This is State Tech Hawaii, Community Matters Here. Aloha and good morning ladies and gentlemen. I'm Pauline Schachmach, Jr. host for We Like the 1%. We Like the 1% is about individuals and entrepreneurs, and where most people fear to tread, entrepreneurs only see vast opportunities. This is especially the case with the coming robot revolution. Today we'll be discussing the pros and cons associated with the fast approaching rise of the machines. My guest today is Michael Collatt, senior associate at Booz Allen Hamilton and regional director of First Robotics. Aloha and good morning Michael. Aloha Pauline, thank you very much for having me. No, it's my pleasure. This is one of my favorite subjects. So I'm glad you're able to be with us here this morning. Now speaking of first robots and first robotics, last year in 2017, 500 years ago in 1517, was the 500th anniversary of the first ever actual robot. And this was an invention, a creation by Leonardo da Vinci. And this is the mechanical lion he had created as a present as a gift to Francis I. So we've come a long way since then, sort of a silent period in those 500 years from da Vinci to now. But this is something exciting. It's something a lot of people are talking about because many people fear the coming of the robots. They fear for their jobs. But then on the bright side, it creates more jobs. So there's going to be more demand for different skills and those people can learn new skills and upgrade their skills. And so it's not that much of a threat really. So we're going to discuss this back and forth, this sort of Andy Puzder versus Elon Musk debate. But before we get into the integrity of that kind of debate, could you please tell us a little bit about the consultancy firm Booz Allen Hamilton? Certainly. Well, I'm privileged to work for Booz Allen as a consulting firm of over about 25,000 people worldwide. It's a global firm. It's been a presence in Hawaii actually for over 20 years. So that's been helping clients solve some of their toughest problems locally, regionally and globally for a long time. Booz Allen actually is over 100 years old and invented the management consulting business, surprisingly enough. And so now as we're in our second century, we are taking that legacy and building on it by adding additional capabilities and technological innovations along the lines of cyber and digital analytics, digital solutions and systems engineering to take some of those solutions and help our clients solve their problems. Because at the end of the day, we are more just in the business of pointing out where the dysfunction is in the clients. It doesn't help to be a consulting firm to tell people what they're doing wrong, but to actually help them solve their problem and bring them those solutions. And your role there, your title is Senior Associate. So what does your job primarily entail at Booz Allen Hamilton? So my area of focus is I actually run the Air Force account in the Pacific. So we have contracts and staff from Alaska, Hawaii, Korea and Japan across the Pacific Rim. And is it my understanding that primarily most of the employees at Booz Allen Hamilton are from the Pacific and ex-military? Is that the main composition of the firm? There are a variety of skill sets and we bring a lot of diversity to that. Certainly a large number of our clients are federal government and specifically the Department of Defense. So having folks with the background that understand those clients is very important. But we layer that with a lot of functional capabilities along the lines that I just mentioned, cyber data analytics and so on. So we try and layer that through our collaborative culture. You know, take that knowledge of the clients functional expertise and layer that together for those kinds of solutions. And what percentage, what amount of the consultancy work out of Booz Allen Hamilton is related to robotics? I don't know of a particular percentage of that but certainly I think it's very technical in nature a lot of times. And robotics I think spans, robotics itself spans the technological spectrum from the kinetic things to but there's the programming and the analytics and the sensing and the algorithms and all those things. So I think that a lot of what Booz Allen does is directly applicable to the field of robotics. In particular I know that we've done some work through the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, working with robotics and prosthetics and so on and we've taken some of that work which has been very helpful with applying to the military and the world of force protection and then applying that through our community foundation to actually work and help improve folks and bring those similar solutions to other applications such as folks that suffer from ALS or other things that need the help of those prosthetics. That's wonderful work. And now Booz Allen Hamilton is a strategic partner with First Robotics, is that correct? Correct. So you have this competition that you're primarily involved in and that's with what grade of children does that... Yeah, so the First Robotics competition is actually the high school level. There's a family of programs across First Robotics that starts with actually preschool and kindergarten all the way up to 12th grade. And so Booz Allen, because we recognize that that's a very valuable thing for the community and for developing our future workforce as well too to have these...cultivate these next generation of innovators and problem solvers. So we're heavily invested in First Robotics. And so yes, that's sort of an intersection of my two interests which overlap actually again because of Booz Allen as well too. So here in Hawaii I serve as the regional director for the high school level program for First Robotics and we help to host the big competition that's starting here in March. The season just kicked off. So they had a big kickoff in January when the game is revealed. It's really remarkable because the kids don't even know what the rules of the game are. They change every year. I was just about to ask you about that because is it necessarily a physical looking robot? Is it a robotic car? So you pick a different kind of robotic entity. Exactly. They have a lot of similar design elements to them but the challenge is different every year. So therefore the design has to be different every year. They can't use last year's robot to do the same thing. They're rather specialized. So the game and the way you get your points and the challenges that have to be accomplished changes every year. So they get revealed globally on January 4th this year all at the same time and then the kids have six weeks to strategize, to design, to build, to test, to rebuild because they're probably going to fail the first three times and go through a whole cycle and then have to stop building six weeks and then the competition season starts. So it's a global competition and how many countries participated this year? So there's actually over, first it's in over 85 countries. There's about a, actually yeah, there's a lot of, it's a pretty big program. So it's very large. How many years has this competition been occurring? Well in Hawaii this is the 11th year. So first has been going on for a number of years but it came to Hawaii about 11 years ago. So we're very proud that this is the 11th year for this particular competition. This will happen at the UH Stan Sheriff's Center here towards the end of March. And who are the judges? Who decides who made the best robot? So there's a number of awards that the judges do and there's all kinds of awards for the best design, the most innovation, there's a whole number of flavor of awards. The competition itself, it plays out like a game and is a sport. So there's points are scored and they have a whole round of playoffs and a round of competitions and games that then lead into a playoffs situation. So the second day, the afternoon is all the playoffs. So there is eventually an actual winner crowned like a Super Bowl through a series of head-to-head competitions. And what's the prize? Is there a prize? Sort of, yeah. One of the big prizes that comes out of this regional competition is the ability to go to the national competition and compete with all the international teams. And the ultimate prize among the international? The ultimate prize, I think, is a lot of bragging rights and a lot of pride, yes, exactly. No free robo-made or anything? No, I don't think that they... No, none of that. We're not at that point yet. Not yet, not yet. A free robotic car and they'll turn on this vehicle. Maybe we get the sponsor like the NFL is and maybe at some point, you'll have all kinds of prizes. So for all the high school students that are watching, how can they maybe participate or get their school to participate in this competition if they haven't already done so? Is there a website people can go to? Certainly, certainly. So the website is firstinspires.org and there's lots of links into that. You drill down to that and there's ways to link in and say I'm interested in starting a team or interested in finding a team and the website will link you up. Do you know approximately how many high school students from Hawaii have participated thus far in the past 11 years? Well, there's thousands. Thousands of students, yeah. There's about 28 teams altogether for this particular competition and this league across the state of Hawaii. But there's one of many programs. Again, FIRST has many flavors and then there's besides FIRST there's other robotics programs. Surprisingly, it might be counterintuitive that Hawaii actually has one of the highest penetration rates of robotics programs for schools in the country. So it's actually leading forward despite what some people have for our reputation that schools are leaning forward in our world leader. And is the primary objective of the creation of this competition to get younger people the next generation involved in robotics-related occupations so they don't get left behind? Because one of the concerns of the vast majority of the population is that FIRST it was 60 percent but now it's more like the reality is going to be 70 to 90 percent of jobs are going to be overtaken by robots and robots it doesn't necessarily mean a human figure a humanoid figure. The first one is going to be the run of autonomous vehicles that are going to be deployed by 2020. So this will put a lot of truck drivers out of business, cab drivers any Uber driver, Lyft driver the autonomous vehicles are coming and an autonomous vehicle is effectively a robotic car. So those are the first strain of robots. So is it mainly I don't know the themes of the past 11 competitions but have they been focused largely on a vehicle type entity that kind of a robot? So the robots themselves are on a chassis with wheels and they move around a playing field and they will either try to throw a ball into an object or through a hoop or in one year it was tossing a frisbee which is a little different so there's a variety of challenges that are out there. That's your favorite one isn't it? That's probably one of my favorite ones because they were flying everywhere and the action was crazy that year. And among the high school students is it roughly a mix of male and female or is it more the boys or does it matter or is there a certain does it have to be you have to have a certain mix on the team There's not a requirement for a mix but there are a mix of teams and there's teams such as Sacred Hearts which is all female team and so there's there's great representation across that and it's really wonderful to see you know across both public and private schools and across genders and it's really wonderful to see and I think one of the really fun parts about it is to see the cooperation that happens across teams. In fact they coin a phrase there called a cooperation. So it's competition but there's also a lot of cooperation and there's an opportunity to practice one of the first main values which is gracious professionalism and so they all think while they are competing they also have an obligation to help each other out and to share and so you'll see a lot of teams say oh I need this tool and make an announcement and someone from another team will run over and lend them their tools today. It's like the pit stop in the Grand Prix and you have to work as a team. And that's exactly what they call the area where they work on their robot is called the pits. Okay. Sounds like that's a derogatory connotation. The pits. It's the pits in terms of like the pit spot for the cars. Exactly. And is your perception upon watching or observing these competitions is that is it the case that older generations of individuals are more frightened because it's a major change whereas the younger the next generation is more excited about robots. They're less frightened of them. Do you see any fear among younger people? No I don't. I don't see the fear. Because they're used to it. I do. I think that's true probably of just about everything. In general younger people embrace change because everything is new to them. I think we've become ingrained instead of our ways as the years go on so I think in general that's a fair assessment. This is exactly what my first guest mentioned. When the sewing machine was invented everybody screamed and said oh my gosh they're going to take over the machines they're going to take over our jobs. It just created a whole new industry and it made things move more efficiently it created new brand new jobs more people could become fashion designers so it opened up a whole new area so in your opinion where do you think this fear comes from is it just change or is it the fact is it this kind of mental laziness that oh my gosh we're going to have a different job later on when this becomes a reality or is it a combination of both factors? I would guess I would hazard a guess that it would probably be the former I think it's just fear of change in general which is an innate human reaction to things and I think Some people love change I like new things Exactly I think that's something that has to be overcome though and learned I think it's almost learned behavior to some degree I think that though the second part where you think where they're intellectualizing and trying to understand the ramifications of it I think that's probably less likely because I think if they would intellectualize it to come to that conclusion they would probably be coming to a different conclusion if they put that much thought into it That's just my sense I'm just I don't know for sure but that would be my sense of things Okay very good So we're going to get over the fear now and we're just going to take a break and we'll come back with the positives about robotics Fear not We will be back Aloha Stan Energyman here on Think Tech Hawaii where community matters to think about all things energy We talk about energy for the grid energy for vehicles energy and transportation energy and maritime energy and aviation we have all kinds of things on our show but we always focus on hydrogen here in Hawaii because it's my favorite thing that's what I like to do but we talk about things that make a difference here in Hawaii things that should be a big changer for Hawaii and we hope that you'll join us every Friday at noon on Stan Energyman and take a look with us at new technologies and new thoughts on how we can get clean and green in Hawaii Aloha Aloha I'm Winston Welch and every other Monday at 3pm you can join me at Out and About a show where we explore a variety of topics organizations events and the people who fuel them in our city state country and world so please join us every other Monday at 3 and we'll see you then Aloha Everyone welcome back we're here with that talking about robots so Michael now we're going to get into the pros and cons of robotics now there is a businessman a gentleman named Andrew Puzder and he's well known for his comments about how he much he loves a robotic workforce I personally can't wait for the robotic workforce to be deployed probably realistically in about 10 years so one of the comments he made is that robots are always robotic and for anybody who's run a business or have been in charge managing employees there are bad employees so there are a lot of good employees out there but the bad ones really cause problems for an organization and it's very difficult to fire people especially nowadays with all the regulations and then you have these unions and things like that so I'm actually really grateful robots are coming because it makes an entrepreneurs life a lot easier there are less mistakes one has to deal with as Puzder said they don't take they don't need holidays they never get sick they do break down you're going to have a job created where a robot repairman will have to exist but then again maybe there is this kind of a replicant robot that will repair the other robots so maybe you don't even need that so the problems fix themselves so what is your what are some of the benefits of having robots in a workforce you think in tenure so we can get over this fear factor first and I'll bring the fear back to everybody later when we talk about Musk's comments sure well I think that I think you've hit upon some of them already and that is the fact that yeah some things will change right I've heard it said that robots will they may not take your job but they will definitely change your job and I think we've seen that already and that's true of robots as it is of any other technology I'm sure there were people who were perhaps porters many many years ago when the wheel was invented they said now I don't now there will not be a need for me to carry things I'll be out of a job exactly but I think that for the most part I think that there are so many things and we've already seen it right and whether you're doing work on a word processor I'm sure everybody does that and if anybody's old enough to have worked on a typewriter and now has a word processor they appreciate how much better their quality of work life is now because of that it makes everything run more efficiently it can yes okay so people will have more free time exactly but it'll introduce complexities and it'll introduce challenges as well too so now when your computer breaks now you're actually completely out of luck a lot of times whereas before not so much so there's a up and a downside to everything now most of the robotic jobs is 70 to 90 percent is sort of a manual labor that humans have had to troll through for centuries and I'm just curious what you think would happen to unions because a lot of unions are based on that manual labor that has something to do with physical labor so would it kind of do away with unions and things like that that's a really interesting notion I think it will depend upon how people adapt so I see the need of unions playing a role in serving as not just as a way of linking manual labor people together but as a way of helping as a balance of power between labor and management that's really where they came about and I think that need will still exist so whether it exists in its current construct centered around manual labor practitioners or whether it involves into something different that's what we'll see I'm going to have a couple of guests from Oceanit next month to discuss coding and one of the gentlemen who will be my guest mentioned that coding is going to be the blue-collar job of the future you'll probably see the union it already is so the unions will just change shape themselves maybe I don't know how easy it is to strike then if the train can drive itself then you don't have to worry about all that now Michael what kind of jobs for people who want to feel that they need to upgrade their skills to prepare themselves for this in about a decade what kind of jobs will be the most prominent in terms of training oneself in the robotics field what kind of jobs will be available for people to get into and they should start training from now I think probably the most important skill to prepare for the future is the ability to cultivate critical thinking skills I think that's foundational to everything and that's the foundation for adaptability so as we've seen jobs that require wrote recitation or wrote execution of a particular set of physical actions those are right for outsourcing and those are right for automation and those are the kind of things that training in that kind of thing is probably not the best investment the ability to then adapt and apply things in new ways that's what humans are good at that's what robots are bad at so the ability to do that and the ability to understand and leverage technology in new and different ways is probably I think the best thing you can do to prepare for the future economy now let's go back to the dark side to the dark side now as a counter to puzzlers optimistic comments about the robotic workforce being deployed there are some consequences we should think about so Elon Musk was one of the main individuals to bring this argument up in the sense that we won't really think about the consequences of robots walking around until a robot kills two humans in the street so what do you think are the downsides to this ubiquitous robotic workforce walking amongst humans well whether or not as you say walking you alluded to it before is that it's not just kinetic it's not just a physical presence of robots there is the any kind of form of artificial intelligence or automation that happens behind the scenes is also a form of robotics and we're already seeing that today one of the dangerous things as I mentioned the first kind of robotic entity is the autonomous vehicle and I saw this beautiful presentation by Kaspersky Labs one of the top cybersecurity companies and they it was a lovely presentation this slide show that this Russian gentleman was showing to us and it was about the attack points on an autonomous vehicle how an autonomous vehicle because it runs on sensors and the cloud and all this sort of thing how it can be attacked at 25 different points and they've already done the crash test what would happen if a hacker were to intrude upon the system of an autonomous vehicle and somebody's riding in it and it's pretty gruesome actually we're just going to bring all the fear back to you we're going to come full circle so it's quite scary in that respect because eventually there are going to be driverless cars everywhere you don't need to worry about parking but you might have to get worried about being hacked and crashing into a wall by whoever's hacking the vehicle so it could be a source of different kind of terrorism certainly and I think that you've highlighted that point that you mentioned it before too is that every opportunity then also creates vulnerability so you have to be on guard for that and you have to think about and that's part of thinking ahead in rolling out the technologies considering these kinds of things and developing safeguards for that I think that's probably though not always been the strong suit as a society there's a rush to get things out there and certainly businesses are incentivized to get things out there and generating revenue quickly and we'll worry about the downsides later and so I think maybe to Elon Musk's point maybe that's what it takes whether it's a version of for instance Pearl Harbor for instance that's always used as the digital Pearl Harbor is used as an example in the cyber world as we already are connected and this Uber connected world we're in and so reliant on power grids and other things and that many people have said it will take a digital Pearl Harbor before we are as a nation are alert to the and motivated to respond to the vulnerabilities that we have introduced by our over and over but our Uber connectedness is a lovely word now just to end on the bright side on this topic a lot of great innovation came from a dark place originally I mean I believe Google started off by people wanting to exchange pornographic images over the internet and it's turned into this vast library that everybody can use they can educate themselves now MIT and Harvard have free courses you can take online so a lot of these things come from a dark place but then they become great and then they can be abused but the abuse is probably less than 1% of the population will know how to do it in the first place and then actually go through with it so also cryptocurrencies you know this kind of Bitcoin a lot of these things like Silk Road they were dark entities but then it can be used for other purposes so discussing this balance are you more optimistic the good benefits that come from the robotic revolution or are you more on the downside yourself personally personally I'm optimistic I think that as we've seen throughout the march of history is that technology has improved our standard of living and our quality of life as a society and as human being so it's certainly there's downside certainly the technology gets employed for bad purposes I think but overall I think the trend is pretty pretty unmistakable and that our quality and standard of living has improved just steadily now one of the unfortunate things is that yes most people can help themselves they pick themselves up and they deal with the change a lot of people maybe can't at the equal pace of the average person so one of my concerns is in 10 years time you know every decade or two there's always a fashionable disease you know at one point it was AIDS now it's sort of a cancer in 10 years it's predicted by a lot of people in the health professions that depression is actually going to overtake cancer because there's there are going to be a lot of developments in cancer research that will either cure cancers or prevent them at a higher rate so that's going to no longer be so much of a problem but they said depression is and I'm just wondering if one of the reasons for that is that because people's jobs will be taken away from them this is more the case for people who can't keep up who can't upgrade their skill will those people fall into depression I'm wondering if those are the ones susceptible to depression and if there's some interconnectedness with the robot revolution in your opinion well that's an interesting and compelling thought I think that that's certainly a possibility although I would say that looking at it from a technological perspective I think that your point about robots and technology helping to eradicate some of the diseases that have been more prevalent is probably a good a fair point and that may in fact actually downgrade some of the commonness of it whereas the mental health issues I think are a little bit harder to deal with much more complex and as our understanding of the brain is required I think those defy the the solutions that I think deal with more things like cancer although there are robots involved with that as well too as they have a little worm like robots now that are working on delivering medicines internally so there's a convergence there certainly and we started with DaVinci and we're going to close with DaVinci because the name of the robotic surgeon is called DaVinci exactly we've come full circle again and thank you so much for being on the show Michael I love this subject and I hope it's brought a bit of a balance to the discussion people have about the topic and thank you for everyone for tuning in and I'll see you next Thursday at 11am for We Like the 1% Aloha


Ar Kelly has been transferred from prison in Chicago to a jail in New York ahead of his sex crimes trial next month.   Ar Kelly has pleaded not guilty to all charges and jury selection is due to start on August 9th. Hello hope you enjoyed the news please do subscribe to our youtube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


What's up y'all it's your girl Kenzie here from Leighton Sports Guards and I'm ripping a personal for Anthony C. We've got a 2023 Bowman Baseball Hobby Box. Alrighty Anthony, best of luck. Thanks so much for hopping in. So we can get you here again. No paper-based ships out of this. Aqua Venimont Gummary to 125 on the top 100. Spencer Jones and we've got Aqua Crater to 125 with Jason Chariot. Spotlight rookie of Adley Rochman. Let's go. Chariot, Nido. Prospects, Jackson Holiday. Karen Zavala. Chariot. Fuchsia First Paper to 299 of Nelson Rada. Almost Santana and Bishop. John Kenzie Noel. Clifford Bowen. There you go, Steve. Nice hit then. Rito Rodriguez could be a definite hold. Gorman, Merrill, Ray. Fuchsia Paper to 299, Seya Suzuki. Elie De La Cruz Prospects. Kyle Harrison. Marte, we have a Martin Gonzalez on the Lunar Glow first. Atomic Auto is going to be a Jorge Ruiz for the Angels. 68 out of 100. On the Atomic First Auto. Nice. There you go, Anthony. The House. David Spinsops. Prospects, Lawler. Karen Mitchell. Joe. Spencer Gumm. Atomic First of Yo-Fri Solano. Volpe. Montez Krohn. Julia. Prospects, Simon Wong. Place Jordan. Jacob Barry Krohn. And last pocket. Win a Lunar Glow first of De Los Santos D-Backs. Alrighty, that will do it for your box there, Anthony. Thanks again for hopping in and for your patience. We'll get these cards set right out to you.


When teachers announce the exam dates, they do so in order to change the behavior and expectations of their students, hoping they'll start studying and do better in the exam. Sometimes central banks also want to affect the expectations and behavior of people. And if they want to do this, they'll start announcing what they expect to do in the future. For example, to keep interest rates low for long. This is known as forward guidance. With inflation being persistently low, many central banks lowered short-term interest rates In order to then provide more stimulus to the economy, they also started announcing that they expect interest rates to be low for long. This gives you more certainty about the future. You can better plan investment projects or larger purchases, knowing that you'll be able to get a cheap loan also in the future if you need it. Forward guidance is a new monetary policy tool that affects the expectations of people and can help boost the economy.


OK, then thanks for coming back. So let me now continue, in particular, to essentially starting to address what I already see a question before starting. Yeah, please. Yes? Yeah. No, they all have. But yes, but not on your physical axis. So when you replace now time by a temperature here, you study now your Ising model as a function of temperature, the partition function of an Ising model as a function of temperature. Now you extend temperature to the complex plane. Actually, we see it in two, three slides. That in that case, indirectly you will see it on the next two, three slides, that away from your physical axis, you will actually have zeros. But they will not cross your real-time axis necessarily in one dimension, for example, because you know that you don't have a phase transition at the finite temperature for a classical Ising model, say. So they lie somewhere in the complex plane and don't touch your physical axis where your temperature is real. But they're always there. But they also don't matter so much if they're somewhere in the complex plane and don't touch your real axis, you also don't care so much about them. No, that's when these zeros now cut, touch your real temperature axis in some way. Yes, now I would like to start now discussing a bit what these non-analyticities now actually mean. So although I've used this terminology of a dynamical free energy density, it's important to emphasize that this is only a formal kind of identification and does not mean that these rate functions behave as free energies in the sense that you can derive measurable quantities from that. For example, if you take the second derivative of a free energy with respect to temperature, you get a specific heat, for example, so a measurable quantity. So it means if your free energy is non-analytic, you also know that the measurable quantity like a specific heat is non-analytic. These rate functions or dynamical free energies as in quotation marks, as I was using them, they don't have this property that by taking derivatives, you get other measurable quantities out. So which immediately leads to the question, so what? Does it then mean if to have non-analytic behavior in this quantity, does it mean anything about other physical properties that the system might have or quantities which we are typically measuring like magnetizations or some local observables? Do these non-analyticities have some impact at all? And these are things I would like now to address. And I would like to start with one example, a very simple to be honest, but a very instructive example where you can show that these dynamical transitions can exhibit scaling and universality in the very equilibrium sense. In that, I will show you a model where you can construct an exact renormalization group transformation which allows you to show that this dynamical quantum phase transition is associated to an unstable fixed point, which necessarily has to lead to a scaling and universality. And I will do that for the working horse of many fields, which is the transverse field ising model. Initially, some derivations I will show are very general. They are valid on any graph, on any dimension you would like to have. So that's the model I would like to study now. That's the overall Hamiltonian. It has two terms. The one is ferromagnetic coupling of spins, which would like to induce some magnetic order between spins along the sigma z direction. These brackets, so here's a small restriction. Actually, it's not really necessary for what comes in the following denote. I use for denoting nearest neighbor interactions. And the second part here is a transverse field which tries to counteract or compete with this magnetic ordering tendency of the first term and would like to align the spins along transverse field direction. And in equilibrium, now these two terms compete with each other. So depending on whether the transverse field is large or small, you can have magnetic order or not. And also thermal fluctuations that you might have would like to destroy magnetic order. It can lead to rich phase diagrams depending on the graph you're studying or the type of couplings you use, ferromagnetic, anti-ferromagnetic, and so on. Now let us study a non-equilibrium scenario for this model and a quantum quench and a very particular one. Namely, a quantum quench between two very extreme limits initially in this model from infinite field to zero external field. So it means infinite fields in the sense that the initial Hamiltonian is dominated only by the transverse field term here. And our final Hamiltonian does not involve any transverse field and only has this spin-spin coupling. Later on, one can also go away from this extreme limit, but this one will be particularly instructive. So what does it mean if this is the initial Hamiltonian? We choose as the initial Hamiltonian, the ground as the initial state, the ground state of our initial Hamiltonian, which for this one here is very simple. All spins pointing along the magnetic field along the sigma-axe direction because I assume the magnetic field to be positive here. So all spins point along the sigma-axe direction of the Bloch sphere. Now, let me write this initial condition in a slightly different form. So first of all, this initial condition is a product state. So each of the n's, the l spins I'm considering initially they're all uncorrelated to each other. It's a product state. Overall, n and l, I'm sorry, now I'm using different symbols, n and l. So just take them to be the same. So both of them give you the number of spins I'm using here. So it's a product state over all the n lattice sites. And now let me represent the spin polarized along sigma-axe in the sigma-z basis. If you do that in the sigma-z basis, it's locally the equal superposition of spin pointing to the north pole and to the south pole. This product, if you multiply this out, like explicitly evaluating this product here, you can immediately see that, recognize that this initial condition is somehow special in that when s denotes a spin configuration in the sigma-z basis, this initial condition is nothing but the equal superposition with equal weight of all spin configurations. That will be very important in the form. And now time evolution, because this is our final Hamiltonian. The time evolution of our initial condition, we can, of course, formally write in this form. And now we can use a second property that we have in this rather extreme kind of quantum quench I'm discussing here, in that all the terms like this Hamiltonian is, to some extent, classical. In the sense that all the operators that appear here in this Hamiltonian, all of them mutually commute with each other. So that means that the exponential of that Hamiltonian can be factorized as a product of this only involving these two body terms. And now these two properties of the initial condition here and of the time evolution operator for this specific Hamiltonian can be used to show the following, which, in light also of what I discussed in the first part of today's lecture, is very interesting. Namely that now this Lo-Schmidt amplitude for this initial state and this final Hamiltonian is exactly, you can rewrite exactly as the equilibrium partition function, so not a boundary partition function, but really an equilibrium partition function of a classical Ising model, which lives on the same graph as the Hamiltonian I was studying before. The only difference to equilibrium here is that the effective coupling that appears, this k, is now complex and not real. That's the only difference. But apart from that, it's a conventional partition function of a classical Ising model studied not along the real temperature, but on the imaginary temperature axis. And the proof is very simple. I see it's rather, it's a bit small to see. I hope you can decrypt it. So proof is, as I said, it's just essentially a one-liner. So this is the definition of our amplitude, as you see also up there. Now we use that this initial condition is the equal superposition of all spin configurations, which gives us initially two sums, like some normalization pre-factor, one over two to the power L, and then two summations over all spin configurations for the left and right boundary state here. But now you immediately can see that the Hamiltonian, which is doing the time evolution in between, is diagonal in the sigma z basis. It does not induce any kind of transitions. And that means that this here only gives a non-zero contribution when s is equal to s prime. That's the only way, only non-zero contribution. And that's what the formula here to the right-hand side is. So only a single sum over one spin configuration ss. But that's nothing than a trace in the end. And so like sum over our spin configurations and the same spin configuration on the left and right-hand side is nothing else than a trace. And therefore, we have arrived already at this identification that this Loschmann amplitude is a partition function of a classical Ising model, because it's a simple trace. And that is, of course, now useful because we know a lot about classical Ising models. And even in the complex plane, and we can now use this knowledge to study dynamical phase transitions. Now, as I said, actually the duration on the previous slide is completely general. Put your Ising model on any graph you would like to do. But now let me take the most simple example one can imagine here. And that is now a nearest neighbor Ising model in one dimension, which has this form. So only spins sitting on a line and interacting and then this nearest neighbor way long sigma z direction. So if you now this, you can imagine that one can solve this exactly. And this is the result. You can focus here on this brownish solid line. And you see that there are times here where the associated dynamic of energy shows these kink-like structures, so these non-analytic points. So you have these dynamical transitions. And now we would like to understand them in a bit more detail. And for that, we will now use this mapping onto this classical partition function. So the partition function of the one-dimensional classical Ising model in general can be solved using the transfer matrix technique. I quickly outlined it here. So here, that's our expression that we derived on the previous slide. Now let's write down this trace explicitly as a sum of all spin configurations. This means nothing but like summing all the L spins over their two possible orientations, plus or minus one. And depending on whether the spins get straightforward we replace now this operator as we had here by the respective numbers corresponding to the spin configuration we are summing over here. And from this expression here, you see that you can define now for each pair of spins a matrix, which is called T in general, the transfer matrix, between two nearest neighboring spins. And you can do this for every lattice site. And these summations in the end are nothing but giving you a different representation or equivalent to essentially doing a matrix product of all these transfer matrices. So in the end, you can rewrite this classical partition function in this form of the transfer matrix T in their L of them because we have L links. I'm using periodic boundary conditions here. And all of them are the same. And we have L of them because we have L bonds, L lattice sites. So we take them to the power L. And each of these on this transfer matrix is only a 2 by 2 matrix given by these expressions. And since this matrix T is only a 2 by 2 matrix, you can solve this partition function in the thermodynamic limit easily just by searching for the eigenvalue of the transfer matrix of largest magnitude. This one will dominate in the limit of L to infinity. So that's how you can solve this exactly. And the exact solution you have seen actually on the previous slide. So that in this case, the Lois-Schmidt amplitude or the dynamical free energy gets these non-analyticities. But now we want to use this representation of the partition function in terms of the transfer matrix to construct an exact renormalization group transformation, a very easy one. In particular, a simple decimation, a real space decimation transformation where we integrate out every second spin in one RG step. So initially, you have a set of spins indicated by the blue dots here. And they are coupled initially by some coupling k. And now we want to get rid of every second of these spins and to find a new effective theory for the remaining spins, which are now described in general by a new coupling k prime. And if you are interested in more details, you can, for example, have a look at this extensive review on real space RG transformations for classical systems. Now, how can we do this here? And that's very easy. As soon as we have our transfer matrix representation, how can we implement this renormalization group transformation? So we have that the partition function is trace transfer matrix to the power L. Now let's just define a new matrix T prime, which we get by multiplying two of these transfer matrices T together. If we do that, we can write our partition function in terms of these T prime matrices in this form, but now having only half of the lattice sites available, because two of them we just glued together. In this way, we have eliminated every second that the site by just doing a simple matrix multiplication of this T matrix. OK? Now, we have seen on the previous slide that this T matrix can be directly or is uniquely determined by this coupling k. So by multiplying these two matrices, we can associate to this new transfer matrix T prime, a new coupling T prime, a k prime, which obeys the following equation. So given some coupling k initially, we get the new coupling k prime here of our reduced spin chain by solving this equation. Importantly, that's something very special about this one-dimensional nearest neighbor IC model is that this RG transformation is closed and that you can solve it exactly. OK, so now we have this exact recursion relation. And actually, that's not given a priori. It turns out to be exactly the same recursion relation, no matter you are in equilibrium, so meaning real numbers, real couplings k, or whether you have imaginary or complex couplings k as they appear in this non-equilibrium context. So this recursion relation is the same. So at this point, we don't see any difference between equilibrium and non-equilibrium. OK. Now before continuing, let's now study the fixed points of this RG transformations. So in equilibrium, you are of course only interested along real temperature line. But now we are actually interested on the imaginary temperature line and more in the complex plane. So it's not clear a priori like whether there can be, for example, new fixed points appearing somewhere in the complex plane. Now if you want to determine fixed points of this RG equation, fixed points are those points where the coupling does not change upon acting with the RG transformation on. So it means that you take your recursion relation and put the same claim on the left and right hand side. OK. This gives you the fixed point. That's the defining equation. When you solve this equation, you see that there are still only two possible solutions for fixed points. And they turn out to be exactly the same you find in equilibrium. So there are no new fixed points in the complex plane. So this does not need to be the case in general. For this model and this RG transformation, it seems to be the case. So one solution here of this equation is, of course, when the tanh of k star is equal to 0. That is a solution here. And this means that your coupling k star is equal to 0. The other possible solution to this equation is when the tanh is equal to 1. And this corresponds, again, to a real coupling, but a real coupling which is infinity. So what do these two different points now mean? So first of all, I said they are purely real, although we started initially from complex numbers. So no matter what we do, if we start to do the RG, we will always end up in those two equilibrium fixed points. And what do these numbers now mean? In equilibrium, this k you would have the following expression for the coupling k. It would be the coupling divided by temperature. So the k star equals 0. Fixed point corresponds to the infinite temperature 1, which is the boring and uninteresting stable fixed point of the IC model. And the k star infinity means it's equivalent to the zero temperature fixed point, and therefore the interesting unstable one. The phase, you mean? So this is the 1D classical icing chain. So it is always a paramagnet at any non-zero temperature, only at zero temperature. The ground state has ferromagnetic order, has a fully polarized state as its ground state. So this unstable fixed point corresponds precisely to the point where in equilibrium, all spins will be aligned, would be magnetically ordered. So this is not a true phase here, because it's only a singular point. So you have magnetic order only at a singular point. So it does not change whether you have complex numbers or not. Is that what you mean? That's true. Let me just point this out. But there can be some other interesting thing that can happen, which is not relevant here. But something in general interesting when you have complex RGs, you can get limit cycles. So you can find actually solutions to this equation. So solutions to the fixed points of the RG equation, which only appear when you do two or three RG steps at once. So between, for example, when you do RG steps like this, which are jumping between two different points in complex space, this can actually happen. But it's not relevant here. That's why I don't go into detail. But something interesting which cannot appear in the case of real complex. But these are the only fixed points here for that equation. And these are the ones which are relevant for what I will discuss in the photo. OK. So now coming back to the data I've shown you. So here I told you that you should look at this brown solid line. And there were points in time here and here where you observe kinks from the exact solution. And these points are located, or the first one here, is located at a value of the dimensionless coupling k i pi over 4, turns out. So now let's study what happens to this coupling when we do the RG transformation. So when you take i pi over 4 and compute the tanche of it, you find it's i. So that's our starting point. Now let's do the RG transformation. The RG transformation is taking just the square of this tanche to get the new tanche. So the square of i is minus 1. So after one RG step, we are at the new coupling which is given by tanche equal to minus 1. And now we do a second RG step. And the square of minus 1 is 1. So we get that tanche of k flows to plus 1. And when we do more of RG steps, we will stay there, of course. And remarkably, it is the value of the unstable fixed point. So in other words, the dynamical quantum phase transition, which happens at this kc equal to i pi over 4, is a critical point which flows to the unstable fixed point of the one-dimensional Ising model. And in this very equilibrium sense, it's an unstable fixed point that has to show scaling. And in the universality, you can take all the knowledge you have from equilibrium here. And for example, you can check whether the universal scaling form of the dynamic free energy is consistent. So let's define a distance to the critical point, which is here, not distance in terms of temperature distance to the critical point, but rather a temporal distance. And when you take the prediction from universal scaling, you would say that this dynamical free energy is given by this expression. Dimension d is equal to 1. The exponent lambda, you can compute from your IG equation. You find this also one. So you will find that this G, or the singular contribution to the free energy, has this absolute value tau behavior, where tau is the distance to the critical point. And that's precisely the kink we have observed from the exact solution. So everything is consistent. Please, there was a question. Can you go back to the previous slide? So that's the result from the exact calculation that you find that there is a non-analytic behavior at this point. Is there a critical point? Yes, and now we study how this critical point behaves under the RG. Yes, yes. What changes remarkably is the structure of these limit cycles that I mentioned. But the other things do not change. So now what I told you somehow establishes on a rigorous way that these dynamical transitions, at least for our particular models, can obey scaling and universality. Here for a one-dimensional IC model. Now actually, the mapping of the displacement amplitude to a classical partition function was much more general. For, say, two dimensions or three dimensions, we cannot construct an exact RG anymore for that. Cannot be done. However, what we can do still is we can use the Onsaga solution for the 2-Di-Sync model. But now adapt it to complex couplets. You have to be careful at a few steps particular when you select the dominant eigenvalue. But you can compute then the partition function for the energy density exactly for the two-dimensional case. And you find that there is, again, a critical point in time, a dynamical quantum phase transition in the 2-D IC model. And from the exact solution, you find that the non-analytic behavior has this form, tau squared log tau, where tau is the distance to the critical point. And remarkably, that's exactly the same scaling as the two-dimensional IC model at its finite temperature critical point, which also has scaling and universality. We cannot prove anything further. We only can show that at least we get the same scaling of the non-analytic behavior as for the equilibrium finite temperature critical point of the 2-D IC model. We also tried to do three dimensions, but we failed. We cannot say anything about that. OK. Good. So yes, please. You have to be careful in the following way that this Lusch-Mitt amplitude looks like a partition function of a particular system. But this is only formal. It does not mean that this is the action like, I should say that, for example, here we are mapping the Lusch-Mitt amplitude to a classical partition function of the same dimension, not the dimension d plus 1, as you would typically do, mapping quantum classical. Here it's really the same dimension. We are, the actual quantum dynamics is not one-dimensional classical IC model. There's more to that. So for example, it does not make sense now to, if I were now to measure spin-spin correlations, the dynamics of my spin-spin correlation function in this quantum quench protocol, I would not find a divergent correlation length. It's only that this Lusch-Mitt amplitude has a behavior as a one-dimensional classical IC model with a divergent correlation length. It's only the Lusch-Mitt amplitude. If I study the dynamics in this quantum quench of correlations or local observers, that's a different issue. OK, so I'm all clear. And that's also something which I will discuss later on in more detail. One has to be careful to distinguish those two things a bit. And I will also discuss a bit in tandem, the connection to entanglement later on. I will tell you later. I will tell you later precisely why I think one should associate or think of it as a quantum phase transition precisely in the sense that you can think of it as a dynamical analog to a quantum phase transition. Or let me make a short statement. Why? In that, what the Lusch-Mitt amplitude is doing for you, it's taking the full-time evolved state and projects it onto the initial state. The initial state is a ground state by construction in this quantum quench scenario. So since it's the ground state, the Lusch-Mitt amplitude brobes the ground state like the dynamics of your time evolved state in some ground state of some Hamiltonian. And I will show you how you can use this to define analogs of critical regions, which draw a direct analogy to what you would typically think of quantum phase transitions. But tomorrow. Yes? So which kind of fluctuation theorems are you thinking about? Jajinsky or? Jajinsky, there is some relation in the sense that the Fourier transform of the Lusch-Mitt amplitude is actually the buck distribution function. So in some way or like the Jajinsky relation is related or I think there's not a deep relation in the end. But maybe as a small, nice analogy because I was discussing complex partition functions here, the Jajinsky equality is actually nothing but the Lusch-Mitt amplitude somewhere in the complex time plane. And in this way, also the Jajinsky relation is hidden in all this complex partition function structure. But we have tried to connect or tried to see whether signatures of these dynamical transitions appear in buck distribution functions, but it's tricky. And therefore, there's nothing which relates them to Jajinsky or anything like this. Yes, you can, again, not in general, but we know for classes of models how to define order parameters which change as a function of time at this particular point. For example, there are also actually, I think precisely, that there are three or four experiments which use that. And what they show is that you can, that when you have study quantum quenches in systems which involve Hamiltonians that have topological non-trivial ground states, that you can develop some, for example, some vortices in some phase profiles. I will come to that. And these vortices appear suddenly precisely at dynamical phase transitions. And the number of vortices you can take then as an order parameter. You will see them. You can think of them then as an order parameter. So you monitor this particular phase profile, and then you see at some particular point in time suddenly pairs of vortices appear in this phase profile. And you can measure them and use them as an order parameter. But for that particular dynamical transition I was discussing here, I cannot tell you an order parameter. I don't know it. Ah, so for this one-dimensional transfer speed icing model, that's overall exactly solvable. But even without, I've discussed only a very particular point quenching from infinite to zero field. You can solve it exactly by Jordan Wigner transformation for any value of fields and couplings. Oh, sorry. And that's actually data you see up here. Not only seed for one value of the transverse fields, but for different ones. And for this particular model, you see that these non-analyticities occur periodically on and on and on until infinity. But that's, I guess, my guess is that this is a consequence of the exact solvability of the model as soon as you add sufficiently generic interactions. At some point, this has to change. So at short times, they can still survive that's somehow related to a certain robustness of these transitions. But at long times, they might not be robust. It might change the nature. Yeah, please. So maybe let me take the chance here to make some actual further analogy here. I think what these dualities are also doing, one way of thinking maybe about them is to match high and low temperature expansions. I think for this one dimension, I don't I cannot do a general statement here. But I think it like high and low temperature would correspond like a short time and some time here or some later time here expansion about one or the other points. And I think I would guess there should be also a duality. But I've not thought deeply about that. One would have to check it. So actually, so since there are only a few minutes left, I'm done with this one part. I think it does not make sense to start with the next one, which is now on the experiment that I was showing you before. I think I would stop now and let you have a longer afternoon for yourself. Thank you very much.


Hey everyone, thanks for joining today's video. Today, we'll be talking about short call options versus long put options and looking at what the difference would be between going short on a call option, meaning selling a call option, versus going long on a put option, meaning buying a put option. This is going to be an introductory video. As part of a series aimed at helping you understand some of the basics and foundational terminology you'll need to know as you get counter learning about, talking about, and eventually trading option strategies. We'll be looking at the difference between buying, also known as going long, and selling, also known as going short, as well as the difference between call options and put options. So I have the SPY ETF pulled up in a thinkorswim. This is the one year one day chart, as well as some indicators down here. What we're going to be doing right away is going into the trade tab. I did want to point out a couple basic things about the options chain before we actually go into selling versus buying. So for today's example, we're going to be pulling up the seven-day to expiration SPY option chain for January 2nd, 2024. So a couple things about the option chain. For thinkorswim, you're going to see calls on the left, and you're going to see puts on the right. In most trading platforms or options, this is going to be similar. This is the general user experience, but you can always customize things. In my screen here for this option chain, I have a couple different columns. I'm showing all strikes. The expiration date is in the middle, strike is in the middle. But I have open interest, the delta, bid, and ask going from left to right and calls and right to left on puts. As far as options trading goes, volume is something that's going to be important to look at. So for open interest, you're going to see numbers here ranging from zeros to in the thousand. So what this is telling you is at any one time for the January 2nd, 475 call option, there are 3581 contracts open at this very time. So that's important because you want to have liquidity in your options trading.  It's going to be a lot easier to do that in the options that are trading in the thousands versus the options that have open interest in the zeros because no one's interested in those options contracts. The delta column, that's going to be telling you at any given time here what the probability is of that options contract expiring in the money. So if you're going to be buying an options contract, you want it to expire in the money. If you're going to be selling an options contract, you are going to want it to expire out of the money. So you can see these ones are out of the money right now. In the dark shaded, in the purple shaded, these are currently in the money. So just to point out one example here, if I were to be looking at the 29 delta, this is 479 strikes January 2nd. Right now, there is a 70% chance these will expire out of the money and a 30% chance they will expire in the money. If you're looking at some of the currently in the money options, looking at the 468, there is an 82% chance this will continue to be in the money at expiration. January 2nd, conversely, an 18% chance this will fall out of the money before the January 2nd expiration date. Bid and ask, if you're clicking on an ask, that is going to bring up a single buy contract. And if you're looking at the bid, clicking on that, bid is equated to selling that options contract. And the difference between the bid price and the ask price is sometimes called the bid ask spread. We want to be looking at options with a tight bid ask spread so that we're not giving up any of that value back to the market. So let's look at two different trade setups that both have the same bias on the market, a bearish bias, but can be executed in two different rates with two different risk profiles. These two strategies, short call versus long put, or selling the call versus buying a put. So we're looking at SPY here for the January 2nd, 2024 expiration, seven days expiration. Let's look at two comparable options here. So to do that, we're going to look for a put option and a call option with the same delta. So looking on the put side on the right, you see one here with 0.29. Let's see if we can find one on the call option. Yeah, 0.30. So 30 delta and 29 delta, that's close enough. These are the two options we're going to look at for this one. So on the call side, a short call would have that bearish bias. Let's look at that. That would be selling the call, 479 strike 30 delta. So let's take a look and see what that would look like. So maximum loss here, if SPY gets out of control and falls down to 0, that could be infinite, or sorry, in this situation goes up infinitely as I could. That's a big max loss. Max profit, that's going to be the premium that you collect as the premium seller. So think about acting as the insurance agency collecting the premium. That is what you can take away as a profit. But if something unexpected or unlikely happens, you could be out quite a bit of money. So let's analyze this trade real quick. Looking at the Y axis, this is your profit and loss in the thousands. X axis here is going to be the strike price. This price slice is going to be your break even, which is at 477. So having your bearish bias, you want the security, in this case, SPY, to fall or stay below 477. Currently, the situation is trading over just 475. So you see this teal line following along the X axis. That's your maximum gain and also your maximum loss here. As we talked about, SPY could rise infinitely and your loss could fall infinitely. So come back to this in just a second. But let's compare another option here with the same bearish bias. This would be buying a put with 30 delta 472 strike for SPY, January 2nd, 2024. See on this trade, your max profit, well, it's not infinite, but that's quite a bit more than what your max loss is here. 119, that's the premium you're paying, and your max profit has the high upside on this one. So let's actually go over to analyze. And if you look at this risk profile versus the last one here, it's really just kind of the inverse of that, where what you want to happen is you want the strike price to go below 477. And for that to happen, your profit rises really exponentially at this point, but your maximum loss, if the strike price goes above 477, that is tapped at $119. So when you look at your probability of breaking even at this point, so this is looking at buying that put option with a 30 delta, you're going to be looking at 60% probability that you'll remain profitable and 40% that you're going to lose what could be in the situation $119. So since we used two different comparable options, for this trade setup, it's going to be a similar break even, but different things at stake here. So 69%, 70% chance you're going to be profitable. And this trade is going to work out in your favor if you are selling that put option at $120 premium. And in this situation, there's also a 30% chance that you're going to lose money, this strike going above 480 in this situation. So two different risk profiles, really just the inverse of things, right? Limited downside on this, a limited upside on this, unlimited downside, unlimited downside, unlimited upside. So you can see the differences here in going short versus going long. Now as you talked about in one of the other videos, selling an uncovered or non-secured put in many types of accounts, that's illegal because your max loss, you might not have the capital to cover that. You could have an option where you do something called the catch secured put, which we'll look at in another video in the next series. And that is a way to limit your profit, but also limit your loss there for puts. This cash secured put strategy is actually paired with covered calls to be part of what's called the wheel strategy. Here's another link to that video. As you begin to understand the differences in calls and puts and going long and going short, when you're ready, that's a great next video to really start to understand how do you put these together in a longer term, but simple option selling strategy.


Hello everybody, I'm your boar rabbit today We are talking at some of the clips from the ESTA round six pro throwdown on Traction GG on Twitch with mr. Arrow so before I start getting blasted in the comments I was running this event in third person so that I could get a view from everybody chasing as well as the whole Aspect of the game because I know people are gonna go Why were you running in third person, but it was a fun event a chill event So kind of was just running it for third person to get the full aspect of everything So it was a lot of fun getting in there driving with some of the other ESTA pros as well as some of the traction Community and some of the drift community in a set of course the arrow of course always throwing out some amazing Content in his streams, so make sure you guys follow me and also to meet all the transcriber spots below I'll leave traction's link down below as well if you guys want to Follow traction on twitch to see some of the other drift community content They're doing as well as other feature round the ESTA like the next round round seven So as always I think you guys come back watching I'm gonna leave you with these clips I'll see you guys on the track


Hello friends, I am Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. In this video, I am going to explain how you can implement nested loops in C programming. So I will be explaining this design with the help of nested loop, how you can implement this design with the help of multiple loops in C programming. So before starting, I just want to share one information. If you go to the detailed description of this video, you will find links of various pages related to various programs. So you can watch them to learn different programs. Now coming on to the topic. So before moving to this five by five matrix kind of thing, which is implemented with the help of star sign. Let's say if you want to print a single star, if you want to print a single star. So what you do, you will implement this printf and here you can provide a single star. Now our requirement changes. We need to print this only. We need to print this five stars in a single row. So there are two options. Either you can use printf and put five stars. But if my requirement changes like I want to print 50 stars, then what you need to do, we need to change the printf again. So that is not a good practice. So the first method we cannot use because it requires changes every time, whenever number of stars in field. So to solve this problem, we have one solution. So that will be a second method. I am implementing a loop, which will repeat five times. And inside this loop, I am using printf. So if I want to print five stars, so this loop will repeat five times. If I want to print 50 stars, so I just need to change the termination condition of the loop. So this time it will repeat 50 times. So you saw I didn't change printf statement to print a number of stars. I just changed the condition of the loop. So this is the better way to print this row with the help of single loop. But if we pick this, so this can print only first row. Now our requirement is I want to print this five times. So what you can do, you can copy this and you can paste it five times. So you need to implement five separate four loops so that you can implement this. But again, that is not a good solution because if you have 50 rows, if you want to print 50 rows, So this is row number one, and two, then three, then four, and this way you need to print 50 rows. So is it possible to implement 50 separate loops? No. That is again not a good practice. So to resolve this problem, we need to repeat the process who implemented these five stars again and again. So it means to copy and paste this, to copy and paste this four loop will not be a better solution. So in place of copy and pasting, we will include this loop inside another loop. We will include this loop inside another loop. So that scenario is known as master loop. So friends, if you're putting a loop inside another loop, so that scenario is known as master loop that I'm going to explain now. So I'm removing this printf. I am implementing one more loop inside this and here I'm writing printf inside double quotes star sign. Then after completion of this fall loop, I'm going to write this and it is complete. So this way you can, so you can see this is outer fall loop and this is inner fall loop. So this is outer loop and this is inner loop. Right. So execution cycle will begin from outer loop, then it will go to inner loop, then again outer loop is incremented and control will transfer to inner loop. Now I'm going to explain the complete life cycle of master loop so that you can understand how we can print this kind of scenario. So first of all this will be performed. So beginning from i equals to 1 will be done. Then this condition will be checked. So right now it is true. Then control will be transferred to inner loop. So j will begin from 1. So this is third step. Then control will move to j less than equals to 5. That is condition fourth step. Then control will come here. If this condition is true, then this printf will be printed and from here we will move to j plus plus. And after this condition checking. So for this loop, this initialization will be done once and four, five steps will be repeated till this condition is true. When this condition is false, then this condition is false, then control will be transferred here. So after this, if it is false, control is transferred here, which is seven steps. So here you can see this loop will be five times so it will print five steps. Then we want to shift to new line. So after completion of this loop we are here. After this, we are moving here. That is eight steps. i plus plus. So initially i was one. Then i was one. So j repeated five times. So if outer loop is repeating one time, inner loop will complete its life cycle. Then outer loop will be incremented. It will check its condition and the same process will repeat again. So right now you can see value-wise two. Initially it was one. When i incremented it to two. So this time i is two. Now check this condition. It is again true. So again control will be transferred here and this life cycle will repeat. So starting from one, it will go to five. It will again print five steps. When this condition is false, it will come here and then again it will go here. So if outer loop is executing one time, so inner loop in this case is executing five times. So when i is one, j is repeating five times. When i is two, j again repeating five times. If i is three, j again repeating five times. So this way this nested scenario is working. So always remember when outer loop is executing one time, control will transfer to its inner loop. Then inner loop will complete its cycle and after when this condition is false, control will transfer to the increment part of outer loop. Then outer loop checks its condition. If it is true, then again inner loop initializes from the beginning and completes its life cycle. So in this scenario, if we count these, so in total i will repeat only five times. But j will repeat total for different times. Because when i is repeating one time, j is repeating five times. So if i is repeating five times, so j will be repeating for different times. And one more thing, this is outer loop. This is inner loop. Then this inner loop can have one more inner loop. Then that inner loop can have one more inner loop. So this cycle can go into any number of gaps. And one more thing is possible like one outer loop can have multiple inner loops. Let's say this outer loop is having this inner loop. After this it can have one more separate inner loop. So that is also possible. So it depends upon the requirement how you want to implement the combination of loop. So I hope with this explanation you understood the life cycle of master loop, how it works, how we can place one loop inside another loop in the seed programming. So with this, this pattern will be printed. And if you want to increase the dimension like 5 by 5 stars are printed right now. If you want to increase it, then you can change here. You can change i and you can change j. So this is row which is counted by i and these are columns. So if we go here, so these are columns. So whatever value you increase accordingly pattern will be printed. So I hope you understood how master loops works in seed programming. And I hope you understood whatever I explained in this video. If you want to watch more programming related videos, you can open my channel and go to playlist and watch related video. Thank you for watching this video.


All right, hey guys, we're in a new episode of Talk of the Town. Today we got a special guest. Clip Vile, man, bein' ready. I know I'll be rockin'. So for the people that don't know, tell the people where you from. Brassville, Brooklyn. And how did you get into music?   So what's your like earliest memory? Like you remember going to the studio, your mom played music.   How's my favorite rapper, 50 Cent? Well grown up. So 50 Cent not your favorite no more? Nah, he's still one of those. He just, he don't rap, you know what I'm sayin'? So who's one of your favorites right now? It's a few, like, you know.   Couple niggas doin' these things. Young boy. Young boy? Okay, okay, okay, so. When did you first, first ever go to the studio? Um. And what was the first song you made? I've been going to the studio since like 2012, 2013. I wasn't getting on track, but like my first song was in 2015. I mean my first song in 2015. Alright, so the first song you made was called what?   Is it still out now? People can still stream that or that's gone?  So um, so uh, from when you first started making music to now, how do you feel like you improved musically?   Now I really know what I'm doin'. So do you have like a favorite song that you made? Um, no. Nah, I don't got a favorite one. I don't know what it's about for now, but I don't got a favorite one. I don't got a favorite favorite. Oh, if I do, y'all don't know it's unreleased. So it's unreleased?  So you have a lot of unreleased songs to come? Yeah, yeah, she like that, yeah. Okay, okay.  So how would you describe your sounds?  Like club music? Yeah, like, not club, but it's just like street. Like I don't know the word for it. You could say drill, but it's more than that. You have to call it a word. It's more than that. You don't think of a word yet? Immaculate. I make immaculate music. Okay, okay, okay. Facts. So people say you started drill. Well, you say you started drill too. Some people say you did too. What do you think? I don't really say, I just go, people ask me, I just go my honest opinion, but people keep saying it. Well, they say other people, but a lot of people say me. So if you feel that way, you feel that way. That's how I look at it. I don't really know, you know what I'm saying? It's not a big deal, but it's history though.  I was gonna say, but you was one of the first to get signed. I was, I was, I was. So you're saying that what I was saying? I'm just saying I was. No, stop putting me in honorable mentions because I'm that guy, but that's it. I don't want to keep dwelling on it.  But y'all know who it is.   Everybody keep doing that thing, y'all know what's up. I was gonna say, so right now the drill Mount Rushmore is trending. So like who would be the other three people? I know you'll put yourself. You got to put another three people that you feel like super impacted drill. Who would be the other three you would say? Money knows that I could decide. So you Money knows that I could decide? I said, can't, can't, can't, y'all know what's up. That was so right there. Yeah, it got us. Okay, okay, but since then to now you switched up your flow. You trying out different beats. Yeah. So what inspired you to start doing that? Basically just leveling up, growing up and doing different things in the school.  And I just, for me, tapped in with the right people. Now I'm on the right track. I'm doing what I gotta do.   So are you managed or are you still independent? I'm not managed, I'm managed as shit, but I'm independent though. So you're not with a label, but you do have a manager? Yeah, yeah, definitely. Okay, okay. So are you looking to be signed again? Was that a good experience?  I'm not looking like looking, but people's on the line, you know?   So you're not against turning down a deal? Nah, if it's right, we're gonna do the right thing. Shout out to Lennon too though, you know? Okay. We made money. So being that you signed so young, was there any regrets? Nah, everything the lesson, I don't know. Cause Niggas wasn't doing what I was doing, so. I was learning, I was learning like, while they was doing whatever they was doing, I was in the industry doing, winning doors when it was so clean. Like just regardless, picking up game. I'm on different types of people. So now it's like we all still the same age, still type of shit, but I got different knowledge. Or everybody learning in their own way, like everybody path different. So nah. Okay, cause a lot of people are against signing a deal so young, that's why I asked like, was it a plus or? I don't know.  We'll be on the block. A lot of Niggas ain't rapping or they making illegal ways to make bread. So that's legal money right there. I don't know. But I was, you know what I'm saying?  So that's probably what they mean. But it's all, it's like every label different. So whatever situation you in, if you need it, you need it. You wanna do what you gotta do.  So it just all depends on what they trying to offer. Yeah. Okay. So how do you deal with internet trolls? Because you seem to have a lot of those. Nah, I don't know. Cause I don't even pay attention.  So I don't really be paying attention to niggas. And when I'm outside. It's never the same. Yeah, nothing I never was like, you know what I'm saying? Never say never, but I never, nobody ever did nothing to me. And I've been in a fake lip for a few years. So Niggas know what's going on. All right. So that never happened, but you are in, I wanna say a quote unquote rap beat. So do you feel like that helps or hurts the artist career? I don't know. I'm gonna rap you from the bottom. I don't be rapping. Hold on now. Yeah, I don't rap you. But do you feel like that helps or hurt is your career? It depends if, or mine or people. Both. Something depends.  Some of my shows got stopped, but that's regular. So you wouldn't advise that to anyone? Yeah, if you what I'm saying? Like no, don't rap beat dudes. You know what I'm saying? If you want that, you want that. I was gonna say, so you being there, should be in there done now. What advice would you give an upcoming artist? Because I'm like a lot of artists are like trying to miss now. So you been there, done that, what could you? Never float your boat.  Do what you gotta do. As I'm saying, everybody on path is different. So if a nigga dissing, like you see them floor, niggas on floor, young and ace, fully or they dissing each other, they getting lit. They making hit songs dissing. So whatever you do, do what you gotta do. But that's just not what I do. Nothing, you know, I respond, but I don't diss. Okay, so what journey are you trying to go to moving forward? So you trying to like, be moving off the drill. What land would you say you about to get into now? Or you want people to see what I'm saying? Just everything, I'm a real artist. So just everything I got coming, all different type of music. I'm gonna always make drill though, but just everything, it's a whole lot. I just really showed them the drill tracks. The tracks I really dropped was just drill for real. I didn't really drop no projects.  Okay, so as you've been working, I'm sure you get a lot of love from overseas and other areas. So what's some places you could shout out that you see a lot of your fans or from?   The whole tri-state area, I can't really just single out one.  I get a lot of views from the Bronx, out the Bronx. Okay, good, so moving forward, what is something on your bucket list to accomplish being an artist from New York specifically? Just keep getting money to get richer. Cause you did a lot at a young age. Yeah, put a lot of more New York rock artists on.  Speaking of putting New York artists on, like who's some artist you listening to? From New York? Yeah. Oh, you see, artists, you see that's working. You don't gotta be listening to that, but artists, you see that's working. Yeah, I see a few artists working that's doing anything. Brooklyn, Queens, Harlem, all of them. Brooklyn, Queens, all of them. Shout out to my boy, shout out to my boy. Shout out to free money mails, y'all know what's going on. Free money mails, shout out to my boy Skid. Feel me? Shout out to my boy Bugs, Allen Hall, I'm doing this thing. That's it. Couple of guys I bump up with everybody. Cho Siola, Cho Rappers. No, that's it. So you have any collabs on the way? Nah, I don't got no collabs. Tramies, Tramies for right now. So we look for a project 2021 or? Yeah, I'm definitely dropping a project. Probably the end of this year, most likely. I'm dropping singles right now. Singles right now. Yeah. What type of vibe do you need in the studio? Like how do you, what's the energy you need to record? Just my gatorade, that's that.  So being that you've been in the industry and learning it as you've been going. What advice would you give an upcoming artist that's like just starting that path to become an artist? Just violating it on a state consistent with it.   Be on the internet.  So just attack all platforms. So you have you on TikTok?   So people like are against TikTok. They feel like it's way too commercial. Like what do you think about that? Yeah, I don't know.     They just got to stop blocking me. I don't know about everybody else just stop blocking me. We could be cool. No, I'm, that and also like, people say like, you know the lyrics don't matter no more. It's all about the beat. What do you mean by like with TikTok on viral? Yeah, like a lot of the songs that go crazy on there. Yeah, it'd be like, I don't know something. Some songs be good, but it's just, I don't know some songs it is like I catch you. It's for the people. So you got to gravitate. That's what they like. That's what the money has. So you better do it. So do you plan on starting your own label or you want to keep Japanese singles? Or you just- Yeah, definitely. Yeah, I already, my own label already here. Like I already got that stamp. But for a song, I'm going to buy it under me right now. But I'm going to do that though.  So you definitely plan to, you know, start a label and sign artists one day? Yeah, yeah. We're going to go up. We're going to the top. Okay, okay. And what would a artist have to have for you to be looking at them?  So you said a lot of singles is coming in. A project is definitely coming in 2021. Mm-hmm. Anything else? Free Money Meals, Free Freshy Rose Money, on the way here on the countdown. A fleet team, we here, you know what's going on. Shout out to a good team. How much they eat and tell people where to find you? BNB, don't fleet team or everything. B-A-M-B-I-N-O-F-L-E-E-T-E-A-M or everything. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, wherever you want to find me. Only fans, only fans that's out too. Yeah, that was going on.  B-Box had 100K. Everything going on. New video on the way.  But you're going to drop every, every month? Yeah, I'm dropping. I ain't never seen me drop it just much. We ain't even going to talk. This is what it is. Y'all going to see me. I ain't with all that talk and stuff.


So in this video, I'm gonna take you through my Facebook ad creative formula. This is the formula I've been using now for the last three to four years. I'd say it's my go-to formula. Every time I'm having a Facebook ad creative made, I ensure that I include all of these things. So I'm gonna take you through it step by step. So when you're next having a Facebook ad creative made, a video creative made, whether you're making it yourself or using one of these softwares or services, just make sure that you include all of those things. So when you get that first revision through, then you can go back to them and say you want them to include X, Y and Z. All of these things are really important. I'm gonna take you through each one step by step and just explain along the way the benefits it has and how that will transition to getting more people onto your store and more people purchasing your product. So that's the top of the video. Thanks for tuning in. Hope you guys enjoy it. If you wanna see more of my content, just make sure you hit that subscribe button too. So without any further ado, let's jump straight into it. So step one, the perfect Facebook ad creative formula. The very first step is a scroll stopper for attention. So on the left-hand side of taking different screenshots from a particular ad, just to give an example. I'm not saying these are perfect examples that you should follow step by step and sell this exact product. This is purely for demonstration purposes. So step one is a scroll stopper for attention. What most people tend to forget when they're running ads on a social media platform is they're running ads on a social media platform. People add on that platform to buy products. People don't go into Facebook to buy things unless they're in the marketplace. But generally speaking, most people are just scrolling through their news feed mindlessly, not really thinking or doing anything, probably just passing time or spying on friends. They're not necessarily there with their payment information ready to buy something or in that buying mood. So what you have to keep in mind is exactly that. So whenever you're running an ad on a social media platform, you need a really good scroll stopper to get people to actually stop scrolling and take a second or two to watch or consume your creative. Step two, the very next thing you need to do with your creative is make it crystal clear who you are trying to target. If you try and target everyone, you'll be targeting no one. So in this example, we can see it says children seven plus, absolutely love this. So anybody who sees this creative and sees this particular scene or this slide, if they know a child over seven plus, so whether it's a grandparent or it's an actual parent, the beauty of Facebook is you can actually target parents with children this age. So you know, you're only pointing it out really. So when people see it, they think, I've got a child that seven over the age of seven. Therefore, this is for me. Therefore, I'm going to watch it for a few more seconds to see what it is. You could even be really more specific at this point and say for grandparents who have or for people who have grown children or seven years old or for grandparents who want to be the best at Christmas or something along those lines, just really cool out who it is you're trying to target because then when it gets put in front of that right person, they're going to stop and listen to what you have to say. Step three, once you have their attention, then you need to say exactly what it is you're trying to say. The message you're trying to put across or the product in which you're trying to demonstrate. So in this instinct, it's an indestructible RC plane. I'm a big fan of including like a feature or benefit of the product in the actual title name, just to give it a bit more information and a bit more kind of make it a bit more appealing for the viewer. In this case, I would actually, obviously we're not using still images. This would be a video ad creative. This is just purely to show you what the product is, but you would demonstrate and show the product in its full glory. So for example, with this RC plane, you'd have clips of children follow it, flying it around their garden, flying it around the park or whatever it may be. Step four, once the customer knows that this product is for them and they know exactly what the product is, need to make it crystal clear what the benefits are to the customer. So a popular question or a frequent question I get asked is how long should my video ad creative be? There's no real kind of golden rule, I would say. I've seen video ad creatives of like five or six seconds do really well. I've seen video ad creatives of two minutes do really, really well. It's more a case of quality over quantity. Don't make your ad 10 minutes long just for the sake of it. But if you can fill those full 10 minutes of valuable information, which are gonna help encourage your customers to click your ad and make a purchase then by all means do. So just make sure you put all the benefits across the customer without putting anything in there that is boring or gonna cause them to kind of lose concentration or focus or interest and scroll on. So just quality over quantity and make sure you point out the benefits to the customer as clearly as possible. So in this case gets children outside off screens. Step five, answer the FAQ, the frequently asked questions about your products. This is a really important step because people who have hesitations behind a product or questions about a product don't buy a product. They wanna make sure that they are crystal clear on what they are buying, where their money is going, when they're gonna get their product, what the product is all gonna be about. And if you leave any of these questions unanswered then you run the risk of people leaving your site without making a purchase. So for particular products like this it can be will not break guaranteed which is probably a really important one for a children's toy because they don't just wanna spend money on something that's gonna break the first time they use it. Number two, it could be whether it's rechargeable and how long it takes to charge and how long play time you get out of it because that's gonna be interesting or important information for a parent to know. Number three, they'll wanna know whether it's waterproof or not because especially here in the UK when it rains like 60, 70% of the time is that gonna wipe out the majority of the year in which somebody can actually go outside and use this product because it is an outdoor toy. So all of these questions and things that you think a customer might wanna know about a product it's really important that you take a couple of minutes and write them down in a notepad if you need to write down everything maybe put it to some people, friends or family that you know and say, hey, what do you think to this product? And all of those questions that come back just make sure you try and answer them as well as possible in your video ad creative and trust me, it will make a huge difference to what your click-through rate will be and what your conversion rate will be. Step six, also another important point is social proof. This is kind of like a two-way thing. So number one, I definitely include it in your actual video ad creative then number two is the actual engagement and comments on the actual post, the actual ad itself. You can run engagement campaigns, that sort of thing to build up those engagements because that's gonna be important but including it in your actual video ad creative is important too. So this is just a very basic example what I would probably do is have all the reviews on your product page that are imported do a quick screen recording of just you scrolling through the different reviews so people can see the images people can see the star ratings and what it does is people wanna feel like they wanna trust somebody before they spend their money with them and plus if there's been hundreds of people before them which have bought the product, it's gonna make them feel a lot more comfortable buying from you as well.  Last but certainly not least, probably one of the most important things in fact, in fact if you've been in the drop shipping game for a while and doing your research and seeing other people's Facebook ads, you've probably seen it in comments before of people saying how do I buy this? We wanna try and avoid that as much as possible. We want to make it as crystal clear as possible. Trust me, you cannot underestimate the stability of some people. No, regardless to be honest of how clear you make your call to action, there's still gonna be people that post that but we wanna do all we can just to make it as crystal clear as possible how you buy what it is we're offering our customers. In this final step you can include many different things. Number one, you wanna make sure you have a call to action. So what do they do now? It can be click shop now or go to this link or whatever it may be and then you can also include scarcity as well as an offer. You can include one of them, you can include both of them. It's completely up to you, perhaps something you could even split test yourself. In this example, I've gone for a cheesy message of stock is flying fast, kind of like a pun, shop now and get 40% off. And so with that being said then guys, short and sweet, hopefully you found this video helpful. If you have, please do drop a like, don't forget to subscribe if you enjoy my content. I really do hope it gives you some clarity on or at least a formula, some kind of more information to follow when it comes to getting your next Facebook ad creative created. If you've watched my previous video on how to diagnose and how to fix any failing Shopify store, if you've failed at any of those first few steps of not being able to get people to click your ad enough or engage enough, then hopefully some of the steps in here you haven't included, you can go back to your creative, include them, run those tests again and it'll bump those results up and hopefully help you start making some sales and more importantly, some extra profits. Thanks again for watching and I'll see you guys in the next one.