Good morning. Choosing and using plugins and it was just brought to my attention that the font might be a little too faded. So if you have some trouble seeing something, I'll clarify it. I'll be clarifying everything of course. But just let me know. First off, did everybody get one of those canteens we were giving away? You did not? All right. Sean, my colleague here will get you one right now. So we're going to be, what will we be discussing? First, how to choose a plugin, then how do you install a plugin? So later in today's talks, we're going to be covering Gutenberg as Christina mentioned, and then also a form plugin called Caldera Farms. So I'll walk you through installing that. And then plugins, best practices. And then finally, a few dream host suggested plugins. So choosing a plugin. First, you need to figure out the function. What are you, what are you trying to add to your website? What's the goals?  There's single function plugins, multi function plugins, single function plugins, they're great. But then you start adding numerous plugins to the website, which could potentially impact performance, just more for you to worry about. So if you have the opportunity to choose a multi function plugin that still accomplishes what you want, it's better to go in that direction. As long as it's a quality plug. But be careful, you might put too many eggs in one basket. If that plugin stops being developed, for whatever reason, the plugins start having, having issues. So now you need to consider the source. One of the best places to get plugins is the WordPress repository, which, as was mentioned, has over 50,000 plugins right now. It's a lot of plugins to choose from. So how do you weed out the bad ones? Here's an example that I pulled from a plugin that hasn't been updated for a while. And if you were in the WordPress community for a while, you've been working with WordPress, you know P3 Profiler. There's a great diagnostic tool that was used to troubleshoot why a site might be having issues. And here, a few things to keep in mind is one, updates. When was the plugin last updated? You don't want something that was updated three years ago. You want something that's been updated in the last couple of months. This gives you an idea that the plugin isn't abandoned. Active installations. How many sites is the plugin running on? This is a great example because, one, the plugin is being widely used. So there's a better chance that the plugin is going to be around for longer, the more it's used. And it's been tested on multiple servers, multiple environments, so it has a better chance to work for your site. Another thing to be mindful of is when was the last version that was tested up until? Right now, we're on 4.9.8. This hasn't been tested since 4.1. So it's been a while. That plugin clearly looks abandoned. And if you're familiar with it, GoDaddy did say they were no longer supporting it. So what did the unanswered support request look like? Now that you know to be mindful of the last update, how many sites is it running on and what was the last version it was tested on? Does not scan other plugins? Is this plugin still secure? A bunch of different questions that aren't being answered. People stating it's not working. Further supporting that the plugin is abandoned. Reviews and ratings. What did the recent reviews look like?  Chances are all those 5 stars came when the plugin was still being actively supported. Time wasting plugin only scans itself, not working, only measuring itself. Further supporting the plugin is abandoned and you should move on. So it's very important to always choose a plugin that's being actively maintained. So it continues to work in the future with future WordPress updates and PHP and Apache updates as well. Another thing to be mindful of is does your host have a list of do's and don'ts? Dream host really doesn't have a list of do's and don'ts on our shared hosting. We have a list of don'ts and best practices on our managed hosting platform. And if you're ever curious, check with your host. They're usually more than happy to assist. Are you able to find guide settings, any kind of information to help you learn what the plugin does once you have it installed or how to make it do what you want? If you can't find any information, you might want to move on. Free and premium. Those are great. As Christina mentioned with the theme, you're supporting the developer. The developer is more likely to support that plugin moving forward because that's business, right? Okay. So now how do you install the plugin? Well, do we have any questions? So real quick, just so it's done for the future presentations, I'm going to walk you through installing Gutenberg and Caldora forums real quick. So if you'd like to follow along, we have our WordPress dashboard. And plugin installation is very easy. If you were similar to how Christina did it with the theme, you should really start with the WordPress plugin page directly. So if you wanted to search something, I noticed, you'd see right here, Caldora forums pops right up. Last updated three months ago. So it's been a few months since they had an update, but that's not necessarily a bad thing. What matters is was it tested up to the latest WordPress version, which it was. So you know it works with the latest WordPress version. It has over 100,000 active installs. So you know it's being widely used right now. And then down here, you can see the ratings. It has great ratings. 285 stars, few one stars, but that may just not, the plugin may not have worked for them, which this plugin may not work for you. You might find something better like contact form seven.  And then here you'll have like featured popular recommended and then favorites. If you've connected it as Christina mentioned to your WordPress.org login, which of course you don't have to. And then scrolling down right here, you'll see Gutenberg. You just click that install now button. So the review isn't always the tall tell if the, if the plugin's a good one or not. Most of the time it is Gutenberg just people don't like change and Gutenberg is introducing change. Yeah. And Matt of course will go into Gutenberg, what it does, how it works a little bit more in the next talk. So once it's installed, you just click activate. And there it is. You can see it right here Gutenberg. The only option for this plugin here is to deactivate other ones may have other options. And then now we need to install the caldera form plugin.  And then Caldera isn't actually listed on this page. So then you want to forms plugin. So we'll just type in forms out again. And here you'll see more of the popular form plugins listed because I did a broad search. Caldera forms would be right here. Just click install now. And that's a good, when you, when you know what functionality you're trying to add to your site, like a form, just type in forms and then take a look at what's available and see what works for you. So once it's installed again, just activate it. And then now it's activated. They've put up a few notice, they put up a notice on the top of my dashboard. Thanks for installing. I'm just going to close that. And then here they have an option where you can opt in to give them some, some data, anonymous data. You don't have to, of course, that is entirely up to you. But that just shows that there are potentially other options here that you can fiddle with. So yeah, installing a plugin, it's fairly easy. The best place is always the WordPress repository. You will find both free and premium, like free premium plugins. They have both free and pro versions there. So that's always your best stop because there are other options. But just because they're solely a premium plugin doesn't mean they're quality plugin. It still could act as a negative for your site, even though it's functionality that you may want and that you have to pay for it to get. So plugin best practices. Quality is important. Now there's a lot more to the quality of a plugin than the reviews, the ratings, when was it updated, support requests. But that's a little bit out of the scope of this talk. And as you become more familiar with WordPress, you'll learn that you'll need to keep an eye out for what, what it's actually doing in the backend. Every time you install a new plugin, you should always activate it, make sure its functionality is working, and then test your site. Make sure the front page isn't broken. Make sure it's still performing just as fast, if not almost as fast. Because a single plugin can slow your site down dramatically if it doesn't break it. Review your plugins regularly. If you're not reviewing your plugins and updating them regularly, it's potentially leaving an exploit. It can be exploited to compromise your site. It can slow down your site. It may break your site if you're not updating the plugin regularly, especially as WordPress releases updates, PHP comes out with new versions, things like that. Another thing to keep in mind is there's no magic number to the amount of plugins you can have installed and activated. Less is more though, but there is no magic number. A site can function with 100 plugins. A site can function with one plugin. The more you add, it's the more you have to worry about in terms of security and performance though. So try to keep it lean and mean. And then we have a few plugins that I typically recommend when a customer comes to me while I do my technical support at Dreamhost saying, well, how do I accomplish this? Well, here's a few. Anti-spam. So if you're allowing posts or comments on your posts or any kind of interaction from your customers or visitors, make sure you have an anti-spam plugin. Otherwise, you might wind up with get a free iPhone visiting this link. You don't want that. Backups are very important. And I'll touch on this later. You never want to solely rely on your host to have backups of your website. And something can happen at a moment's notice where your site has issues. I've seen it. Other people have seen it. Always generate your own personal backups that you have on your own computer or stored somewhere secure aside from the host. Captchas, contact forms. The duplicator plugin, it's a great plugin that allows you to easily migrate your site between web hosts, domain names, things like that. E-commerce, hands down WooCommerce, monitoring, Jetpack. Do you want to know if your site's always online? Do you want to know when your site goes down? Of course you do. Jetpack's great for that. Security. Security isn't, it's an added feature. All good hosts will run their own web application firewall, which is a server level security. It's just to add on to that if it's necessary. Most cases it's not. SEO. Make sure your site's found on Google. Troubleshooting. Let's say you're trying to figure out an issue with your website. Health check is a good plugin for that. I know I mentioned P3 profile earlier. Obviously that plugin was abandoned. Not a great plugin anymore. Health check is a good replacement. And then optimization. I know somebody over here asked about image sizing earlier. So a great plugin for that. And while Christina is right, you should try to do it beforehand and as you go if you're in a hurry, whatever reason, WP Smushit is a great image compression plugin. And then caching WP SuperCache. Helps your site perform as fast as possible. Any questions? Of course. If you just simply deactivate it, it will. But once you deactivate it, there will be an uninstall option. So you shouldn't have that issue. It should remove all of its traces. A bad plugin may not. Most of the time it does though. Which one? Oh, a WP Smushit. Yeah, the last one right there. The only time you really should leave a plugin in a deactivated state is if your troubleshooting plugin for example, you're not going to need to duplicate your plugin. You don't need that functionality daily. So the best bet on that is when you're done with a plugin, if you're no longer using it, uninstall it. Get rid of it. If you're not reusing it, you don't need the settings to remain. Get rid of it. It's one less thing you have to worry about. One of those things. Less is more. You want to worry less about things. Which one do we install? Do you remember? A lot of jetpack iterations, but I will say that YELP is a good one for Google Analytics. And then MoonCommerce has some really good add-ons for Google Analytics if you're using it for MoonCommerce. Yes, most of that is going to be added functionality via plugins. And this was just a basic list. There are social media plugins out there and if you check the reviews, make sure it's being a recently updated plugin, it should do what you need it to do. I don't have an example for that one at the moment. Any other questions? And then if you have any specific questions, of course, I'll be available throughout the day and I should be around tomorrow. Thank you.


Hi and welcome to the session. Today's topic is from solution to equation. Using the technique of doing same mathematical operation on both the sides, we can get an equation from a solution. For example, let us take y equal to 2. Now let us multiply both sides by 3. So this will give us 3y is equal to 2 into 3 that is 6. So here this is an equation for the solution y is equal to 2. Thus we have formed an equation for the given solution. Now if we are given one equation then we can find only one solution for that equation. But if we are given a solution then we can find many equations for the given solution. Let's see how we have reached to the equation 3y is equal to 6. Now let us add 5 on both the sides. So we will get 3y plus 5 is equal to 6 plus 5 that is 3y plus 5 is equal to 11. So here this is the second equation for the given solution that is y is equal to 2. Now if we multiply or divide both the sides of the given solution by some other number then we will get some other equation. Similarly if we add or subtract some other number on both the sides then we will get some other equations for the given solution. Thus we can form many more equations for the given solution y is equal to 2. Now let's move on to applications of simple equations to practical situations. We come across many situations or statements in everyday life which can be solved using simple equations. First we convert the situation or statement in simple equation and then we solve that simple equation to give the solution to the problem. For example if we are given that in a triangle A, B, C, angle A is 2, angle B is 2, angle C is equal to 3 is 2, 2 is 2, 1. That means the ratio of the measures of angle A is to angle B is to angle C is equal to 3 is to 2 is to 1 and we need to find the measure of all the 3 angles. Now first of all we will change the given problem to a simple equation. Let's see how we do that. Suppose we have a triangle A, B, C then let us assume that angle A is equal to 3x, angle B is equal to 2x and angle C is equal to 1x as the ratio of angle A is to angle B is to angle C is equal to 3 is to 2 is to 1. Now we know that sum of 3 angles of a triangle is equal to 180 degrees that means here angle A plus angle B plus angle C will be equal to 180 degrees that is 3x plus 2x plus 1x will be equal to 180 degrees. This implies 6x will be equal to 180 degrees that means x will be equal to 180 degrees upon 6 that will be 30 degrees. Now we got the value of x so here angle A will be equal to 3 into 30 degrees that is 90 degrees, angle B will be equal to 2 into 30 degrees that is 60 degrees and angle C will be equal to 1 into 30 degrees that is 30 degrees. Thus we got the measures of all the 3 angles. Thus in this session we have learnt how to form equations from the given solution and applications of simple equations to practical situations. With this we finish this session hope you must have understood all the concepts. Goodbye take care and have a nice day.


I've said to you before and I'll say again, let's just go to the side of the story because I don't know the full details. Let's look at the port from a stand back and look at it in terms of the movement of containers. I don't want to get in a fight about who's right and who's wrong here. All I'm saying here is that if there's going to be that improvement. I don't know the details in all of this and I don't want to get in any further detail.  Tony Gibson, I've spoken to Len Brown. What I've said was that how long will it take before we make up if we do? I'm sorry but I haven't seen any figures that will tell me. I think if there's a role to be played by anybody in a leadership position, I honestly don't know. They're coming into some degree, which is what I understand. There needs to be some leadership shown by somebody.


I'm sure all of you are excited and happy to hear a talk tonight from Tom Woods So I would very much like to welcome all of you to the 2018 version of Mises you Mises University a program that's been going on for several decades Pat Barnett has provided me with some statistics. So we have 129 schools represented We have people from 24 countries and 33 US states. So a hundred ninety five people overall. So congratulations and And I really do mean congratulations. Congratulations for finding your way here for finding out about Austrian economics and for having the Wherewithal to be willing to to read books and engage in more intellectual pursuits than a lot of people your age are willing to do Before Joe Salerno comes up to introduce the faculty before Tom Woods comes up to give us talk I just wanted to speak for a few minutes About Mises University and about all of you I am sure at least at least probably two-thirds of you have never attended Mises you and it presumably have never been to the Institute itself So we're very proud of our building and our grounds and our gardens which have taken a lot of work and effort over the years I'm sure you've seen some of our libraries by now some of our books both downstairs and upstairs We actually have almost 50,000 volumes in this building which makes us one of the largest private libraries in the entire southeast of the country So it's actually quite an amazing collection and we have the the books that belong to Murray Rothbard Which are downstairs and they apparently filled his New York apartment to the rafters And if you'll notice if you take some of those off the shelves There's a lot of Murray isms in the marginalia which is really really neat to see for instance Isabel Patterson's God of the Machine has some great Murray notes in it. We also have Not all we have some of Dr. Gary North's books only about 10,000 That was just his politics and econ and history Okay, his other books his religion and other things were were given away somewhere else And I would hasten to add with regard to both Gary North and Murray Rothbard These were not vanity collections ladies and gentlemen that you have on yourself to impress people who come over They read every last one of these books and probably some of them more than once we also have Robert Higgs books He had he had moved away to Mexico and wanted to lighten his load. So we have Robert Higgs books We have the collection of Richard Ebeling. We have the books of Ralph Raco And I'm told I'm told well actually he insists on this I'm told that when when in 30 or 40 years when Walter Block dies That we're gonna get that we're gonna get his books as well But I wanted to also mention briefly that really if we think about it It's it's a almost a remarkable series of events that led all of you to be here tonight And I don't just mean the creation of and the founding of the Austrian school and then its resurgence in the United States later in The 60s and 70s in large part not entirely, but in large part due to the efforts of Murray Rothbard But not so much that the Austrian school is created But the fact that we're all here together this evening in Auburn, Alabama Across the street from Auburn University is really quite remarkable and think about what brought us all here Well first and foremost what brought us all here was Lou Rockwell Who as a young editor at Arlington house? Yes Lou is of course our founder but as a young editor at Arlington house was given the opportunity to edit some New editions of some Mises books and grew to become a messesian and later Actually met Ludwig von Mises as a result of that and of course became friends with and close with Margit von Mises as widow So that was one element of why we're all here tonight another one was a man named judge John Denson Who is a very important judge and it's a longtime attorney here in Lee County, Alabama? A lot of you will have an opportunity to meet him tomorrow evening and throughout the week who is a trustee at Auburn University in a period where Lou Rockwell was looking for a home for a new center to promote messesian and Austrian economics and Judge Denson happened to hear about this when he was visiting Washington DC So that's a very happy turn of events That those two gentlemen were able to get together and make one of the perhaps the third leg of the stool Was that there was an economist in the department at Auburn University and Roger Garrison who's with us this evening and a lot of you know him So we had that we had the combination of of Lou Rockwell wanting to set something up We had a friendly trustee and we had a friendly economics department across the street at Auburn So I think those are all very remarkable things So as a result of that we're all connected here this evening. We're all in Auburn, Alabama here in 2018 But I'd just like you to think about briefly how Being here tonight connects all of you to a Tradition and a history and to some very important people because as I mentioned earlier Lou Rockwell actually knew and met Ludwig von Mises Of course, he knew Margaret von Mises better Walter Block had met Ludwig von Mises Of course, there are many people in this room who were close with and knew Murray Rothbard quite well There are there are several people in this room who met and knew Ayn Rand There are people in this room, of course Lou Rockwell among them who Knew a great benefactor of this institution the late Henry Haslett and Of course, there are people in this room who knew and met The late Friedrich Hayek who is actually unbeknownst to a lot of people one of our founding board members here at the Mises Institute So in a sense you are all connected to these people through People who are still alive and with us in this room and as a result of some of the thinkers I mentioned We had a very now infamous conference in South Royalty in their early 1970s in Vermont That was part of a renaissance in the Austrian tradition and some people in this room were there The aforementioned Roger Garrison was there. Dr. Walter Block was there. Joe Salerno was there And they influenced a lot of people in their work people of that generation that you that many of you know people like Huerta de Soto in Spain people like David Gordon People like Hans Hermann Hoppe, Yuri Maltsev, Jeffrey Herbner, Tom Di Lorenzo who's here with us this evening So from these older thinkers turn of the century thinkers We had a couple of new generations and then if we think about the people they influenced we moved down a generation We have the the Mark Thornton's the Guido Halsman's the Peter Klein's the Sean Rittenauer's All of whom you you fortunate young people have the opportunity to meet and talk to and work with and email and Network with and get to know and pick their brain. So that's actually quite a privilege And then of course the gentleman I just mentioned Influenced a generation below them the Tom Woods and the Bob Murphy's and the Tim Terrell's of the world and Many of them were young mises you attendees like you are this evening and they in turn influenced some younger mises you attendees people like pair of Beeland and Lucas Engelhardt who I saw earlier and Carmen Dorbott and her husband Matt McCaffrey who were here this week and GP Manish and Malik Valenvik and I hear who were close to us here in Troy and Phillip Boggess and David Howden and They in turn influenced a whole new generation of thinkers Who many of whom are our summer fellows here that are spending the summer with us? And I really recommend that you get to know some of them because I think some of them are going to do Incredible great things.  So with that, please welcome our academic VP. Dr. Joe Salerno Hello and welcome to everyone here and everyone viewing online I would like to Reiterate thanks to our very generous donors who make Mises University possible Let's have a round of applause This is my favorite event that is carried on at the Mises Institute This week you'll hear lectures from a very distinguished faculty of economists historians philosophers and a very brilliant legal scholar I'm especially proud to inform you that more than half of the faculty has attended Mises University as you were doing right now as students and Some of them were students even as late as 2010 2011, but now they're faculty members at academic institutions On the other hand some of the faculty here have sat in Murray Rothbard's living room in the very beginning of the Austrian economics revival Way back in the early 1960s all to block But regardless of age all the members of the faculty have devoted themselves to studying teaching and writing Austrian economics for their entire adult lives And all have been greatly influenced by the works of Mises and Rothbard who are our mentors and our guiding spirits here Murray Rothbard once said in the late 1980s that the Mises University faculty represents the greatest assembly of Austrian brain power since Mises seminars in old Vienna Even with Murray gone There are enough additional people that he inspired To make that still true, I believe okay, there's maybe you know 40 of us make up for for Murray Okay So this week you have a wonderful opportunity to learn from the leading lights of the Austrian school All we ask of you is that you take full advantage of the program that we have organized for you Which means attending on a regular basis you're all on scholarship, and you're all obligated to attend and That's enforced by Gito Hulsmann Last name German I need not say more I Have several reminders for students Auburn University is a smoke-free campus including outside the dorm No alcohol is permitted in the dorm or a group is tossed out If you if the if the policy is violated students who have a car at the dorm This is important must have a parking pass or you will be towed by aforementioned Gito Hulsmann No Email pat at Mises dot org if you need a parking pass at the dorm check-in Make sure you take a bag of sheets or towels instead of one sheet or towel out of the bag So just take the full bag Okay, let's try to do that. That's a test of whether you stay longer at that if you can Okay, and please return the bags at check-in in the area of the dorm Please remember to wear your name tags when attending the sessions and in the dining area and All students on scholarship and I'm repeating this are required to attend class each period Okay, now for the task I relish the faculty introductions except in a few selected a few selected exceptions And we have such a large and great faculty for you that I'm just going to read their names And if they're here they will stand up and hold your applause, please until the end Walter block Get out We're not holding it this year Can't follow instruct okay But you're libertarians right you defy you defy authority Gito is smiling though and licking his chops Mark Branley William Butos Thomas De Lorenzo Carmen Dorbat Lucas Engelhardt when proud to say is a 2018 Gary G. Schlarbaum professor at Mises University Thank you, Roger Garrison David Gordon Jeffrey Herbner Jorg Gito Hulsman Carl Friedrich Israel Peter Klein GP Manish Matthew McCaffrey if you can just stand so people can at least see you not you Matt sit down Robert Murphy Malavika Nair Judge Andrew Napolitano Jonathan Newman Patrick Newman the good and the bad newman's respectively no no Benjamin Powell Joe Salerno you can Edward Stringham Timothy Terrell Mark Thornton and Tom Woods Yeah


So, one of the most useful things I've learned about AI art is it has the ability to understand and visualize abstract concepts to a degree that I did not realize was possible. Cat and dog pictures are great, but look what happens if you type in something vague and nonsensical like love and betrayal. Like holy shit, look at that. I didn't have anything in mind when I typed that in, but strangely it's very fitting. Let's see what happens if we type in something like wings of passion. Oh my god. This is awesome. What if you want a movie poster themed on something like Heart of War? Man, okay, I gotta say, the idea to combine something soft and beautiful like a heart with a fence of thorns is pretty genius. Let's try something ridiculous like The Singing Son. Damn. I didn't know that's what I wanted to see, but I'm really glad it generated that. So this really opens up so many ideas for interpreting abstract concepts. I really encourage you to play with your ideas. Like seriously, throw nonsense at the AI and just watch it try and make sense of the madness. Sometimes it really will surprise you. I'd like to end this video by sharing one of my personal favorite artworks from my best collection. A long time ago I typed in friendship is a lie, and I got these three images. And I want to explain why I was so impressed. This first image is interpreted very playfully. It's bright, it's yellow. There's an unsuspecting young girl being let on by a young boy. Even though it's bright and youthful, something about it still feels empty. In this next picture, there's clearly a story here. It's subtle, but if you look closely, you can barely tell that the person on the right is sad. And when you look at the other two characters, the one on the left looks like she's trying to steal this friend away, and the middle person looks indifferent. Like they're not really aware of what's going on, and they're just passively going with the flow, not realizing that they're hurting the person that really cares about them the most. And finally, my favorite image. Two people clearly wanting to be friends, reaching towards each other. But they're both tied in separate directions with ropes, foreshadowing and depicting the futility of their relationship. I've seen a lot of work from a lot of different artists growing up, and you can say what you want about the fact that this is AI generated, but the interpretation of these concepts was absolutely masterly done. So I really hope you guys enjoyed that. There's a lot of images from my personal collections that I don't really show, but that is one of my favorites. As always, hope you have a fantastic day, and I'll see you next time.


FX has just released the first trailer for the ninth season of American Horror Story titled 1984, so today I'm going to be doing a quick rundown of what we can tell about this season from the trailer, as well as breakdown some of the many horror film references in this trailer. Before I start, let me just remind you to hit that subscribe button if you want to hear me break down and review every episode of 1984 as it airs, along with theories and other related videos. Anyway, let's begin.  He then proceeds to kill at least six of the girls in the bunk, notably Leslie Grossman's character is in this scene, and she's the only one of the main cast members in this scene. Originally, I thought this scene was a flashback to the original murders at Camp Redwood, which are referenced later on, but with Leslie Grossman's character there, we can either assume the scene takes place when all of our main characters are at the camp or Leslie's character was a survivor of the original Camp Redwood murders. I'm thinking it's going to end up turning out that Leslie's character was present at the original murder spree because this scene is very reminiscent of the flashback to the Halloween of 1985 murders in Scream Queens' second season. Anyway, the next scene is an aerobics class full of 80's hair and wardrobe featuring Cody Fern as maybe one of the instructors of the class and Emma Roberts, Billy Lord, and Gus Kenworthy's characters are all members of the class. Then the gang heads out of class and Cody's character informs the rest about his gig as camp counselor at Camp Redwood, which is two hours away from their current location. He invites everyone, Billy's character is down, Emma's character however is reluctant as we now cut to a scene where Emma's character is being attacked by someone who is notably not Mr. Jingles. Based on the hair, knife, and costume, this looks like it was Zach Villa's character whom many are speculating is actually real life serial killer Richard Ramirez. Next scene is Cody Fern, Billy Lord, Emma Roberts, and Duran Horton and they are all in a van on the way to Camp Redwood. They somehow convinced Emma's character to tag along and suddenly Emma warns Cody, the driver, to look out. Cody then proceeds to hit a person with his car. This whole scene plays out like I know what you did last summer and it's nice to see that they're not only referencing slasher films that pre-date 1984, it seems that any slasher film is on the table when it comes to homages and references. Next we see some more footage of Camp Redwood, still looking very much like Camp Crystal Lake from Friday the 13th. The gang brings the person they hit with their car to the camp nurse who was played by Angelica Ross and Cody's character then says that they just found him on the side of the road. So now this whole group has a collective secret just like I know what you did last summer. Then we meet Chef Birdie who has nothing but good memories about this place which then sparks another flashback to the original murders. Chef Birdie is giving me a little bit of a Mrs. Bean vibe from Scream Queens so let's hope she's not the first one to die. Next we get a scene straight out of 1978's Halloween where Mr. Jingles has escaped his asylum. Angelica Ross then proceeds to inform the rest around the campfire that Camp Redwood is the site of the worst summer massacre of all time. But anyway, Cody's character interrupts Angelica's and says that they don't need to hear any ghost stories especially because of Brooke's past. So there we have it, Emma Roberts is playing a character called Brooke. Then it cuts to a Molotov cocktail being thrown through a window, a shot of someone holding a knife that is very similar to the one that was used when Brooke was attacked earlier in the trailer, Billy's character being spooked in the lake, a nice eye shot through a little peephole, Mr. Jingles about to stab an unrecognizable victim. Brooke and Duran's character is covered in dirt and then we have Angelica's character running in front of a vehicle signalling for help. She appears to have a stab wound in her chest.  We then have another unknown victim crawling away from Mr. Jingles. We then get a look at Matthew Morrison's character as he and Billy's character help an injured Cody Fern. Next is the closing scene of the gang at a gas station presumably before they first arrive at camp and a local warns them that they're going to die, just like in the first Friday the 13th. So a lot to unpack about this, so let's break it down. Sometime in the past there was a murder spree committed by Mr. Jingles at Camp Redwood. Leslie Grossman's character may have been present at the time, but either way she did survive. Also in the past, Brooke was attacked by a different serial killer at her home. This may or may not turn out to be Richard Ramirez. She also survived this. Now Leslie's character is returning to Camp Redwood and a new batch of counselors including Brooke are heading to Camp Redwood. They hit someone with their car on their way and around this time Mr. Jingles breaks out of the asylum he is being kept in after his original crimes. Now at Camp Redwood, Tara begins to ensue as Mr. Jingles has returned to the site of his original crimes and who knows, maybe some other killers will reveal themselves along the way as well. All right, so what did you think of the trailer? I thought it was visually great and I'm very excited to see what the full episodes bring. Be sure to let me know what you thought in the comments below and follow me on Twitter at SkylerGaitano and on Instagram at Skyler.Gaitano and give this video a like and subscribe for American Horror Story 1984 episode breakdowns and reviews as they air and I will see you soon.


I didn't tell the timer guys, let's take a go. I got it, I got it, I got it. Last time I'm going right behind you. I got triple the rope. Pat, make sure you're looking back too. Uh, I'll wait before we continue. I have to get a meter to point in. It was 400. It was 400? Yeah, and we measured it out. It was 400 meters to point in. From here to there it's 400 meters. 400 meters. Well, we're almost there. Is that right? Yeah. 49 degrees. Close to GM angle. 54. Well... You're nabged eye. I am? Yep. Alright. Alright.


So, the first question or the most voted question read something like give us a tweet about what we need to achieve the SDGs. So I think we can translate that to what would be the two phrases of how to achieve the SDGs. Do any of you want to start? I would say that if you want to achieve different results you must be willing and have the courage to do things you have never done before. I think global partnership 2015 was a call to action today is a call to acceleration. Make everyone aware that the desirable future is possible. Wonderful Martin. Yes I am compulsive positive I don't know how to say I can do it I can it's possible to change. I would say that we would need everybody to get more engaged not only big corporations and so as I said but we also need brave political leadership. I say understanding where we are knowing where we want to go. I would say to be the change what you want to see in the world is a change. I would say humility and ask in the right questions. I think you have to involve all the population. I think we need to translate awareness into action maybe reduce the tolerance level for wrongdoings a more affirmative action and encouragement for doing the right thing. Wonderful thank you. A specific question for you Laura so how have the KPIs been selected and do you think that they are replicable for other ports? So I think I start from the bottom so I think that the model could be really right it's replicable but the important thing that we have to remember is that we are localizing the agenda so it's replicable the model itself but we must know where we are and what is the state of the art of the situation so knowing better and in the best way where we are so we try the particular and much more relevant objective for this future not maybe not the really far future but even the near future could be relevant in order to shape the correct way I mean the correct way to sustainability. Regarding the KPIs has been a real job together with those who plan the strategy for the future the strategy for the future so the selection is not only on the base of numbers and available data but also a little bit more than this. Wonderful thanks. Also a question for Lejina so you could pass the microphone. How rip sorry no I've lost that questions could other Caribbean countries replicate your project? Yeah many of the Caribbean countries have a rum industry because it was similar histories different colonizers and different sequence but many Caribbean islands and countries in that region have a rum industry and a problem with discarding of the rum industry waste and also a Sargasm seaweed problem and a tourism problem because of Sargasm seaweed on beaches so yeah. Thank you so we have two suggestions one is that the SDG impact tool should be used for all of these solutions which seems like a great idea there's also another solution both Africa sorry another proposal both African solutions have to do with data so these anonymous writers says that there is perhaps an opportunity to collaborate between these two networks and perhaps just a final question to anyone that wants to address it so what do we want to learn in the process of working towards the SDGs? Anyone wants to Karina? I want to speak in Spanish because it's more comfortable for me. Thank you. Bueno el aprendizaje de lecciones aprendidas de trabajar en los objetivos desarrollos sostenibles es que nos colocan como visión el poder trabajar cosas concretas o poder tener soluciones concretas y también entender de que el desafío no solamente es global sino principalmente podemos aportar desde lo pequeño desde adentro desde nuestras propias soluciones desde nuestros propios conocimientos y también entender de que hay muchas cosas que se están haciendo bien y que necesitamos también justamente esta red para ver cómo sumamos y cómo generamos mayor impacto desde lo local hasta lo global please translate. So I will translate word by word so Karina believes that the loco is as important as the big projects and that it is through networks like this one that we find out the power of these small projects that actually add up to to great achievements. It was a bit of a summary. Anyone else has? Yes please. Well the SDGs have actually brought all countries to the same level every country is developing you have climate issues you have inequality issues you have issues about environmental pollution so every country needs SDG and it's a level for all of us. I would say that we need to learn to think a little bit out of the box and stop working in silos I think that's what we need to learn to operate outside our specific fields and collaborate it's not it might sound trivial but that's actually quite difficult so we need to learn that. Can I say we need to learn how the local the balance between local approaches and blankets approaches and where it begins and where it ends there's a fine line but a lot of these solutions had localness to them and still global relevance so yeah. I would say it's important to be brave enough and to have courage to address the root cause of the problems rather than to look at the surface because many of what we're currently addressing is just the symptoms and there is a deeper layers of what the problems are in our society and that's what we try to address in our presentation. And I would maybe just add to that that that involves a great deal of also not only looking outside but looking inwards and what's there and how can we improve that in order to then have the ripple effect that we wish to see outside. I would also say that SDGs are a huge opportunity to realize the systemic perspective of the challenges. You can be expert on one field on one topic but you will never be an expert of the whole 17 SDGs so partnership is really a keyword we have to work together to achieve this agenda. Well thank you very much perhaps a last round of applause to our 10 networks represented here. We have a professor Jeffrey Sachs has just joined us to deliver some closing remarks you are keep talking for a couple minutes. Okay I will talk a little bit more so anyone wants to talk for a couple of minutes. Good. But in Spanish translate please. There is something that we have super clear those who work in the Amazon and it's that forests are our biggest investment in conservation. No, it's our biggest asset and conservation is our best investment. We can generate resources, we can generate well-being, we can generate economy with forests on foot. We can't cut anymore. So let's go with that strength to all because forests have us. So I was going to say that even if you did not understand the language I think you must the passion came across and what Karina was saying is that we need the forests not just to to leave but also because of all of what they produce all of the ecosystem services that they provide and so she was saying we cannot cut a single tree more. Martin I think you wanted to add something else. I just want to thank you and the other ones who have made this event possible. All the estates and staff that has done this I think it's been amazing fantastic and if there's any more to come in the future and looking forward to those. Thanks again.


Perhaps it bears repeating that with malnutrition we are confronted with a terrible skirt, one capable of defeating the present aspirations of millions of young Nigerians for healthy and productive lives, but worse, one that can jeopardize the physical and mental abilities of future generations. The journey to ending malnutrition need not be a long one. We can with effective collaboration, with sincerity of purpose and creativity reach our goals quickly. Funding will always be key, but so also is reducing bureaucracy and I think that we can. While it's important to deploy resources, important to aggregate funding, it's more important to ensure that these resources are directed to the most needy areas and that we use common sense approaches and solutions.


The Giza Plateau of Northern Africa contains some of the most important archaeological records on Earth and is a treasure trove of massive ancient structures and tunnels, which includes the Great Sphinx and Pyramids. We are told by experts that the Pyramids were built as burial chambers for the Pharaohs, yet not one has ever been found within them. Quick research reveals that the Pharaohs of Egypt were actually buried at the nearby Valley of the Kings. So why is an incorrect version being taught in school about the purpose of these incredible structures, leaving out important information, including the fact that long vertical shafts known as the King and Queen's Chambers point precisely to the star constellations of Orion and Sirius within the Great Pyramid of Giza? But even beyond those wonders and secrets of the great architects of the past, the real treasures of Giza may lie far beneath the surface. Countless tunnels and shafts have been discovered in the last several years around the Great Pyramid of Giza and even inside the Sphinx itself, leading hundreds of feet underground, and yet little of this information has ever been shared or even explored fully after their discoveries. Photographs clearly show passageways continuing into the darkness, but are either sealed off or it's not revealed where they lead. But what could be so important that it would be worth covering up and suppressing from society? Ancient Egyptian records and documents indicated that thousands of years ago a great library of information was erected beneath Giza, known as the Hall of Records, whose entrance was to be guarded by a great lion representing the constellation Leo. This may seem strange to many today until they learned that the great Sphinx used to be in the shape of a lion, but was later defaced and re-carved to resemble a pharaoh by invading armies. Water erosion marks along the edge of the Sphinx prove it is far older than the date of around 4,500 years ago we are given when comparing the climate data around that time period, which would explain how it could have been built during a completely different period of human history, one nearly lost to time. As crazy as that may seem to some, we must understand the importance of where these tunnels may lead and why it's worth all the effort to hide and suppress. The famous Hall of Records is reported to contain a nearly complete and unaltered record of both human history and the secrets of these ancient civilizations of the past, and how they were able to create such enormous and precise structures. Recently, a startling announcement was made indicating that ground penetrating radar had discovered additional cavities in tunnels just in front of the paws of the great Sphinx, yet no news was ever made of what was found, and instead wooden planks were put down to seal the floor of the site off. The most important piece of the puzzle to understand is that certain individuals have been placed in key positions such as the head Egyptologist Zahi Hawass to maintain a certain version of history and never allow the truth to come out. With so many things constantly distracting us, most are simply unaware of this information and accept a given narrative without question. Shafts leading to deep tunnels have been discovered in both the top of the head of the Sphinx and on the rear, but have only been explored by Zahi Hawass's team, who claim the tunnels go nowhere and are of no interest, yet they fail to show any images or video proof of that and where they actually lead. Nearby, a discovery was recently made linking additional hidden tunnels found in the Tomb of the Birds, which could connect to a much larger network of tunnels and shafts under both the Sphinx and Great Pyramids that all connect. As these new discoveries were being made, Zahi Hawass refused to accept that these tunnels even existed until video and photographic evidence surfaced from a team of researchers that made him refute his statement. Before the team who discovered these new passageways could fully explore them, they were suddenly sealed off without warning by metal bars and no one was allowed to access the area. Over and over, the objective researcher finds out that the real facts of history had been manipulated and suppressed until much of the truth has been nearly lost to society and is considered nothing more than a myth. The greatest secrets of the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx are likely not going to be found on the surface, but deep underground, where long ago master builders created extensive tunnels and rooms, some containing the most valuable resource we have. Knowledge. In the years to come, once this control of history and information collapses under its heavy weight of lies, the truth will finally be revealed about the great secrets of Giza and all that lies beneath it. Our view of both history and reality will change forever once the Hall of Records is finally discovered. Hopefully this time, we will not make the same mistakes as before and allow this great library of knowledge to be destroyed and lost to time as we did with the Library of Alexandria.


Bring in the new year with amazing savings from Appalachian Wireless. Get the Galaxy S7 for just $49.99 when you sign a renew a two-year service agreement. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. Our mountains are breathtaking when winter comes around and blankets them with snow. However, for some, winter brings along something much darker with it. Seasonal depression. Scientists don't even know that they have it or that it's recognized as a form of clinical depression called seasonal effective disorder. There are healthy ways to treat seasonal depression without needing to rely on chemicals. Seasonal effective disorder is real. It's a real thing. We talk about it all the time here. People come in and it's an everyday discussion here. You know, you're not outside, you're not gathering sunlight, your body's not producing vitamin D. Actually, the best relief is just exercise. Obviously, it's cold outside. We don't have much daylight, but you can still do it. You can exercise indoors. So many different things you can do. You don't have to have equipment. You don't have to go to a gym, although I hope you do. There's a million things that you can do to stay in shape during the winter and relieve the seasonal effective disorder. Although there are many ways to stay fit in the winter without proper eating and motivation, it's going to be difficult. More than likely, you probably have some healthy options there in the house. I have a recipe for healthy snow cream. You could actually Google the recipe. There's tons of those out there. I have a blog. You could check that out. And I have a recipe for that healthy snow cream that includes things like reduced fat milk and some other really cool non-sugary sort of things that you can put on your snow cream. So there's options there with food as well. Shop for your summer swimsuit. And I know that sounds crazy because you may not have that summer body right now. But for me, that's one of the things that I love to do the most. Even if I have that 10, 15 extra pounds I need to lose, get online and shop for your summer bikini or your summer bathing suit. For more tips on staying healthy during the winter months, you can contact Don or Tabitha by stopping by Pro Fitness or Foxy Fitness, both in Prestonsburg, or give them a call at the numbers listed on your screen. Reporting from Prestonsburg for EKB News, I'm Shawn Allen.


What are the three reasons, you just tell one reason, that is never a reason, if there is a leak then nothing will stay, the fuel also will go, the fuel will not remain, the fuel if there is a leak, so you never fly if there is a leak. So either you have to keep flying at a particular height which is called as a hold because the runway is not free for some time or you may have to divert to an airport nearby because the runway is not accessible, so reserve fuel, one of the reasons for reserve fuel is diversion and holding, so in the next lecture on takeoff and landing we will cover this in slightly more detail, that is one reason, any other reason, yes, so therefore, so you have a very low view about aircraft maintenance engineers and pilots, somebody thinks that the fuel can leak, somebody can think that the instruments are not working, if this is the case the aircraft will not be clear to operate and reserve fuel will not help because then you do not know how much fuel you have, so I am sorry to say that your opinion about us is very bad, we are not so, in fact, we are far more systematic than this, yes any other reason? There will be, there will drastically change and we need the drag wind increase, how does drag increase because of weather, does the drag increase, okay, fine, so if the wind increases now we will see today that if you have tail wind actually it is beneficial, it is only if there is a head wind that the range will be less, so I understand what you can say is that on route weather conditions may become bad, so you may have to divert, okay, I was travelling once from Calcutta to Mumbai and the pilot said that we are diverting because there is heavy weather over Ranchi, so they took a circuitous path not the path which is normally taken, so that added 15-20 minutes to the flight, so we need fuel for that, so that is right, one reason is that you need fuel for weather diversions, you need fuel for at the end of the journey you may have to hold or divert any other reason, there is one more reason, other than this, there could be navigation errors, that means you think you are going on that route which the ATC has given you but actually when you come to know you are slightly off so you come back, this is a part of, so end route weather and navigation and holding and diversion, any other reason, there is one more reason, so those of you who have a vehicle with you, are you able to use the entire fuel in the fuel tank or there is some fuel that is not available, so there is some fuel always trapped in the pipelines, you will be surprised to know that this fuel can be almost half percent of the fuels of life, so the power plant is mounted on the wings and the fuel tanks are also in the wings, there is a piping, in some cases the fuel tank is in the wing but the power plants are on the back, there is a pipeline which carries the fuel and we do not keep flying or we do not plan to fly till the pipeline fuel also is consumed, because we want to maintain a continuous supply of fuel in the engines, so there is some amount of fuel which is kept, so it is unavailable fuel, it is there but not useful to you for your consumption because it is blocked in the pipelines, so these are the three main reasons due to which we do not fly like this up to empty, so total distance on a given tank of fuel is defined as range, so let us look at the range of some typical aircraft which we are familiar and this particular series of pictures tell you the range of some standard aircraft from Mumbai, so if you travel on Airbus A318 you can cover literally up to Libya and Chad on this side and you can meet Kim Jong-il if you are interested, you can go up to Korea, okay, so this is Airbus 318, 319 goes slightly further but less number of passengers, so it can cover but you cannot go to Norway, 320 is less than 321 because they are designed for a different market, I will show you the range and capacity very soon, this is 321, you can see it starts touching Australia now and this is Airbus A380, this information was given by the Airbus people when they came and gave a talk, so I have borrowed the slide from them, so you can see that almost every part of Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, all that is covered including North America, what is not covered is Chile, Paraguay in South Africa that is out of the range and also Mexico, so these yes, any other, yeah so basically what it means is that the area on the right of this line and the left of this line is not covered, so Sao Paulo is covered, Rio is covered because that comes in Brazil which comes somewhere here, okay, so it is not that they have designed it like this, it is just that this aircraft with 555 passengers can travel around 15,100 kilometers nonstop, so do you think it is a very big range, 15,100 kilometers nonstop, do you think it is a big range, now let me show you some numbers for really big ranges, so since I spent a year in Singapore, there I collected some data regarding Boeing 777 from Singapore where it goes, so you can see that Boeing 777-200 from Singapore can cover 9700 kilometers, okay, then we have 300 which can cover 11,400, then we have 200 extended range or ER that is 14320 and then we have 777-300 ER which is 300 extended range that is 147, of course you cannot carry the same number of passengers in all these routes, there is a diagram called as a payload range diagram which tells you the tradeoff and then you have 777-200 long range more than extended range which can cover 17,600 kilometers but even this is not the longest, okay, now for every aircraft in the Airbus table there is normally a competition in the Boeing's table, so they always fight neck to neck and they say if you want this why not take this, if you have that why not take this, so they keep on making such charts, this chart is made by Air France where they try to compare Airbus with Boeing, okay, so once the PPT is uploaded you can see this at leisure and get an idea about this, okay, let us look at the world's longest nonstop flight, this was done by Singapore Airlines as you can see the date is mentioned there the first landing of this aircraft at Newark Airport in New York EWR, it was in June 2004 and you can see that the aircraft is being welcomed by water cannon from both sides, this is a typical thing they do in aviation whenever there is any new activity a new aircraft comes they have this system of welcoming the aircraft by on both sides they fire a water cannon, okay, so this is 16,600 kilometers more than 18.5 hours nonstop and look at the phenomenal amount of fuel consumed per flight so it was launched with great fanfare by Singapore Airlines in 2004 at that time it was the world's longest flight not no longer there are longer flights than this but it held the record for good amount of years approximately 9 years in 2013 this flight was and the aircraft that they use is Airbus A34500 which is also considered to be one of the world's longest aircraft but they discontinued so do you have any idea why they discontinued this flight no idea can you guess if an airline launches with a lot of fanfare a flight which is a world record they would like to keep it isn't it because that gives them some distinction yeah so you can guess what is the reason yeah that is the reason but there is a slight slight twist to that so when they launched this flight they were flying with 181 passengers but then they realized that this is a very exclusive thing so they made it all business class okay and about 101 or 102 seats it was successful for a long time but then it became difficult to sustain to get 100 business class passengers for a flight of this distance they had to do a lot of expenditure in maintaining that finally they said give up we cannot do it but interestingly before that also the record was by another Singapore Airlines aircraft that was from Singapore to Los Angeles and that was 14 and a half odd kilometers around 16 hours but the world record for the longest flight non-stop is held by Air India okay and that is Delhi San Francisco flight which took place in 2016 now if you notice there are dates mentioned there and if you also notice on 13th October last year 2016 they flew a polar route that means they flew over the poles which normally we do not fly you can notice that the distance is only 13959 as compared to 15142 also notice that the time taken is more for the polar route 16 hours and 44 minutes as compared to the 14 hour 30 minutes for the Pacific route so the flight went around the world literally it went from Delhi to San Francisco and then back from San Francisco to Delhi so now the distance on the earth is the same or is it not the same why does it take more time more distance to go this way than that way and why does it take more time on a small on a shorter route okay so look at the numbers this is the aircraft Boeing 777 200ER which was used okay so flying westward you get what is called as a headwind that means the wind coming from the front is that desirable no it is not desirable for range it gives you better relative velocity but it gives you poor ground speed so theoretically speaking if the air speed is equal to the headwind the ground speed is zero the aircraft is stationary in there so whenever you look at some aircraft flying and if you are fly traveling on a car at a particular angle it seems stationary isn't sometimes sometimes you feel it is just right there and you keep on traveling on the route and you think it is not good or you or you see traveling very slowly okay so that is the thing so ground speed basically so when you fly eastward then you encounter the jet streams behind you so they are literally pushing you and pushing you not at a slow speed pushing you at 138 kilometers per hour that is the speed at which the air in atmosphere travels in the jet streams and this is what Google loom does they want to take their balloons in jet stream and then free of course they are traveling from distance and then they come down they are riding the wind literally so similarly the aircraft is riding the wind and you can see the ground speed is 930 kilometers per hour that is why there is a two hour reduction in flight time if you fly eastwards so that is the difference and this two hours eastward results in 13 tons saving in the fuel so you can make out how much is the benefit of traveling time is saved for the passengers so you take off at 4 a.m. and land at 6 30 a.m. on the same day because 12 hours is the time difference it is like a Delhi Mumbai Delhi flight typically you take off at 4 a.m. and land at 6 30 a.m. on the same day and this record is also going to be broken soon now I do not have any confirmation but there was a proposal that Singapore airlines again that roped airline they want to now fly 90 hours nonstop from Singapore to New York but as per the available information this flight has not yet taken place so I do not know so it is up to you now to confirm this so this is a Moodle question people are very silent on Moodle nobody is taking part of mood except for giving their comments on the examination type after the last date is over people are now very quiet on Moodle okay so please use the Moodle page tell me if there is a record broken find out and tell me if really there is any other flight which is more than this distance and more than this time okay so this is the range payload diagram which actually tells you how far an aircraft can travel with a given amount of payload the payload of an aircraft consists of passengers their baggage and cargo okay so this diagram has got a very interesting feature there is one line which is line A to B on the top you can see there is a line this A to B this line is called as the maximum payload line this line represents the distance that you can travel with maximum amount of payload with different amount of fuel so if you do not carry any fuel you have only reserve fuel and zero mission fuel then you are at point number A that means the aircraft is fully loaded there is no more capacity of carrying payload remember one thing the payload of the aircraft can be limited by either weight or by volume or by both because payload is kept in a particular area the payload carrying bay and that area has got a structural limitation if you load that area more than a particular mass it can lead to structural damage or the volume available in that payload carrying bay it could be filled up before reaching the maximum weight limit so either it is volume limited or it is payload limited so if you are carrying lead you will probably hit the weight limitation first if you are carrying cotton you will hit the volume limitation first whatever be the case there is a maximum payload you can carry in kilograms or in the weight units so any point from A to B corresponds to one particular flight in which the aircraft is filled with maximum payload and then you keep adding then you add some fuel the mission fuel and on that fuel you travel some distance now you cannot go beyond point B with full payload because at point B you have now hit the maximum takeoff weight capacity limit at point number B two things are happening the payload is maximum and the total weight is also maximum takeoff weight okay so do you think the fuel tank is full at point number B you have reached the limit of maximum takeoff weight and you have reached the limit of maximum payload carrying capacity so at point number B what is the fuel weight is it equal to the maximum fuel weight possible no that is not the case you have space in the fuel tank but you cannot carry fuel the reason is you have hit the maximum takeoff weight limit if you put more fuel then the load on the landing gear will exceed the load for which it is designed for safe operation so not permitted but let us say you want to travel further so the tradeoff is remove some payload and add that much fuel to hit the max takeoff weight limit so along line B and there should be another point here called C this point here this point could be called as point number C up to point number C from B you travel now understand one thing you are not this is not a graph that shows how you are traveling it just shows you the operational point so any flight is only a point in this diagram so there could be an operating regime in which so when you when you go from B to C so what is constant for all operating point between B to C just like for all operating point between A to B the only thing what is common between A to B the payload is maximum okay from point B to C the takeoff weight is equal to max takeoff weight so at point number B you have both the things its intersection at point number B you have payload maximum and takeoff weight maximum so that point is a very important point from the airline point of view what is the farthest we can go without compromising on payload so the range below B is called as a harmonic range harmonic range is a real measure of two aircraft if they have to compete from the capacity and payload range and payload point of view you should compare the harmonic range how much can you travel with full payload how much can you travel so if he can travel more better aircraft from the airline point of view but airlines do not travel only on one route the same aircraft is used from Mumbai to Pune and Mumbai to Delhi okay so therefore it may be required that you go beyond the maximum possible go beyond point number B so the only option for that is to trade between fuel and payload so you take out some payload add fuel till you hit maximum takeoff weight that will be from point number B to point number C okay now at this point you hit one more limit now your fuel tank is full so at this point which I will mark as C when I load this presentation the fuel tank is full so now you cannot put more fuel and obviously to travel this distance you cannot carry maximum payload you can see the payload is lower the payload value is somewhere here so from point B to point C we have the max takeoff line at point C we hit the maximum fuel limit now I want to still travel further now what is the option remove some payload but why will it travel more because the gross weight is now lower so it will consume less fuel per nautical mile hence its range will be better okay but this particular line normally it is not so prominent in many cases it is a straight line in many cases it is just a small inclination it comes somewhere here but from the point of view of description we can say there is a line so what is common along that line what is common along that line fuel tank is full so these three lines are called the limiting lines this is the max payload line this is the max takeoff weight line this is the max fuel line and the intersection points are max takeoff and max payload max takeoff and max fuel yes so in the maximum payload line from A to B is it because of the volume concerns that we cannot know it could be volume it could be weight whatever be the case I cannot carry more than so many kilograms of payload so you stuff the aircraft with payload till you hit either the maximum weight carrying capacity of the payload bay payload bay or the maximum volume carrying capacity of the payload bay more than that I cannot carry so I cannot stuff payload in the passenger cabin I cannot say each passenger will carry one more suitcase because we have to carry more payload so take some letters some courier letters please on your lap you keep a bag with some letters for courier there you cannot do that unsafe okay so this is a very important program diagram which is used by all airlines in planning so you can see now if you want to check so these are graphs for Boeing 777 under various conditions so you can see that the same aircraft 777 300 ER 777 200 ER 777 200 LR all of them they have different maximum payloads and hence they are different ranges now in this if I superimpose the aircraft of the Airbus company then you can make out which aircraft is fighting with which aircraft in the market roughly all right so let us look at world records in aircraft range we will see this very soon the world record is held by Steve Fawcett on a global flyer 41,004 around kilometers non-stop non-stop and before that many years ago Bevert Rutan designed an aircraft we will see a video of that hopefully in 1986 which traveled almost 40,000 so both of them went around the globe the first one was the voyager and the last one recently was the global flyer so but these are not passenger aircraft these are aircraft designed for these special missions so let us look at global flyer yeah Sir do we include gliders also in the range gliders can be included but see gliders are not typically for gliders you cannot classify as range this one is aircraft which has got a power plant so global flyer does it mean that at 41,000 the fuel was zero not zero they had reserve fuel remaining yeah yeah so we can fly if the fuel is also zero it can turn off and it can yeah but that is not considered see glider is not considered to be a candidate for aircraft world record so yeah technically speaking yes once the fuel runs out you can keep gliding if you are lucky you can get seven more hours eight more hours no this one is on a fuel but there is a difference so let me see let me show you the clip if the clip works so you can see the global air consists of basically three fuselages there are many aircraft that have got three engines and one fuselage this is a unique one which has three fuselages and one engine a single engine mounted on the middle here on the top the global flyer was designed and built with just one mission in mind to fly around the world without stopping and without refuelling richard branson's airline virgin was a major sponsor for the project and the plane's full name was the virgin atlantic global flyer the company had invested more than a million pounds in the record attempt at takeoff 83 percent of the plane's weight would be fuel the plane's owner and its pilot for the attempt was adventurer steve fosif he'd already been around the world in a yacht and a hot air balloon made from epoxy reinforced with carbon fiber the plane has 13 fuel tanks feeding a single jet engine to save energy the plane was not equipped with fuel heaters instead it would burn a special aviation fuel with a lower freezing temperature to further minimize fuel usage the plane would fly in an easterly direction to take advantage of the earth's prevailing winds and it would only embark after the ground team could be certain that the global flyer would have tailwinds for most of its flight to have the record recognized the plane's flight path had to be no less than the earth's circumference at the tropic which is a distance of 36,787.559 kilometers early in 2005 the global flyer completed its trans-global flight in slightly more than 67 hours the following year steve fosif set another record in his plane flying the longest ever non-stop flight of more than 41,000 kilometers the global so can you tell me why is it not going on a straight path why is it going this way then down then up then down yes what do you think so maybe two circumvent areas of bad weather and also restrictions in the airspace over something that is one that is one constriction restriction of airspace for example libya did not permit them to fly but the main reason is not only airspace the main reason is as they mentioned the route was planned to ensure that the circumference of the earth is covered at the tropics because you could cheat by going around the earth at the northern latitudes or southern latitude so they said for the world record you should cover more than the earth circumference at the tropical and secondly they always wanted to have heavy tailwind behind them so the success of global flyer is a success of weather prediction technology in equal measure so there was a ground based weather station which was predicting the wind so they were changing altitude changing direction in real time ensuring that they get the maximum support from atmosphere by a tailwind that is why they had to go for such a circuitous path so this was in 2005 and 6 okay so you can see now so there are some ultra long aircraft so there is this Boeing 7778X which has now been made into Boeing 7779 you can see the range is 17250 so many aircraft are available who can fly but the payload is the lowest it's just 350 passengers and Airbus A380 is here it can travel around 15500 and more but it can carry 555 passengers


Okay, so it seems clear that in this lecture I'll get through most of this stuff, but I won't get to the kind of concrete computation you do to get results in hyper-killer geometry from this. And so there'll be an extra lecture at two o'clock, which will be super informal, and no one should feel obligated to come, but if someone wants to hear that part of the story, that's where it'll be. But so I want to get as close to that as I can today to kind of set it up. So last time we were talking about a complex manifold C, which we thought of kind of abstractly as a modular space of some quantum field theories. Concretely, in all of our examples, what it actually was was a modular space of polynomials, but those polynomials were supposed to be producing for some quantum field theories. And then from those polynomials, I told you how to produce a bunch of other stuff. So first of all, a Higgs bundle on C, and this Higgs bundle was carrying two interesting one-parameter families of flat connections, which I labeled novela h-bar and novela zeta. There was, over C, there was a branch cover, which you could think of as being the spectral curve, if you're familiar with Higgs bundles, and you thought about Higgs bundles a little bit, the most obvious thing would be to take the spectral curve of that Higgs bundle, and that's exactly what this branch cover is. If you think about it in physics, you might rather think of this branch cover as being the set of classical vacua. So for each point of this parameter space, I've got a quantum field theory that's massive as a finite set of classical vacua. Those were the points of the spectral curve. Anyway, we had a branch cover, and then I described for you an algorithm for drawing something called spectral network on C. Where's the picture? This is not a picture of that. This is a picture of that. This is the one that we talked about at some length, coming from a family of quartic polynomials. And I guess the last thing to say about that spectral network is its purpose, as we introduced it, was to compute these BPS indices, mu of, so I wrote the mu of i, j, and z, and rather let's write it, mu of a and z. So here z is a point of our base, so a point of that picture there.  So the picture is, here's our base curve. Here's the spectral curve. So some branch covering, branched over the x's in that picture. And then the label i and j might label two of these. That's two of the two vacua of this quantum field theory, but it's also just two points of the spectral curve. And the meaning of this index was that it was counting BPS states. If I would draw a picture of what those states represent, the picture is we're in a two-dimensional quantum field theory. So space is just one-dimensional, so here's a picture of space. The theory has kind of asymptotic boundary conditions or asymptotic vacua provided by these points i and j. So let's set it up so that in one end it's in vacuum i and one end it's in vacuum j. And then what we're studying is the solitons, think of them as being just some kind of particle that lives on the line. And we're just counting the number of BPS states of this kind of particle. So this particle, I'll label it with a little a. To say a means all of the kind of charges carried by this particle. In this simple example, a doesn't carry any more information than just the vacua i and j actually. In the next example it will. Okay, so that's the sort of rough physical picture of what we were doing. This is the picture we drew. Last time we realized this very concretely in terms of just some classical differential equation defined on this line. And this mu was in fact counting solutions of that differential equation with signs. Okay, so that's the picture we had. Oh, one last thing was that we also had a number. So these BPS solitons, remember they carry this complex number called the central charge. And so we had a bunch of complex numbers z sub a, which in our examples were just the difference of critical values of the super potential. Anyway, that's part of the structure that we had. So now to do the story that I'm really interested in, I want to upgrade this whole thing. And what we want to do is now fix c to be a Riemann surface. So in my example so far, c was always a vector space. But now I'm going to take c to be a Riemann surface.  So I'm going to fix a Riemann surface, fix c a Riemann surface, a le algebra g, which I'll take to be always SLN, I think. And now, given this data, let me remind you of something that you heard about in Laura-Chapasnik's lectures and maybe also in some of the research program lectures, which is given these two data, there's a nice vector space called the Hitchin base. So by definition what it is is, so it's the base of Hitchin's interval system, but concretely what it is is it's just a vector space defined like this. So a point, so practically speaking, a point u in the Hitchin base is the same thing as the data of phi two up to phi n, capital N, where phi little n is a holomorphic n differential on c. So in other words, if you haven't seen that kind of thing before, you shouldn't get too scared by it. So locally it just means phi n would be represented by a holomorphic function f of z, let's call that holomorphic function tn of z, dz to the n. So it's essentially just a function on the curve, but then it transforms with this Jacobian under change of coordinates, yes. In the story, as I told it up until this moment, those two data are actually the same. So sigma doesn't have any non-trivial homology classes. So that's true, that's a defect of how I drew it.  Yeah, it's an important fact actually that there are no periods in this part of the story. So yeah, let me draw it better. Yeah, but indeed, in just a moment, we'll introduce that kind of fancier story in this context. But here I really did mean just a pair i and j, nothing else. We could have put in twisted masses and then that wouldn't have been true. We could have put in twisted masses, so it would be possible to kind of jack up the 2D story in such a way that it would be slightly more sophisticated than this, let's not do that. Okay, so I've got, my data's a Riemann surface, this Lie algebra, and then I told you there's the Hitchin base. So now there's a kind of physics fact. So the first physics fact is that given this data, there is a four dimensional N equals two supersymmetric quantum field theory. I'll write it just T4 of G and C. But I guess you should know it's usual name. So it's usual name is a theory of class S. And I think the reference for the construction of these things is in Witten, Gaiotto, Moore, Nitzki, and Gaiotto. Okay, anyway, there is some 40 N equals two supersymmetric quantum field theory, just depending on those data. And so the theory only depends on this, but it's effective physics depends on a little more. So if you actually wanna study what happens in this theory, it turns out that you need a little bit more data. You need to choose which vacuum you're in, and that data is exactly a point of the Hitchin base. So that's why I mentioned the Hitchin base in this context. I'm gonna introduce punctures later. Yeah, Greg is pointing out that although everything I said is true, somehow the easiest examples and the examples which we're gonna be able to deal with later, C will actually have to be equipped with some punctures. And so instead of doing holomorphic stuff, we'll do meromorphic stuff. But I wanna leave that at it first, so we'll get to that in due course. Okay, so when you ask a question in this quantum field theory, the answer often depends on a point of the Hitchin base, and that's fine. Now that doesn't get us all the way to what we want. Because before we were interested, our story before was about two-dimensional field theories, not four-dimensional field theories. And now I'm describing a sort of slight upgrade of that. So my upgrade should also have to do with something two-dimensional, and that's the following thing. So this quantum field theory, T4 of G and C, admits what's called a surface defect, which I'll call, I guess, S sub Z. And the reason for the label Z is that the surface defect depends on a parameter, Z and C. So what does a surface defect mean? So literally, let's think of what the space time looks like. Well, everything's gonna be time translation invariant, so let's just think about the space. The picture is gonna be, the picture in space is gonna be, so you've got your three-dimensional space where the theory T4 is kind of living. And then we're introducing into that space, oh, yeah, okay, let's make this space blue. And then here it'll also be blue. So we're introducing into our three-dimensional space, we're introducing this defect, which is in one-dimensional space, so it looks like a string. So we're taking our three-dimensional universe and putting a string in it. Okay. And so now, I mean, it's not, it's not literally a two-dimensional system.  On the other hand, from the point of view of like, what are its symmetries, you would say, this looks a lot like a two-dimensional system. Its Poincare invariance is exactly the Poincare invariance of a two-dimensional system. And if you work it out, its supersymmetry is also exactly that of the two-dimensional systems that we studied before. So it has kind of ISO 11 and N equals two, two supersymmetry. So this system looks in many ways just like the kind of two-dimensional systems we were studying before. That's right. So we have the symmetries of the four-dimensional universe. That would have been bigger. That would have been ISO 31 and N equals two supersymmetry, which is an algebra. It was in the notes. We didn't talk about it in lecture. An algebra with eight fermionic generators. And now I'm saying, when we put this thing in, obviously it destroys some of that symmetry, right? Like, we don't have translation invariance in this direction. You don't have some of the rotations. So, but inside of that, yeah. So this ISO 11, you think of as kind of sitting inside ISO 31. So it breaks the symmetry. It breaks it down to exactly the situation we were studying before. So this is gonna be in some way similar to the things we studied before. But now we've sort of realized our Riemann surface now as a modulized space of N equals two, two supersymmetric systems. And so now the dream is that it'll now carry all the structure that we were doing before. And we'll see that's more or less right. So the four dimensional spacetime is just R4, R3 comma one. Then inside of that R3 comma one, we're putting an R1 comma one, which is where the surface defect lives. Yeah, we're putting this R1 comma one, I should have written it in coordinates I guess. So it's like X1 equals zero and X2 equals zero. Inside of the R3 comma one, which is coordinateized by X0, X1, X2 and X3. Yeah, the smartest thing would have been to say that in the beginning rather than to just draw this picture of a line sitting inside of R3. But that's what we're doing. Yes, it does. Look at the notes to see that construction from point of view of six dimensional physics. Okay, so, but that's right. All this is supposed to come from six dimensions somehow. Okay, anyway, so given a point of the, given a point of the Coulomb branch, or a point of the Hitchin base, phi two up to phi n in B of C comma G. So we have, I'm just fixing notation and reminding you of these spectral curves. If the spectral curve, sigma sub u, which is given by the equation, lambda to the n plus phi two lambda to the n minus two, down to phi n equals zero. So that lives naturally inside of the cotangent bundle of the curve. Lambda is naturally a cotangent vector. And so the picture, so now the picture really is kind of more like the picture that I drew before. It really can have cycles in it. Lambda is like the differential of the central charge. So yeah, it's, I mean the slogan for it is often called the cyberwitten differential if you want to name for it. Okay, and so, so we'll label the sheets, label locally the sheets of sigma by, you know, the index i that goes from one up to n. And those sheets now correspond again to vacua of the surface defect. So before the sheets of this covering were the critical points of the super potential. So those were the kind of classical vacua. Now I don't have a super potential, they're not critical points of anything, but still I want to say these play the same role as they played before. Okay, now what we want to do is we want to study, again, VPS particles living now on the surface defect. So as before, now I've got my surface defect living inside of this three dimensional space. And I want to study particles living on that surface defect. So again, they'll be interpolating between two vacua, say i and j, but now the charge is a little subtler. So as Greg was alluding to. Now the charge A is not anymore just determined by giving two points on the spectral curve. That would be the i and j here. Now the charge is gonna be determined by giving a path from i to j. And there could be many different paths. So that means here there can be many different kinds of particle that interpolate between the same vacua i and j. Before we only had one kind of particle going between i and j. Now we'll have many different kinds. So the charge A is living in the homology classes of paths in say sigma sub z over some point z from the lift z i to z j. So coming back here, if I've got a point z, some particular kind of surface defect, a soliton is gonna correspond to a path between the lift z i and the lift z j. Those are the charges of the soliton. Okay, and so we want to compute some indices, mu of a and z, before I just wrote mu of i, j and z. Okay, and so as before, yeah, sorry, sorry, sorry, in sigma, thank you. Sorry, of course it can't be a path in sigma z. Sigma z is just a discrete set. Yeah, sorry, of course the path goes through the whole sigma, thank you. Yeah, so now the key tool as before is gonna be a spectral network, Sn of theta. And now it also depends on this point of the point of the hitch and base that we fixed on C. So let me tell you how to construct this spectral network. I make a definition. So yeah, so now I'm gonna tell you its construction. So I'll define an i, j trajectory. So now for a little while, this is just gonna be some kind of a complex geometry construction with no physics in it. I'll define an i, j trajectory of phase theta, i trajectory of phase theta on C to be a path along which lambda i minus lambda j multiplied by the phase e to the minus i theta is real. What are lambda i and lambda j? So on the spectral curve, we have a tautological one form just because it lives in the cotangent of C. So yeah, sigma carries tautological one form, holomorphic one form, lambda. And so just by pulling it down from here to here using a local trivialization of the covering you'd get n different one forms down here, lambda one, lambda two and so on. Which is the value of this one form on all the different sheets. So you have one one form on the cover that gives you locally n one forms downstairs. Those are the one forms I'm calling lambda i and lambda j. And so we've just got the surface C downstairs with a bunch of one forms and we just look at the trajectories along which lambda i minus lambda j multiplied by this phase is real. Okay, so if you think for a minute about what those trajectories look like you discover the following thing. So the i, j trajectories give a local, it's local because I'm using i and j to label two definite sheets. So it's only locally defined. Locally defined foliation of C which has singularities at the branch points where lambda i equals lambda j. So you have a foliation except that it has these kind of so let's look in a neighborhood of one of those branch points. The picture of this foliation looks like this. Okay, so now just knowing this now I can tell you the definition of the spectral network. It's the same kind of you should think of it as exactly the same kind of picture as before. It's not literally okay in a neighborhood of any branch point actually could rig up a super potential so that it would be literally an example of the thing before. But globally I cannot do that. So indeed locally these are exactly the same kind of pictures we were drawing before but globally they're not. Yeah, I mean morally you should think of this lambda you should think of lambda as being like dw the derivative of the super potential that we had before if you want to convert it directly. Okay, so then so the definition now is that the spectral network of theta and u is constructed by the following algorithm. So you start with you start by shooting three ij trajectories from each branch point of the covering sigma u over c. Well, I'll show you a picture of it in a second. So from each branch point we'll just shoot out three trajectories. There's solutions of a differential equation so I can just integrate that differential equation forever follow it around the surface. And then if they cross, so it may happen that I'll have a trajectory carrying the label ij which crosses a trajectory carrying the label jk and then I just declare that I'm gonna add to the network another trajectory of type ik. So if they cross if an ij and a jk cross like this shoot another trajectory from the intersection point from the crossing point and then you just keep going like that. So then you continuously integrate this differential equation. You make more and more trajectories every time they cross each other. If an ij crosses a jk it shoots out another one and so on. Now what kind of thing does this give you in practice? So yeah, so this was the old example and now we come to the new world. So okay, so here's an interesting one. So this will be kind of a running example for a while. So let me write it somewhere where I won't erase it hopefully. So for example, let's do the case where g is SL2. So that means we're talking about just a double cover. So in that case the data of u is just equivalent to the data of a quadratic differential and I'm gonna take my quadratic differential to be, oh sorry, right, and c is Cp1. Oh sorry, this is not great notation. So the data of u is equivalent to the data of a quadratic differential and concretely I'm gonna write a formula for the quadratic differential like this. I'm gonna write it as z cubed plus z plus u. U is a complex number. And so this is, so what I'm writing for you here is a kind of one parameter family of quadratic differentials. So in this case, I'm taking my hitch and base to be just the complex numbers. Now this is not literally an example of a situation I described before. Before I said I was gonna do only holomorphic quadratic differentials but the simplest examples are examples where you allow meromorphic lens. And so this is a kind of example of the meromorphic extension of what I was describing. So we're studying Cp1 and we're studying quadratic differentials which are allowed to be of exactly this form, a cubic polynomial and we vary only the constant coefficient. Yeah, that's right. That's right, in that case but the only example that I got of this kind where it just had two sheets, that would have fit exactly into this framework except that the quadratic differential phi two in that case was just z. So in that case, you just had a branch covered with one branch point and no period. Okay, and here I'm drawing the spectral network that you get from this procedure where I took u equals to one. So the game is, so what's exactly going on here? So the orange crosses are the branch points of sigma u to u, sigma u to, yeah, to c. Let's see. Which in this case are just the zeros of the quadratic differential phi two. But in this case, sigma u is just given by the equation lambda squared plus phi two equals zero. So the equation I wrote before in this case just becomes lambda squared plus phi two equals zero. In other words, this covering is just the covering by the two square roots of phi two. So it's branched exactly at the zeros of phi two. It's a cubic polynomial, so it has three zeros. There are the three zeros. And now the rules of the game are, we're supposed to start by taking the trajectories, the ij trajectories which are given by this equation we implement that equation here. So in this case, it just says the trajectories are just the trajectories where e to the minus i theta times the square root of phi two is real. So literally take the square root of this polynomial times dz and look at the directions where it's real. That's what we're doing here. And now we start by shooting them, we shoot them out of the branch points and we let them evolve. And it makes this picture. Okay, fine. Then we can vary the phase and as we vary the phase, the picture kind of twists around. There's some interesting moments where it changes topology which we'll come back to. Okay, fine. Let me show you one more interesting example. So this one more interesting example will be, so again, so this is gonna be the SL three situation. Again, I'm gonna take CP one, meromorphic things on CP one with a singularity just at infinity. And in this case, the family I'm gonna take is just phi two equals literally dz squared and the cubic differential phi three will be z squared plus u dz cubed. Ah, sorry, sorry. In the previous example, I should have shown you one other thing which is we had this parameter u. So what happens when you vary the parameter u? So the whole picture again just kind of deforms. So the zeroes move and the picture deforms. Okay, so here too, when I show you the.


High entropy alloys are a departure from conventional alloy design. In this review, the authors examine how combinations of heterogeneity specific to high entropy alloys can overcome the strength-ductility trade-off inherent to traditional alloys. This article was authored by Evan Ma and C. L. A. Wu.


Hello, my name is Alexei. I'm from Moscow Russia. I've been teaching English for four years now. In January 2016, I completed the 120-hour online TFL Tizol course at ITTT. It was my first experience studying online and it did go well. At first I felt a bit apprehensive and even cautious. But as I went through more units, I realized it was the best value for money online TFL course. Of course, if you want to teach English abroad, it's one of the best courses on the market. In my opinion, it also provides a great overview of grammar, teaching techniques, methodology, as well as very useful tips on how to manage a class or how to plan a lesson. I hope you will all find your own way into the world of ESL. And I wish you good luck. Bye!