Alright, in this first module on introduction, we continue the general introduction, definitions, examples, challenges and then come to the concept of surface tension. In order to complete this lecture and make it self-sufficient, let us have a brief recapitulation of some of the basic definitions we had started with. We had seen interfacial science could be defined as the branch of knowledge, the branch of knowledge concerned with the study of phenomena occurring at various types of interfaces encompassing their formation, modification and destruction as well as of the properties of stable or dynamic interfaces between different phases, while the interfacial engineering could be defined as the branch of applied knowledge concerned with the interfacial processes and having enhancement, separation or control of interface formation as its primary goals and establishment of its connections with the other engineering and scientific disciplines being the assimilative and augmentative objectives. Then we saw an elementary sketch of the connections of interfacial engineering with various identified disciplines of science and engineering and one glance at this would indicate a strong connection between interfacial engineering and many components of chemical engineering such as heat transfer, mass transfer, with or without reaction, thermodynamics, process modeling, kinetics, particle mechanics, fluid mechanics and rheology. Besides, there would be connections with surface physics and chemistry, materials, science and engineering, solid state physics, optics and electromagnetism and biochemical engineering. This diagram is only suggestive, the students should think about modifying this adding the connections they see in practice. Coming to the typical challenges posed by interfacial engineering specifically to the chemical engineers, these are as follows. First challenge is to understand the mechanisms and to formulate mathematical models so that these could be used for process analysis, design and scale up of interfacial processes. Then the second challenge is to develop molecular level structure property relations for guiding the production of materials with specified physical and chemical properties. And third is to build up an improved understanding of the elementary chemical and physical transformations occurring at these phase boundaries. We could consider several examples of interfacial processes and to give you some idea, we look at a few of these, the use of immobilized animal cell cultures for production of desired chemicals, these could be specific antibodies, special purpose proteins and ethanol. Production and preparation of solid materials and process analysis, design and scale up. This area offers chemical engineers a variety of new and exciting challenges. The second example of interfacial process could be the use of the sol-gel process to produce microstructured ceramic parts for replacement of bone and tooth. The interfacial issues include drying, consolidation and shaping the initial colloidal dispersion of ceramic particles and finally surface treatment of the parts to assure biocompatibility. Third example is the use of surfactants as bilayered vesicles for microencapsulation and site specific drug delivery and for conducting artificial photosynthesis. This one is the use of micelles for separation of protein products from fermentation broths. The landfill disposal of garbage involves microbial reactions at solid interfaces and movement of fluid through soil driven by interfacial tension. Our next example is controlled processes to produce molecularly tailored reliable microstructured or nanostructured materials for high technology electronic computer and communication industries. Crystal growth, thin film growth, thin film coatings, production of thin films on solids. For example by electron beam evaporation, molecular beam epitaxy, ion beam bombardment sputtering, DC arc deposition, plasma spraying and chemical vapor deposition processes. The next example is production of advanced ceramic materials such as optical fibers or alternatives to alloys in the form of thin films, micro or nanostructured materials etc. Our eighth example here is processes involving coatings like in photographic films, paper products, magnetic memory and optical discs, photoresist, conducting films, piezoelectric films, optical waveguides and membranes for separations. We then look at some interesting examples of products of interfacial engineering and we have listed out here a large number of them like carbon paperless copying using latex of micro encapsulated ink drops, pressure sensitive micro encapsulated adhesives, thin films for welding with a matchstick, electronic inks, pollution preventing lithographic inks, solid foams, bi-liquid foams or polyathrons, computer chips, micro capsules for controlled release of drugs, micro-encapsulated phase change materials for augmentation of heat transfer, photocopying products like wet and dry toners, detergents, low VOC paints, self cleaning glass panes, pollution abating surface coatings for roots based on TiO2, disinfectants infect the insecticides, herbicides and a range of cosmetic and personal care products, contact lenses, all kinds of medicines, specialized food products like milk products, bakery products like breads, biscuits and cookies and yet other products like sauces, spreads, cold drinks and food supplements of all kinds. Even newer fuels like biodiesels or ethanol blended petrol, newer lubricants based on biodegradable formulations, fruit preservatives and polishes, flour and wood polishes, fabric whiteners and brighteners, all kinds of adhesives and tapes, plastic products like wrappers, packings, polyurethane foam, packaging materials, bags and bottles etc. Glasses especially high quality refractive index glasses, optical quality glasses, photochromatic glasses, suspended particle devices, tempered and float glasses, specialty ceramics like monoliths and zeolites, Teflon based products like coatings and lubricants, photo catalyst and photo electrochemical cells, lithium batteries, solar cells etc. and nucleating agents for artificial rains. Obviously a number of specialized techniques and methods and instruments are required to be used in interfacial engineering to understand the surfaces and interfaces and their behavior. Some of these would include microscopy, both optical microscopy and electron microscopy. In recent years much use is made of scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, atomic force microscope, scanning probe microscope, scanning tunneling microscope, magnetic force microscope, field ion microscope and acoustic microscope. Many of the interfaces and surfaces deal with liquids, so tensiometry is an integral part of measurement of properties of surfaces and interfaces and there are a number of methods for measuring surface and interfacial tensions such as based on willy me plate, ring method, rock weight method, sassile rock method, pendant rock method and excess bubble pressure method. We will be looking into many of these in later parts of this course. Measurements of viscosity and rheometry as well as metrology for surface elastic moduli, these would be necessary for measuring surface viscosity, surface compressional modulus and other surface properties. Then one needs measurements on electrostatics and electrokinetics and to name a few one would require zeta potential measurement, Debye Huckel length measurement, surface and interfacial potentials, both contact and distribution potentials, electrophoretic mobilities. Then one needs to measure film thicknesses, optical constants, surface compositions, electrical anisotropy and roughness and one uses interferometry, ellipsometry especially variable angle spectroscopic ellipsymetry could be used. Particle size distributions based on either laser scattering method which in turn is based on me scattering theory and Coulter principle or electrical sensing zone method. Now we come to the concept of interface and its definition once again, boundary between two homogeneous phases is not a simple geometrical plane as we had seen earlier upon either side of which extend the homogeneous phases is not a plane of zero thickness. We should rather regard the interface as a lamina or film of a characteristic thickness. The material in this lamina or film which will refer to a surface phase would show different properties from those of materials in the contacting homogeneous phases and we are especially interested in the properties of matter in this surface layer. Just as in the case of bulk phases, the matter in the interfacial phase displays behavior such as of solid state, liquid state and gas or vapor state. We concerned with the boundaries between liquid and gas or vapor, a liquid and a liquid and a liquid and solid. The liquid is often seen to behave as if it were surrounded by an elastic skin. It would exhibit a tendency to contract. So drops of liquid if uninfluenced by gravity or other external force field would show a truly spherical shape. Some of you might have come across a common laboratory experiment which concerns determination of the contractile behavior and tension of a soap film stretched across a wire framework. Historically it was in 1805 that Young explained the surface tension in terms of the attractive and repulsive forces between molecules of liquid. According to him, the cohesion between the molecules of liquid must surpass their tendency to separate under the influence of thermal motion. This net attraction between neighboring atoms of or molecules is obviously fulfilled most completely in the interior of the phase. The atoms or molecules at the surface are attracted less completely than their counterparts in the bulk when we could show this as in this figure. The surface molecules are attracted by the other surface molecules whereas a bulk molecule will be attracted by the molecules which are not only in their plane but also above or below them. So we see a basic asymmetry existing in the surface compared to the relatively symmetric bulk of liquid. The atoms or molecules at the surface are attracted less completely than the molecules in the bulk. The consequence of this asymmetry is the following. The energy of molecules at the surface is greater than the molecules in the bulk. But the free energy of every system attempts to be a minimum. Consequently the surface of a pure phase will always tend to contract spontaneously and that is the thermodynamic rational behind the spontaneous contract contraction exhibited by all pure liquids. Now we go back to the fundamental equation of thermodynamics to relate this contractile tendency and its spontaneity to certain quantitative measure and our attempt is to get at the surface tension. So if we have gamma 0 represent force per centimeter tending to contract such a surface and S is entropy, T is absolute temperature, capital P is pressure, capital V is volume and capital A is the surface area, mu is chemical potential and N the number of molecules in the system. Then according to the fundamental equation of thermodynamics we have dF is equal to minus S dT minus P dV plus gamma 0 dA plus mu dN where F is the Helmholtz free energy, total Helmholtz free energy of the system. At constant temperature volume and given number of moles we will have the first second and the last term on the right hand side vanishing and that would mean dF is equal to gamma 0 dA. So at constant temperature volume and for a given number of moles of the system dF is equal to gamma 0 dA or we could rearrange this to write gamma 0 is equal to dou F by dou A at constant T, V and N. What can we infer from here? We have gamma 0 the force per centimeter trying to contract the surface and that is expressed as the partial of the total Helmholtz free energy of the system with respect to area at constant temperature volume and N. Let us try to ascribe a physical significance to this equation. In view of what we have been discussing if we say that there is a spontaneous contraction it means the area tends to decrease spontaneously. So if dou A is negative and that is a spontaneous contraction then the corresponding dou F or delta F should be negative. And therefore in this spontaneous change some characteristic force contractile force per unit length which we have denoted here by gamma 0 should be a positive quantity. Spontaneous contraction of surface area or delta A negative will decrease F that is delta F is less than 0 provided that gamma 0 is positive. And since the surface of a stable liquid always tends to decrease in area gamma 0 is always positive and this is what we call surface tension. This is the perspective one should have of surface tension. So many pure liquids the values of surface tensions have been listed out in the following table 2.1. We will make a few comments on some of the values here. These are surface tensions of pure liquids against air. So for water at 20 degree centigrade the value is 72.8 dynes per centimeter. At a slightly higher temperature of 25 degree centigrade for water the surface tension is 72 dynes per centimeter. So one sees here a decrease in surface tension with increase in temperature and increase in temperature results in decrease in surface tension. And we see that this value of about 72 dynes per centimeter is one of the highest values that one comes across for ordinary liquids. Then we have a number of organic liquids for which surface tensions have been listed out here for Bromo benzene. The surface tension is 35.75 dynes per centimeter about half the value for water. For benzene it is about 28.88 dynes per centimeter. At a higher temperature of 25 degree centigrade it drops further to 28.22 dynes per centimeter. For toluene we have a 20 degree centigrade surface tension of 28.43 for octanol 27.53 and so on. For carbon tetrachloride we have about 26.9 for octane it is 21.8. For ethyl ether there is a significant decrease in the value of surface tension compared to what we have seen over here for many organic liquids it is about 17 dynes per centimeter. And the highest surface tension for the normal liquid at room temperature is one observed for mercury about 485 dynes per centimeter coupled with the fact that mercury is the only liquid metal at room temperature this is not unexpected. For oleic acid the surface tension is about 32.5 and for hexane it is about 18.43 for cast oil the value is 39 dynes per centimeter. One may want to observe here that normal hexane has a surface tension which is quite low 18.43. Besides being a good solvent hexane is also able to penetrate the pores in the oil cake in the solvent extraction for removal of residual oil in production of the vegetable oils. Olive oil has a surface tension of 35.8 cotton seed oil similar about 34 35.4 and liquid petrol atom has about 33.1 dynes per centimeter. We return to this table and talk about water and the relatively high surface tension that we find. As we will see later water molecules have a distinct dipole moment which makes for a greater cohesion among water molecules compared to what we observe for other common liquids. It is the strong association among water molecules because of a significant polar nature of water molecules the reason why the asymmetry in the surface results into a pronounced large magnitude for surface tension. This cohesive tendency surpasses the tendency to separate under the influence of thermal motion for water molecules much more compared to the similar balance for organic liquids at corresponding temperatures. I would want you to also read little more into the effect of temperature that we seen this table at the level of 5 degree centigrade increase in temperature the surface tension drops from 72.8 to 72 dynes per centimeter for water and similarly for benzene we see a drop from 28.88 to 28.22 dynes per centimeter. Why is there is why is there a decrease in surface tension with increase in temperature obviously the asymmetry between the surface and bulk molecules is reduced the differences rising out of asymmetry between the surface molecules and the bulk molecules is reduced as we increase the temperature as we have higher temperature the surface energies for the surface molecules and the energy associated bulk molecules both increase in their differences diminish. So, surface tensions here being referred to the adjacent medium air this is understandable but a similar argument as we will see later for interfacial tensions will also hold good the asymmetry which is of residual nature for interfacial tension between two liquids that again has a less pronounced effect on the contractile tendency of the interfacial region. So, as we increase the temperature not just the surface tension but also the interfacial tension would tend to decrease or one may say in the jargon of the surface phase versus bulk phase again this we will address in more detail later the differences between the surface and bulk phases will become lesser at higher temperatures. One may go on to say that it is as if the surface or interfacial phase becomes more miscible or more alike the bulk phase just as one would talk about the increase in the miscibility of two liquids when the temperature goes up just as bulk phases become more miscible at higher temperatures. So could we say that surface phase becomes more miscible with the bulk phase at higher temperature or likewise the interfacial phase becomes more miscible with the bulk phase on either side of the interface. So, in the light of this discussion we would conclude that the interfacial science and interfacial engineering impacts a large number of practical systems poses intricate problems for application of mathematical and range of experimental techniques so that we understand better what happens what happens at the surfaces and interfaces and are in a position to better manipulate or control their formation and if required their destruction if so desired. End of time I would like to also make a suggestion here that what might appear as very gentle changes in the context of a surface phase or interfacial phase actually can translate into very high magnitudes in bulk terms. So, it is possible to achieve certain conversions or processes in the surface or interfacial regions with much gentler looking changes in surface pressures when compared to the corresponding magnitudes of equivalent bulk pressures. Similarly the properties at the surfaces might show small differences, but in bulk terms those changes could be very significant. At this point it is sufficient to say that viscosities of some of the surface phases with slight orientation of molecules could be equivalent of very high viscosities representative of let us say butter or toffee in bulk terms. Small changes in surface pressures could be expressed as very large changes in equivalent bulk pressures. Relatively small looking surface concentrations would be equivalent to very high bulk concentrations. So, under these premises it might be possible to achieve certain chemical conversions at phase boundaries in a much more convenient in easier fashion compared to achieving those conversions in bulk phase. This also leads us to the notion that the dispersions with very high interfacial areas are a productive line of investigation and for industrial operations for achieving conversions for many chemical and biochemical processes which otherwise would require very intensive environment and very large magnitudes of the operating pressures or concentrations. To take this further because of the peculiar nature of surface and interface region it may be possible to even make use of the surface properties to guide conversions of some chemical processes in a selective manner. It might be possible to carry out some reactions in preference to other side reactions using the peculiar properties that the surface phases offer and this is a rich area we will be able to make use of the special distinctive properties of surface phases to achieve many other important effects like for example, the catalytic action of surface phases or interfacial phases because of their unique structural and energetic states. We conclude this lecture 2 of module 1 here and continue from here next time. So, we stop here for today.


Is Jungle Cruise Disney's next Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, or is it closer to Haunted Mansion? I'd say it's a poor man's version of Brendan Frazier's The Mummy. Let's talk about it. Dwayne Johnson's back with his 875th film to date.  Joining him is the always-lovely Emily Blunt.  When Lily steals an artifact that is said to reveal the tears of the moon, that's the storyline here, she and her brother have to embark on a wild adventure with Frank as they outrun the German army that's after them as they have a submarine. I don't know what the logistics are of getting a submarine in this thing, let alone keeping it in one piece. It's quite incredible. It's quite a feat. It's quite implausible. This is a fun, easy film to watch. It's not insulting. It's good natured. It's going to get you through the day.


Here is my perspective on profit explained simple like super simple Okay, so if a company is doing good business it makes profit and this is all the money after costs like rent Investments and salary of everyone including the boss itself This money is extra Profit is bonus money But whatever it's selling things inside a company can always be better They can make their products better source better sustainable materials Try to use less energy in the process reduce their carbon footprint improve health care give people a fresh orange juice at lunch Just because it's nice Okay, yeah, um, they could produce more locally pay higher salary to everyone that's involved to make it just to name a few However doing all these things is extra. It will cost them money and If they don't improve they have more profit So there's always that option. Do you improve things or do you cash it? So having a huge amount of profit tells a lot about a company It means they're keeping the money for the few on top instead of everyone involved Probably to buy more hats. They choose their self-interest over all the others So next time you see a company with a lot of profit Think about all the things they could have improved with that money, but chose not to do


Okay, good. So I'm based on the land of the Ngunnawal Nation here in Canberra. And so I too would like to acknowledge the traditional custodians of the land and pay my respects to the elders of the Ngunnawal Nation past and present. Okay, so this presentation relates to a project which ended a few months ago and which was supported by the Atlas of Living Australia, Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network, TURN. I'm also the Integrated Marine Observing System, ARDC and representatives from the federal government departments at various times of agriculture and environment as the portfolio moved. And the project related to improving the accessibility of data from these research infrastructures to support state of environment reporting. The particular focus was the state of environment report produced in 2021. But behind this, we were hoping also to make the data more accessible for other assessment activities including state and territory SOE reports and future iterations of the five yearly SOE process. And following discussions with the SOE authors, we identified two broad areas where they felt they needed better access to the data that were being collected by the ALA, TURN and IMOS. Specifically improved and more faceted access to integrated species distribution data. And I'm not gonna be talking so much about that today but in practical terms, this was relating to ensuring that it was easy for any of the main portions of the continent to be able to get time-based lists of how many threatened species have been recorded in that area or how many introduced species, et cetera. The second broad area was to understand just where researchers were going out into the field or into the surrounding waters and collecting environmental data, looking at the gaps and the coverage, et cetera across the Australian region. So for this second broad area, the plan was to make it easy to get summaries by state or territory or by a geographic region of the kinds of activities that have gone on in those areas, either to survey biodiversity in a reasonably standardized way, standard vegetation surveys, bird surveys, ongoing fish monitoring systems, et cetera. And also all of the environmental and climatic and landscape measurements that have been collected by TURN and IMOS at many sites and around the country. And to be able to provide these as a faceted data set that would make it easier to understand just how much activity was going on in each area. So we've developed pipelines in our, Sandia did this, for processing the data for both of these assets. I'm gonna ignore the top part, which is the species occurrence part and just highlight that for the aggregated data component here the environmental monitoring and observations effort data set which we produced as a faceted CSV file. We're taking streams of metadata from the TURN sites, the IMOS data sets in AODN and summary from the ALA of sample event based data to produce this time, space and category faceted data set. And then from that, we derived some more summary data sets that came closer to answering the kinds of questions that the researchers had. And in order to support this aggregated data set and provide the structure for the facet also in the more derived data sets, we wanted to have a reasonably understandable and not too expansive vocabulary of the earth science features that were being measured by each data set each source cited through this path. And I think I've got two slides on this so I'll skip to this one. Part of the challenge here is that obviously IMOS, TURN and ALA are using different approaches to these things. For TURN, it was primarily organized around their feature vocabulary which is a nice representation of the things that get measured at TURN sites. For IMOS, the keywords that we were able to use were basically global change master directory terms from the metadata associated with the AODN data sets. And for the ALA, we were using the structure of the national species lists. And these overlap in certain ways but also represented some challenges for integration. In particular, if you look at the land features and the ocean features on this slide, the ocean features really from GCMD is a series of categories, primarily of the measurement categories that are collected within marine data collection. Whereas the TURN way of breaking up the land side of this was much more organized around the features themselves that were being observed rather than primarily considering the measurement categories. And similarly, the organization of taxonomic groups was very different across the three. So we took a decision to use GCMD as the fundamental vocabulary but to augment it to make sure that the TURN feature terms were properly mapped. And also to substitute the biological classification from GCMD for the one that's for the Australian national species lists because they represented a more logical way to organize biodiversity data across both marine and terrestrial areas. In particular, categories such as invertebrates appear in the biological classification and don't easily map to anything that corresponds to the way that terrestrial observers might go out and carry out a reasonably consistent survey. We developed a vocabulary which is downloadable from the ECO Assets website that as seen here uses URIs from GCMD for the major categories but also has some major terms from the national species lists seen down at the bottom and additionally from the TURN feature vocabulary. But all of these are mapped via parent URIs back into the top level GCMD categories. We also produced a second file that identified the actual labels that were being used in TURN and IMOS that got mapped to each of these terms. And this was an opportunity to deal with some real world deduplication that was going on. For example, if you look at the salinity density terms in the oceans category, the metadata coming through AODN varied in how these were formatted. And so we were in any case processing the strings in order to find the alternatives there and it made sense to summarize that in a file. As I said, we produced these initially as CSVs and that's how you can download them today from the ECO Assets site. But I've been looking at using pool party to try to structure this and right now I seem to have hung pool party. So I'm quite interested in the OGC tool in case that helps me do this a little bit better. But the intention is to produce something that is easier to use in the context of vocabulary and ontology tools than the CSV file that I was presenting just now. As I said, if you go to ecoassets.org.au you can download these data. We've tried to provide quite a bit of metadata about them. The DOI for this dataset is directly referenced inside the metadata for all of the datasets that use the vocabulary. And I just want to acknowledge all of the people from the different NRIs and particularly Sandia who did most of the real work of writing the R code, et cetera to produce the pipelines that generated these data. So.


I was totally amazed by P.M.C., even when he was doing a lot of stuff, like for Big Mike. I was sitting next to him when he was in the studio. I see how they rock into a certain song, I'm like, okay, I gotta go do a song that's making them drums pop like that. Because I know the elements of a song is just like a chef when he's eating something, he can tell what's in it. Same thing with a producer. I can tell what kind of instruments was used to make a hit song. And finally, B. King said the same thing. And I hear the beat, I was in the band, so that's a gift from the curse. When you're in the band, you can't hear music normally no more. Anything you hear, you pick it apart instrument by instrument. So anytime I hear a song, I can see what you did. I can see what you pressed, but when I can't see what you did, that's when you're good to me. Yeah, I can tell exactly what you're running through. He can tell exactly what, he hears songs different because of the way his musical background is. Exactly, that's exactly right. You know what I'm saying? Because you can tell what's going into it by the rhythm of it. It doesn't necessarily have to be the speed of it. You just speed up the hi-hats in the song, and that'll make it move. You know, it's just little techniques and strategies that you can do within a beat.  I like 808 a lot, but I studied Dr. Dre a lot. Dr. Dre, don't use a lot of 808s to boom, boom, boom. You don't hear that a lot from Dr. Dre. You hear a knock that, boom, boom, boom, that's what Dr. Dre uses because it's going to hit. It's going to sound like gorillas in your trunk as opposed to just your trunk vibing. You're going to hear a lot of hum bass. What did you think about, because we talked about UTK earlier, when PMC first started pushing that music and he was, when you first hear super tight, but the one before that, the first one, what did you think about to tell me some goods and all that? I was totally amazed by PMC. It messed me up. Even when he was doing a lot of stuff for Big Mike, and holding things and string and string. I was sitting next to him when he was in the studio. Like holding things? Yeah. Like holding chains and swinging things. I was sitting next to him in digital services at the studio when he said, but I heard it before Big Mike. You know what I'm saying? Because we were in that recording. Did he sing it first or did he? He just made the beat. Then he sung the hook. Let me ask you this, because this is a big thing me and Bobo talk about. Bobo Luciano, shout out. He got super tight down in Dallas too. He named his whole podcast that. When you worked around PMC, there was a big misconception or it may be the truth. David Banner, Bobo gets pretty much upset about this all the time. Someone said that he taught PMC how to use a beat machine. That I don't know. I'm trying to understand how was he making his music that you were just talking about without a beat machine or without making beats. Well, how do you do that? Well, how do you make the beat? OK, well, I understand exactly what you're asking, but my thing is to do, OK, I'm not a pianist. I play good enough to have my pianist or my musicians do what I need and they can take it to that next level or whatever, but it starts with the idea that I give them. So a producer is more or less a conductor of the orchestra. That's the producer. Like, prime example, I have people that are major musicians that working in the same room, doing some stuff I need to do. I know all of their parts, but they may not know each other. You know what I'm saying? Like the bass player might not know to a certain extent how he want the pianist to do this or even a horn player to do this part or whatever. But I can hear a part for every one of them. I'm like, OK, in the break, I want you to come right there. And you make I'm going to give it to me a little bit more busy right here or whatever, just to signify that this is the break and not the normal main verse of chorus, stuff like that or whatever. This might be the bridge right there. We're going to rise up right here.  How do you make this fly hoes and he made that beat? Or how do you make this produce that sound? What did he do? Well, he did the track or whatever. And he he just heard he heard what he heard to it. That's what he was here, you know, here and to it, whatever. And his the way he sang hooks was amazing. The way he sang hooks was amazing. And Bun would, you know, Bun would even tell you that.  You can tell. Now, we know he missing that. But you know, because it's because Bun is a phenomenal rapper. I mean, phenomenal artist. He phenomenal. But it's like making a it's like making up.  Well, you got to understand. And that's my thing. But that's real, you see? Because Bun could be. I mean, like we saw two people. We saw them cameo kings, Bombie and three, two. Yeah, any one of them, you can give you to give you lunch. You know, if we want them on your song, because they going to tear it down.  Like, look, they get big pimping. Yeah, I don't care who you are. Bunking. Bunking, you know, put it at work. DJ Burn one down in Atlanta, said that bun showed him a lot when it come down to his craft as well. So my thing is, but like for you, you're really strong, you're like myself. You miss that Pepsi coming with a hook or you miss being born over a temp beat. You know what I'm saying? You miss that. Yeah, I think, like I said, we and you see it. You see it in his interviews. I haven't got a chance to interview him yet, but you see it. I interview Steve Bielow. I interview the Bobos and all of them say this about the fact of how the the Pepsi, you know, the way it affected them once Pepsi passed away. Right. You know what I mean? Right. Because it affected everybody. And more so even when I interviewed Julia Beverly, like it's like these people, they they it's an empty spot. They're, of course, because of the impact that he brought to the game and to the music, you know what I mean? Right. And to their lives. But the music was a big thing because that's their careers. And right. And for bun, of course, that's a that's a that's a big empty space. Yeah, you can't replace it. I mean, well, and because it was a sound that we were so used to. Man, I loved it. I loved it.


My name is Sam Baknin and I am the author of Maliglan's Self-Love, Narcissism Revisible. Is narcissism the same as egoism? Perhaps the best way to understand what is egoism is to study its ostensible opposites, altruistic friendship. What are friends for, and how can a friendship be tested? Friends behave altruistically, is the most common answer. Friends are supposed to sacrifice their own interests in favor of their friends. Friendship implies the converse of egoism, both psychologically and ethically. But is it truly so? Consider the dog. The dog is a man's best friend. The dog is characterized by unconditional love, by unselfish behavior, by sacrifice when necessary. Isn't this the epitome of friendship? The dog's friendship is clearly unaffected by long-term calculations of personal gain, of which the dog is allegedly incapable. But what about calculations of a short-term nature? The dog owner, after all, takes care of the dog, looks after the dog, and is the primary source of the dog's subsistence and security. So maybe the dog is not so unselfish, maybe the dog is selfish, after all. It clings and protects what it regards to be its territory and its property, including, and especially so, its owner. Thus, the first condition that friends must be unselfish and act selflessly is seemingly not satisfied even by canine attachment. Conclusion, friendship and selfishness are not a contradiction in terms. They are not mutually exclusive. When we seek to characterize a relationship as friendship, there are three important conditions which do apply invariably. First, a real friendship can exist only between conscious and intelligent entities, possessed of mental states. Second, friends must share identical mental states. A human being, for instance, cannot be friends with a tree, at least not in the fullest sense of the word. Tree-hugging is not considered by anyone as friendship. But here, we come across the narcissist. The narcissist is a partial human being. The narcissist is not full-fledged. The narcissist lacks empathy. He has severe cognitive deficits. He perceives the world and other people so differently to normality, to normalcy, that the narcissist can easily be construed or considered to be an alien. In other words, the narcissist do not share the same number and extent of mental states with other people as do normal people. Narcissists are intelligent. And in some respects, they are conscious. But cognitive deficits make them unaware and unself-aware. So there is an open question where the narcissist can fully qualify as human beings. I know that this is politically incorrect to say so, but it's psychologically very true. If they are not full-fledged human beings, or if they are an alien race, a form of artificial intelligence made of flesh and blood, how can we be friends with them, and how can narcissists be friends with us? They do not satisfy the first and second conditions. And then there's the third condition. The friend's behavior must not be deterministic. Deterministic behavior is often interpreted as instinct-driven. A conscious choice must be involved. And this leads to a very surprising conclusion. The more reliable, the more predictable a friend is, the less appreciated the friendship becomes. Someone who reacts identically in similar situations. Someone who doesn't dedicate a first letter along the second thought to what he does. Someone whose reactions, conduct, and impulses are utterly predictable. We would say that his acts are automatic. We would depreciate such a person and say that his responses are meaningless. For a pattern of behavior to be described as friendship, one needs to invest emotionally and cognitively in every single act. So these four conditions must be met. Diminished egoism, conscious and intelligent agents, identical mental states allowing for the communication of the friendship, and non-deterministic behavior, the result of constant decision-making. The narcissist fails the fourth criterion as well. Narcissists are impulsive. Their impulse control is impaired. They are very predictable. Their personality is rigid. And they are, in many respects, automata or kind of robots. As we test friendship by these four criteria, we must admit that the narcissist fails all four of them. And this leads us back to the basic question. People often confuse self-interest with self-welfare. A person may be urged on to act to satisfy his short-term self-interest, but his actions might be detrimental to his long-term self-welfare. Some behaviors and actions can satisfy short-term desires, urges, wishes, or, in short, self-interest. But these very actions may be self-destructive, or otherwise adversely affect the individual's future welfare. True egoism should therefore be redefined as the active pursuit of self-welfare, not of self-interest. An egoist is someone who caters in a balanced manner to both his present self-interest and his future self-welfare state. Someone who caters only to his immediate self-interest, seeks instant gratification, tries to fulfill his desires and disregards the future consequences of his actions and behavior. That's a narcissist, not an egoist. But then, if all people are egoists, and if egoism is good, so good, what about altruism? Why do people contribute to humanitarian causes? There is no self-interest involved. Consider a rich, wealthy American. Consider Bill Gates. Bill Gates is unlikely to find himself starving in Somalia or affected by malaria or tuberculosis anywhere in the world. And yet, he had contributed tens of billions of dollars to mitigating hunger and disease, especially in Africa, where he is unlikely to set foot. Why is he doing that? According to Joseph Butler, the first-order desire of the perpetrators of good deeds is to avoid feelings of anxiety generated by a cognitive dissonance. Let's try English. In the process of socialization, we are all exposed to altruistic messages which we internalize as our own. This is what we call the conscious. We also witness punishments meted out to members of society who are not social enough. People who are unwilling to contribute beyond that which is required to satisfy their self-interest. People who are selfish, or egotistic. People who are nonconformist, too individualistic, too idiosyncratic, too eccentric, and so on and so forth. They are usually penalized by society, and we witness these penalties. Avoiding altruism altogether we are told is bad, and as such, cause for punishment. We are exposed to these messages when we are impressionable young kids. As we grow up, these judgments, the penalties it entails, seem to emanate from inside ourselves. The oprogram, the criticism, the reproach, the guilt, the punishment, all these are contained within us. This is what we call the superego, or the conscience. Whenever we break the rules by being overly selfish or insufficiently charitable, the impending punishment generates in us anxiety. To avoid this anxiety, or to quell it, we engage in altruistic acts. So altruism is the outcome of social conditioning, and it's a kind of a product for the soul. To use a Butler scheme, our first degree desire is to avoid the agonies of cognitive dissonance and the resulting anxiety. This can be achieved by committing acts of altruism. And the second degree desire is the self-interest to commit altruistic acts, in order to satisfy the first degree desire, to avoid anxiety. So we contribute to the poor according to this scheme of things, not because we want to ameliorate their poverty. We embark on famine relief, not because we do not want others to starve. These apparently selfless activities are merely to allay our tormenting inner voices, and to deflect the acute anxiety which accompanies them. Altruism is the name that we give to successful indoctrination. The stronger the process of socialization, the stricter the education, the more severely brought up the individual, the grimmer and more constraining his super ego and his conscience. And the more of an altruist is likely to be. Independent people who really feel comfortable with themselves are less likely to exhibit these altruistic behaviors. This is the self-interest of society. Altruism enhances the overall level of welfare. Altruism redistributes resources more equitably. It tackles market failures more or less efficiently. Progressive tax systems, for instance, are altruistic. Altruism reduces social pressures, stabilizes both individuals and society. So can we conclude that the self-interest of society is to make its members limit the pursuit of their own self-interest? Not so fast. There are three schools of thought. There are those who see an inverse relation between the two. The more satisfied the self-interest of the individuals comprising a society, the worse off that society is. Many religions and strands of moral absolutism espouse this view. And then there are those who believe that the more satisfied the self-interest of the individuals comprising a society, the better off that society is. And these are the hidden hand theorists, the utilitarians. Individuals which strive nearly to maximize their utility, their happiness, their returns, their profits, mysteriously and inadvertently find themselves engaged in a commosal endeavor to better their society. This is mostly achieved through the dual mechanisms of market and price. And Adam Smith is of course a quintessential philosopher to have espoused such thinking. Those who believe that a delicate balance must exist between the two types of self-interest comprise a third school. They believe that private and public must be in harmonious balance, while most individuals would be unable to obtain the full satisfaction of their self-interest, it is still conceivable that they will attain most of their self-interest. On the other hand, society must not fully tread on individuals' rights of self-affirmation, wealth accumulation and the pursuit of happiness. So society must accept less than maximum satisfaction of its self-interest and so should individuals. The optimal mix exists and is probably of the minimax type. This is minimax type. This is not a zero sum game. Society and the individuals comprising it can maximise their outcomes. The French are the same. Good bookkeeping makes for good friendship. Self-interest, altruism and the interests of society at large are not necessarily incompatible. And this is where the narcissist fails. He fails to understand others because of his lack of empathy. He cannot optimise his behaviour. He seeks to maximise, not to optimise. He seeks to attain and achieve and accomplish the expense of others. He is incapable of consensus, incapable of teamwork, incapable of collaboration, of seeing the larger picture and of contributing to it. In attaining his goals, the narcissist believes that he has the upper hand. In effect, he is only burying himself deeper and deeper. Until he is downfall, he is imminent and inevitable.