this adventure of afternoon is that I can see the audience which is way more intimidating than in the dark. I get a 10 out of 10 from the speakers cards that's fine. But let's go serious. This was very serious. This was military great encryption about 2,000 years ago. First introduce myself I'm Lord Burke Blue. I'm also known as Mandel Moach which is also not my real name. I do weird things with computers. I work as a crypto and security architect at the moment. And now my screen is failing me. I'm not kidding. Yes.  I'm a hack 42 board member. It's the best hacker space where also a lot of devices fill. So that's totally fine. I'm a foyer freedom of information fanatic and I like to troll the government as hard as I can. And I like to talk about with interface and connections. All that is irrelevant because today I'm talking about cryptography. Cryptography is the secure communication in the presence of enemies that wants to know your information. It can be your friends. It can be government. It can be your provider. It can be an ad company. It can be anything. So you make your data unreadable for interceptors and you can also make verifiable documents so that nobody tampered with them or to both at the same time. Why do you want cryptography? It's very important. We all use it these days in your app browser. You only can see nowadays sites with a small log icon. So you can see less of the real bar. It's for privacy. Nobody gets any advisor and for security so that nobody else can impersonate you. Both are also false because revoking a signature, for example, is impossible.  Don't do that. The basics. There's symmetrical encryption. You all know that if you encrypt the zip file, you have to also send a password to the other party that needs to decrypt and then zip the file. So both parties need to know the secret. You need to exchange it. It's a very fast way because it's easy, optimizable. But it's hard to keep the secret to secret. How do you send the secret for a zip file with the same email as some standards in some organizations do or do you send it via SMS or all those things? You have asymmetrical. It's public private keys. Your web server uses it for certificates. For example, TLS uses it every point in time and it's an easy way to not share secrets. Then there's the hashing. Hashing is a way to make checks from data. So you get a number that represents a checksum over the data. But if you have that number, you cannot reconstruct the data. It would be awesome if that would be possible in the world because then we had very small files, but it's not how it works. So if you have a large file, you end up with a small checksum and that's where you can identify the document with, but not reconstruct it. If you start to use cryptography, there's some basics. Do not invent your crypto yourself except for some people on this camp. Do not write your own crypto except for some people on this camp. But use libraries and well use software. And if you don't know what a well used library is and what the good software is, use lip sodium. I'll explain that later in this talk. About the hashing. It works one way. From data, you get a hash. If you change one bit, the output is different. In this example, there are three bit changed, the output is different. With symmetrical encryption, you can do a lot of things good. It can be very fast, but you need to use the right options. Because the left and the right image are the same image encrypted with AES, only a slightly other option. And in the right image, you can clearly see the ECB pinging. So the basic is don't use ECB. It's dangerous. And keeping the secret to secret is very hard because you have to share it. You have to maybe write it down, send it in as a message or text or signal message or it's in your memory, it's in your CPU. You have to type it in your keyboard or in program input in a configuration file. It's very hard to keep a secret to secret. It's one of the hardest things in computing. A symmetrical encryption is efficient. It's the best thing since sliced bread. It's about as slow as slicing bread. So breaking bread is way faster, but slicing bread is nicer. Also here it counts as keeping the key a secret is work, but it's way less work because you don't have to share it with the party, the other side. In this example, that's Alice. But how do you know who the other side is? If Alice sends the public key to Bob, how do you know it's the public key? You need to know that there's no man in the middle, so generally you use signatures for that, so you have a cryptographic signature. But also, still, this is slow, so normally you want to agree on the shared secret between Alice and Bob. They invented something very, very efficient for this. It's called Diffie Hellman, and it can be illustrated with just paint.  It's easy to do on software. There are some standard functions for it, so don't write it yourself. And if you're at higher levels, you don't even have to think about it. You only need to write options, and I'll explain some of them later. For public-private keys, you have RSA and elliptic curve. RSA numbers look great, large, great. So 2048 bits, RSA looks very large, instead of a 128-bit EC key. However, as you can see here, an RSA key doesn't contain so many different options, because it only uses prime numbers, and there are not so many prime numbers in the first 1,024 bits or 2048 bits. So there's a table to compare both. Also, finding primes is hard. Yes, there's a list of primes, but you need to calculate primes every time, or you need to go to pre-computated lists. And the elliptic curve works with just getting some random data, not checking if it's prime, but only if it matches some easy metamethyl function, and if that's okay, it's a good number. So the chances of getting the right number instantly is easier. If you do this yourself, you generate once an RSA key in 4,096 bits, it's off again. Or if you generate an EC key on your computer, you can see the time difference, it's night and day. What is elliptic curve? It's new there. It's a nice metamethyl thing. I'm not going to explain it here, because it's a basic talk. It's used everywhere on the internet, your phones use it, your browsers use it, your email client uses it, everything uses it now. I wonder why the IPv6 didn't do this. It's smaller, it's faster than RSA, and there's some different curves. Most are from NIST, that's the American Institution for Standard. They have had some famous help from the NSA in the past. There are some others, like 25519, basically it's the best these days. Then Bernstein has a nice safe cryptos where you can check which properties of elliptic curves are good and what are bad. Of course his own is the best. I think he's right on that. Last time I had more pauses between all the slides. What you can do with crypto, there are four basic things. Encryption, decryption, so it's encrypting to send something to another party, decrypting to decrypt what you receive from the other party. You can sign and you can verify the signature. A public key is always calculated from a private key. This is not true in some metamethyl weird things, but normally if you have a private key, you can calculate a public key. If you cannot, somebody used the wrong settings. They're always a pair. Since it's a metamethyl, they're rivered from the private key. They're a pair. The other way around doesn't work. That's why if you have a public key, you cannot reconstruct a private key. That's a good thing. And it's generally safe to publish the public key. It also what happens on your web server, publish the public key from the web server and it uses the private key to talk to you. With symmetrical encryption and decryption, it's calculating with large numbers. So a number that consists of 128 bits or 256 bits is a large number. The only thing it can do is do calculations with this number to another number, the message, and it's repeated for every part of the message. So if you use AS128, it does 128 bits, then another part of the message is the same bits and again and again and again. With asymmetrical, it's starting to be boring, but it's calculating with large numbers and also it's limited to the size of the number and it's repeated as necessary for the rest. Decryption, asymmetrical, you calculate with the public key. The message is limited to the size of the number and repeat. Signing, that's different. Signing is also calculating with large numbers. You need a private key to make a signature. What normally happens with signing is you calculate a hash from the document you want to sign. It can be a message, it can be a page, it can be anything. And you encrypt the hash for the public key. So if you have the public key, you can decrypt the message and verify it. So with verifying, you take the public key, you calculate the hash from the document, you decrypt the hash you could send as the signature and once you do that, you compare the two hashes. That's a small thing. This is only valid for RSA. With EC, it works a little bit different, but you will get the message how signing and verifying works. To show some proof, I generated an RSA key 512 bits long. So that's insecure by default, so I can show it here anyway. This is a private key. It's written out on the right. What's in there, you see a modulus, you see the private exponent, a public exponent, a prime, another prime, and then some other calculated numbers. A public key. Yeah, that's what a public key looks like. You once might have seen it. It's encoded. If you go to this website, you can just paste the stuff that's in there and it shows you, hey, something in there, it's 512 bits, and that's the actual public key. After five days of camping, I got a little cough. Yeah. If you sign some data, so here I'm signing some data with that private key, you can check it because it gives out always the same output in this case, which is an unsafe default, so if you don't know what you're doing, then use lip sodium. So you get the signature, and for preference purposes, I also calculated, check some here again. Decrypting is, as I said, it's calculating with large numbers. So I load a public key. Once it's loaded, it has a number, which is the public key. It has an exponent we saw before. Then there's the signature. It's just copy-pasted, and then you do a power off function, and, hey, that's a large number. Now, if you convert that large number to hex, you see 0, 1, a lot of Fs, and then something 0, 0, 3, 0. Hey, when you look better, the hash is in there. So we decrypted the signed hash, and now we can compare it. For some reasons, you want to pet your string always to fill up as much of the message as possible, and you try to avoid 0, so Fs is avoiding all the 0s. You can use everything except 1 byte or 8 bits for this function with RSA. And then again, it's ASM1 encoded, so if you just copy-paste the previous string that came out of the decryption and cut off all the Fs that fill it up, then you get, hey, there's an octet string that's the one I highlighted before, and it's the same as the hash. But that's the power function. And yes, large calculating with large numbers powered, it's slow. Computers are efficient these days, but if you have a fast computer running very fast calculations, it's way faster than a fast computer running slow calculations. For verifying only one hash and one decryption it needed, so this is what, for signing a verifying is okay. If you need to encrypt large data, asymmetrical, so like you're downloading a few gigabytes movie or something like that over HTTPS, what happens is you encrypt the document with a symmetrical encryption, like AES or it's a well-known one, or some others. What happens is you generate a random password to encrypt the document. That happens, it's just a random function, so it's a long random piece of it. You encrypt the document with it, and that's a fast function. CPUs have extensions to speed it up. Once you have encrypted the document, you encrypt the random password for the other one's public key, and you include the encrypted password into the document. So on the other side, when somebody receives this document, they get a private key, decrypt the password, and then decrypt the document with this password. How do you do this? Use libraries. Don't do it yourself like I did. You see everything goes wrong. It uses repeatable functions. It uses 512 bits of keys. I got no warning. I was showing you all the warnings on the screen. What's wrong? No, OBSL doesn't care. Use the good libraries. Use the same default. With Libtodium you can use no wrong defaults. With OpenSSL you can use some functions, and if you use the right options, it's not using MD5 anymore, but SHA2 or something like that. What is Libtodium? I copy-pasted the wall correct marketing from them, and also they have support for a lot of programming languages. So you can communicate with other programming languages. As said, to keep your private key private is hard. Hardware can help you. You can use TPM, which is included in a lot of computers these days. You can use smart cards. You can use a UB key, S key, Nitro key, or you can use the real hardware security modules from big companies like Tils and Cy for UTIMACO. The best practice, when you're using hardware, even if it's smart card or some module in your phone or anything, let the hardware calculate the keys. So they generate a private key, and that private key is never leaving the hardware. It forever stays in this working prison for secret keys. You do the decryption with a shared key on the CPU. So if you have a large document, you're not sending the whole large document through the special piece of hardware, which is not as fast as your normal computer. And for very good standards, use Libtocurve RSA slow. Screen is dying. Again, I'm now on three. I cannot stand here today, so I'm leaving it. So the best practice is use Libtocurve because RSA is really, really slow. If you have to need some support for the hardware, OpenSSL has support for via Peky CS 11. Some a lot of other software have that. The sad thing is 25519, the Libtocurve is not supported on most of the hardware, but it's coming. I see it's coming, and it's slowly supported somewhere. Inside this working prison for private keys, they can never escape. So that's a good thing. So it can never be stolen. It can never escape. It can never be leaked. You always need the hardware to decrypt it, which is a bad thing. If your hardware mortgule breaks, you cannot decrypt it anymore.  So mostly you cannot backup keys from these hardware devices because they have to stay in there. If you want to do this, consult some expert for real-world applications, or just ask them, all right, internet forums. But always consult some people to help you out with this. Yes, crypto is secure, but never rely only on cryptography. As this hack with TPM shows it, there are sealed keys used with BitLocker. This is a hard drive encryption. So what happens is a sealed key is just some key that's encrypted with the TPM. But once you put it in the TPM, and you say, hey, decrypt this for me, and the TPM says, okay, here it goes, and you get the decrypted private key back. With the decrypted private key, if you can snoop that off, take it out of memory, you have access to the encrypted hard drive. So this hack showed with TPM, they could read it out from the message bus with the logic analyzer or something like that. It was a very clever hack. As I said with TLS, it's also, you have a lot of options, and I wanted to explain how to read such a cyber string. This was, I believe, from internet.nl, the first one for TLS 1.2. It's E-C-D-E-E-E-A, R-S-A-A-E-S in G-C-M and SHA384. Let me explain them. This one is elliptic curve, Divi Helman, so it's a Divi Helman, but for elliptic curves. And the extra E implements emferal, which means that for every session, it generates a new throw away private key and a public key, and then agree on a shared secret, and they throw the private key away immediately after that because they have to share a secret, and it's never recoverable anymore. So even if you sniff the data and you get the computer years later and you get the private key, it doesn't give you anything because there was a new private key used for this. In the end, you have a shared secret, so you then can use that for the symmetrical encryption. R-S-A, R-S-A is used for authentication certificates, for example, normally not so much used in TLS. This one is much used. It's using AS256 in Galois counter mode, G-C-M. It's a good mode. It works. And every data that's encrypted is encrypted with AS256, and it's encrypted with the shared secret. So both parties know the shared secret from the previous step with the Divi Helman, and it's being decrypted with the same shared secret. And to know that nobody's tampered with your data, you use SHA384. It's one of the SHA2s of different sizes for hashing. So you know the data has not changed by adversaries or by errors, or you can verify that you decrypted it correctly. If you want to use it, yeah, use elliptic curve. Get away from R-S-A. Use X25519 if it's possible, supported by your software, and else use the NIST-P256. If you use TLS, just use Poly3005 and SHA-CHR20 to get it there perfect. In a lot of other situations, if you need hashing, just use SHA22512. Yes, it's a large number, but computers they're not so difficult. And yeah, use AES or CHR20. And if you use AES, use it in the right mode. Not in ECB because then you get ping-wings. If you ever see one of these things, R-S-A smaller than 2048, run away or have somebody really explain why this is. If you see SHA1, MD5 or something else, don't accept it. That's triple, that's all those things. No encryption is for most things, not an option anymore. Even for a local database connection, use encryption always. If you see things like military grade encryption, then if they don't specify a year, run away, it might be just a CSER cipher. And it's also that if they specify military grade encryption, they normally don't explain what they're using. So you cannot verify it, you don't know it. As said, it's cryptography is not the ultimate solution for everything. XKCD has a nice, if I have a $5 wrench, I can hit him in the head and he will give the password. So the goodness of the encryption doesn't matter anymore. Sadly, XKCD is not finished yet or good. They have good new ones. It's impossible to revoke signatures. So once you sign the document, you cannot unsign it anymore. Revocation of documents and saying, hey, this was not my signature anymore. It's just a social construct. Do you believe the revocation or not? Because the public key is widely known because I said you can publish it. The signature is public because you send it with a document to prove that it's you. So there's some unintended consequences with this. Google uses DKIM to fight spam and you can verify it was really sent by Google and it's the right Google user and you can check a lot of things with that. But you can keep on checking this. There are some journalists that request Google to publish their private DKIM keys. I really support this ID. So please Google support your DKIM keys. I think it's only very hard for Google to do this. But in this society, I think we need to find a solution for this because these consequences can have grave consequences in the near or far future if we don't watch out. Sorry. Are there any questions? And if there are no questions, I provided you with an example question. Just one very important example question. You can run slowly. We have time. So is base 64 encryption? Yeah, depends on what documents read. No, it's not. If something is in base 64, it's just an encoding. You can just get it out as soon as you look at it. So if you write down base 64, a hacker can never get any data out of this. Then you're lying. So please government, learn very fast and don't do this ever again. Who authorized this talk? I think it was the chairman of the faced Teddy. So cool. Are there any more questions? Yes, there is a question.  Is there a good interface you can use? Yeah, you can use all those programming languages like dot net, visual basic, lip sodium, as a library for that. No, I mean a clickety click interface. It's called the web browser. You broke my Harold. I keep breaking everything with his sword. Audio broke, now the screen broke, now the Harold's broke. No questions anymore. Shall I close this? Yes, yes. Hello, I'm Neil Harold. I'd like to thank you all for this wonderful talk from Mendelmobach. I hope to see you again at the next talk whenever you're fit again to Harold. Thank you Nancy.


This is a challenge in our dating marketplace because we're meeting total strangers. See, unlike the past, when you met somebody in your town, your work environment, your school environment, you probably had a chance to get to know someone before you engaged in the connection of dating. But today it's total strangers. So I can understand why people might not want to go deep in the early stages because dating predominantly, I want you to think about this for a second. Really think about your experiences and tell me if you can relate to this. You focus mostly on attraction and chemistry, you know, very little about the person. You can get a chance to get to know the person.


It's going on everyone. Sam here with late in sports cards and I am ripping 2022 tops tier one baseball hobby 12 box case number 43 pick your team going to run through the name list of names and teams got Anthony S with the Marlins Christopher J Brewers Christopher L Padres Dale I blue J's Derek E Phillies Doug Z Royals Eric O Braves Harper B Rays John A Mets Joseph C Astros Jungman K Diamondbacks Kevin B Rockies Lane K Rangers Matthew W Tigers Michael K Angels Mike P twins Patrick H White Sox Paul Z Cardinals Robert C Guardians Ryan M athletics Sean T Orioles Seth R Reds Nationals Simon H Yankees Mariners Giants Suzanne P Cubs Thomas F Dodgers Tobias B Pirates and Trey H Red Sox so good luck everyone here we go more tier one next up we've got tops archive signature series random divisions that'll be fun easy top load for you which is always good no complaints there at all now it's giving me trouble case see you later here we go box one good luck everybody this has been a blast to rip so far love tier one got Todd Helton came use patch two color Rockies there you go rocks got Jose Altuve to 399 Astros nice one there grads Strauss Patrick Wisdom 299 auto that is the Cubs 41 out of 299 and tier one talent Tori Hunter 291 out of 299 Angels Congrats Angels on the Tori Hunter Matt Olson Jersey that is 399 Luis Urius to 399 as well Brewers Jersey got rookie auto 299 Colton Welker that is for the Rockies and nice one here Silverink auto 10 of 10 Paul Goldschmidt Congrats Cardinals nice Goldie who's got the Cardinals Paul Z Congrats Paul on the nice Goldschmidt Alex Bregman to 399 Astros Cedric Mullins auto to 299 Orioles Congrats Oaths on the nice Cedric Mullins and nice one here this time going to the Cubs 42 out of 50 Greg Maddox really funny seeing him in a Cubs uni for sure there you go what's up Mike how you doing buddy good to see ya Tori Hunter to 399 Angels got rookie auto Luke Williams going to the Phillies the 299 on the Luke Williams to 100 tier one talent that is Don Mattingly Congrats Yankees on the Donny baseball 21 out of 100 No I think Paul O'Neill and 59 out of 99 for the Reds Joey Vado sick one there for a Reds legend 20 something he might have been 21 Mike what Jersey number did Don Mattingly wear on the Yankees I think Paul O'Neill was 21 I could be wrong about that though because that Mattingly could be Jersey number so it would have been retired at that point already Gary Sanchez thank you Mike Jordan to 399 on the Gary got to 299 21 talent Brian Reynolds Pirates nice case so far here with some like legends to 75 David Ortiz Congrats on that one Red Sox nice big poppy 50 out of 75 Heck yeah grads there again Red Sox right here cut all in this time guaranteed Kenta Maeda to 349 twins Jersey got to 299 Derek Lee tier one talent going to the Marlins Lord of Marlins and that one and 93 out of 199 Dylan Carlson for the Cardinals there you go Cardinals Paul Z again on the Carlson this time Sick one here game used two color one color Steven Strasburg patch for the Nationals there you go Nats got Gavin Sheets rookie auto to 299 White Sox oh sick one here to 299 Bill Mazurowski there you go Pirates on the Mazurowski that's so sick he's got such a gorgeous auto next box here we go Oh what a nasty heck yeah holy cow we'll get that right in a mag let's go hold the knob baby Brian Valleid rookie auto Rockies bat bottom of the bat knob perfect man let's go and Randy Rosarino for the raise to 299 Congrats raise so nasty that Myers holy cow man let's go dude let's keep heating up here got Cattel Marte Diamondbacks 399 Glen auto rookie auto for the Rangers man again here you go Lane tier one talent Nolan Ryan bronze auto to 25 Congrats buddy let's go nice Nolan the express heck yeah this case has been really good honestly like even outside of the bat knob it's been like a lot of like hold the Maddox the Ortiz the Madding Lee just pulled the one other one I'm thinking of too very solid though Justin Berlander to 399 Astros no problem Lane got Steven even writings rookie auto Yankees to 299 and the Phillies to 299 JT Real Muto there you go Phil's nice one there two boxes to go again been such a fun case to read so far got you on Moncada for the White Sox a little bit of a pinstripe and the left there to 349 Max Kepler to 299 twins and for the Red Sox tier one talent Fred Lynn nice one there to 175 last box of the break good luck everyone full another now I think that's asking a little too much there but you never know final settle for a barrel got to 399 a roll this Chapman Yankees Yankees again this time bronze auto Louise Hill to 25 on the rookie auto Yankees and to end it out rookie auto to 299 twins Griffin Jax that will do it for the break going to do a quick recap here start with our relics got a roll this Chapman Yankees you on Moncada White Sox Justin Berlander Astros Katala Marte Diamondback Steven Schrossberg Nationals Kenta Maeda twins Gary Sanchez Yankees Tory Hunter Angels Alex Bregman Astros Louise Urias Brewers Matt Olson Ace Hosea Altuve Astros and Todd Helton Rockies got our autos up next got Griffin Jax twins Louise Hill bronze Yankees Max Kepler twins Fred Lynn Red Sox GT Real Muto Phillies Steven Ridings Yankees Nolan Ryan to 25 Rangers Glen Otto Rangers Randio Rosarino Reyes Ryan Ballade Rockies Bill Mazurowski Pirates Gavin Sheets White Sox Dylan Carlson Cardinals got Derrick Lee Marlins David Ortiz Red Sox there you go Red Sox Brian Reynolds Pirates Joey Bottle Reds Don Mattingly Yankees Luke Williams Phillies Greg Maddox Cubs Cedric Mullins Orioles Paul Gulchman to 10 Cardinals Colton Welker Rockies Patrick Wisdom Cubs Tory Hunter Angels and our big hit of the break one of one bottom of the Bat Nob Will Myers Padres congrats again Christopher this card is nasty so sick so so sick on the Myers that'll do it for the break congrats again everyone next up we've got tops archives baseball see you then


Welcome back today. We are going to talk about completing the square This is a process that we use in mathematics for a number of different reasons today I'm just going to show you the process of completing the square and then later on I think in another video I will show you kind of where it is used how we can use Completing the square anyway to complete the square of Of a quadratic equation so when I say a quadratic equation It's an equation with an x squared in it and that is the x squared is the highest power That's how you know it's a quadratic equation. Okay, so to complete the square of x squared plus bx now notice here Remember that your standard form of your quadratic equation is a x squared Plus bx plus c that's this usually the standard form usually it's set equal to zero depending on what you want to do with it This is standard form number in front for a number in front here for b That's in front of the x and then a constant there sees what we usually call that now notice here at that x squared Plus bx that there's no a in front here. Well, that's actually kind of the point whenever you do completing the square You can only have a one in front here Remember there's a one here that we in that we know that is there We just don't write it because it's a little bit redundant because this is just a single x squared one x square So we don't write that one because it's just tedious to keep writing all those ones But notice the these examples that I have here all all down here out down the side with these x squared They're all ones same thing over here all of these are ones right here Okay, so whenever you do completing the square. That's one thing I got to remember is That your x squared part it's got to have a one in front of it on the other hand the b part right here It can be just about any number positive negative even odd. That doesn't really matter But anyway to complete the square what we do is we're going to add b divided by two Quantity squared, so we're going to take our b number divided by two and then square it This is going to give us a number so that we can factor our Quadratic equation, okay now at this point. It's a little bit confusing what we would be using for after you see a couple of examples You can see why okay, so here's the algebra behind it So what I want to do is I want to I want a number here so I can use to factor with okay, so Insight in this blank here what I'm going to do is I'm going to put b divided by two squares That's what that's what's going here and then with that number. I will be able to factor Okay, now a couple teachers who might say this differently factoring or bubbles or parentheses or or whatever they might use But this is called factoring these two bubbles are the two different factors And then notice that these two factors can condense down into a single parentheses Okay, now looking at the algebra portion of this again, maybe a little bit confusing depending on your level of Understanding of this so that's why I have this number example over here Okay, so what if I have x squared minus 8x plus something okay? That's something I want to try to fill in I want to try to find a number there okay, so in this case I take The b number divided by 2 and then I square it well in this case my b number is negative 8 So negative 8 divided by 2 is negative 4 negative 4 when you square it is going to give you 16 a positive 16 okay now That number is is going to work out perfectly for us because that's 16 What that's going to be able to do is that's going to be able to give us the ability to Factor to go from this trinomial to two binomials is what we have down here Okay, x minus 4 x minus 4 the negative 4 negative 4 they multiply back to 16 And then these two are going to add to get negative a that's kind of the shortcut that you use for when you try to factor Okay, now from there since these both these of parentheses are the same There's both these parentheses are the same I can condense them down to a single parentheses squared I usually like to call this a single quantity squared okay now. I've kind of gone over the process Let's try a couple of examples just a few examples just to kind of hash out what what it means by completing the square What what do you mean find this number to use the factor? Okay, so just a quick couple of examples and then we'll finish up the video okay complete the square for each one of These expressions I got two of them here write the resulting expression as a binomial squared So just the exact same thing I was doing on the previous slide We're just now going to do this with just a couple of different examples All right on the first one here The first thing I want to do is find out what number to plug in here. So that's where I do my b over 2 Quantity squared then I'm going to take this b number in this case. It's a negative 14 So I got to take negative 14 Divided by 2 and I'm going to square it so in that case. I don't have too much room here So negative 14 squared or see me negative 14 divided by 2 is negative 7 Negative 7 squared is going to be a positive 49 now That's going to happen every time you're always going to get positive numbers when you do this Of course as you're squaring 2 negative is going to make a positive that makes sense. So here we go x squared minus 14x Plus 49 there we are so that's the number that's going to give me the ability to factor That's the that's the that's the reason we use completing the square is so that we can find this number So we can factor okay, so I'm going to get my parentheses here Okay, find my two factors. I got x's in the front Two numbers that multiply to 49 and add to negative 14 is going to be a negative 7 and a negative 7 Okay, they both got to be negative to get this positive here And then they both have to be negative to get a negative 14 Okay, so that kind of makes sense how they set that up okay So this portion right here where my mouse is that get that right there where my cursor is that this is completing the square Finding that number that is completing the square The rest of this is kind of all right factoring and condensing and that kind of stuff Okay, so now what I'm going to do is just as it says here right through resulting expression as a binomial squared So here's my binomial x minus seven squared as You do more and more of these in your math class you'll realize that this is going to happen every single time I want you to get the same number in these parentheses. So I'm always going to be able to condense it down Okay, you can't always do that with every parentheses But in this case you can actually do that because they're the exact same on the left and the right It's just really really nice. Okay, so to this next example over here now You might notice some of you might notice ahead of time. We got a nine here. I'm going to divide that by two I'm going to take that b number divided by two which causes a bit a trouble Okay, but we're going to work our way through this. All right. So anyway, just keep going through the process I need to take this Be divided by two. I can need to find out what this number is right here. I got to find out how to complete the square Okay, so in this case That b number is nine divided by two squared. Now, this is where I'm going to suggest that you don't use decimals. Do not take nine divided by two and get four point five Don't do that. Okay, instead just square the top and square the bottom Get 81 over four Now yes, it looks like a top-heavy improper fraction all that kind of jazz, but it's still It's more useful than a decimal In this case, I think we understand fractions here a little bit better than decimals You'll see here when I'm talking about here a little bit once we go through this example. Okay, so now that's the number I add 9x plus 81 over 4 add inside this little parentheses Now this will give me the ability to factor and then you're telling then you're asking yourself well that 81 over 4 is not going to be nice because What numbers multiply to 81 over 4 and it add to 9 that just doesn't make any sense. Yes, our Concept of what those numbers are with mixing fraction fractions and numbers together like the fractions here and numbers here together We really don't have a great understanding of that at this level, but what we can do I'm going to flip back a page here is That if we follow this process if you follow this algebra process here notice, okay? If I take any number, okay? Take that number divided by two squared whatever that number might be when I get to this point I get from here to here to factor notice this number we can figure out what it is I don't have to I don't have to figure out what numbers multiply to the end and add to the middle I don't really need to do that all I did number that I need right here is just be divided by two be divided by two That's all I need. Okay, so to go back to our problem Okay, the only number that I need right here is just be divided by two and Be divided by two so in this case nine divided by two and nine divided by two so there I didn't really need to figure out. Okay, what numbers multiply to 81 over 4 and add to 9 I didn't really need to do that because I looked at my notes and I followed the process Okay, now after you put in the numbers now you might be able to see it So okay 9 times 9 is 81 2 times 2 is 4 and then if you add these together This is 4 4 and a half 4 and a half which adds together to get 9 So now you might be able to actually see that but before seeing that answer You might not anyway last step condense this down x plus 9 halves squared Okay, so there's my binomial squared All right So that was just a quick video on how to complete the square and just a little bit of a couple of question a couple of Different examples of how to use it and little things like that I will do another video another video of how to solve how to use Completing the square to solve quadratic equations and some other uses for it But I hope hope you enjoyed the video. Hope you learned something today and we'll see you next time


Sometimes a polynomial has a repeated factor. Remember, when you see an exponent, that means that you have that many factors of whatever the base is. So here this exponent of 2 says that x minus 4 appears as a factor twice, while this polynomial has the factor x squared plus 3x plus 8 five times. The multiplicity of a root is the number of times the corresponding factor appears in a polynomial. For example, we might try to find the roots and their multiplicities. So remember, the roots can be found by setting each factor equal to 0 and solving. So the root x equals 3 came from the factor x minus 3, and this factor appears twice, so the multiplicity is 2. The root x equals negative 8 came from the factor x plus 8. This factor appears 3 times, so the multiplicity is 3, and the roots x equals plus or minus i came from the factor x squared plus 1 equal to 0. This factor only appears once, so the multiplicity of these roots is 1. Or let's consider a polynomial like this. So the roots come from the factors, so one of these factors gives us, and since the factor x squared plus 3x plus 1 appears 3 times, then these roots have multiplicity 3. The other factor gives us some more roots, so we solve, and since this factor appears 5 times, these roots have multiplicity 5. And again, we can also incorporate the multiplicity into the roots, so let's try and write a polynomial with roots x equal 3 with multiplicity 2, and x equals negative 1 with multiplicity 7. So remember, if x equals a is a root, then x minus a is a factor. x equals 3 with multiplicity 2 corresponds to two factors of x minus 3, so we can include them as x minus 3 to the second power. x equals negative 1 with multiplicity 7 corresponds to 7 factors of x plus 1. So we include the factor x plus 1 to the seventh power, and we can even include complex roots. So remember, if a polynomial has real coefficients, complex roots have to appear in conjugate pairs. So the polynomial has to have roots of 1 plus i and also 1 minus i, and so it must have a factor of, and since these roots have multiplicity 2, then this factor must appear twice, and so one such polynomial will be...


A very good evening aspirants. Today before going to the news articles discussion session I have an announcement for you. This announcement is regarding Shankarai Academy's new initiative regarding CSAT paper. Shankarai Academy has designed a refresher course called as CSAT Plus. This is for those aspirants who score good marks in GS paper in problems but find it difficult to qualify in the civil services aptitude test paper which is called as CSAT paper. So to help the students to easily qualify for CSAT Shankarai Academy has come up with this initiative. This course starts on 27th January 2022 and the class timing for this course will be from 5.30pm to 8pm. The program is also available in online mode and the admission for this program is open now and by signing up for this course you will be having the benefit of complete overview of CSAT course. You will get to know about the shortcuts for time management and accuracy. You will get to have interaction with the toppers. You will learn the strategy to select easy questions and eliminate the difficult ones and you will also learn about the strategy to improve and manage the English skills. Along with this you will also get topic wise previous year CSAT paper analysis. So the course comes with all these benefits. So those who want to register for this program visit the link that is given in the description of this video. So now let us move on to the in the news analysis for the date 24th January 2022. These are the list of news articles taken for today's discussion and today these two articles will be discussed by me and the remaining two articles will be discussed by our other faculty. So now let us get to the first discussion. So today we are going to start our discussion with this news article which talks about a petition that focuses on an important provision in marriage laws. This provision is called as the restitution of conjugal rights. So in this discussion let us see what is the conjugal right then we will see the legal provisions related to it. We will also see about the observations of various courts and committees on these provisions and then we will see the petition mentioned in the news article. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See basically marriage means a recognized union of two people as partners and they are in a personal relationship and this marriage is recognized formally and legally. But remember marriage is simply not just a union between two individuals but it is also a social institution. It has legal economic cultural and religious ramifications that is consequences. That is why there is a need to list the norms of a marriage and along with it the legitimacy of a marriage has also needs to be ensured. Now these are mentioned or dictated generally by the laws regarding marriage and divorce that is the matrimonial laws they are mentioned in prevailing social norms and also through religious dictates. And when we take the matrimonial laws particularly they consider marriage as a union that imposes certain marital duties upon each of these spouses and it also gives certain legal rights to each spouse. So according to the laws marriage imposes certain duties and also provides certain legal rights. Now one of the rights that is provided or imposed by the matrimonial laws is the conjugal rights. So what is a conjugal right? First of all here the term conjugal means relating to marriage or relating to the relationship between a married couple. So conjugal rights are the rights and privileges in a marriage or we can say it is the rights and privileges among married couple. So it includes the intimate rights of marriage such as mutual relationship of comfort, companionship, affection and even sexual relations.  So this is what is generally assumed. Now according to courts in India for having conjugal rights two ingredients are actually necessary. The first key ingredient is cohabitation that is the married couples should live together for ensuring comfort consortium that is the companionship and the second one is the sexual intercourse that is the married couples have to consummate the marriage. So this is the basics that you need to know about conjugal rights. Now having conjugal right is not wrong but the problem lies in the matter that it is legally enforceable under matrimonial laws in our country that is the conjugal right is legally enforceable under legislations and this legal enforceability is what is called as the restitution of conjugal right. So let us understand what this term actually means. See here restitution means return or restoration. So this provision regarding restitution of conjugal right prescribes the restoration of conjugal rights through a decree by a court of law. Now here the restoration of something is needed when a particular thing is compromised. So in this case the restoration of conjugal right is needed maybe because one of the two ingredients of the conjugal rights is compromised or both the ingredients are compromised that is either the spouses are not cohabiting or they are not having any sexual relations or both that is they are not cohabiting and having sexual relations. So here both the ingredients are compromised. Now the action of not cohabiting and denying sexual relation is referred as withdrawing from the society of the other in the matrimonial laws. Not only this the withdrawing from society would also mean that the spouse is not doing the actions that are necessary for fulfilling marital obligations. So when this happens without any valid reason that is when one spouse leaves the house or when one spouse refuses for sexual relations without any valid reason then the other spouse can approach the court and ask for restitution of conjugal rights that is for restoration of conjugal rights. So here you should note the term without any valid reason. When they withdraw from the society without any valid reason then the provisions regarding restitution of conjugal rights will be applicable and here the spouse who will be filing this petition will be the aggrieved spouse. So after hearing the case the court can order the husband or the wife to join back with his or her family that is here the husband or the wife will be ordered to cohabit with the other spouse and they will also be ordered to take part in sexual intercourse. But here there is a contradiction actually because some legal sources say that courts cannot order to consummate the marriage that is it cannot order for sexual intercourse through the decree of restitution of conjugal rights. But the court can only order for cohabitation. This may be true but the issue here is our country does not have a law that criminalizes marital rape of women above the age of 15 years. So that means this gives a way for the possibility that this cohabitation will lead to the husband sexually forcing the wife which is nothing but the marital rape. So this is where the restitution of conjugal rights and marital rape laws are related. Through the restitution of conjugal rights the courts can order one of these spouse to live with the other spouse. Now when this happens the courts cannot ensure that the husband is not forcing the wife or the wife is not forcing the husband sexually.  Now coming back to restitution of conjugal rights which are the important laws that provides for this particular provision. See actually almost all matrimonial laws in our country provide for it. For example for Hindus it is provided under the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 the section 9 of Hindu Marriage Act talks about restitution of conjugal rights. Then if you take Christians they can avail the same provision under section 32 and 33 of Indian Divorce Act of 1869. Then even the Parsees have this provision under their Parsee Marriage and Divorce Act of 1936. It is provided under section 36 of this 1936 act. And then even the Special Marriage Act provides this provision under section 22. I have given all the provisions in these laws here and you can see that these provisions have almost the same wordings. But you should also note that these provisions are gender neutral. So we can say that the provision of restitution of conjugal rights is gender neutral under Indian matrimonial laws. That means here the wife as well as the husband can file a petition for restitution of conjugal rights. Now here this particular thing may look like a reasonable provision when the aggrieved party is wife. For example if the husband has deserted the wife without any valid reason then the wife can find a remedy through this provision. Because here the husband has deserted without any valid reason then if the wife files a petition for a remedy of restitution of conjugal rights then the court can order that husband to go back to their family. But the problem is unfortunately this restitution of conjugal rights provision is often used against women. It is mainly used when women want to concentrate on their career along with their married life. Because concentrating on their career is termed as withdrawing from the society by the husband. Here the husband argues that due to their career and its related obligations the woman or the wife they want to move to other places. So they are not focusing on the marriage with them. So here mainly when the woman want to move to other places for her career prospects then husbands use this particular provision for making the wife to stay with them. And then it is also used when the wife want to exercise their sexual autonomy, privacy and individual dignity. So in all these instances this provision is used against women and unfortunately this argument is even accepted as a valid one even by the courts. And that is why this particular provision of restitution of conjugal rights places a disproportionate burden on women. And this mainly happens because of the patriarchal notion of marriage. See here you should remember that this provision of restitution of conjugal rights has its roots in feudal England. That is it is present in England under their English law. At that time in England marriage was considered as a property deal and wife was considered as a part of a man's position like other properties. So they had this restitution of conjugal rights saying that the wife has to obey the husband and has to stay with him. And when India was under the British rule this provision was brought to India also and later it was instituted in the Hindu Marriage Act. So we can say that it was not opposed at that time in India even because the courts even followed patriarchy when it came to marriage. Now I'm saying this statement mainly because of some of the statements made by courts in this regard. For example in the past courts have held that women should be like Sita and they should follow their husbands everywhere. And sometimes even courts have said that a woman's focus on their careers is a neglect of their household responsibilities. And they have also said that a wife's first duty to her husband is to submit herself obediently to his authority and to remain under his roof and protection. So you can see the patriarchy in these lines and you can see the status of those courts which set these statements. But we should not also forget that there are also some courts which have agreed that restitution of conjugal rights has no validity in the modern life after Indian independence. So these courts have also agreed that now women are as educated as men and they are contributing to their family income. So they have equal rights like a man. And therefore they have suggested for the abolition of the provisions relating to restitution of conjugal rights in the matrimonial laws. So there are also courts which set these humiliating statements about women and there are also courts that have asked for abolition of this provision. Actually this was even agreed by a high level committee on status of women. This committee was under the Ministry of Women and Child Development and in 2015 this committee submitted its report and it suggested for abolition of the restitution of conjugal rights provision. The same was even agreed by the Law Commission of India in its 2018 report when it talked about family law reforms in India. So we can see that various institutions have suggested for abolition of this provision. So this must be applauded because at least now the debate on the removal of the provision relating to restitution of conjugal rights is happening but it did not materialise it. And this is where the current case which is mentioned in the news article is important because in this case a petition was filed which has challenged the validity of restitution of conjugal rights provision in Hindi marriage act and special marriage act. Now this petition was filed long before but the problem was after July 2021 this petition has not been heard yet. So now activists are asking for the Supreme Court to decide on this case law as soon as possible and we are also suggesting the same because even though the restitution of conjugal rights has its roots in England already England has abolished this provision in its laws in 1970s itself but we in our Indian laws have not yet abolished this provision. So the Supreme Court has to decide on this matter as soon as possible because it also has implications on the marital rape provisions. So aspirants should take note of this particular right which is the restitution of conjugal rights that is provided by Indian matrimonial laws and you should also take note of the marital rape related provisions in the Indian laws. The points which we discuss in these two topics are important when we talk about the rights of women particularly in their marriage. So in this discussion we saw about conjugal rights, we saw what is it, we saw that it is the right given to the married couple and it is the right that exists between the married couple and then we saw that there are two ingredients in conjugal rights, one is cohabitation and the second one is sexual intercourse and then we saw that the restitution of conjugal rights comes into play when one of the key ingredients is compromised. So through the restitution of conjugal rights provision the court can order a spouse to live with the other spouse who has filed the petition and can also order for sexual intercourse according to some sources and then finally we saw the provisions in the Indian matrimonial laws that provides for this restitution of conjugal rights and then finally we saw what the different committees and even the Indian courts have to say about conjugal rights and this provision. So with these points in mind now let us move on to the next discussion. Now our next discussion is going to be based on this news article which reports that Omicron is now in community transmission in India. According to Instacog that is Indian SARS-CoV-2 genomics consortium Omicron has now become dominant in multiple metros because in these metros new cases are increasing dramatically. So in this context let us briefly understand what is this community transmission and the different stages of spreading of a disease. Let us see the definition given by World Health Organization. According to it community transmission is when there is an increase in positive tests through sentinel samples. Sentinel sample means the routine testing of respiratory samples from established laboratories. So when there is increase in positive tests it will be called community transmission. It is also called community transmission when they are unable to link the confirmed cases through chains of transmission for a large number of cases. In other words community transmission or community spread is said to be taking place when the source of the contagion is not known. That is when they are unable to trace an infection back to the carrier who has traveled in an affected area or the carrier who has been in contact with a person having the infection then in this scenario it will be called as community transmission. Now a state of community spread implies that the virus is now circulating in the community and it can infect people with no history. That is they will not have any history of traveling to the infected areas or they will not have any history regarding contact with any affected persons. So at this stage it is said that it is theoretically possible for everyone to catch the infection. That is when there is community transmission then it is possible for everyone to catch the infection. So we have to be very cautious about this community transmission stage because the next stage to this community transmission is the stage of epidemic which then again leads to pandemic. Now in this image you can see the four stages of transmission. The first stage is the imported cases. Now in this cases are transported into a place where the virus did not originate in the early stages of a disease and then it later becomes a pandemic sweeping the globe. It becomes a pandemic when the infection has spread across borders of one or few countries. For example if we take covid-19 Thailand was the first country to report a case of covid-19 outside of China and then we came to know that it has become more pandemic. So this was the first stage that is when the virus spreads to regions where it did not originate. Now the second stage is when the virus starts being transmitted locally that is this means local transmission. Here the source of the infection is from within a particular area and the path that the virus takes from one person to the next person is clearly established here. So here if from one country where the virus has originated has traveled to the other country then in that country it starts locally transmitting and we can clearly see the path as to how the virus has transmitted from one person to other person. Now the next comes the third stage which is community transmission and we saw about community transmission just now. Now the last stage is the stage of epidemic which then leads to pandemic. See it is when the disease that is in our case covid-19 has spread majorly in a particular region and then it is going to spread to other regions also. So generally epidemic refers to an increase in the number of cases of a disease and this increases above what is normally expected in that population in that particular area. So when there is such a increase it will be called as epidemic and when this happens throughout the world or throughout the globe then it will be called as pandemic. We actually saw about the definition of pandemic, endemic and epidemic on our Jan 15th in this analysis. So those who want to clearly know the difference between these three terms you can view that analysis. So with this we have come to the end of this discussion on community transmission. Now let us move on to the next discussion which will be taken by our other faculty. I will come back in the prelims practice question session. Take a look at this article this is from the text and context page. This news article is in reference to creation of Indian environmental service. See in order to review the country's green laws and the procedure followed by the ministry of environment forest and climate change the environment ministry set up a committee headed by the former cabinet secretary TSR Subramanian. This committee was set up in August 2014 and was called us the Subramanian committee. In its recommendations to the government the committee proposed a national environment research institute and an Indian environment service that is IES. According to the committee this will help the government to recruit qualified human resources in the environment sector. But a parliamentary standing committee rejected this report on the grounds that it diluted key aspects of environmental legislation. So this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context we'll see in detail about what is this TSR Subramanian committee report on environment, its recommendations and some of the important points mentioned in the article. Before starting our discussion the syllabus relevant to this article is highlighted here for your reference kindly go through it. Now you might get a doubt how did the IES topic that is the Indian environment service become so prominent. See a petition filed by lawyer Samar Vijay Singh argued that the matters of the environment required special expertise. Currently matters of environmental regulation rests on the scientists of the Ministry of Environment and forests as well as the bureaucrats from the Indian administrative service. So while responding to this plea the Supreme Court asked the center how it plans to establish such a mechanism and this is how the whole IES topic became prominent. Now that we have seen how it gained the prominence we shall see what is this TSR Subramanian committee report on the environment. See as I said already the Subramanian committee was set up in August 2014 to review the country's green laws and procedures followed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. It suggested that is the committee suggested several amendments to align with the government's economic development agenda and finally the report was submitted to the then Union Environment Minister. The committee had suggested amendments to almost all green laws including those relating to environment, forest, wildlife and coastal zone clearances. The committee had three months to submit its report. After it did submit the report a parliamentary standing committee rejected the report on the grounds that it ended up diluting key aspects of the environmental legislation designed to protect the environment. So this was the argument by the Parliamentary Standing Committee regarding the report given by the Subramanian committee. The committee also suggested forming another committee with more expertise and time to review the environmental laws. So that's it about the committee. Now let us get into the recommendations given by the DSR committee. Let's see them one by one. The first one is the report proposed an environmental laws management act under which two expert bodies the National Environmental Management Authority and the State Environmental Management Authority will be constituted at the center and state levels. The primary function of these two expert bodies should be to examine the project clearance in a timely manner using technology and knowledge. So this is the proposal. So by this recommendation the committee envisions to provide a single window clearance. Moving on to the second recommendation see to accelerate the environmental decision-making process they suggested a fast track procedure for linear projects power and mining projects and for projects of national importance. So this is the second recommendation. Moving on to the third one the committee also recommended to subsume both the air act and the water act within the Environment Protection Act. The next one apart from this we know that both the existing Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board monitors and regulates the conditions imposed on the industries to safeguard the environment. So here the committee proposed to integrate these two boards that is the Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board with the National Environment Management Authority and the State Environment Management Authority once the new bodies come into existence. So this is the fourth recommendation which says to integrate pollution control boards with the management authorities that was recommended by the committee. Moving on to the next recommendation it also suggested an appellate mechanism against the decisions of the Environment Management Authorities at the Central and State level or the Ministry of Environment in respect of project clearance prescribing a three month deadline to dispose of appeals. Moving on to the next one the report also recommends that an environmental reconstruction cost should be assessed for each project on the basis of the damage caused by it to the environment and this should be added into the cost of the project. This cost has to be recovered as assessed or duty from the project proponent during the life of the project. Let's see the next recommendation it proposed establishing a National Environment Research Institute on the lines of Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education to promote the use of high tech in environmental governance and finally it recommended the creation of an Indian Environment Service to recruit qualified and skilled human resources in the environment sector. So these are the major recommendations given by the Subramanian Committee. Now comes the important question whether the report has been accepted by the Government or not. See the Centre never formally accepted this report and neither constituted a new committee as recommended by the Parliamentary Standing Committee. However many of these ideas are making their way into the environmental regulatory process without being explicitly stated. The Government has suggested changes to the Forest Conservation Act and also the Government established timelines for expert committees assessing the feasibility of the infrastructure projects and has worked to make current legislation more compatible with the court judgments. So that's all about this article discussion. See as far as prilams is concerned you have to remember that Subramanian Committee is related to environment and as far as mains is concerned you can mention these recommendations in the environment related policy measures as a way forward to enrich your answer. So with this we have come to the end. Let's have a quick recap. What all we saw? We saw what is this TSR Subramanian Committee. We saw that it was set up in August 2014. It was set up to review the country's green laws and procedures followed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. And after that we saw some of the recommendations which are a proposal for Environmental Laws Management Act under which two expert bodies should be established which are the National Environment Management Authority and the State Environmental Management Authority. And the second recommendation is to have a fast track procedure for linear projects, power mining projects and for projects of national importance. The third recommendation is to subsume both the Air Act and the Water Act within the Environment Protection Act. Fourth recommendation is to integrate the two pollution control boats that is the Central and State Pollution Control Boats with the State and Central Environment Management Authority. The fifth recommendation is to have an appellate mechanism against the decisions of Environment Management Authorities or the Environment Ministry. The sixth recommendation is that to have an environmental reconstruction cost assist on the basis of damage caused by it to the environment. The seventh recommendation is that to establish a National Environment Research Institute to promote the use of high technology in environmental governance and finally it recommended the creation of an Indian Environment Service. So with these key takeaway points let's move on to the next article discussion. See this news article here it talks about a hologram of Netaji Subash Chandra Bose. It was unveiled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the India Gate in New Delhi. See it was unveiled yesterday that is on 23rd January to celebrate the 125th birth anniversary of Netaji who is a great freedom fighter. See in this context let us discuss in brief about the Parakram Divas but our main discussion today will be on Netaji Subash Chandra Bose which will be relevant to prelims preparation. Now let us start our discussion. The hologram of Netaji was unveiled on Parakram Divas or the Courage Day. So what is so special about this Parakram Divas? See in order to honour and remember Netaji's spirit and selfless service to the nation his birthday that is the 23rd January is marked as the Parakram Divas. This was announced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the year 2021 to inspire the people of India especially the youth and to infuse in them a spirit of patriotic favour. Now let us discuss some important facts about Netaji which will be useful for your prelims. Subash Chandra Bose affectionately called as Netaji was one of the most prominent leaders of Indian freedom struggle. He was born on January 23rd 1897 in Orissa. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivehananda's teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. See he went to England to compete for the Indian Civil Services and he came out fourth in the merit order of the ICS exam held on 1920. However having deeply disturbed by the Jolly and Vallabhag massacre he left his civil services apprenticeship midway and returned to India in 1921. After returning to India under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi he joined the Indian National Congress. He started working under Deshbandhu Chitranjundas whom he later acknowledged as his political guru. Then in 1928 when Motilal Nehru committee declared in favour of the Dominion status Subash Chandra Bose along with Jawaharlal Nehru opposed it. We all know why because both that is both Subash Chandra Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru asserted that they would be satisfied with nothing short of complete independence for India. Note that he was jailed during civil disobedience movement in 1930. He was released in 1931 after Gandhi Irwin Pact was signed. We all know that a major provision of Gandhi Irwin Pact was to release the political prisoners right? And after that he protested against the Gandhi Irwin Pact and opposed the suspension of civil disobedience movement especially when Bahat Singh and his associates were hanged. He was soon arrested again under the infamous Bengal Regulation and after his release this time he was banished from India to Europe defying the ban on his entry to India. He returned to India and was again arrested and jailed for a year. Now he was released after the general elections of 1937. Then he was elected as the president of Haripura Congress session in 1938. During his term as congress president he set up a national planning committee. This is an important thing when he was the president of the congress he set up the national planning committee. This happened in the Haripura Congress session of 1938. And in the next presidential election to Tripura Congress session he was re-elected defeating Mr. Patabi Sita Ramya who has been backed by Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress Working Committee. These are some important facts that you should know. Moving on. See during World War II he brought a resolution to revolt against the British if they failed to hand over India to the Indians. As there was much opposition to this he resigned from the presidential post. That is from the Congress presidential post. And he formed a progressive group known as Forward Block. He was put under house arrest in Calcutta in the fear that he would start a mass movement. But he disappeared and reached Germany via Afghanistan. He sought cooperation of Germany and Japan against the British Empire. He used this radio berlin to connect with the Indians. And in 1943 at Singapore he took over the reins of the Indian independence movement in East Asia from the Rajbihari Bose. He then organized the Azad Hind Fouch called as the Indian National Army comprising mainly of the Indian prisoners of war. He was hailed as Netaji by the army as well as by the Indian civilian population in East Asia. See Azad Hind Fouch proceeded towards Indian liberation from the British rule. See the Indian National Army it crossed the Burma border and stood on the Indian soil on March 18, 1944. However the defeat of Japan and Germany in the Second World War forced the Indian National Army to retreat and it could not achieve its objective. Finally, Subhash Chandra Bose was reportedly killed in an air crash over Taiwan on August 18, 1945. Though it is widely believed that he was still alive after the air crash, not much information could be found about him after this. So that's all about this article. Let's have a quick recap. What all we saw in this article discussion? We saw that Subhash Chandra Bose was affectionately called as Netaji. He was one of the most prominent leaders of Indian freedom struggle. He was influenced by Swami Vivehananda's teaching. He went to England to compete for the Indian civil services. But disturbed by the Julian Wallabag massacre, he returned to India in 1921. And after that under the influence of Mahatma Gandhi, he joined the Indian National Congress and he acknowledged Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das as his political guru. He envisioned complete independence for India. He protested against the Gandhi Irwin Pact and opposed the suspension of civil disobedience movement. And after that we saw that he was elected as the president of Haripura Congress Session in 1938 and Tirupura Congress Session. Defeating Dr. Patabi Sita Ramayya. And he formed a progressive group known as Forward Bloc. And we also saw that he sought cooperation of Germany and Japan against the British Empire. He used his radio Berlin to connect with the Indians. He took over the reins of Indian independence movement in the East Asia from the Rajbhehari Bose. The most important thing is he organized the Azadhint Fouch called us the Indian National Army. But however the defeat of Japan and Germany in the Second World War forced the INA to retreat and it could not achieve its objective. And finally we saw that Subhash Chandra Bose was reportedly killed in an air crash over Taiwan and after this much information could not be found about him. These are some of the points which are very useful for your problems preparation. So kindly make a note of it. So now we have come to the end of news articles discussion session and let us get to the practice question session. And today I only have only one problems practice question. This question is based on the discussion on Netaji. Now let us read the question. With reference to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose consider the following statements. First statement he lost in the second presidential election to Tripuri Congress session. This statement is incorrect because we saw during discussion that Netaji won the second presidential election to Tripuri Congress session. He defeated Pathabi Sitaramaya who was supported by Mahatma Gandhi. So the moment you know that first statement is incorrect you can eliminate options A and C because the question asks for the correct statements. Now let us come to the second statement. He fought for Dominion status for India. This statement is also incorrect because Netaji fought for complete independence of India and he opposed the Dominion status which was declared by Mothilal Nehru. So the moment you know that second statement is also incorrect. You can arrive at the correct answer to this question which is option D none of the above. Now third statement is also incorrect because he supported the British during World War II to gain their confidence is an incorrect statement. Why because during World War II Netaji wanted the British to hand over India to Indians and even brought a resolution for a revolt stating this. But this was supposed to be many so he resigned his presidential post. So the correct answer is option D none of the above. Now today I have two main practice questions. Interested aspirants can write answers to these questions and post the answer in the comment section and whenever we get time we'll review your answer. So with this we have come to the end of today's Hindi News analysis and practice questions discussion session. If you like this video don't forget to like, comment and share and subscribe to Shankar Ice Academy's YouTube channel for receiving timely updates on civil services preparation. Thank you.


It was a very quick indeed. Here we go then, hit four. Tapes are up, Lindgren, but it's Smalslick at a gate number two. He gets there, Lindgren's round the outside, hustling down the back straight. Lindgren's done remarkably well there to get the better of Smalslick. Smalslick now coming on strong, pushing Friery Lindgren, but Lindgren holds for... Smalslick's going to have to be careful. He really backed into turns three and four there and almost has a big enough hole for Martin, but he's not telling you what.  Can he get back up the inside with a cutback? I think he's going to. Smalslick's got all the speed again now, though. Fabulous speedway at gate number four. Swapping places for Farm for First and Second. Bartos Smalslick. You just cannot keep him behind. Fabulous effort from him. Friery Lindgren looked like he had it all sewn up, but Smalslick had other ideas. Sensational speed work from the championship leader once again. So here we go then. Second time I'm asking for heat number eight. Smalslick, Nielsen, Wuffendom. And Aversulis on the outside. Great start from Ty Wuffendom. Fabulous start there. And Aversulis round the outside as well coming on strong, but Wuffendom taking full advantage. Here comes Smalslick. No hesitation there. Diving up the inside. Wuffendom's gone very wide indeed. That's going to open the door. Out in the dirt. Looks like he's just about got it covered. Right, the wheels off it. You know when Smalslick's behind you, he's never going to give in, but that's such a terrific performance from Wuffendom. 20-point lead in the championship. Tapes up now and he's away. It's the inside game with Jenovsky. He gets there. Smalslick coming round the outside. Frick's in second placement. Smalslick once again hustling that bike into second. Third place is Max Frick, but the two Polish riders out in front here. Smalslick beginning to put pressure on. Oh my goodness. Smalslick's in trouble there. He is in trouble. And we are hearing that it's Bartosz Smalslick. Championship leader out Chris. Right decision in my opinion. Yeah, absolutely. I thought he was in danger of going, and so it proved there's the moment when the bike just lifts underneath him, causes Smalslick to run right across in front of Max Jenovsky. First time we've been at this venue. The green lights are on. Tapes are up and away they go. Frick's made a good one. Brilliant one. Tired in the first corner. Lingwin across the corner. Smalslick takes advantage. Down the back straight. Smalslick coming through with Lingwin on the outside. Tired into turns number three. Got a feel for Frick there. He got beaten up on the first lap. Frick Lingwin now. Earlier has been super solid today. Super consistent. And he's going to make the final the top two . Everybody rushing now. They're under massive pressure. Smalslick and Gate 2. Gate 3, Gate 4 for Martin. Here we go. Lingwin out of the start. What a start that is. No pink on his hat. He doesn't care. Into second place. Smalslick coming on strong. Tired going into turn number three. Frick Lingwin holding the inside line. Smalslick around the outside. Back in third place. Smalslick's got more speed. I would be surprised if he doesn't go straight. Of course two weeks ago. And Bartos Smalslick on top of the box again. Wins in style. He hasn't had it all his own way here this afternoon. Had an exclusion early on. But Smalslick will not be denied. Look what it means to him. He's earned that one. He earns every single one of them. But that was a tough night for him. Yeah it was a tough night. Frick Lingwin making him work overtime there with a stunning start initially. Many congratulations to the championship leader. The world champion.


And joining me to look at this issue is Olawalea de Coya, is a sports analyst and also Emmanuel Tinoye also a sports analyst. Olawalea, I'll come to you first. And I believe you've just heard what Nadine Doris, the Britain's minister in charge of sports, just said. But again, the British government is set to take over Chelsea Football Club. How does this come to the football world? Is it shocking? Is it an ideological ideal or logical deal rather? Olawalea, are you with me there? No. Yes, I'm with you. I am with you. Good evening. Good evening, please. Go on. Olawalea? Okay, while we're still trying to get Olawalea back, Emmanuel, I believe you're staying to speak with me now. That's fine. So the British government is ready to, you know, take over Chelsea Football Club from Abramovich. How does this news come to the football world? Is it a logical deal? Olawalea, that's fine. I hope you are with me now. The opportunity is very difficult for all Chelsea fans. You know, for me, I think also, you know, on the political aspect of things, but we are not really fans actually, you know, separate policies from sports. I don't know that today, earlier today, we heard the news that Chelsea are going to need to start. And I don't want to respond with other stuff. Also, you know, you need to get started. So this is the aspect of Chelsea when it comes to economic aspect of things. And then you look at Abramovich, when you look at Chelsea from a different point of view, as a matter of fact, Chelsea is, after Abramovich, a little bit more than 1.3 million pounds. And the difference is that it's been about this, that Abramovich actually asked Chelsea what to pay back the debt. And we also know that this same man said the pros and cons policy of the club is going to be the scheme of the open world. So, but the view right now is that this government are not ready to leave Abramovich only with even negotiations with Bayer. What we are seeing Bayer coming online, the Littles family, the Cardiff club, they are in touch with the club, I feel like I'm in touch with Littles' mission Bayer. That's what we are seeing in the club. But fortunately, these guys are not different. So it's going to be difficult for them actually to back out of the club because presently banks are actually a part of the ocean when they're doing transactions. So it's going to be a very difficult thing for Abramovich to tell the club at the end of the week. And of course Abramovich looks like is taking the wipes for Russia. Of course we know that this is a sanction coming because of the attacks on Ukraine. But you know what is most surprising and I don't know which word to put in here is that even after the sale of the football club, Abramovich cannot get anything from it. That's according to the sanction. The thing is, people right now, we really need that business deadlock to find and make a sanction and show that Abramovich doesn't get anything from this. We only believe in one of the people who are led by people, the president of Russia. So I think that's possible. We also need to show that he doesn't get anything from this sanction. Okay, let's also hear from Olawali. Let's hear your view about this sanction on the owner of Chelsea Football Club. He's been told to sell off the club. He's not been able to sell off the club. The British government is taking over the club from him to sell it and he's not going to benefit anything from it. How does this come to you? Does it sound logical? Olawali? Will it be when I tell you that this is the height of hypocrisy? I cannot remember the last time I ever heard anything as silly, as nutty as this. What exactly are we talking about? All the years, all the centuries, what we've been told has always been that football should not be mixed with dirty, murky waters of politics. So what exactly are we talking about here? You can imagine the level of anguish, pain, discrimination, torture, that Chelsea fans, the work over will be facing. How about the populace? We are innocent. They are clean, simply what they love to do most. How about the supporters and the individuals with livelihoods, solely, totally, absolutely, rely on the existence of corporate, the corporate existence of Chelsea football club? Look, enough of all these grandstandings and trying to, how did Chelsea suddenly become an enemy of the UK? In what way? In all the times, the owner of Chelsea, Roman Abramovic, said, it is risky to sell off and to the world that it is whatever profit, they will still push it around for the victims of the war. Now, looking at this sanction and looking at the financial implication for the club as well, what's your take? What does it really pretend for the club? The life of the club? Indeed, yeah, the club indeed is being victimized and you can see, I've read all the releases, all the comments from the principal actors. I think it's rather shameful. It is unbelievable that these guys will come out this way. The only thing they did was, look, Chelsea will not pound you because what we do is going to affect the EPL. It's going to upset the Champions League. It's going to make the league and stop not to work because of the domino effect.  How do you begin to compute the standard? Gamesplayers, game against and what a view. 20 becoming 19 and stuff. So they said, you cannot sign. In what way will this now affect Russia? So your final words allow a layer? You should be fighting. So my final word is that FIFA should allow Sanity to win because I tell you, after this, we will never, ever remain the same. Emmanuel, your final words as well before you leave. Yeah, you speak about this, that this team will not only affect Chelsea, but also affect the Champions League. When it comes to these guys, value players, they have to make up for it. So they will be able to represent the Champions League any longer. So if we are for the best players on the team and also on the country, but we will be back on the team, we can always change the life of the players. Thank you. As a matter of fact, we have seen that coaches coming out, that coaches, this is an industry that... Thank you, thank you, thank you so much, Emmanuel. I would have loved to allow you to speak more. But thank you, Emmanuel. Thank you, Olawale, for being our guest on the news now.