I'm Chan Yeol Park and Urban Policy Division of NIPOLS in Korea. So my talk today, my talk is on the construction of aerosol monitoring platform. We entitled that as ICANN, Asian Initiative of Clean Air Network in Korea. So let me first mention the background and purpose of ICANN. Actually, now it's October from Korea and China in these East Asia areas. In every year, from October to the next year, April, the air stagnation and high PM content, PM concentration have been emerged as some very important social problem. So actually, Korean government urged or recommended to, in the high PM concentration period, government urged or recommended to stay at home. But as you see, this is all grander part and grander model, they usually they had take a walk at the urban forest areas. Also, young people want to make a time, a good time at urban forest. And so also some hiking riders, they want to play at the urban forest areas. But it's very unclear because if we had a high PM concentration period, government should provide some clear information under the, what level of PM concentration in each area. But now, until maybe until previous year, Korean government had pronounced all ability PM concentration value as a same same value in all of our country or some cities and some regions. So we want to set up some, what is the real value of the PM concentration under canopy of the urban forest areas. Actually, in urban areas, we are Korean government that already had a set up and managing the city PM monitoring networks. But there was no, there had to be, there was not that there was no monitoring networks in Korea. So I would like to report to the setup of clean air ICANN networks. As you know, the pollutants, what's the source of the pollutants is the many researcher had had a surveyed and reported the traffic industry and urban areas and some cultivated areas trace metals also the source. But what I think is the greening trees at urban areas also including the soil and food crops at rural areas and remote mountains. Some pollutants can migrate to the long range transports so they can make some cloud interaction and they can deposit into the soil or forest area. So these are some negative feedback system is some, there's some carrying capacity but it's a very well known negative feedback system at the atmosphere particular metals. However, in China, in Korea, we, in this time, we know and early spring, we had a many event, high concentration PM event, but there was no evidence under the, what is the source of the PM from China or from porno areas or the from domestic parties that there was no report and there are many results on the modeling results and aerogel optical depth and secondary organic aerogels like this. So, in, in the world, some greenhouse gases have have been monitored, including the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and many atmosphere source pollutants source. So, like this, we have so two years ago until two years ago, we have some discontinuous monitoring under the water effects of the green buffer area between the industrial complex and the residential areas like this. We reported the red result as, as, as it is. So the PM 10 was shown as 14 or 4 to 4% was low at the residential areas compared to the industrial complex complex areas like this.  We can know the, what's the effect of the urban forest to await the PM to a pipe or so we, we concluded that about 50, half a percent, half a percentage of the urban can, or one person can lower the particular method of concentration. So, some post areas below shows the below value of the WHO auto standard level 20, 20, 25.0 microgram per cubic meters. So, from 2019 and 2020, we installed a 20, 20, we installed a PM monitoring equipments with some green EDM SVC equipment, so semi volatile compounds. We installed 20 sites, including 60 equipments. So we operating this equipment. So one, one equipment produced about 600,000 data set in a year, and interval time is 10 minutes. So, for example, to a new pipe and between P1.0 and meteorological factors also we reported in the web page. So, yeah, okay. Let me show the some web page. Let me show the web page. Okay. Yes. So, actually, we did this scientific data network can produce and can provide some good information, some basic information to overcome air pollutants and diseases in urban areas. So, this equipment, the characteristics of this equipment is not only they measure the volume concentration and mass concentration so we can analyze the source and the emergence and the growth and the budget of the particular matters. So, from 0.25 micrometers to 32 micrometers, in each particular size class, the mass concentration can be calculated and can be analyzed like this. So, this is some result in low concentration periods, PM concentration in 20 sites 60 locations data show the data show that the PM 10 was 10 low as 10.8 PM 205 as 8.0. And also this equipment can measure the BVS and AVS biogenic volatile organic compounds that from the produced from trees like isoprene and isoprene and some water plants. And AVOC is an anthropogenic volatile organic compounds and the benzene toluene and like this source from the road and the vehicles. So, in our system so we now we analyze that about 80% about 80% was composed by AVOC so the urban process the main think source of the pollutants in urban areas. So, let me show you some brief monitoring results in Busan city. So, in one site, we set up the one is residential areas like blue colors and green color is purple green or some blacking forest against pollutants. So, from the design is a industrial complex areas. So we can, we came to know, we came to know the, we came to get the data and the significant low concentration at the residential areas. So, because of now Korean government have put and have have put the many budgets to make some urban process in urban area but it is a very high expensive to get to implement and to buy the lens in urban areas. So, to support the decision, this is a scientific data system will be needed or this data system can help the decision maker to implement and manage the urban process in Korea. Let me explain the next is the expansion of the PM PM concentration platform with some carbon dioxide dioxide program program. So, as you know, carbon neutral neutrality and the carbon zero program is now of social issue also in Korea and in East Asia areas. So, now we had some data on the PM 205 mortality rate and carbon dioxide, but there are some members reported, there is some small, small weekly positive correlation between the PM concentration and carbon dioxide. So, but we, we have a platform so also we input the new equipment for measuring the carbon dioxide concentration. So we can came to know the, what is the factor of the PM concentration and carbon dioxide in urban areas. Next, let me some comment on the multi functionality of urban processing Korea. So I'd like to say it's a screw. So one is a science based. The next is a wisdom based and customized the base is very important because the main people so now is a millennium and jets and MJ generation. Many young people like to go to the first urban policy, but they, they want to have some industry like a tree delivery, tree delivery and some drinking water and the cracks like this. Okay, so we now this time we just focused on the pollutants absorption absorption and the carbon sequestration but there's some multi functionalities of one person is very important in our country. There's a very brief explanation and so maybe 20 years ago first industry is very important now is a third or six industry is very important for urban areas. So number of a higher visit to urban policy is increased in the era of COVID-19. So I, we, we reported some current ecosystem service of urban policy in COVID-19. So young people to visit or want to prefer to visit the personal space and visit areas. And the other, and the other thing is the importance of biodiversity habitat. So, as I, there's a small report on the urban ecosystems and some birds was adapted to the urban areas. So it's a high feature and variable frequency was reported were reported. And also we, so we reported some high high PM concentration can affect the low production of honeybee in Beijing Beijing algorithm areas we already system have had a survey is the high high back journey time at the high p.m. concentration. So it increased the 1.7 time increased at the high p.m. concentration. This, this high p.m. concentration can affect the polarized the right direction between sun and power of honeybee honey be be friends. I'd like to say the importance of the some urban or fresh flooding urban areas. Now climate change or so there's some great infrastructure can increase, increase the risk of the fresh flooding urban areas so the importance of water retention of the water by urban policy is very important. Also, I do like many times I mentioned the importance of street trees. So, in Asian reasons, we, I think we have some standard stuff we can have some standard statistics and urban policy including urban street trees. It's very difficult to define the what is the urban forest in each country is in Singapore, China, Korea and very different points. Street trees are very easy. So it is a some starting point to make a standard statistics on urban forest in Asia. And because these urban trees is a very good benefit for in summer, ten years and air temperature. Actually, in Seoul, Korea, we use the central bus station. It's a very risky. So 10 minutes or 10 or five or 10 minutes, some people's weight of bus is a very risky environment to pollutants and heat waves. So it's my conclusion. We set up network for measuring finders to add 60 location in 20 place of police in Korea under canopy areas. And this measurement can produce about 600,000 data set every 10 minutes for air loads and weather information. Geopolitical characteristics, a lot of monitor and air pollutants in, in North East Asia, including China and determine when policy will act as absorption source. So I think that this I can can act as a platform for urban planning and policy management policy to maintain clear air in East Asia. Yeah. That is all. Thank you for your is a summer. Thank you very much, Mr. Park. It's very interesting. And I think that's what we need. We need to have very comprehensive monitoring network so that we can better understand what we have, how we can provide.


All right, let's talk about AutoZone downgraded at WebBush, but upgraded at Goldman? Yeah, I think Goldman's going to have more sway. I mean, AutoZone had a bad quarter. The new normal is that it looks like it's going to be minus for a while. I expected more from AutoZone, but one of the things that there was a double threat to AutoZone. One was the comp stores down, but the other was that Amazon is going to move aggressively in auto parts. I think people are feeling a little less gloomy about the idea that Amazon might move in a little more positive. But that's the case. Look at Snap-on. Snap-on is the stock we own for action alerts. It has been, it would have had a great quarter. The stock shot up to 170, but it's been going down with AutoZone and O'Reilly. Look for some stability in that name, perhaps. We've bought some down here, no need to buy more.


So, last time we have looked at the seasonal variation of the direction of winds associated with the monsoon and we also looked at the pressure pattern. Now to understand the relationship between rainfall which is what we focused on in the first two lectures, the wind on the basis of which monsoon regional monsoonal regions were defined and pressure and so on one needs a little bit of a background. So, that is what I am going to prepare in this talk. So, to begin with you know the basic source of energy for atmospheric circulation is the radiation from the sun. Now the sun is extremely hot as you know with temperatures around 6000 k that wavelength of maximum emission is inversely proportional to the temperature of the radiating body. So, the incoming solar radiation is short wave. Now in turn the earth atmosphere system emits radiation at long wavelengths that is with a peak of around 10 microns because it is much cooler right it is about 257 k also. So, the associated net radiative cooling of the atmosphere is about 1.5 degrees a day. So, the atmospheric circulation is driven by the solar energy which comes in short waves and the earth atmosphere system in turn emits long wave radiation. Now, since the atmosphere is almost transparent to the incoming short wave radiation it gets absorbed at the surface of the earth be it land or ocean. So, although the basic source is far away you know it is the sun. In fact, the atmosphere is heated from below because the solar energy is absorbed at the surface. So, the atmosphere is heated from below. Hence, the temperature of the atmosphere decreases with height up to the tropopause or so. Now in the next slide I will show you temperature measurements which are actually taken by scientist from our center over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during the Bob-Mex Bay of Bengal monsoon experiment and the Arabian Sea monsoon experiment. Now this is the vertical variation of temperature with height. What you see is that temperature decreases with height steadily up to about maybe 15 or 16 kilometers or so and then it begins to increase with height. This is the stratospheric increase of temperature that I talked about when I quoted Lorenz as not being unant not being anticipated at all by the meteorological theories. So, this is the tropopause then up to the tropopause we have the troposphere in which we have a decrease of temperature with elevation. Above the tropopause is the stratosphere in which it actually increases but we will mostly focus on the troposphere because that is where all the action is in terms of events whether or climate events. Now this is another profile this is from the Bay of Bengal and this is from the Arabian Sea again very similar you see that the tropopause is around 16 kilometers or so. So, the temperature decreases with height because the atmosphere is heated from below. Now we have seen that above the tropopause in the stratosphere the temperature actually increases with height. Now why does that happen? This is because in the stratosphere we have ozone. Ozone in fact primarily occurs in the stratosphere and ozone can absorb suns ultraviolet rays. So, ultraviolet radiation absorption by ozone creates warming in the stratosphere and that is why in the stratosphere temperature increases with height. So, this is how the temperature varies in the atmosphere. Now consider the pressure another very important climatic element. Under the influence of the earth's gravitational field the entire mass of the atmosphere exerts a force on the surface of the earth known as pressure. Usually pressure is expressed as force per unit area and atmospheric pressure is expressed in units of millibars which is the older unit with 1 millibar being equal to 1000 dynes per centimeter square dynes being of course a unit of force. So, force per unit area is dynes per centimeter square and 1 millibar is 1000 dynes per centimeter square. Now recently meteorologists have begun to use another unit which is called Pascal named after the French physicist and Pascal is defined so that 1 millibar is 100 Pascal's or 1 hectopascal. So, the pressure that supports a column of 76 centimeters that is the whole of the atmosphere is close to 1000 HPA. Now we have all seen this in school the parameter with the mercury column of about 76 centimeters being supported by the atmosphere and this is the pressure at the surface of the earth and this is around 1000 HPA. The corresponding weight of the whole atmosphere is only 1 kilogram per centimeter square so you can see how light air is. Now how does the pressure vary with height? The atmosphere is almost in hydrostatic balance. What does that mean? This means that the pressure at any point is actually simply given by the weight of the air column above that point. It is simply the weight of the air column above the point. So naturally as we go higher and higher the height of the air column above decreases and so the pressure decreases. So, this is how the pressure varies with height and for your reference you can see Mount Everest is around here and there is a rapid decrease in pressure and we will in fact often come across various levels of pressure so that 850 is around 1.5 kilometers and so on and so forth and 500 millibar or HPA is around 6 kilometers or so above the atmosphere and this is the mid troposphere and above this is the upper troposphere. Now this is how pressure varies with height. Now we have to consider density. Now if we had an incompressible fluid like water and this is relevant for the ocean then the pressure would decrease with height at a uniform rate. Why is that? Because the density is the same. So as you go above you get less and less fluid left so it will just decrease at a uniform rate. However the atmosphere is highly compressible so it expands with decreasing pressure and becomes compressed with increasing pressure. What does that mean? The density which is defined as the mass of the atmosphere per unit volume therefore decreases with a lowering of the pressure. So as you go higher the pressure is lower and which means the density is also less. So this means that the density decreases with height in the atmosphere thus the atmosphere is stably stratified. Now this concept of stability is going to come again and again in this set of lectures because the special features of atmospheric weather is that many of the processes we are interested in you know the cloud systems that give us rain such as depression, hurricane and so on and even the systems that give rain in the mid latitude system or what is called weather are often the product of instabilities in the atmosphere. So it is important to have under our belt the concept of stability. So I will come to this again and again but right now let me just define stability for you a system is said to be stable if when perturbed it returns to its original state. So you create a small perturbation it will return to its original state. So we used to have a toy when we were small which used to be a doll with a very heavy bottom and no matter how much you pushed it it will always stand up vertical again. I do not remember the English word for it and there is no point in telling you the Marathi word for it. So this is a example of a very stable system that you can give perturbations to it but the perturbations die out in time and the system returns to its original state. On the other hand consider an egg standing on its head you touch it a little bit and it will immediately fall this is an unstable system. So any perturbation you give to an unstable system actually will grow with time. Now why do I say that the atmosphere is stably stratified because we have what does it mean we have said the density decreases as you go higher and higher that means heavy air is below light air that means even if you create some perturbations it is not going to turn upside down right because the perturbations are going to die because if you displace a parcel of air vertically upward for example it is going to find itself in a surrounding in which the air is less dense around it and this particle is more dense. So buoyancy forces will imply that it goes back to its original position. So perturbations to such an atmosphere will die and therefore we consider that the atmosphere is stably stratified. Now because the density decreases with height pressure decreases at a lesser and lesser rate the further we go from the surface of the earth why is that because the amount of air in that column decreases because the density decreases. So the weight of the air above also decreases and so the pressure decreases at a lesser and lesser rate the further we go and in fact we could have seen it in the earlier slide here see it is decreasing more and more slowly as we go here. Now we are interested in the relationship between winds and pressure. So let us consider first the relationship between winds and pressure patterns. Let us see what we have seen earlier already these are the mean pressure and surface winds for July and these are the mean pressure and surface winds for November and remember I explained last time that the winds are south westerly that is coming from the south west in July what does the pressure look like? You can see that the pressure is decreasing from south to north this is the lowest pressure region here and these are what we call isobars. Isobars are lines of constant pressure. So these are isobars and isobars are more or less east west and as you go from south to north the pressure is decreasing as you can see from these isobars. So we have a pressure gradient which is such that high pressure is here and low pressure is here and yet the winds are not going from here to here right. So as I mentioned as one moves northward from the tip of the Indian peninsula the surface pressure decreases till the latitude of the trough. This region where the pressure is minimum is called the trough. So the pressure actually decreases as we go. So there is a north south pressure gradient over a large part of the Indian region and this pressure gradient in fact persists up to a few kilometers from the surface. Now we know that water always flows down a pressure gradient right. So in the kind of fluids we experience in a laboratory for example we would expect that if there is a pressure gradient in the north south direction right. So that as you go northward the pressure is decreasing you would have expected the flow to be from south to north right towards the low pressure. Why instead are the winds from the south west? Now to understand this we have to note two things. First of all the winds we measure here are relative to the earth relative to the surface of the earth and the earth is itself rotating with reference to the inertial frame or the frame of the fixed stars. So we have a we are measuring velocities or winds or currents relative to a rotating system okay and we also note that the spatial scale of the system involved is very large. For example this is 70 degrees this is 80 degrees so this is about 100 each degree is about 100 kilometers this is 10 degrees. So this is about 1000 kilometers. So this is a system which is characterized by a spatial scale of thousands of kilometers very very large scale okay. So when we have systems with spatial scale which is very large then the fact that we are measuring these winds relative to a rotating earth makes a difference okay. Rotation of the earth becomes important. Now how is the earth rotating? We all know that the earth rotates about an axis across from south pole to north pole in this direction okay. Now another thing we have to notice is the following that the oceans and the atmosphere are a thin layer of fluid over the earth with typical depth of the oceans of about only about 5 kilometers okay and you saw that troposphere is typically up to about 16 kilometers or so 15 or 16 kilometers while the radius of the earth is 7000 kilometers. So while the radius is 7000 kilometers so you can see that the radius of the earth is about 7000 on that there is a very thin layer of the atmosphere which is only 16 kilometers. So you can see 16 versus 7000. So it is a extremely thin layer that we have and similarly oceans. Now for flows with spatial scales which are much larger than the vertical extent of these systems that is to say for flows which have spatial scales much larger than few kilometers which is most of the systems we are interested in the monsoon system or the depressions and so on that we talked about only the component of rotation about the local vertical is important and this is something that I am not going to get into at this point this is something that we can look at and show by looking at the equations of motion governing a fluid which is on a rotating earth okay. But what matters the main result is the following. So suppose you are at this latitude okay then this is a tangential plane and this is the local vertical okay whereas this is the axis of rotation of the earth. So what really matters is what the projection of this on the local vertical that is what is relevant when we are looking at the flow of a thin fluid over the earth okay. Now in rotating fluids an additional force called the Coriolis force has to be incorporated in the equations of motion. Coriolis force is proportional to the wind velocity and acts at right angles to it and furthermore which way it acts right angles could have been to the right or to the left of the wind but which way it acts depends on the on how the system is rotating. So for the earth in the northern hemisphere the Coriolis force is to the right of the wind vector. Now effects of rotation of the earth are strong in fluid flow in which the velocity relative to the rotating earth is not large which means most of the flows we are interested in because at the equator the velocity of rotation is 440 meters per second it is huge this is the basic rotation of the earth while the relative velocity of the wind we measure is at most 40. So certainly the relative velocity is an order of magnitude smaller than the basic velocity. Now the parameter and this is again something we will run into again and again when we are trying to assess which of the many terms in the equation are important for a specific phenomena or which of the forces are really dominating that phenomena what we do is to assess how large the different terms are. So if you want to assess how large is the friction you try and assess how large is the friction vis-a-vis the acceleration and so on and so forth. So in this case the important and the way by taking those ratios you form non-dimensional parameters and it is how large these non-dimensional parameters are which will determine which flow regime we are in is it a regime in which rotation is important is it a regime in which friction is important and so on and so forth. So for rotation the critical parameter is what is called the Ross v number which is the wind divided by the rate of rotation into the spatial scale. You can just see that it is non-dimensional because wind has dimensions of say meters per second and rate of rotation is 1 over something over second and length is again that. So length over second in this case and this is also length over second. So it is actually a non-dimensional parameter and Ross v number defined as this is the definition of the Ross v number. Now when the Ross v number is small and when frictional forces are unimportant it is the rotation which is the most important term and then the basic balance is between the pressure gradient and the Coriolis force. Look at it another way that when we write down the full equations which we will do much later on there are acceleration terms in the laws of motion which involves conservation of momentum. There are acceleration terms that involve u and then there is the Coriolis term which involves f and when Ross v number is small it is the Coriolis term which dominates the local acceleration. This is why this is why when the Ross v number is small the main basic balance is between pressure gradient and Coriolis force. Now this balance is called geostrophy and the associate winds or currents are called geostrophic winds or currents. Now let us understand what is the relationship between pressure grade pressure patterns and winds when you have a geostrophic balance and to do so I am going to consider a very simple example. Let us assume that actually all the isobars are you know along the latitude circles if you wish I consider this as a longitude and this as a latitude. So this is increasing latitude this is longitude and they are independent of longitude. In other words we have actually pressure decreasing from 996, 994, 992 to 990. So we have a steady linear decrease of pressure from here to here and we want to know how the wind would be. In a non-rotating system of course the wind would be simply coming from south to north. Now if we assume that the wind was the same in this rotating system what would happen? If the wind were to go from south to north then the Coriolis force is to its right. So it would be this way right and the pressure gradient is this way. So the Coriolis force cannot balance the pressure gradient. So the only way the two can be balanced is if we have this kind of a situation. We have wind vectors parallel to the isobars wind blowing this way then what will happen then the Coriolis force as I said is to the right in the northern hemisphere. So it is this way and the pressure gradient is this way. So when you have wind like this it is possible for the pressure gradient to be balanced by Coriolis force. In other words when rotating when we consider rotating systems in which rotation is very very important that is to say the spatial scales are large. In those systems in fact you get a balance between pressure gradient and Coriolis force and in those systems you do not expect flow or winds to be down the pressure gradient but rather along the isobars. Now this is a very striking difference between rotating and non-rotating systems. So as I explained here earlier if the flow were down the pressure gradient then the Coriolis force to the right cannot be balanced by the pressure gradient. The only way geostrophic balance can be achieved is if the flow is from the west that is westerly. Metrologists call flow from the south southerly flow from the west westerly and so on. This is something that I will keep using. Then the Coriolis force is from north to south and can balance the pressure gradient as we have seen. Thus geostrophic flow is along isobars. Hence with pressure decreasing with latitude over most of the Indian region during July which we saw the geostrophic winds are westerly from the west. So what do we expect in terms of winds given that the pressure over Indian region during our summer monsoon decreases from south to north. We expect winds to be westerly. Now let us consider but the problem is that the picture I showed you of the winds earlier were winds at the surface and as I will come to in a minute near the surface you know one more force becomes important the frictional force. We are geostrophic balance occurs away from boundaries that is to say away from regions in which friction is important. So we should now look in fact I will show you the flow pattern over India at a height of 850 hpa which is about 1.5 kilometers above the surface above the sea level. Now at this height frictional effects are not important and what we find is that in fact these are you can consider these as isobars if you wish and you find that in fact the arrows are essentially parallel to the isobars. Now I must also mention that these are not actually isobars because what this shows is the level of the 850 millibar surface or 850 hpa surface. So this is low level and this is higher level. So rather than saying what is the pressure at a specific level like we did in the simple example here we are asking the question what is the level of a certain pressure surface but it comes to the same thing. These are lines of equal height for the pressure surface and we get low pressure here and high pressure here and what you see is that indeed way above the frictional way above the place where friction effects are important. In fact geostrophy prevails. Now we have to see what happens near the surface of the earth. Now why do we have to worry about friction at all? Now we have to remember that actually air and water the viscosity is very small see water is very different from honey for example which is a very viscous fluid. Air and water the viscosity is very small the kinematic viscosity at atmospheric pressure and about 20 degrees centigrade for glycerin is 6.4, engine oil much more viscous 10.4, water is 0.01 and air is 0.15 centimeter square per second. This is just to give you a feel for how viscous air is. So now let us consider the simple problem of flow of air past a flat plate. Why do I say flow of air? Because I want to consider a fluid with low viscosity. Now however small the air viscosity real fluids like air cannot slip past the plate right. If you have a plate here and you have a flow like this this is the wind if you wish and this is the surface of the earth a flat plate. Then add the surface of the earth surely the air cannot flow go past it the there cannot be a slip. So the boundary condition here is of no slip and frictional effects become important in a layer near the surface called the boundary layer and the whole purpose of the boundary layer is to satisfy the conditions at the surface of no slip. So within the boundary layer the velocity in fact decreases from what it was well above the boundary layer to the no slip or zero velocity at the surface. So how thick this boundary layer is depends on how viscous the fluid is. This is the region in which viscosity viscous effects become important and this is a region where viscous effects are not important. The velocity has increased slowly and has in fact may come to the free flow velocity around here. Now note this is a picture of what happens in our lab in a non-rotating fluid. So in a non-rotating fluid friction becomes important in a layer whose thickness depends on the viscosity and above that the friction is not important and within the frictional layer the velocity rapidly decreases with distance from the plate to become 0 at the plate. Now since the viscosity of air and water is small over a large part of the atmosphere and ocean away from solid boundaries viscous that is frictional effects can be neglected. Thus in the presence of pressure gradients large scale winds and currents are geostrophic in what is called the interior of the fluid where the frictional effects are neglected. However near the surface frictional effects become important and they become important in the boundary layer. Now we already saw what a boundary layer in a non-rotating fluid looks like. How do boundary layers in rotating fluids look? Now this is some work done way in the last century in the early years 1905 by Ekman and so these boundary layers are called Ekman layers after this great geophysical fluid dynamics is Ekman. Now within the boundary layer of the rotating system the balance of forces involves Coriolis force, pressure gradient remember these two are important away from the boundaries also that is the geostrophic balance. So Coriolis force is important pressure gradient is important and in addition frictional force comes into being. Now in which direction is the frictional force? Frictional force acts in a direction opposite to the wind. So what is the balance like? The balance is suppose we go back to the old example where the pressure decrease this way so that the pressure gradient is like this and earlier you remember if there was no friction the wind would be in this direction and the Coriolis force would balance it. Now if the wind continued to be in this direction it would be slowed down by frictional force. So it cannot balance the pressure gradient term therefore what happens is you get a wind in a direction like this the Coriolis force is in this direction the friction is in this direction and the two together then can balance the pressure gradient. So when you have frictional forces come into play the wind is no longer along isobars but you get another component which is down the pressure gradient this wind comprises a component along the isobars like the geostrophic component and also one down the pressure gradient and this down the pressure gradient is called cross isobar component. So this cross isobar component comes into play within the frictional boundary layer and this is what you see here that you saw the profile earlier suppose this is the velocity way above the frictional boundary layer you have a wind going this way then the velocity decreases within the boundary layer and here the boundary layer is taken to be about 1 kilometer a realistic assessment for the atmosphere and here the u velocity is going down but what you find is that v velocity comes up. So this is exactly what I showed earlier that see this wind now has a u component as well as a v component right that is what you see here that both u and v go to 0 at the plate as they must at the plate but within the Ekman layer or within the boundary layer in fact you see that there is a cross isobar flow. So as this is decreasing this is increasing this is increasing and it in fact peaks around halfway through the layer and then decreases in fact I will not have much time to go into it but that kind of thing leads to a very famous diagram called the Ekman spiral. So if you consider this as the wind of the free flow then it slowly spirals down and goes to 0 so very beautiful image here. Now let us look at the atmospheric boundary layer. So in the boundary layer near the surface frictional force which acts in a direction opposite to the wind also becomes important. Atmospheric boundary layer is turbulent and hence its vertical extent is determined not by the molecular viscosity but by what is called eddy viscosity. The atmospheric boundary layer extends to about 1 kilometer from the surface. Now because of the cross isobar component the component of wind down the pressure gradient if the pressure decreases from south to north not only will you have a geostrophic component which goes from the west to the east in addition to that you will have a component which goes from south to north. So the wind becomes southwesterly wind from the south west. So this is again an idealized picture. Suppose you had a trough here okay this is the line of minimum pressure. So to the south of the trough the pressure is decreasing as you go this way. So the cross isobar component is towards the north and you have a geostrophic component to the west so you have southwest flow. But look at what happens north of the trough. If you go to the north of the trough in fact now here pressure is decreasing from here to here. So the cross isobar component is this way from north to south and the geostrophic component is from east to west. So what you get here is northeasterly winds and here southwesterly winds okay. Now this is more or less what we see in July that you have a trough around here to the south or southwesterly winds to the north or northeasterly winds. In November when the trough has moved to here you will still have southwest winds to the south and northeast winds to the north. So actually there has not been a substantive change in the system itself. What has happened is that the system is shifted and earlier only a little region to the north was under the sway of northeast winds. Now the entire region has come to the under the sway of the north winds. This is why I think that the name southwest and northeast for this are somewhat misleading because they give the impression that the entire system has changed but there is actually just a movement of the system. I will come back to this later. So then to summarize thus the meridional pressure gradient in July over a large part of India and surrounding seas south of the trough implies that the geostrophic winds that is above the frictional boundary layer would be westerly and the winds within the boundary layer would be southwestally. In November the pressure decreases from north to south that is pressure gradient reverses. This implies that the surface winds would be northeasterly and winds above the boundary layer would be easterly over a large part of India. Thus the seasonal variation in the direction of winds is associated with the seasonal variation in the location of the trough, trough being the region where the pressure is minimum. So this is important to see. So we have now understood why the wind direction is the way it is but in a way all we are saying is it is that way because the trough moves. So now the ball is in the court of what creates the movement of the trough which we will come to. But there is another very important feature of boundary layers in rotating fluids which we have to understand and this has very important implications for genesis of clouds and so on and so forth. So before I can consider that I have to introduce one of the most important facets of fluid flow in rotating system. Now this is something some of you may already know this is the vorticity. So what is the vorticity? Vorticity is defined as the curl of the velocity and is related to the rotation of the flow. It is del cross v curl of the velocity. Now to get a physical feel for what is vorticity suppose that an infinitesimally small sphere of fluid is instantaneously solidified made rigid without any change in momentum, angular momentum or mass distribution. As it is this is a thought experiment as it is suppose you solidify a sphere which was a fluid before without any change in momentum, angular momentum or mass distribution. Then the sphere will start rotating with an angular velocity which is half the vorticity of the flow. So if the flow has vorticity then such a sphere will start rotating and it will start rotating with an angular velocity which is half the vorticity of the flow. So you can see vorticity is related to the basic rotation in the fluid. Now there is a very simple way of deciding whether a particular flow has vorticity or not and that is suppose you take a cross and this can be done very easily with water flow for example in streams. Suppose you make a cross out of 2 wooden sticks so that it is at right angles to one another and let the cross float with the stream. Then suppose we have flow that is parallel but velocity here is high, velocity decreases, velocity decreases here this is called a shear flow. In such a case then what will happen to this cross as it proceeds along it will in fact rotate because you can see that a will go faster than b will. So at this point of time for example a has come much further and b is lagging behind. So what you see effectively is a rotation in the counter clockwise direction. So the cross will start rotating counter clockwise because that is how the shear flow is, this is how the velocity pattern is. So in this case it rotates counter clockwise. So this means that such a flow does have vorticity and it is counter clockwise. Now if you have a flow like suppose you have a low pressure and you have a flow around like this then also if I placed a cross here it will rotate with the flow in this direction. So the rotation of the earth related to which we observe winds is counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere. So meteorologists call that rotation or vorticity cyclonic. So when the isobars are closed as in a low or a depression so in what happens when the isobars are closed lowest pressure is here and this is the next isobar. In that case geostrophic flow will be along the isobars like this and that means geostrophic flow will be counter clockwise that is to say it will be cyclonic. So this is a way of seeing if the flow has vorticity. Now there is a very special characteristic of boundary layers in rotating fluid. In a rotating system when the flow above the surface boundary layer that is in the interior of the fluid where viscous effects are negligible like say at 1.5 kilometers or so above the surface of the earth. If the flow has cyclonic vorticity that is rotation is in the same sense of the earth then there is convergence of air in the boundary layer and ascent of air above the boundary layer. So let me just show this as an example. Imagine this is the earth okay this is rotating with a velocity omega angular velocity omega. Now above in the interior of the fluid you have vorticity which is the same sign of as the earth. So you in effect if we went to the inertial system this is rotating with a angular velocity of omega plus delta omega. This is what happens when you have a cyclonic vorticity above the frictional layer. So in that case what is happening is this fluid is spinning faster than this one and this leads in fact to convergence of air this is the surface air and once it converges it has to go somewhere and it goes in fact in the interior of the fluid. Now what happens when the vorticity is anti-cyclonic okay opposite sign what happens when it is anti-cyclonic is that in fact you have divergence of air here okay. So more and more air leaves this place and the continuity is maintained or conservation of mass is maintained by having descent of air from above. So what we have seen is that when the air above the boundary layer has cyclonic vorticity there is convergence of air in the boundary layer giving rise to ascent of air above the boundary layer here and on the other hand when the vorticity in the interior is anti-cyclonic the earth rotates faster than the air above the boundary layer air diverges in the boundary layer leading to descent of air from the interior to the boundary layer. So the vertical velocity at the top of the boundary layer is proportional to the in fact one can show this mathematically that the vertical velocity at the top of the layer is proportional to this relative vorticity okay and derived from the winds measured relative to the earth. In this way the effect of friction in the boundary layer is communicated directly to the free atmosphere through a force secondary circulation rather than indirectly by slow process of viscous diffusion. Now this is very important and because of this rotating fluids can spin up much faster than non rotating fluids because of this dynamic if you wish dynamic boundary layer a boundary layer which communicates directly with the interior of the fluid I am not going to go into it right now okay. So now what have we seen we have seen that the mean winds above the boundary layer are in this direction westerly here and easterly here. So this means the velocity is cyclonic it is anticlockwise or cyclonic okay so mean July winds above the boundary layer are westerly south of the trough and easterly north and the vorticity associated with this wind pattern is counterclockwise or cyclonic okay. On the other hand if we go way above to the upper troposphere 200 millibars then this is the winds are like this and you can see that this is clockwise right. So it is anti-cyclonic this has anti-cyclonic vorticity okay. Now when we consider systems that give us rainfall we will see that perhaps the most important feature of synoptic and planetary scale systems which are large enough for the rotation of the earth to become important in their dynamics is the cyclonic vorticity above the boundary layer which is associated with convergence of moisture near the surface. So we have now learnt so far that because although the radiation although the atmospheric circulation the main source of energy is solar radiation because most of it is absorbed at the surface of the earth the atmosphere is heated from the bottom because of that the temperature decreases with height and temperature decreases with height throughout the troposphere and above the tropopause begins the stratosphere in the stratosphere though the temperature increases with height because of ozone which absorbs ultraviolet radiation. So temperature variation in the atmosphere involves decrease of temperature in the troposphere and increase in the stratosphere. How does the pressure vary? Pressure decreases as we go higher and higher basically because pressure just depends on the weight of the air column above that level okay. Now it so happens that the density of the atmosphere also decreases with height. So we say that atmosphere is stably stratified because we have light air overlying heavy air. Then we came to the major difference between a rotating and a non-rotating system and that difference is in how in the relationship between wind and pressure gradient. In a non-rotating system the wind will blow from high pressure to low pressure or the current will flow from high pressure to low pressure water in our taps flows from high pressure to low pressure okay. But in a rotating system on spatial scales for which rotation is important that is large scales of the earth which feel the earth's rotation. In fact what happens is Coriolis force is an important force that has to be incorporated then the basic balance is between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient and in that situation what you get is flow along isobars or along lines of equal pressure. So whereas in a non-rotating system the flow is essentially across isobars or cross isobar flow from high to low pressure in a rotating system the flow is along isobars provided the frictional effects are not important. Now where are frictional effects important see although air and water are fluids of very low viscosity in comparison with things like honey or engine oil or something like that even then you see frictional effects become important because even though they have very low viscosity these fluids cannot slip past the surface. So if you consider a flow past a flat plate the flow has to become 0 at the plate because the fluid cannot slip over the plate. So this no slip condition has to be satisfied and what this means is that frictional effects become very important in a layer very near the surface where the boundary conditions have to be satisfied how thick the layer is depends on the viscosity. So in that layer frictional effects become important again we said that frictional effects lead to another dimension in the relationship between wind and pressure gradient whereas when frictional effects were not important in a rotating system we had flow along isobars. Once frictional effects become important we also get a cross isobar component to the wind and this leads to a very beautiful spiraling wind in an idealist case and this is the Ekman spiral. Now even more important than the fact that this cross isobar flow in fact implies convergence or divergence of air. So you have convergence or divergence of air in the frictional boundary layer and furthermore there is another important property of the boundary layers in rotating fluids that is something that depends on the vorticity of the flow and we defined what was vorticity of the flow. If the flow in the interior is such that it has vorticity which is cyclonic that is same sign as the rotating earth beneath then it becomes a problem of a faster rotating fluid in the layer above the frictional layer and a slower rotating boundary namely the earth. In that case actually there is convergence in the boundary layer and this surface air ascends into the interior. So the boundary layer directly supplies moist surface air to the interior of the fluid. Now this phenomena has very very important impacts on the genesis of clouds and rainfall as we will see later. If on the other hand the vorticity in the interior happens to be anti-cyclonic then in fact there is divergence in the boundary layer and descent of air from the boundary layer to the interior. So this is something that all these features have very very important implications to clouds and rainfall and that is what I am going to consider in the next lecture. Thank you.


In this video, we're pitting the first two sets of Yu-Gi-Oh! against each other! First Edition Metal Raiders vs First Edition L.O.B. The legend of Blue Eyes, White Dragon and Metal Raiders are the first two core Yu-Gi-Oh! sets to ever release in the TCG. Both debuting in the year 2002, they included some of the most iconic Yu-Gi-Oh! cards to ever be printed. To this day, Konami is still printing support for original archetypes from these sets, such as Blue Eyes, Dark Magician, Red Eyes, and Gate Guardian. Hey Konami, when are we getting the new Exodia support? I know we got a few things, but I'd really like to re-enact the first episode of the anime at locals. While both of these sets have awesome cards and are very popular to this day, there's still a question begging to be answered. Which of these two is better? Legend of Blue Eyes is often quoted as the best set for collecting simply due to containing some of the top anime cards of all time. But Metal Raiders has a strong argument, containing collectible and anime-focused cards in every rarity, Petite Moth, Baby Dragon, Harbulaeity at Common, Magician of Faith, Sankan, Witch of Life Forest at Rare, Gate Guardian Pieces, Harbulaeity Sisters, and Caribo at Super, nearly every Ultra, and both secrets in the Thousand Dragon and Gate Guardian at Secret. This may be the most collectible set ever. Today we find out for ourselves which is better. What's up guys, we're back with another epic video. We have Metal Raiders, my favorite set versus the original, my probably my second favorite set, Legend of Blue Eyes. So as I said, we have first edition packs to be open today, but we're not just going to do a two-pack opening, obviously. We have a couple of booster boxes of the brand new 25th anniversary prints. I'm pretty excited about this. Metal Raiders and Legend of Blue Eyes. How many Picanha Moths will we pull? I mean, that might be the difference between these two packs, but even if we don't get something crazy, I would love to pull Picanha Moth first and maybe get a 10. I already have two of them, so a third one would be pretty awesome for the playset. But before we get into it, we do have a giveaway. I'll be giving away this Pharaoh Serpent 25th anniversary booster box. All you have to do is like the video, be subscribed, turn on notifications, let me know down below, which will win. Blue Eyes, my dragon or Metal Raiders. All right, we have the representatives back there, the first dead pack. So we're going to start off with one Metal Raiders pack. I figured you guys have seen a lot of legacy openings, but I know you guys will still enjoy this one because this is the original three. I mean, the original two, I should say. It's just good stuff. You know, it's always fun to open Metal Raiders in LOB. It doesn't matter how many times we do it. Are we starting off hot? We have a heavy storm. Super rare. Okay, that's pretty hot. I'm not going to lie. A comment in the OCG Metal Raiders. If you guys missed that OCG video, go check it out. There were some pretty interesting facts about Metal Raiders in there, and I hope you guys enjoyed it. A lot of you guys seemed to like that video. We have Kumurin Soko, Basic Insect. We have Follow-In, Dark World Thorns, Yami, Tyone, Turtle Tigre, we have Goblin Sigourimity, and a Drutling Lazarus. Not bad, not bad, but no moth yet. Will we pull a moth in this box? A lot of times you get over these boxes and just not get a moth. It's one of the rarest cards out there. Yami, King of Yami and Pekai, we have Thunder Dragon, Paralyzing Potion, Gagatek Wolf, the Pale Beast, Ruksa 34, Oguchi, we have the Battle Guard, Witch's Apprentice, and Leogon, the Lion. Huge monster with Alliance Main, similar to the King of Beasts. Interesting, similar to the King of Beasts. I don't know if I've ever actually read that flavor text before. That's interesting. Furious Sea King, we have Dragon's Treasure, Hino Tama, Dark World Thorns, Two-Mouth Dark Ruler, Hitatsume Giant, Root Water, Flame Ghost, and a spiked Seidra. I am really excited to open up these first set packs, by the way. So the Metal Raiders is Unweighed. It came out of a Blister Pack, and the Blue Eyes Pack is one of the middle weights that we weighed out from our 20-pack purchase. So last time it didn't have a foil, but there's still a chance at that weight to have a foil. Armored Zombie, so it's basically Unweighed even though it's weighed. Launcher Spider, we have Ancient Lazard Warrior, Robin Goblin, and a Wing Dragon Guardian of the Fortress Numero Uno. I considered using a heavy pack, and I was like, that would be kind of unfair for Metal Raiders, so I'm just going to use one of these middle ones and see what we can get. And also, we're looking for that Pecainio Moth and Psy, we're looking for, you know, some good commons out of LOB, there's some good ones. Lady Defe, also like Heartbe, Heartbe Lady is a good one out of Metal Raiders, it's like $300. Sagi the Dark Clown, very nice. Jirai Gumo, we got a, ooh, a ruxus special right into the Kozigen, so Metal Raiders has got two supers already. Definitely starting off a lot hotter than LOB is. LOB is saving it for the end, it seems like. Let's see if they're going to pull like a Blue Eyes White Dragon to make up for it. We have a Beaver Warrior, Hinotama, basic insect. Blue Eyes was actually really hard for us to pull both in the live stream and in our video, so it seems like, you know, it might be harder to pull. And my harder to pull, I mean, don't take that as fact, because it's definitely not. It's almost definitely the same ratio. A lot of times people just assume, because if you watch my video and like, the hardest card to pull, they assume it's harder to pull. It's not usually Larva Moth. It's just like a ratio. There's a Heartbe Lady. We want to get that in the first dead pack. Domo, we have Mass Sorcerer and the Skull Knight. All right, the Knight of the Skull. Man, I wish we had more of these first dead packs. If we could open just like a ton of them, it'd be really fun, but you know, at this point it's getting really hard. So fortunately we do have the brand new 25th anniversary, which basically, you know, compared to these first dead packs cost like nothing to open, which is really fun. And it's a great option.  It's too expensive. You can open these up and you can save yourself a ton of money or we can get anything. Man, Eaterbug first super for LOB. Yeah, like, instead of, I guess these two packs together are probably going to be like, you know, 1200 bucks or something like that in this video. So by the way, hit that like button if you're enjoying the video because $1,200 opening what does that mean again? Neewa Tori, we have Hayasu Bay and that's not even the box. Like the whole boxes of these two costs like what, 120, 150 bucks, something like that, probably like 75 on average per box. So yeah, it's a lot more expensive open to these packs and it's open to 25th anniversary booster boxes. All right. So it is cool. That's what I do like that they do these reprints a lot. I really don't have like, I know there is could be like some issue that like maybe you're reprinting it too much because as I, as of my video where I showed you guys all the reprints of LOB, go watch that if you didn't see it. There's nine reprints, nine or nine total prints, not reprints, prints, but still a lot of reprints. But compared to places like Pokemon and stuff where I mean they get like evolutions or just kind of a reprint in 2016. That's like, that's like it though. You have to buy like first dead unlimited base set and stuff like that and it costs like thousands of dollars to be able to do it. And we can just buy these boxes at a very cheap price and enjoy like the nostalgia.  I like that we have access to LOB and MRD on the Walmart shelves for the last 20 years. I think that's super fun. And it's exciting because that's when I got back into it so I can go back to that mystical elf one that was really hard for us to pull in the every hollow pull opening. When I was getting back into it in 2018, I was just looking for these packs 2017 reference, I guess at the time. And I was sca, I was scavenging every Walmart like I'll pay eight bucks for these not like, no, of course I will. That's awesome. Like reliving the memories. So all the people that are getting back in 2023 and they want to get like these old school packs. I think this is a really cool because like even if they hadn't done this in 2017 was the newest reprint. Like you couldn't find those anymore. Like they at Walmart, they just weren't there anymore. Like occasionally you'd find a Walmart with them, but they had basically been taken out of Walmarts at this point. So it is really cool that they've done this again and it allows like new people to keep coming into the game and keep, you know, whether they're playing or just collecting like me, you know, mushroom man number two for the first time. Love to see that. Yeah. It gives them a easy, easy access to something that they really love and it's super cheap and you don't have to go back and spend your life savings to buy like one first-aid LOB pack or something. Like it's insane. So it's pretty cool. I like it. I think it's fun and I don't have a problem with doing reprints. Even if they do change them up to like new style cards and stuff. I don't have a problem with that. I think it's still fun. So let me know what you guys think about that in the comments. I'm sure a lot of you guys agree with that, but maybe some of you guys disagree. You guys can let me know. Great moth. Ooh, the grante moth and a catapult. Still no ultras. Very interesting. Five supers in a row. Let's keep it up before we get to those first-aid LOB and metal raiders packs. What can we pull? No pocaino moth so far. I'm just saying silver grotto, petite dragon. We got a petite, but not the dragon. We have petite angel. Lots of petite that are not the right one. Dark gray. Okay. Petite angel and petite dragon. Come on. Come on. Give us that petite moth. That's what we want. They really like the word petite early. That's kind of weird. Gigatech. We have labyrinth. I wonder if it's like a translation. We have magical hat and the sword of deep-seated. That's okay. We're going to pull in all the blue eyes in this video today, by the way. Five crystal skull red bird. Remove trap, rain, temperature, silver bow and arrow. Petite angel. Rebirth of the cards. Thirteenth grave. Will today be the day that we pulled a legendary blue eyes white dragon?  I've pulled only one of those. I'd never pulled it. It's not actually on YouTube. I only pulled it on whatnot. We pulled it on whatnot. It is not on YouTube in any form. I didn't post the video or anything because I didn't record it. I only have like the VOD, which is vertical. So I didn't like, you know, that would be horrible to watch on YouTube. You know, the giant black bars on the right. I didn't, I should have recorded that video. Unfortunately, I didn't. I remember I was just like really busy and didn't have time to set it up. So it could be my first gay guardian secret pull on YouTube. Could happen. Be pretty epic. I've done it one time. Actually, no, it couldn't. It's from a blister. What am I talking about? I can't even do that. All that talk and oh wait, wait, it's from a blister. I can only get 1000 dragon. Have I pulled 1000 dragon? I don't know if I pulled 1000 dragon either actually. That one, I don't think I've ever pulled actually. Maybe have I opened a retail box before? I might have opened a retail box break one time. Maybe I did that. Oh, left leg at the forbidden one. Okay. The leg. Left leg probably not the one you're looking for. I mean, if I get that out of this pack, I would not be mad at all. If I got a left leg first end, I would actually be really happy with that because I do not have that card in PSA 10. I only have the right arm and the exodia head. That's all we have. We need three pieces. Oh, speaking of gate guardian, the legend has been pulled. Yes, we have pulled the reprint before, but still really cool. Gate guardian secret rare. That's big for metal raiders. Better than 1000 dragon for sure. So we've got the better secret. There is a thing about these reprint boxes though. You can get two secret rears. Sometimes you can get zero very rarely. Sometimes about once per case, I think you get two secret rears. So we get lucky. We could double up on secrets of one of these boxes and that would really put them ahead, but I'll be all the red eyes black dragon back to back ultras for legend of blue eyes. But we're heating up right now. Secret rare. We got a couple ultras at LOB red eyes black dragon. We are looking nice right now. This is good. Okay. Also, you can potentially get three ultras or one ultra. That's possible as well. Oh, just like I mentioned both secrets in one box. I think this is about one every case based on my openings. We would usually get 13 secrets in a case. So it was like there's 12 boxes, 13 secrets. Wow. I called it. That's pretty awesome. Oh my goodness. What an opening. This is insane. Okay. Maybe that's a good sign for the first dead. That's awesome larvas. Wow. That was a really good four packs in a row I think. Weren't those all in a row starting with the exodia? There's our, we broke the streak by the way, but we're kind of running out of cards to pull. Actually, I don't think we've pulled an ultra out of MRD yet. So that's kind of crazy. Maybe that's going to happen right here. Electrical is our armored zombie. Whoa. Look at all that armor. We have Tongue. We have share of the pain, ground attacker, bug Roth, blade fly and a battle steer. Different battle, different steer. Let's go. We can do this guys. We can do this. We're still recording good. We don't want to lose that awesome footage of those polls. Tyone pot of green flexion number two, still no secret out of LOB. So we're hoping for that maybe even a double secret. Who knows? I have not seen a triple secret yet. So I guess we have hope for that because we've already pulled two out of metal rays. Larva, the cousin moth, very nice. Mystical amp. Impress judge, big eye, sangan, dream clown. Okay. Well, yeah.  Super. Oh, it's all coming down. It's the last few packs and then those first edition packs. What are we going to start with? Probably metal raiders just because like the blue eyes could be in the last pack because obviously that would be insane. We have never pulled that. What am I? What else have I not pulled on the metal raiders? I'm wondering if there's cause I think I pulled 1000 dragon. Maybe that might be one. Um, we pulled summon skull. We've pulled B skull. We've pulled solemn judgment. I think I think that was in a box break or something. Rygeki, my favorite super rare. I'll take that. I would love to pull. I'd take a Rygeki out of there too. Rygeki would be sick. I really like Rygeki. One of the most nostalgic cards for me, as I've said many times on the channel, just because I own and I still own those two cards, which is pretty cool. Ancient brain, feel the pain. I'm happy that I own those because I don't own a lot of my old cards. So owning those Rygeki's that I was so proud of back then is really cool. Mr. Corseman. And I was cheating just lasering people with Rygeki's. I had two of them in my deck in like 2006. Definitely not legal. We have tripwire, Urabi. Come on. Frenzy Panda. Raids body, heat, fire, yaru, fissure and a mountain. Let's go. We have a flame manipulator, basic insect, petite dragon, dissolve rock, king fog, mware number one, numeruco, fusionist, and a beaver warrior. We can do this. We can make it happen. Dragon Piper, cybersaurus, thunder dragon, very nice. Musician, kink, commonari attack, steel scorpion, water amotics, witch of the black forest, and a bistro butcher. We are getting down to the end. It is almost time for the legendary. We still haven't pulled any ultras out of metal raiders. What is happening? Kumutoko. We have a armored starfish. I guess hopefully they're going to be at the end. We might not get an ultra because we got two secrets. That's possible. A second ultra, I should say, flame manipulator. Who knows?  That was weird. That crimp, or that flap was backwards. We have the queen's double, seven-colored fish, including the lips, saige, the dark clown, mushroom man, number two. Very nice. Oh, and finally we pull it. The Poceno Moth has been pulled. Water amotics, beautiful sangan. Oh, and the Black Skull Dragon. Let's go. Black Skull Dragon and Poceno in the same pack. Okay. Three packs left of each. What an epic pack. We hadn't had an ultra yet, and we hadn't had a Poceno yet, and we got both in the same pack. Well, we just lost that. Kumutoko, Yurabi, legendary sword, trial of nightmare, no longer hell. We have hard armor, turtle tea gray. We have cherubin and a sandstone. Cool stuff. Three packs left on metal raiders side. Two packs on the blue eyes side. Guardian of the Labyrinth, flame Cerberus, Prevent Rat, Ruxen, Special, Mewatory. That is a cheat. Let's not say Chikorita. Oh, man. Too much Pokemon, guys. Go check out Pokerux, by the way. If you guys haven't seen it, Pokerux, I've been putting in work over there, and we're pulling a Summit Skull, Beast Skull, and two secrets in the same metal raiders box. No way. Look at this box. Can you beat that box? I don't think you can beat that box. That's insane. You have to have an error or something, which you almost have an error with two secrets, but it's not really an error anymore. Back in the day, it would have been an error. Wow. It's going to be hard to beat that box. Shout out to Pokerux for bringing us the luck. Very nice. Go subscribe over there if you want to see some Pokemon content, been putting in work. Super excited for that. I've been literally putting in way more work over there, so it's been fun. Not then here, but in general, like, compared to what I was doing. First Ed Pax, almost here. Let's go. We have Baby Dragon. We have Queen's Double, Paralyzing Potion, Pale Beasts, Rucks, and 34. Very nice. We have a Aioticar, Lava Battle Guard, Petite Mall. Beautiful. We have a Dark Elf, and Harman Lazar. Two Pocaniomoss. That is awesome. All right. Legend of Blue Eyes, last pack here. What will we get? I don't think we've gotten a secret yet, so we could have no secret, which is pretty rare in these boxes. Chinning Mermaid and Machine Conversion, Goblin Seeker Remedy. Oh, and there it is. The Unworthy Dragon with three sharp horns, sprouting from its head. Someone in the comments section the other day was like, you're so unworthy to open all these packs. So I replied, call me Trinhorn Ruxen. Come on, guys. Come on. It was great. It was good. It was good. He didn't reply though, so it was very sad. All right. Last Metal Raiders pack before we get to these first Eds. Here we go. One, two, three. You got to believe, guys. We have the Ancient Brain, Feel the Pain. We have Tana Wisdom, Lucianus, Castle, Unhappy Maiden, Doma, Princesses, Sarugi, and Armored Lazar.  Here we go. We have Metal Raiders First Ed. Let's do this. First Edition, I want to put, we've had great insane luck with Metal Raiders. Let's hope it continues right here. Here we go, guys. First Edition, MRD. Can we get any foil would be amazing, basically, but Ultra and Up would be insane. So here we go. We're obviously looking for Picanha Moth. There's some great comments in this set, such as Harpy Lady that are greatable for high high dot, oh man, check that out. Oh no. All those comments are dinged, maybe even the foil. That's not good. Okay, Armored Zombie. No, not the Armored Zombie. Your armor. It didn't defend you, maybe because of that. Not great. We have Flame Cerberus. Okay, don't be something great. Battlestear in these four cards. Hayasu Bay. Okay, okay. Those are the damaged ones. Guilty of the D-Night. I don't know about the others. We'll have to check them out, but Guilty of the D-Night. This is a really cool artwork. Nostalgic for me. I love it. Niwatori, yes! Oh, we got to get this guy graded. Okay, let me look at him real quick. Four, let's look at the Electrical Lazar. Not great. Okay, this thing looks pretty good. Pretty good. That might be greatable. All right, Niwatori. We have Electrical Lazar. We have the Thunder Dragon. That's a good one, but the Centering. Wow, that Centering is terrible. Wait, is Niwatori Centering bad too? No, his is pretty decent. Okay, Thunder Dragon. That's Atrocious Centering, but that's okay. Hollow card. Will it be a foil? Come on, guys. Send me some luck in the comments.  I'm sorry. We don't want you. Yeah, okay. It looks pretty clean, but never mind. There's a thing at the bottom. Rip, Mugamuga. You are in not even in good shape. The hit of the pack! Niwatori, are you gradable? Let me look. It looks pretty good. I don't know. Maybe it is gradable. They're going to be like, why is someone grading this? Even though there are people with complete MRD PSA 10 sets. Shout out to you, Gezi and Peter. I know you guys are collecting those random cards, but hey, I'm going to be the next one to get Niwatori PSA 10. All right, final pack. If we get a foil here, L.O.B. is going to win, even with how good Metal Raiders has been. It's a middleweight pack, so we don't really know. Hopefully that means Secret Rare. That'd be really cool. I have never pulled Gaia. I don't know. I think it's a Trihorn pack, though, but I will try one, but it's cramped. I would like to pull a PSA 10, not a cramped one. That'd be cool. Never had a Trihorn PSA 10 before, so that'd be pretty awesome. All right, let's open this thing up. That opened pretty well, actually. Keep that pack nice and crispy. Okay, one, two, three, four. Will that be a Blue Eyes in the back right there? We have a Beast Fangs. Hopefully get some good sintering on these commons. That looks pretty good. The Flame Manipulator used to make the Flame Swordsman very cool. The Frenzied Panda. The Panda has been frenzied. Super Fang. All right, this is such a cool card. I would love to grade this a 10. It's pretty classic, to be honest. Memoreth Graveyard and the Living Arrow card, Yugi. We have Firegrass. Okay, a fire breathing plant found growing near volcanoes. Okay, Dark World Thorns. Don't really care about the Firegrass. Dark World Thorns is pretty cool. We have a Red Medicine. Increase your life points by 600. Pretty terrible card, but hey, it's medicine. All right, final card. It could be the Legendary Blue Eyes White Dragon, a card we've been searching for for many, many years. I've never pulled it. I don't own a PSA 9, but I didn't pull it. Here we go. Let's see if we can get a 10 here. Oh, the Giant Soldier of Stone, and he's a little off-sinner too. This would be a really cool PSA 10, but the sintering is not looking too good on this guy. All right. Oh, two duds on the final two packs, but it was still fun to open these old school first edition packs. If you guys enjoyed it, make sure to subscribe to the channel for more content like this, because that was expensive. Shout out to Tom Fosho, Daxter, JT Show, Puffins of Doom, Ernesto Dianna, America Doidster, Supreme Sage 21, CJ, Leo Guine 62, another Thai show, Ian Moosa, Junior Barney, Mimegeko, and Robert Epp. Thank you guys for supporting the channel, and I'll see you guys in the next video. Peace.