from the Mascone Center in San Francisco. This is Silicon Angles Continuous Coverage of VMworld 2010, now inside the queue. Good morning everybody, good afternoon. This is Dave Vellante, we're back live with Silicon Angles Continuous Coverage of VMworld. Believe it or not, it's day four. It just flew by folks, didn't it? And my name is Dave Vellante and I'm your host this morning from wikibond.org. And we've got a great program again today. We're gonna start this off with a customer panel. And today joining us, we have Jack Ronner, down all the way down to my left, who's the VP of IT at Alpha Staff. Hello Jack, great to have you here. And to Jack's right is Jason Somer, who is the president of Atheon Systems. So thanks very much for joining us. And to my left is Jason Glau, who is a senior storage architect at Compellant. So gentlemen, thanks very much for taking time out of your schedule to join us this morning. So Jack, I wonder if we could start for you. So with you please. So tell us a little bit about Alpha Staff. Why don't you start there and a little bit about your role. Sure. Alpha Staff is one of the leading payroll companies in the U.S. So we are the fourth largest. We cut and manufacture payroll checks as our bread and butter, but everything from benefits to 401k, taxes, workman's comp, that type of thing. Vice President of Technology for Alpha Staff. So as a VP of technology, what's your role there? Somewhere around technology.  My role is more around the infrastructure, so the storage, everything from help desk to storage to networking. All right, so Jason, tell us a little bit about Atheon Systems. Sure, Atheon Systems is a company I founded about 10 years ago. We're a systems integrator and outsourced provider for firms here in San Francisco, primarily financial firms like hedge funds, et cetera. My role as president is one of consulting and infrastructure design. And we've built an IT team and small firms buy into that as their solution for IT support internally. And we're kind of in a unique position in the sense that we're also a reseller of compelling. So we kind of see it from both perspectives of selling it and also using it with our client base. And you were telling me before we went on that you were actually pretty hands-on and technical, probably more technical than most people with the title of president. Well, I keep my company small so that we can provide a really high level of service and a very close relationship with my customers. And so not only that, I just really like the technical aspects. So as much as I enjoy running a company and managing people, I like to stay very much in touch with the technology. And I think that's very valuable to my customers. Great. So in Jason Glau, we had Phil Soren on yesterday. So we know what Compellent does and how long you've been with Compellent? I've been with Compellent now for a little over three years. And prior to that, I was a two-time customer. So I actually been involved with Compellent for going on seven years now. Were you a customer, two other firms? Two other firms in San Diego County. So it was Kiosera, Kiosera America. They're a large global company. And then following that, I was hired by Viejas Casino, Indian Casino in California to design and build a new data center. So you were an early Compellent customer. Is that right? Or are you just jumping jobs like I do in six months? I was one of the early adopters. Yeah, one of the first systems in San Diego. Ah, cool. So, Jason S., I wonder if you could give us your perspectives of VMworld. How was the show for you? You know, I thought the exhibitors were really interesting. I had a couple of things that I was looking for. In particular, ways to accelerate VDI, improved management tools for VMware and that sort of thing. So that was very interesting. How about you, Jack? I'm sorry we have to make you reach over to that mic, but what did you see that was of interest to you? How was the show for you? Well, the show, first of all, it was an, you guys had amazing weather here. San Francisco is absolutely gorgeous. So great place to have a show. You know, it's amazing, as you said, day fours. It's here. It's okay. Okay. And, you know, I think we had a record turnout compared to last year, which was the record turnout from the year before. And it's obviously, this whole virtualization thing might actually work, I think. Yeah, right. We had Todd Nielsen on. He told us that the number was 17,000, which is pretty incredible. I think it's one of the best shows of the year, if not the best. Lot of diversity and really interesting. I would think from a customer standpoint, you get a really good perspective across the ecosystem as opposed to a lot of shows, it's just sort of one really vendor centric. You find that here? Everything is, of course, dealing with virtualization VMware, but as you said, every manufacturer has a foothold in VMware now. Every single partner has something to do with VMware and it's a central focus. I was trying to explain to our tax cad driver what VMware was, and I was like, where do I start? Yeah. All right, here's what's not. It's not Hyper-V, but besides that. Yeah. So, Jack, tell us a little bit more about your operation.  Just paint a picture for our audience. Yeah, a quick picture is, you know, we're a pretty small company. We started out with two refurbed Delsovers seven years ago. Company's around 12 years old, but now we have roughly 200 virtualized servers, mostly on-compellant, and like most people with them, when you get to tiered architecture and virtualization, it's pretty easy to get to 100 servers overnight. So, and how many physical servers? Wow, I have no idea. I wish I was more technical, but I have to imagine that we're pretty lean. We're typically at a seven to one ratio. Yeah, okay. All right, and I'm sorry, how much storage did you say you had? I think we'd lost count somewhere around 500 terabytes. Okay, decent size for... Yeah, small company, but the virtualization's already allowed us to increase the quality of our product. And by that, I mean, we have dev environments everywhere now, QA staging, and being able to quickly roll and provision hosts by a compelent or by, you know, in addition with VMware, allows us to do those at quality level. And do you know how much your application portfolio is virtualized? Yeah, we are roughly about 99% virtualized, and everything that can be virtualized, we've done. It's the only things that require certain smart cards or otherwise that can be virtualized. So, configuration nuances are the only things... Yes, right. So far, we found there's really no reason if not to virtualize, if you can. Okay, now Jason Somer, you're coming at this from a little wider perspective, both as a consumer of storage and systems, particularly compelent storage, and also an integrator and seller of those. Is that right? Yeah, that's right. You know, to be a reseller of compelent was an easy decision. We started off as a customer, basically, representing one of my customers, Passport Capital, Hedge Fund, that at the time needed a very high performance sand. We had already made a commitment to VMware and needed virtualized storage to go along with virtualized servers.  It's not a really core focus of my business in a broad sense, but I decided to, you know, partner with compelent because just very impressive the product. I think they, you know, compelent leads in pretty much every category, and in particular, they're strong in areas that are really important to us, particularly in finance. You know, I was saying to, I've been in and out of the storage business for a while now as an analyst and executive and did some other things. I was saying to Phil Soren yesterday that when I first heard about compelent, I think they called me up and said, hey, let's do a briefing. And they were describing the architecture, the automated storage, all this stuff that I used to associate back in the day with mainframes. And I was just shocked. And then, you know, when I saw a picture of it, I said, this can't be. And of course, so compelent, and of course some others, real pioneers in the industry, and you guys are sort of at the forefront of adopting those technologies. And what does that meant to your business? Yeah, well, you're correct. There is, it's kind of come full circle where we're coming back to some concepts that were prevalent in mainframe, right? But for all the right reasons, right? If you take a look at computing in the last 20 years, you know, client server began as kind of an alternative to mainframe computing. It empowered organizations to do a lot more with their server infrastructure. And, but now coming to virtualization, it's kind of the best of both worlds where you can take advantage of, you can really take control of your computing environment and do what you want with it, right? But also benefit from storage, tiering and things. I think, you know, specifically compelent, the data progression feature is really important for us. It works quite well and it means that we're not wasting expensive disks at fast spindle speeds on data that doesn't need to be there. And that's, you know, an important factor in, you know, designing our environment and making sure that we're spending money where it needs to be spent. And so compelent really leads there. So one of the things in Wikibon that we've talked about a lot and my colleague David Fleurer has written about a lot and we've been following this virtualization for a number of years, and one of the things he said early on was if you're going to virtualize your servers you better think about the storage as well. And in fact, most customers at the time were not virtualizing the backend storage unless they were buying, you know, companies like compelent. So we know that virtualization really taxes storage. Some people say it breaks storage. So, so Jason Cloud, tell us a little bit about why that is and maybe how you guys are sort of addressing that problem, both from the standpoint of, you know, traditional VMware implementations and also VDI, let's talk a little bit about VDI. Yeah, I think the challenge with virtualized storage environments is that they need to be able to scale, right? So we were talking about how development environments, QA environments just spring up out of nowhere once you have this flexibility to build new virtual machines and provision new storage instantly. So you have this server sprawl situation. It's contained within a virtualized environment but they're still sprawl nevertheless. So designing an infrastructure that can endlessly grow in scale to give you that endless performance and capacity capability is real important. So in terms of breaking storage, absolutely, the traditional storage model is, is a set defined pool of resources, right? The new storage model is a pool of resources that can endlessly expand as you grow, right? So I think with loads like VDI, you start to tread into this very unpredictable world, right? Whereas your server environments, your SQL servers, your mail servers, they're all very predictable. We know what those loads are going to be on a day-to-day basis but no one can predict what an end user is going to do, right? With a VDI session using sharing your back-end storage, again, you've got to make sure that not only you can scale but you can isolate unpredictable workloads at the same time.  Right, individual users have been known to do that. Okay, so are you guys using a VDI jack when we start with you? No, okay, so how about you, Jason? Do you and your customers, I mean? Yeah, we're looking into it, implementing it where we can. For us, it comes into play from a disaster recovery and business continuity standpoint. We need a way to be able to allow traders and portfolio managers, et cetera, to be able to access trading systems, order management systems, remotely in the event of a disaster recovery or business continuity situation. I think VDI honestly has a little bit of ways to go in terms of being able to provide a day-to-day desktop solution for really high-end users. And so I'm speaking of traders and I think there's other industries as well where software development, et cetera, where it still has a little bit of ways to go. But it's a very important piece and we're looking at ways to make the best of it. And you definitely need a high-performance virtual storage in order to maximize the potential. And so. You know, my personal take, I wonder if you guys could comment on this, is that VDI just isn't a great fit today as it stands for a lot of especially small and mid-sized organizations. People don't want to give up their beefy laptops and there's issues around graphics and the economics thus far haven't been that great. Unless it's a very specific use case, like a call center or maybe a claims desk or things like that. Do you guys, would you agree with that? Yeah, I would. That's why I think it's evolving. I think it's getting better. But you're exactly right. We've identified a particular use that works for us. I think it's indispensable with respect to DR and so we're still looking to see the industry evolve a little bit where we're hoping to see products come out that will allow us to synchronize virtual desktops to physical traditional desktops to help with mobility and business continuity. Yeah, it's definitely becoming more common now. We're seeing a lot of larger enterprise and even in the high end of the mid-range space we're seeing more VDI. You know, component being involved at the very low end all the way up to the very large enterprise. We get to see the entire spectrum and I think that VDI, obviously the ROI is there when you've got a larger number of clients, right? Larger number of client desktops that can be virtualized, centralized. But then there's still that issue of control so I don't think the politics of VDI will ever go away. It'll just be a new and better way to handle it. When I first purchased it, it wasn't an option for me especially at Kyocera. We had AutoCAD developers where 3D graphics and the intensive CPU resources on their desktops were a big part of our business, right? So I think even now today, that's still a challenge but many companies are getting there. I'm sensing a real change from the messaging that we're hearing from VMware around the desktop in general. In fact, it's almost like they're avoiding the term desktop and starting to use the term end user and make the user the focal point of that innovation where you've got iPhones and blackberries and iPads and of course desktops and laptops and to maybe give data access to all those devices and a consistent experience seems to be where their messaging is headed. In my sense is that this management team, we had Todd Nielsen on earlier this week. We had Richard McEnif who runs development for VMware and a number of other executives. They seemed very passionate and the other common thread, Rod Johnson from Spring Source, they really seemed to want to disrupt the current state of the industry. And IT has broken in many ways and they've got to fix it for a variety of reasons, help customers and obviously make a profit and grow a company. And it seems to me that that next wave of end user access is really where they're trying to focus now and that might be the tipping point for that whole desktop virtualization space. You guys have any comments on that or disagree with that, agree with that? Anything? I think as we were talking earlier that we've been trying to do a thin client. We've been trying to do Citrix with thin clients and get this whole ROI for virtual desktop for some time now. And I think for a while it did fit only certain applications such as you were mentioning call centers or you couldn't use it because you were doing AutoCAD. But now I think it fits more into the common space to where it's 80% now it fits 80% of everything it's only 20% that it's not working for quite yet. I mean with the advent of the PCI over IP some of these great new thin clients you're seeing with the use of the protocol, the accelerators they have, the built-in monitors now. I think we use it for, I said we didn't use it, we use it for DR and that's a great, great use case. But now you're seeing it more and more and I think obviously view and obviously some of the hardware changes, the protocol changes have been obvious in this exhibition. Yeah, so I think I agree with that. That's gonna make VDI benefit, we had some customers on that were saying that with Windows 7, you know, 90 plus percent of the functionality of a laptop or a desktop is there. Very high, you know, 99% and they seem to be very happy. I still think my sense is that Microsoft is gonna be able to play very strongly in that game. They'll play pricing games, they'll put out new products, et cetera, VMware in my view has gotta change the game in order to have a major impact or otherwise it'll be more of a niche as is Citrix right now. So that's sort of what I'm looking for and what we've been talking about in SiliconANGLE and the Wikibon community but, you know, it's fun to pontificate about this stuff. Let's go ahead. Yeah, I was gonna say, I think we're gonna see a hybrid environment for a long time, right? As a mobile user, I'm an architect, I meet with customers all day long. I've gotta have my 100% of my compute resources with me all the time and mobile, unconnected. But then I have a virtual machine back in Eden Prairie, Minnesota at headquarters that I log into for various tasks that I'd like to be able to do at the corporate headquarters. So I'll pull up that desktop when I need it, shut it down when I don't. So I think you're gonna see that across the board. Just folks are gonna want their private place and we've seen it with the phones too. Even on my mobile device now, I can connect to that virtual machine. So like you're saying, we're gonna find there is that in user experience, you're gonna want that common experience wherever you are, but then again, I think you're still gonna need that resource that's disconnected. Yeah, that's right. It's fun to riff on these things and pontificate. You guys, if you want to be an analyst or a reporter, you get bored with what you're doing, let me know, can you write? Do you like to write? Let's talk about integrated data management. Jason, what does integrated data management mean to a compelling? What are we talking about when we talk about integrated data management? All right, so we're talking about managing the data rather than just storing it, right? A lot of systems where you're just given a place to dump your data and then nothing intelligent happens behind the scenes, right? So integrated data management is about understanding how you're using the data, making appropriate decisions, making cost-effective decisions, right? Maybe even not essentially making the decision for you, but alerting you that a potential for savings is there, right? I think the reporting suite that virtualization solutions provide today gives customers that wealth of information to make good decisions around what they do with their data. You'd be surprised at how many times we meet with customers that have a false impression of their actual workloads. They get the data on the system and they realize 95% of that data moved down to say to drives and during the design phase, we might have been aggressive with a 70-30 split sort of suggestion to the customer and when we find out over 95% moves down, that's usually a surprise to folks that didn't realize that so little of their data was really busy each day. So it's really all about more intelligently understanding how the data is being used. If a human ever attempted this, we'd fail miserably, right? Only a block controller that understands how blocks are being used could achieve that successfully. So, Jack and the other Jason, so for years we've just sort of stove piped our infrastructure and that's the way in which people manage it, whether it's files and block or even high end and low end. Do you feel a need to unify those or are you comfortable sort of leaving things separate and managing them separately? What's your philosophy on that, Jason? Or your customer's philosophies. Maybe you can share what you're seeing in your base. Well, you mean with respect to reporting? No, specifically taking say a block infrastructure, like a traditional block infrastructure and separating that from a file based, NAS based architecture. Do you want to keep those separate and why or your customers and you want to bring them together and or why? I mean, I think it ranges, but personally I like to see things integrated.  It's just easy to manage. And then if certain types of data might make sense on NAS and you might want to move it to SAN, it's much easier to do it if it's all within an inclusive product set rather than on disparate products, that sort of thing. Yeah, so as long as it's predictable. Yeah, exactly. Exactly. I mean, it doesn't have to be the very best, highest end performance as long as it's consistent. Sometimes you do. Sometimes you do in certain applications need absolute, you know, performance. Would you isolate those types of applications? Yeah, absolutely. Virtualization allows that, right? That's one of the greatest benefits of virtualization is you can identify applications that need to have resources focused very, very sharply on them and do it. And you're not limited. Jack, is this an issue for an organization of your size? You know, as you said, everything used to be separate, right? And virtualization does allow you to have tighter control over those separate entities. On the other hand, it's all about making your data easier now too. You know, I'm fairly evangelical around compelent and I always say I made two mistakes with compelent. One is they tried to talk me out of buying a bus 15K SAS disk, you know, you don't need this. Your SATAs are going to work for you. You know, our algorithm does work. And we're like, no, no, no, let me just go ahead and make sure I got enough spindles and enough speed. So my first mistake was buying too many drives. I really didn't need them. Not as a mistake, but they were right. My second mistake was not listening to the first mistake, right, but you know, their fluid data, their fluid data progression really works well. And I would say, you know, for 99% of my data, whether it's my ERP system or file data, this compelent does what it's supposed to do without my interaction with it. So combining all those resources, I happen to use SSDs as well. Yeah, and so by having that smaller, it's a much smaller tier as far as capacity, but by having that option for extremely low latency, extremely high IOPS, and allowing the algorithm to do its work effectively, I feel comfortable now in migrating everything to compelent, migrating everything to basically the same sand. I have all the IOPS and latency issues kind of resolved at the moment. So Jack, do you envision, and maybe you're moving in this direction already, sort of two tiers, so tier zero, SSD, flash, and then a bit bucket, you know, tier three SATA? You know, it's all about cost, right? If everything was the same price, we'd all do SSDs, right? And so that's the whole point for tier storage. It's cost per megabyte or per gigabyte or per terabyte right now. And so I see, we're still going to stay on the three tiers, but of course as the price of SSD is going down, everybody's been waiting for this for years. For us, it has been a lifesaver moving to SSD. I think we have one of the use cases to where, you know, we don't have extremely high IOPS, but we have extremely high latency due to some of our legacy file applications and ERP applications, and so we were having some pretty critical performance issues in some areas where SSD was the answer at even a high price point. That's been a consistent theme that I've heard from a lot of customers this weekend and elsewhere. Yeah, absolutely. I think we're going to see a consistent trend of more SSD use. We're going to see the two tiered systems move to three tiered as they adopt SSD. We saw a sharp rise this year just with the lower cost of SSD and I think that trend's going to continue. So as the cost of these resources comes down, we'll see more customers deploying and realizing the benefits, right? Like you said, jack lower latency is one of the key reasons, but there's a small minority of data that really needs that highest performance lowest latency. But I think you're going to see the three tiered architecture because there's still going to be a majority of that data that would reside on those 15K spindles. We'd call that the tier two today, right? So I think what we'll find is as the cost goes down, tier two may start to disappear, but over the next year or two, I think we'll still see more of a three tiered architecture. Jason Somer, you mentioned reporting. Actually my colleague, David Floyer is in the audience and he's done a lot of analysis on various systems and subsystems working with like PG&E. We have this service where we provide energy consulting, we're working with PG&E and we have to look at the reporting of the vendors to actually see what the utilization is and other factors so we can calculate how much energy is actually being saved when you move to these types of systems. So he's assessed that a lot. David, we're a couple of the vendors who have the best reporting. Just shout it out, I'll repeat it. They have the best reporting, yeah. Yes, their compelling, would you put them at the top? Are they the best in your opinion? Really the best, the single best. Number one in your view. Now you haven't evaluated everybody, right? Is that, almost all of them? Okay, so that's an expert's opinion, an independent opinion and I mention that because he has often said to me, he's shocked that more vendors don't do a better job with reporting because it helps their customers and it helps the customers to justify the expenditures. Yeah, I agree, I mean a lot of competing products tack on reporting like an afterthought and it very much feels that way and it's less than useful. I mean, the compelence reporting is excellent. At my fingertips, I have everything I need to analyze how my storage is allocated and to kind of also continue the point of data progression. We're in a situation where virtualization is still kind of coming out of its infancy and best practices are still evolving. There's consensus is building on how to best do this. One of the things that can happen very easily as you're architecting a virtualization environment is you can misallocate data. Well, with compelent, we might take a look at a particular database and say that might reside best on 15K RPM SAS drives but perhaps in practice, much of that data is better suited for SSD or something else. Well, we don't have to be exactly accurate the first time we provision it. We can let data progression analyze it automatically, move it around and optimize it and so reporting goes hand in hand with that where we can see where our data is going and then make more better informed decision and as we get used to the system and everybody's data is different. I mean, as Jack was pointing out, he has really particular requirements. Every industry is different, every business is different. Compelent is so flexible that you can make mistakes in provisioning, get it wrong the first time but the stakes aren't so high. It's not a big deal. Yeah, I seriously think it's a great point and I'm freaking out if you didn't get it right, you know, optimizing on day one because eventually you'll get there and the system will learn within days, weeks, months, whatever it is. Usually days or less even sometimes. So, and then- Of course you had to do that manually, forget it. You have an army of people trying to tune the thing. Yeah, on any other sand that could be actually really difficult to have to move the data elsewhere, provision it differently, you know. And with Compelent it's actually, you know and we were the biggest skeptics. I mean, we're very careful about selecting our technology and we took a look at some of the, you know, like data progression and some of the more cutting edge features of Compelent and we're like, yeah, you know, this won't work, right? But then we set it up and actually it works really well and you know, during migrations and P2V migrations and moving from traditional, you know, physical server to virtual, we've had our issues but when the smoke cleared, you know, it wasn't Compelent. Compelent stood alone as the one piece of the architecture that through it all had been totally stable and had performed as advertised. Yeah, and that's why Compelent's doing so well. So the stock price is up, you see three pars going crazy. The reason is that IT today is really driving towards simplicity, right? Jack, get a comment there.  And I can think of two products I use, Riverbed, actually being one and Compelent to actually, or Mays, they actually do exactly what they say and much exceed, and high exceeds our expectations. I think it's a Minnesota thing, you know? I really do. Let's set expectations realistically and try to over deliver, right? Not try to hype it too much. So my last question, let me start with Jack. So what's on Compelent's to-do list? What do you want to see them do to make your life easier? You know, that's a difficult question. You know, obviously I'm drinking the Kool-Aid but to make my life easier, it's already happening. I mean, we looked at all the other our storage vendors out there. We did extensive testing with Compelent. They over delivered on what they promised already. I see new technologies coming in the future, such maybe QOS on traffic, you know, traffic shaping over the network from the sand, but they're delivered on the ROI right away. I'm able to reduce headcount or change my headcount from having full-time sand administrators to now using those highly skilled people to do more projects at the same time. So, you know, at the moment, they're definitely the leaders in the technology. I think they're shaping where it goes. So, Jason, anything you'd add to that? I would just kind of confirm what Jack said in terms of ease of administration. From a business standpoint, you know, I need system, I'm looking for systems that are simple and elegant. I mean, get the job done and they can be quite complex under the hood, but I want an interface that's simple and concise and intuitive at least from the standpoint of a sysad, right? So, I don't want to have to use my senior systems administrative cycles on just day-to-day maintenance. I want them working on projects and designing infrastructure. And, you know, the interface and management of compelling is such that I can have intermediate level people, you know, provisioning loans and things like that if I, it doesn't require such a high level of expertise to use it on a day-to-day basis. That's really important. Right. Okay, folks, we have to wrap, but Jack Ronner, Jason Solmer, Jason Glaup, really appreciate you guys coming on, sharing your perspectives with the SiliconANGLE community. This is SiliconANGLE's continuous coverage of VMworld Live. Gentlemen, thanks for coming on today. All right, thanks for having me. I really appreciate it. And we will be back with John Furrier and myself talking a little bit about what we saw this week and maybe some predictions. Be right back.


We have discussed various techniques for increasing the instruction level parallelism to enhance the speed of processor in the last 8 or 9 lectures. So, before we start a new topic that is how you can enhance the speed of memory by using hierarchical memory organization, today we shall discuss about some problems in this tutorial class. So, first problem is using Amdahl's law, compare speed ups of a program that is 98 percent vectorizable for a system with 16, 64, 256 and 1024 processors, what would be a reasonable number of processors to build into a system for running such an application. As you know the speed up can be expressed in the form of an equation where speed up will be equal to 1 by 1 minus fraction enhanced, as you know a fraction of the program can be executed in enhanced form, so 1 minus fraction enhanced plus fraction enhanced and divide by the speed up because of enhancement. So, here the speed up that we are discussing may be because of several reasons, the speed up may arise because of you know pipelining, because of you know as you know you can use parallelism we have already discussed various techniques, whatever you do that may not be applicable to all parts of the program or you may use a special processor like floating point processor, so in such a case enhancement will take place only in the small part, so using this expression we can do the computation, so if we consider 16 processors it will be speed up will be equal to 1 by 0.02 that is 1 minus this is 90 percent is vectorizable, vectorizable means you have got a vector processor where you can execute in parallel 98 percent, so 1 minus 0.98 is 0.02 plus 0.98 by 16, where 16 is the number of processors that you can use whenever you do the whenever you do vector processing, so since you have got 16 processors this will be 0.98 by 16, so the speed up that you get is 12.3 by using 16 processors, so in a similar way whenever you use 64 processors you get a speed up of 28.3 and whenever you use 256 processors you get a speed up of 42 and similarly whenever you use 1024 processors you get a speed up of 47, so as you can see here the cost performance ratio that means the number of processors that you are utilizing is increasing but the speed up of increasing and not increasing at that rate, so if you consider the cost performance cost means essentially in this particular case cost represents number of processors and performance means speed up that you have achieved by using so many processors. If you consider that you will find that for the first case speed up is very close to 1 it is 16 by 12.3 because 16 is the number of processors and speed up is 12.3 16 by 12.3 in the second case it is 64 by 28.4 little less than 4, so on the other hand in this particular case it is 256 processors you are using and 42 is the speed up, so your cost performance ratio is 256 by 42 it is close to 6. On the other hand in this case whenever you go for 1024 processors you get only a speed up of 47, so very marginal increase in speed up from 42 to 47. Although the cost performance ratio is quite high 21 in this particular case that means 1024 by 47, so therefore we find that since the increase in speed up is marginal and cost performance is increasing significantly whenever we go from 256 to 1024 processors. So, reasonable number of processors that you can use in your system is 42, so we can conclude from this observation. So, the second problem that we shall be discussing is also related to this, in this case using Amdahl's law compare speed ups for programs with vectorizability decreasing from 98 percent to 95 percent, 90 percent, 85 percent and 80 percent. Here the objective is to see how the speed up changes as the vectorizability or later on we can say in terms of your instruction level parallelism we can say vectorizability. So, or it can be instruction level parallelism a kind of another parameter I mean what is the parallelism that is exist in a program, so vectorizability and instruction level parallelism is somewhat similar in notion. So, as the instruction level parallelism decreases there also we will find that we will not get good speed up. Similarly, in this particular case we are considering in the context of vector processors where you can perform computation in parallel using a large number of processors. So, as the vectorizability decreases how the performance degrades even if you increase the number of processors, so that is the study that we can make from this problem. So, we can see here the vectorizability is decreasing for a system with number of processors increasing from 4 to 16 to 64 and 1024. So, we shall be increasing the number of processors and for different cases of vectorizability. So, solution is given in this case in the tabulated form, so whenever the vectorizability is 98 percent and as you increase the number of processors we can see the speed up is increasing, but obviously the cost performance will be decreasing as we increase the number of processors. So, for 4 processors we are getting a speed up of 3.77 it is very close to 1 for 16 processors again little less than 1 and as we have discussed in the first problem. And in this case as we have seen that the reasonable number of processors that you can use in your system is 250 and you will get a speed up of roughly close to 42. Now, if the vectorizability decreases to 95 percent you can see for the same number of processors the speed up is less. So, speed up is less, but the speed up decreases more rapidly as we increase the number of processors, so you can see here the speed up is 9.1 for 16 processors little more than half I mean 2 is to 1, then for 64 processors it is close to I mean it is 4 is to 1 for 256 processors it is less than 10 about 12 is to 1. And so you can see the speed up is decreasing compared to the previous case as we have decreased the vectorizability. Similarly, for 90 percent vectorizability we see the speed up for different number of processors is increasing, but there is very small increase as you go for larger number of processors. So, as you increase the large number of processors the speed up does not increase much. And similarly for 80 percent increase 85 percent vectorizability in a program you find that speed up is 2.76 for 4 processors, 16 for 4.92 processors, 6.12 for 64 processors and you can see even if we increase from 64 to 256 processors the speed up is only increasing by fraction that means from 6.12 to 6.52. And again if we increase the number of processors to 1024 the speed up will be only 6.63, so very small increase in speed up. And similarly for 80 percent vectorizability situation is much more worse as we can see for 4 processors we get a speed up of 2.5 for 16 processors only 4, 4 is to 1 performance for 64 processors little more than 4. And you can see it does not exceed 5 even for 1024 processors. So, what is the lesson that we learn from this observation? So, the lesson that we learn from this observation is from it is evident from that table that as the vectorizability decreases the speed up keeps on decreasing for a given number of processors that we have seen. Moreover, the speed up decreases rapidly for higher number of processors. Therefore, it is more cost effective to use large number of processors when vectorizability is high. So, that means if we translate it in terms of ILP. So, unless you have large ILP instruction level parallelism you cannot really go for large number of stages in a pipeline or if you are using superscalar processor then you should not increase if you go for superscalar processor then you should not increase the number of functional unit in the superscalar if the instruction level parallelism is not high. That means that is the reason why you will see the number of functional units used in superscalars processors does not exceed beyond 6. Typical values are 4, 5, 6 not more than that and this is what you have learned from this problem. Let us now switch to third problem. In this case a workstation uses 1.5 megahertz processor with a claimed MIPS rating of 10 MIPS. 10 MIPS rating to execute a given program mix assume a one cycle delay for each memory access. What is the effective CPI of the processor? You can see in this particular case the MIPS can be expressed as clock rate by CPI into 10 to the power 6 or so CPI is equal to clock rate. Therefore, CPI that you get is clock rate by MIPS into 10 to the power 6 and by substituting different values we get 1.5 into 10 to the power 6 by 10. So, into 10 to the power 6 that is only 1.15. So, CPI is equal to 0.15 what does it mean? It means it is a superscalar processor and since it is a superscalar processor that is why you are getting a CPI of less than one. So, CPI of less than one can be obtained for superscalar processor and in this case you get CPI of 1.5 and that is the reason why in case of superscalar processor normally in case of superscalar processor normally instead of stating in terms of CPI it is stated in terms of instruction per cycle IPC and that will be more than one. Let us now go to the second part of the problem. Second part of the problem is let the processor speed is upgraded to 30 megahertz clock keeping the memory system unchanged. If 30 percent of the instructions require one memory access and another 5 percent require two memory accesses per instruction what is the performance of the upgraded processor with a compatible instruction set and equal instruction count in the given program mix. So, in this particular case what is happening you have increased the speed of the processor and however using this value that 30 percent of the instructions require one memory and 5 percent requires two memory. So, if we substitute it here that is your average number of memory accesses per instruction will be 0.3 into plus 2 into 0.05 that is 0.4. So, number of extra cycles will be 0.4 into 1. So, if we add this with 0.15 we get a CPI of 0.55. So, that means we are adding with the previous case whatever we got that is your 0.15. Now, because of the memory accesses there is a delay and so your CPI is now 0.55. So, with this CPI we get a mix rating of 30 by 0.55 that is your 54.5. So, that is the mix rating that we get in this particular case. So, we can see although it is a superscalar processor with a large I mean quite large degree we are not getting much benefit because of the delays in the memories. So, now let us switch to problem 4. In case of problem 4 consider the following code sequence of mips where the each instruction carry their usual meaning add R 2, R 5, R 4. So, here you are writing the value into R 2 by adding the content of R 5 and R 6. So, in the second instruction again you are adding the value of R 2 with that of R 5 and storing it in R 4 and here it is a store word you are storing the content of register R 5 into memory location computed by adding 100 with the content of R 2. So, we find that and fourth instruction is again an add instruction which is storing the value of the content of R 2 and R 4 in register R 3. Now, we find you have got a number of the question was enlist each of the data dependences present in this code along with its type specify which of the data hazards present in the above code sequence can be resolved by forwarding justify your answer. Now, you see this instruction 1 and instruction 2 these two they have read after write hazard because you are reading after this write. So, there is a read after write hazard between instruction 1 and instruction 2. Similarly, instruction 1 and 3 also has got a read after write hazard because you are using R 2 to compute the effective address that is used for the purpose of storing in memory location. I mean in memory location and content of R 5 is being stored in the memory location computed by using R 2 or 100. So, again this is a read after write type of hazard. Similarly, the fourth instruction is also having a read after write type of hazard because of R 2 and you are writing the value of R 2 in instruction 4 and there is another hazard present here you see that between R 2 and instruction 2 and instruction 4. So, that content of that R 4 you have loaded in I mean computed by using the content of R 2 and R 5 and stored in R 4 and R 4 is being used in instruction 4. So, we find there are four read after write type of hazards. The question naturally arises which of them will lead to hazard, will all of them lead to hazard or some of them will lead to hazard and then we can answer the second part. So, let us see which of them will lead to hazard. Let us consider the four instruction that you know that you can write it in this way instruction fetch, instruction decode, instruction execution, then memory access and write back and second instruction, instruction decode instruction, sorry instruction fetch, instruction decode, instruction execution, memory and write back. Third is instruction Third is instruction fetch, instruction decode, instruction execution, then your memory and write back and this is the fourth instruction fetch, instruction decode, instruction execution, memory operation and write back. Now in between you have got the registers, pipeline registers present in all the cases, so here also you have got pipeline registers present in all the cases. Now the question was, at least each of the data dependences present in this code specify which of the data hazards present in the above code sequence can be resolved by forwarding. First of all let us find out, I mean we have already considered the data dependences and now which of them can be resolved by using forwarding let us see. Now whenever this instruction execution is going on, this instruction execution has already taken place, so directly you can provide the data by forwarding from here to here. So the first hazard as you can see can be overcome by you first that hazard that will arise will be overcome by using forwarding. Then second one here second one again can be overcome by using forwarding, so you can see by using forwarding this can be overcome. Now the third hazard that you have already discussed that between one and four read after write although there is a dependency, but by the time that instruction execution is taking place data is now already available in the register, so you can directly feed it from here to the fourth instruction. So you can see here this fourth instruction will not lead to any hazard, so there is no need for forwarding in this case. So only one and two will require forwarding, one and two can be resolved by using forwarding, the third one need not be resolved by using forwarding, because already the data has been written into the register it can be written from the register itself. So there is no need for reading it from the pipeline register, but it can be read from the architectural register that is present in the ALU. So it can directly read from art to itself, so it will come to the can be provided to the instruction. Now let us come to the last one between two and four, two and four you see you are two and four you are here you will be reading, so now the forwarding can be done, because it is available here reading will take place here, so you can from this stage you will do the forwarding and it will go to this instruction execution stage. So you will require three forwarding to resolve the hazards and that is what I have written one two four can be resolved by forwarding ALU output and memory output, however the third one does not lead to any hazard. So this is the problem that deals with the dependencies and hazards that can be resolved by using forwarding. So forwarding is a expensive hardware that is used, but this is very useful from this as it is clear it can overcome lot of hazards with the help of the forwarding unit. Now let us come to the problem five, time required to perform instruction fetch is four nanosecond instruction decode is two nanosecond, instruction execution is three nanosecond, operand fetch in memory is four nanosecond, writeback is two nanosecond. So what has been done here we are considering a processor where the instruction fetch can be done in four nanosecond, instruction decode can be done in two nanosecond, instruction execution can be done in three second, then memory operation can be done again in four nanosecond because instruction fetch is reading from instruction memory and this memory operation is usually involved with data memory. So again four cycles will be required and then final operation that is your operand fetch or writeback you can say is performed in two cycles. So this is the value that is given in your that can be performed. Now whenever you implement single cycle non pipeline processor then what you try to do you perform all the operation in one cycle that means the instruction fetch may be it is taking four cycles, instruction decode two cycles, then three cycles, four cycles. So four nanosecond, two nanosecond, three nanosecond, four nanosecond and two nanosecond. So they will be considered in one cycle, since this is a single cycle then it will require how much time it will require 4 plus 2 plus 3 plus 4 plus 2 that means total number of cycles that you require is 10 plus 15 nanosecond. So 15 nanosecond will be the time period of the single cycle implementation. However the clock frequency that is the speed which is specified in terms of clock frequency will be 1 by 15 into 10 to the power 9 hertz or you can say 1000 by 15 megahertz. Now this is for single cycle implementation. Now let us assume that we are interested in multi cycle, multi cycle implementation that means each of these operations instruction fetch instruction decode instruction execution memory and write back all are performed in different cycles in a multi cycle implementation. So as we know there are three possible alternatives single cycle, multi cycle then pipeline. So before we consider pipelining pipeline in multi cycle implementation what will be the number of cycles required. Number of cycles will be the clock frequency will be decided by you know that the time period of the clock will be 4 nanosecond that is the time period and the clock frequency that means your speed will be 1000 by 4 megahertz that is your 250 megahertz. So whenever we go for multi cycle implementation this instruction fetch instruction decode instruction execution memory and write back all these cycles may not be required to execute in different programs. For example, whenever you are using ALU operations if it is a load store architecture and memory operation is performed separately by using load store architecture and ALU operations are performed separately in such a case this particular clock cycle will not be necessary whenever it is a ALU type instruction. On the other hand if it is a memory type then it will be required. So in such a case all the four cycles five cycles may not be required in different instruction to execute different instructions. However, the speed will the clock frequency will be 250 megahertz and if all the cycles are required total time will be longer than single cycle implementation. However, you may be asking what is the benefit of multi cycle implementation? The benefit of multi cycle implementation is the hardware resources that is required can be less. Why the hardware resources that is required can be less? For example, you can use same memory there is no need for two separate memories you can use same memory whenever we go for multi cycle implementation. So multi cycle implementation will not require two separate memories similarly you will not require two ALU for these two operations. So that is why multi cycle implementation requires lesser hardware. So that is the reason why multi cycle implementation is also popular and compared to non pipeline because in non pipeline all of them are performed in single cycles. So you will require separate hardware resources for performing all these three operations. Whenever we go for pipeline implementation we require separate hardware resources why you require different hardware resources because you will see different instructions will be executed in a overlap manner. So you will require two separate memories for one for instruction another for data. You will require two separate functional units may be for instruction execution and for computation of whenever you perform here you will perform the computation of that PC plus 4. So you will require separate hardware in your pipeline implementation that means if you consider the hardware requirement the single cycle and pipeline implementation will require more hardware. And regarding the clock frequency for pipeline implementation the clock frequency will be same as the multi cycle implementation. So that way it will be clock speed wise it will be same let us see the answer for this. So what will be the clock speed for non pipeline single cycle processor based on the same technology five stage pipeline processor is designed using latches requiring 0.5 nanosecond what is the clock speed of the pipeline processor. So here additional delay will be required because of the latches that means I told you that the clock frequency will be same for multi cycle implementation and pipeline implementation but that is not true if we do not assume that the latches will have zero delay. If we assume non zero delay for latches then the speed of pipeline processors or the clock frequency of pipeline processor will be more. So you have to add the delay of the latches and assuming that there is no stall what is the speed up of the pipeline processor with respect to the non pipeline processor to execute thousand instructions. So this is your problem we have already discussed three different situation now let us go to the solution. So time period for the non pipeline single cycle processor will be 15 nanosecond as I have told. So the frequency will be 1000 by 15 megahertz. Similarly for pipeline processor it will be equal to maximum of the stage time. So in this case maximum is 4 so you will require 4 plus delay of the latch which has been given as 0.05 that means equal to 4 plus 0.05. So you will require a frequency speed of 1000 by 4.5 megahertz that will be the speed of operation for this particular pipeline implementation. As I have already told if it is a multi cycle implementation then speed will be 1000 by 4. Now speed up is will be equal to 1000 into 15 that is the we know that speed up is calculated in this way time for execution for non pipeline by time for execution time for pipeline. In our case time required execution time required for non pipeline will be equal to we are executing 1000 instructions so 1000 into 15 nanosecond. So that is the time required for non pipeline implementation on the other hand time required for pipeline implementation will be equal to 5000 minus 1 k plus n minus 1 as you know into 4.5 that is the time period of the pipeline processor. So this value is roughly equal to 3.32. So we can see in this case the speed up ideally speed up is 5 instead of 5 we are getting 3.32. So we are getting a speed up of 3.32 all even though there is no stall but because of the increase in you have to consider clock frequency corresponding to the delay of the larger stage I mean maximum stage and also because of the delay of the latch. So you see even without stall your pipeline implementation will give lesser speed up. Now let us switch to problem 6. So consider a 4 stage floating point adder with 10 nanosecond delay per stage name the appropriate functions we perform by the 4 stages find out the minimum number of clock periods required to add 100 numbers that is z is equal to a 1 plus a 2 in this way we have got 100 numbers using the pipeline adder assume that the output of stage 4 is routed back to either of the two inputs with delays equal to multiple of the clock period. So I have already discussed about 4 stage I mean floating point pipeline adder and as we have seen the functions to be performed by the 4 stages are given here number 1 is adjust significant you have to adjust the significant corresponding to the exponent of the larger significant I mean 2 exponents will not be same. So you have to adjust the significant corresponding to the number having higher exponent then you have to add the significant in the second stage. In the third stage you will normalize the sum and in the 4 stage you will round up the sum if you have got leading 0s. So these are the 4 operations to be performed in the 4 stages and I have already discussed about this in one of my previous lectures and with the help of an example. So how the adjustment of significant is required here for example 2 numbers although we have considered decimal numbers situation will be same for binary numbers you are adding to numbers but here you have to adjust the significant for example in this case it is minus 1. So the significant has been adjusted for this to make the exponent same 10 to the power 1 then you will be adding the significance to get the sum of the significance. Now you may be asking one question sometimes we use a term called fraction for significant why you are using the name significant conventionally whenever we normalize a floating point number usually you shift in such a way that you start your number starts after the decimal point it can be 1 0 0 0 1 0 that means after the decimal point it is 1 I mean I am considering the case for decimal numbers. So then you have got other numbers so this is how normalization is done but there is a IEEE standard IEEE 754 standard where after normalization the value is 1.0 that means it is 1 before the decimal point and that means you are shifting by 1 and remaining numbers can be here. Question is why this has been done in IEEE 754 the reason for that is by considering this you are getting one additional bit in your fraction and as a consequence resolution is increasing and to increase the resolution that is used. So in such a case we cannot really call it a fraction we have to give a separate name that is why it is called significant anyway. So these were the four stages that we have discussed however our pipeline has to be little different compared to the pipeline that has been shown in this diagram because as you have seen our requirement is assume that the output of stage 4 is routed back to either of the two inputs with delays equal to the multiple of clock cycles. To achieve this we have to modify the pipeline little bit and the modified pipeline is shown in this diagram. Here what has been done the four stages are here adjust significant adjust significant normalize some round of some the traditional stages that is required for adding floating point numbers are given here. And these three these are these blue colored I mean these are essentially the latches. So latches are shown in between different stages. Now you see the output is routed back to the input however you will require two separate latches for the two operands and then they are routed through multiplexers. So in the multiplexers you can feed either the number that is coming that means A1 to A100 that you can feed or you can take the output and you can that means that is being stored in these latches they can be fed through this multiplexer. That means one of the operands can be say A1 and two operands that can be fed is one is A1 another is A2 or it can be A1 is fed here and a number I mean the output of the pipeline that can be fed back and that will go through this multiplexer to one of the as one of the operand to the floating point pipeline adder. So in this way you can do that or what can happen you can save the output in two different latches and then both of them can be fed to the input of the pipeline floating point adder through these multiplexers. So to achieve this flexibility we have added these multiplexers and obviously they will require separate clocks for latches and control signals for these multiplexers. In other words the controller of this floating point adder will be little more complex. Now using this type of pipeline adder let us see how the computation is being performed. So the operation performed in different cycles are given here. On the left hand side you have got the clock numbers 1, 2, 3, 4. So in the first 4 clock cycles we are adding the numbers A1 plus A2 we are generating partial sum then we are adding A3 and A4 which can be done as I told by feeding here Ai and Aj that means A1, A2 is fed here and they are selected and applied to the pipeline adder. So this is how the first input is going then the second input is going and after at the end of fourth cycle you will get the output. The output will be available from the stage at the end of fourth cycle and that is being shown here on this right side column. Similarly A3 plus A4 is fed in the second cycle and output will be available in the fifth cycle, A5 and A6 is fed in the third cycle, output is available in the sixth cycle and A7 plus A8 is fed in the fourth cycle and output is available in the seventh cycle. Now the control will be changed and in the fifth cycle what will be done? Fifth, sixth, seventh in the remaining cycles what will be done? One input will come as we have seen in the fifth cycle so output is generated in the fourth cycle which is stored in this latch which has been latched here and that will be fed to one of the inputs in the fifth cycle. So this A12, A12 that means the result of the addition of the number A1 and A2 that is being fed to one arm of the adder and A9 is fed to another arm that means A9 is fed here and A12 is fed from here to through this multiplexer to another input. So this is how in each cycle will be feeding one input and partial sums will keep on accumulating in the pipeline registers and they will be keeping they will keep coming to these inputs where they will be latched and they will be used as input as it is shown in different cycles. So in this way cycle 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and it will continue till clock number 96. So till clock number 96 it will continue and where you will be feeding one input from the output of the pipeline and another input will come from this from the numbers that has been given. So this way it will continue and you can see these four numbers I mean partial sums you can say that in clock cycle 96 this is being available and in clock cycle 98 this is being available that means this partial sum that means the partial you can see that the addition of numbers is now grouped into four and those four groups will now is now available in the pipeline registers. So in one group you have got addition of A1 plus A2 plus A9 plus A9 plus 413 in this way it will continue till A97. In another group that means this is one sum and another will be A3 plus A4 plus A10 plus A14 in this way it will continue till A97 98. Third group is A5 plus A6 plus A11 plus A15 it will go to N99 and the fourth group will be so these are the partial sums which are available in the pipeline registers. So A7 plus A8 plus A12 plus A16 plus in this way it will continue till A100. So you can see now all the numbers are added but they are available in different pipeline registers. So this is available in the 96 cycles and this is available in the 97 cycles, this is available in the 98 cycles, this is available in the 99 cycles. So now you have to add these four numbers how these additions will be carried out. So to perform the addition of these four numbers what you have to do you have to wait for multiple of cycles because you have to load the first number, this number and second number. So one will be available in this latch, another will be available in this latch. So this output will be available so in one cycle it was latched here, in another cycle it was latched here. So in two latches these are available and then by selecting multiple flexors it will be fed to this pipeline adder. So you can see in 98 cycles you will be able to start adding the first two partial sums that means first two partial sums addition will start in the 98th cycle. Similarly addition of this can start in the 100 cycle because output is available in the 100 at the end of 100 cycles. So you can see in the 100 cycles this is being started and these two results will be available in 102 cycles since it is starting at 98 it will be available in the 101st cycle and this will be available in the 103rd cycle. And these partial sums has been shown as S102 and S104. So now you have to add and which can be fed to the pipeline only at the end of 104 cycle. So in the 104th cycle you can feed these two numbers so in between they were latched in these two latches and now in the 104th cycle that S102 and S104 that means S102 is obtained by adding these two and S104 is obtained by adding these two. So now you have got the sum of these two and you have to add these two numbers and which can be fed in the 104th cycle. So as you feed it in the 104th cycle you will get the result in the 107th cycle. So that means the final output you will be getting at the end of 107th cycle. So you can say that total number of cycles required is 4 for the first 4 where 8 numbers were fed to the pipeline then you will require 92 remaining numbers were fed I mean 8 plus 92 remaining 92 numbers were fed then you will require 2 cycles, 2 wet cycles for adding these two, 2 wet cycles for this and then finally 3 cycles you will require and total is 107 cycles. So this is the last problem that I wanted to discuss in this tutorial and I suggest that you solve problems from the book, try to solve and that is the best way to learn a subject solving problems and that is the reason why I have discussed some problems in this particular tutorial and maybe later on I shall discuss some more problems in other tutorials. Thank you.


Hey folks, it's Harish Swaminathan again. It's 35 minutes into the market and you can see the SMP is down quite a bit. It's down 48 points. The ES futures are down about 43 points and so you can see now the very bearish category has been Has been increasing in numbers. So you have city group Tesla American Express ES of course, Microsoft is also very bearish now Costco is bearish as well as as well as Caterpillar. So all of these are quite bearish So now this is it tells you now We know which are the trades to take because these are going to be the profitable trades When you look at on a particular day basis given that the SMP is weak now granted It might bounce off at some time But if we are taking a trade on Goldman or let's say Tesla Which we identified in the very first five minutes then this would have been a great trade because I think Tesla Around 308 or 9 or something like that and now it's at 300 So that would have been a great put option trade and that's how you would take advantage of these signals and get out of the Trade granted at this point. There should be some kind of a rally back So when it goes down to these extreme levels Then you would want to get out of your put option trades and just wait for the market to come back and perhaps You know, it's going to go down again because Weakness is there in the markets and you can see the mix has climbed again. Now. It's up to three It's 33 and it's up three points today. So that's 10% right there And so markets are looking weak and you would want to hang into your put option trades and go from the even Goldman Sachs is down $5 now if you see Goldman It's right here. And so we had caught Goldman on the very first bar after after market open Or the second bar some so somewhere here and now it's gone down to 155 similarly Tesla Also, we had caught it around 308 or something like that and now it's gone down to 300 In fact, it went down to 295 as well I mean, you can imagine a $10 or $15 move on a stock within 5-10 minutes can produce a significant profit On a day trade. So that's what we are looking at. That's the power of these signals and If you have any questions, please send me an email info at option tiger comm if you want to know more about how you can Access the signaling system. Please send me an email at info at option tiger comm. Thank you


The FBI is investigating the deaths of two men on the Red Lake Indian Reservation. FBI spokesman Michael Kolstead declined to provide any other details about the deaths of 26-year-old Dustin Barrett and 32-year-old James Rojas III, both from the Red Lake area. Authorities say they died on Sunday. If you enjoyed this segment of Lakeland News, please consider making a tax-deductible contribution to Lakeland PBS.


Prwy'n hwn dan, awdur meddwl, a blwyddyn e wedi dda. O'r cwrs, i chi gyddiolch am ymuno a fi heddiw ar gyfer gyngharedd gyntaf i'r wasg Eleni. Thank you for being here today and for joining me in the first press conference of the new year. Dyma'r cyfle i edrych amlaen a dyma'r sy'n mynd i fod yn un braser iawn. What I hope to do today is to look ahead to what will be a very busy term just before Christmas. As you know, I announced my intention to stand down as leader of Welsh Labour and First Minister in March. Tan ar amser hwnnw rwy'n parhau i fod yn brif yn idog a roi'n gynnylbwyntio ar gyflewni'r adhewyon a wneud sy'n gymryd anhyrholiad dweitha. Mae Llawer iawn o waith i wneud rhwng nawr am ismawr ac rwy'r amswnheddiw am rhai o fymlaenoriaethau ar gyfer y trymys nesaf. Until the end of March comes, I will remain as the First Minister here in Wales focused on delivering the promises that my party made to Wales at the last election. There is a huge amount of work to do between now and March, and I want to highlight today just some of the priority things that we will be working on over the next three months. To begin with though, I did just want to say thank you to all of those from the emergency services and many other agencies who have responded to calls about flooding in Wales over Christmas and the new year, as ever, while some of us were not in work and enjoying the festive period, others were out there doing everything that they could to help our fellow citizens in those emergency circumstances. True as well, as ever, of the national health service and the care services who continued in a period where there was huge demand and pressure to provide that help and support. Every year, the busiest period for the health service is the period immediately at the start of the new year. Once again, these have been some of the busiest days and weeks for the NHS right across the United Kingdom. Here in Wales over the Christmas and the new year period, the Welsh ambulance service responded to 23% more 999 calls than in the same period last year, so a huge upswing in demand. Of course, the NHS plans for winter all year round, and in Wales particularly, we have invested in new services to support people so that they don't need to go to A&E or need a 999 emergency ambulance service. We've opened urgent primary care centres across Wales and same day emergency care centres to treat people who don't need to be admitted to hospital. We've introduced the 111 Press 2 service for mental health right across Wales and we've got more people than ever working in the ambulance service. Every one of us can do something to support the NHS and all of those working for it, especially at this time of the year, by choosing the right service for our health care needs. And that absolutely does not mean phoning an ambulance and going to A&E as the first response that you make. If you don't know where to go, then NHS 111 provides urgent health care advice 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and that service remained resilient and available right through the Christmas and the new year period. Mae rwythnos hwn yn nodi ddechrau tŷ mor newydd, lle byddwn ni'n grithio'n galled i basio'r cyllideb fwyaf herio, rydyn ni wedi ddatblygu erioed. This week marks the start of a new term and we will be working hard throughout it to pass the most challenging budgets that we've ever faced in the period of devolution. The finance minister will tomorrow set out how we have redesigned our spending plans to focus funding towards frontline NHS and core local government services as far as possible. But even though services who are receiving additional funding next year will be another difficult one for public services in Wales. A budget, which comes largely from the block grant received via the UK government, has been eroded by the impact of persistently high inflation and it's now worth £1.3 billion less in real terms than when it was set by Chancellor Richie Sunak three years ago. £1.3 billion less than the Chancellor believed Wales needed in order to meet the demands on our public services. It's after more than a decade of austerity, a botched Brexit, a Covid pandemic and a cost of living crisis that we've had to make some very stark and difficult choices as we've developed the draft budget for 24-25. Getting that budget passed by the Senate will be a key piece of work for us between now and March. The coming month will itself be a very busy one. I'll be travelling to Poland on Wednesday to refresh and renew our long standing relationship with Silesia. It's more than 20 years now since Rodri Morgan signed one of the first ever memorandums of understanding for I think more than 600 years between Wales and another part of the world. Rodri signed the MOU with Silesia in 2002 and it's based particularly on our common industrial heritage. We've renewed and refreshed that MOU because there continues to be a great deal that we can achieve together and learn from one another. I'm looking forward to strengthening the ties between Wales and Silesia, especially in relation to how we can deal with post-industrial economies, co-tip safety, which is a real issue for Silesia as it is for us, and tourism possibilities as well. Later this month, the Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales co-chaired by Laura McAllister and Rowan Williams, it will publish its final report later this month. We will also publish our own child poverty strategy and set out proposals for a statutory licensing and registration scheme for visitor accommodation in Wales, just one of the commitments in the cooperation agreement we have with Plaid Cymru. This month, the Senate will vote on the general principles of Senate reform and decide whether the bill, based as it is on recommendations made by a Senate committee, whether that bill should move forward to the amending stage. In this month as well, we expect to learn more about Tata's plans for the future of steel making in Wales. This has been a very uncertain time for Tata employees, their families and businesses in the wider supply chain. As a government, we remain committed to a long-term future for steel making in Wales, and this month we will be continuing to do all we can to support that. Inside the government, we will continue to prepare for the Welsh module of the COVID-19 UK inquiry, which will examine the Welsh Government's response to the pandemic and the in-person hearings for that module of the inquiry will be held in Wales from the end of February. So mae'r flwyddyn newydd yn cyfle i ni gyd i edrych ymlaen gwneud cynlluniadau ar gyfer y flwyddyn i ddod ac i feddwl am newydd diadau sydd i ddod. Start of the new year, it's always an opportunity to look forward to make plans for the year ahead and to think about changes to come. The next three months will bring changes, both for me and for the Welsh Government. Until that time comes, I remain absolutely focused on my job as First Minister and helping the Welsh Government to discharge our responsibilities and the huge amount of work that lies ahead for us during this term. Diolch o gael o'n i chi gyd, ac rwy'n gweithio i'r cwestiynau yn y rhan fwy. Rwy'n gweithio gyda'r cymdeithasol yng Nghymru, ac rwy'n gweithio i'n gweithio i Brunwennau LBC. The start, people have had the whole of the autumn simply to get used to the new policy, and as you've heard, the intention of enforcement authorities is to continue to do so on the basis of engagement where people are in breach of speed limits. The first thing the police will do will be to have a conversation with them to make sure people are aware of the law, their obligations and to help people to make sure that they are living up to those obligations. Where people deliberately break the law, where people drive well above 20 miles an hour in a 20 miles an hour zone, then the law will have to be enforced. But we got very used during the Covid period to the four E's as the police say, which enforcement is the final stage. The early stages are about education and making sure that people understand, and that's how this law will be approached in Wales, as we've said, and having had a significant period for people to get to know about it. If nobody could say that the debate in Wales has not been lively about it, then I think we now move into the next phase. I remember saying on the day that the policy was introduced that we would keep it under review. That's absolutely right. There are bound to be anomalies. We know that. If we look across Wales on the same guidance, one local authority has exempted 10% of all its roads, retained them at 30 miles an hour. Another local authority has exempted 0.4% of its roads. So the policy does need to be fine-tuned. We've acknowledged that from the beginning. We need experience to draw on to make that happen. And that review highlighted by both the people who are candidates for the Labour leadership is one to which we've been committed since the outset. My second question, then. Many have now seen the dramatisation, of course, of the post office scandal. What are your thoughts on how the scandal has been handled so far by those in power, given a lot of postmasters in Wales, were some of those affected? Any comment on what you'd like to see happen now? Well, I think it would be a rare member of the Senate who hasn't dealt directly with individuals who have been caught up in the scandal. That's certainly been my experience in my own constituency. I think it's a good thing that the UK government has established a full independent inquiry. It's led by a Welsh judge who we've worked with closely as president of the Welsh tribunals and I think people can have confidence in the work of that. But what we need to see is a UK government prepared to get on with the things that they can get on with. You don't have to wait for the final report of that inquiry to do many of the things that need to be done to make sure that people are waiting for their convictions to be overturned, and that that is accelerated, that where compensation payments can already be made, that that gets on and happens, and that's what I think we would look to. It's an entirely non-devolved matter, but Welsh ministers have taken this up with their UK counterparts where there are Welsh individuals who've been directly affected. We need to see some concerted action on the part of the UK government to deal with the things that they can deal with already, and that's certainly what I will be looking for, because there are people in Wales, as we know, and was highlighted in the drama itself, who've been very directly, have had their lives very directly affected by the scandal. Diolch yn fawr, Gareth. Can we have the answers in English and Welsh if possible? Thank you. Just back to 20 miles an hour. Actually, we spoke to some motorists and one prominent motoring lawyer who say there is some confusion still around signage, some confusion to around the guidance issued to police and to magistrates around it. Do they have a point, and just again a supplementary on this, could you just clarify when you say if someone's going well above 20 miles an hour, the law will be informed? What is well above 20 miles an hour? Well, on your first point, Gareth, the BBC went, as was perfectly fine for them to do, to somebody whose job it is to deal with problems with the law, and lo and behold, they found that they were problems, so I don't think we should take that as an entirely representative view of the way things have happened. As I say, there are anomalies. We recognise that from the beginning. Some of them are to do with signage, as to whether signage is clearer enough. We've worked particularly with local authorities in that border zone between 20 and 30 miles an hour to make sure that there are consistent decisions being made and where they are, that they are properly signaled to people. So, when you're driving, you know what you're meant to be doing, and that work will continue, and we've got more experience as each month goes by. There has been some enforcement already in those 20 mile an hour areas, which were 20 miles an hour before the law changed. So, in the part of Cardiff that I live in, it's been 20 miles an hour for a couple of years now, so there was no need to wait for people to find out about that because it had been there for a considerable period. In South Wales, there had been some enforcement of that already. I think I've seen, I don't have figures in front of me. Gareth, where it was being enforced, it was of people who were driving closer to 30 than 20. So, you know, not a couple of miles over, but well in excess of what people were obliged to do. So, if that's a sort of rule of thumb, I think that's how the police have interpreted that so far. Wel, jy sydd wedi dweud, felly wedi wedi dweud o'r ddychrau, mae'n cwysig i ni cadw o polisi, dan a'n lligad ni i weld ble mae, a pethau ni'n gallu gwneud i helpu, bobl yn gallu bod yn glirach gyda'r, bobl am yr oblegiadau sydd angen nawr dan o polisi newid, ni wedi gweithio'n gyda'r awdurdodau lleol. Jy sydd edrych am ble mae bobl wedi newid y gyfraith, jyst i bod yn glir, am beth ni'n awf i ni bobl i'n neud ar dyfodol.  Mae'n nhw'n wedi mynd ar ôl bobl, mae'n nhw'n wedi mynd sydd o lam mwynau i gain miliwyr ar awr, a fel ni'n wedi dweud yn barod a polisi'r heddli yw i ddachre gyda esbonio i bobl, siarad da bobl, a nid i defnyddio'r agyfraith dim o'n ble mae nhw'n siwr. Mae bobl yn gobobeid mae nhw'n gwneud, mae nhw'n gwneud e pa mae nhw'n wedi gwneud e penderfyniadau paidiad a chi ddim ffyrdi o gyda'r gyfraith newydd. Sorry for the croaking, I was down with the cold last week. Again English and Welsh if we can't first minister. What are you doing to try and avoid a strike by doctors in Wales later this month? Well, as we have explained in our negotiations with the BMA, the offer that we have made in Wales is at the far end of our ability to afford it, and you know the way that the funding flows to Wales is that the money we get depends on the decisions that are made in England. While the strike goes ahead in England and there is no settlement, there is no flow of money to Wales, which would be a consequence of a settlement in England. So I understand of course why junior doctors are as angry as they are and why, and I know it would be reluctantly for so many of them, they are going to take the action that they are taking. But our ability to respond to them in Wales is so dependent upon what the UK government does and then money coming to us as a consequence. And at the moment we have used every money that we can find to make an offer. It is not sufficient in the eyes of junior doctors. What I really hope will happen is that when the strike in England is over tomorrow, that they will be genuine and rapid negotiations at the English level and that that will translate into money that we will be able to use to make an offer to our junior doctors here in Wales. Until that happens, we are at the outer limit of what we have been able to put on the table. I do think this is different in Wales. I think that sense of social partnership about the way we try and work together will continue to sustain us despite the strike. And I hope we will not see some of the very difficult conversations you've seen in England over the last few days between employers and workers in the health service. So, just to say the way the problem to when we are in Wales is a problem or a cutlet. Of course, we are trying to help the public to understand and understand what is going on. I hope that we will be able to work together to make an offer to the public to help the doctors here in Wales. Ar arian sy'n dod i y Gymru, mae'n dibynnu ar ar arian mae'n nhw'n defnyddio yn loigur, a bedweusio weld i'w ar ôl y strike yn loigur, i'w i bobl roundwbwrdd digyledd yn San Stefan. Os mae'n nhw'n gallu fynd i'r ffordd ymlaen, bydd arian yn mynd i ddod i Gymru ac allw ni defnyddio ar arian fynd hyn i ddod atsetlead gyda'r amedd agon sydd anu anghymru. Heb ar arian, does dim lot bwy, allw ni'n neud ar hyn o bryd. Ar y gobatid a fi yw achos y ffordd i'n neud pethau anghymru yw trwy'r ysbryd o'r patneriaeth cymdeithasol, allw ni'n delio gyda'r y problemau. Mae'r problemau yn mynd i codi, wrthnos nesaf. Wrth cwrs, gyda'r bobl fynd yn y gweithlu, allw ni'n delio gyda'r y problemau na trwy ysbryd gweithio digyledd, nid ar y ffordd anod ni wedi weld â'n loigur dros wrthnos dweitha. Diolch yn fawr. Mae'n godych le. Yn y rhwng. Mae'r rhwng. Rwy'n gyfnodd yw'r bobl yn ychwanes ar y cymryd ddiolch yn ddod, ond mae'r bobl yn ddechrau. Mae'n gweithio ym Llyfridol yn Caerdydd i'n ddim i gweithlu o'r ffordd ar y cymryd. Yn ddiwn ni'n ddigonwg, mae'n ddysgu'r cymryd yn gweithwyr. Mae'r bobl yn ddysgu'r cymryd, yn y gweithwyr. that is fair they get find not through their own deliberate actions but because the messaging hasn't been clear? I don't think they will be find in those circumstances Clare, I think if police find somebody driving above 20 miles an hour and the reason is because they are genuinely confused about that, then that's why the police will always start with education and conversation. And I don't think in those circumstances of genuine confusion, the police will move to enforcement. So, if there are examples, genuine examples are where people just have misunderstood that this piece of road that they are on is now a 20 mile an hour limit, then I think that will be resolved through the way that the police intend to respond. But it would need to be genuine confusion, wouldn't it, rather than just a claim to be confused? Felly mae ydych chi'n ei fregwlad o'r llyfrheidio y gynelf wedi amddangos i hynny'r hunain? gan'n eto'r rhyw hwn, mae'n dwydych chi'n gweithio y cyfaint o'r cyfanyddion gydag gweithio hyd yn y enw? Mae'n gweithio y cyfanyddio o'r gwaith yma, rôl eu tîm dimwn o fe iti ar y hwnnw yn i. Nid dyfodd Fygoedd o'r cyfanyddio'r cyfanyddio fel y cyfanyddio yma unrhyw o'r cyfanyddio ar gyfer eich cyfanyddio ar gyfer i'n rhoi. Y policy will save lives of people and will prevent large numbers of serious accidents that can simply be avoided by us all doing something which I don't think is a huge ask of us, which is to just drive more slowly in built up residential areas. Life has become more challenging for pedestrians since the 30-mile-an-hour limits were introduced and let's not forget they were controversial in their day as well. Compared to back then, there are many more distractions for you as a driver.  Think what a dashboard of a modern car looks like. And vehicles are bigger and heavier and if you're hit by a bigger and heavier vehicle compared to what cars were like 60 years ago, then the impact on you in a pedestrian will be more serious as well. So we are responding to those wider changes in the way in which motor vehicles operate. We are asking people to do a relatively simple thing knowing that by making that small contribution themselves they can make a very big difference in the lives of other people. You will always ask yourself, you know, could we have taken more time? Could we have explained it more to people? Actually I think the history of changes in motoring, whether it was the original speed limits, whether it was seat belts, whether it was breathalysers, they're all controversial at the time. And they're all things now that we wouldn't go back on and revert to how we used to do things. And I think this will be true when we've done the fine tuning, when we've learnt from these early months, things will settle down and in 10 years time people will be asking themselves why it turned out to be the controversial issue that it has. Thank you. Thanks Claire, thank you very much. I'm going to go to Dan Bevan first of all from ITV on the screen. Thank you First Minister, good afternoon. Sticking with 20 mile an hour, and actually on that exact point, I mean polling from ITV has found that last month that the policy was even more unpopular than it was when the law changed. Given that we've had a little bit of time since then, do you feel like the public are starting to, if not warm to the idea, get a little bit more used to it? And if not, then how do you think you can sort of bring the public along with you on this? Well, my own experience of driving around, I've been driving in different parts of Wales over the holiday period is that people actually are driving more slowly in those areas. And that's what the wider research shows as well is that there is an awareness, people are as you would expect in Wales. People do observe the law. They may not have learnt to love it, as you say, but they are abiding by it. And the more people do that, the more it becomes part of the way you normally do things. I think the controversy that has surrounded its early stages will lessen as that experience beds in. And just to pick up on a point that Bronwyn made earlier regarding the postmaster scandal. Of course, much of the country has been shocked by watching the recent ITV drama. But who do you think needs to be held accountable for this? Is this something that ultimately is only going to be resolved by people needing to form the sword, if you will? Well, I think there are some important questions which the inquiry will want to consider about culpability. This was a post office policy. The question will be whether, as the evidence accumulated of things going wrong, whether those who had that responsibility were quick enough to spot the fact that as this appeared in more and more places, that it was a problem with the system rather than the problem with the individuals. And there is a genuine question to be explored there as to whether or not there was knowledge accumulating in the system where people ought to have acted on that knowledge and for whatever reason chose not to do so. I think in those circumstances there is accountability. But we don't know that for sure and that is why an independent look at the evidence is important. Dan, thank you very much. Let's go to Ruth Mazalski of Wales Online. Maybe not. I've already seen David Nicholson, so I'll go to David because I know he is there and we'll see if Clare is able to rejoin us. David. Hi, First Minister. You alluded to the tough decisions that are going to be made across the public services in Wales with the budget cuts to come. Wales TUC have said that as part of social partnership they are obviously going to be involved in those discussions. But they feel money can be saved in a medium to long term by bringing services back in-house. For example, in social care, we know in the care sector that a lot of money leaks out of the system, goes abroad to investment companies who put those profits into offshore tax havens and that money leaves the public sector for good and bringing those services back in-house along with others would keep that profit within the public sector. Is that something in your next remount you're going to push hard on? Well, I am myself entirely signed up to that basic principle that where you can provide services directly and that means that all the money that the public is providing is invested in the service rather than private profit taking that that's a good place to start. We are, though, 30 and 40 years on from the onset of neoliberalism where many of the things that the state used to provide are now provided in different ways and unwinding all of that is often challenging. But I'll give you one direct example of where we will be doing exactly what the TUC has suggested and we'll be doing it in these three months because during these three months we will move to eliminate private profit taking in services for looked after children in Wales. I think twice last year the competition and markets authority reported on profit taking in those services and found that it was excessive. Now, I want the money that the public in Wales invests in the lives of looked after children. I want all that money to go into providing the service rather than a percentage of that money being taken out of service and into private profit taking because that service is not a huge service. We're able to tackle it in that way during this centre of term. Applying the same principle in bigger services will take more time and will have to be approached in a more step-by-step way than we're able to manage with looked after children given it's relatively constrained size. But that's an example of the principle that you mentioned, David, in action. Thank you. The second question is on Gaza and the continued slaughter there and not just civilians. I mean 100 or so journalists have lost their lives now in the Middle East and your counterpart in Scotland has called for an immediate ceasefire. Are you now convinced that that is the right way forward? Well, events in the Middle East have been profoundly shocking and distressing because that is the original attack on Israeli citizens and the way that that attack was carried out or the profoundly distressing scenes that we see in Gaza. Of course, I would like to see a ceasefire. I'd like to see a ceasefire as quickly as possible and for as long as possible but as we have all seen simply calling for one doesn't make one happen. Many, many people have called for one including voices at the United Nations and yet the conflict goes on. So my own view has been that the way in which the international community can achieve what we all want to see achieved will have to be via a process rather than by passing a resolution because passing a resolution however much it expresses the strength of feeling doesn't by itself achieve the outcome. There will have to be a process by which that ceasefire is brought about, a process by which that ceasefire is sustained, a process which leads to a future for people in Gaza and in Israel that brings about a lasting peace and that is inevitably a more complicated and more challenging process than simply expressing a view or a wish. My view and my wish is for the fighting to end and for that process to begin. Making it happen is a lot harder than saying it. Shall we see? Oh Claire, Ruth is here. Fingers crossed. You are, we can see and hear you. Excellent, thank you. Sorry about that. So can you tell us that as of today every camera is now on, every sign is up and every police force is indeed ready to enforce 20mph zone because as it stands it only finds it to be given out in South Wales in the police force area and you just said there that it's because that's one of the areas where people have been used to 20mph already. So if those points I made at the beginning aren't ready, why is a nationwide law only being enforced in one area of Wales? I think I understood the question. So the law has been enforced already in those places where they were 20mph and our zones have predated the change in the law. As we said in the beginning, we allowed a period of time for people just to get used to the change in the law and given the amount of attention that has been paid to it, it would be difficult I think for anybody to say by the end of last year that they'd never heard of it. Now we are moving into the next phase. And the next phase is not a hard enforcement phase. It continues to start with people being informed, educated and made aware of the change. Where there are blatant and deliberate breaches of the law, just as they would be by people speeding over 30mph or over 70mph on a motorway, then the law, we would all expect the law to be enforced and that is what will be happening in Wales. Sorry if the question wasn't clear. So is it the case that every camera is now on, every sign is up and every police force is now in a position to enforce this law? Well, I'll start with those in the reverse order. Police forces are ready and have a plan. South Wales begins immediately and North Wales will follow. So that plan is all in place. I have nothing in front of me to suggest that the physical infrastructure that is necessary to enforce the law isn't in place. Thank you. My second question is the report last week about South Wales Fire and Rescue Service was horrifying. The detail in it should and rightly shocked many people. We can't get an answer from the fire service whether the outgoing chief fire officer, because he's announced he will retire rather than quit, will get a full pension. Is it right that he is able to go with a full pension if that's correct? Well, I agree with what you say about the nature of the report. It was a shocking report in what it revealed about the culture inside the fire and rescue service. I'm sorry, I know this will not be a satisfactory answer, but the service is not the responsibility of the Welsh Government. We are not privy to the arrangements that are made between individuals and the employer. It is for those who make those arrangements to explain them rather than me, given that the Welsh Government has had no hand in them at all. I think that's it. Diolch yn fawr. Can't post office. Can't ask the last question. Yes. Just one lighter. Of course. Dwi'n gwybod o'r oedd gwasanaeth nifer fawr o bobl ledled Cymru wedi weld o'r aglen ar ataledu. Mae bobl angymru wedi bod rhan o'r problemau sy'n wedi codi dwi'n gwybod yn y gwaith dwi'n ei wneud yn cynrychioli i gollewin cardiff nifer o bobl, sy'n wedi bod rhan o'r problemau. Peth pwysig nawr yw i cael ar ymchwil anibannol i'n mynd ymlaen a dod at y casgliadau, ond mae lot o pethau, mae'r llawodraeth y Dynas yn edrygiad yn gallu wneud nawr. I'n gyflwymi a process. I'n helpu bobl sy'n rhan o'r problemau. I'n taliaria'n i bobl. Mae ble mae hwnna wedi cael a'i cytuno. Peth pwysig i fi nawr i'w gyflwymi o'r pobeth mae'r llawodraeth y Dynas yn edrygiad yn gallu wneud ac i aros am ar ymchwil anibannol i weld beth o tiol o problemau sy'n wedi codi. Thank you very much indeed. Diolch yn fawr.