Hey everybody this is Brian and welcome to the 28th Qtutorial with C++ and we're going to dive a little deeper into not just Qt but computers themselves and today we're going to be covering threads and this has been requested by a few people and yes we are finally here so let's just dive right in go file new project and let's make a console application call it my thread wherever you normally put your projects and finish all right first thing we want to do is create a new class so C++ C++ class and we'll call it my thread and we're just going to leave out any of the other information because I want to explain this as we go so just hit finish and then we've got the my thread class to add or includes oops include q core all right and now we want to actually oops public q thread and what we're doing is we're taking this class and we're inheriting q thread and q thread has a public function called run and you see we are over writing that function and what this is is when you start the thread this is the function that's going to be called run so let's go into our implementation here let's actually make our includes we're going to include Qt bug and let's say void whoops get rid of that bookmark my thread and run all right now we've got our code and this is what's going to be triggered when the thread is run I should say when the thread is started sorry this may sound confusing but we're going to explain this really quick here all right slip into our main and we are going to include that class my thread all right and we will say my thread m thread now that we have an instance of that thread we need to start that thread so say m thread and you see there is a priority and you can inherit priority and we're going to go over priority in a little bit here but for now just do m thread start compile and run and you see it says running so it did exactly what we wanted it to do now as you guessed it gets a little more complex than that we need to explain a few things here so I'll start task manager if you're on windows this is probably pretty familiar here are the processes every application is a process and every process can have multiple threads and you see that each process is using a certain amount of memory well each thread as you guess uses a certain amount of memory and you can take these and you can set the priority real time high above low blah blah blah basically what you're doing is saying that the the cpu is going through and it's giving each one of these processes a slice of time to work with if you increase the priority you're saying okay you get a bigger chunk of the available time that's really all it is and if you're sitting here going well that seemed incredibly simple well you're right qt makes it incredibly simple to work with threads it's very easy you you simply create a class inherit from q thread and you override the run function and then you can do anything you want to do now let's expand this class a little bit because I think this example is a little too easy so what we're going to do here is say q string name and we're going to have the ability to name our thread so let's just save that go into here and we're going to call this m thread one and we'll say m thread one that way it now has a name and we're going to make a couple of these say two two two and let's say three three and three and let's grab this we now have three threads now each thread is going to run the same code each time you fire up this thread it's going to call this right here so what good are threads well if you're running an application and you want to do something that's going to take a very long time like let's say you want to count to a trillion but you don't want your application to lock up you want it to be able to do other things that's what a thread is you say here go do this task go away and the thread goes into the background does its task and then you can query it later and say what's your status so what we're going to do here is we're going to say this name and let's just save it fire this up and sure enough thread one two and three all ran now let's get a little more complex here and let's just say four int oops help if I could spell for four int i equals zero i less than and let's just say a thousand i plus plus in the words we're going to increment i and we are going to just simply print out the thread along with the number and this will show you the real power of threads and it's going to look like a big blur but you'll understand it once you see it run and it went very quickly because I have a pretty pretty hefty computer we didn't count very high but you can see here thread two nine nine eight thread one nine nine nine thread three nine eight nine so as you see these are all running at the same time they're all counting let's expand this number out uh much larger here let's run this you can see it's counting and you can see that each thread is running independently I don't know if the video is picking it up fast enough but I can see two one three and you see the numbers just incrementing incrementing incrementing so that's how threads work you can run multiple threads at a time that is the bare bomb basics of how the queue thread and how threads in general work we're going to cover this over some more videos because this actually gets a little more complicated especially when you start accessing variables you need things that are called locks and I'm running out of time in this video so we just simply won't cover it in this one but this is Brian thank you for watching I hope you found this video educational and entertaining and uh stay tuned


Eat number four, takes up, away we go and far into the first corner and once again the inside gate's working but look at purely purely working overtime desperate to get around the outside can't quite get their limb back bars himself to the front hook him back there now purely back up the inside isn't gonna get there not quite I told you a limb back having to work very hard indeed and just about manages to squeeze back to the front but this race is tied with hook and back certainly in amongst it is in third place as well and Tokyo limb back he's gonna have to ride the wheels off of that He certainly is, I know he's through Dan Burely he was looking like he was gonna make that challenge limb back looking for a run up the inside it's not gonna come Dan Burely is carrying plenty of speed he was put under pressure by Kai hook him back behind him which was making it very difficult to really make any racing lines but Dan Burely looking good out front


Hello, welcome to Global Connections on the ThinkTech Live Streaming Network series. I'm your host, Grace Chang, and today I have with us in the studio Joshua Cooper, the Executive Director of the Hawaii Institute for Human Rights, and we'll be talking about a human rights approach to global advocacy for peace, justice, and sustainable development. Welcome, Joshua. Thank you for having me. It's an honor to be here. Very nice to have you here. And this is your first time on the show. It is. It's really great to be home, and it's great to be able to share some of the experiences that we're able to have around the world for equality and equity. Great. Yeah, you travel such a great deal, so I'm really happy to pin you down, and I really would like to get right into what we're going to talk about, but please give us a little bit of background about yourself and your work. Yeah, I'm fortunate to be able to grow up here in Hawaii, grow up in Waianae, and then able to go to the University of Hawaii for undergraduate and graduate school, and really be able to combine sort of academia and activism, so able to be student and government vice president of undergraduate and graduate, chair of the human of the student council, and be able to be involved in the student caucus, and was even on the board of regents. And then really from like after college until now, it's been 20 years of amazing advocacy around the world helping indigenous peoples and also human rights movements in Hawaii, but all the way at the national level and the U.S. level, helping out the U.S. human rights network, and then at the global level, helping different people at the United Nations. Yeah, I mean, there's so many things you've been working on, many, many different issues at the U.N. and different forums. Tell us a little bit about some of the more recent issues you've been working on. It's been exciting. The most recent thing was we just celebrated the first anniversary of the U.N. sustainable development goals. So there are 17 goals that all the governments of the world agreed to, and they'll be from 2015 to 2030. So it really is a recipe for how we can increase the well-being of all people in the world, and it's comprehensive. It's looking at everything from ending poverty, making sure everyone has nutrition, also taking care of the environment, also ensuring gender equality for everyone, and also all the way up to having peace and justice and strong institutions to ensure a global order that is actually geared towards people's basic rights and dignity. So the sustainable development goals is one area I was working in, also still helping a lot of Indigenous peoples. So recently, a government asked me to be one of their senior advisors at the U.N. to help a group of Indigenous peoples seek self-determination at the U.N. So actually advising them at the U.N. General Assembly. We're doing that because the opening of the General Assembly just took place. September, New York is the month to be there because all the big foundations, Clinton Foundation, U.N. General Assembly, all the heads of states are there. So it's really a great time to meet everyone who's sort of movers and shakers that want to move the needles in the right direction for non-violence in a better world. How did you get into this type of advocacy work? I guess I got a little bit lucky. The academia and activism always blend, so I think it makes me a stronger academic because when students ask how I know things, it's because I actually did it. I wrote it. I organized it. And then on the activism side, I don't burn out because I'm always reading and reflecting, which we get to do as academics. So that's a fortunate thing. And then things just build on one another. So I'm at the point now where I can almost take on any new job, as long as it's involving teaching, training, or tactics and being able to help people organize and mobilize certain advocacy things in almost any structure because political power structures are almost all the same. You have to know who's the mover, who's the shaker, who you need to discuss, how you need to get things. So it's problem-solving on a planetary level, so it's kind of exciting. And I mean, this is great to be able to bridge what you learn, what we learn in universities, in academia. Sometimes we don't have a lot of exposure to the real life element. So it sounds like it's a great combination. It's actually perfect. And then I'm kind of seeing now that I've done it for two decades. Also, I know no one was there for me. Like, I had to almost invent everything and figure it out. So now, kind of moving into a mentoring role and being able to help young people who, you know, I get an email almost every week from someone in Hawaii who says they want to do global work and what should they do? And this is my resume. So it's kind of exciting to be like, OK, you really don't want to work at the UN, you know. Seeing what you want to do, you're really more of an NGO or you're actually really good at a UN specialized agency. You should work with High Commissioner for Refugees. But most people just see the UN as just this one big body. But there's so many different aspects of it. So the one thing that's fortunate is over two decades, I learned how all the pieces work. And then now I know how to use the levers to make sure they increase the love in the world. So I can just, if someone comes to me with a problem, then I look at it for as much time as they have and then figure out what's the next 10 steps and then try to change the conditions to improve people's daily living conditions on the ground. So it's kind of exciting. Yeah. And so like, as far as, you know, an example, like with a specific community you worked with to kind of help them to enhance their, the rights protection. Can you tell us a bit about a case that would be interesting? Sure. I could do one. I could do maybe the country of Tuvalu. Okay. When I first helped them, climate change was just coming up to the forefront. And people only cared about penguins and polar bears. And I try to tell me others, people are going to be impacted by climate change and it just didn't register. And we're talking about an existential threat of an entire indigenous people's like civilization being lost from the face of humanity. Who has unique perspectives on how the world is and how to live with one another. And so meeting with the ambassador the first time, he thought I was there to complain and criticize. And I'm like, I'm actually here to actually help you because I think your country could be doing a couple of things. And after our first meeting, he was like, this is great. So we kind of actually were the first ones to frame in the early 2000s climate change and human rights and to put a human face on climate change. And now with Paris Agreement actually just entering to force this week thanks to the record number of ratifications and more importantly, the percentage of emissions on the planet. Now, and it was spearhead about the Pacific Island nations, now we've reached the Paris Agreement actually a couple months ahead of schedule. But we maybe have hit a turning point but the world can also be at a tipping point. So we have to keep working. But the exciting thing was to value, we were able to really propel the issue to a higher level at the planet. And then also they're working on women's rights. So they're being reviewed by the committee on the elimination of discrimination against women known as CEDAW. And that was exciting because then I helped the attorney general, the home minister and we did role plays almost what I do as students but this is with the real decision makers and based on that one review at the UN they passed two new laws to help and enhance women's rights in Tuvalu. So the exciting thing is if a country is willing you can actually help facilitate some positive social change that improves the life of the people. So that's Tuvalu, help a lot of indigenous people. So the Khmer Khrom are the indigenous people in Vietnam and the Mekong Delta area and they're Buddhist monks. And that was probably one of the toughest ones because no one ever heard of them. So if you brought it up, the first thing was I'd be like, oh, I'm helping the Khmer. And they'd be like Khmer Rouge. And I'm like, oh, just the opposite. That's the group that, the poor president. He was one of 13 kids. He's the only one alive. All 12 siblings were killed. So the Khmer Khrom people were stuck in the middle of the Khmer Rouge fighting that whatever side they went to they were seen as the other side. So it's an example of an indigenous people's in a country that no one knows anything about. So the first was just raising awareness so people know who they are. Second was sharing what they wanted because no one, they never had their voice heard. They'd just been made invisible in the modern history of the country. And then third was a strategy that doesn't threaten the country but that positively works towards improving the country for the Khmer Khrom but also for the entire country in a whole. So that's been amazing. I mean, they've gone from being really invisible to invincible. People around the world know who they are. They just got invited. In fact, on the recent trip I stopped in DC. On my way to Geneva and DC we were at a international think tank to put their case on the global scale with all the other Vietnamese groups that everyone is more familiar with. So I stopped in DC at eight. We did four hours. Did the think tank work, had some private meetings on the hill. Then I got on the next plane, flew to Geneva, landed in Geneva and then we were working on human rights in Cambodia because it's the 25th anniversary of the Paris peace agreements for Cambodia. So the good thing about Cambodia is they were able to get the peace but the second part is the human rights. Peace stops the, but human rights is kind of like the roadmap on how to move forward so that the country doesn't slide back. That's the exciting thing about human rights is it's a constant temperature check of how a country is doing. So certain human rights are being violated. You know it's gonna get worse. So we can actually prevent things as opposed to a lot of times in global affairs you try to get involved only after the bombs are falling and after people are dying. So I think that's the exciting thing about human rights is it's positive, it's proactive and you can prevent things. In a lot of cases. I think sometimes when we think about human rights because a lot of the news, the popular discourse on human rights is about how our government should try to get other countries to respect human rights. But it does seem to often come by criticizing them. As you were saying when you went to Dalu the president was very worried you were there just to criticize. But your approach seems to be like to, when we're trying to advance the human rights of one group it's not to the detriment of anybody but how do we approach that in a way that it enhances the enjoyment of human rights for everyone in a country. Yeah, I mean do you feel like this is an approach we're moving more towards? I do. I mean the exciting is when I first started it was definitely more of a fringe thing. You know, I mean tree hugger or loving everyone and helping everyone, peace prize kind of stuff seems like so distant from everyone. And now though I think the more people you talk to it's how people want to be treated. It's how people want to interact with one another. It's the golden rule just being exercised on a global level. So it's been exciting to see the growth of it without a doubt. And I can definitely see certain changes. In the United States we really haven't had a strong human rights movement for decades. And I was fortunate enough to be the national co-chair of the task force on the universal periodic review. So the universal periodic review is a new mechanism that was just created in 2006 and started its first cycle in 2008. And it's a new process at the human rights council in Geneva where every country's human rights record is reviewed. So I mean I'm excited right now we just are launching the third cycle. So next April may it'll be the first session of the third cycle. And I've had different positions on the national level. So the first I was just the Geneva coordinator which was good enough for me to be able to work with all the big NGOs and just help coordinating them in Geneva. But then for this last cycle I was the co-chair of the national task force. So we had 24 working groups. ACLU, Black Lives Matter. Everyone coming together saying this is the America we want. And so that's extremely humbling and extremely educational. You learn about all the issues directly from impacted individuals. And most importantly our approach of the framework we took for fundamental freedoms was beyond the what's wrong. Cause everyone can do that. Everyone can complain what do we want? What do you want? Like you wake up today, what's the ideal world? What does it look like? And then how do we get there? And that's what the recommendations from the human rights mechanisms create.  This is what I want for our country. This is my vision. And it's a much more positive approach. Normally we're responding and putting out a fire of something negative. But it's so much more powerful when you're actually saying this is what I want. This is why I want it. This is what I'm gonna do for that. It just totally transforms the situation. So the tactics are much more dynamic and we've done lots of good things. Oh that sounds so interesting. Well let's take a short break right now and then come back and talk a bit more. So you are listening to Grace Cheng interviewing Joshua Cooper of the Hawaii Institute for Human Rights on Global Connections. Stay tuned, we'll be back in one minute. Hi, I'm Stacey Hayashi and you can catch me on Mondays at 11 on Think Tech Hawaii. Stacey to the rescue. See you then. Aloha. My name is John Wahee and I actually had a small part to do with what's happening today. Served actually in public office. But if you don't already know that, here's a chance to learn more about what's happening in our state by joining me for a talk story with John Wahee every other Monday. Thank you and I look forward to your seeing us in the future. Hello, I'm Mary Ann Sasaki. Welcome to Think Tech Hawaii where some of the most interesting conversations in Honolulu go on. I have a show on Wednesdays from one to two called Life in the Law where we discuss legal issues, politics, governmental topics and a whole host of issues. I hope you'll join me. Hi, welcome back to Global Connections. I'm your host, Grace Chang, here with Joshua Cooper of the Hawaii Institute for Human Rights and we're talking about a human rights approach to global advocacy for peace, justice and sustainable development. Welcome back, Joshua. Great to be back. Okay, so we were talking earlier about human rights and how it sort of changed recently because initially I think when it was sort of revived after the end of the Cold War, a lot of countries sort of saw it as something to criticize the government, government felt it was an imposition from the West and I think even Western countries, especially United States, didn't really think of our situation as a human rights situation. But now it seems to be much more embraced on many different levels in different ways. Yeah, no, an exciting level is, truthfully, I remember when I was teaching human rights and I talked to like the mayor of Maui where I was teaching or we have a human rights on the Hill program in Washington, D.C. and we just celebrate our 15th annual human rights on the Hill course and people would say human rights, like that's everywhere else but on Earth, but here. I'd be like, no, human rights are here and they'd be like, how?  So it's also a great way to hold up a lens even in Hawaii and say, well, what do we need? What can we do to improve and how do we do it? So that's a much better approach, I believe. And a lot of people are participating in it really do see the strength. It's solidarity, it builds solidarity among one another because we actually actively listen to one another. I actually listen to someone saying, this is a situation I live in and this is how it should change and I'm like, that's true. And then they're like, what do you care about? So it actually shows the intersectionality of all the issues that we have whereas everyone in the West, at least, we love seeing everything in silos. You're an economist or you're an educator or you're an activist and it's like human rights is a great framework that unites all the issues together that then allows us to take a comprehensive approach on how we're gonna create positive social change. So I've seen its benefits. Yeah, yeah. And it's not just that we have rights and they're recognizing the law and we try to enforce them but that there are all these conditions that are required for people to actually enjoy rights like sustainable development, addressing climate change issues. And so I think this approach that you're taking is very interesting as far as what it says about how we're understanding human rights today and making sure that people are able to enjoy them. Yeah, no, I mean, we've done different things like at the national level, let's look at the right to housing. Worked a lot with the great national coalition with Housing Urban Development and then with the White House. So we focused in the first universal periodic review on the problems with the right to housing but then we used the international law because they have exactly, as you said, all the elements of what a right to housing looks like. So it's how are we doing and you look at all those elements then you in a way build the house based on those rights and those elements and those conditions that I think as you framed it so well. And then that was the way to solve the situation. So working on the right to housing, we worked with those national coalitions. They then helped to help people at the local level. So there was a wave of criminalization of homeless activity. We then lobbied with HUD to then understand the human rights approach. HUD then included it in their point system.  So it was a really creative way to say these are the elements of housing as a human right. HUD recognizes that and a national department of justice supports it. So if communities are saying, oh, you know, scapegoating homelessness, they looked at it from that perspective. All of a sudden you're influencing national with the international as a leverage and helping people on the ground who are like, I'm just trying to survive. So I think the human rights approach is a great way for one, you engage with the people directly impacted. And that's the focus. And then from there, you go to what needs to be done in the policy. And that's a problem. Normally that's a lot of people with a lot of big degrees trying to solve something who aren't in that situation. So it's really bringing everyone to the table. I think that's the unifying element of human rights that you were talking about is it's come together as everyone. And then if we also make sure it's not just the West pointing, then it's also what we can do. So I think one of the exciting things that just took off was called human rights cities. So human rights cities just got probably going the last five years, but cities are taking a human rights approach to solve situations. And so in the US, we just had a first national workshop. We made that part of our 15th annual human rights on the Hill and we had a department of justice, department of housing, urban development. We had a state department. We had everyone there. And the exciting thing is we had Pittsburgh, Eugene, Oregon, Seattle, all the cities that are adopting human rights cities. And I was fortunate to be adopted and invited because Hawaii, we adopted at our annual human rights day at the state capital. We became the first state ever to be a state of human rights. So some cities exist, but Hawaii is a state of human rights. And we worked with a late representative, Mark Takai, before he went into the house. That was one of the last bills we worked on before he went up to there. So that was my idea was we could do it on all the islands, but let's do it as a state of human rights and keep that as really our marker for how we're doing it when we make all our government decisions. So I think that's good. So even that is unique, that cities look at being human rights cities and then all the functions they do, they think of their constituents and their citizens, not every four years when the election comes up, but on an everyday basis. I mean, this is such an interesting illustration of a global connection right here in Hawaii because you do a lot of very localized issue. We try to kind of foster that in our state and local communities, but also you do so much outreach in communities all over the world. And so this is kind of an, this is kind of an interesting part about your institute, the Hawaii Institute for Human Rights. Can you tell us a little bit more about the conception of that? Yeah, it actually grew out of a class I taught. So I grew up in a class and I had 12 amazing students and they said, you know, we don't care as much about the grades, we just wanna do good. And they said, let's create a nonprofit. So we actually created a nonprofit out of this class, the first human rights class I taught in Hawaii. And then we adopted the idea of let's have annuals. So we're like on our almost on our 20th annual human rights events summer seminar that we host every year in Hawaii. But we also have annual women's rights or human rights. We have Earth Day activities. We focus on peace day, we focus on children's rights. And then we came up with an idea over a decade ago that human rights is great, but you know, it's not at our state legislature. So we started human rights day during the legislative cycle. And then that's been great. Cause we have, we call it, what could we say it is? It's a really good gathering where it's kind of a career fair for the common good. So all the nonprofits come and line up around. So young people come and say, wow, what can I be? Which is good to not just say this is tourism and say this is what you want. And then the second thing is we have panels of human rights advocates coming from around the world to come and share. So we've got Gandhi's grandson. We've had advocates on women's rights around the world. We have indigenous leaders and they come and share. And then from there, we actually have adopted global instruments and resolutions and conventions at the local level in Hawaii. So it's really to connect the grassroots and the global. And then the exciting thing is because I have certain knowledge about the global system, a lot of people find me around the world and then ask me to go help them. So it's exciting because it's what you teach and discuss in the classroom. You get to apply it to improve people's lives. So that's the exciting part. So it's definitely based in Hawaii and we have interns every year.  The springboard, not to sit around and photocopy. So the exciting thing is I can see a lot of that happening. I also see a lot of the issues. Like you said, peace, justice, sustainable development, they're all connected. And so I really see that coming together with a lot of young people dreaming for their new future. I'd say one cool idea we came up with is called Aloha Aina Associates. And so it's actually focusing on tourism. So it's gonna focus just on trying to make our hotels a little bit more green by an annual competition. And now it's grown. So the idea is there's points. If they change the bulbs, that's 200 points. If they appoint a green manager, that's 500. If they get a green team, housing, lawn maintenance and management, then it's more points. So we're actually using an incentive system for initiatives that then make sure our tourism is rooted on human rights base for all the workers, first and foremost, for the guests. And now we even have other things where they go out and volunteer in the community.  So it's actually turning out great with the Loha and Associates that we have a whole year of gathering the points. So we launched that at the IUCN. And then on Earth Day, we'll announce the winner.  So the exciting thing is then every year we can get more and more green and can keep improving. Certain places you get points if you don't wash your towels every day. We're gonna have it where you even get breakfast, coupons and do things like that. And we're gonna do everything in English and in a little Hawaii. So it shows where you're at in Hawaii but also tourism then gives back instead of using all the resources, it's an idea to how to make it much more of a holistic process. So the human rights framework even for sustainable tourism and also the industry for the future of Hawaii is great. And now that we have the 17 goals, those are even other measurements to make it even better. So the exciting part is the world and everyone's sort of getting onto the same page. So at least we're all reading from the same book now. That's great. And you mentioned the IUCN, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature which had the World Congress year last month and you were working with that also. There were a lot of international officials and organizations in town. Yeah, I was very fortunate. There was a couple of things we did. First and foremost, there's the Special Operateur on Human Rights in the Environment. He's writing a study on human rights and biodiversity. So we actually had a event outside at the law school. And so he was gathering testimony from everyday people in Hawaii about biodiversity and human rights. And he'll use that in his report that he's presenting in March, April. So that's good. We also had people from different organizations come and speak outside at the University of Hawaii. We had film night. So all the National Geographic videos that they only showed at the Congress, we got permission from National Geographic and we showed those up at the University of Hawaii. We also were having the Leahi Millennium Peace Garden. So we had a couple of the people who were launching the Nature for All campaign come and share what Nature for All was on Saturday morning. So we had activities from Saturday to Saturday outside the convention center for everyone to know. But then also, Hawaii Institute for Human Rights was asked to partner with the United Nations Environment Program.  Well, that's excellent. Yeah, so it's good. And I know a lot of people are very concerned about a lot of the issues you raise and what they can do about them. So can you tell us as a final word what are some things they could do or find out more about your institute? Easiest is my emails, just Joshua Cooper Hawaii all spelled out at gmail.com. And if you do have an issue, we always get the phone calls and the emails and just try our best to help solve it on a case by case basis. So I mean, we're open to always helping people organize for themselves about what they believe in. Okay, that's wonderful. Thank you so much for coming on the program, Joshua. Thank you. I learned about all you've been doing very, very broad, encompassing so many different issues. So really interesting to have you speak on the show. Mahalo, thank you for hosting.


Another important idea in abstract algebra is the notion of a subgroup, and this is pretty straightforward. So suppose I have some set G with operation star, and let this set be a group, and I'm going to take H to be a subset of G. If H with operation star is itself a group, then we say that H is a subgroup of G. And we also use this same notation. So one warning moving forward is that this notation we ordinarily would read as H is a subset of G. But now that we're talking about groups, we can now read this as H is a subgroup of G. And the difference is that sets don't have operations. Groups do have specific operations associated with them. So we could prove or disprove that H is a subgroup by showing that H is a group. Again, that's what the requirement says. If H with operation star is a group, then it's a subgroup. However, as mathematicians, we like to be as efficient as possible in our analysis. And so we know that since H is a subset of G and G is a group, then we inherit associativity. And the only things we have to verify are going to be closure. If I have two things in H, I want to make sure that A star B is also in H. I need to verify that the inverse, well we know that A inverse exists in G because G is a group. But I want to make sure that it exists in H because I want to say that H is going to be a group. So we need to verify that the inverse exists in H and we need to have the identity. Again, we know that the identity exists in our group G, so we need to make sure that our identity exists in our group H. Well, actually we can be a little bit more efficient. As long as we verify closure and inverse, we know that the inverse of anything is in H. And the product A star A inverse by closure has to be in H as well. And this is the identity. So once we've verified closure and inverse, we get identity for free. And so if we already verify these two properties, then H is going to be a subgroup. So for example, let's take the set of 2 by 2 matrices under matrix addition and let D be the set of 2 by 2 diagonal matrices. And let's prove or disprove D with the operation of addition is going to be a subgroup. So M with the operation of addition is a group, prove it. And so we just need to verify the closure and inverse properties for D. Well, let's take a note. If I have 2 by 2 matrices in D, then A plus B is going to be a diagonal matrix. So my sum is in D. I have closure. If A is in D, then minus A will be the additive inverse. And this is also going to be a diagonal matrix. So minus A is also going to be in D. So I have closure. I have the inverse. And that's all I need to verify that my subset is in fact a subgroup.


You must value your time More than anything Because let me tell you something You will lose a lot of money With the wrong low quality person You'll lose a lot of money, but I'm gonna tell you what you lose more and which is more important.  You can get back time. You're not going to get any of that back and so if You choose to adopt or accept the greatest resource or give away the greatest resource Which is your time a way to worship a Way to worship and women as opposed to live in the free agent lifestyle guys. Do you realize what you can do with your time? You realize that you can do you realize that you make the most money out of everybody here You realize that women spend 83% of all consumer Goods they buy everything But they don't make a lot of money like how do we work that out? Let's work this out. Let's do this man They control 83% of the consumer spending We control 17% Yet we make the most money gender pay gap, right? That's about what they're telling us How are they spending 83% of the money? You know how you Are choosing to invest that that power into them.  I mean every week. It's a new marketing campaign. Did you have one? That's a negative, right? That's not in our favor, right? But there hasn't been a lot of campaigns created.    Go to the club. Are there gonna be some women there? Let's go to the gym.   You selected school for that Okay, these are the things that we do That keep us in the position we're in Okay So the tenets of the free agent lifestyle of this and this is specifically for men who have been either divorced or Going through a bad breakup. Okay. This is why we get to other men.  I need to know how to do it better You want your shortcuts? Okay, there's a lot of shortcuts out there for you, right? Let me talk about that real quick I'll get back to that So let's just get back to the tenants the tenants of the free agent lifestyle of this You're recovering. You're trying to figure it out.   She's like, no Regular women off limits. It's like damn. That's a red pill See what women older women will read they got red pill knowledge. Why? Because they ran out of time They got they see the world completely different. Nobody worships. They don't get worship anymore So they see the world completely different So she could see it and not only that she has a son women with young boys They either gonna make them son husbands or they're gonna protect that Boy and she had a boy who was a teenager. So she was like, damn I'm not gonna do what my friends did to these men. I don't want that to happen to my boy. Okay The three tenants of the free age lifestyle no cohabitation


I'm getting tired of playing Madden Of course, I don't know one trap first play man. Awesome.   I didn't need a freeform that one That was an L by me. I mean I can't lie. I feel like my homeless gets rid of the ball better than any quarterback I've ever played with that Like that pass was ridiculous. That would be sauce coming soon I would probably say my team is more expensive on my team is more of a grind I never really wanted to play my team because it was such a grind Cool way. Oh, that's Justin Jefferson. Jettus. I don't like them both being number 18 No, I just do the ball in the flat oval. I was freeform. I just press why Bob Wars next weekend boys dial it in I'm still going around format ideas. Let's go. This is 31. Who's that Joseph? Let's go.  Just chuck that guy corner out. All right It's like is that play that good?  You can't play zone. You can't not blitz everybody She's killer. I kind of I don't know explain it I kind of look like it's hard to look outside Against the blitz because like when people are blitzing you that's like low-key the first spot They're gonna guard I don't really know how to explain it. So Yeah, when people blitz like they're gonna cover the flat obviously you're in tight They're gonna cover quick outs and they like cover that and that's what you're staring at. I kind of try I tend to look like towards the middle But there I was just The contract raise right there Yeah, raise him ranking my make a video ranking my quarter shot make a Ranking video. I don't know how to use like tier list to make my own tiers I feel like people overthink the quarterback position a little bit too much man Just get somebody you're comfortable with and a lot of times Madden is tough because a lot of times people use their team as an excuse and what cards they have is why they suck Exactly there you go. That's what I mean pre-meditated. I've been using flak out doing fine And you'll you'll be all right, you know


Many assignments require that students use peer-reviewed scholarly articles. But what does peer-review mean, and how do you know that the articles you find meet the qualifications? That's what this video will cover. When a journalist writes an article and sends it to the editor of a magazine or newspaper, the editor reviews the work and decides whether to publish it or not. An important feature that distinguishes scholarly articles is that when an expert in a given field conducts research and writes up the results, findings, or conclusions, and sends it off to a reputable journal for consideration for publication, the editor will send that article out to a panel of other experts trained in the same field that the article covers. These experts read the work and evaluate it. They are not checking for grammar or spelling errors. They are looking to save the article's adding new information or knowledge to the field. Did the researcher use established best practices when conducting their research? Did the literature review and references acknowledge the leading experts in the field, and does the new work build on the work of others? Finding peer-reviewed articles is easy thanks to limiters present in each of IRSC's subscription databases. These filters help you locate a results list full of articles that have been peer-reviewed. Looking at an article record will also allow you to identify if an article has been peer-reviewed. If you are still not sure if an article has been peer-reviewed or not, it's always possible to look up a particular journal online and identify their publication processes. This is also something that any IRSC librarian would be happy to assist you with. Just ask for help.


I am loving, loving, loving this book Legend in Secular Society. I'll be reading it for a second time. He's just a particularly rich sentence. Talking about the profusion of different churches in America, none of them could be discriminated against in the interest of keeping tensions down. In a society with so many potential sources of division, ethnic, regional, linguistic, think of all the potential sources of division in the United States. You've got race, region, linguistic, ethnic, religious. So from a European perspective, from a realist perspective, the American creed, what is it? Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The American attitude of we're all equal just seems naive. In America it's considered bad taste to put too much stock on racial and religious differences. But for most of the world, I think race is considered a real thing and a major part of identity. And most of the world religion is not considered a matter of choice. Religion is considered as something that you're born into and that it has consequences for very real differences. Catholics are not Muslims and Protestants are not Jews. But the American attitude is that religion is a private matter and you can't take it too seriously. Or you can take it seriously privately for the idea of the distinctive claims of your religion. It's considered in politic to take too seriously publicly. Like any religion is supposed to be just as good as any other. So I'm really enjoying my DJI pocket too because it's so small. I can just put it on top of my iPad here as I walk along. And I can just make this stream, it's not live, that's the one downside. I kind of interact with the audience. But it's not so embarrassing to walk along and talk to a machine. So, so many great insights in this book. And many insights that I never really thought of them. Subject lost, recapture me. Okay, got face tracker on. There's the face tracker. Okay, so I used to think that we all just had a religious impulse. But as I'm reading these secular works of analysis, it seems like the society industrializes there are certain consequences. And among them, the society becomes less religious. Religion has less effect on how people operate. So the widespread religious teaching that we must show contentment with our lot, fulfill our obligations, or the religious hope that God will enter the human scene and impose a new dispensation. Orientations which diminish in strength as realistic political possibilities are increasingly apprehended. So we live in increasingly pragmatic instrumentalist world where we see the potential of changing things by collective action. And so there's less need for the religious impulse. So he ties the religious impulse with the mystery and the magic.  So now when we struggle, when life is hard, we less often think, oh, this is God testing us in this world, or in Christian spirit giving us a cross to bear. Preoccupation with the morality of nation states has been replaced. This replaced individual morality as a dominant concern of intellectuals and modern society. Yeah, so dominant concern of intellectuals and modern society is politics. Because in politics you can make pretty concrete changes in the way people live. While the efficacy of religion is less obvious. So we have the ever increase of the scientific orientation and the growth of the behavioral and organizational sciences. So society is increasingly affected by these rationalist assumptions. So the way we operate are increasingly subjected to rational planning and organization. We're more and more involved in social activities, in which our own emotional dispositions are less relevant. So everything's becoming more rational. Most of us are in rational organizations. We're in firms, businesses, public service, education, government, the state. These institutions impose rational behavior. So from a secular perspective, the dominant function of the church is the institutionalization of emotional gratification. So contrast with the increasingly scientific and rationalist disposition, the churches are at ever increasing disadvantage. So with politics, we sense that we can change things pragmatically. So politics provide new outlets for individual effort and energy. So preaching the word, preaching the gospel is less popular when people can get involved in, say, politics. So in England there was an established church. If you wanted to challenge the status quo, you can take on the sovereign. You can directly take on the political system, but one way you could take on the status quo was by signing up for a non-conformist church, meaning any church outside of the Anglican. But there was never an official religion in the United States, so the idea of a non-conformist church makes no sense. So in the Protestant churches you had this tremendous growth of voluntary movements, Sunday school teachers and the like. But over the past 150 years, voluntary associations with more secular and pragmatic aims have been increasingly popular. They may not carry connotations of reverence and esteem, but most people find a wider application of power, better apparatus and equipment, and just a better way of spending one's time occupied with the here and now. So we get the rise of interest associations, and their spread reflects the decline of corporate and community allegiances, which religious affiliation was dominantly located. So we used to have communal emotions because we had a similar outlook on life, because we had similar troubles, but now with increasing occupational individuation and increasing levels of hobbies that are individual, we don't share that common community of feeling anymore. And from a secular perspective, the primary purpose of religion is providing emotional reassurance. So now that we don't have the same kind of communal feeling, there's less demand for the services of religion. So religion deals in emotional matters, in meaningful communication, in interpreting, evaluating, evoking responses, in inviting individual's participation. Science does none of these things, but art does. So often art is our competing religion for the loyalty of men. So it used to be that the church dominated intellectual life, and increasingly intellectual concerns have passed way beyond the knowledge and the ability of the clergy. So it used to be scientists came from the clergy, but as science has become more specialized, the possibility for a cleric to be a scientist has diminished. So in our ever-increasingly economically efficient societies, we have more reliance on science for economic advance. So the 19th century businessman often subsidized religion as an agency of social control. He thought that religion would instill a sense of discipline and order into the workforce. But as industries become more capitalized, machinery increasingly controls labor. And that control can be specifically adjusted for the task in hand. And there's no longer such needs for controlling people in their private lives outside of work. So remember, character references don't have so many of those anymore. It used to be that businessmen relied on a worker's general dispositions to industriousness, punctuality, thrift, sobriety, willingness, and reliability. But the new control demanded nothing of this character. The conveyor belt could exact all the control that was needed. The industry has passed from internalized character values towards mechanical manipulation. To turn from religious socialization to technical devices for regulating the work situation. So now they no longer need to control workers' industry, outside of workers' industries, turn to the new sciences of management and industrial relations. In economic terms, it's wasteful to demand that the whole person in all his facets should be self-disciplined. And a more specific method of manipulation can be evolved. Adjust that part of the person which is needed for the job. So industry has rejected the blanket control of religious and moral socialization of workers. The methods which control them much more efficiently as if they were mechanical instruments of production. So businessmen once in philanthropy gave to religion, now they increasingly give to science. And science developed into a profession. Its professional prestige has steadily risen. So an increasingly pragmatic society is impressed by the results of scientific endeavor. It's more evident and more dramatic than anything the cleric does. So science has risen in prestige and increasingly attracts the better mind. Minds, it provokes more public concern. It gains increased access to the media and wins higher rewards in salaries and status. So the clergyman's special expertise is knowledge of theology and liturgy.  The cannons of objectivity, neutrality, empiricism are now infected with theology. You find them in the movement towards the higher criticism which places religious authority under scrutiny. In a way, he's not altogether conducive to the maintenance of the actual authority of the priests in the pulpit. As geology and biology have developed, the authenticity of the Christian interpretation of the world has become less and less tenable. Psychology and sociology, their attempt to produce analysis of society have also challenged the Christian interpretation. There used to be religion-dominated education, not so much anymore. Religion used to dominate all of life, not so much anymore. So rereading this classic 1966 book, Religion in Secular Society. So, clergy have lost social standing. They've been replaced in the intellectual stratum of society. Literature and the arts have passed almost completely out of religion. So the skepticism of modern society has shaken up the clergy. They attempt to find other levels at which religious propositions are true. So levels other than common sense and literal level. So it's led to this wide, diverse clerical interpretations of religion and contemporary meaning. So even many clergy have come to disbelieve in the ultimacy of any answers which they can supply about social questions. So we're increasingly aware of the relativity of modern knowledge, which makes the cleric more guarded, less confident in the intellectual content of religion. So the man in the street has developed a protective cynicism about what is being put over on him. And the clergy realize how much the discipline of theology is now influenced from outside by archaeology, comparative religion, anthropology, psychology, society. So it becomes ever more difficult for the church to reconcile their traditional claims to wisdom with the increasing acceptance by the clergy of modern branches of knowledge which casts considerable doubt on what the church's half a century has been teaching. In the street it's not interesting the subtle shifts of academic debate. So as a professional clergyman we can afford to play intellectual games but as a cleric he's bound and committed by vows of obedience and loyalty and economic dependence. So a layman usually only wants assurance and certainty of his salvation. Assurance of a kind that clerics feel increasingly less able to provide. So clergy have become increasingly skeptical and cease to believe any of the essentials of the faith. And this is only a source of bewilderment to ordinary believers. Wonder why these men think as they do they continue to take money from the churches which commit them to rather different beliefs. And though the clergy become more skeptical they have little chance of reproach more with a secular intelligentsia. Since they are committed to a framework of debate which is unequivocal


right now. All right. So two or three things before we start, two things actually. One is we are a part of the Linux Foundation. So we need, we need to be aware that we are bound by the antitrust policy of Linux Foundation. Basically it means that we are not going to indulge in any anti-competitive behavior. That's the first thing. Second is our code of conduct, which you can find in the, you know, in detail in, in, if you search for it under the wiki page. But primarily it says that we have to be, even when we disagree with someone, we have to be, you know, we, we shouldn't be disagreeable. That's the first thing. Second is we give people an opportunity to speak and we try to be as inclusive as possible in terms of the differing, you know, the diversity of opinions, the diversity of people, the diversity of expression. These are the only two requirements to participate in this call. Other than that, it's open to everyone. And we will be making available the recording of the call on the site that I just put in the, put in the chat before. And please add your name to that list. There are 11 participants right now. So without waiting any longer, I'm going to ask Stephen Phillips to talk about what he came to talk about, which is the possibility of digital payment systems, especially ones that are backed by Fiat equivalent, which may be un, unpopular these days because of the rise of the Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, but it still is a viable option. So please listen to Stephen Phillips. He's the VP of bit.com. They are currently undertaking a digital currency exercise, DHCD in Eastern ECCB, you know, which is the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank. They have signed a memorandum with DCCB and a project is full underway. And that was in February 2020. So obviously we are almost ready to hit the ground with that project. So Stephen, please tell us more about this wonderful, about this game changer in the Eastern Caribbean. Amazing. Thank you for the introduction. I hope I'm calling your name correct. Is that correct? Yes, it's as it is spelled. The VIP is in. So you are converted to Sikhism. I like how you did that, Rupin. Have you converted to Sikhism? No, I am a Moor. Oh, wonderful. Yes, yes. Fantastic. So are you seeing my share screen as well? Yes, we do. All right. Amazing. So without further ado, I'm happy to move into this. You guys are ready? Please. All right. Fantastic. So I want to begin. First of all, by saying a big thank you to the Linux Foundation and the team here within Hyperledger for inviting me to briefly share my thoughts and experiences with digital currencies. I'm truly grateful for all of you taking your time to join this call and to listen in. I hope we can have a very fun and interesting discussion today. So just a bit on me. I started my journey with digital currencies in 2016. And this was very tough. It was very early on. And at that time, very few central banks or financial institutions knew much about blockchain or distributed ledger technology. So it's been a long road. And today I lead product development at bit.com. So a brief introduction to bit.com. We are a financial technology company, creator of the lead in digital currency management system. And we enable central banks, financial institutions, regulators, payment providers to adopt digital currency infrastructure required for the next evolution of the financial ecosystem. So bit is very much on the technology services provider side of things. Our clients are central banks and financial institutions. And we provide them with technology to deploy these new modern payment system structures and to achieve their strategic objectives. All right. So we begin our conversation on new opportunities for digital money with a look at adoption. Adoption, for me, is a key success metric for any transformative technology. And looking at the USDC stablecoin, we can recognize signs of growing adoption by a significant growth in USDC market capitalization, representing a 900% increase in less than the last year, with yesterday's daily trade and volume exceeding 1.5 billion USD. Now this trend, in my opinion, is set to continue on the heels of the recent Office of the Comptroller of Currency, OCC, announcement clarifying national banks, federal savings associations can participate in independent node verification networks. So that's kind of a weird way of saying blockchain and DLT and use stablecoins to conduct payment activities and other bank permissible functions. So for those of you who haven't heard of the OCC, they are an independent bureau of the US Department of Treasury, and they supervise nearly 1,200 national banks, federal savings associations, and federal branches of foreign banks that conduct approximately 70% of all the banking business in the US. So this is a big regulator coming and smoothing the path for digital currency adoption with key stakeholders within the monetary system, those tier one banks. So moving away now from stablecoins and looking more for success stories for adoption with CBDCs. We have central bank and regulator for the Kingdom of Cambodia. I think this project was the last talk that this group had early this year or late last year. Someone couldn't correct me in the chat. But their CBDC launched in 2019 and currently they have 50,000 users, $20 million worth of assets in their ecosystem and it's growing. So this is all against the backdrop of an increasingly large number of central banks globally conducting research into CBDC. So we can see that the trend is there and we have when we have the early signs that things are taking root and this is going to drive enhancements in the global payments infrastructures. Chat. All right. Okay. Yes. First off for 2021. All right. So next slide we now move into taking a closer look at bits technology. So on screen you have our system architecture at a high level and we've architected a modular containerized software and payments infrastructure that is blockchain agnostic. This allows for easy upgrades and can even support changing DLTs based on client requirements. For instance, if there's a new blockchain that a client is particularly interested that solves problems better or has particular features that they would want, our infrastructure facilitates migrating over to different blockchain or underlying ledger infrastructures. Privacy is very much a key talking point when we're talking about CBDCs and our infrastructure preserves the privacy of transacting parties by storing personally identifiable information off chain. So this makes transactions private but not anonymous under investigation by regulators. And this is a very key deciding decision to keep that information off the chain and to allow regulators to access that information on an as needed basis. Next, we can talk briefly about minting. So we offer a secure offline minting system for asset creation and also destruction. A key component is also the public APIs you see over on the right. So these allow for ecosystem partner access and also really those are there to kind of drive financial innovation and adoption of the CBDC central bank digital currency or synthetic central bank digital currency issued by a licensed entity. Of importance, we also have, you see their wallet app and merchant app. We have custodial and non-custodial wallet types. And our infrastructure also supports other payment types such as payment cards. ISO 2020 standard messaging format facilitates interaction with existing financial and global payments infrastructure. So that's a key piece for interoperability. ISO 2020 is continuing to be adopted globally. And we felt that that was a key component to have for a messaging format to ensure we have interoperability with core banking systems and global payment system infrastructures. Looking at eastern Caribbean central bank digital currency pilot more closely, on screen we kind of have a large laundry list of motivations for central banks and emerging market economies to explore central bank digital currencies. To provide a brief overview of the eastern Caribbean central bank, the ECCB is a monetary authority and sole issuer of currency within the eastern Caribbean currency union. So this currency union is made up of eight sovereign territories and is one of the oldest currency union globally. The EC digital currency which is called DXCD and it's the digital version of XCD which is the ISO currency code for the eastern Caribbean currency. So DXCD is a term I may say I just mean digital EC dollar. So this is configured as a two-tier currency distribution model and it's a retail CBDC. So licensed financial institutions play a critical role in the distribution of the digital EC dollar. So they are the only players that the central bank in this under these regulations can issue currency too. So they play a very key role in ensuring currency makes it to the retail market and consumers can have access to this digital currency. So a bit more on the pilot. It will commence initially with four territories within the eastern Caribbean currency union and will grow to include all territories within say six months. More specifically the eastern Caribbean central bank their motivations to embark on this journey are really around promoting the inclusion of vulnerable populations. So this technology is going to enhance accessibility and ease of doing digital payments. Motivation number two is payments efficiencies and regulator compliance and regulatory compliance. So reducing the cost of payments is huge and reducing the cost of compliance for say financial institutions is also a key motivation. To give a quick story you could be in one you could bank with with one bank say you have a friend or a family member and they're in another country within the eastern Caribbean currency union and you want to send them say a hundred dollars it costs you today almost a hundred dollars to make that wire transfer and it takes about three to five days. So there are huge motivations for the central bank to kind of enhance efficiencies for payments and reduce costs within the economy. The final key motivation I would suggest is economic growth. The governor of the the ECCB is very keen to facilitate and support digital transformation of the region and this technology central bank issued digital currencies can help facilitate that in a currency union by more closely connecting the economies of those eight territories within the eastern Caribbean currency union. So you could imagine right now today you know business owners in one territory are kind of limited to their geographical area however with this technology business owners can target all of the all of the participants within the eastern Caribbean currency union as a potential market because they can be paid and they can provide goods and services and get paid instantly via the central bank digital currency issued by the ECCB. So moving on we are looking now at the payments landscape kind of past present and future. One of the key motivations for the eastern Caribbean central bank is to reduce cash in circulation. Move from analog forms of payment to digital payments. So that will look like a reduction of cash in circulation, a reduction of check payments and these will really drive the growth of the DXCD the digital EC dollar as well as electronic payments. So moving the economies into the digital age reducing cash reducing cash payments which are very frictional and slow and costly to you know faster payments instrument like a central bank digital digital currency or stable coin and more electronic payments. So the vision here is this can help ease doing business and making payments simpler and easier for the economies of the eastern Caribbean currency union. So next up we have the likely future for CBDCs and this is my last slide I'm very sure. Central banks are generally not very well equipped to operate and maintain real-time payments and settlement infrastructure. So looking at the first point predominantly centralized operational and governance frameworks where the future state is going to be enhanced consortia and decentralized operational and governance frameworks. It's my assertion that in the near future say two to five years if not sooner we will have digital currencies issued with enhanced decentralized and distributed governance and operational frameworks. This will provide key financial market stakeholders with a growing role for operating and shaping the payments infrastructure of the future. This is particularly exciting for the future of the LTE's like hyperledger fabric which the DXCD the digital EC dollar is based on because hyperledger fabric as I'm sure you all know it facilitates network nodes that have different permissions and roles. So it provides an easy way for different stakeholders to join the network and to play a meaningful role in adding resilience and buy-in to the actual network itself. Moving on to the second point where the current state is really single currency networks and my idea for the future state is CBDC's multi-currency or really multi-asset networks. We see that early exploratory work is being done by the bank of France and a few other central banks who are looking into CBDC use cases central bank digital currency use cases such as delivery versus payment for securities and other opportunities over existing incumbent payments infrastructures. So leveraging this new central bank digital currency infrastructure it's likely that we will see central banks and monetary authorities issuing different types of collateralized assets like we've been seeing earlier for different use cases. This is particularly important because it potentially unlocks offline payment solutions which is very huge and lots of talk around solving for offline payments and I think that central banks can issue different types of assets that can be used in different ways. For me an offline payment solution would be more of a bearer instrument where the central bank would issue individual cents or the lowest denomination of the currency that they want to issue. That way if it's offline it's just a matter of transferring private keys and there's no need to sell on chain. Looking at the last point we have a digital cash model which is the current state and a future state for true programmable money. There's a lot of hype around programmable money right now as well but the current state is really a digital cash model. CBDC's central bank digital currencies today remain a very nascent technology with little functionality in most documented deployments beyond offering a digital version of physical cash and this is pretty much the same for stable coins as well. Future CBDC's are likely to leverage programmable attributes of digital currencies more heavily enhancing central bankers monetary policy tool kits which is very important you know central banks or many of them are broke approaching the lower zero bound and they are really running out of tools to help stimulate the economy. So I'll leave you guys with a gem. Next generation digital currencies are likely to provide frameworks for dynamic interest rates which we've heard a lot of talk about but there's also kind of timestamped money that is an efficient method of reducing hoarding of currency because the money actually loses value if it if it doesn't get transacted so a form of demure age. So this is particularly exciting and interesting especially when we think about economies wanting to move out of depression so these types of tools can really equip central banks with a lot more than they have accessible today and it's my assertion that we will see more programmable money solutions evolve in the next say two to five years if not sooner. So in summary I just want to wrap things up we had a brief background on bit and what bit does we looked at the evidence of global adoption of CBDCs and stable coins we saw that amazing curve with 900% growth in USDC as one example of a stable coin. We also looked at bits digital currency technology and infrastructure we looked at motivations for the ECCB to pilot a central bank digital currency and we took a brief look at the future outlook for central bank digital currencies and stable coins and how these technologies will need to evolve to meet the future needs of payment systems and also you know general stakeholders within the monetary system. So with that I'm going to conclude and open the floor for questions hand back to you Vipin and you can take it away. Yes please ask your burning questions to Stephen and he'll put out the fire. Hi Stephen this is Karen thanks so much for coming on. Thank you for having me again. I was wondering you know if you could provide a little bit more detail and information on how you're using hyperledger fabric you know what were some maybe some challenges and how you overcame them and and using it for this DXCD it's something that I think a lot of people are wondering and thinking about in terms of how to apply which DLT to these sorts of use cases if you can share anything more about that that would be great. Sure so how are we using it so in this use case this client wanted to use hyperledger fabric they felt like it was a good fit so we went along with it. I think that it's a reasonable fit as well. So the hyperledger fabric sits here in what we call the numus so this basically abstracts direct interactions with the distributed ledger or the ledger technology to allow for you know all of all of those particular attributes that meet BITS technology great so this framework allows for easy upgrades swapping out the ledger you know it it creates a buffer that allows us to do lots of things operationally. So we're using version 1.2 I think at the moment and I know you know from interactions with the technical team that you know there were some issues with container containerizing certain components and getting things to work in the way that we wanted to work for our clients you know some clients want infrastructure deployed on premises some don't mind cloud deployment so it was very important for us to be able to provide the software in a manner that the client would actually upset. So that was one of the key key challenges that jumped out to me early on. We did have to write you know all of the chain code for the digital currency itself and because it was nothing native in fabric at the time so that was also you know a big axe and to you know to ensure that everything works perfectly right with that and also some other security layers different types of wallets and what they can do and how they can move money and you know built-in security via the chain code that we wrote and smart contracts. Was that helpful Karen? Yeah definitely. Okay cool well I'm open for any other questions. Don't be shy. Nathan maybe you have one or two. Well I could keep you here for a couple of hours. I know I know you know the reason I don't ask right away is because I want to give people the opportunity to ask what they have to ask and that's why I'm keeping sort of in the background for now. So does anybody else have questions? Yeah Stephen this is Mani from Swap Sub. Can you give a bit more detail about how do you plug and play ledgers? What's your thought process? Let's say if you wanted to read if some other central bank wanted to replace with an Ethereum based ledger and how do you go about building it? Yeah so that's an important point. So like I said we've been kind of working on this technology for a number of years so we recognize very early on that committing to one ledger technology may not be the best strategic play for the company because you know there's new technologies coming out so we need a way to be we need a way to future proof our infrastructure so to speak. The we do very little with with the ledger technology it's kind of just a store of values what it was intended to do you know maintain accurate records and maintain a mutable you know ledger that's fine but a lot of the value that the technology brings is on the layers above you know all of the business logic and you know custody stuff and applications and processes data models and process models built into to actual workflows. You know the ledger for us really just stores the values so as long as a blockchain or distributed ledger technology can support smart contracts it offers settlement finality via the consensus algorithm you know some some pretty standard requirements that we would have when selecting a distributed ledger technology to be the backbone you know truth for for for balances etc within the entire system architecture. Does that help any? Yeah thank you. Okay fantastic thank you for the question appreciate it. If there are any anything else I'm happy. Anyone else? Yeah this is Dave, hi Kazar, hi Stephen. Nice presentation. I maybe discussed and I missed it but so what except that some of the uses of it have you started testing out some use meaning like have used it for testing out a merchant somebody purchasing something with it or transferring have you started testing out some sample applications with it? Yeah for sure so as part of so bit is providing all of the applications and technology for the execution of this pilot so that means providing technology and applications for the central bank financial institutions merchants and then you know retail consumer wallet apps as well so we provide all the technology and we we have gone through some extensive testing we're just about ready to to launch a data program this week so busy time for me but yes we've done extensive testing so you know merchants they download an app from the app store they sign up with their financial institution and they can immediately start receiving payments that are going to sale via you know QR code payments NFC payments immediately at a point of sale and it's very simple and very easy it's kind of what you would expect for you know we're not we're not really innovating on on on that transfer side you know we're just scanning QR codes and NFC you know to get to to authorize the transactions kind of thing so we are also working on e-commerce an e-commerce solution um in in the eccbs in eastern caravan central bank and eastern caravan currency union access to online payments is you know pretty difficult you have to spend like upwards of ten thousand dollars to get a merchant account with one of these settlement banks so it's quite difficult and that has kind of hindered the economy a lot so with the digital version of the ec dollar you're going to have e-commerce plugins available that you can add to your car these will work very similar to paypal where you just add a few lines of code and you can have a pay with dxcd behind the digital ec dollar and qr code will come up on the screen and us a user can scan that and pay or log in so we're very excited to see how especially with the global COVID-19 pandemic and the need to make more payments remotely this is kind of very timely to have these types of solutions in place that can allow money to move even though people are not physically moving and as you've seen in some of these slide in this slide currently i mean 2019 is a little outdated but cash is you know there's there's a huge amount of analog payments in this economy at the moment and if you could imagine if you have that much analog payments happening and then there's a there's restrictions on movement of people or shops being open you can see how it could have huge implications for the economy so migrating more payments to digital payments allows they still facilitates electronic payments digital payments even though we may be all locked in our houses we can still buy our food and have it delivered we can still pay our bills and do all these things without leaving home so there is a kind of a burning platform within the eastern caravan to to deploy more accessible safe assets for for consumers to adopt and to make their their payments so and so it just as a follow-up so is the organization starting to promote it to like the merchants and people to start using it more or like how did they plan on getting people to start increasing so we um the the strategy has been very consultative you know we've we've we've to give to give you some insight you know we would work with key influential merchants in a territory we would onboard them so we've conducted training with them you know all the sensitization they would need to onboard we've done all of that so it's it's very much a relationship building exercise you have to remember these emerging market economies are not necessarily as familiar with digital payments and qr code payments uh say a more developed economy like brazil or us or mexico that are more kind of familiar with these types of payment methods so there was a lot of education a lot of hand holding um to to kind of build the comfort and the trust there's a lot of trust come in with the with the digital ec dollar because it comes from the central bank but you know anything new there there is still a little bit of friction there you need to hold people's hand and to build that trust with actually making the payment and that comfort so we spend a lot of time and put a lot of effort into understanding who those key merchants are and to make sure they have a very good experience with the digital ec dollar because um you know the retail market is really going to decide the success of this pilot project and the success of this of cbdc um you know we really need to ensure that people are comfortable to use the product and we take that we take any feedback um that we get and we make the necessary adjustments quickly to kind of maintain the trust and and the interest in this in this cbdc i hope that was helpful David yeah very okay good anyone else does that mean that i can uh i can go ahead please do waiting on you okay uh can you go back to the slide with the architecture diagram sure yeah here you have the top layer this is the commerce layer with the private and the public api and everything is obviously off-chain and then you have the bottom layer pneuma that seems to uh pneuma i assume is a lion in swahili i don't know i mean maybe maybe it's something else so this this this pneuma is a kind of preparatory term we came up with because um we needed a way to kind of communicate with clients about what that is so we had to kind of create our own term for it without trying to reuse terms and confusing people so that's the purpose for that okay uh but that was not my question as you see here the the whole thing is floating with no linkages to anything else meaning the pneuma layer does not seem i mean even though it has an api layer we don't see any connections between it and any other parties so that is a little disconcerting to say the least it's like pneuma is just at a distance getting all this information somehow so basically basically commerce commerce system sits on top of the pneuma and um okay and the commerce system will interact with the with the pneuma via its api so this is how we can we can swap out this pneuma swap in a new pneuma that has a different dlt or an upgraded dlt in there so this is how we're able to do that seamlessly remember some of some of the some of the information has been left off for proprietary purposes yes yes yes i can't show everything but this is just really meant to give a high level idea that the the dlt is kind of encapsulated in an api that provides a lot of services that then adds additional um value to the to the overall architecture by being able to leverage an api and not talk directly to the kind of dlt apis themselves yeah i mean that is a very core principle of system architecture to have loose you know loose connections between the various components so in that sense how did you come up with the you know the functions and the signage function signatures let's say of the api layer what what were the thought processes that went through in your mind did you look at other other payment systems did you look at other you know how did you come up with that api layer because uh the reason i'm asking is because i am now um let's say the you know i see that you are put in your membership of the dcgi uh yes and i am now leading the interoperability working group working work stream inside dcgi so i'm very interested in whatever public information you can give about the api layer because the api layer would be you know the kind of system that that would allow interoperability not just with switching out ledgers but suppose there were another system let's say the western caribbean uh central central bank uh right and then the eastern caribbean commerce layer would be able to interact with the western caribbean uh uh you know pneumo layer it you know for lack of a better term through the common api because it is uh now you're built in sort of a forward interoperability by having this api layer but i'm also suggesting that that api layer could could enhance interoperability even you know without uh going to a different uh ledger but with going to a different system totally yes i totally see what you mean and we do have some patents pending so i need to be careful with what i'm saying but there are some very amazing opportunities for cross network across infrastructure interoperability leverage in that api layer like you're seeing i'm thinking things like atomic transactions between currencies and different things like that that are very exciting that this api layer can offer in terms of you know provides a little bit of business logic um before gehen to the actual ledger so there are a lot of opportunities there um for enhanced use cases especially around cross border and cross currency um that we are actively investigating and seeking patents on at the moment um but uh so vipin i i contribute on the architecture and use cases working group um yes we we contributed if you remember uh money showed up and i i was there talking about etalar uh i mean maybe uh that was the use case we contributed you contributed the eccb uh dxcd use case i suppose um the the just just to wrap that up i can actually put you in contact with my cto uh to to go through in more detail you know what that api learning looks like and how we see that providing value to the uh entire digital currency ecosystem you know what that layer if everyone has that layer what it could allow and what we use it for today and how we see value from it so i can set that up for you no problem well i mean to tell you the truth uh standards in that api layer will need to be open otherwise it will not be uh useful to connect different uh ecosystems it's good you know if anybody has a proprietary interest it often gets uh lost uh uh as as an alternative because uh you know again it is the gatekeepers of the uh of the api layer who will be controlling who can use it and so on so that's you know that's another topic uh but let's back up a little i mean i i i welcome that is that gabriel or somebody else who's the cto no that's uh that's somebody else that's um jim called jim martin jim martin okay i'll i'll be in touch we have a uh meeting coming up this um friday uh where we will be discussing some of these items um anyway so do you see do you see iso 2022 as um that message and standard um do you see opportunities there for that the new api layer well well my problem with the iso 2022 is that it is not a standard it's a collection of various things that everybody has contributed if you look at the actual uh the you know xml what do you call it definition or the uh or the sort of a data standard and the enumeration yeah yeah you will see that it is uh you know the excess needs and the and the various other parts of the standard you'll see that it's basically a a grab bag of stuff i mean it is huge first of all it is uh uh you know it's a swift it is uh various other parties i mean uh money can tell you more about uh what what the i wouldn't say what the challenges of using such a system are so unless you can uh you can uh so that's one aspect the other aspect is the lack of cryptographic uh surety or integrity which they have tried to uh allay by using a by creating a new header standard for iso 2022 but it's it's optional which means that most people will not use it use that use that cryptographic integrity part which is the most important part because all of those hacks that swift was uh subject to would not have happened if they had a proper you know the swift empty messages are what the m t messages are the ones that you know many of them got transferred into the iso 20 or 22 without much uh uh change uh our view is that that itself needs a very thorough review uh the the problem is many central banks have followed this they are not technical they do not understand the problems with this and uh money in fact has proposed that uh the cdm which is is does uh data standard should be used because it's it's uh it's got cryptographic integrity and it also models lifecycle events not just it's not just a one-time message passing system there is none of the message you know there are other message passing systems like xc m which is polka dots messaging system other messaging paradigms come out of supply chains and if you go to world economic forum you can see a new uh message standard being proposed there uh which which involves uh cryptographic integrity and it's for trade finance and supply chain documents and uh it contains things like hashes of documents and various other things so it's not just for uh payment systems anyway i don't you know that could be an entirely uh uh you know full hour or hour and a half of work we have started something in our uh hypolysis labs under capital markets it's called xcci sorry cross chain settlement instruction which is similar in uh spirit in the sense that it has cryptographic integrity and references uh inlaid into it that means like for example if i say dxcd how do i know that it is the eastern caribbean central bank digital currency because the iso standard currently 40 to 17 only looks at regular uh currencies then how do you know how do we refer to the new class of cryptocurrencies various people have come up with that uh standard and we are incorporating those kind of thought processes into our xcci because you can have payments in various forms it is a very uh sort of just in the thought process formation stage of xcci i was just going to ask if there's something publicly available that i could really it is it is publicly available the stat you know the proposal it's in high hypolygia labs okay so not much detail is there uh but again let's back up a little bit on this particular thing about privacy i have a couple of questions one is sure um you say that the pii is kept locally i mean off-chain yes uh in a database uh we know we know that this sort of databases are very vulnerable uh in fact even the u.s government didn't seem to be able to secure their internal databases so there you know it's the honeypot problem right i mean you have a honeypot everybody it's not centralized it's not centralized i didn't go into granular detail but it's not a centralized database hosting all of the information so it's uh the information is distributed by financial institutions so if if i bank with first national first national's infrastructure their node on in the commerce they're they're assigned segregated database in the commerce engine is going to have my data if you see what i mean so every financial every participating network player they have you know siloed data that only they control okay beautiful it's better than everything in one place but maybe everything in five places answer i mean because i'm sure that the uh the scale uh of organizations are huge meaning you know maybe 80 percent of the people bank with four or five organizations rather i mean in the u.s it's true you know like if you take jp morgan city uh wells fogo and bank of america you probably cover like you know an 85 percent it's still kind of a honeypot isn't it yes there you know the problem it's a very difficult problem to solve and uh people are working on it you know the whole as i recognize that because we we didn't you know you can use your shard in and channels and all of these different things but we remember this model of um we remember this model of having client information stored by the by the financial institution because it's what they already do so it's not really a paradigm shift if you see what i mean it's easy for them to digest it at this early stage but looking forward you know if there's a clear um scalable very fast solution that is built into this dlt ledger then we have the infrastructure that could allow us to agree to that if you see what i mean yes i do uh i mean we are uh i also run the identity working group and we are you know we have the whole ssi crowd over there with uh you know distributed key management systems uh verifiable credentials and self sovereign identity and all that and we are you know they are still figuring out the last mile problem and how to integrate with legacy systems in such a way that it becomes useful and it is not hackable easily i mean usually that means moving stuff uh to the edges uh more to the edges and how can you secure that data how can you back it up how can you recover it all of this becomes problem anyway going to the wallet app you said that you had two different kinds of wallets one was a custodial wallet and a non-custodial wallet so in terms of the custodial uh and non-custodial wallets do you have limits on how much those wallets can hold uh yes uh so the the the non-custodial wallet is targeted towards financial inclusion so this is really allowing um citizens within the eastern caribbean currency union to on board to digital currency without needing a relationship with a financial institution so this basically provides a a early step for the central bank to make this legal tender that way you know no one really has an excuse for not having it if i show up at your shop and they want to pay you in dxcd you know you're kind of bound to to upset the payment and i think that that's going to be a very you know reaching that critical mass to where that's happening in practice is going to be an important milestone for overall adoption of these types of uh digital currencies i mean it's one thing for the central bank to proclaim it as um legal tender but um you know in practice it needs to be accepted um so set all of that to get back to the point that yes we have this we have a custodial and a non-custodial wallet um and that's really around ensuring that we are not building in um the same frictions that we have in the existing payment system infrastructure where you know uh you know merchant online they have online portal for payments but you need a swift or you need a visa or a mastercard to make the payment so this kind of bridges the gap everyone within the ecu can access the dxcd app and you know it follows that then you know anyone can make payments um an important part there to talk about for the um the non-custodial wallet is is that it leverages the merchant network to cash in and cash out of the digital ec dollar so you can visit a merchant you can hand over cash and the merchant will send you the equivalent of digital dollars to your non-custodial wallet it's a little different with the custodial wallet because you're leveraging your financial institution to just make instant moves from your deposit account to your digital wallet but both wallets can visit merchants and cash in and cash out the custodial wallet financial institutions due to regulations you know they can only really service their existing clients so um a non-custodial wallet wouldn't be able to walk into a bank and get a service because they're not known to the bank so there are limits on all of the wallets the custodial wallets the limits are controlled by the individual financial institution where the wallet is kind of housed or created with the non-custodial wallet the limits are much lower the eccb has implemented entity that they're calling or or multiple entities per territory that they call agencies and these agencies are responsible for verifying the identity of individuals who want to sign up for that non-custodial wallet so while we know that technology exists for ID verification and it can all be done in the back end via you know machine learning and you know looking for different known issues with IDs and lightly mischeck on the selfie and matching that etc they still opted to have an actual compliance team review the applications and approve them before allowing these value-based these non-custodial wallet users to participate in the decash network so there's there's low limits there's that ID verification that's automated by the software and then there's a human that actually eyeballs the ID and the selfie image and verifies so lots of safety and security built into the infrastructure to provide the access but to do it in a very responsible manner you know these technologies are very new and there's a lot of eyes looking in on them so I guess they wanted to go the extra mile to make sure that the infrastructure the framework for a good compliance controls was in place. Great, I have a quick question. Can I jump in here just before we finish? I just wanted to hear a little more detail on your pilot so is this the first stage of your pilot that you say is starting or where are you at in your pilot in the four territories and what activities are part of that pilot? Sure so we are in the kind of closed beta stage where we are currently from the 20th onboarding financial institutions to the infrastructure so they take control of their their infrastructure they start to build out their branches build out their wallets and their users and that stuff so that's kind of where we are we move quickly to onboarding merchants and agencies and getting them transaction ready via teams on the ground visiting them holding their hands making sure they understand how to use the technology and they're ready and then we move to onboarding you know a select group of consumers to start transacting. Beyond that the ECCB will make a final decision after some monitoring and evaluation to see what adjustments need to be made before going public and it's likely that we will go public within two months we'll do this closed beta period and we'll do some monitoring and evaluation and have an assessment and then we'll move into the public launch and that's planned for sometime in March so you can see by the end of first quarter we should be we should be public with this technology. Okay great thanks for thanks for a wonderful presentation and I think we are sort of we have reached the end of the hour a delightful hour and thank you for showing up and presenting on this important topic and we want to make sure that if you can share this slide deck that it would be available to our members and I hope you know I hope we can revisit this topic when you go live in two months yeah yeah that would be great it's just the same all right sure you know thank you for having me and I'm and I'm very to talk with you guys again no problem it's you know it's important that we keep those relationships and we share information and experiences so I look forward to these types of conversations where I can learn and share my experience and my knowledge as well so mutually beneficial from from my side so I'm happy to return and to meet with you guys again and to talk some more in the near future. Well apologies for you know going on at length about messaging systems but I think it's okay I learned I learned something that's fine so anyway we we hope to have you back here with with with your glowing smile back again and I would love that and it is my first opportunity to talk to Amor and I'm very happy to have made your acquaintance thank you same here same here thank you so much for having me and and continue to enjoy your days thank you thank you very much Stephen thank you all right bye