I want to start out by thanking James for inviting me to this really fun conference where I get a chance to hang out with people who think that modeling is actually unacceptable and maybe even a necessary scientific activity and not just video games for academics. And I also want to thank Marlene and Eric and Albert who've made this conference appear to go really smoothly and effortlessly, I think that's important. Modeling surface processes requires simulating changes across both space and time, of course. The work that we're doing focuses on the role of humans in transforming the Earth's surface. Like many of the presentations we've heard over the last several days, this involves integrated modeling of landscape evolution, sediment transport, terrestrial morphodynamics, but we explicitly seek to do this at a human scale. And so what are we talking about in terms of spatial and temporal scales that are most relevant to modeling anthropogenic surface processes and landscape change? Well, you can argue various ways, but I think really the beginning of major human impacts across many of Earth's surface systems really starts in the early Holocene with the adoption of farming and herding and settled village life. Effects at this time begin that span landforms, soils, sediment flocks, freshwater systems, and even atmospheric conditions. And these impacts have continued to grow quantitatively ever since, as we've just heard, such that today humans move more sediment than all natural processes combined in terrestrial environments. And so relevant spatial and temporal scales for human impacts are variable, of course, but they're much more limited than the range of potential range of other surface processes we've heard about. Timescales for surface dynamics can range from a few years to millennia, but most take place at the scale of decades and centuries. Similarly, spatial scales can vary from household to global, especially today, but for much of the human past, until maybe the 20th century, perhaps, most important spatial scales were very local to the level of regional watersheds. The research focus that we have is on the impacts of agro-pastoral landscape, land use, on landscapes and societies, and the landscape transformations that accompany the origins of these kinds of land use practices, farming and herding. Importantly, human-caused landscape dynamics also have important feedbacks back into human social decisions and the subsequent land use decisions that take place in it. So there's this feedback between landscape evolution, social practices, and back into landscape evolution. And these have formed complex coupled social-ecological systems that have become pervasive and global in today's world, and that's the world we live in now, with humans being keystone species. And so today I'm going to try and touch on some of the approaches that we've had in modeling these complex social-ecological systems and human-environmental interactions, focusing of course on surface process models. The modeling platforms we use are diverse, and we make extensive use of open-source technology. We couple numerical and numerical modeling with discrete event and agent-based modeling. We use GRAS GIS, Python, and Java primarily, with some other things thrown in. And because there's an interest including GRAS in the CSDMS tool set, James asked me to say a few words about GRAS and its potential for surface process modeling. GRAS itself is a wonderful 1980s acronym that supposedly stands for Geographic Resource Analysis and Support System. I'm not quite sure about that, given the dates. But anyway, it's a full-featured GIS, Spatial Modeling Platform. It's open-source, it's multi-platform, and Earth scientists are really common in the dev team and on the user base. It's an international project, so there's lots and lots of input from people in other countries. Among its many features, it has extensive raster and grid support within a GIS environment with many kinds of raster and grid-based tools. There's lots of very fast built-in tools for surface process modeling, things that, including surface transformations, hydrology, and surface flow, groundwater, solar insulation and radiance, interpolation. Has a really good map calculator with lots of functions from matrix operations. And all this takes place in C, so it's very fast. It also has tools for remote-sensing imagery manipulation, landscape analysis and geostatistics, and has good support for vectors with things like LiDAR processing, network analysis, and tessellation. One thing that's interesting for here, it has true voxel support, so if you want to do stuff in real 3 and 4D, you can do it in graphs or it's even a 3 and 4D map calculator from matrix operations in multiple dimensions. Just being released now are a new set of modules in temporal GIS that combine time and space in kind of an integrated way for analysis. All of these functions are available as command line modules, in spite of the fact that it has a really nice GUI, if I do say so, but because they're available in command line modules, that means grass is highly scriptable in many languages. There's especially strong Python support, and of course the source code is modifiable. It's in C with additional things in Python, so it's easy for people to work with. What I want to do now is turn to how we've used coupled grass GIS and other modeling platforms to create a computational modeling laboratory for studying the long-term interactions of agri-pastoral land use and landscapes, and we've focused in the Mediterranean. This is an NSF-supported project with high-resolution study areas at opposite ends of the Mediterranean. You can see more at the project website, if you'd like. As an overview, how we're dealing with surface process modeling, that's the part I'm going to spend most of my time on, is that we start with a DEM of topography. We calculate net erosion deposition for every cell, then we add that back into DEM and produce a new DEM that becomes the base for the next cycle, and then we can iterate this. We work at annual cycles, we can iterate this for decades or centuries and do it quite fast. As we all know, surface processes vary depending on where you are on the landscape, and so we use different algorithms for modeling processes in different topographic settings. So for drainage divides, ridge tops, and hill tops, we use the standard diffusion equation. I'm only going to put in a few equations here, as Rudy Slingerlin said the other day, just enough math to be dangerous. Diffusion will give us net vertical change. When we get to hill slopes, reels, and gullies, we use a modified version of unit stream power erosion deposition that's been modified for 3D landscapes by Helena Mitozova, one of my co-authors, and it has different exponents, the M&M exponents depending on whether we're in hill slopes or reels and gullies. When we get down to channels and channel areas, and these aren't the rivers that we've seen in some of the other presentations, we switch over to shear stress equations. We calculate these on the basis of individual storm events and then multiply times the average number of storm events in the year to annualize. In order to get shear stress, of course you have to know water depth, and so we get that from an idealized hydrograph that's estimated from accumulation, from each storm event, and with the base of it, we estimate it's a normal curve, and the base is the time of the event, which we calculate in hydrologic instance, so that's related to the grid cell size and the actual accumulation value. The height of this curve is what we use as water depth for estimating shear stress. When we put all this together, the basic assumptions are that in the system we're dealing with, most of the time water carries sediment at capacity, so we can estimate transport capacity from sediment flux in these systems, and so anything that changes sediment flux and hence transport capacity will change transport capacity, so if water slows down at the base of slopes capacity drops, if water speeds up when slope increases, or if it slows down when it hits vegetation or speeds up when it gets away from vegetation, this changes the potential ability of water to carry sediment, and so then water will either erode or deposit until it comes back to this dynamic equilibrium of its potential capacity, and so we estimate erosion deposition rates from the divergence of these transport capacities across a landscape from cell to cell, and then can calculate net vertical change from that divergence, so we can move. Okay, so if we're using different algorithms in different part of the landscape, we need to be able to switch from algorithm to algorithm in some automatic way. Traditionally, many people use the relationship between slope and accumulation to see where to switch between, say, diffusion and other kinds of processes that produces what's sometimes called a boomerang curve. We found that as being not very useful for what we're doing, so we've come up with another way we think is a better method for switching between different algorithms, and we look at profile and tangential curvature rather than slope. So if you can think about it, when curvature is highly positive in both directions, you're on top of hills, and accumulations are low, so it's positive and you're on top of hills. Let's see if I can make this go. There we go. So this is where we do ridge tops, hill tops, and then when curvature starts to, there's an inflection here and moves toward the negative, now you're moving toward negative profile curvature, but it gets to actually close to zero, so it's pretty straight. No changing curvature. Accumulation goes up, you're on hill slopes. This is supposed to happen wherever, I guess I can push the arrow button here. And then when it inflects again here, and you start to move back toward the positive from the negative, accentuating the positive, and accumulation goes on up, we move to, this is where we get to rills and gullies, this is where we have the maximum negative profile curvature at the base of slopes. And then finally, where you have an inflection in tangential curvature, cross sections like this, it's highly curved and starts to flatten out. We move into channel areas up here. So we turn to rule-based modeling at this point to switch between algorithms. And so what we do is we model each of these phases separately, and then we patch everything together automatically. Because this is all modeled in grass, it's easy to use in that. You can get the script. It's a Python script that runs in this environment. Because it takes advantage of grass's fast, sea-based modules and processing, it goes very fast. Our benchmark is a million cells because we model at high resolutions, like five-by-five meter cells. And we can do an annual cycle of a million cells in around 50 seconds. We have this tune for annual cycles. You could retune it for monthly, daily, or even event-based cycles. And we're talking about doing this on a desktop computer, something you could end up best buy and get. So here's what it looks like. This is a landscape in the Penalguida Valley in eastern Spain. It's what it looks like in real life. We've put a couple of little agricultural villages on here that have done a little bit of farming, a little bit of herding, and we can see what this looks like over the course of 50 years. So they haven't done a lot. Red is erosion. Blue is deposition. We can watch this change here. And we can see how rich tops start to show up with erosion. But also, we get erosion in the broncos here, starting at one of these villages, and we have incision going downstream from this village. We're also picking up deposition at the base of hills in these areas here. If we run this for longer, we get more severe effects, obviously. And of course, if people get a chance to do more things, we get more severe effects. And this is what it looks like in a nice 3D, eye-candy view. So this one script, which is called Our Landscape Evil for Landscape Evolution, is one piece, one component of this hybrid modeling laboratory that includes a Java-based, Asian-based model of human households and land use decisions, along with the grass GIS-based modules for landscape dynamics, and then regression-based models for climate and for vegetation. We're using, of course, open-source software for research transparency and for global accessibility, so it's available to people. And so this kind of a coupled modeling system, which is controlled from the Java-based GUI, where you can put in information on land use here, there's other pages. This allows us to carry out experiments in the complex interactions of socio-ecological systems and look at long-term anthropogenic change in Holocene landscapes. And this is giving us some new and sometimes counter-intuitive insights into emergent, coupled human and environmental properties and processes. I'll give you two quick examples here. One is some modeling we did a couple of years ago in Northern Jordan. We looked at the effect of community size in these Mediterranean landscapes, so we can start out. We have a tiny little hamlet that people do shifting cultivation. They have sheep and goats, they're herding, and they cultivate mainly in the wadi bottoms, and then they have run sheep and goats in the uplands. And of course, when we model this out over a period of time, it creates erosion. It creates mainly in the uplands, but most of the sediment from that erosion, which is this green, oops, backed up here, this is now working, it didn't work before. You get a chance to see these slides again. The erosion, which is the green line here, this is cumulative erosion, is not a whole lot more than the cumulative deposition, which is the green area. So over half the sediment that's eroded gets redeposited down in the wadis where people can use it to farm. And so the little bit of landscape degradation is actually beneficial and increases, at least maintains to increase productivity. So these people do fine with this strategy. But if people carry out the same strategy, exact same kind of land use, and just get a little bit bigger to a village, then the system goes through a phase shift and here's erosion here, and the redeposition is the yellow area here. And so erosion is several times greater than deposition. They started losing cultivatable land. And so the same practices end up in a loss of productivity, which gets worse over time. And so without changing anything, and of course, people's first response is, gosh, things are bad. We should do more of the same. It worked for grandpa, right? But it doesn't work. It gets worse. So this was interesting. Another study that's just coming out is the effect of community placement on the landscape. You put settlements in places on the landscape for various reasons. So we put four little villages, actually the same village, in four different places doing the same thing. So one was placed in flat air, kind of a nice terrace, which is a good place for agriculture. One was placed down in one of the broncos where it has access to water, and it's kind of hidden a little bit. One is placed up against the base of some really steep slopes where it's good for defense, and one we put up on top of a hill, a ridge, where it has good visibility over the landscape. So there's social and economic reasons for placing these villages in different places. We have them all do the same thing and see what happens. And I'm not going to give you the details of all of them, but the thing that's really interesting is that you would think that this one here, number four, which is up on top of the ridge, would have the highest risk for landscape degradation. In fact, it has the most sustainable agriculture of the areas. It's not as productive as the other sites initially, but what happens is they end up grazing in the areas nearest the site on steep slopes, and they farm. Whoops, ooh, here, let's push this again. Maybe I'll give up on the remote thing here. They farm down at the base of the slopes where the land is flat. And so there's a little bit of erosion on the slopes due to grazing. It re-deposits down at the base of the slopes, increases productivity, and they can keep this up for longer than any of the other sites. So not quite what you'd expect. You can read some of these in these papers. You got all that, right? You can go to our website and pick some of this up. What I want to do in the last few minutes I have here is talk about something quite different and appropriate for here, and that's a new community of practice called the CompSys Network that I and some colleagues have started. It's a network for building capacity and promoting best practices and computational modeling. That may sound familiar here. And our focus is on the dynamics of social and living systems, so as socially ecological and life sciences. We're doing a number of things to try and promote new kinds of interaction and information sharing. One of the things we're doing is creating a computational model library. That should sound a little bit familiar to people here. And again, these are for social and ecological models. We have about 100 models in the library currently. We're trying to link these models to journals so that journals require publication of the models in a library when you publish a paper on the journals in the journals. And at the same time, for models that are published, we're going to start offering permanent handles. This is like DOIs, so that there'll be resource locators for published models and ones that we go through a certification process that we're starting up. We would like to have a certification process, which is kind of a peer review process. So there will be panels that can review. You can optionally have your model certified. And we're hoping to at least be able to say that it works. It runs, and it does what it's supposed to do, and maybe even gives good results. That would maybe be a gold star certification or something. And again, those models would get citations. And so we want to also, as James said the other day, promote methods of citing models so people get academic and research credit for the work that they do, that this is evidence of research activity. And so we're trying to come up with citation protocols for models also as part of this. This is another look at the library here. Of course this partially meets NSF data sharing requirements. Some of the other things that we're doing, of course we're having workshops and presentations to professional audiences. And we're not going to try and be a data repository. There's a number of new data repositories opening up with NSF data net projects that are coming online. And so our plan is to try and link to some of these to identify standardized data sets that can be used for model testing and validation. So rather than do it ourselves, which was our original plan, we see these things coming online. I think we're going to try and become nodes in a couple of these data net projects as a way to access data sets for testing. We are also establishing standards for computational model metadata and description, focusing especially on Volcker-Grimman colleagues, ODD standards for agent-based model descriptions, providing educational resources to help people teach modeling, computational modeling, agent-based modeling, and social science and ecological science programs in higher education, and setting up a framework to have special interest groups in online communities. We're just opening up membership now for a lot of these things. We have an initial pilot program to try and provide high performance computing access to members. We'll see how that goes. I mean, it's not quite the same as you guys are doing here. And so I'm not sure whether it'll work well or whether it won't, but we'll give it a shot and see what happens. We started this project with a pilot project in 2006 and we're funded just a couple of years ago. COMPS just started officially last year. We're opening the membership now. We've just got a new membership statement that we'll want people to agree to. And so sometime in the next month, that'll come online. As you might guess, this community faces a lot of the same issues as CSDMS in terms of sharing knowledge and of modeling, which is, you can't do as well in journals in the regular journal format. So you have to come up with other ways of sharing knowledge about these new kinds of technologies. Trying to find a way to archive and make accessible models. We're trying to deal with ways to make sure people get recognition, proper recognition for model development and try to come up with ways from model validation and benchmarking. And I do have to say that the vision of James and others here at CSDMS has been inspirational in helping us. As we talk through some of these issues, it gives us a chance to look and see what other people have done. This community is similar enough that it's been very, very helpful. So in the future, given the importance of understanding the role of biological processes and social action and surface dynamics, we hope to have a kind of an active partnership between COMSIS Network and CSDMS. We think that's mutually beneficial to understanding these kinds of complex interactions between socio-ecological and biophysical systems that James mentioned on the first day here. Thank you very much. So we've got time for some questions. Yes, Rudy. Systems have struggled with the whole certification issue. It's something that we wanted to do, but we don't know how to do it. We don't know who should do it. We don't know who's gonna set the protocols. What do you do? Well, we haven't done it either. Well, part of the way we're going about it, we think, is to do it, to some extent, the way science always certifies research, and that is to have peer review. So our plan is to set up peer review committees from the community that would review models. You'd submit your model for certification, and then they actually have to work. Now, this is the issue. People have to work a little bit. They have to go in and look at the model, try it out, and see if it does stuff. We're gonna set the bar kind of low at first. Limited initial certification means that it works, and it works the way it's supposed to work. Validation is a more complex issue, and that requires standardized test data sets, and that's even more complicated in socio-ecological systems that it is in surface process, process modeling, because the potential is enormous. So that's another reason why we decided not to provide our own data sets, but to start making links to these other places that have data sets out there and start using them. So that's the plan. We haven't done it yet. Malish? I plan to set up some sort of system that would reward reviewing. I'm coming from a point of view. I review papers like 20 plus a year, and people talk about how much the peer review problem is in kind of limbo. It's not satisfactory, and part of the reason I see is that it doesn't have the rewards. Nobody else knows that I've reviewed 20 people of papers. How would you have some sort of system to reward those who review models? Well, the cynical answer is we would reward it in the same way you're rewarded academically for reviewing papers. But we actually have thought of this, a lot of us in this group so far do social modeling and think about social decisions. And so we've thought about using social networking tools to start giving some rewards, maybe not academic rewards, but rewards within the community. So there are social networking tools where you contribute different things and you actually get a membership rating. And the more good things you do, the higher your rating gets. And some extent, contributions would allow you to be more involved in the community at higher levels. This is a little tricky. There's ways of doing this that are out there now. We haven't, we've talked about them. I don't know whether this will work or not, but it seems to be incentive for people to, you know, like if you go on sites where people do reviews, tripadvisor.com, different people have different review credibility scores. So we're at least exploring those ideas. Guillermo? Quick comment. Just along those lines, there are 18, there is one agency in Canada that pays for reviewing proposals. I'm a living proof. Pardon? There's an agency in Canada that pays for reviews. Oh, okay. That's nice. Thank you, Michael. Wonderful.


Well, I'm pretty depressed reading all these proposals, but they're tough, aren't they? They are, that's right, but I think we're at a point of a fairly tough decision. There's quite a range of proposals there, but we purposely made no effort to compromise any of our views because we wanted you to see the range of view. Two or three things that I want you to explore. First, assuming we do everything we can to extend of our resources, can we really have any assurance that we win? I mean, assuming we have all the big bombers and all the powerful payloads and everything else, can three Vietcong come in and tear us up and continue this thing indefinitely and I'll never really bring it to an end. That's one thing I want to look at. The second thing I want you to look at really from your people's standpoint and talking to them, can we really, without getting any further authority from the Congress, have all our support, our sufficient overwhelming support to work successfully, to fight successfully? In other words, you know the friend you talked to about the pause, you know the Mansfields and you know the Clarks and those men carry the deal of weight. And this fellow we talked to the other day here at lunch has the deal of weight. His people have this view normally, but he's got cancer in my judgment. I've never told anybody, but I saw him yesterday coughing several times. And he went home that very day and he had been back since, had a stomach upset and he can't carry on much for us. Then we have to rely on the younger crowd and that's made up of the McGoverns and the Clarks and the other folks. I don't know, I don't believe that if you ask them to go in with you, I think you'd have a long debate. And if you don't ask them, I think you'll have a long debate about not having asked them with this kind of a commitment. And even though there's some record behind this, we know ourselves and our own conscience. When we asked this resolution, we had no intention of committing this many ground troops and we're doing so now and we know it's going to be bad and the question is do we just want to do it out on the limb by ourselves? I don't know whether those men have ever thought in making their calculations one, whether we can win with the kind of training we have and the kind of power. And two, I don't know whether they've taken into their calculations whether we can have a united support here at home. I think, Mr. President, there's two thoughts on it. First, if we do go as far as my paper suggested, sending numbers of men out there, we ought to call up reserves. You have authority to do that without additional legislation, but I doubt that you would want to use it. Almost surely, if we called up reserves, you would want to go to the Congress to get additional authority. This would be a vehicle for drawing together support. Now, you'd say, well, yes, but it also might lead to extended debate and devices. But I think we could avoid that. I really think if we were to go to Clarkson and McGoverns and the churches and say to them, now, this is our situation, we cannot win with our existing commitment. We must increase it if we're going to win in this limited term we define, in a limited way we define when it requires additional troops. Along with that approach, we are continuing this political initiative to probe for a willingness to negotiate a reasonable settlement here. I think you'd get it from them, and that's a vehicle by which you both get the authority to call up the reserves and also tie them into the whole program. Now, that makes sense. I don't know that you want to go that far, and I'm not pressing you to. It's my judgment you should, but my judgment may be an error here. In any event, in these papers that you have, we did try to show you the whole spectrum of thought amongst them. There's a risk to generally agree with you. I think he would say, yes, he very definitely does. He's a hard liner on this in the sense that he doesn't want to give up South Vietnam under any circumstances, even if it means going to general war. Now, he doesn't think we ought to go to general war. He thinks we ought to try to avoid it, but if that's what's required to hold South Vietnam, he would go to general war. He would say, as a footnote, military commanders always ask for more than they need. For God's sakes, don't take what they request as an absolute ironclad requirement. I don't disagree with that point. I do think in this situation we're talking about that this request for 34 U.S. battalions and 10 non-U.S., a total of 44 battalions, comes pretty close to the minimum requirement when you see what's happening out there. But I'm perfectly willing to accept that qualifying statement that everybody asked for more than one, and we've got it.  Yes, I think so, not immediately, but I think you can. I think that by the end of the year, we ought to have that railroad open, for example, and we ought to have the major highways open. That road, Route 19, that runs from Quinan up to Placo, and the Route 1, which runs along the coast, the railroad running along the coast, the Route 9, which runs up parallel to the 17th parallel, and a number of the other major routes I would think would be open by the end of the year, the route into the lot, for example, from Saigon. What are we doing? Do we have our CBs and people, engineers, after working on it, as they tear them up, do we go in and try to repair them? Yes, no problem. As you can't send an engineering company into an area that isn't secure unless you send combat troops with them, we just don't have the combat troops to do that. Among the items that we would send out there would be more engineering troops, I've forgotten what number it is on my list, just down on that memo that you have, indicating we recognize the need for more engineering troops, but there's no need to send them until we get combat troops to support the more secure country for them to work in. Who do you think I ought to talk these plans over with in arriving at the judgment? Well, frankly, I haven't given thought to it, I shouldn't have, but I haven't. Let me think about that and I'll have some ideas later today. What has happened up there in the last 48 hours? Well? Looks like we've killed 6,700. We killed a large number, I'd say, over the last three or four days. It looks to be on the order. Yeah, at least 500. 300. I tried another set, 200, and then they're miscellaneous, but I'm not quite sure over what period that is. That 200 was over a period of at least three days. So I think that, well, anyhow, we killed a lot of them last. And they continue losses like this? Well, this is a good question, and that relates to what I suggested to you yesterday, that my own feeling is that of the numbers that are killed by the Air Force actions, and a great bulk of these people are killed that way, I would think that 75% are probably not from what we call the regular or irregular guerrilla force. Can we inquire about that and ask them in their count to specify if the can of the women and children is contrasted with the fighting people? Right. Okay. Back then.


One correction for the record, I'm not in command of anything yet. We are standing up the Warfighting Development Centers. I'll talk to you about that more in the future. But it is super exciting stuff. And it's been an effort that has been going on for years that Admiral Rodin and other folks have indicated to. And I think you're going to be excited about what we have to talk about. So before I go on, Admiral Rodin, a distinguished guest. Great to have you here. Thank you for listening. One specific individual I want to highlight. Ricky Ellison, where are you? Can you raise your hand? Ricky Ellison, I can't see you, but I know you're here. Where is it? OK, there. Awesome. Thank you, sir. Ricky runs an organization, the Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance, where he does a number of things. But one thing he does every year here in DC, right before SNA, is acknowledge the Missile Defender of the Year for each service, the Air Force, the Army, the Navy, and the National Guard. And I had the pleasure with Admiral Rodin of attending that ceremony, sir. It's quite moving. Wonderful for you to do it. FC2 Ringer from the Donald Cook was a recipient this year. Wonderful to see this young 22-year-old come to this organization and get acknowledged by so many significant people. So thanks again, sir. Great group. Mary Jackson, I don't think is here, but she, are you Mary? Admiral Mary Jackson held a mentoring session this afternoon and talked about a vibrant, enthusiastic group of officers. I haven't seen anything like it. I went up to Admiral Hart immediately afterwards and said that is an awesome group. So this was a discussion from 07 down to junior officer about mentoring, leadership, all that stuff. It was phenomenal. This morning, I woke up at 4.30 in the morning in terror for this speech and thought about my own mentors, some of my own mentors. So Captain Craig Langman, can you raise your hand? This is my seal on San Jack. So in the world of advice, I remember meeting you on deployment. First time, Hila Hanger, he's going to go fly off in the carrier, leave me there. I'm terrified. And I went to him for specific instructions. Tell me what I need to do. And he just looked at me and said, don't mess it up. Only he didn't say mess. And he flew away. And I went up to the bridge and stood there in stark terror in my chair until he came back. And that was his frequent, it was a frequent occurrence between us. He went to the carrier often. And he just said, don't mess it up. So I hope I don't mess it up, sir. And thanks for that sage advice that's followed me till this morning at 4.30. A couple of comments, I want to acknowledge a group of folks that I've been beneficiary of thanks to Admiral Rodin and at PERS 41. So I'd like to ask my staff to stand up and introduce you to him. Will you stand up, please? So quick bios, Captain Frank Omo, CEO Mahan, CEO of Anzio, Chief of Staff of Namsea, former Chief of Staff of Surfer, now my deputy. Wonderful breadth of experience that he brings to us. Captain Darren McPherson, CEO of Sterrett and former CEO of Sterrett and PERS 410 brings a very critical skill set to us. Captain Joe Cahill, former CEO of Preble and destroyers branch head on the Apnav staff. He's my tactics guy. Captain Joel Stewart, former CEO of Anchorage, exceptional fly fisherman, author of a book. And his ship was the last slide of Major General Walsh's pitch. So he brings an amphibious flavor to us. Commander Hank Kim, CEO of the Fort Worth, is my N8 and 9. So all these folks have worked together with me for the last five months to put some granularity to the ideas you've heard about. Where's Mike Duane?  He's my WTI, my warfare tactics instructor. And then my alter ego, Reba Contivax, my aide. And she does much more than help me get where I'm going on time. And Lieutenant Naomi Slusser, my deputy E.A. So awesome to have you here. Thank you. Another group, thank you. Another group, Captain Brian O'Donnell, Mr. Tony Talbert, and Mr. Chip Swicker, they're part of the Navy Air and Missile Defense Command. And their efforts, and Captain Omo's efforts, when he was at NAMS, he had created a program I'm going to be most enthusiastic about, and I'm going to brief you on today. Now, warfare tactics instructors, stand up. Stand up, where are you? OK, Lieutenant Commander C. Harris. And then Lieutenant Dan O'Neill, Lieutenant Commander Mike Duane, and Lieutenant Adam Galaska. Sorry, I've been working on that all day. Great to see you. These are our hope in the future, and I'm to talk about you extensively throughout the breach. So find them. I made them stand up so you can see who they are, and you can go seek and talk to them about their experience. Thanks, have a seat. All right, awesome. Let's get on to the meat of it. Next slide, please. So a lot of guidance. Hold on, not this slide. Next slide. OK, we'll go back to that. I boiled down the guidance from Fleet Forces and the CNO's statement of work to us, and I tried to put it as succinctly as possible.  That's what we're all about. Admiral Rodin put up one side war fighting first. This is it. What do I spend my time doing? Well, putting some meat on the bones of these ideas, but I spend half of my time doing missionary work, which means I go to ship, and I give them the same brief I'm giving to you without slides on a wardroom, man-to-man basis. It is awesome, and our sailors are excited, and they're ready for this, and they want to do it. The next part of my work outside, outreach is listening and taking input from a lot of organizations. So it hasn't just been us stove piped away in San Diego thinking about this. It's been collecting data, synthesizing it, putting it together into the brief you're going to talk to today.  Next slide. OK, I call these focus areas because lines of operation is confusing to me. This is what I'm thinking about, and this is what I'm going to talk to you about. Little history lesson. Weapons tactics instructors are something that our air community uses. In 1968, they produced the alt report, and that drove them to create the Top Gun model that we saw in the Tom Cruise movie in 1986. It's investing in their youth. That's what that is about. In 1983, the Beckham Valley Strikes failed, and they created Strike University. And in the mid-90s, they merged Top Dome, Strike University, and Top Gun into NSOC. So there's a huge history here, a 40-year history of creating this and getting this right, and it is an awesome model for us to look at and take and adapt and apply appropriately to us. Now, what is my personal experience with weapons tactics instructors?  And we've fought a war game at a very high level, and it's in an environment where you actually execute operating. It's not the computer running this engagement. You operate, they synthesize it all together, and we follow the plan, brief, execute debrief model, P-bed, something we can learn a lot from. And when they go up in brief, the aviators I'm talking about, it is a no holds barred.  So they're honest about it. And they work through that process, and I was on my knees at the end of it. I said, holy cow, look at this. And I'm listening to Lieutenants, specifically Lieutenant Turtle Rice was my fighter weapons tactics instructor, and TJ Stowe was my E2D weapons tactics instructor. So we're giving this problem, we come together, we formulate our battle plan, and we start fighting it two runs a day through this P-bed model I talked to you about.  Because we were fighting like I thought was a good way to fight in a disaggregator or a de-conflicted manner. And this process made us integrate and innovate and understand what each other were doing. It was an awesome experience, and I'm a believer in it. So that's my real time experience, and I've been back there about six or seven times, many events, and it's this powerful place and a model that we need to start going to. Foreign to SWOs, foreign to SWOs, but we need to start getting in that business and understanding how to fight together. Okay, doctrine and TTP I'm gonna talk about, it's the foundational way we do it. Other communities follow doctrine, I'm gonna not put anyone on a report by myself. I use doctrine when I needed to in my career historically. I needed to do something, I found a piece of doctrine that suited it. I cited it as a reference and we went and did it. That didn't mean I understood doctrine. It means I used it to my advantage. So I'm gonna talk to you a little bit about that. Advanced readiness program. We're gonna explain what this means, but in essence, it's taking ships to sea, we call it Deseron Groupsale, and doing some very complicated maneuvering at the end of the basic phase so we're better ready to go to Comp2X and I'll show you that. And the final thing is the surface warfare combat tactical training continuum. It's a system, very innocuous bullet, very complicated thing. I spent three hours with Tony Tauber today talking about that and I'm gonna explain to you what that is. So let's go back to the second slide. So this is IMDWTI class number four graduated in early October and I had the ability in my schedule to go down and meet them when they classed up and I met them in the middle and I met them at the end. And there was a visible, tangible transformation among these students as they went through that process. So let's talk about a few of them. The two fullbacks in the middle, C. Harris I introduced and Justin Kelch to his left, study partners and weightlifting partners. Justin Kelch this week is in Nellis Air Force Base doing F-22 Aegis integration doctrine development now. He graduated in October. Let's go one tear up on either side. Lieutenant Chris Murphy and Lieutenant Christina Duro. I was on USS Anzio last week on a Thursday watching those officers so they're in their first divo tour run advanced warfare training phase two at a level I've never seen. They were training and they were credible and they were confident and they were competent. That's what this program does. Awesome. I mean I left and Brian Sorson is the captain of that ship and I was on cloud nine. He goes, wait, wait, wait a second Admiral there's this, that and the other thing. I go, yeah, you live in your world. I'm gonna live in my world. That was awesome. And Chris Murphy's going to Fallon at the end of the month. He's gonna do E2D Aegis tactical development. So it's tactics and training. That's what we're about here. Tactics and training. And the guy in the back Lieutenant Commander Mike Dwan in the last war game I went to. So I'm in Top Gun City. I mean everyone's got a call sign, right? Not me, but everyone else has one. And there's probably 22 sets of these in the room and about a hundred ground shoes. And Mike Dwan was the senior briefer for that group. He led the briefing for all those warfare, all those runs in that war game setting and he was respected and acknowledged by the entire group. That's the power of investing in our youth. Okay, let's go. Next slide. So here's Matt Cox. Matt Cox is the senior instructor at the Navy Air and Missile Defense Command. He and Mark Davis before him put this course together, grew it from seven weeks to 19 weeks. Look at all those uniforms in the room. This is joint weeks. So that's the Daphgos from the AAMDC from Colorado Springs, as well as Air Force guys and Marine Corps guys teaching joint stuff at a very high level. This is not a gentleman's or gentle woman's course. It's 19 weeks where you work weekends and you work nights to get it right. And that's the transformation that occurs to them because they worked hard and they accomplished something and felt proud of that when they were done.  And that's what we wanna do. We wanna create that confidence, confidence and invest in our youth at a very young level. Next slide. Matt Cox is coming to work for me. He's gonna help me baseline this program across all tactical disciplines. So he's somewhere between Dalgren and San Diego with his minivan and his family.  Okay, so this is the program, Warfare Tactics Instructors. That's the SWO timeline from DIVO to Major Command.   You become an expert when you do something, when you teach, when you develop tactics. So those commands in the blue on the right, that's where these officers are gonna go. We're gonna spread them out. And I'm gonna track them and they're gonna have a connection back to the mothership. So I know what they're teaching and they're enforcing a standard across our Navy. The way our aviation community does this is they do this thing called re-bluing. You heard Adam L. Moran talk about it. They bring them back every year. Come on back home and they bring them in and they keep them current and ready to execute. And we're gonna do that with our warfare tactics instructors too. There's a nuance there. Weapons tactics instructor for the aviars, warfare tactics instructors for us because that's the way we fight. So there's some flavors of WTIs there on the bottom chart in the yellow or the red. So the first is IMD. That's the most mature. I talked at length about that. Admiral Rodin talked about NMARC's version of a ASW WTI which exists today. I have not talked to a single captain or a Commodore who's not in love with this program. They're doing ASW at a level they haven't done before and they step on and they're ready to go. They're ready to execute. So it's a nine week program. It's an addition and we're gonna keep that program. What I'd like to do is build it in the future so it includes surface warfare and falls in line with our model here. So all our WTIs happen after their second Devo tour for their first shore tour and we can track it and track those officers at all those commands. The third one is the amphibious warfare WTI. I talked to a couple of major command amphibious officers and the Pentagon post major command amphibious officers. I didn't talk to you Cedric, I'm sorry. And I talked to him on a Friday afternoon, long day at the Pentagon, everyone's tired. And I said, hey, what do you think about this amphibious WTI idea and I explained it to him and they looked at me like I had lobsters coming out of my ears. You're nuts. And then Monday morning, emails come in. Hey, we wanna talk. So they had a chance to sleep and think about it and it's investing in that very critical warfare area that you heard Admiral Rodin talk about and you heard General Walsh talk about. So this is probably the most complicated discipline because it's, you know, within the lifelines amphibious ops and that execution of that very complicated dance, it's the planning with the Marines. It's a very significant combat system on America and it's the unknowns that we have to plan for and assemble for to execute. So we're working on setting up that curriculum now and working through all the stakeholders to make sure we have the right pieces and parts for that. These guys are all gonna go to a comic court, guys and gals go to a comic court for five weeks where we teach them how to instruct, attack a tactical problem, make sure they do it consistently, understand the reference material and then they're gonna go off and understand that discipline.  So one per ship is the goal and one per staff to raise that tactical execution on that ship when they execute as department head. So we're talking about a five and a half year piece where they're working in this field on a very, on a very discreet level and then they can keep working on it. I mean, I think how much better resource sponsor I would have been for Admiral Rodin if I had been an IMD WTI in my last job. I would have been a much more effective helper with our acquisition community to make sure we get it right. So this is powerful and it is a significant thing for tactical development and training for us. I want to, I can't talk enough about this, investing in our youth. Next slide. All right, this is something we typically run away from, doctrine, because we're afraid of it, but we need to grasp it and understand it and Captain Cahill and the staff and I have kind of worked a long time to put this together in a logical coherent fashion that makes sense to us and depicts the way we should operate. So the MCOs and the old plans go together to form the contextual background of what we're gonna do. The roles of our ships, whether they're independent deployers or HVUS squirts or CSG strike group deployers or amphibious ships, that plays into how they're gonna be used. The threats, new threats, you heard Admiral Davidson talk about them. Gotta build that in the calculus to keep us current and then the missions of our ships. So those are all the things on the right hand side of the slide for my focus areas, okay? So that's all, how do we fight our ship and how do I resource that doctrine to employ? Over on the far right are three concentric circles, legacy doctrine, which is what exists today, emerging threats, which we talked about for Admiral Davidson's piece and then fleet introduction, which is a program like NIFCA. Rolling that all up and doing the grunt work to take those two last circles and build that back into our mainline doctrine so we can refer to it as an area we need to invest in and focus on. Let's look at the bottom right hand part of the chart. That's what guys and gals and fowl and do. They don't just come up with a good idea, sit around a table, think about it, okay, let's look at it from 360 degrees, yeah, that looks about right, let's plan it. When Admiral Harvey got ahold of the NIFCA conups, he said, we're gonna war game this. And that's what my first experience that I talked about earlier was. It was actually war gaming and saying, does it work? So I'm talking about model it, simulate it, assess it, exercise it, measure it, publish it, understand where it's published in a hierarchy that makes sense to people, train to it, get Captain Welch to teach him that. It's swaths, set up a hierarchy where they get it and it's consistent through all our mission areas. That's that work that has to happen there. So I wanna drive them to an Insuitic website where they can pull up that mission area. Boom, I know what's current. And then there's gonna be a portal on that that only WTIs can get into because I'm gonna call on them to help comment on new emerging doctrine to make sure we get it right. And we're working on that piece and that's Captain Stewart's Lane Solid. And the cycle at the end is the repeat of this thing. So when I first got into this, I was thinking, man, advanced tactics, awesome. Well, it's like your house. If your house has a bad foundation, you shouldn't build an addition on it and hope it'll last. You gotta fix the foundation and then build the addition and it becomes a system and an investment that's enduring. Next slide. ARP, advanced readiness phase. This is a notional thing that we do. Three weeks, robust, SOE driven. Deseron commander executing, not vent by vent by vent like we do in the basic phase but a complicated task force augmented by my staff who is teaching. Assessment's important, gotta do that but gotta teach. The teach is the big deal here. So taking WTIs and teaching as I described Christine Duro and Chris Murphy on that ship, teaching, okay, let's see what you did. Let's look at a tactic. What if you had done this? Let's do it again. Repeat, repeat, repeat. Reps and sets to get it right. That's what we're talking about here. So the ARP is very important to us because I've been charged with looking at our training continuum and filling the gaps and when I go to strike group four and strike group 15 this is something we need to do. We're doing it kinda now but we're not doing it consistently and we're not doing it with standards and I wanna apply that to our force so we can get more out of comp 2x, more out of that advanced training before we deploy. Okay, next slide. So this is a, you know I was in a brief with the CNO once and I was the briefer and I put up a slide and he's like, hold on captain, that's an innocent slide and we camped out and he drilled down there and I was dancing on the head of a pin. So this is an innocent slide but it's extremely complicated. So think of it as a system. So one of the things I've been charged with is tactical development from the division officer level to the major commander level. So that's in here. Let's talk about the continuum of a ship from the maintenance phase to deployment. So that's in here. You can see where the ARP falls in the middle. That's that bridging mechanism to get to the integrated phase. Let's talk about warfare commander training. We've done this pretty well in the past but I think it's a new time and the threats that we talked about and the rebalance to the Pacific should drive us, me, to train our warfare commanders with a standard. So one of those things we're gonna do as an example is build Aegis Combat Simulators in Fallon, Nevada and we're gonna take warfare commanders to Fallon to integrate and train with the ETD squadron and fighters and that's gonna be their capstone graduation exercise before they move on and go to sea and they're gonna do it again and again and again until they're really good at it and my staff is gonna work with Satan Con staff Admiral Kahn is the head of NSOC and we're gonna execute that training together to make sure all those folks integrate together and we're gonna do it with Deseron commanders too. So the aviators use this thing called the training and readiness matrix, TNR matrix and I've spent a lot of time thinking about that and talking about it and we're gonna develop our own TNR matrix so we understand what things have to happen to get the product we want to deploy as proficient in combat readiness as we can. So that's in the background here. Think of it as a system, a lot of moving parts, connecting SWAS with CSCS debt, with ATG, with A-Schools and understanding who's got what and making sure we haven't run away from the problem and assume that you've got it and you've got it and nobody's got it. So let's do that connective tissue to make sure that's linked up and executable. That's what this is about. Long-term project and it's never done. It's kind of like the ops officer schedule. It's only good till you finish it and then the next input comes in, it's bad. You gotta go back and adjust and adjust and adjust and adjust to make sure you're making this as tight as possible and that's what Admiral Rodin's charged me to do. So we're looking at that and getting our forces together to kind of grapple with that very gritty gritty problem but that's the key to this is making sure we have a system and we know all those pieces who now work for separate organizations. I wanna influence all of them and I've had great conversations with Dave Welch and Bill McKinley and we're on the road to make this happen. There's a human piece of this too for Whitties that I talked to Captain Black about about advocacy for me, right? Where are they going and what are they doing and watching to make sure that we're taking care of them and they're coming back and doing what we've invested in them to do. Okay, next slide. So here it is all together. This is a big time long evolution and swows our impatient by nature. So set that aside. Commit to this action, stay the course and we are gonna become tactically excellent beyond our wildest dreams. Four elements, I talked about them all. Warfare tactics instructors at strength where we want them, doing what we want them to do. Doctrine, relevant, validated and taught. That's an important piece and taught. Advanced readiness phase works in RFRP, put out a standard. You know, one thing I really didn't camp on I should have is there's a high end and low end to this probably. And the high ends out of PMRF where they got Aegis Ashore and a world-class range. Emma Williams is out there. Jezron 31, Commodore Bruchnell. We're talking about how to make that high end piece robust and good. I still gotta take care of the ships in the vacapes and Mayport and San Diego and everywhere else and make sure their ARP gets them what they need as well. And then the SWIC TIC is the system, the connection of all those units and me being held accountable for this by Admiral Rodin to make sure we're all in alignment. It is an awesome job. I think I got the best job and we're gonna make a difference. That's my brief. Stand by for your questions. Admiral, thanks for your time today. Commander Michael Cummins, PEOC-4I. I'm a Tech Trade Group Pack alumni. Awesome. And I was wondering where the Fleet Synthetic Training was going to fall into your realm. Is it gonna be a part of it, parallel to it, conjunction with or? Details to be worked out. Synthetic training will certainly be a piece of it. I've been up to Tech Trade Group Pack and I've been to Tech Trade Group Land and we're gonna work those details. But you saw the simulated piece of the ARP so I'm gonna have to leverage off organizations to help us do those reps and sets. Things in our program that we're delivering, Seattle are gonna help us do some things off-board the ship and connect it in a fashion we don't know before. NIFIC is gonna drive us to a classified environment that I talked about and found but I think eventually we'll crack that nut and get distributed and be able to do that more formally. But the thing about simulation that I love that I experienced at this war game is it would be very expensive to recreate an actual threat at the numbers we wanna train to. So we have to do simulated and live. We have to do both. So I can go out and conduct a NIFCA engagement mechanically which I should do. But I should also go out and do it in a synthetic environment with a multi-axis threat which forces me to react, position and be dynamic. So I gotta do both. It's not just one or the other. I was at the TACTRA group pack and was very happy when I said I think we need to do warfare commander training. They were like, yes, absolutely. Thanks for your question. Thank you, sir. Anyone else? Wow, I can't believe this is that light. Oh, of course, Admiral Daley. Admiral Daley used to call me up when I was C.F. Russell. He said, how is my ship, Captain? Sir. Jim, that was terrific brief and I just have a question about knowing that you're gonna do the doctrine work when I agree with you it's required. Do you envision at any point getting to a document maybe classified, maybe unclassified, that's a how we fight as surface warfare officers type document or something that would at least be a template, maybe not that unlike the old second fleet fighting instruction. Sure. Do you envision that in the mix here? Yeah, I would like to tell you I have that vision right now. I'm kind of at the collecting bricks to build the foundation piece and understanding what we have. I believe some of our foundation should be thrown out because it's out of date and we just need to recycle, you know, done. But much of it is relevant and it just needs to be made current and then we need to take it to that next level. You know, NMock has produced a C combat commanders kind of how do you do this level? And I think that certainly has a place in our organization but we need to build it back in the hierarchy in a known format so we can follow it. You know, we tend to proliferate doctrine instead of updating the doctrine we have. So I want to get back in that model and train in a discipline fashion, not don't do as I did but do as I say and understand what it is. You know, Mike Duan for his project at NAMC did a search on a seeker and I'll leave it at that and he got 2,000 hits back on the SIPRnet. None of them was in the appropriate doctrine pub that we wanted to be in. So we gotta fix that. That's what I'm talking about but I certainly think we should do that. And Admiral Montgomery has done Yeoman's work when he was CTF 70 putting out a lot of probing doctrine to get us to think about it and as soon as I got on the job, I'm not thinking I'd been in the job for two days where he's on the phone with me and if you ever talked with Admiral Montgomery it's a very dynamic energized conversation and he does a lot of transmit, not a lot of receive and he told me about the stuff that he's doing. He sent it to me and said, "'Kilby, you need to take this and make sure "'it goes the last tactical mile," which is what we're doing. So we wanna add that assessment piece of that too to make sure it's really good and that kind of granularity to feel good about it too. Sir, anyone else? Admiral, Ron Peterman, former CO Swedgen and former NDC and WDC, you know, ahead of concepts and it seems like there's a lot of roles and missions that are gonna be kind of what NWDC does now, what TACTRAGOR-LANDT who works for, you know, NETC and TACTRAGOR-PAC and you know, there's a lot of buttons to push and a lot of connections to be made and I guess one of the problems that I had at Swedge and the problems we had at NDC was empowerment from, you know, the four-star level, you know, when NDC used to be empowered by the CNO to direct interest in concept doctrines and tactics and I'm just wondering, is your empowerment coming from Admiral Raiden or is it coming from where? It's certainly coming from Admiral Raiden. I'll give you that. I mean, there's no doubt. Is that gonna be good enough? But I think the four stars are completely behind this and I don't pretend to speak for them ever but I did brief Admiral Davidson and he received the brief favorably so I think he is absolutely behind this and it's a process to get to where we need to be. We have the most to gain at surface warfare. We have the most to gain. So I am committed to it and the exciting part about this, sir, is we don't just take the doctrine that you so ably created when you were at Swedge. We ensure that it's connected to our organizations and the train to it and make sure they're not just, hey, we got a lesson plan here. Let's just recycle it. No, it's up to date and dynamic. So that's what's exciting about it to me is we're not broken. We just need to reorganize and repurpose and refocus and connect in a different way to make us more efficient I think or I hate to use that word, more effective. I was excited to see your brief because we tried to train the trainer and you saw what happened. We just established Swedge, so. Well, I wish you had been on Anzio with me because you would have gotten excited by what you saw. It was awesome. Mark. Yes, Admiral, awesome brief. One question that kept going through my mind. You introduced all these wonderful young WTIs and you're gonna have more of them here soon. You could have been one of them if you hadn't gone ED. Had I not gone ED, that's right. But, well, I thought about this. This is the same problem or not the same problem. This is the same, it's the human capital part that's a challenge in any community when you're balancing. You're gonna have all these great young WTIs balancing that you're gonna wanna keep using them tour after tour.  But all of them need JPME. They all need a joint tour. They all, ideally, if they're gonna progress, need a tour on the OpNav staff or another matchcom or something. Do you have down the nuts and bolts that when you find these young officers, these men and women, and you get them trained up that you can keep them where you need them and give them a path where their career stays at least as viable if not more than their peers as they progress? So I don't think I have this answer done. But the proof in the pudding will be the officers I asked to stand up and introduce. I am working aggressively with Captain Black and other organizations on how we meet the milestones and make sure they're consistent and we do all the things they want to do including graduate ed. I talked to Craig Turley about a hybrid program at NPS and how we ensure that happens or maybe there's war college seats that are reserved for them. I don't know the answer, but we're gonna make sure they're valued and we take care of them. Whether they stay or not, we'll see. I think judging from the people I've talked to, they feel valued and proud of what they're doing which ultimately makes us stay not necessarily the bonus or the paycheck. So it'll be interesting to see how this pans out. But I think it's not a separate career path. It's not a specialized tour. It's another avenue to become a swole and I think they will become more effective at every single tour they do after as I tried to describe.  So we're gonna figure that out. But I think for us to take that young officer and say, hey, you know what, FCO? There's something to you. I think you ought to apply for this program. And then they get an endorsement from the commanding officer and then selected by me. There's a process there. And there's attrition at these schools. Not everyone graduates. You have to get through the program and meet the standard. So when I go to a ward room, I say, I don't want you to do this because you think you should or because you want to go to a command. I want you to do this because you're excited about it. I want the best athlete and that's who I'm gonna pick and that's who I'm gonna send to those ships. And that's what I saw on Anzio because they were excited about what they're doing and felt valued. So I think it's awesome. Well, that's some question. I mean, Delz are in the details and we are gonna work it hard. Sydney, I wish I had your hair. It did get cut this year, I promise. My guy cut last year. I mean, as an inveterate civilian with long fluffy hair, what is sort of the bottom line, the thing, the essence that you're trying to infuse into Navy training, both that the W-2TIs get and then that they pass on, that's not there now.  Kill me opinion. We have never built tactical excellence purposefully and by design. It's happened. We do it well. We've got innovative swows and they're good war fighters. We're talking about investing in that and building it and valuing it. This is a culture change. It's not force programs strapped together to meet and ends. It's a culture change. We have to commit to do this. We have to commit to be interested in war fighting. I wrote an article a couple of years ago about spy readiness. And at the end of it, I said, you know, I spent a lot of time walking around the ship worrying about the crew, worrying about readiness, worrying about this. I wish in retrospect I had spent more time worrying about tactical stuff, carving out some time to worry about tactical stuff. So it's about standards and enforcing those standards. It's about a culture where we value that and we talk about it and we do it. Say and do. Two different things. We can put war fighting first on the slide, but if we don't do it, it's not gonna happen. It's a culture. It's not just programs. We kind of latch onto that. It's about changing the way we think. And RJOs crave that. Sir? Admiral, Ted Hunt, I got a really easy one. LDOs as WTIs or just line officers? No, LDOs, but not at huge numbers. Because we want to get that, I want to get play off that for a long time. So I've talked to Captain Black, we broke her to deal because certainly there are LDOs that have augmented us for a long time that have special skill sets that we ought to use and they could become master trainers as well. So we've worked on that. Frequently I get asked a question on ships about enlisted. I haven't cracked that nut yet. But LDOs, yeah, we're gonna work through that. Now some gotta pick the right ones here. It's all about picking the right people. So if I pick a kind of a stove who's a technical guy but not a tactical guy, that's not what I want. And I don't want to send them there to become tactical. I want him to be tactically inclined already and I want to build on that inclination through schooling to create that expertise. So yes, anybody else? Hey, Matt Sharpe. Admiral, after your brief, my question is, how can I be a divo again? We all asked that question. This is great stuff. When you said a minute ago that you wish, while in command you had spent more time focused on the war fight, I think many of us, probably most of us share that experience and probably spent the time where we did because our bosses were asking us about subjects other than the war fight. And our department heads were probably answering questions from their staffs about things other than the war fight. So part of this culture change has to involve what the bosses ask about on a daily business. Any thoughts about how to make that happen?  I think they'll, if we look at this honestly, the aviation community had trouble because when they put in these WTIs in the midline, these there were some pushback. Like, hey, who's this lieutenant tell me what to do? Like, a transition had to happen where they valued that and looked at that person as an augmentee to help them fight their ship. And that will happen over time. Hey, it happened with us in Aegis. You know, first maybe few folks weren't that comfortable at a console because they hadn't done it and now it's part of our culture. So we simply have to do that. But emphasis, and I want to go up and talk to commanding officers at SWAS and say, you need to dial in your thinking this way because the war game I fought, that was not where we've been. It's where we're going. So we must change the way we think.  And that isn't in our DNA. And we got to make it part of our DNA and make people comfortable doing that. Sir, anyone else? Hey, thank you, sir. Chuck. Yes, sir. Thank you. It was really well done and I'm really applauded where we're going. Just a couple of comments because I'm gonna write something for you, but you know, the integration of our communities, you know, in the Air Force there's TACARE and everybody else that supports TACARE.   And I think that's gonna come with time. Sounds like what you're doing at an NSOC is golden. But, you know, everything from the FES and tanker management and that hard stuff, you know. And cruisers used to have a permanent E2NFO in the ward room, you know, and that was an integrator. And that kind of stuff. But it's sort of a strategic communication challenge to the other communities, specifically air. And I've talked to Chip today and heard about the progress that you guys are doing at Daugarin with tanker management, reading an air plan. So that's, I mean, that's awesome. At NSOC, you know, right now it's usually a sort of a second tour division officer, SWO. Right. Maybe a post command SWO. There's one there. We just sent him there. Okay. We reported last week. He's a top shelf guy. And I told Satan Con, he's a top shelf guy. So. The kayak, you know, what's going on in a kayak? You know, the Navy doesn't even send enough aviators there, you know, and we got a belly up to the bar on that kind of stuff. But hey, thumbs up. Well, I will, I didn't hear a question there, but I heard a lot of thoughts. And I want to address one of them. And one of them is a very animated session I have with Admiral Gording. I won't go, I'll give you two vignettes from that session. First was, he said, hey, Kilby, how do you know the AWC on your ship is the same as the AWC on his ship? And I said, I don't know that now. We've got PQS, but we don't have a standard. And I'm gonna address that. So this is about standards. Again, I keep going back to that. The second thing he said to me is, hey, Kilby, don't artificially constrain your thought here. Think big. Think big. And what should we do for a cruiser to make them the most robust air defense commander they can be? And he's not talking about just one guy. He's talking about what do they need to execute that mission. So I think the door's open. And I gotta go define that with the smart people and figure that out. But I don't think it's one L and O. I think it's more than that. Because it's complicated poker now. So we've gotta figure that out. And the integration requires us to work together at a level we're not used to. That's the deconfliction versus integration part I talked about.  What does that pro word mean to you? I mean, it means something to the guy with brown shoes and a flight suit. And he thinks it means something to me should if we integrate it and train together. But in the war game we found out it didn't. And we had a lot of wonderful friction over those discussions. So we gotta figure that out. So my question is, since you've provoked me into a question. I'm not provoking anybody. All right, all right. The question is really about the integrator phase and ASW. Right. And Mach is too stove piped. And is not integrated into the rest of COM 2X. And there's some real value in the communities. Air surface and subsurface really being integrated in ASW. And that is very high level Navy solving. Absolutely. And we're thinking about those things. And they will be worked out. And everyone's wrapping their minds around it. They get the best solution we can for the Navy. So anyone else? Admiral Giffin. Hey Jim, congratulations. You had a fantastic cruiser tour I think and set the bar pretty high there. And this is a great follow on. The statement question. Obviously this was needed. And I think that you and Admiral Rodin and everybody's had a hand in it. It's fantastic. It's what the surface Navy's needed. And I wish I was smart and I was at Tycom and do it 15 years ago. But it kind of says in many ways that the system as it was is a failure. That we weren't producing tack trade grew from swaths from all the different JTFXs and everything else. The level of tactics that certainly the surface Navy needs. And as of at least two or three years ago the JTFXs were really not very successful. Or they were just barely getting by that whatever the bottom line is from what I understand. So now you've got this wonderful support and I'm sure it's gonna stay on forever. You're stepping on a lot of toes. I mean you're getting a lot of resistance from the people who are saying I'm really doing a better job than you guys are portraying this. And are you also gonna get some time and pipelines away from them? And certainly Dahlgren who's taught me supposedly how to fight my ship. And I went up there and it was very early in the ages cruiser world. And it wasn't very effective. I learned it was in draw two of the safe but I really didn't have the big picture. Yes sir. So a lot of ground to cover there. Let me try to cover all of it. If I don't I ask you to come back up and hold me accountable to it. I don't mean to imply that our Navy, especially our sailors or our ships aren't working their butts off doing the mission because they are. And they have been and they've done what we've told them to do. And I don't mean to imply that at all. So please don't take that conclusion. They're out there working hard. Darren McPherson is a wonderful conscious for me. Whenever we start having great ideas he's like hold on there Admiral. Let's remember those ships and remember what they're doing and not add to their workload. So we gotta figure out how to do this correctly in synchronization. I think the connective tissue maybe didn't exist before because they existed under different organizations and I wanna try to influence that differently and connect them. So let's take the doctrine piece with the connection of the schoolhouse. I wanna tie that knot so it's more effective. But I don't necessarily wanna, again what I tried to say to Captain Peterman was not that this wedge didn't do good work they did. And I was their placement officer and I often took angry phone calls from them when I didn't man them appropriately. But I wanna force the doctrine developers to live with the doctrine teachers so we make sure we haven't lost anything and we're not being dynamic to address these new and emerging threats. So I think you've heard it from many of our speakers Admiral Rodin and Admiral Davidson hey we've had 15 years or 10 years where we existed an uncontested environment. I believe we don't exist that way anymore. So the threat is causing us to reevaluate and think about the way we're doing things. So that's the way I encourage us to look at it. Not that we weren't doing things right in the past but there's an opportunity here with alignment and a willing chain of command to do things differently and I hope I answered your question sir.


Hey Virgo welcome back to the channel. This is Kelly from House of Virgo If you're new please smash that like and subscribe button and if you want to get a personal reading for me There's a link in the description box below the video and Yeah, you can also follow me on Social media Facebook and most active on there all the links will be below there. All right Virgo Hi everybody in the chat. I hope you guys are doing well Let's try to get some good news going here for you Virgo I'm gonna make this a quick video for tonight because I'm actually recording this super super late So, okay, um, I think what we're gonna do is we're gonna start with the romance angels See what romance angels love messages are here for you Virgo. Okay? You have honeymoon enjoy the bliss of holiday time together so Maybe some of you connected with someone during the holidays and it was blissful and it was joyful and it was like honeymoon Felt good. It was fun Honeymoons are generally short. They're not they're short-lived. So And also for some of you there could be a holiday Plan coming up with somebody where it's like I get together and you two are going to have like to spend some Time together, but we'll get more into that and see who the other person is. Okay. Let's see. What else do you have? Okay You are here with wow free yourself. Okay. It's time to take back control of your life.  Okay, so I don't know. I guess people go on trips Go places if you're in the cold weather going somewhere warm with someone. Let me see. It could be an actual Honey, maybe you also have staying optimistic about your love life. I like how this is going Virgo Positive thinking and faith will bring you romance Virgo. So it's like don't get stuck in the dark Virgo, I feel like for you. You're just freeing yourself and staying optimistic. You know that love will come in You know, you are a good person, you know that you are loving you are strong you don't take any ish from anybody and Yeah, so I feel like you're going to come out of like some kind of cage of some sort in January and Free yourself to go and have a good time with someone. Let's take a look and see who this might be. Oh Wow, you have the ace of cups Virgo. So there's a new potential love start happening here in In January for you. This is lovely. I love it. I love it. Let's see what else Okay Wow Some kind of awakening happening here Karma is definitely coming in like you're getting your good karma is what I feel with that card Now let's see so Virgo, I have to tell you I Feel like okay for some this could be a fire sign For some of you, but I also feel like so not necessarily a fire sign. It could be It's judgment so Mars ruled energy so it could be Aries for fire sign It could also be Scorpio for some of you. There could be a reconciliation But there is this Finding the one that's what I feel like is going to happen I don't normally agree with like oh the whole one thing because I feel like we could have many soulmates and in our lives and I feel like It will be a feeling of oh You'll meet somebody and then it's like oh well this week this weird because I thought the last person I was with was one so now I feel like it's gonna be no. I think maybe this person is the one. I Don't know Virgo.   Okay So this is like good karma coming to you Virgo. This is beautiful I feel like you're definitely you have like a blessing of love coming in. All right if we get a court card that will Definitely clear it up more. So there's justice here.  We'll bring you love That's what's happening here. Just a healing Blessing we have Libran energy as well all this major Akana. Okay, so there's three of swords Wow Okay, Virgo, it looks like in January also. There's a healing There's some kind of maybe argument in a family family situation between family members or siblings or in a Relationship, but I feel like things are gonna be okay. I feel like things are going to come back You know the three of swords for some of you you might have had a connection with someone who Was married or had a family and you didn't know it or you found out about it and you ended that and you're freeing yourself up To have new love in your life for others It could they could have been in another relationship With another person or there was like I just heard you have a family member that was with your person Which is really rough And if that happened to you, I'm very sorry But I do feel like for some of you this is a divorce and you're freeing yourself to have a new beginning You might have already had that divorce or you're gonna be going through it in January Okay, night of wands Okay, somebody's coming in to help you somebody's definitely coming in to like Save the day It doesn't mean that you need saving Virgo, but it I definitely feel like there's somebody coming in to Kind of help carry Relieves some of your burden. Yeah, definitely relieve some of the burden. I don't know if that's like with physical work situation your Your emotional your your your thought processes or help, you know with your creativity I just feel like you're at the end here of the struggle You're exhausted somebody's coming in to help you with something in January. Maybe help you move or help you carry something Definitely Okay, eight of wands. Yeah Wow, okay, so Virgo I'm also getting this message that somebody's coming in from a distance So you might be connecting or meeting with someone who's long distance or there's travel involved a lot of travel as soon as someone finishes this Task or on burdens himself with some kind of Load that they're carrying. Absolutely. I don't know if this is connected to the message that I'm giving you This could be separate for some of you. Okay Actually, I feel like it is that's a separate part, but there's definitely a lot of like someone is physically Crazy about you physically attracted to you And they're coming in with all these like cupid's arrows is gonna hit Hmm and Virgo, you know, I also want to say You have well, at least in January you'll be experiencing a lot of attention I feel like if it's not from one person it's going to be from Maybe seven or eight people and I feel like it's going to be kind of like Overwhelming for you where maybe you had a dry spell Virgo and then That dry spell is over and you free yourself up And you're like I need to connect with someone and have a good time and I'm staying optimistic and all of a sudden the flood That you know, the floodgates open I just feel like There's there's definitely an energy of attraction and Receiving a lot of messages maybe texts or phone calls from others asking you out or wanting to connect with you You know, there's also, you know, it's mercury retrograde. Okay. Here's the first card King of Swords There could be a King of Swords Aquarius labor Gemini who's gonna be on you like crazy But I feel like with this mercury retrograde there is a possibility that there's that a lot of the messages Or the phone calls or all the information coming from someone and all the attraction From others. It's like, you know, people from your past coming out of the woodwork As well, which kind of might be like, oh, you know a Little bit of a burden for you. Like no, not again. They always come back Don't they Virgo and you're just like no, I can't do this. Like thanks Then avocado. Thank you. Yeah, so you kind of go into hiding a Little bit.  It's like, no, I don't I feel like Virgo You're not interested in, you know, what's done and what's done is done for a lot of you. Okay and For some of you because the mercury retrograde is happening right now You might be kind of like in hermit mode a little bit the high priestess always makes even though it's The counter part to the Hierophon it always makes me feel like the feminine version of the hermit because of the quiet and secretiveness I really feel like you might be kind of Off the radar a little bit and there's someone or some people looking for you. Okay I just saw the star card which immediately gave me an image of a flashlight like a spotlight like somebody's looking for you Virgo I really feel that way Let me see who's looking for Virgo, like I said, it could be a king of swords They you know, they could that could be their sun moon rising your Venus This person comes across very like intentional self-sufficient honest someone who's very strategic Looking for you. You're in some you're being someone views you as being very mysterious During January like you're not saying nothing and being very that high priestess as well Being very intuitive Keeping your secrets being very mysterious and maybe even psychic Okay. All right, here's the death card. So what is this with the death card Virgo? Oh and the moon Yeah, there's like Someone wants to put an end to some kind of deception or lies. I'm hearing Someone's ending their Liar ways. I'm hearing. Okay. Good for them. Mercury retrograde is a time of reevaluation reflection Renewal so a lot of people are going through that dark energy Trying to like take a look at themselves that you know reflecting on the past reflecting on themselves You might be doing it too. You're putting an end also to deception. I Feel like a lot of you might be getting dreams that somebody has passed away or someone close to you has has Yeah, it has left this world If you're not getting them now, you might be getting them in January or you might get a dream about that Okay, King of Wands so Aries again Leo's Secretarius You could have someone that has passed away speaking to you in your dreams. They could be a fire sign Doesn't have to be but it is someone who's very bold and strong and very masculine as well What is the message they're trying to tell you Virgo? Okay, they're saying go after what you want Virgo Go for it. Take charge. Take charge of your life Virgo And it looks like you're doing that in January like I said you're freeing yourself I feel like you've got someone coming to your dreams. He's supporting you Okay You've got the ace of swords Wow, Virgo the message here is take a look at either Take a look at your surroundings Take a have a like a clear try to have clear vision crystal clear vision of your surroundings Take a clear have a clear I feel like open up your mind Virgo have a clear look at what's going at the lack that is around you because You may not you might be in denial or you might not be wanting to Face that but I feel like once you can see I don't know. I'm just feeling like a lot of clarity is coming to you about Something going it could be finances as well, but something going on in your life that is Has a tremendous amount of uncertainty.  Yeah, because you do have free yourself So you might have been isolating yourself and I feel like The the ace of swords again like first a spotlight then a flashlight now a light bulb. I'm seeing There's like a light bulb moment especially with that judgment card.  Okay, and and it's like when you have that clarity of vision about where you are who you are What you are Then you can begin to make any improvements that you feel you might need to make in your life Rather than because I feel like yesterday was a little bit of like gaslighting yourself and and that's okay Because sometimes, you know, we all do that because we have this need to protect ourselves and it's a human thing. Okay I feel like there's a lot of different messages coming out here for you for January So this is a little bit of a tarot buffet. I guess It doesn't seem to be on a particular Like storyline. Okay. Wow. All right, you're definitely going to get some communication from someone They're in fight mode somebody's very curious About you They're watching you there's someone either they're spying on you or they're watching you They are looking to see if they have any competition if there's somebody else in your life.  I I feel like somebody's looking to just see if if you've got anybody else Or if you okay, or if you've committed to another person Looking to see if like you've committed to somebody else or you're in or if you got married or you're in a relationship or long term Committed sing. Okay. That's really interesting.  They're watching you They see your every move All right, who can name the song who can name the song you'll get a shout out if you can name The name of that song and the band Should just do a little Jukebox trivia here. Okay. So yeah, that definitely is going on here Okay So you also have the two of cups Wow, you're going to be connecting with someone very generous Someone who really wants to give and support this person They just said this is a necessary transition for this person. Um, there's relocation connected to them as well You might be this person might be coming from far away travel like distance six of sorts There, um, or they might move to your area. You might move to theirs um I feel like um This person There's a lot of like exchange maybe you're gonna be like exchanging numbers or um Getting together in january with maybe some kids. There might be some children or grandchildren involved But I I don't feel like you're going to get together with someone, but I do feel like you're going to meet them somewhere where they're they're I don't know they're giving some money Somewhere dropping some coins in your coin slot burgo I'm a 10 year old. I know Okay, so that's definitely going to be happening here. You got a lot of stuff going on here Pick and choose. I wish I could have chapters in my reading so you guys can just go back Okay, you know the eight of swords.  I really feel like you're coming out of your shell and That is beginning to show In and throughout the rest of the month of january I feel like you're not really looking back to the past or people showing up Our people are beginning to see you in a new light during this retrograde But I also feel like you're going to be connecting with someone as well Now it could very well begin As like like love is coming here. This is what I mean like the ace of cups It's not like a person coming in to give you love. This is an energy of like You see, you know, all these signs everywhere that, you know, love you can feel the love energy You can feel it coming towards you It's just a matter of when this is like a gift like a blessing of love coming in for you And uh, there is definitely going to be a connection made Beautiful, but yeah, you're you're getting out of some kind of melancholy position that five of cups Again with the five, you know, you're coming out of uncertainty. You're making change Coming into freedom you have free yourself and freeing yourself from Your grief freeing yourself from any loss regrets Uh, a feeling of abandonment or a feeling of love. You're you're like, no, no, that that's actually not true Um, I haven't abandoned myself. I still love myself.  I love this. Okay. Here's the emperor showing up Okay, so either you are bossing up you're in like boss mode or you've got somebody showing up here as well It could be a father. Uh, all right, there's somebody making a decision Okay, so I will tell you there's somebody right now contemplating about an, um An employment position. Okay, either working with you or you working with them or for Vice versa working for vice versa. Okay. So I do feel like someone is it's down to you and another person Definitely And I feel like the decision is being made in january. Oh, it looks positive for you that you're going to get a Yeah, so some kind of work employment kind of thing Um, whatever it has to do with it could even be a loan It could be anything that has to do with, um waiting for a yes or um, or waiting for someone to make a decision in regard to, um, a career path Excuse me career path So it looks like a yes, it looks like a positive for you if that's something that you're waiting for I feel like that's going to come in for sure. Okay. Wow And now you have the ace of wands Okay Wow, okay. A lot of you have healed and are growing from a very abusive connection or relationship whether that was A romantic or a family relationship or friends or co-workers or whichever Um, I feel like you're going to start seeing growth from and change A new absolute like getting your inspiration back if you've been in that five of swords energy again with the five If you've been in a very uncertain situation You're realigning. You might have been connecting with someone's very inconsistent um, the five of swords can be sometimes a card of someone who is just They want to win and they don't care who they like they climb up the They want to win. They don't care whose toes they have to step on to get there So whatever that might have meant I feel like a lot of you are You know, definitely healing from that. There's a new start and look now you've got the world And that's how we're going to end it and it's with the new year The new year with the world is completing that year the final year last year Completing a goal or lesson Um and having this new beginning and a new chapter. So I you know vergo Talk about a positive rating. I mean the last few ratings were like But this is amazing. I mean You as you go through this retrograde what I really feel like For you that you are learning at this time Is how to let go You're you know, that's the lesson for you, you know when we go into mercury retrograde This is like it's not just about all of our electronics breaking down or we're losing our keys or crazy things like that This is also a time in a period of self-reflection and I feel like for you the message is The lesson here is you letting go and moving forward in your in your life And also trusting your intuition You already know the answer that you seek you just have to trust The answer Okay, and for a lot of you detach with love to clearly see the truth Right, this doesn't mean you have to detach with love for another person to clearly see the truth Some of you just need to detach with love for self to clearly see the truth Right because you might have been in denial and I feel like this retrograde is really going to bring up a lot of A lot of obsessive behavior You might have been like terribly gripped by obsessive thoughts In the past or somebody else was or someone Actually, this is not past this is obsession someone in this connection is gripped by obsessive thoughts It could be you or another person But you know what I feel like somebody is waiting They're waiting and they're spying and they're watching this somebody's really addicted to you here Okay, well, whatever Virgo it looks to me like you're Um, you know, whoever this person was in your life to teach you a spiritual lesson So that spiritual lesson I feel like is more to do with Detachment learning the spiritual Form of detachment All right Virgo I think I'm just going to end that there that was short and sweet and I'm going to leave that there for you So I can get it uploaded in time for you and um, yeah, I'll try to be back here tomorrow If I'm not too too busy So, yeah Excuse me. Don't forget to smash that subscribe and like button And do you follow me over on facebook Instagram to what actually I'm just mostly active on facebook So if you're on there come over and say hi, I would love to chitchat with you And uh, yeah personal reading links remember in the description box below and I'm going to go I'll see you guys later. Love you. Bye