Good afternoon everyone. Welcome to bringing dynamic service chaining to the telco cloud with new age and cloud band I'm Scott Drennan. I product manager at new age and my cohort as a copar is a cloud band architect and What we're going to be talking about is some of the components involved in an NFV solution How open stack is relevant to that and how open stack Can be extended with the additional capabilities To provide a More complete solution as well as what some of the work items are around that so starting from the always always exciting Etsy reference architecture I you've got OSS BSS and NFV orchestrator at the top with various components. You've got I A VNF manager With VNF's talking over NFVI With a virtualized infrastructure manager, so your network functions are going to include a Bunch of traditional telco Network functions like IMS MME S&P gateway, but also more traditional IT functions such as firewalls IMS or IMS IPS IDS and And things like that. You also have a network network management function, which I didn't mention and Then the the VNF manager that's providing a Lifecycle management elasticity I and then at the top you've got the orchestration layer that provides the service management and some of the SDN SDN management components So where's open stack in all of this open stack sits down at the bottom I doing all of the hard work and all the heavy lifting and Makes I Makes the whole thing work without say without open stack. We we really wouldn't say it wouldn't be anywhere and Admittedly there are other options for deploying NFV architectures, but From what we're seeing open stack is really becoming the standard infrastructure for NFVI and That's a good thing because it it provides a level of commonality and Stability that you can build interesting things on top of so You've got a bunch of best of breed capabilities that come with open stack Things like multi hypervisor orchestration and including things that are not hypervisors such as ironic You've got multi region single sign-on when you're extending Your system across multiple data centers and to have multiple geographies I IPAM and pluggable IPAM integration back-end storage VM templating All of these things say are very important from an infrastructure perspective but there's a bunch of stuff that open stack doesn't do and Probably won't do and in my opinion at least shouldn't do because open stack is already trying to do many many things and Well, it's fun to contemplate taking over the world. I it's a The more things you do the harder it is to do things well, so there are some additional components outside of open stack That say some of which We're providing as part as part of the Nokia solution and those are some of the things we're going to talk about today so NFV orchestration is a key component a Robust high-performance networking Open stack networking is continuing to improve. It's improved release over release For as long as I've been involved, but in terms of the requirements for NFV It's not there yet and the the bar is is ever rising as far as what What the networking requirements are so we'll see we'll see how that turns out It's also kind of important to be able to connect out of your NFV cloud if you're doing network function virtualization with with Nothing to talk to it's it's not really very interesting And then also a portal or a marketplace to expose these These functions out to the broader internal or external customer community So what does this look like from? From a workflow perspective You've got customers Those may be internal customers those may be external customers. You may be doing resale But say they're making a request for a VNF service of some sort or other and The marketplace and VNF catalog really ends up being being custom per Per deployment. It's not something that you can really general size The same way as you can to a large extent with some of the other components And then the marketplace needs to provide a Call into the NFV orchestrator Requesting whatever I the Services that has been has been requested. So NFBO needs to provide a simple abstracted a templated model to make it easy to deploy a Marketplace and to simplify what the marketplace looks like from there I NFBO is Calling into various components in our case I it's Calling into OpenStack and calling into Nuage And the reason that we're not doing all of this through OpenStack is To provide some more expansive Networking capabilities And there's work in OpenStack to expose APIs and there are extensions, but It's still at least in the near term easier to make those calls calls directly. So From a from the marketplace, you've also got cases where you've got complex VNF's Where you've got potentially a separate VNF manager those would be Cases like a mobile gateway or an IMS and in that case they may need each their individual Dedicated VNF managers or that may end up being a plug-in from the NFBO that depends on the use case and Either way you end up launching launching VNF's and configuring them That results in OpenStack deploying AVM, many VMs A network, many networks lots of lots of complex configuration and One of the key use cases for NFV is you want to be able to take all of your VNF's Deploy them in a relatively generic fashion and Say hook them together in in various different different flows and Aje is going to talk more about that a little bit later on but say That allows for simpler templates on the VNF side and More composability as far as the as far as the configuration goes and then Obviously you do need to be able to connect that out into the broader network and One of the things that is critical from a Configuration perspective is you you want to make that as programmable as everything else because you've got lots of different VRFs Out in your broader network, you've got the internet and you want to be able to Hook those those pieces together in a logical fashion And then you want to be able to scale out to multiple multiple VNF's in that service chain so What do you need from an SDN for service chaining? Like I said previously, you need robust networking You need to be able to scale to potentially very large numbers of VNF's Today those numbers are in the Hundreds thousands But the modeling that say the architects who are building this stuff are doing are showing that you're looking at tens of thousands especially as you Move to VNF's with more microservice style architectures you end up breaking that out into smaller and smaller Components and there are more and more of them you obviously need high performance and throughput and you need a small packet size capabilities and To do that the tools we have today are I networking I based on either dpdk or SRI ove and that depends on the VNF and you do want to be able to Cover off both of those Now from a chaining perspective there are a bunch of different ways to Attach things together You can Deploy your VNF's or your VNF components and Do hop-by-hop inspection as each packet goes in and out of the VNF I Look at the packet header. I do the inspection and tell it where to go The next time and generally you would aggregate that up into flows so that you're not doing the As much of a look up each time You can also approach this from a routing perspective and Deploy Each each VNF in a separate VRF And connect them together with the with routing I that means you're deploying an awful lot of VRF's in your data center but it means that As long as you don't need I Packets with the same destination to go through different service chains that can be a simpler simpler topology and The holy grail of all of this I is service function chaining using NSH and I'm not going to get into what NSH is or Or how it works. It's a way of putting An additional header on your packet that is used by by the SDN to Steer traffic without having to do all of the lookups each time and there are many many Drafts in IETF talking about all sorts of different things you can do with NSH I Think in the near term what you're going to see is a bunch of things using steering I Proxy information going to going to VNF's is is going to take more time to standardize but that's that's my take but the from a functionality perspective you need to be able to I take all of this abstract it away make it easy and Provide the support that that VNF's need so Now handing it over to Ajay. He's going to talk in more detail about NFVO for service chaining and how that I ties into configuring service chains in the In the SDN layer Thanks, Scott. Can you hear me? Hi, I'm a Jacob or I am the Claude Brunner architect has called introduced me so Now with the basics of SDN behind what Scott has said NFVO is basically we are using NFVO for Provisioning networks and also to basically to do the service chaining is one of the use cases Simplify provisioning using service chain templates and VNF scaling in in the process NFVO which is network function virtualization orchestrator We have a product in Nokia, which is called as Claude Brunner director And that's basically use this lot of open stack components like mistral morano and heat and With the combination of these components and and no arch we are able to say Do a service orchestration and also do the SDN configuration via by a new watch So the next few slides will take you over to the modeling. How do you model network services in Claude Brunner director? And then little animation on how basically we will And realized in SDN use case using new watch Okay, so network service Descriptor is basically the language which the cloud network direct See the cloud manager director understands So it's it's a collection of working network functions which are interlinked together to form a graph and In the HC world this needs to be modeled and and in CBND, which is Claude Brunner director. We have Gone in for Tosca as the modeling language Tosca is basically a domain specific language which is chosen for for nsd and It has it's a series of say it has a hierarchical look on services and templates in relationships so network service descriptor is modeled as a service template and This service template is comprised of different node templates and relationship templates So every virtual network function of VNF is modeled as a node template and between the VNF There are relationships established and those are primarily modeled as the relation templates in Tosca you can have node types define custom node types and So that customers custom attributes and properties can be extended from a base node types so there are node types which which are done for for VNF's which you want to have proprietary extensions to that and Tosca is primarily Say decoupled from the underlying VNFM in NFEI. It's a modeling language which is decoupled from the NFEI and VNFM and You can attach policy in process and do advanced LCM operations From if Tosca is used basically you can generate an entity graph out of a Tosca model and execute the entity graph which will which will basically Provide the LCM of the entire network service LCM basically lifecycle management And it's open driven by the community. So in Nokia We have contributed back to the Tosca community as well. So Tosca is basically one of the DSL which is used in In cloud management director Yeah, so we document Tosca in YAML format. So it's easy to read human readable format which is which is used to document Tosca and We have used simple profile for NFV for Tosca and extended it to define our own node templates and relation templates and the virtual links and some of the HCR constructs like the virtual links connection points VNF forwarding graphs and Network function forwarding parts are modeled in Tosca as node templates Okay, this is what this is one one picture which we which basically shows We have the physical network functions on the right hand on the right and the left side of the picture which are basically having say three virtual network functions VNFA, B and C and The the little boxes circles blue circles who are there which which are basically the connection points which represents Interfaces of the virtual network function and between Between the VNFs and the connection points the the brown link which goes there which is called the virtual link So these are terminology terminology which are used in HC virtual link is basically a logical connection between one or more VNFs and They represent basically a VLAN or a VXLan when it's realized when we instantiate a network service and realize it connection point it's an interface on a VNF PNF which connects to the virtual link and it can be realized as a V port VNIC or a physical port and VNF forwarding graph defines traffic flows between the between the VNFs in a network service So the dotted line which are there Basically form a network function path and it's which part of a VNF forwarding graph and yeah now I will take you to a Through a small animation on the use case So here we have different elements of Etsy the NFVO, which is cloudbed network director the SDN manager Which is Nuage the VNF M and then so basically When you want to deploy a network service when operated charge deploy a network service The network service evaluated the data center is identified on which the network service has to be deployed an open check data center basically and the tenants for the VNF the VNF placement where to place the VNF based on the VNF characteristics is identified and The external connection points for VNF NSD are evaluated whether they they fit to be deployed in a particular data center This is done by the NFVO Sorry Okay, then invoke the SDN manager So once the once the initial validations are done the external virtual links Which I showed before in the previous slide the links between the two VNFs needs to be realized and those external virtual links are basically realized using the SDN manager in this case Nuage, so NFVO makes Nuage call and Create these virtual links Then the SDN manager based in the data center network topology information Decides to create reuse a tenant or edge router using the rest in SDN control interface So it can be done by a neutron and it can also be done by Nuage So for service training use case we do it by By a nuage and for normal network creation. It is done by a neutron Then connect an edge router to a data center. So the edge router is connected to the data center edge router as needed Then create virtual links, Elan and connect to a 10 edge router So the virtual links are created and these are connected to the edge gateway of edge router over here once the external virtual links are Are created then the then the network NFV orchestrator is notified so that it can update its own internal database about this about the external connection external links and This is what I'm saying so Once the external links are virtual links are in place then the the deployment of the VNF starts so NFV orchestrator will call the relevant VNF managers to and passes To pass the VNF details to be instantiated along with the external Virtual links so that VNF manager can use these virtual links to establish continuity between the VNFs and then Now we move on to the VNF manager which evaluates the VNF descriptor VNF descriptor is like a network descriptor a meta data for a VNF It identifies the VM VM needs the internal connection points and internal networks so it identifies this the needs and then Invokes the VIM API so in case in this case open-stack APIs are invoked to say create a server and then create the virtual links virtual links between the VNFs Then the VNF is basically a collection of VMs and you need internal connections between the VM this the to create internal links between the virtual machines responsibility of the VNF manager and VNF manager does it creates virtual links between the the VMs basically and And then create external connection points and connect external connection points external virtual link So once the internal links are created The the external connection points of VNF are Connected using the external virtual link which is passed from the orchestrator towards the VNF manager okay, and notify Network NFVU about the required VNF so the last step so so that the bookkeeping can be done on the on the orchestrator side Yeah, then the orchestrator basically updates his internal Internal database about the virtual links in the state of the network service and also can notify in the umbrella applications on top of it So the so here I here I've shown an example of open-stack data center, which is used to simulate the entire network service Okay, okay, so with that I will Take you through a very small Animation on how how we are using no watch now and neutron together to achieve the service chain So we have Cloud Minit of director which which which receives What do you say? a network service descriptor as a Tosca model and The virtual links connection points the virtual VNF of G are all modeled in Tosca Then we have an open in the open stack as an ml2 plug-in neutron VSD is plugged in and As Scott told for some advanced use case like service training We we basically create the the networks and the subnet in the in no watch using the the VSD the VSP API's and Once that Once basically the the network and subnets are created in the in no watch then they are mapped to the neutron network so They're mapped and we use the the rest API is provided by neutron and also the also no watch to basically map these subnets to the to the new watch subnets and After all is this is done. This is the basic plumbing work of interconnecting the VNF's is Over that means if there are in network service if there are multiple VNF's the interconnection between the VNF's been done now the next step is to do a service training one on them and In order to do service training In no watch there is there are needs to create forward and deduction policies Per VNF Connection point in virtual link these forward forward and deduction policies are created using the again the no watch VSD API's and Once they are done then the basically the service Service chain between the VNF's that is will be will be basically be established. So this is a small animation of how we try to achieve service training using no watch and neutron and Eat the sorry for this, okay, so that was One brief animation on how we use neutron in the in the no watch extensions Then the last slide basically is on and this is the service chain what we achieve so ultimately there are chain of VNF's and the the arrow show the how the packet flows and whenever whenever a packet is destined for a For an destination then the no watch intercepts the package applies forwarding policy on that and and then Roots it via the by the different VNF's So conclusion open stack is Enhanced by NF you and SDN solutions. So we use open stack for our as NFEI layer And use basically no watch as an as an ML 2 plug-in for open stack to achieve our SDN solutions Cloud CBND, which is cloud been root director is a NFEI orchestrator which orchestrated network service it basically Deploys VNF using underlying VNF manager. It uses SD SDN from no watch and also neutron to realize the external and internal internal networking and establish an entrant continuity and No watch VSP provides and SDN for NFEI and it's and it's it's it's already proven in the market So that's any questions on this good behavior and coming to coming to the mic No keep presenting different solutions in different places I saw no keep presenting they will go with tacker one place No keep presenting saying that they will follow open source manner where the core is juju now We have this cloud band director reminding red hat director. So which one is it really going to be realistic? Thank you So a good question from Ericsson. Thank you And my answer to that is just as with anywhere else in the NFB space there are lots of different people doing lots of different things and I Would I would hesitate to predict the future? so I And I think if you look at any vendor in the NFB space There is there is no one Consistent answer. There are there are many answers for many different use cases and until they I don't think we're gonna see convergence in NFB Any time anytime soon there's gonna be lots of different things happening in the call flow What at what point do you actually provision the v&f's themselves or is that out of scope? of the process here in the call flow when When we basically create the external virtual links using the SDM controller is when we start deploying the the v&f's and calling the right element vnf managers because The vnf the vnf's will need external connection External virtual links to establish end-to-end continuity. So after the the External virtual links are provisioned into the system and then is when the deployment of the vnf starts. Yes, so NFB orchestrator is basically Basically talk can talk to multiple vnf managers from different vendors it's multi vendor multi vendor and the HC specifies an interface between the Orchestrator and the vnf manager which is called or vnfm interface and there are a set of API's on which you can deploy a vnf Terminate heal or do whatever so that those that's what we basically rely on in order to deploy and Nokia supplies some of those and we partner with with people to supply others, but again the Ecosystem is quite diverse at this point a question about your workflow My understanding is you use a template to find the interface and the connections in between them So my question is about the templates yourself. Do you provide a tool to actually generate a template? So it's actually a manual process So we follow Tosca now to model the templates There is we are in the process of say building a Tosca editor wherein you can basically build this Build this network service descriptors using the Tosca editor as a drag-and-drop and which can generate a Tosca template as an output Right now it is How do you handle the failover and monitoring of the vnf and the service chains? So Two things I well, there's two pieces of this one is at the SDN layer monitoring that vnfs are alive and That I and then taking action at the at the network layer But then there's also Cases where it may look alive from a network perspective And not be so that becomes the responsibility of the vnf manager any other questions platform aware, let's say I want for a network service on a dbdk enabled node is your platform has the capability to talk to the nodes to find out which Basically, do you have the intelligence to to do the placement? So that becomes a question more for more for Nova I and It's a it's a question of Availability zones in Nova I To to group things. So that's that's a place where open stack actually gives you Give gives you the tools to To construct your your compute resources and group them separately Yeah, and just to add from the orchestrator. We have We have a policy-driven Approach to place the vnfs so you can basically define policies and in that policies you can have different rules defined Based on a vnf characteristics like CPU pinning whatever and based on that the the vnf placement distance are taken Where's this policy sitting it's policy sitting in the inside in the orchestrator, okay? It's in the orchestrator, and it makes Yeah Thank you. All right. Thank you all very much


At the time of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the French philosopher Michel Foucault said that this was a revolution which enunciated something new, something spiritually new that had not been seen in the world before. Later he was roundly criticized for having made such a statement, particularly after the clerical faction won the revolution. But for the first 100 days of what we call the Tehran Spring, where so much creativity and intellectual work sprang forth, it seemed that Foucault was in fact correct, and Foucault would have been mindful of Ali Shariati and his time in Paris. Their circles would have coincided. And the thought of Shariati, the fusion that Shariati made of his thought drawing from French and other European sources, and infusing the intellectual debate back home with the motifs of his work, the motifs of his thought, and the idea that progress was possible on a spiritual basis that all the same resonated in the modern world, that was indeed something new. But when you look at how Shariati did it, if you try to analyze this methodology of thought, what you're looking at is something which is very confusing. There are all kinds of uses not only of French philosophy, modern French philosophy, the Germanic influences on that. There's not only that, there's all kinds of sudden lesions, jumps and logic, which are covered by reference to poetic works from Persian history. The kinds of transcendental leaps that you find in Rumi's poetry suddenly are used as epistemological devices in Ali Shariati's work. And the calling for a reformation of the clergy, the calling for a reformation of the Shah's regime, although that had to be stated in very subtle terms because of the dangers of persecution. All of this meant a fusion of, let us say, east and west, which could not be demarcated along lines of what was rational and what was irrational. It was a mixture. So when you're trying to analyze the re-sacralization of the secular state system, there are many mistakes that scholars, particularly in the West, make. Assume that re-sacralization is simply secularism plus the sacred added on, as if the system was still conceived in the same way, even if it wishes to behave in a different way. But what in fact is going on is fragmentary, a mixture, a combination of devices of thought, devices of contingency and exigency, really an unholy mixture that drives things forward so that trying to analyze religious thought in today's world is not something which can have component parts easily separated. And the reinterpretation of scripture, particularly by Western scholars, can be a very dangerous thing. Particularly if it assumes that scripture can be interpreted along lines that the West would normally use. That is the assumption, for instance, that scripture is normative. It teaches you a moral code. It teaches you how to behave well and with kindness to one's fellow human beings in the world. Scripture doesn't have to be normative. Scripture, if it's being used as part of a first principle, to change the world might be used to mandate all kinds of atrocities in the world so that the norms are negative norms. They are what you might call abnormative. Not only that, but scripture is constantly developing. We have new bodies of scripture in the world today. Scientology, of course, is one of those, but the Book of Mormon. A sudden revelation to Joseph Smith and suddenly you have something like an Old Testament saga set in the Americas of some time in the past, for which there is no archaeological evidence, but almost as if the open spaces of the West that Joseph Smith contemplated during his lifetime needed to have a scriptural underpinning. It was a scriptural saga for the new world of the New America. And just over 150 years ago, the advent of the Baha'i faith and a very short body of scripture, but very much a body of scripture that is concerned with cleanliness, the amount of ritual that is very, very much in the Baha'i Book of Faith, almost as it seems to give a ritualistic metaphor for the need of a cleansing of that part of the world from which it was drawn. This was taken as a critique of Islam, basically the same critique the Shari'ati made, but was far too wise to enunciate in direct terms. But of course this is meant that the Baha'i is regarded in today's Iran still as heretical. But the need for cleansing was very, very much something that echoed Shari'ati's work, prefigured his work. So when you're looking at scripture, whether new scripture or old scripture, bearing in mind historical context becomes extremely important. Being able to read scripture in the original language and discover in that language how scripture intersects with other literary, philosophical and cultural trends from that period in time becomes very important. There can be no easy exegesis based on translation, for instance. It becomes a cultural excursion, it becomes a social excursion, it becomes as it were a social anthropology for which there are no defined rules. Certainly in trying to look at translations selectively, in trying to look at commentaries selectively, in trying to apply some kind of critical theory to scripture, that is an exercise that's doomed to failure. The interrogation of scripture, the sensibility of scripture, the hermeneutics of scripture for today's world is something which would dawn even the most austere and gravest body of scholars, but is an exercise that all the same requires to be undertaken.


Hello, teacher mentors. Welcome back. We understand that the number of devices available varies from school to school. We also understand that each teacher and each school could have very different preferences. So we want you and your teachers to be aware of the different ways that Khan Academy can be integrated into the classroom and your syllabus based on their circumstances and preferences. In Khan for Educators beginner's course for teachers, we have shared the different implementation models available to them. Teachers can choose the model that works best for their class and students. As a mentor teacher, you work directly with your school teachers. So it will be important that you're also aware of these implementation models. Only then you will be able to best support them. Before we begin, we again invite you to wear your teacher hat. Now let's understand the different implementation models. In this model, all the three steps happen in the classroom. Now let's say you're teaching your class. You can teach a topic, introduce the concepts to students as per your plan or syllabus. In case you have a projector or a television screen in your classroom, you can also use a Khan Academy video to teach the topic. Once you've taught the concept to students, you can assign specific exercises from Khan Academy to students to check their understanding. Students log into their Khan Academy account, take time in class to practice the exercises. Many teachers conduct this class in the school's computer lab so that students can practice using the computers available in the lab. In case there are fewer devices than students, you can actually pair your students and have them use Khan Academy in rotation. We recommend that you're allowed at least two math periods in a week for teaching using Khan Academy. This will ensure that each of your students gets at least 30 minutes of practice on Khan Academy each week. In this model, you conduct your class as you normally do. You teach a topic in your classroom, you have students practice the exercise in the textbooks. Here, you use Khan Academy as a homework resource. You assign Khan Academy content to students as homework. Students complete the assignment at home and master the exercises before they come to class. You then review the scores of the students on your dashboard to understand the topics and areas where students need more support. You can then reteach or clarify doubts in your next class. We know that not all students have access to device at home. So in this model, it would be useful for students who do not have access to devices at home if they're given additional access to school computer labs so that they too can practice the content assigned by you. It is not necessary to pick one of these two models that we've seen so far. In fact, we recommend combining Model 2 with Model 1 of Teach, Assign and Practice. Many teachers are not aware that Khan Academy is an amazing tool for remediation and can be used for revision prior to an exam. As teachers, it is our responsibility to ensure that the entire class is progressing. However, a big challenge that we face is that our students have different learning levels. Here's how Khan Academy can help. We can assign content on Khan Academy as per the learning needs of individual students. Then, once a week, students can work on their assigned topics to fill the gaps in their understanding. Similarly, for revision, we can assign a mix of new and older skills or exercises so that students are constantly reviewing all topics while also learning new ones. Meanwhile, as a teacher, you will continue to receive regular progress reports on the platform and on your dashboard. This strategy is especially effective when students are preparing for unit tests, summative assessments, annual exams and so on. These are some ways Khan Academy can be used and implemented by teachers. There may be many other ways as well. As a mentor teacher, you have a very important role to play to support your teachers in choosing a model that works best for them and their students. In the next video, we will talk about the resources required for each of these models and how you can support your teachers in implementing them.


Welcome Cuba is on the terror list whereas our yellow wing, the current dictator of Haiti, where the Haitian police is burning people alive, is massacring people, and this guy is not one, and this administration is getting terms of support from the U.S. Your question is, we're hypocrites, right?


Greetings everyone. I'm Carlos Del Toro, Secretary of the Navy, and I am honored, deeply honored to be here today at Montford Point, North Carolina, second ground for our Marine Corps and our nation. It was here back in 1942 that the first African Americans earned the Eagle Globe and anchor of the United States Marine Corps. They journeyed from all corners of our nation to Montford Point to brave segregated conditions and intense Marine training to answer the call of duty. Many would go on to make the ultimate sacrifice in bloody battles at Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. Some of those first African American Marines, like Sergeant Major Gilbert Hashmark Johnson, would rise to the highest levels of enlisted leadership. And we can't forget about the early African Americans who served with distinction in our Navy. Sailors like Pettios or Dory Miller, who famously rose to the occasion during the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. These sailors and Marines broke barriers and paved the way for countless others that followed with lasting legacies that still shape our force today. Leaders like Vice Admiral Samuel Gravely, the first African American to command a U.S. Navy ship, the first to become a flag officer, and the first fleet commander, or Lieutenant General Frank Peterson, the first African American pilot in the United States Marines. This Black History Month, we remember those who served our country, even though they were, at times, treated unfairly or unjust. We must honor the service of the Tuskegee Airmen, like General Charles McGee, who passed away just last month, at 102 years old. We must take inspiration from Harriet Ida, Pickens, and Francis Eliza Wills, the first African American women commissioned as naval officers. And we must also remember African American Civil War heroes like Robert Smalls, who escaped slavery by commandeering a Confederate transport and delivering it to Union lines. I recently visited Robert Small's house when I was in South Carolina to attend the Marine Corps Boot Camp graduation at Parris Island. There is an unbroken line of valor, honor, and service extending from Robert Smalls to the Montford Point Marines to that diverse class of new Marines at Parris Island. Today, there are over 20,000 African American Marines, over 62,000 African American sailors, and over 30,000 African American civilians in our department of the Navy. I am grateful to each of you and your families for your service and dedication to our nation. I'm determined to make sure that we continue to provide opportunities for all of our sailors, Marines, and civilians to advance and grow without barriers or discrimination. And I'm deeply committed to understanding and responding to the needs of all of our military families. It all starts with a culture of warfighting excellence where everyone treats each other with dignity and with respect. To meet tomorrow's challenges, we must continually recruit, retain, mentor, and promote the very best that all of America has to offer. That's why we have been reaching out across the entire department through efforts like Task Force One Navy to understand what is working and where we perhaps fall short. We are looking at areas of underrepresentation in military and civilian occupations and finding ways to build diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts into our Navy and our Marine Corps culture. The Marine Corps Talent Management 2030 charts the new course for Marine personnel system, maximizing the individual strengths of every Marine and implementing policies to build equity across the Corps. We're expanding recruiting efforts like at our junior officer diversity outreach program to build better networks in diverse and underrepresented communities as well. Building on the diversity, equity, and inclusion guidance that I sent out in November, I have instructed selection boards to be mindful of the importance of diverse leadership at every level across the department. We are working to address the effects of past discrimination, building on previous efforts like successful drive to secure the Congressional Gold Medal for the Monford Point Marines. Each of us has a role to play in forging a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive force to improve the combat readiness of our Navy and our Marine Corps. I ask all to seek out opportunities to mentor and train others. Speak up in the face of discrimination and extremism.  Keep the conversations going. Tell your story and listen to the stories of others as well. And always remember those who serve before you, like the brave Monford Point Marines, who trained here to defend liberty and justice for all. Thank you and may God bless each of you and may God bless America.


An important question we might want to ask is, how much power does a voter have? To begin with, we'll make a few simplifying assumptions. First, we'll assume that voters are deciding whether to approve or reject a measure. They can only vote to approve or vote to reject. In other words, there's two alternatives. The measure passes if it meets a specified quota, and the measure fails if it doesn't meet quota. A common quota is simple majority, more than half the voters. However, there are many other possibilities. For example, a supermajority is when more than a majority is required. For example, passing an amendment to the Constitution requires approval by three-fourths of the states. We could go even further, and we might even require unanimity. All voters must approve a measure, otherwise it fails. For example, a guilty verdict usually requires a unanimous decision. For example, suppose there are fifty voters, how many are needed to form a majority, and to form a supermajority of two-thirds. So half of fifty is twenty-five. But twenty-five is only half, so at least twenty-six are needed to form a majority. Two-thirds of fifty is thirty-three and a third. And since you can't have one-third of a voter, and thirty-three voters is less than two-thirds, you need at least thirty-four to form a supermajority of two-thirds. We can begin with the idea that if a voter's decision doesn't matter, then they don't have power. So if we want to measure a voter's power, let's see how often their vote matters. To decide whether their decision matters, we can consider coalitions of voters. A group of voters is called a winning coalition if they can pass a measure by voting for it. A group is a blocking coalition if they can stop a measure by voting against it. And it's a losing coalition if they can neither pass nor block a measure. So let's consider a voter in a winning or blocking coalition. A voter defects if they leave the coalition. A critical voter is one whose defection turns a winning or blocking coalition into a losing coalition. So suppose there are three voters, A, B, and C, and unanimity is required. In the winning coalitions, and identify the critical voters. Since unanimity is required, the only winning coalition is all three voters, and the departure of any voter turns it into a losing coalition. So A, B, and C are each critical voters in the winning coalition. Since there's only one winning coalition in unanimity, then every voter is critical one time. Meanwhile, if majority or supermajority is required, then a winning coalition either has more than enough votes, so no single voter is critical, or has exactly enough votes, so every voter is critical. So unanimity, majority, or supermajority systems, every voter has equal power. But what about other systems? Let's look at those next.


I'd like to start by looking at how to plan your presentation. And here, I'd like to mention three points, your purpose, your audience, and the setting for the preparation. Before I begin, I should point out that when people advise students about planning presentations, they usually include suggestions about how to select and narrow down a topic. Now, while this is, of course, important, for the purposes of this presentation today, I'm going to assume that this has already be decided, either by you or your tutor. So I'll assume that you've chosen a topic, carried out the research, and now you're ready to begin the process of planning a presentation. OK, the first thing that you have to consider in the planning process is the purpose of your presentation. There are two ways in looking at a purpose. The first is the general purpose of the presentation. In other words, do you want to inform, entertain, persuade, and so on? I guess the general purpose of our presentation is to inform or enlighten. As well as thinking about the general purpose of your presentation, you need to think about its specific purpose. And by this, I mean what you want to accomplish, what you want to achieve. Essentially, this involves asking why. Why am I giving this presentation?


Okay, hello people of the internet. My name is Johnny and welcome to scooped This is a very interesting fan game so far. This was recommended by a few people on game drill and by Some of you guys so I wanted to check it out I checked out the game drill page and it looked really interesting. So I Just I just wanted to see what it was all about. It's only a demo. I should say I'm playing on 0.1.1 So here we go. I think only the tutorial is available. So here we go. Oh Welcome to the tutorial today. You'll be I'll be teaching you how to do your job Properly, I can't see my mics in the way. Do do do do do do. Oh, I love.  I'm guessing from the fire Indicated by the fire site. Yeah, that's what I thought To your right is the shop in the shop. Well, actually the shop's not here yet.  Behind you is the party room. Press. Please enter it. I can't it's boarded. Oh It's not bored anymore. This is really creepy Welcome to the party room This is an area where children and adults are allowed to roam you can tell when an area is off Limits to customers by the employees only sign above some doors. Okay, so like over there All right, first we're going to start off by voice mimicking an adult That is really creepy right mouse button. What wait here. Come here How do I? Good job that noise in the case that an adult's voice has probably been mimicked What the voices I have on the left hand corner you guys can see wow Remember to use your voices carefully. It takes a full in-game hour for you to be able to mimic. Oh Same adult Wow, okay Next up it's time for the lower mechanic. Oh, oh, oh wait this guy's being a load Is that the reason why and I'm guessing that's the guy I mimicking Interesting use the same right-click hold indicator What's going on on any of the children to use one voice? Okay? So come here. Is this how I do it? Oh, okay Is he gonna follow me then? Oh my god. Wait, are you are you actually following me? Oh my god, wait Wait what? We wait wait wait. Oh my god. I didn't realize I'm baby. I should have assumed God. That's actually really cool Wait, so what am I doing? Yes? Come here. Let me lower you. How do I oh Jesus? I have all shoot dude. Oh my god I have ten witnesses child witnesses can be removed, but don't witnesses on fixable to have major impact Well, that's not good.   Oh my god. You can see that I have it in my storage. Oh Jesus So I go over here and I just dump it now that you're right next to the fare belt, please. Oh my god Wow Keep in mind that for every body you don't burn your pay at the end of the day will go down So fast wear entertainment is paying circus baby. That's what you're telling me No, go back to the staff room to clean to clean blood. Oh That's great. Everyone's still freaking out right click doesn't seem to be doing it. Oh there I didn't close out of the dialogue. Good job. But yet again be careful adults will begin to notice Yeah, I have 11 witnesses right now For the more adults and I think there's actually four adults Here yeah, this is called. Oh curiosity The higher the overall curiosity is the more likely an adult is to enter a staff only with hope In search for the children since this is an early demo some features are still missing However, I hope that doesn't ruin the game too much. This is great so far Hey, bro You're enjoying your time.   Okay. Am I allowed to go back into here with outfit tutorial? Wait, it said I could skip it somehow press K to skip Remember that you can press escape, okay. Oh, that's the scooper.  That's creepy. Okay So I need to get back my money because I'm in negative five thirty right now So what I do is I go up to an adult. Oh wait, there's more stuff down here. Oh my god. Everything's opened So there's a party room over here with another adult. Okay? This is a employees only over here What's in here? Literally nothing Maybe I can hide the bodies in there. Maybe. Oh, maybe that's where I can hide the children. I Don't like saying Because if they go in there, that's because they're searching for the kids I don't I don't know. All right, so what's down here another empty room? Okay, so I'm gonna steal your voice Give me your voice. Okay Did that work? Hello, I think that worked So now if I go over to you for example, and I click on you Oh, I I scooped. Oh my god. I scooped him again. Okay. Well, let's just You guys did not see anything. You guys did not see anything. Oh god. Damn it. I'm so bad at this. I Just want to scoop them. Okay, so he is fine. Can you calm down? Calm down. Oh Oh, oh wait.  Oh god But clean the blood. There we go. Okay, so now how do we still? Hello Listen to me. How do I I? Forget how to do this wait hold on hold on hold on I'm gonna have a look back Because I'm missing something. I forget how to lure the kids Okay, so I right-click and I hold it Good job that noise indicates that the adults voice has probably been mimicked the voices you have yet, okay Remember to use your voices carefully. Okay It's time. Okay. Use the same right-click. Oh, so I need to hold it. Oh That's right, that's right. I hold it. Okay, so now Come here. Lure you. Children should now try and follow you. Time for the next step. The other staff only room has Get me your kiddies and get the frick over you. Now go to the very back of the room. Okay. Yeah, right over here right up here Face the chair Space gear to scoop them. Okay There's only one of them. Where's the other two? Okay.  Okay, I got you. Okay. Okay. I remember. Okay. Okay skip everything nice Okay Okay, so dispose of the body and now we have to go clean up the blood This is very much like yonder simulator But I love it. This is great so far. I love this. Okay, so let's get this little duty right here Come here. Come here. Let me Okay, you're not mimicked. What about you? No. Oh wait, I don't have any voices, right? Yeah. No, I don't have any voices. So let's grab your voice Well, let's not we'll grab yours Is this gonna walk? There we go. Okay. I've got one. Let's go. Well, there's there's an employee's room over here So let's grab you. All right. Come here. Come here. Can I grab more than one? Actually, wait, come here So hold you down Wait, come here. Hey. Hey come here. There we go. So now Are you gonna follow me? It does seem like they're following me. Well, that's a lot of kids. Never mind. They're not following me Well, I guess these guys are I Actually don't know who's following me. Are you following me? Come here. Come here Come here. Right here, bro. Come here. No, no, no, no, no, no, that's that's the wrong way Goddamn I've had enough. Just come here. Why do I have 20 witnesses empty storage? That's dumb Why don't I have a locked storage? I'm guessing that's one of my upgrades that I can get I Need I need that I desperately need that All right, I have 21 witnesses. Are you kidding me? How did that many people see that?  Nothing happened. I'll clean this up. No one's good. No one's seen it. All right You didn't see anything.  Nope, that's dumb.  They're too big to fit into my storage tank Okay, I'm just gonna kill everyone so then there were no witnesses except the adults, I guess Wait, can I get more than one? Oh, I don't think I can oh But I can spam it. I don't think that's supposed to be a feature. Come here. Oh I see you hiding. Yeah, that's go in there. Oh, there's everyone here Okay, you can't really turn though.  Well, how did you get out? There you go Come here. Come here right in front of the parents too. Nice Is that all the kids then? I Think so All right, so let's just let's just dispose of all the bodies, you know, everything's fine here. Oh, wait Oh, I was right there was about to get another one. I still lost a lot of money So I have to have more successful disposed bodies than failed ones. I Did not take that into account. I kind of just killed everyone. I think I killed my 13 people Yeah, that's not good Okay, okay. I want to do this one last one last serious attempt. Okay. Here we go. So I need someone's voice Come here Anyone? Okay. He's standing still. Hello Why? Oh wait, I thought that Let's get You come here Kid kid. Come here. There you go. All right. Follow me. Hey I don't know how I actually load them. Did they just automatically come to me? Because that doesn't seem like it's the case Maybe I just need more than one. Come here. Come here. All right, so that's two three Right three. All right, you guys come here. Actually, he's in a corner. I'm just gonna How did two adults see that it's in the corner? whatever Whatever, I don't care. I mean two witnesses to adults really that's all that matter That's not bad better than the Last couple of hours. In fact, I'm negative a thousand hundred ten dollars That's not good That's not good Now we have two with child witnesses. I think that's the sound of them being Incinerated oh this guy this guy saw something that's not good. It's weird that I need storage to clean the blood Like it doesn't go anywhere in my storage. All right. Where is a child that saw everything Not in here not you no one else in there Not you and they went for In here, maybe No They wouldn't go in here.  All right. Actually, do you want to come in here? Nope, he doesn't Hmm. I don't Don't care.    I don't think the blood really matters. There's no check for the blood You've cleaned up, which is interesting So I'm just gonna get rid of all the bodies. Oh, I can place them down anywhere. That's interesting Hello, I'll deal with you later. I still Bodies to pick up or three more now Okay, it's almost five. I don't know if I'm gonna be able to get all of them. I think the last one's in there It's 5 a.m. Right now. I might be able to get this done. I Don't know actually, I don't think I can. Oh, I don't really know what the last one is That's not good. I think it might be in here. I don't know though. Is it is it? No, it's not. Oh Wait, is it it might be in one of the party rooms back here? Yes, it is. Okay. It's like 540. I don't think I'm gonna be able to make it. So look away. I Don't hunt. Yeah. No, I'm not gonna be able to make it I don't think it's gonna get incinerated in time. Damn it.  I still lost a hundred dollars Because of all those witnesses that is not good. Okay. This was a great demo I think this is a really good idea for a Fan game, I don't think anyone's really done this before which is surprising seeing a sister location was released in 2016 four years ago. Well, yes a little like three and a half because it came out in October I think so. Yeah, this was great. This is actually really fun. I Really enjoyed this I can't wait for the full game. This this was legitimately great I had a lot of fun Hopefully you guys did too because I would love to come back to this game when the full game is out I think that would be really fun. So thanks for watching and I'll see you all on the flip side. Goodbye


Okay, thank you very much. Recording progress. So for this lecture, I actually didn't get a chance to prepare a size in advance, so I'm going to write as I go. What I want to discuss today is how to do some computations with written diagrams. Just like in traditional ADSEDP. But in this top logical string context. What we're going to do is we'll build a chiral algebra by studying the top logical string on SLGC. And when you open them so far, we've related the dimensional symmetry algebras, the gauge theory side, and the holographic dual. We've seen that these are the same. And the main result we'll be able to do today. We'll use this fact in the proof that planar gauge theory chiral algebra is isomorphic to the holographic. So we'll be able to show that we can match all of the coefficients. And in particular all correlators. So the first thing we need to do to understand this. Is to understand how to build the holographic chiral. So we started discussing this a little bit yesterday. So we call yesterday that SL2C has a compactification boundary is CP1 times CP1. So I'm going to give an explicit description of the geometry near the boundary. It's on a path near the boundary. We have coordinates that in C. This will be the chiral algebra plane. So this, we thought it was the boundary of ADS3, W in CP1, and also N, which is normal to the boundary. So N really lives on a line bundle over CP1. So explain in a second, it's related to the hop-fibration, which means that N has a pull when W is infinity. In other words, N transforms like the W. These coordinates we're going to use are related to the coordinates on ADS3 times S3 as follows. If we write N equals OR e to the i theta, then Z, Z bar and OR are coordinates on ADS3. And the boundary is OR equals 0, W, W bar, and theta are coordinates on the trees here, which we're seeing as a hop-fibration CP1. The theta coordinate parameterizes the hop-fibration. So the goal is to build a chiral algebra living on the Z plane by studying a gravitational engage theory we have in the book. So to get there, we need a few more details of the geometry. Z is not a homomorphic coordinate. There is a Bultrami differential, which looks like mu is a factor of N. So we're going to use some factors of pi and squared. So this may look a little funny, but if you remember that N transforms like the square root of BW, so N squared transforms as W. This expression here includes a natural volume of CQ1. So it's a natural expression. But also, because there are bulk theory, we're going to be focusing on the open string set because it's easier. So the homomorphic transient is the homomorphic transient. So that involves a homomorphic volume from this geometry. So I need to write that down too. Oh my god, it has a whole order of three. I'm just going to look at my notes. The coordinates looks like this. I want to note that if we look over here, we can, there will be a piece of this, which looks like d theta, d times the volume form of the two sphere times N. So from this, you see that the integral over the three sphere of omega is equal to N, as we would expect. Okay, so far we've just set up the coordinates. Are there any questions? No question at this stage. Okay, I actually can't see you guys anymore. So recall, the homomorphic transient is a quarantine. We're going to have a gate field. There's no one form in this geometry, even SLA, and it looks like an integral trace A d bar A plus one of the sixth trace A, A, A. And this whole thing is hit with the homomorphic volume. So to describe the holographic capital algebra, we have to first describe boundary conditions at N equals zero is on the boundary of our geometry, and then states will violate the boundary condition at some value of Z. The boundary condition, which is a little time thinking about it. It's a little subtle. But we noticed that omega has a pole over three. It turns out that asking that A has a zero is a good boundary condition. So we ask that A goes like N near N equals zero is a good boundary condition. Wait, so now we can ask what is the state. And of course, we're going to modify the boundary behavior at some value of Z. For example, we could ask that a goes like delta function. That equals head zero. Plus, oh man, this is going to be the simplest lowest line state. So in a moment, I want to match these with the states in the current algebra. But for now, if one states ordinary ADCFT, he might say, well, what you really want is a solution to the equations of motion on the bulk geometry, which satisfies this boundary condition. And we can find such a thing. But there is a unique gate equivalence solution to the linearized equation of motion, which is just the D bar equation, which satisfies modified boundary condition. So this the explicit formula is a zero. Let's introduce a color index. Yeah. Plus. It's going to look like this. So the reason this satisfies the equations of motion. We should recall that there was a boundary differential so Z wasn't, wasn't homomorphic. So if I take a delta function, a fixed value of Z, that doesn't satisfy the D bar equation. But this adding on this correction from, from makes it so it does. I can draw a little picture of it by what this is. Yes, three. This is the boundary radius three. My state. Sorry Kevin, the gauging next in the second term is TA is multiplied by TA or what. Yes, yes, the second term is wrong. So what this looks like. I put the boundary. The boundary is an equal zero. As I put the boundary. It decays rapidly here with zero zero as I put the boundary. And if I move a little bit away from the boundary, it also decays. So this is actually said by the sense of apologies, decays as Z moves away from zero. So this is the kind of thing you want for a state right on the boundaries localize a particular point. As you move away from the boundary spreads out away from that point with some particular decay rate. The decay rate of course will be related to the two point function. Because this state is related to the current and the two point function of the current goes like one of us. So we're going to propose that. Hey, hey, said zero gets matched to the state. Ja, it's a zero in the car with this is the S away current. And that's where it was. And then there's some. Or an S one from one to eight and it's anti symmetric or S. So we'd like to also build to build the states correspond to, or to these, to these symmetrize places. And what we'll find is that the ways of modifying the boundary condition. At this point match precisely with the states in the CFT. That's the most general way we can modify the boundary condition. So we could say, a is like delta function. That said equals at zero. But there's nothing stopping me having more singular behavior in N. So I could have one over N disempower. But once I have that singular behavior in N, you'd also think, well, why can't I have a function of w two, and the remaining terms are going to be terms which are less singular and inclusion will be forced by solving the equations of motion. Never. What possible values do we have here for these indices. Well, I can have an arbitrary pole in N. But we know that N. As a pole, that w is infinity, which means one over N to the K. As the zero over K, having a pole in the W plane will be bad. Because it will prevent my field configuration in satisfying the equations of motion. So we can say that the index L ranges from zero to K. Well, this is perfect because these are exactly states with the white quantum numbers to match the states we see in the chiral logic that we propose that this corresponds to the polar factor. It corresponds to pi four x one L x two K minus I s. These states have the same quantum numbers. Any questions so far? Nope. I assume everything is crystal clear. All right, so now we've described the states on the homo apocalyptic dual side. We can ask, how can we compute their endpoint functions? Let's say the two and three functions to start. So the endpoint functions of these states computed in principle by Wittentagos. So let's start with the two functions. So, if I take my state, a z zero, let's go, and then square, I take two such states. Their two point function is obtained inserting into the kinetic term of homo apocalyptic dual side. It's going to be integral over all my coordinates A, A, zero, D bar, A, B, zero, and then when we contract indices, there's going to be a candidate. So, since these states correspond to the SOA current to my chiral algebra, these have two point function, which is like N, A, B, over C0 minus E1 squared. So this is homo apocalyptic dual side.  You can see this because that's the standard central extension of the cascule, and it contains a cascule at level N just because that's the number of fields we have. These guys are like I, I, I, I, I know X is in the middle, and when I contract them, we do two with contractions, and there's a loop in the middle. So the loop in the middle contributes N and the two with contractions contribute over C0 minus E1 squared. The equation point introduced the volume formula. So let me scroll up a little bit so we can see the formulas each expression is pretty much the same. Here there'll be like a delta C and C1, and here there'll be the same kind of thing with the 1 over C minus C1 squared. So what I'd like to do is kind of quickly compute this integral explicitly, and we're going to be a little loose and I'll drop some terms, which are also important and just focus on the relevant terms. I can take the first one. I'll drop the color parameters too. This one to be a delta function. Here, I'm going to put d bar. So we have a 1 and the volume form looks like the N or N cubed, the WZ. This is the relevant term, the volume form. Because our geometry is non-compact, we're going to integrate over Z and W, or N is we're going to introduce a cutoff near the boundary of radius 3. Now, if we do integration by parts, this is a pure boundary integral. The boundary term, we're going to get a bit of the d bar, and we're going to find something like this, and N squared, dW bar, plus d squared, dN, or N cubed, dW, dZ. And I forgot a crucial term, which is 1 over Z minus C1 squared. And this term here really appeared originally over here. Okay, so all I've done is, you notice the integral is a total derivative, so you pick up the boundary term, and we just insert all the terms and we get something that looks like this.  Why is that? The integral over W of dW, dW bar, 1 plus W squared squared. This is just a natural volume form in Cp1, which will be the study metric. So this is basically one, it's a multiple of pi. So that part goes away. The integral over Z, all because I have a delta function in the integrand, all that does is, produces 1 over C0 minus C1 squared. That looks good. And finally, we have an integral, contour integral over N, and we notice up here, we have N squared, there we have N cubed. So we get contour over N of dN over N, and that gives you node 2 by I, which is also important. So we do indeed find the holographic 2.0 function. Okay, any questions about this calculation? Yes, there is a question. Hi Kevin, I just got a little bit confused. Is the integral, if you go up just before you did the integral? Is this an integral over Cp1 times Cp1, or is it over S2 times S3? Right, up here, this was an integral over SLTC, but I removed the neighborhood of the boundary. So here, when I go down to the boundary integral, this is really an integral over an S1 bundle over Cp1 times Cp1. Yeah, so where's the fifth coordinate then? I just got confused. It's N, you see, because N, the absolute value of N is fixed. So we're left with the angular value of N, that's the fifth coordinate. And that appears when we, you know, it's an integral, I can just remove, I can just compute it in a dense open set, as long as it converges. So I don't worry too much about the fact that it's a non-trivial sort of bundle. So in which case the integral becomes an integral over C times C times S1, and the integral over the S1 just gives us this common integral. Does that make sense? Yeah, thanks. The three-point function. Then we will play the same game. If I take three states, I'm going to get like, F, A, B, C integral with a six dimensional geometry.  And I personally prefer, well, in any holographic computation, I prefer to use the OBE rather than the three-point function. So how do we find the OBE? Well, the OBE, which when inserted into the two-point function gives, with AC, gives the three-point function. So what is that? This is just the definition of the OBE in general. But there's a nice formula for it. The OBE is given by D bar inverse. This expression is, and you can imagine that as follows. There's my first state. And then here D bar inverse is the propagator coming off of that. So why is this the OBE? If I insert AC, B2 times, times the D bar, D bar of that, well, clearly the D bar is cancel, is the three-point function. So the OBE is something that's actually easier to compute than the two-point function. So let me quickly explain the technique for doing that. So the technique for computing the OBE is, well, A, AC0, select this. And it turns out that this is D bar, TB times D bar of one over C minus C1. So I can remove this state by a gate transformation. However, in the presence of the other state, this gate transformation has a non-trivial effect. It sends this other state, C0 to one over C0 minus C1 F, A, B, C, T, C, delta, C equals C0. That's the other track. Now here we see the correct cascading OBE. And of course we can play this game with all the other states. So it's a little more complicated. There is a question, Kevin. In the last equation, how does the B index get soaked up? Because it remains free on the right-hand side, but on the left-hand side, it's just A, A. Right, so the B index is present in the gate transformation. The gate transformation is like... Oh, I see. ...one over C minus C1, and I'm looking at the effect of this gate transformation. Thanks. Okay, so in this way, one can, in principle, are just by working really hard and thinking about standard written diagrams, try to compute all of the correlation functions of the tiring algebra. However, that's really hard. And there's a shortcut. The shortcut is that we know, we've already checked, that on both sides, there's this really big symmetry algebra. And that's going to constrain everything really tightly. And that will really help us to cut down the problem to a much, much simpler problem. So let me very briefly say, why, how... It's already kind of obvious that this symmetry is present on the holographic side, because it's just the gate transformations. But it can be helpful to think about the mode algebra from the holographic point of view. So just like a local operator is obtained by modifying the boundary conditions at a point, so we get a field that looks like a delta function at a point in the boundary, where the mode will be a field configuration. For example, some power of z, a delta function that's where z is on the circle, maybe there might be some negative powers of n, plus some other stuff, the negative powers of n are localized on the circle. So we need to see, you know, the commutators of modes can be seen, can be computed using the same gate transformation trick we just mentioned. So I want to briefly explain why does functions on SL2C, these are homomorphic functions, tensor SOH, live inside the mode algebra. The answer is very simple. If I take f, which is a homomorphic function on SL2C, f times ta times delta function at z equals one, this expression satisfies the field equation, plus a, even though z is not homomorphic. So geometrically, what we're doing is we're just taking our homomorphic function and calling it by a delta function on a five-manifold, which add infinity to this circle, this circle where z is one like that. And the reason it satisfies the field equation is just, this is closed, you know, the delta function, any five cycles close one form, and drf is zero, because it's a homomorphic function. So in this way we see that this global symmetry algebra really lives inside the modes of our chiral algebra. And how does that help us? We know that the commutators of modes of our states are given by the algebra function on SL2C, SOH. If I take in any chiral algebra, the commutator of modes is some expression, is an expression in terms of the ecofissions. So this relationship, it turns out to constrain OBEs and so correlation functions uniquely except the two-point function of the stress energy tensor, which goes like this. So in other words, once we know this result, now we have this huge symmetry algebra, and once we can identify the quantum numbers of the states, everything else is determined by a single grammar and the graphic algebra is isomorphic, the planar. So I think I'll stop there. Thank you.


It can be fun for a child to explore the world with their sense of smell. You can find things with strong smells, like a lemon, an onion, some vinegar, or any kind of spice. Then the child can smell them and pick which ones they like and which ones they don't like. This will help them learn about their sense of smell.


All right, I have a picture here for you of a stylized Adam, and I think it's really important to acknowledge very openly and honestly. I love this stylized Adam. I think it looks really cool, maybe even tattoo-worthy, but that's not how they look. That is a depiction of an Adam that we know of because really we can't see these things. Even though there are some people who say, I've taken a picture of a single Adam, there are scientists who have imaged what they say are individual Adams, and I look at the picture and I go, sure, I believe you. The pictures that we have of Adams certainly don't look like this, and you can't see your subatomic particles in those Adams. You can't see where they are. You can't see how they relate to each other, and so don't forget. Don't assume that this picture is what they actually look like. It's just a representation to help us remember the structures. The fact is that there is a kernel in the middle of every Adam, and I'm just going to circle it here, and it's called the nucleus. I want to say out loud the word nucleus has many meanings in science. I can think of three. The center of an Adam is called a nucleus. The center of a cell is called a nucleus, and a group of cell bodies, neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system is called a nucleus. Super important to sort of be aware that we are going to encounter multiple uses of this word, but nucleus, the nucleus of an Adam, refers to its center, and the nucleus of an Adam is made up of two things. It has a proton. In this case, you can't tell what is a proton or a neutron. I could have picked either the gray particles or the reddish particles to label as the proton.  I would have to give you more information for you to know. But you do know that if I labeled the red particle as a proton, then the gray particle is going to be something else, and that's actually a neutron. I think neutron is just a U, N, U, T, R, O, N. But it might be N, E, U. I don't know. I got to go look it up. N, E, U, it is. Oh goodness. N, E, U, T, R, O, N. And then I just made an M at the end, and I can't find my eraser. There. How's that? We got there. It's a neutron. Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus. We're going to look at each of these particles separately. Neutrons have a neutral charge. Neutron neutral. Protons have a positive charge. And then you'll notice that we have particles like surrounding and orbiting the nucleus, and those are our electrons. And our electrons have a negative charge. So these are, that's it. When you look at the anatomy of something, if I give you four parts to know, you will know soon that that's glorious, like, oh my gosh, there's only four things that we have to know on this. We're going to take a look at each one of those subatomic particles and have some applications and see why they matter in the next three pieces of this lecture.


Hello, and welcome to this presentation of the STM32WL5 sub gigahertz radio controller. The sub gigahertz radio operates in the ISM150-960MHz band, providing low-ra, frequency shift keying, minimum shift keying, Gaussian frequency shift keying, Gaussian minimum shift keying, and binary phase shift keying modulations. The radio complies with the European Telecommunications Standards Act, European Norm 300, 220, 301.13, and 301.166, Federal Communications Commission Code of Federal Regulation 47, Part 15, 24, 90, and 101, and Association of Radio Industries and Businesses Standard T30, T67, and T108. It enables the building of systems for the following standards, low-row wireless area network, SIGFOX, etc., and proprietary protocols. The sub gigahertz radio communication through the serial peripheral interface can be secured, preventing interaction from non-secure sources. It provides a differential-receive input and a separate single-ended transmit output for high power to plus 22 dBm and default power up to max plus 14 dBm. The sub gigahertz radio can operate independently from the CPU. This means the CPU system can be in one of its low power modes while the radio is receiving or transmitting data. The sub gigahertz radio module is accessed through the sub gigahertz serial peripheral interface using SPI commands. It consists of a controller part containing the data handling and control logic, a lower modem and a frequency shift keying and minimum shift keying modem, and the radio front end, containing the transmit chain with the power amplifier regulator, the received chain, the high-speed external 32 MHz oscillator, and the temperature-controlled crystal oscillator regulator. Current interrupts are provided to the CPU, as well as sub gigahertz radio busy information. The high-speed external 32 MHz clock control enables the control of the high-speed external 32 MHz oscillator and its operation mode, including the temperature-controlled crystal oscillator regulator operation. The lower modem has two framing configurations, explicit packet mode using more overhead leading to increased airtime. This packet type allows transfer of packets with variable-length payloads due to the inclusion of a header field, and implicit packet mode with minimum overhead leading to minimum airtime. This packet type requires the transfer of all packets with a predefined fixed-length payload. It does not include a header field. The preamble length can be configured. The modem can be configured to trade off effective data rate versus range with the programmable modulation bandwidth and or spreading factor. A lower modulation bandwidth and or spreading factor allows the increase of the range. The coding rate also improves the robustness against interferences at the expense of longer packet airtime. The higher the coding rate, the more robust the communication will be. The preamble activity detection can be used to detect the presence of a laura signal before initiating any communication. The generic framing is used with frequency shift keying and minimum shift keying modulation and uses a non-return to zero coding. The preamble length can be configured. An optional access address field can be added for which the length can be configured. The preamble length packet mode using more overhead leading to increased airtime. This packet time allows the transfer of packets with variable length payloads due to the inclusion of a header field. Fixed length packet mode with minimum overhead leading to minimum airtime. This packet type requires the transfer of all packets with a predefined fixed-length payload. It does not include a header field. Currently whitening can be added to the payload. The cyclic redundancy check is fully programmable for polynomial, initialization value, CRC inversion and length. The frequency shift keying modem can be configured for the following configurations. Bit rate, Gaussian filtering, modulation bandwidth, and frequency deviation. The minimum shift keying modem is only available in transmit mode and can be configured for the following configurations, bit rate and Gaussian filtering. The binary phase shift keying modem is only available in transmit mode. The binary phase shift keying framing is fully flexible and fully under firmware control. Any preamble, access address, header field, payload and CRC shall be provided by firmware. The binary phase shift keying modem can only be configured for bit rate. With some data preprocessing, differential binary phase shift keying modulation can be obtained. The sub gigahertz radio operating modes are depicted in this figure. In the startup phase, some internal sub gigahertz radio supply and clock startup, after which the sleep state is entered. The sleep state represents the lowest power mode. There is no radio activity. Optionally, the sub gigahertz RTC timer can be kept running for duty-cycled operations. To exit the sleep state, firmware has to set the sub gigahertz serial peripheral interface NSS signal low. On a cold start, the calibration phase is used to calibrate some sub gigahertz radio blocks like the internal oscillator's frequency, radio phase-locked loop, radio analog to digital converter, and image rejection. Only once in standby state, the firmware can communicate with the sub gigahertz radio through the sub gigahertz serial peripheral interface and program the configuration parameters before entering any active state. In the frequency synthesis state, the radio PLL locks on the requested radio frequency. Then transmit and receive states can be entered. In the transmit and receive states, actual data is transferred on the radio frequency with the selected modulation. Communication with the sub gigahertz radio is done through the command-based serial peripheral interface or SPI. The command structure uses a one-byte opcode to identify the command followed by the command parameters. The number of parameters depends on the command. A busy information is provided that indicates when the sub gigahertz radio can't receive commands, such as when the current requested command is being processed or when a low power mode is entered. Data for transmit and receive is in the sub gigahertz radio 256-byte data buffer RAM. The transmit and receive data buffers are accessed via the sub gigahertz radio serial peripheral interface command. The RAM has a circular nature. Any address increment exceeding 0xFF wraps around to address 0x00. The transmit buffer is written by firmware and read by hardware. The start of the transmit buffer is defined by the transmit base address. The length of the buffer is defined by the payload length. The hardware uses the transmit buffer pointer to read the data. The receive buffer is written by hardware and read by firmware. The start of the receive buffer is defined by the receive base address. The hardware uses the receive start buffer pointer to start reading the data. Data is read until the length of the buffer as defined by the receive payload length. Note that if the amount of received data exceeds the received buffer length, other data in the RAM are overwritten. This slide lists the subsequent steps to perform a basic Lora transmission. This slide lists the subsequent steps to perform a basic Lora reception. This slide lists the subsequent steps to perform a basic transmission using binary phase shift keying or BPSK modulation.


So, just lost about half my slides so, sorry guys, there's a, so I'm here to, so this is a workshop, right? And I'm looking forward to having everyone take a stab at building an OpenShift cluster, an OKD cluster on, on the arm instances and I want to talk about the failures and I want to talk about what we see as being the, the next steps in building a better arm support. The, the classic idea here was that we would, we would be able to spin up three node clusters for each, for everyone in the room. So an arm, I mean I, I think everybody's wholly familiar with arm and the arm architecture but they're not familiar with the, with the, with the AWS environment and so I wanted to introduce you to both the trials and tribulations of trying to run OpenShift on arm and to do that in the context of something that you can destroy and bring back up in, in really no time at all. The second, second part of the, so we'll do that first and then the second part of this will be walking through what I consider to be the, the scaling model for, I mean in my mind the canonical scaling model for, for the, the physical nodes and how we can attach those physical nodes in, in a scaling group that allows you to provision a series of nodes. So, so there are a number of instances, instance types that were created based on a single hardware profile right and each one of these takes up a certain amount of the, of the hardware for an instance normally right and we, we just carved this up into smaller and larger instances and one of the things I think everyone is familiar with virtual machines in many ways but one of the things that, that we were looking at at Amazon when we made the decision to use, to use an arm architecture were smaller workloads, single threaded applications and burstable workloads and those are not necessarily as well known on the, from the perspective of, of OpenShift deployments because we tend to see OpenShift scaled up but never down.  The point today I think is to, is to start with opening a console, looking, looking at the Amazon console and, and having some credentials, some, so I'm going to pass out credentials that you can use to log into an account and then we have several regions we can, we can play with. So I have a simple cloud formation template that will let you spin up a VPC environment and deploy machine images of Fedora 29 that you can use to, as your, your base OS or your base operating system deployment and then the, you can use the OpenShift Ansible with a host file that will walk through the creation of, in, in short order. So who does want to participate in building a, okay, fantastic. So, let me steal that pen. So if you want to participate, come on up and let me give you some credentials. Here, just, just come around on, around my shoulder and I'll, I'll show you. So I've got a CZ workshop, 0000102, right. If, and I'll put it on one of my, on a new slide, the, and then the password is the username dot exclamation point. So somebody can be 00. Okay. Everybody's got it. Okay. So just, yeah, just 01. Yeah, 01, 02, 03, 04. Sure. 06. Anybody else? I'm just going to add another, just going to open powers point. So I lost a couple of slides here. Everybody, I'm sure everybody can appreciate how that feels. Is there a, is, yeah, it's on the bottom. Okay. So this will get you to the console, the management console. This, so with the management console, you can log in. Oh, yeah. So much better with a Z. All right. So log in here and then I have in S3, there's a, there's an S3 bucket that, that has the, the CloudFormation template you can use. The username is CZ capital W workshop. So CZ workshop and your number. And then the password is your username and a period and exclamation point. Oh yeah, plenty. Yeah. I think, I think we just got through six. Is that right? So it's CZ workshop, 07. And then the password is the same with a period and exclamation point. Okay. So that is the path to the template file. And that should be public. So we're, we're actually getting credentials together and logging in so that everyone can create a small cluster for themselves. So the username is CZ workshop with a capital W, 08. And the password is the same.exclamation point. I don't have any, I mean, fix that. Yeah, I'll fix that here. Okay. Give that just a minute to propagate. Open the file. That's a public file. It's definitely public. I think I'm a victim of eventual consistency. Yeah, yeah. What's that? We, we asked the question. Yes. Yeah, on the sketch. Oh, go ahead and create one for yourself. So, yeah, so just go ahead and, and in your credential and just create an SSH, a PEM file for your, for your own use. Just log in over here. I don't make it easier. That's okay. Yeah, I'm gonna, I'm just gonna log in here so I can, so everybody can follow along. That looks like something changed. I'm getting what I expect. Okay. If, if you don't know how to create your own keys, looks like someone has already done it. You can create a key pair or I can give you one either way. But this is a simple way to do it. You'll, you'll download it to your laptop and that will give you both the public and the private key together. Right. And then you can just, it leverage it as a PEM file. It's a PEM file. So you have to change the permissions on it so that it's readable only by the, by your user, your local user. Anybody need credentials that came in later? So the, the credentials are CZ Workshop 09 for you. And then the password is the same. So there are four, there are four regions we can use. There is the US East 1 which is Virginia in the console. So if you, if you pull down here, there are four regions that have the arm, the arm instances in them. There's North Virginia, Ohio, Oregon and Dublin. So obviously Dublin is closer, but not, but you may get rate, we'll get rate limited on the number of instances we can start in anyone given account. So if you run into an insufficient capacity error, just change to a different, a different region. That is some solid formatting. What's that? Deftal again. Looks like, there we go. Okay. So just to show you what, just to say what this is doing, we are, we are creating a key pair, well, I'm sorry, we're selecting a key pair from, from a, from the list of all the key pairs that are there. We're associating either, in this case either CentOS 7 or a Fedora image that's with our map for, for instance creation. It starts off by creating a VPC and then populating the VPC with all the important bits. So a subnet, a routing table, a gateway to get you to where you need to be and some default configuration to ensure that there is a public IP address so that you can communicate with the instances for the next step. The, each one, so this creates three nodes. Three nodes are associated with the, with the, with an OpenShift cluster in this case. And that OpenShift cluster is created with a worker or two, and, or two workers in one master. The reason we use, so in this case we're using the, the X, the, the four, you'll see in the, the A1 four X large, which is the largest instance size that you could use to, to push this because running a master on an ARM64 is bleeding slow, right? So, I mean, you have one thread per core. It's, there's not a whole lot of work to be done there. This, then we're adding, we're adding drives so that you can, you can leverage a larger space, larger storage space for, for your containers and opening up the ports that are required for communicating for the, standing up the cluster. The, once the cluster is configured that this cluster can be, can be used to, with the OpenShift Ansible. So, leveraging OpenShift Ansible, we have a host, I have a host file that we'll look at here. Oh no, I don't have the host file up there. So, yeah, once, so once the hosts are up, the first thing to do is to enable them for, for the, for the Docker configuration and Python 3 Docker implementation is broken on the, on the ARM64. So, there is a, there is a need to, to, to, to enable the revert back to Python 2. And then, there, once the storage setup is, is there and everything is ready here, I can take the host information and I'm going to upload that now. Take the host file and substitute the, the, the names that you have for the EC2 DNS names that you have for the instances that you are created through the CloudFormation template. Take those CloudFormation template, or the, the instance names, plug those into the Ansible host file and leverage those to build, build your cluster. So, inherently that's not scalable though. The best way to do this is, and is not a way to play with, play with the, the ARM64 instances. But the best way to do this is to create auto scaling groups and create and leverage the scalar scripts. So, in the OpenShift quick start, so that, that we join in with currently, maintain with Red Hat, there are, there is a scalar.py script that can be leveraged to create an auto scaling group for each, for the worker nodes. And then, scaling events can take place to ensure that the credentials are removed, right? So, all the, all the information is removed for a specific node before it is turned off. So, basically, this applied to, so using the scalar.py and the auto scaling groups with the ARM architecture creates a tremendously burstable and scale out architecture. So, what we're looking for, what I'm looking for is for you to walk away with an understanding that there is, there are two components here that I think are very important to the next generation of OpenShift, especially in environments where we have on-demand, a lot of on-demand infrastructure. And that is that we can leverage these smaller instance types that are about 45% less cost in our, in the architectures. And we can do that through the use of life cycle hooks to neatly scale them up and out of the clusters. So, I want you to take a few minutes and look at, it's an easy thing to find through Google, just the AWS QuickStart for OpenShift. And take a look at the scalar.py file. And in that file, you'll find the, find the more, most of the, the guts of the work that has been done to create an auto scaling model that doesn't require, doesn't require you to actively scale down and scale up the nodes on the cluster. So, I'm going to, I'm going to just answer questions for as much time as we have left. Does anybody have a question about running OpenShift on ARM? The RPM installation requirement is, is something that, that kind of made me tear my hair out. So, this is for someone, I think for someone who hasn't, who hasn't, who hasn't got a whole lot of experience installing or, or operating a, an OpenShift cluster, the complications around it are severe. And most of the people who are doing it on the 32-bit architecture or Raspberry Pies, those, those are, those are, those are magic configurations. I mean, the requirements around Go were, were up until very recently. It was almost impossible to get, to get it to compile. And the ARM64 doesn't, doesn't have the same problem. That was, was one of the things that was super exciting to me about using this as a place to deploy the OpenShift Ansible. And, and the amount of storage that you can associate, associate with it is fairly large. The, the speed with which you can associate ARM64 on ARM is, is ARM64 with a cluster is pretty, is, is, it is mind blowing, right, to, to spin up a larger number of the instances and to have those register with the cluster. The scaling component of this is a result of having pre and post life cycle hooks and the life cycle hooks, the pre life, the pre scaling events are there to remove the nodes from the cluster. So, everything has to take effect before the, before the node scales down.  Everything has to go remove the credentials, all of that. And then after the, after that, the scale down can occur. The same thing happens in reverse though with the, with a scaling, a scale up event. Scale, a scale up event is heavy on the execution in the post life cycle event. So, after the node has been created, the post event takes over and registers that node with the, with the OpenShift cluster. Well, thanks for taking some time and, and looking at how these work and, and, and seeing it in the console. It seems like we ran into a couple of problems that, that are, it stopped you. I'll, I'll look into that and I'll keep this, I'll keep the account open for you for the rest of the day so that you can explore.