the view in Uganda certainly was that the past was tribal the future was national and although these two gentlemen Edward Matesa and Milton Abote worked together for a number of years it clearly was not sustainable in terms of nation building project historical academy itself historians never quite overcame the ambiguity of the task before it finally we move into the modern periods and this is the current president standing in the middle there you worry Moseveni and in many ways the nation is certainly Moseveni's views that nation has been reborn under the NRM they have restored order they place emphasis on this to a great degree the longer they've been there they've been there of course since 1986 and the emphasis now very much is on how they have reconstructed Uganda but they have inherited in many respects the morbid fear of the sectarianism of the past of previous regimes and in many ways the best illustration of this problematic relationship with the past is the government's relationship with Uganda in 1966-67 the kingdoms are abolished as I noted earlier in 1993 they are restored but under the condition that they are not political kings are not supposed to speak about political matters these are purely cultural artifacts but of course kingdoms are not cultural artifacts kingdoms are deeply rooted in all kinds of political history and until recently at least the relationship between state house, the president and the new king, Ronald Matheby who used to sell double glazing in Kilburn by the way until the kingdom was restored has been very frosty and in fact the two of them have recently come to an agreement but for a long time there were no relations between them you can understand that this is hugely problematic you've got a kingdom sitting squat in the middle of the nation and yet the government can't actually talk to it in any meaningful way and Uganda has been a problem and I put it in inverted commas of course because for the ganda themselves it's the government that's the problem but in 2009 for instance Mosevony's attempt to restrict the role of the Kabaka produced riots which were very devastating and then in 2010 something very awful indeed happened these are Kasubi tombs where several of the former kings are buried at a UNESCO heritage site and it went on fire in March 2010 it's been largely destroyed and the ganda themselves believed that the government might have been behind it tensions really reached a low at that point so these struggles go on history very much matters these are battles over the very heart of what Uganda means and in many respects Ugandans of course view their kings with some skepticism but they view central government with even greater skepticism so the NRM the Mosevony's government and Buganda sort of wades their political wars terminator style wrestling back into the past over things that they think affect the future Mosevony for example is very keen to go around championing the causes of smaller groups that he says were incorporated into Buganda in the late 19th century and encouraging them to become independent clearly enraging the ganda this is clearly an attempt to undermine Buganda's reach these are history wars when Mosevony was a student himself at Dar es Salaam in the 1960s he was a very keen student of history but he's come not to see it in quite those terms the postcolonial state has become under him at least extremely disinterested in and in fact hostile towards the past he has made speeches where he's instructed parents not to let your children go and study useless subjects like history lecturers themselves at McCarrary which has recovered to some extent but lecturers themselves bemoan the fact that students often don't want to study history there's no money in it this is true they see it as a relevance you can't make money they study business, developments in fact there are cases where they have toyed with renaming themselves the department of development studies or politics and history very small politics and history and in fact across the city you get the enormous growth in these new universities such as this they all kind of look like this they've all got this kind of blue shiny glass front this is Victoria University which is in fact just on the road up to the museum and they don't they don't teach history there are many of these new universities but they all do business studies, management studies that kind of thing they might do some politics but always with a kind of an emphasis on political economy universities Mussefany has announced are only of value in what they contribute to Uganda PLC history doesn't contribute anything what we need are economists and so on and if all this sounds familiar in this country that's because it is hence the picture of the hapolis Andrew Mitchell when of course he was development secretary out there this in fact is him and Mussefany on a visit to Victoria University a few years ago and again the UK government is very much encouraged this idea you're right, history is largely meaningless get your students studying economics and development and so on well I don't want to end with a picture of Andrew Mitchell sorry so here's a monkey but a very important monkey because this of course is the kind of thing that most people go to Uganda to see I have never seen a Uganda gorilla I am very proud of this fact I don't quite understand why many people go to Africa to look at animals it's beyond me so here we have an income generating gorilla and Mussefany is interested in income generation not in the past what I hope I've demonstrated tonight or surveyed at least in the most superficial of terms the troubled history of history in Uganda the vitality of the pre-colonial past versus the perils of actually studying it or seeking to root identity in it we might consider of course that there are indeed more important things in contemporary African society medicine food employment infrastructure in Western Europe after all professional historians are an outcrop of relatively affluent society in the late 19th century and yet ideas about the deep past have long been central to how Ugandan's thought in political terms the government might think that people in their histories get in the way of construction and growth but this kind of developmentalism has been very narrowly defined and increasingly so and this increasingly ominous authoritarianism I think is altogether more dangerous potentially destructive than the histories from which Ugandan's apparently need to be protected thank you very much thank you very much Richard and thank you everybody Richard a gorilla is an ape not a monkey but let's move on it remains for me as Richard's colleague, friend and collaborator here in the African history section of the department of history at SOAS to bring the formal parts of this evening's proceedings to the close first of all I'd like to thank Richard for contributing to making this inaugural lecture such a memorable occasion Payal Gaglani Bhatt who has organised the event Paul for his customary graciousness as our host and Justin for coming down from Durham and giving us such an engaging introduction thank you all Richard it gives me huge personal pleasure to congratulate you on your professorship and to thank you for giving us such a vivid insight into your work I'm aware that the customary way of undertaking a vote of thanks is pithily to encapsulate the essence of the inaugural lecture somehow recapitulating its salient points and broad intellectual thrust something along the lines of a discussant at an academic conference when a lecturer or a paper has been presented in such a way as to make large sways of it incomprehensible to its audience this is surely a useful and laudable exercise when however as I think we've experienced tonight a talk is characterised by a fine balance between erudition and accessibility then I think restating its key ideas seems somewhat redundant I therefore have no intention of doing so what I wish to do instead is very briefly to reflect upon where this display of scholarship that we've just witnessed and I can't really think of a better way of putting this comes from I do not mean individual genius although of course this plays a role in the process of any intellectual production rather I mean something that at least on the surface appears somewhat more prosaic and that's training the notion of training intellectual training the process by which a disciplinary craft is learnt and you've touched on this in your lecture leads us moreover I think to the matter of intellectual genealogy and it strikes me that genealogy is what the ceremony of the inaugural lecture is at least in part about that is by celebrating achievement with the conferring of a professorship it marks the passing of the scholarly baton from an older to a younger generation a chair in the history of Africa here at SOAS has itself considerable historical resonance and that's a point worth thinking about as the school approaches its centenary in 2016-2017 as we've heard from Richard and has touched on by Justin Richard came to SOAS to do his PhD on the history of Burganda under the supervision of Professor Andrew Roberts in the early 1990s I was already here writing my own PhD thesis as was Justin hence the rather matching suits we're wearing tonight my supervisor was Professor Richard Rathbone who would succeed Andrew Roberts as the head of the African History section on the latter's retirement in 1998 Roberts and Rathbone along with Michael Brett who's also joined us tonight were key members of a cohort of historians recruited in the 1960s and 1970s by someone Richard mentioned towards the end of his talk Roland Oliver a dwoeun of the modern field of African history in this country and I used the word dwoeun with no exaggeration the lectureship in African History at SOAS to which Oliver was appointed in 1947 was the first such position in a university in the UK or as far as I know anywhere else now on the way down here tonight I ran into Ian Brown our dear colleague who's busy writing history of the school for at St Henry and he reminded me that in 1947 Roland Oliver's position was called a lecturer in the pre-colonial tribal history of Africa and that I think tells us a lot in the context of what Richard's given us as to how things have changed and what has been achieved in those passing generations quite simply African history as a recognised part of the broader discipline simply did not exist before this time in terms of our genealogy just two generations back in 1960 Oliver co-founded the Journal of African History which remains the leading periodical in our field and which Richard now edits Oliver's subsequent professorship in 1963 50 years ago on the nail was therefore not simply a personal honour but a recognition on the part of SOAS despite ongoing resistance from some quarters Justin noted huge Trevor Roper in passing that the study of the African past from an indigenous African rather than a colonial perspective was a legitimate and viable scholarly endeavour Neither was this project one that remained within these walls as Richard's shown us Oliver and his colleagues also trained many of the first generation of African historians who after retaining their PhDs returned to newly independent nations to found history departments universities such as Leigong in Ghana, Ibadan in Nigeria Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and Macarrion University in Uganda where Richard is now affiliated as we've heard for his ongoing project Indeed Richard's own role in helping to establish the teaching of history in the University of Asmara South Sudan came long a few years ago Africa's last nation state to achieve independence but from an indigenous imperialism rather than a European one can be seen as a late flowering of such scholarly collaboration SOAS then was a real pioneer in our field and Richard's predecessors as professors of African history were its pioneering frontiers men and frontiers women These remain names to reckon with they might be usefully likened to what in the savanna kingdoms of south central Africa are remembered as culture heroes valiant and virile figures possessed of mysterious new technologies who crossed rivers from the east to defeat unjust drunken and often incestuous rulers to marry their sisters and thereby carve culture from barbaric nature an analogy at least in some of its elements withstand some scrutiny Now like all epics of origin such accounts comprise a mixture of historical truth and self-serving mythology With regard to my own theme of genealogy my sketches immediately complicated by the fact that were as my supervisor Richard Rathbone was trained by Roland Oliver Andrew Roberts was trained by an equally ua figure Professor Jan Van Siena at the University of Wisconsin at Madison where North America's pioneering programme in African history was established in the wake of that here at SOAS As we're delighted to welcome Andrew back with us tonight I'll leave further elaboration on these matters should he so see fit Now my point is neither to air the edible anxieties of the history department nor to suggest that our newly appointed professor of African history need carry this heavy burden on his young but reasonably well-formed shoulders It's simply to remind us that what he has achieved and what we as a school continue to represent is part of a longer story and I think one we can be very collectively proud of Richard many congratulations for delivering to us this evening a wonderful lecture thank you all for coming and before we repair upstairs for the reception can I ask you to join with me once more in applauding Richard's wonderful achievement thank you very much


Even if you're not one of the tens of millions of people who's already seen Tiger King on Netflix, you've definitely heard of it. Spoilers ahead. This docu-series is, how do I put it? Insane. It's also really well made, especially in terms of how it handles revealing information to the audience. Every time the narrative presents an unbelievable new plot twist, the next turn gets even crazier. Between the completely bonkers storylines about mathematics, expired meat, murder for hire, and feeding husbands to tigers, Allegedly, it's pretty clear that there are no real winners or heroes in the Tiger King saga. But the series does bring up some questions about the private ownership of exotic animals, governmental protection efforts, and what, if anything, can be done by individuals to protect endangered species. Unfortunately, in the end, viewers are largely presented with only two options, exploitation and abuse of endangered animals, or heavy-handed government regulation. But are those the only choices we have? Well, throw on those cat ears, squeeze into your leopard print leotards, and buckle up because we're going on an animal safari to answer that very question on this short edition of Out of Frame. Tiger King begins by introducing us to a couple of key players in the world of big cat owners, Joe Exotic and Doc Ansel. Both of them are shown as larger-than-life characters with atypical predilections and serious obsessions with big cats. The framing is pretty clear. Check out these deviance who just want to have tigers. We're also introduced to the woman who appears to be their foil, Carol Baskin. Carol is also a very odd person who owns big cats, but unlike Joe and Doc, she's channeling her crazy towards getting legislation passed to prevent things like breeding, cub petting, and so on. She's not exactly the good guy, but at least she's trying to help the animals, right? Well, as the show carries on, we see that there are plenty of shady shenanigans to go around. Everyone is using tigers as a way to get money and favors from other people. It's also strongly alleged that Carol killed her second husband and possibly fed him to her tigers. It becomes clear that Carol is no better than Joe or Doc. She's just better at framing herself as a savior for the animals. And to be perfectly clear, I think just about everyone's behavior on the show is reprehensible. The living conditions for the animals that are shown are abysmal. Health and safety conditions for workers and guests are low to non-existent. And distressingly, we learn that it's likely many of the tigers were just being killed once they became too old for patrons to hold and pet. That's not okay. That said, there's nothing inherently wrong with the private ownership of exotic animals, especially if we actually care about increasing the populations of endangered species. In the second episode, one of the less offensive tiger breeders in the show, Tim Stark says, What's the first thing you should do to protect an endangered species? Make more, not eliminate the source. As difficult as it is to agree with Joe or Doc or Tim Stark on anything, he makes a good point. There are more privately owned tigers in the United States than there are living in the wild, and it's super easy to get angry at poachers and habitat loss for causing these problems. Report after report comes out every year, and they all tend to advocate the same kinds of conclusions. Stronger legal restrictions on ownership and commercial breeding of exotic animals are, according to them, the only answer. Animals should never be on display to the public for amusement. This should all be illegal, full stop. But we've tried this approach for decades around the world, and it doesn't actually work very well. And while, yes, there are some people who exploit animals and treat them poorly, not everyone who owns endangered animals does. And economics gives us a functional solution that most people don't really like to talk about. The profit motive. Many animal rights people, as Joe Exotic calls them, cast aspersions on ecotourism, but prominent conservationists in Africa consider it an essential part of wildlife protection efforts. Even trophy hunting, as counter-intuitive as it sounds, when thoughtfully done, has a place in saving endangered species. Is it wise for people in suburban neighborhoods to keep big cats as family pets in their backyards? No, not really. But just like other attempts to prohibit dangerous but desirable things, from drugs and alcohol to certain kinds of weapons, we know that criminalizing the possession of something doesn't make it go away. What prohibition does do is push these transactions into dangerous and less accountable black and gray markets, discouraging upstanding buyers and sellers from participating and encouraging those who are generally more inclined to flout rules and guidelines anyway. People like notorious drug dealer and admitted accessory to murder and dismemberment, Mario Tabro, for example. When these kinds of transactions are brought back into legal channels, they become more transparent. Violence decreases and safety improves. When people can legally profit from protecting wildlife, they often stop trying to profit from killing them. We've seen this from poachers turn protectors of sea turtles in Sri Lanka and elsewhere. And we've also seen the reverse happen with game wardens becoming poachers when their wildlife reserves aren't able to profit. Individual voluntary action can have a powerful impact on how wild animals and those in captivity are cared for. The documentary Blackfish, for example, led to such a public outcry and negative financial impact that theme park chain SeaWorld dramatically changed the way they keep and treat orcas. Public awareness campaigns and boycotts have also led to a huge reduction in the use of animal performances and circuses. Neither of these changes required new federal laws or increasing federal authority. Private ownership of endangered animals and the freedom to earn a profit from them can and does help preserve and grow threatened populations. We've seen it with the American bison. We've seen it with white rhinos. We've seen it with elephants in Zimbabwe. In fact, we're seeing it throughout Africa's private game reserves. There's no reason to think that we can't see the same thing with tigers. The main differences between private reserves in Africa and private big cat parks in America is the level of legality. I know it's hard for a lot of people to believe, but the evidence shows that if people were free to buy and sell big cats legally, we'd see fewer shady actors in the marketplace and increase in the quality of life for the animals and a greater ability to fund sanctuaries that can increase the population of endangered animals in the wild. Hey everybody, thanks for watching this short episode of Out of Frame. Let me know what you think in the comments. If you want to know more about the private conservation efforts I mentioned, check out the links in the description. And don't forget to like, share, subscribe, hit that bell icon to all of our social channels, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Thanks for watching.


Welcome to ITU Telecom World 2017 here in Busan and the Republic of Korea. I've got the great pleasure of being in the studio today with Professor Umar Gabbard Dabmata who is Executive Vice-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Nigerian Communications Commission. Professor Dabmata thank you very much for being with us in the studio again today. Thank you very much my pleasure. Lovely to see you again. Thank you. Now I'd like to start off by talking about broadband. I think broadband is a key subject here in telecommunications and I think it's certainly something very much in your sights. I wanted to ask you about the latest progress of the national broadband network in Nigeria. Well thank you very much Max. As you are aware the National Broadband Plan for the years 2013-2018 mandated the Nigerian Communications Commission to supervise the deployment of broadband infrastructure across the whole country and we are also mandated to ensure we attain 30% broadband penetration by the year 2018. According to figures the recent figures released by the ITU UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development we are at 22%. So we have 8 percentage points to go. It's not looking like a tall order at all but to achieve the target of 30% penetration we still need to deploy more and more infrastructure across the country and it is for this reason that the Nigerian Communications Commission supervises the deployment of broadband infrastructure in seven zones of the country. We deliberately divided the country into seven zones and each zone has been assigned an infrastructure company to deploy broadband infrastructure. We have in the first phase of this exercise licensed two zones already. The Lagos zone which is our ICT hub in the country and the North Central zone of the country where the capital of the country is located. So we have five more zones you know to license and these are three zones in the southern part of the country the south south southeast and southwest and two more zones in the northern part of the country the northwest and the northeast zones. So as with respect to broadband we don't have any problem with that all the available broadband that is needed to ensure the penetration you know takes place that is the target of 30% you know we have since assigned the spectrum you know to interested operators. So the Commission and as I'm speaking to you does not even have any more spectrum you know to assign you know with a view to achieving the target what we needed to assign in order to ensure attainment of the target has been done. What remains to be done is the broadband infrastructure. The interesting thing about this deployment is you know this is going to be a deployment that is going to be done you know consistent with a public private partnership initiative. There is even a subsidy component attached you know to the license and condition for the improper license you know and the Commission will be there to monitor what we call guided deployments because we know where the gaps are in the country you know we're ready for this exercise you know we're interested in ensuring we achieve our target by 2018. So the Commission to that extent has established a broadband implementation monitoring committee in order to ensure like I said guided deployment where we have gaps what we call FIBA broadband FIBA gaps in the country and as soon as the exercise of assigning you know the licenses you know is completed then we'll you know move into action to ensure you know we monitor the deployment and release the subsidies consistent with milestones. I was going to ask you what are the key challenges to the national broadband rollout. The major challenges you know one of the major challenges is right of way. We have a document you know and this document you know is a document that came about when the national economic council under the chairmanship of the vice president of the country met and agreed on a regime of taxes to be charged you know in the process of deployment of ICT infrastructure across the country. So this is what we call harmonized regime of taxation of taxes if you like but unfortunately signatories you know to this document are not respect to provisions of the document. You know we have state governments and local governments charging prohibitive amounts for deployment of FIBA. This is you know a major challenge. We have willful you know damage you know to existing broadband infrastructure, willful unintended road constructions. Okay and this is like setting us you know back even as we try to deploy more what has already been deployed on the ground is being subjected to all kinds of you know destructions at times you know willful other times you know unintended. So those are the challenges. Another major challenge is that you know the there is a challenge of scarcity of foreign exchange. Okay when we want the foreign exchange that is necessary to import you know equipment even the FIBA itself even though it is cheap by the way the FIBA is cheaper compared to the amount of money you pay to dig you know trenches you know for for the FIBA. Okay so so so these are challenges you know that we have to contend with you but we are not really you know we are not discouraged by them we engage you know the federal government the state governments as well as the local government you know to ensure that we sensitize them or the importance of embracing this important project you know for the country you know because when you in the fine analysis compare the benefits of broadband services when eventually these are rolled out you know to the limited benefits you get you know from taxes okay you know you can be able for yourself to you know to decide which one you think will outweigh the other obviously when you have broadband services be a rollout empower and citizens okay and so on and so forth you get more money you get more revenue compared to the limited amount you get you know from info than taxes on telecommunications companies you know who want to deploy more broadband infrastructure and what about broadband policies and regulations perhaps you could share some of those that might that you're implementing that might help to accelerate so that the rollout the the policies by government are not limited to broadband they are relevant to broadband quite okay and I will give you an example recently the federal government introduced what we call the economic recovery and gross plan and in this plan there's an important role assigned to the Nigerian Communications Commission again okay to ensure you know the flowmen of broadband infrastructure and the attraction of those provisions of this plan I'm talking about the economy recovery and gross plan of the federal government is you have you know incentives for investors to come in you know including certified send reduction in company income tax you know plus a list of other incentives waivers of you know on you know income duties for infiltration of you know the infrastructure equipment and so on and so forth so we have been you know informing the the investors at this important forum about all this you know very good incentives by the Nigerian government as well as the ease of doing business you know this has you know really improved significantly there's an executive order as I'm talking to you on transparency and efficiency in public service delivery and this is intended to ensure that approvals are granted you know without delay there's even you know a disciplinary measure that can be brought there to be our own agencies of government deliberately you know refusing to grant approvals then access to agencies you know like the Nigerian Communications Commission by investors to the Nigerian investment and promotion council this is easily facilitated information is available we have a one-stop shop where you can acquire all the items of information I'm giving you you know and this is very viable and you know we're waiting for the investors to come in you know join us in a public partnership you know you know basis to ensure you know we attain our targets talking about investment obviously you've made an investment here at ITU telecom world you've got a lovely pavilion here Nigeria has a great pavilion here this one's to find out what's the value of attending events such as this it is very important you know to attend events you know like the ITU telecom world and we have been doing this you know way back you know our relationship with ITU you know you know it's way back I don't know I think it was established even before I was born okay so it was established many many years ago and there's a reason why we attach great importance to attend and such this event one is to be able to learn from global best practices you know in a way and manner that we can bring this to via you know in our country to solve contentious problems of you know that you know problems that conspire to degrade among other things you know quality of service right of way issues okay and so on and so forth we also learn from what fallacies you know other countries you know you know have in place which we think we can either you know bring in total and implement same in our country or modify to adopt peculiarities you know in our country so the the benefits are immense you know that you know we come with our SMEs you know our small and medium scale entrepreneurs last year we came with about eight this year we have come with fix too short but what innovative ideas they have put together are now showcasing in this event you know have attracted a lot of attention and they have generated a lot of interest so we will continue to put premium on attendance you know at these you know events because we feel it is an important way of showcasing our achievements in the sector as well as you know getting ideas on how best we can move the telecommunications sector in the country well thank you very much for showing your valuable insights here with us we're very pleased that you're here and look forward to catching up with you again in the future and thank you very much for being with us in the studio today thank you very much I appreciate it thank you thank you


What's up guys we're back with another epic video. Today we're opening a very beat up dark magician 10 from 2003. Yeah, this is going to be pretty epic. Before that we have a few other packs shadow specters first edition and some generation force. We also have a giveaway for secret rare first edition cards. All you have to do like this video be subscribed and let me know what you want to see from the dark magician 10. It's going to be pretty epic. Will the promo be damaged? Let me know in the comments. Let's get into it. All right, let's open these up first then we're going to open up the 10. This 10 is for Hector by the way. So Hector hopefully we can pull you something good. And if you guys want to support my channel don't forget to check out my eBay affiliate link down below. You guys can click that buy anything on eBay and it supports my channel at no additional cost. I appreciate you guys that do that. Look I've never seen this card before but it looks insane. Ruts and special Celestial Wolf Lord Blue Sirius. That looks crazy. It's a wolf with two wolf arms with wolf mouths on them. Okay, that is super cool. I don't know what the value of this thing is. I've never even seen this card but it's super awesome. That is amazing. All right, next pack. I don't know how you follow up triple wolf head but that's pretty cool. Here we go guys. All right, dark magician 10. This is going to be epic. We have the drill barnacle, violin filament, wind up soldier, treat of uniform, nomenclature, wind up snail, and the fly fang. Got the flying shark. Gotta love it. Crash bug Z. Next pack. Let's go with shadow specters. Can we pull something else? We got triple wolf last time. Let's pull the ghost rare. What is he called? The divine dragon nightfell grand? Yeah, let's get it. Wake, Grosseo prison, and the bujingi centipede. All right. Okay, dragon shield. We got dragon shield. Unfortunately, they don't sponsor the video. That's okay. All right, continue. Here we go. Drill barnacle. Spear fish soldier. Tyrant tummy ache. Double or nothing. Mast hero Goka. Can we get the Leviathan? Oh, space time police. Ultra rare. Check that out. Skull kraken and only gamey combo. Very nice. We've got an ultra rare. All right, we got two packs left before we get into the tin. Let's see if we can pull the ghost rare guys. One day we're going to pull that ghost rare. I'm just saying we're going to do it. We got the master of the flaming dragon swords, the aqua jet. Drilled barnacle. This is spear fish soldier. Wind up magician and the skull kraken. Fly thing. All right, final pack, shadow specters. Let's get the ghost rare, fell grand or the ulti. I'll even take that. I don't think we've ever pulled that either. We got the rise bell mythic tree dragon, the ghost trick scare. Malicevra's fork. Oh, token bomb. Malicevra's knife. All right, dragon shield yet again. Fine, fine. We did get two ultra rares, which is actually pretty good out of six packs. So we will take that. Let's get into the dark magician tin opening for Hector. Let's see if we can pull something amazing. Will the promo be damaged guys? Will it be damaged? We will see. All right, let's open this thing up. Very, very loose or not loose, but beat up seal here. But who needs a seal when you're going to open it? Oh my goodness. It's hard to open. All right. Let's see what we can do here. Oh, here's the promo right at the bottom. I forgot. It's like this. This is why it's always damaged. The sintering is awful on this thing. Oh, no.  And I'll show you you guys why. If you guys don't remember when we opened all of these like a couple of times actually, look at the back of this thing. I mean, just look at that. That's what it's going for 18 years. That's why that happens. All right, guys, we have five packs right here. We have not quite original, the 2003. So they got the new Konami logo, but still pretty old. They're 18 years old at this point. Let's start off with a labyrinth of nightmare. Let's pull an epic, let's say cyber jar magic cylinders. What I'm trying to say, we could also pull the dark necro fear. We could pull the last warrior from another planet. Let's pull something good here. We go scroll of bewitchment. We've got the rock spirit flame dancer with what in the world is that? It's like a it's been it's got stuff on it. I don't know where that came from. That's weird fire sorcerer and Nuvia the wicked a 2004 star his monster summon by normal summon. It is destroyed. That is cards decreased by 200 points for each card. Wow. That is a really bad card. We've got Anakin the gross ghost of flood dreams and lady assailant flames. All right, four packs left. Here we go. Pharaoh serving guys. Can we pull something insane? Buster blader. Come on guys. Believe that we can pull the buster blader. I believe we can do it. Let's see we can do souls of their forgotten. We've got a gust insect barrier spike bot classic. I mean, just check that guy out. He's awesome. Why is he five stars though? That's the question. This guy should be more than 1800 attack though. He's a spike bot. All right. Oh ultra rare. The fiend mega cyber. That is super cool. Check that out guys. The fiend mega cyber. Wow. Ultra rare pull. Very good. That is super nice. So we now have an ultra rare out of two packs so far. That's crazy. Burning land, darkfire soldier, the bite shoes and all seem white tiger. Three packs left out of this 10. We have magic ruler guys. The magique ruler. What can we pull? We've got a metal fish. This guy. Okay, look metal fish is 1600. Spike bot is 18.   We've got a horn of light. Sonic bird. Tyhone number two. Here we go. Let's see what we can do. Let me just look at that guy. What is that? Like what is that? Cyber jar. There it is. I mentioned it earlier and look what happened. Hammered recipe and psychic kappa. All right. Okay, we got the cyber jar. I spoke it into existence by accident. Here is metal raiders. What can we pull here? We've had some great luck with metal raiders in our streams and our box breaks and our regular openings. It's been crazy. So can we continue it for Hector? We have ancient lizard warrior, seven colored fish, killer needle. Come on guys. Let's get some crazy skull night. The best comment in the set besides, of course, the legendary. Here we go. Mass sorcerer. Oh my goodness. Look at that centering. Wow. That's wild. Okay. Gens on number seven, deep sea shark kojikazi and the sword of deep seated onto the final pack. Legend of blue eyes. No pecanium often in the metal raiders. Pretty sad, but can we pull the blue eyes white dragon in the final pack? Dark magician, red eyes, exodia head. Anything insane like that. Here we go guys. Final pack. Ray and temperature. Let's see what we can do. The dragon treasure. So is that a sign? We got dragon already. Fire yaru. Succubus knight. Okay. All right. Okay. Here we go. Blue eyes, white dragon. Let's do this. It's a dragon, but it's not the dragon. All right. Thirteenth grave. Okay. Unfortunately, we did not get the blue eyes, but we did get one ultra rare, which is actually a lot better than ratio one out of your 12 packs for one of these. That's pretty good. And then we got the secret rare dark magician. Unfortunately, the back is very scuffed up, but overall not the worst tin we've ever seen. I've gone over several times. You guys have seen it in the 2003 every tin opening. You guys can check that video out. It was weird, but it was crazy. And if you guys are interested in buying some packs for a video, check out ruxen34.com. I just released them basically recently. So there should be some packs left, but hundreds of packs up. So if you guys are interested in that, check it out on my website in the description and that's it for this video. I'll see you guys later. Peace.


This is stock number HA288A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used truck headquarters. Today, we are checking out this super clean 2008 Dodge Dakota. This vehicle has the 3.7 liter V6 motor and from this HD video, you will be able to tell that for the age on it. It is in really nice condition. Mineral gray is the color. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone, turn them on right now because it's like you're right here looking at the truck with me. And definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. It comes with the factory alloy rims. Cooper discoverer 265, 60 R18 tires with probably about I'd say 90% of the tread left, maybe even a little bit more. Pretty new tires on there. Looks like we got brand new front brakes. Didn't see any major scuffs or scrapes on that rim. Factory fog lights. No major dents, dings or cracks on that front bumper. Hoods in pretty nice condition. Passengers side fender is in nice shape as well. And the passengers side rim very very clean. As you go down this side of the truck, you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos. So if you are far away, or even if you're close by and just can't make a trip down, you can still see the truck here, the truck and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before even get here. Really like that mineral gray. It's kind of a lighter gray, almost silver. Now I did see one tiny little ding on that door there. Other than that, pretty clean down this side. Little rockers all look pretty good. Framing under body. Little bit of surface rust, nothing too major though. Back tires are just as new as the front tires. And the frame under here has been undercoated. And this back rim is in nice shape as well. One tiny little bubble right there above the wheel well. Other than that, very very clean. Rear bumper is painted. Not too bad. Has a receiver hitch and four pin and seven pin wiring. Tailgate is in nice shape as well. And it does have a factory drop-in bedliner. Has the rail storage system with the tie-down cleats. And that's all in really nice shape as well. Down this side of the truck, just as clean as that passenger side. Didn't see any dents or dings on this box. Absolutely no bubbling or anything on this side. And the passenger or driver side rear rim is in nice shape as well. Down the rest of the side of the truck, pretty clean. Maybe a couple little dings on the door of the handle there, but nothing too major. Inside the bighorn package gives you the gray cloth interior. No rips or tears on these seats. They're in pretty nice condition. Factory floor mats are out. Power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. As we hop inside the truck here, you can see that it has the white-faced instrument cluster. And that this truck only has 41,352 miles. Probably why it is in such a nice condition. No scuffs or scrapes on the steering wheel. Cruise controls on there. Comes with the automatic transmission. CD player, AM-FM radio. Climate controls. And there is your turn-dial four-wheel drive with a neutral feature. The interior is really clean on this truck. Passing the side seat is in nice shape. And the headliner. No major rips or tears on that. Pretty nice condition. You got your map lights up there. We'll take a quick look at the back seats, and then we will check out under the hood. If I can figure out how to open up the hood. There we go. Back seats are in nice condition as well. No major rips or tears back here. It does have the latch-child safety system. Fixed glass rear window. And these seats do fold up. Just a little bit of storage under there. And you have factory floor mats back here as well. But very nice and clean. And we'll take a quick look under the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today. Hopefully from this HD video. You'll have been able to tell just how clean this Dakota is all the way around. Inside and out. Under the hood we have the 3.7 liter V6 motor. Engine bay is very clean. It runs very smooth. This truck has been fully safety to and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. Truck has been gone through mechanically 100%. Has like new tires, brand new front brakes, and is 100% ready to go. To see more pictures of this truck, or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, half tons, three quarter tons, one tons, you name it. We got it go to our website www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com. And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com.com.com. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more half ton and light duty trucks on your right. If you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website, click those check us out and we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2008 Dodge Dakota Crew Cab Short Box Big Horn. Thanks again.