Okay so welcome to idea from idea to book and we're trying to we're offering these I don't know every semester every couple of semesters and Michael did one I believe it was last in the summer right and so that to really give you a sense of process since that's what we're working in here during your four semesters and I think it's really useful for you to get a more detailed sort of inside look into the process that a writer's gone through in producing a book and each book is really different I'll tell you that even for in my case the process of writing each one of my books was different and and then my process of course would be very different from Michaels or from bills or ratios or or any of your process so so that's why it's good to hear this kind of thing from more than one person and hear about more than one book there's a lot that that you can learn so I'm going to be talking to you about centerville and and I'm gonna start off with kind of the conception I'm gonna talk about the you know the actual writing of it and and I did some research which I'll talk about too and and I'm also going to talk about I did a little reflecting on this I'm also going to talk about some of the obstacles that I ran up against and some of the difficulties that I had and then I'll talk about the publication process which was sort of interesting because I worked with a couple different editors on it as it ended up at very different houses and and then I'll talk for a while and then I'll we'll do a I'll ask if there any questions that I'm happy to do a Q&A or I'm happy to answer any questions that you have so this is a book that started off quite differently was then my other novels and in that it it's based on something that actually happened even though it's very fictionalized and so I tend to write about things that are completely different than than what I experience in my own life so that's how it was really different for me and our departure and when so I'll tell you what the incident was first and then how I ended up writing about it so the incident occurred when I was about 10 years old and we had just moved to this we had left this island that I had grown up on and we had moved to this little town in Ohio and sorry I tend to move I'm a moving target over a little bit this way it's like totally unconscious when I start doing alright so we just moved this little town in Ohio and I had this girl that I became friends with quickly and her father was as it turned out was a pharmacist in this little drugstore and so that's where everybody would go like if you were a kid that age you go and her father we'd get free sodas if we went there so to found which was this big deal and and so this was in the late 1960s and it's 69 so anyway what ended up happening was we were going it was a really hot day in the summer we were going down there we walked downtown and we walked up to the drug door of the drugstore and similar to the Sandy in my novel this is the there are a couple things in there that are based on my memory and that's one of them I put my hand on this door and backed away from it and I had no clue I had done that but I just knew I wasn't going in that store and so and she was kind of mad at me because I wasn't going in the store and instead we went down the street to this bowling alley where a bunch of kids were hanging out including our brothers and some other friends and so about about five minutes after walking in there maybe ten minutes there was this big boom that sounded like thunder and we walked out and the drugstore was a five-story building and it was completely in flames and both her father and and her brother was in there too so her she and her brother both went running into these flames and the flames just really quickly engulfed a couple of buildings that were next to it so it was this enormous fire and the and the town did not have the resources to put it out right away and so it spread and spread very quickly and it there was a paint store near it and it hit a paint store and that exploded and so it was this enormous fire that lasted the rest of the day started it you know right around lunchtime and it went all went into the dark and and so just as a kid I was just running through this fire I mean I was in this yeah running through the fire trying to find her and there weren't any it was just kind of chaos so there wasn't you know there weren't so then my mother didn't know my mother knew that I was down I thought I was in the drugstore my brother was but anyway and they didn't my parents didn't find us for a long time till like a thing in the evening so this is this long day and so this happened and it's not like as a kid I was young enough that it wasn't like it was real I don't remember it like being like I remember it being like scary and all that are kind of overwhelming but I don't remember it being like really traumatic or anything like that it's not something that I thought about a lot as I grew up like oh I had this trauma right you know I didn't I just kind of put it out of my mind which I think is kind of a kid's reaction often you know I didn't really understand it so I just sort of stop thinking about it maybe I don't know anyway I hadn't thought about it in years as an adult but I will say that as an adult what happened and this was sort of the trigger for the book is that once I had kids I started having this dream every now and then and the dream was always that I was in the that I was walking through this fire and there were these little bits of fire everywhere you know these piece puddles of fire and in the dream I was always looking for my kids it was like one of my kids is in this fire I have to find them and it wasn't a nightmare really but I remember sometimes waking up and thinking oh it's like I've been to hell you know it's like I was walking around in hell or something like what is this and so I had this dream once and you know how sometimes like you're having a dream and then the dream starts talking to you so like how like I'm having this dream and a dream is like saying you're the one in the fire like it's a big message and so I woke up and I went oh yeah I was the one in the fire like like I was the kid who got lost in the fire and so I at that I got up and I was gonna write I was working on something different at the time but I got up and just off the top of my head I wrote out the scene of me being in the drug store because it kind of came back in a flash like oh I was almost in that drug store and so I wrote out the scene as if I was in the drug store and so that's the prologue that in the book and I wrote that out pretty much verbatim of how it is in the book I mean it made some it doesn't isn't like I did revise it but I didn't make any huge changes after I wrote it and I wrote it in kind of a burst of imagery I had the images in my head so I just wrote it all and you know I wrote it like in an hour or something and and it's certainly in just a short morning and then I put it away and I because I didn't know what I didn't know if I was gonna do anything with it I couldn't think it didn't occur to me that it could be a novel or that I don't know what it was and then I didn't think about it really just kind of put it aside didn't really look at it for about six months or maybe even closer to a year and then I happened to be and my parents I was helping them go through with stuff in the attic and I came across this box that had all the stuff in it from when I was a kid and it was all my stuff and it had this little journal is like my first little diary you know so I'm opening that up and reading it and all the page entries are really short like I have these entries like we got a puppy you know it's like three pages later they're completely blank where I wrote nothing in it and they don't be like well I went to the pool today so I'm reading that I was not real a real big writer or anything in that age I guess and then all of a sudden I come to this entry for the date when the fire occurred and it's like I've got six pages you know my bad handwriting that I filled and then what was interesting to me was then the next day after that what I did in my diary is I wrote out this list of questions that I had about that fire and it was this interesting list of questions to me because I realized reading it as an adult that I still had those same questions you know like one of them was why would somebody do this yes a question that you would still ask as an adult like oh well I still have no clue why someone would do that and how does something like you know like why does that happen and and how come I didn't walk in that store and how come so-and-so did walk in the store and so I had these questions and you know as I was trying to say last night like often I'm motivated in my writing by questions so so I started then to write more all of a sudden what I could see then it just kind of came to me like a flash I could see that there would be these four characters and that they would be you know kind of circling this fire and that they wouldn't that somehow or another my questions would be you know that I still had would be generating this this action and so so the book came out of initially those questions and in particular in as I say one of those questions was like who would do this so I kept in the real story so in fact I talked to my mom you know my parents and oh yeah the guy who blew up the drug store he ended up getting killed in the fire that was the real story but I decided I was gonna leave him alive so that he I could answer my question right I was gonna get to the bottom of this guy that's my idea and and so and so I wrote the whole first 225 pages probably pretty quickly I want to say for me pretty quickly like in a few months I wrote that and then I had the major pieces in place of all that and a lot of the stuff kind of came to me really kind of in a flash after reading those questions like I could see Elizabeth and I could and I knew that she was gonna make this I guess I'm really fascinated with hobbies and the way in which her hobby can come it become an obsession and so I don't know if that's why that came to me that way but the building of that mosaic on the wall how that kind of gets out of control that was something that that I saw sort of immediately with her and the character of the policeman was probably the most problematic initially because you know anytime I think you have a type you know he's then that's you you want to it's hard hard to make them individual you know so it's not this don't become a caricature a stereotype at all so I think I may be initially I remember he was a little bit evasive but at any rate I wrote these first 125 pages pretty quickly and the thing that generated it I think for me and made it easy for me to write is that I had this they were all moving around the fire you know so I had the fire in the center and then all these characters are circling the fire and to me the energy of that felt sort of like this vortex or spiral and I could just it just gave me a lot of momentum so then I got to the end of that and and I was talking to my agent at the time and she said oh yeah send it to me you know even though it's not there send it to me so I send it to her and we have this conversation afterwards and the first thing she says to me is like she says wow this is really good I really really great material she goes but what are you gonna do now and I was kind of like yeah so like that's the place where I got really stuck because I didn't have something that was a center anymore and I had these multiple points of view so I had these four different points of view so I needed something to be the center of this story to keep moving it forward if that makes any sense at least that's how it felt to me and I didn't know what that was and so you know I sometimes call that like the whole middle of the book the soggy middle but like I was like caught in that for a long time and I couldn't figure out how to generate the plot or where it ought to be going and I had this George and I knew it had valor I knew it had something to do with him and so so it was just it was just a lot of starts and stops and a lot of dead scenes and so sometimes I'd write a scene and and then I'd go back and look at it and in it wouldn't be alive at all so when that happens with me often I know that I've got the wrong thing like it's I have to rethink the event or I have to rethink where that where it's going or where I'm trying to go with it so so that was that was the I was one of the hard parts another hard part was that I so when I finished it then when I got a draft of it I gave it to my agent and I went down and we had this conversation and she read it had read it and the first thing she says to me oh yeah it's all really great and it's not quite ready to be sent up but almost and she goes you know what the the church needs to blow it needs to explode the church needs to blow up and I said really and you know it's my my response really and so she's yeah yeah it needs to you know there needs to be this that needs to be the climax you know you've got it set up this is perfect opportunity you need to blow up the church so I so okay so she's a really good reader and I love my agent I'd had her for a long time so I thought okay I'm gonna go work on this I'm gonna I'm gonna blow up this church and so or George Vapour was going to and of course I didn't want to do it for every reason you're thinking I didn't want to do it because like oh my god really it'll be totally melodramatic and to expect but anyway I went home and I wrote this it's been a long time on this and I will say that I think that that scene of when I blew up that church when I finally got that scene I think it's one of the best scenes I've ever written in my whole life it was just so great when I got it and it was the way in which the minister went inside and found this officer and the imagery and the oh it just was so powerful and yet so so anyway it was in there and yet what ended up happening of course is that I realized I couldn't blow up the church and then it didn't fit with something that George Fowler would do with what my character would do because that he that was not something he was interested because I hadn't really understood my main character my character my killer because that's a question I started with right why is somebody who would do this so I still didn't know who he was is what I realized and and the more I got to know him the more I realized that what he wanted was some sort of easy redemption and not to go blow up something else and so that's why I couldn't use it even though I liked the scene I had to take it out and and the other thing that was hard so two other things that I'll share with you that were hard and one is that I really struggled with those scenes in which that George Fowler is in where he's with the minister like I rewrote that dialogue over and over again because again I was having trouble with that character and initially that character had actual chapters like that character had a bigger voice in the book and even up at the last minute this was like sort of right before it was sort of going into some final edits and all that and then taken and by publisher I just wasn't comfortable with way I with that character and I just kept thinking I don't really understand this character and my and you know like agents and stuff will say to you things like all these mind it was say like they're into psychology so like why would he do that like it's not clear like the motives aren't clear so I was trying to get it all his motives I still didn't know what his motives were so I sort of in my mind just sort of driving myself crazy with all these questions and then the neat thing was is I was on the train ride going back from Ender so I had been here for a residency right and so I don't know something about being you're all thinking about you know you know how it is after the residency and your brain is kind of buzzing and you're thinking about all this stuff and so I'm riding back on a train and my brain was really going and I'm thinking all of a sudden I thought wow I just had this real breakthrough like the thing was I wasn't supposed to understand this character like this was the the character who was supposed to be complete who was supposed to be elusive like that's reality right and in my mind all of a sudden I realized like you can't know somebody like that who would do something like blow up a store and kill a lot of people which he did kill a lot of people so I so I reflect it I mean and one of the things I thought of when I was thinking of all this was you know story or you know different novels or stories where this had happened and including like Flannery O'Connor's famous story you know Good Men is Hard to Find with a misfit and how like there is the misfit and you know you you you don't really you really don't she doesn't explain him at all we don't know what his motives are you know anyway I related to that that that he that my killer had to be elusive in the same way so that what I ended up doing then was that's how I got all those little there's a lot of little elliptical passages that are just italicized about the killer and so that's the only voice that you get of his and so I intentionally made him I I realized that that he was not somebody who could be and should or should be explained at all and so I was happier with that and then the other thing that was hard was predictably maybe is Sandy's when she puts her hand on the door and I think it's partly because that was my experience you know I always say this to students who are writing I've always said this to students who are writing if they're writing from something that's actually true happened I always say change something really big change something at least one thing but if you only change one thing have to be something substantial something that matters because otherwise then I think you get it's too easy to get stuck inside of trying to be true to something and then your imagination doesn't enter into play so I changed a lot of things you know and I changed with Sandy I didn't want her to be too close to me so I gave her a very different personality than mine and I made her and I made her a little older but still that scene which is something I had experienced and hadn't understood was very hard to write about so so I that's another scene that I rewrote over and over again it was really hard for me to get the language and the action right and etc. I did a lot of research while I was working on it I tend to research everything I read Martin Luther King's sermons which were wonderful they're beautifully written I recommend them I figured that my minister would have read read some of those so I read them and I initially in a draft of the up and towards the end I had some lines from his sermons in there and I can't remember why those were taken out now I think it might have been the rights or something anyway I ended up taking those out but there's still the influence is still there because he has this amazing passage about evil in one of his sermons and in which he says it just really startled me he has this it's a couple of paragraphs I can't remember the exact quote but it's kind of along the lines of evil's real which is something I never believed you know I don't believe I didn't believe evil is real until I read that and it really made me think about it and it's kind of like me you know have no question about it you know if you have a question about that you're really naive it's out there it's real recognize it and if you don't you know you're not it's kind of like you weren't accepting responsibility or seeing clearly and so I think that had a real influence on how I saw George Fowler and have a minister what the minister was grappling with the other things I used for research I read I used the collection of life magazines from that period was partly how I decided on the weeks and so I wanted a place did after just just after those riots occurred in Detroit Newark and there were lots of great pictures of those I recommend the life magazines if you can get them I mean Mount Holyoke was wonderful because they had them bound and I could sit and actually look at the magazines rather than micro fish or something but the other thing that you'll get if you look at the at the magazines is you're going to get the all the you know the products people were using then and the types of cars that they were driving and all of that stuff so that's so that's that's really useful let's see what other kind of research did I do oh I did a lot of small-town research drug stores small-town drug stores and the other thing that I did was I I did this online and you would be amazed how much you can find I had to research explosives explosives right so how does one build a bomb and it's amazing it's you can find it all out online well I know well it's funny because my husband came home one night and I said oh I said this is really incredible you would not believe you can go online and find out how to build all these moms these ties about I've been doing this all day you know and he's like yeah oh great are you telling me you know FBI is gonna be in our door tomorrow or say but nothing ever happened because of it I guess they didn't catch me but yeah I researched that so okay so I guess I guess I'll just talk a little bit about the publication and then I'll see if you have any questions are we doing for time so this was a really this book went through a lot of strange detours some of which some of you know so I had this agent I had two different agents and two different editors during the course of trying to publish this book and I had this agent that I had had for all of my books I had her for a long time I had her since patchwork and I really I do still really love her she's wonderful woman she's an incredible reader a great agent but what was happening was that there were a lot of things a few things one I think she and she told me this she had kept me with the same editor for the first three books which probably was not wise especially because this editor increasingly was not doing anything with books to you know make sure that they it wasn't just me I guess it was other authors to make sure that they got sales or she wasn't getting behind the books so there was that and then the other thing was is that she was very less available or less it wasn't sending out stuff as much and she wasn't and it wasn't me just me it was her she was struggling I think she was getting close you know feeling like maybe she wanted to retire and then and then I didn't know about this at the time I found out about it later but she had this huge personal thing that happened and so she I had just finished this novel and she was not in a position to be able to do anything with it and so I was just gonna wait on all that so I hadn't thought about leaving and then I happened to talk to her communicate with somebody who's a really well-known author and who is with William Morris which is a really big agency and she said let me see the novel so I emailed it to her and then she or I mailed it to her and then she contacted me and said I love this blah blah blah I really want my agent to see it but you have to be ready to switch agents so it was really kind of a hard thing I don't know if I made right decisions but I'm not a very I feel like I've not been I'm not great with the you know I found that hard the whole figuring out that end of the career you know the agent editor marketing all that I think it's it is hard landscape to probably to navigate for anyone because it's changing so much and it's you know hard to know how to make decisions but at any rate I had a discussion with her on the phone couple of them and she convinced me that what I needed was she said what you need is you need somebody who's well positioned and you need somebody who's gonna really do something because you know not enough has happened with your earlier books all right so I decided I would do that and I switched over this agent other agent and she was great in a way she had me do some revision visions of the book which worked with me closely on that which I do think this is a benefit I think if an agent will do that with you I think because you know it used to be that editors did that kind of work they don't need more some more agents are and and so that was very helpful and then she did send it out a lot I'm not sure about the I kind of found I kind of got the sense that it was a little bit I don't know if this is typical of bigger agencies but it was sort of a little bit she had tons of contacts but maybe they weren't it wasn't as carefully being placed because my old agent would just do it one at a time and she kind of did it in bigger groups but at any rate and at any rate she did eventually sell it right and so she got sold it to this editor at found an editor who wanted it to acquire it and this editor was was with Broadway which is a division of Random House and I had been with William Morrow Harfer Collins before so it was a new publisher for me and in a new editor and I liked the editor a lot and she was it she was fairly new well she was new to that position but she'd been in editing for years and I could tell she was really smart and she really got my book so it's all excited and so I worked with her on that book you know how like so then when the editor took it she wanted this this is as typical I think she wanted me to make a bunch of changes so this there was this like nine month period where I'm making working on revisions and one of the things that she really wanted and this other person who had sent me to William Morris it the same thing I'm not sure about the ending so she wanted me to do this ending where she thought that all all everything had to be concluded this is the only way I can describe it and so she wanted me to write we talked a lot about it was like okay I'll write an epilogue you know 20 30 years later and it will show how everything works out and so I had kind of mixed feelings about that but I wrote it and it's been a long time on it was long and animated some other changes to the end in addition and and I have it that's in the same the minister's giving in his last sermon and Sandy goes back to see it and and there's a scene between them and so you get a sense of how things have been resolved she wanted everything resolved sort of that sort of ending oh and the other thing was she felt very strongly about this we have to see that Elizabeth and Jack married and so I was kind of like what she first said that I was like you do and I because I thought well maybe they wouldn't but I don't know but anyway all right so I wrote that and I actually really liked ended up really liking a lot of that I have this scene between the two of them they're older and so I'd finished all that and the book was ready to I don't know there was a meeting on the book and the final stages of things and and the morning of that meeting it was I guess it happened at 8 o'clock the editor later told me this whole story they came in and and they fired out all of the fiction editors in one fell swoop and she was the second she was the second I forget what you call it and she for whatever of that division so she and then the person right above her and then all the fiction editors under them were let go and they had to just be out of there like they had to pick up that get up their stuff together and leave and and then they dropped the all the books including mine so she dropped them I guess and I don't know quite I never quite anyway it was it was they were able to do it legally as it turned out so and so my agent I didn't really I wasn't really I don't know I didn't feel like my agent handled that real great like in terms of how she communicated with me about it but she did eventually communicate with me about I had a hard time reaching her at first she said that she basically what she told me is she kind of conveyed to me that now my book was like a hot potato that nobody would want to touch even though it had been dropped for reasons that had nothing to do with the book so I was kind of like okay and so she said well show me your next novel that was her take on it eventually and so I meanwhile the editor who had I've been working with contacted me and she had gone back to her old job our job she had once had and she was editor-in-chief acquiring editor at Women's Day was what's the other one that's connected to Women's Day ladies home journal and so so unfortunately what that meant for me is that she wasn't going to another house because she was saying off is going to another house I take the book but she couldn't so she said oh that's outrageous that she won't show she's not even going to do anything and so she's emailing me all this eventually she calls me she was upset about it and then she said this book is done it was you know you it needs to come out just send it to some small presses and so she kept on me about that I probably wouldn't have done it she hadn't said kept saying that to me but anyway that's why I sent it out myself to some small presses my agent I asked my agent she never even responded in an email I said you know you want to send it to some smaller presses to me and she didn't email me back so so I'm going to be trying to get a new agent if I can I think I'll go for one that's a smaller agency and that's kind of the other thing that Lorraine who's the editor said to me and one of her emails she said you know just a little bit of advice I think you might be better off not having a big agent you know like like yeah if you're really famous it's great to have a big agency but maybe I was getting a little lost in all that so anyway yeah I I sent it I only sent it out to a few places I think three places because it was hard work time did you have to write a letter and I don't know I just didn't have time to send it out that much and I think I also wasn't sure how that would work or if it would work but I'll say that she was right and this I just want to give this to you as like so you can remember this it's if you if you needed at some point that if the book is good and the book is ready it'll find a place like she told me that and I was like oh sure but she was right like you know the this press took it and and one of the places was a contest it's I think it's called DZ ANC or something donks it's a mid it's a mid career writers off a fiction novelist prize so you have to have written I think you have to have written three or four maybe it's four books in order to apply for it so I I'd send it into that has to be one that's not published that you send in so I'd send it in for that and I was a finalist for that and there were a lot of like really you know really great I mean some names I recognized on the list with so I know I felt good about it and then they contacted me and said oh well we'll find to help you find a publisher you know we can probably help you find a publisher if you need for it but I had already that already heard from this place University of West Virginia I can't remember why I sent it to them I think somebody I did do some I did use do a trope a little bit but I quite frankly I didn't have that much time and I I think I found one place on that another press and and coincidentally right after I took this I emailed them and said you know I've already take gone signed on with a small other small press and they said oh we were just about to send you a letter saying we wanted to acquire it so I don't know I guess that I just I guess that's just a long story to say that there that it was confirmation that what this editor Lorraine had been telling me was true and it was and I was kind of feeling really jaded I think about the whole book industry so it made me feel good that there are legitimate avenues out there for all of us and that you know when your books ready you'll be able to find a place for it the other thing I'll say about this is that it was very different working with these two different editors so then here I am at this house that is you know by their own description of what what are they what is this house oh they're very they're they're literary they're they're more interested in publishing some of these literary you know I'm not quite clear what they mean by that everybody seems to have their own definition but anyway I start talking to this editor oh first of all what was different about the small press I don't know if this is the same for all of them but I have a couple other writers that I know are publishing with small presses and it was the same it's the same for them so it might be common so I'll mention it might be helpful to know this the way in which a small the small press work that was different than what I was used to is when I was with the major houses all the feedback comes from this one editor right well at the small house it was the main editor you gives you her feedback but then they give it to some readers outside readers and this is through the University of West Virginia and they have a pretty big MFA program I think they're so they live they have an MFA program and so I think it went a couple of the faculty on there so anyway I got these long letters from them you know like four page single space letters of feedback and I'd never experienced that before so now I've got like three different things and then I had to my job was and I only had like two days to do this or something I had to take all three of those things and respond to what I was going to do with them and which things I was going to change in which things I wasn't in terms of a revision and one of the letters was just pretty much this this woman just right here person just wrote everything was great and you know and why and there were this little thing she wanted me to change but then the other letter had all the stuff you know so I had to really think about it and so that was kind of interesting to get all this feedback and then the other thing that was really interesting was so I'm talking to the editor about it after getting all this feedback and she's like this ending has got to go you know like okay like I mean what you know what is this Jack and Elizabeth are getting married you know it's just so funny because she was like the exact opposite and in the middle of this where I'm like taking all this feedback going yeah yeah well I can get rid of this I get this email from my first editor Lorraine who I'm still emailing back and forth with and she's so happy that I found this publisher and she's saying you know I'll do whatever I can ladies home journal which she did she was great women's day you know I'll I'll support the book you know all whatever I can do and you have to keep me informed I can't wait to see what you do with it then she emails me the subject line PS you know I really whatever you do don't drop that ending don't change a word of that ending you know it's like hard so anyway I ended up with the ending that the other press that was the other press the other thing that was kind of a nice surprise is that the I you know you have all these different copy editors I really appreciate a good copy editor and I had the best copy editor through the small press and you know what the it was a graduate student who was doing an internship and she's going on to be an editor I still get I still get emails from her and she was fabulous and not just on the line of the because I even appreciate a good copy editor just talk about syntax and punctuation and somebody who understands style but she was great in terms of compression of the language if any place wasn't quite clear for a reason or a word choice was slightly off she had tons of stuff she did she did so much work on that book and and she was so great to work with and the editing process was really quick they acquired the book in January was when I had to write those letters and then I had to be done with all the edits by May beginning so usually I think typically it's more like a year but this was on it was like six months so I don't know if I have anything else that I've got down here do you have any questions you want to ask me yeah I don't know I'm with that if they're living in the coal mines is about there's a supervisor and his mother's is faithful at all is this beautiful mural of Myrtle Beach where they have their honeymoon that she keeps working on and at one point the strikers shoot out the window and it's a whole new mural. Oh neat. I thought the scene where the broken officer goes to the broken woman with the broken dishes to bring the wedding ring and then the turtle cuts her foot and he takes care of the boy and she's off set with glass and he says you know he'll sleep in. I thought that was the most beautiful scene because it had all the elements of brokenness and healing and this voice of confidence and things will get better. Oh thank you. Well you know and I was saying this in my workshop this time because everybody in there had these sort of complicated plots and points of view and stuff but and you know a lot of people working on novels that had a few different story lines but I think if you have a few different story lines or a few different points of view in your book you know one of the things you need to do is increasingly those stories need to those lines need to cross you need to find ways for them to intersect and you can you can find this in any book that does that well, examine it, it's interesting you'll find the places where they cross are often you know have the potential for this great dramatic energy and so that was one of my first early attempts to make those story lines cross in some sort of a meaningful way in these two characters who hadn't known each other. And yeah the mosaic thing I think that partly come I have a sister who's an artist she's an art therapist but also an artist and she works a lot with, she does work with mosaics and you know on as much smaller level like you know doing like small pieces around fireplaces or something like that. So that was like I think you know where that image came from and then again the idea of has always really appealed to me of somebody who has a hobby that and then it becomes an obsession. Yeah. Now it is a drugstore. I didn't go back after we didn't live there very long and I don't know if I went back. We lived there a few years for a long time it didn't work during the for probably even I think might have been even up to 10 years it really was nothing they didn't build anything there. And you know that's a good question. What is it now. I resisted going back I thought about because I was kind of traveling near there at one point and I thought oh I should just drive back past circle through through this place but I just I didn't because I don't know there was something that kind of. I just felt like it might mess me up or something. I don't know. Because I had that I had the town of my imagination. You know. Yeah. No it's funny I have no I have not had the dream. So maybe I never really thought about it if I got a resolution. I mean I just realized like I was saying the other night your questions never can be answered. I was one of mine. I was kind of mad that my first realized that I'm not going to be able to answer this question. But I think that ultimately yeah there must be some sort of resolution even though I didn't ever feel like I had understood it really any better or much better. Talk about George or maybe not counseling George. Yeah. I think the dialogue is so interesting in those scenes because especially when they're talking about about God and then you break it off and George asked like you know what it takes to build a bomb. Then he starts singing and there's so many different levels of that dialogue and I'm wondering about your experience in writing those two characters in the office. That was hard. I mean we wrote those sections a lot. I mean I think that I think that it would it took me a long time to get both of those characters and what they would say minister was hard to because you know I didn't want him to be to be predictable. And there was that whole question of does the minister with the minister like turn him in right away or whatever. I went back and forth in my mind on that. But what I did with that dialogue I know that made a difference for me was I sometimes do this. I split it up into monologues. So I wrote them each out as their monologues and because because that allows you in a dialogue like that where the two voices are really really different. You have to do a few things right. You have to have these two very different voices that might be on the same page or in that case their case weren't on the same page a lot of the time. And then the other thing that you have to have is you have to have the you know the conflict that somehow or another is playing out between them. And these were two characters. I think the reason I did it I'm just trying to think why did I do it that way. But I think the reason I did it that way was probably because that was an instance where these were two characters who weren't always communicating with each other. So it wasn't like you know they were hearing one another and then responding. So I think it was useful for me to really get to hear their voices to sort of write them out as a rant and then write the other one out. And then try to put it together and work out the responses so that there are places in the dialogue where the two of them are kind of going at it head on with each other. But then like you said there are these other places where George just says something sort of out of left field that doesn't relate to what the minister has said. Thanks for asking about that scene though because those scenes were hard scenes to write. You mean give up on trying to publish it or what do you mean. Yeah I mean I don't know did I give up I can't remember. I think I've wiped it from my memory. Fortunately I don't remember that. It's hard to do that. You're right. And you know of course it's devastating to get that news. I think it really helped me. I think it always helps to have people that you're talking to about it. It really helped me to talk to the editor because she was like I think about her.  And so it kind of put it in perspective for me that mine was just one book this was her life you know. And then it was so so that was the first conversation I had with her that sort of like put it in perspective getting the story from her. And then she was very generous in you know communicating with me and wanting to kind of keep keeping. She kept pushing you know she was she would just email me again and say have you done anything yet with it. So I think that that helped me a lot was to have somebody because I could sense in her emails and in her when she called me the couple times she called me how much she believed in it. And I think that that made it a little more possible for me to believe it. But yeah when I sent it out myself to those small presses I thought he's going to come over. I really didn't think anything would. I think that's probably why I only sent out to a few places because I didn't expect it to go anywhere. I was just doing it because she thought I should. I'll just sort of come in or compare your experience with mine and answer to this question. Yeah. My first novel I revised it a number of times since my age and we tried to get auction and it didn't go in auction. And then finally random house bought it. And the editor there they are like your situation really like it. And then she took a job as a senior editor at Harper Collins. She tried to bring the book. Well it just at that time Harper Collins was cutting 150 titles. Oh boy. And she needed to cut down. And I came into that you know that vortex and I was one of those. So three years and random house didn't want to publish the book because there's no there's nobody there who want it was a supporter of it. A guy who was going to be the person ushering if you have a fatherless. Yeah. The book at a place it's it's it spells a death. So for three years it just sat down. I went on to write my next book. Yeah. And the meantime I got myself a lawyer and the lawyer looked at all that this is back in the early days of email but mostly was paper trail. He said give me the paper trail. So I sent him a paper trail. Mario knows it's going to hurt my career. They promised they already paid me blah blah blah. And he sent a letter to Harper Collins. Your book will be out in October. And I knew that they were going to just publish it and then wash their hands. And so I did all sorts of stuff and I really got behind it. I read I read interviews of people who published self-published their books are published in a small press or even published in a large press. And I for the year I did everything imaginable. And that book went into eight editions and first first in her back and three editions of paperback. It won all sorts of awards. Wow. And then suddenly they wanted me for the next book. Give me two book. But that was the first thing. Yeah. For three years I was in a funk. But I had to move on and write the next book. Okay. And sometimes it happens and it's happened with short stories of mine. Yeah. I thought it was the only author that's ever happened to it. And you find out it's very common and what you have to do is you have to go on to the next book. Okay. You have to make sure that first book is good. Yeah. And at some point if nothing ever happened to it I knew that first book was good. I would have sent it somewhere else on my own. I would have done exactly what you did. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I mean, you know, I think that in some ways small press was just as, because nowadays, you know, a lot of these bigger presses, the sort of Lorraine was telling me this and I think this is probably true, a lot of the bigger presses aren't doing that much publicity. You know, you're not getting as much marketing or publicity as you used to get. I mean my first two books, especially my second book, they sent me all over the country on tour. I mean they don't do that anymore, you know. I remember it didn't happen with my third book. And that was where my editor didn't get behind it at all and then, you know, the sales were not, I mean it did come out in paperback and everything and it got some very good reviews but the sales weren't great. And so, you know, I think that the small press, what I was impressed with is that they really did, and I was talking to Al about this actually this morning because he was saying his press does the same thing, they really did a good job of sending it out to get reviewed. They sent it out to a lot of places. They didn't kind of keep on them as much as they could have. I'm in a very, I was in a very good position with this because I, in terms of publicity because I have, there's a woman that I went to college with and she was an English major, well she became a publicist and she worked, she's done a lot of things but she was for a while, she was with one of the bigger publishing houses as a publicist and she got kind of sick of how they were doing things. So she went out on her own and she's able to just freelance. But she's had all these really big clients, like she was the main publicist for a number of years, she got tired of doing that too I think for the Bezos family, you know they own Amazon. And so she is really good. And she, you know, she's just so nice and she loves my books and she was like, you know, she wouldn't even, I mean it took her, it's so ridiculous it took her out to dinner a few times. I mean she wouldn't let me give her any money for it. She just did all this extra work. So she sent out for me also, so that she, the publicist at the small house was, the thing that was good about it was that this was a young woman and she was, instead of being territorial about it, which my friend was afraid she might run into. She said, you know, I don't know how much I'll be able to use sometimes publicist is territorial. This woman was not at all, she was like, she was new to it. She was like, oh I really want to learn from you. So they would do things like split lists. And anyway, I think the book got sent out to a few more newspapers and stuff that way. She sent it out to some awards and I did get that independent publishing award for fiction that year, which was great. And that resulted in, I forgot to bring the stickers with me. But anyway, there are all these stickers that supposedly, they don't seem to be putting them on the books. They're supposed to be putting the stickers on the books. Oh, you've got one, yeah. Yeah, so they put these little gold stickers on. That's supposed to help sales. But I went to, I did a lot of readings. I was in Virginia as a writer-in-residence right after it came out. So I also did a lot of readings in the south and in that kind of Midwest area. And I did some at universities. Universities and colleges are very good places to read because you often get a bigger audience than you would in a bookstore. And I did Virginia Festival, The Book, which is a really great book festival. And they put you on a panel. You have to apply for it. So you have to send your book in and apply. And then it's really fun to see these writers. And you're on a panel. And then people buy your book after that. And then what was great about that was that through that, Virginia Festival, The Book, somebody who, a writer down there who works with one of the bookstores who runs a big book group, who's a large book group, like, I don't know, 40 people or something. And she read my book and then contacted me and said if she used it with her book group, would I talk with them? Which of course I would. So then that was a great opportunity that I think it was like I did the panel one day and then the next day I did that book group. So yeah, I tried to do everything I could. You do have to, you know, I think, especially now you really have to, a lot of this comes down to maybe with the bigger houses too, but certainly with a small house. They were very willing to help me with the logistics, getting the books there, helping to set up the readings. But I had to make the initial moves.  I wonder if there's a bookstore. Could you email this bookstore? So I had to kind of take the initiative. And I've never had to do that before. I mean, always in the past, the publicists just set it up and they send you this schedule and then you go do it. But I had to come up with my own events and my own schedules and stuff. You're also having a press and what each of those things means to you as a writer and what you're going to have to do whether it's small press or large press. We'll talk about that. And I'll also talk about, you know, sending in for health poetry, sending in for short stories. Other things that aren't quite the market for large press, or memoir, novel. Well, that sounds good. So any other questions? All right. Well, thank you.


Hello everyone, I am Mrs. Sunita Do. The topic covered is Structured Query Language Aggregate Function. In this video, the topics Aggregate Function, Group Buy and Having Clause are covered. Learning outcome. At the end of this session, students will be able to write the query for given problem statement using Aggregate Function like Average, Mean, Max etc. and write the query using Group Buy and Having Clause. Aggregate functions are the functions that take a collection of values as input and return a single value. SQL offers 5 built-in aggregate function, average, minimum, maximum, total and count. The input to sum and average must be a collection of number, but other operators can operate on collection of non-numeric data type such as strings, syntax, select aggregate function name in bracket, column name, from, table name, where, condition. Example. Find the Average Account Balance at Brinton Branch. So, relation required is account which consists of 3 fields, account number, branch name and balance. Aggregate function required is Average. As we have to find out the Average Account Balance at the Brinton Branch, we apply the Average function to the field balance where the branch name is Brinton. There are 2 tuppers with the branch name Brinton with the balance 900 and 750. So, the Average function is applied to the balance of the Brinton Branch and the result contains 825. So, the query for this example is Select Average in Bracket Balance from Account where branch name is equal to Brinton. Second example. Find the number of tuppers in the customer relation. So, the relation required is customer and the aggregate function required is count. Here, the aggregate function count is applied to the relation customer. The result contains the number of tuppers in the relation customer that is 12. So, the query can be written as Select Count star from the customer. Consider third example. Find the number of depositors in the bank. So, the relation required is depositor and the aggregate function required is count. Here, to find the number of depositors in the bank, we apply the aggregate function count to the field customer name of the relation depositor. The relation consists of 7 tuppers but the result will consider distinct customer name and returns the 6 tupper. Query can be written as Select Count in Bracket Distinct Customer Name from Depositor. The keyword distinct is used for the elimination of duplicates. If we omit the distinct keyword from the query, then the result contains all the tuppers of the depositor relation that is 7 tupper. For example, find the average balance for all accounts. Here we have to apply the aggregate function average to the field balance and it will return the average of balance as a result. So, query can be written as Select Average Balance from Account. Query for the same example using the average formula can be written as Select Sum in Bracket Balance divided by 7 from Account and the result is 614 group by clause. Group by clause is set is used to apply the aggregate function not only to a single set of tuppers but also to a group of set of tuppers. The attribute or the attributes given in the group by clause are used to form groups. Tuppers with the same value on all the attributes in the group by clause are placed in one group. Syntax select column 1, column 2 from table name where condition group by column 1, column 2 order by column 1, column 2. Square bracket indicate the optional clause. So, in this syntax where and order by clause are optional. Consider the example of the group by clause find the average account balance at each branch. So, the relation required is account and the aggregate function is average. The relation account consists of account number, branch name and the balance. As we have to find out the average account balance at each branch. So, we apply the aggregate function average to the group of branches. There are two tuppers with the branch name Brenton. So, we apply the average function to these two tuppers. The result contains the average account balance at each branch as shown on the slide in the result of query. The query for this example can be written as select branch name comma average in bracket balance from account group by branch name. Consider second example find the number of depositor for each branch. Two relations that is the depositor and the account. So, our attribute is account number as we have to find the number of depositor for each branch. So, we apply the aggregate function count to the field customer name and group by to the field branch name. The result is shown on the slide in the result of query. The query for this example can be written as select branch name comma count in bracket distinct customer name from depositor comma account where depositor dot account number is equal to account dot account number group by branch name. Till now we consider the various aggregate function. Now pause this video and reflect on these question for a minute or two minute and write your response. Once you return the answer to this question then you can restart playing this video. So, the question is what is the output of the following query for the relation account? I hope all of you have completed this activity. Here mean and max aggregate functions are applied to the balance and the group by clause to the branch name. Minimum balance at the branch downtown is 350 out of 4 tuples, tuple number 2567. Minimum balance at the branch perirage is 400 out of 3 tuples 13 and 4. Maximum balance at the branch downtown is 750 out of 4 tuples 256 and 7. And the maximum balance at the branch perirage is 900 out of 3 tuples 13 and 4. Having clause, having clause is used when the condition applies to each group constructed by the group by clause. What here is predicate in the having clause are applied after the formation of group whereas the predicate in the where clause are applied before forming the groups. So, the syntax for the having clause is select column name from table name where condition group by column names having condition order by column name. The having clause must follow the group by clause in a query and must also present the order by clause if used. Example of having clause, find the name of all the branches where the average account balance is more than dollar seven hundred. For this example, we consider the relation account. As we have to find the name of all the branches where the average account balance is more than dollar seven hundred. So, first we have to apply the group by clause to the field branch. So, there are two tuples for the branch name brine turn. Here the average balance is calculated for the branch brine turn and for remaining branch name average of the balance is return as balance. From this relation we have to find out the name of all the branches where the average account balance is more than dollar seven hundred. So, the result contains only one tuple with the branch name brine turn and the average balance is eight twenty five. The query for this example is select branch name comma average of balance from account group by branch name having average in bracket balance greater than seven hundred. These are references. Thank you.


Hello, welcome to Highline and welcome to our directed self-placement process. This was designed as an experience to help you make the best choice in terms of what English class that you need to take. Talofa and welcome to Highline College. This process, your opinion matters to figure out what kind of English class you want to be placed in. And this is not a test, so don't freak out, just relax. At Highline there are a range of different writing courses available to you and it's important that you choose the one that helps you develop your reading and writing skills. Reading and writing are important for all the subjects, even a math class. In my case, I start my English preparation attending English 91 and I consider that course as one of my best professional experiences because I gain the ability to become more prepared for my other college courses and also I gain academic confidence. Writing and reading is important for your career choice. I'm in human service field and it's important for me to write client notes clearly and also in case studies. English 91 is a five credit pre-college course that students take before English 101. The course helps students develop paragraphs and structure full-length essays. In this course, students have the opportunity to work with their instructor on grammar, punctuation, verb tense, and sentence structure. English 101 Plus Support is a ten college credit course that provides in-class support and extra time. When finished, you have completed English 101. The extra time is used to develop reading strategies for harder academic readings and writing strategies for college essays. Students have the opportunity to work with the instructor in class to discuss feedback and work with grammar and punctuation issues. English 101 is a five college credit course that focuses on college essay writing and complex readings. In this course, students are able to brainstorm, develop good drafting and revision strategies. Students will learn to communicate effectively by working on their writing process, thesis, context, and audience. Hello, students. It's my pleasure to be here today to talk to you about the steps you have to take in order for you to make the best decision and roll into an English course, which will fit your needs and allow you to enhance your current skills. As a first stage of this process, we will have you reflect on your past reading and writing experiences by completing a questionnaire. And then you read the Sembo reading and Sembo writing from English 101. Then you will review a student's response to the assignment. After this, we will ask you to write a sample reflection in response to the assignment that you've read. Then we will have you reflect on the reading and writing that you've had from either in school or at work. We have videos for you to watch where Highline students talk about their experience attending different English courses. After all of this, we want you to choose the English course that is best for you. And then you'll take your decision and meet with the placement advisor. Ms. Hannah. Hi. Nice to meet you. Thank you and enjoy the experience. We are happy to help you at Highline College. We look forward to seeing you in English classes.


Six to five days off so I can just go ahead and jet set on off to like, you know, Florida or like the keys or an island somewhere that's close by. I can be sipping on my non-alcoholic drink. What's up you guys to the down and welcome back to my channel. So please take a moment right now if you haven't already done so go ahead and subscribe look around my channel if you like what you see then absolutely subscribe and hit that notification bell so that you can see every single time and put up a new video. This video is going to be kind of sort of an answer to a question that I received It was asked like how what is the lifestyle of a PA like? So I'm not a PA yet You know, I will be a PA in a couple of months but I am a PA students, but I can talk about how I Imagine the lifestyle to be because I do know PAs. I've seen PAs on all my rotations and I've talked to them about their lifestyle and It's pretty sweet If I just say so myself, so I'm excited about this. I imagine the lifestyle to be great Honestly, like as a PA you can find the type of job that you want be it like nine to five eight to four Outpatient stuff. You're just kind of seeing people in the office or if you want inpatient you can work in the hospital setting as like a Hospitalist as any of the special subspecialty PAs as an emergency medicine PA Trauma PA whatever the case may be and those shifts will vary as well be it, you know 224s or in or 324s, you know bi-weekly or 224s bi-weekly Yeah, 224s bi-weekly so it can be six shifts in a month or eight shifts in a month Or if you want to do 312s or 410s, whatever you want to make your life look like there is a PA job for you. So it's really exciting Honestly, the possibility that you have for me how I imagine my life being is Getting a really nice job as an OBGYN PA only working six times out of the month and then also getting a job as You know like moonlighting as an urgent care PA working PRN so I can pick up as many shifts as I want But I'm only obligated to I think it's two shifts a month I would have a lot of time to spend with my family, you know spend with my kids because I have little kitties I'm gonna look at her Look at Mimi look at your sister Oh Good job Mimi good job. All right, let's go to a different one very good job. I'm proud of you. Me Also, I want to be able to travel because I haven't really been able to do a lot of that as I've been in PA school And then just even prior because you know life kind of hits But I feel like as a PA my job and my schedule would afford me the time to do that So I literally see myself like just kind of like working, you know Maybe I work my one shift for that week as the OBGYN because I have to PA because I have to go ahead and work two shifts like in another week And I have like six to five days off so I can just go ahead and jet set on off to like, you know Florida or the like the keys or an island somewhere that's close by I can be sipping on my non-alcoholic drink Sipping on my virgin pina colada with my little umbrella You know have my little sunshades on and I'm out of beach somewhere Relaxing enjoying my life and then I come back and work my two shifts that I can spend time with my kids But literally I honestly I expect it to be pretty nice the salaries that PAs get You know, it's nothing to laugh at. You know, you're making six figures a year And depending on the type of lifestyle that you're trying to live, you know six figures is good If you try to live like high roller high style You can work more hours and get more money and then that way you're able to do more You know, you can provide for your family more than if you just wanted to do like what your typical PA would do You know making like maybe a hundred and six thousand or so dollars a year And that's like before any types of raises or or benefits or bonuses or things like that So I honestly think that not only will I be able to help provide for my family You know, I'll be able to see them more so I can appreciate the provision that I'm giving to them because a lot of times I feel like as Parents or just individuals even like kids for the parents trying to provide for the their parents We're so caught up in like I need to do this for my family. I got to provide for my family But you don't get to see your family So all this providing that you're doing and you don't know who your family is you don't know your kids Yeah, you you're not really seeing them grow up. You don't get to see your your parents So it's like what's the point in that and that's not what I want What I want is to be able to see everybody Be able to see my kids grow up and also enjoy like my vacation time or maybe I'm skiing on the slopes Somewhere or snowboarding. I don't know. I don't know but those that is literally what I imagine I imagine it to be very nice. Again, I want to get a job that is just kind of super I'm like in and out But I do want a job that is both inpatient and outpatient because I like that patient interaction So whatever it is that I get into you best believe like that is what I'm going to be doing Something where I get to interact with patients. We get to build that relationship Provider patient relationship, but at the same time I get the medicine because I really like the medicine of things But that is it. That's how I imagine the life of a PA or my life as a PA If you have any specific questions, I can either answer them for you or point you in the right direction Go ahead and leave that in the comment section below If you haven't already done so go ahead and follow me on Instagram and subscribe like this video you guys tell me what you imagine life of a PA being and What you would want your life to be as a PA as well. You want your schedule to be I'd be happy to look at those I really am interested in that Thank you guys so much for watching. I will talk to you guys next time


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From my understanding, every single time the virus spreads, that's another opportunity for it to mutate. And so if it's mutating at this rate of every two weeks, I know that you don't have a crystal ball, but how long do you think it would take for a new variant of concern to emerge that actually does bypass the vaccines? I know that the Lambda variant that emerges out of Peru is a variant of concern, and there's not much information yet. But I mean, do you think it would be unreasonable to predict that in a year, a new variant could go straight through to the vaccines? It's a really good question, and one that's actually really complex to answer. I'll kind of give you like a higher level. So we know the coronavirus isn't mutating as quickly as the flu. So that's why we need a new vaccine every year, just because the flu changes so quickly. On the other spectrum, coronavirus is mutating faster than, for example, the measles, which hasn't changed since the 60s. So coronavirus is somewhere in between. We think that, or our hypothesis is that we'll need a shot every couple of years. The reason we need lots of shots right now is because this thing is mutating so fast. Transmission is so high. Once we get transmission down and keep it down, the rate in which this thing changes will also decrease over time. It'll decelerate. So we don't know, honestly. It could be tomorrow that this thing mutates. It could be never that it mutates to escape our vaccines. It's just not a game that we're wanting to play. You mentioned Lambda. There's actually really good news that came out this week that Lambda is actually fizzling out. So it may have been more dangerous, but it's not more transmissible than Delta. So it can't push Delta out of the way, which is fantastic news. The other thing we're paying attention to right now is Delta Plus, which is the Delta variant with another mutation on the spike protein. Yeah. And we're keeping a close eye on that. Very low rates in the United States right now. And so we're really, the threat right now is Delta. Okay, that's good news about Lambda actually. I was trying to follow that as much as I could, but that's really encouraging to hear. Getting a little bit more doomer, however, is I've noticed that there is a correlation between increased COVID-19 cases among children and the prevalence of the Delta variant. Now, from what I understand, there's not necessarily proof that there is a causal relationship, but what do you know about the Delta variants effect on kids? Because I know that there's a lot of anecdotal evidence that hospitals are filling up. PICUs are reaching full capacity in some places and it's really, really concerning. So what do you know about the Delta variant as it relates to children? Yeah, it is, the numbers are concerning. I'm in the South when it's really concerning right now. Our PICUs are full. We don't know whether Delta is more severe than previous variants. We have a little bit of evidence from Scotland and Canada that Delta is more severe for adults. And so we're kind of making the assumption that's maybe a little more severe for kids as well compared to past variants. The good news is though, honestly, we're very lucky because the rate of severe disease among kids compared to adults is so low. And this is really weird. Typically in viruses like H1N1, kids are the most vulnerable and elderly are the most vulnerable because of their weak immune systems. And that's just not the case with coronavirus. And I think we got really lucky. With that said though, if hospitalization is around one to 2% with COVID, we have 50 million kids in the United States that are unvaccinated, one to 2% of 50 million is a lot of people. And so on an individual level, right? The risk is low. The problem is you start looking at a population level and then we start talking about needing to flatten the curve again. We're gonna overwhelm our healthcare systems. We're already seeing that in the South. And that is what truly the concern is for epidemiologists or public health officials. The other thing that's really important, which I actually think gets kind of pushed to the side a lot is the risk of severe disease is lower among kids. The problem is that it is clear that kids have a very important role in the transmission chain. They are able to spread the virus very efficiently and effectively and sometimes even better than adults. And so that's why it's even important when we start talking about schools, right? Yes, we're very concerned about the kids health, the teacher's health, but also their role in keeping transition down won't work because they keep spreading it too. And so that is a really important key and ending this thing is ending transmission among kids as well. Yeah, and you talk about the proactive versus the reactive response when it comes to policy and we're seeing some kids resume schooling and they're having to go into quarantine because there's hundreds of cases in some instance. What do you think is the good policy prescription as an expert in this field? I mean, should distance learning be resumed? I know that there's a lot of COVID fatigue and people are just kind of over it. But having said that though, it's still really serious and as you said, kids are transmitting it. So what do you think would be the best thing for parents to do as they make their decisions in the Pacific Northwest? School is resuming in a couple of weeks. What do you think is the best decision if you had like a magic wand and you can institute the correct policy like that? Yeah, so I've always been a big proponent that we need schools open. There's a lot of value of instruction learning. There's a lot of value, especially when we start talking about equity. People, kids rely on schools for food, for safety, for, I mean, there's so many reasons beyond just school. And so I've always been a big proponent of that. But there's a big if though. And that's if and when we implement public health mitigation measures, we can open schools safely in the middle of a pandemic. We saw this study after study after study last year that a lot of schools opened up and with masks with this layered approach of testing, of distancing, of good ventilation in schools and classrooms, transmission was really low. And even low among a community with the background of community transmission is very high. So we have the tools to do it. The problem is, and I think this is what you kind of hinted at is the ability, at least in the South, to implement those without getting fined without going to jail. And so that's the challenge right now is convincing people to follow the science to open schools safely.


Hello, it's Vissy! Welcome back to my channel! Today's video is a high bun type hairstyle. Be sure to subscribe if you're new, click that notification bell, then you'll never miss any future videos. And let's get started! For this hairstyle, I'm going to begin by dividing out any hair that I'd like to leave out to frame my face. Then I'm going to brush all of the hair up into a high ponytail and then use a hair band to tie off the hair creating a ponytail. The ponytail is going to end up being divided into four equal sections to create the bun. So I'm going to divide off the first section of hair near the top. I'm taking a clear elastic band and I'm going to tie this part way down the section about three or so inches from the top. Then I'm going to create a gap above the elastic band and flip the ends through the gap so the two sides become twisted. Then I'm going to gently pull on small pieces of hair around this twisted section so it becomes puffier and more full. Once it's nice and big, I'm going to bring the elastic band up above the hair band and place it against my head. Then I'm going to use some bobby pins and slide these into the hair to pin it in place. This first section is going to create the top left portion of the bun. I'm going to make sure to pin a section of hair from the twisted piece into the hair against the head to secure it in place. Now I'm going to divide off a new section of hair from the ponytail. This will be the top right portion of the bun. So I'm going to tie the elastic band over the section of hair a few inches down. Then I'm going to create a gap in the hair right above the elastic band and flip the ends through the gap to twist both side sections. Then I can go back over the hair and gently pull on small pieces to make the twisted sections bigger and puffier. Then I'm going to roll the elastic band up towards the top of the ponytail so the twisted section creates a roll and the elastic band is against my head. Then I'm going to slide bobby pins into the hair to pin it in place against my head. You don't really need to open the bobby pins. I'm simply hooking a bit of hair from the rolled section and then sliding the pin into the hair against the head and this will hold it in place. Now I'm going to divide the remaining hair from the ponytail into two equal sections. I'm going to start with the right side and this will become the bottom right portion of the bun. Using a clear elastic band I'm going to tie this over the section of hair and I'm going to create a gap in the hair right above the elastic band. Then I'm going to flip the ends through the gap to twist both side sections. Then I'm going to go back over the hair and carefully pull on small pieces to make the twisted side sections bigger and puffier. Then I'm going to tuck the section under itself. Then I'm going to pin it in place by sliding bobby pins through small pieces of the ponytail hair and then into the hair from my head. Now I'm going to combine the ends that are left hanging down from the ponytail and combine them together to create the last section of the bun. I'm taking another clear elastic band and tying this over the hair a few inches down from the top. Once it's tied off I'm going to create a gap in the hair above the elastic band. Flip the ends through the gap to create the two twisted side sections and then I'm going to tuck the elastic underneath so it's against the head next to the ponytail hair band. If there's any additional hair sticking out from the bun I'm just going to repeat the same steps and tie another elastic band over the section to combine the hair together. I'm flipping the ends through a gap above the elastic band to create another topsy tail section and then I'm going to tuck it underneath the base of the bun and pin it in place with bobby pins.  I'm pulling on small sections to ensure the bun is symmetrical all the way around and then use a medium hold hairspray to smooth down any loose hairs or flyaways. For this hairstyle I'm going to begin by prepping my hair. I'm going to divide out some hair to frame my face and smooth these down with a flat iron. Then I'm going to divide out sections of hair at my crown and gently back comb the sections to create some volume at the top of the hairstyle. Now I'm going to separate out a center section of hair on my head to use for the beginning of the bun.  I'm going to use a hairband and tie it off into a high ponytail. Now I'm going to divide off a one inch section of hair at the top of the ponytail. I'm going to twist this section together and lay the twist in front of the hairband so it's going from left to right and then I'm going to use a couple bobby pins to pin the twist in place. Now I'm going to divide off another one inch section of hair underneath the first and twist the hair all together. I'm going to lay this twist the opposite direction slightly behind the first one and I'm going to pin it in place against my head using a couple more bobby pins. Now I'm going to take another section and wrapping it underneath the previous section going towards the right side. I'm using a few bobby pins to pin both the left and the right sides of the twist. Once that's done I'm going to start taking the ends from the previous twists and begin pinning them around the bun. I am using these sections to kind of fill in any gaps in the bun, create some more symmetry and add some height to the bun as well. I'm taking each section twisting the hair together into a tight twist and then laying them either over the bun or around the outside edges. Once all of the ends are pinned around the bun I'm going to start detailing the hair that was left down around the hairline. Starting at the top of my head I'm going to take small sections from around my face and twist and pin these at the edge of the bun. I divided the hair at the very top of my head into three smaller sections and I just twisted and pinned each section right at the edge of the bun. Then I pinned the two side sections above both of my ears so I'm just smoothing these down with a comb and hair spraying them to keep them smooth and I'm sliding the bobby pins into the hair so that they're going in towards the bun. I'm also going to take the hair at the nape of my neck and pin these as well. I'm taking the entire section and dividing it into three smaller pieces. Taking each section individually I'm going to twist these up towards the bun as well and pin them in place along the edge. I'm also going to take any ends that are hanging down and follow the same pattern twisting and pinning these around the outside of the bun to help create a larger fuller looking bun. This style takes a little more creativity since it's kind of built piece by piece but this way you're able to style the bun however you prefer. For the next hairstyle the first thing I'm going to do is brush the hair straight back from my forehead. Then I'm creating a center part line down the middle of the head to split the hair into two equal sections. Then I'm going to divide out a section of hair for the first braid. This will be on the right side of the part and only needs to be about an inch or so big. I'm dividing the section into three smaller pieces to create a braid. I'm crossing the side strands over the center strand alternating between the right and left side strands to begin the braid and I'm just going to continue this pattern working my way down the section of hair. So I'm just crossing the two side strands alternatively over the middle strand until the braid reaches down near the ends of the section. When the braid reaches the end I'm going to slide a bobby pin over the bottom and I'll be tying the two braids together eventually. So now I'm going to repeat the same steps as before. I'm dividing out a one inch section of hair on the left side of the middle part. I'm splitting this section into three smaller pieces and creating a second braid at the top of my head. I'm crossing the left and right side strands over the center strand working down towards the ends of the hair. These braids can also be done braiding the hair forwards and then flipped back on themselves. I chose not to do them this way just so they would lay a little flatter at the top of my head. Once the braid reaches the ends I'm going to slide a bobby pin over the bottom so it doesn't unravel and now I'm going to take the remaining hair and brush it all up towards the crown of my head. Using a hair band to combine the hair together I'm going to wrap it into a high ponytail. Now I'm going to take the two braids and cross one over the other then I'm going to wrap the ends of the braids around the hair band towards the back side of the ponytail. Using a clear elastic band I'm going to tie the two braids together underneath. Now I'm going to take the hair band and wrap it once more over the ponytail. If it's too tight you can simply use another hair band but I'm going to wrap the hair band partway over the ponytail. The hair band should create a small loop or bun in the hair behind the forward hanging pieces of hair.  I am using a half inch curling wand from Bedhead and I'll link it down in the description box. Once all of my hair is curled I'm going to shape the hairstyle by pinning down any sections that are sticking out. I'm just sliding bobby pins into the back loop part of the bun so that it's flush with the head and there aren't any gaps between the hair and my head. If any of the curls are longer I'm going to pin them up so they lay over the head instead of hanging off the sides. Then I'm going to smooth down the sides of my hair using a medium or stronghold hairspray. I love this style I think it's so different and fun let me know what you think down in the comments. That wraps up today's tutorial let me know what you think down below in the comment section. Be sure to like and subscribe if you're new. Click that notification bell as always then you'll never miss future videos and I will see you next time.


Joel, there is such a buzz about this face off, which has now become a fierce rivalry. But there's also an excitement in this crowd about Zion Williamson. It's been a hard balance, because I am 19, and I do just want to get back out there. But from a professional standpoint, I do have to look at longevity. Zion was back to light dunking in practice today, which is awesome to see. Now, there's no specific date on the calendar circled yet for his return. He does need to pass several benchmark assessments before he's ready for game time action. But Joel, you can tell his debut is coming sooner rather than later, and it is an infectious excitement from the fans to the team. So it looks like it's officially time. We've seen Zion Williamson train and throw down some incredible dunks, and of course there's still room for him to lose weight, learn how to walk a bit better, because all of that is going to make him a great player and prevent him from getting future injuries. But in saying that he's about to make his return, he's actually going to play this season, which many people actually believed it wouldn't ever happen. Because like Ben Simmons, Blake Griffin, a lot of other guys, they miss their opening rookie season so they can get healthy for the next season and dominate. Zion Williamson, he's breaking that. Most teams would sit him out for the remainder of the season and get his body right. But not the Pelicans. And as an NBA fan, I'm ecstatic about that. But I'm also very cautious. I don't want Zion Williamson to return when he's not 100% ready. Of course the Pelicans will make him 100% ready, but at times players come back ready just because they're so anxious and so determined to get back to the court. Zion's the first overall pick. There's as much pressure on him to enter the league as there has been for any other player ever. He's the guy that's the number one pick, the most hyped up prospect since 2003. Yet, he's coming off a meniscus tear, he's coming off a lot of weight, and he's coming into the NBA against grown men. Will he be ready? And what can we expect from Zion Williamson in his opening and rookie season? If you enjoy these sorts of videos, I'd greatly appreciate it if you guys could leave a like to support the channel. Let's see if we reach 1,000 likes for the next video. If you're new around here, why not hit that subscribe button for NBA content every single week and hit the notification button so you never miss an upload. Thanks for all the support. I really appreciate it. And let's get into the video. What can we expect from Zion Williamson? Well, to start off with, we saw Zion Williamson put in work before tip-off of the Los Angeles Lakers game. It was the Pelicans vs. Lakers, and Zion Williamson was practicing before the game, and he looked like a high-flying beast that we've missed since the start of the year. He's wearing a knee brace, which has to be expected he should wear that throughout the remainder of the year, and maybe even for the rest of his career if it prevents him from getting future injuries on his knee, because the man carries a lot of weight, and you can still see that when he's practicing. Of course, he looked a little bit slimmer, and he doesn't look like Zion that was injured watching the Summer League anymore. He doesn't look that big. He's obviously lost a bit of weight, but it's going to be interesting to see what he looks like next year when he has a full off season to get healthier. He works on his stance and his walk, because if you didn't know, Derek Rose and Zion Williamson have a very similar walk. Sure, he walks and plays basketball like a five-year-old writes their name. Yes, he's blazed past the competition, but did it like a Formula One with refrigerators for wheels. And yes, his dominance was clear, but his game resembled a brick and a blender. Derek is the classic we flawed, where his ability is his downfall. In those cases, we hold them high. We rebel in their moment of existence and cherish and celebrate the bright star they were, and not make the horrific gruesome burnout the tale that we pass on. Derek Rose is not a what if. He's not a what if story.  And we know how Derek Rose's knee injuries have been throughout his career, and Zion Williamson carries a lot more weight, which makes it even more scary. And I think if Zion can take anything from Derek Rose, well, Derek Rose said it himself. And I quote, I mean, it's a lot. First is your weight, Rose said. I remember playing for the USA teams, and I think my second time we were going and seeing all these doctors, and I was getting these MRIs, and I was still feeling pain in my knees certain days. It all came down to my weight. Nobody said nothing about my weight. I think I was around 212 or 214 pounds at the time. I was too heavy. It was the little things. I had to watch my diet. Once I watched my diet, I was fine. That was something I didn't have to worry about. But obviously, yeah, Zion Williamson, he knows this.  That isn't something new. But what is new is the way that Zion Williamson walks. And that's something that the pelicans have tried to adjust. The pelicans are now looking at ways in which they can fix Zion Williamson's walking technique. And there's a great video and channel called Brian Satterer, and he's a doctor who specializes in sports injuries. And he talks about how Zion Williamson and other NBA players can learn how to walk and get back from their injuries. So if you want to watch a full in-depth video, I'll leave a link to his channel in the description. But basically, they're looking to improve Zion Williamson's kinetic chain, which I'm going to let Brian explain briefly. Having a poor kinetic chain can be the difference between looking like for a scump, pre and post leg braces. So how do we evaluate the kinetic chain and measure for these potential movement deficiencies like we can see in Zion? Let's start off by talking about what the pelicans might do to address Zion's gait. Going back to my first video, it appears that Zion has more of what we'd call a knee valgus alignment with his gait. Looking straight on at my knees, this would be an example of a good neutral alignment. If the knees are falling inward, we'd call that a knee valgus position, similar to what it looks like Zion could have. And this is the same way that Derek Rose walked when he first came into the league. He almost had a bit of a limp when he started to walk in the NBA, and that's very similar to Zion Williamson, which is why it's of the utmost importance to make sure that Zion Williamson can learn how to properly walk before he starts running again. Which is what scares me, but at the same time, I really want to see him play. I just hope he's able to say when he's ready or not. But from all the news and speculation, it seems that we're sooner than later. Zion went through his full practice with the Pelicans on Thursday morning, and the organisation is hopeful that he will make his professional debut during the month of January. It's also stated that Zion won't be playing against the Lakers who they just played, and then the Kings, but according to Alvin Gentry, his return could come just after that. So what can we really expect on Zion Williamson? I obviously believe he'll be on a minutes restriction for the remainder of the year. I do believe he'll start, he won't be like Michael Porter Jr. who basically got no minutes, but obviously has talent, which that's another video in itself. But, Zion Williamson will get the minutes, he will be on a minutes restriction, and I do believe he will start, but I don't think he's going to turn the Pelicans around, they're currently 11 and 23, and they're well outside the playoff picture. He's not going to make them a playoff team, but what he will do is give the Pelicans some hope. He's going to provide some new opportunities for other players, and we will probably see the rise of someone like Lonzo Ball who will benefit off playing with Zion Williamson. Players like Brandon Ingram will be interesting to see how he adjusts with a guy like Zion Williamson next to him, because obviously Zion's going to clog up the paint, as he's not that great of an outside shooter yet. Will Brandon Ingram be able to do what he's been doing, averaging 25 points per game? That's going to be interesting to see. But Zion Williamson, at the end of the day, he's got to look at his career from a longevity standpoint. Should he really be trying to get the rookie of the year this season? Because he still can win it. If he has an amazing second half of the year, he can still win the rookie of the year. I just don't believe he will win the rookie of the year this year. I don't believe it's healthy for him to go out there, play at the amount of minutes that he will need a plate to win the rookie of the year, unless he's that good and just absolutely dominates on a minutes restriction. I think he will be a little bit like Joelle M. Bede when he first entered the league. Joelle M. Bede was obviously on his rookie year, having a lot of minutes restricted from his game. Now he's fully healthy and one of the best big men in the game. He never won the rookie of the year, but at the end of the day, nobody cared. Nobody looks back and is like, oh, he didn't win the rookie of the year. Trash. Nobody does that. The rookie of the year is not that big of a deal, and I don't think Zion should really aim to win that award. I believe he should be able to look at his career from a longevity standpoint. Yeah, he can still make the all rookie first team. But in the end, after this year, it doesn't matter. He's going to want to be an all star. He's going to want to be an MVP someday, an NBA champion. So at the end of the day, I don't believe he will win the rookie of the year, and I don't think the Pelicans will make him play that many minutes to where he can win the rookie of the year. So in my opinion, I believe that this season, when he returns, he'll average around 15 to 18 points per game, six to eight rebounds per game, one steal, one block, and the next season, once he has a full off season to get healthy, lose some weight, work on his skills, I believe that next season, that will be the year of Zion Williamson actually making his NBA stance in the league. And I believe that he'll end up being a guy like Luca Doncic and Trey Young, where he breaks out even in just his second year, being one of the top guys in the league, even in just his second year. But as of this season and his rookie year, I don't believe we can expect Zion Williamson to be the NBA superstar straight out because that is just not realistic at all. And I don't want to be that guy, but I do believe that Zion Williamson will actually have another injury later down this season. He's probably going to play until up about March, and then I wouldn't be surprised if he has another small injury that makes him unavailable for the rest of the year. I don't want to jinx it, but that's just like a little suspicion that I have. And I hope I'm wrong. I really hope I'm wrong, but that's just what I believe. Anyway, let me know what you think about Zion Williamson. What do you think we can expect out of Zion this season? If you enjoy the video, let me know what you thought about it down below in the comment section. If you want to leave a like, that will be greatly appreciated. Let's see if we reach 1,000 likes for the next video. If you're new around here, be sure to hit that subscribe button. Hit the notification so you never miss an upload, and feel free to follow me on Instagram. With that said, this has been your morning Smith. I'm out. Peace.