Hey everybody, Dr. O here. In this video we're going to talk about antigenic variation and how organisms use it to hide from, evade the immune system. So first just a real quick primer on the immune system.  They're produced by B cells and they're looking for antigens, which are cell surface markers. So I always think of the immune system especially the memory portion of your immune system as looking at wanted posters. So a wanted poster is here's the cell surface markers, here's the features we know about this bank robber, whatever, right from the old cowboy movies. So antigens are cell surface markers, antibodies are looking for those cell surface markers. So antigenic variation is how organisms change their antigens, change their cell surface markers so they no longer look like that, right? So if I robbed a bank, I'd shave my goatee, I'd get rid of my gray hair, I'd change my clothes, et cetera, et cetera. So this is antigenic variation. So we're primarily going to focus here on how this works with the influenza virus, the flu virus. But there's a couple of real quick examples, bacteria can do this as well, Beryllia burgdorferi which causes the causative agent of Lyme disease can do this. So basically every time someone has a fever with Lyme disease, you're seeing a change in the cell surface markers and that's why it can become a chronic disease. You also have Niseria gonorrhea, the causative agent of gonorrhea. It changes what it's actual, it's pili on it, one of the cell surface structures looks like for the same reason. So there are bacteria that can do this, but let's primarily focus on the influenza virus. So let's talk about the two examples and then we'll talk about where flu pandemics come from and then we'll talk about the vaccine and why it only works so well and it has to be taken annually. So first we have antigenic drip. This is just going to be mutations, right? Viruses mutate more quickly than bacteria. So viruses mutate quite often, which means they're going to have these point mutations or base substitutions where every once in a while a piece of genetic material is going to change and that's going to change what the surface looks like. So you're seeing here that these surface antigens, the hemagglutinins and neuramidases, they can actually change over time because of mutation. So that's an example of an antigenic drift, this slow, steady changing of what the outside of the flu virus looks like. Antigenic shifts are going to occur when one person is infected with two different influenza viruses. So here you see virus A, virus B, they actually reassort and swap their genes and out spits virus C, which looks a lot different. So antigenic shift is where most, if not all, of the influenza pandemics, like the flu pandemic of 1918 that killed 30 to 50 million human beings, 600,000 Americans, or the other flu pandemics came from. So antigenic shifts are going to be huge changes in what the outside, the surface of the flu virus looks like. So these slow and steady changes, the antigenic drift and these rapid changes, antigenic shift, this is constantly changing what the outside of the flu virus looks like. This is why the flu vaccine has to be taken annually. So because you have to basically, they have to try to look and one of the biggest problems of the flu vaccine is how long it takes to produce. So they have to look and try to guess what are the three or four or five strains of the flu that were most likely to see next year in the next flu season and they produce vaccines against those. But since it changes every year, you don't have a flu vaccine that can be taken once and forgotten about or you need a booster every 10 years, whatever. This is why the flu vaccine is taken annually. This is also why the flu vaccine is not super effective. So I mean, it is helpful, but you see numbers like between 3040 or 70% effective. So lower than many vaccines because the flu is constantly changing. So if a vaccine protects you against the flu viruses you see here on the screen, but they slowly change, they change their outfit, they change their disguise, your immune system is not going to be able to recognize these new strains. So that is antigenic variation or one of the ways that organisms evade your immune system by constantly changing what they look for. Now in the future, could we see a flu vaccine that you can take once? I guess what you would say, you'd have to create a vaccine that was looking for something on the flu virus that never changed. So no matter what parts of the disguise the bank robber is changing, there has to be something there that didn't change and that would be what your immune system is looking for. So it is possible, but we're not there yet. All right, that is antigenic variation. I hope this helped. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.


Today, we're going to talk about the college scorecard, which is a part of the U.S. Department of Education's College Affordability and Transparency Center. And so first, what you're going to want to do is navigate to the U.S. Department of Education's College Cost and Transparency Center, which is at collegecost.ed.gov. This website provides a listing of resources available to you from the Department of Education that will help you better understand the outcomes and costs associated with various colleges and universities. So for example, you could go to College Navigator. This is a search tool that provides information to students and families about financial aid specific, about specific schools, their admissions rates, their graduation rates, things like that. So if you're starting your college search, this is a great place to start. There's also information about the Net Price Calculator Center. This will help you find links to an institution's Net Price Calculator. That's a tool that will help you estimate the price you will pay for college once financial aid is taken into account. So after you might get the Pell Grant, what your college cost would look like. But today we're going to talk about a new resource available this year to students and families to help them make better informed decisions about where to go to college. And this is the college scorecard. So what you're going to do is you're going to, you can either click here or you can click enter, and it will take you to the college scorecard's main page. And so this is the search page for the college scorecard, and it's meant to help students and families better understand a college's outcomes relative to its peers. So its graduation rate, its loan default rate, its cost, median borrowing, stuff like that. So you can search by entering the college's name at the top right here. So you could start typing, you know, university. For example, I'll do mine, university of, well, and you can make a misspelling. University of Wisconsin. And then your schools will come up and you could just click. I went to the University of Wisconsin. You could click in there and see the scorecard. I'm just going to take a while to load. And so this is what the scorecard will look like. So if you're just beginning your college search, you can also search by criteria using the boxes below here. For example, maybe you're interested in going to school close to home. And so you could look it up by zip code. So today we'll use a Washington DC zip code. So we'll put in 20010, which is Washington, DC, and maybe we'll put within 50 miles of that. And then we'll say add criteria and you'll see in the upper left-hand corner that it will list this criteria for you. And then maybe you're interested even more in the size of a school and you want to go to a very small or small school because you're hoping for a smaller class size. And so you can also add that criteria. And then you might want, you're only interested maybe in, for example, bachelor's degree. So you want to get a four-year degree. And so you can also add that criteria. And then you click search and you'll get a listing of schools that meet those criteria. And today we'll take a look at the University of the District of Columbia, which is Washington DC's public university. And so here's the scorecard for the University of the District of Columbia. The scorecard reports five data points for each university. This way you can compare various colleges' information. The five points are cost, graduation rate, loan, default rate, median borrowing, and employment. So I'm going to walk you through each one of these and what it means for you. So the first one is cost. And this is an in-state cost for full-time undergraduates. So this is the average net price. What you would be paying after grants are taken into account. And so this is, on average, what students will pay for their full education if they're a full-time student. So that's $16,084 at the University of the District of Columbia. And compared to its peers, so compared to other schools that are offering bachelor's degrees, that's about in the middle for what college costs are. And you can also here go to the net price calculator and enter in some of your own personal information and it will give you a more robust estimate of what you would owe at the University of District of Columbia if you're interested in that school. So the next data point is graduation rates. UDC's graduation rate is 8%, which is showing that it is relatively low according to its peers. And this might be because there is a caveat with this data point. This data is only measuring first-time students and those that are full-time enrolled. And it's the six-year graduation rate. And so UDC actually draws from students that are overwhelmingly not full-time or this might not be the first time they've enrolled, they might have transferred to UDC, so they're not included in the count. So the graduation rate might actually be higher or lower. These are just things to take into account when you are looking at this graduation rate. The next data point is the loan default rate. So this is how many students defaulted or could not pay back their loans three years after leaving the University of District of Columbia. So as you can see, UDC is a little bit higher than the national average, but not too much so. The next data point is median debt. So the total median debt for families that go to UDC upon graduation or upon leaving school is $8,525. This amounts to $98 per month for a 10-year standard repayment plan. There are other repayment plans open to students, and there's a link right here where you can learn about repayment options. And this is relatively low compared to other peers. What's important to remember is that this median debt is for borrowers, not for all students. So if you found the median for all students, it would certainly look different. But this helps to kind of guide you and give you an idea of what your debt may be if you borrow for your education and what your monthly payment would be under the standard repayment plan, which is 120 payments over 10 years, so one per month. And then the last data point is employment, which is not available yet. The Department of Education is working on it, and what they hope to see is maybe what the median or average, probably median salary, will be three years upon graduation for the institution for those students who borrowed student loans. So just to give you an idea of what the employment outcomes are for students who go to that school. So as you make your decision about where to go to college, it's important to be as well informed as possible. This means reviewing lots of free resources like this scorecard before making your choice and having an honest discussion with your family about costs, outcomes, and your expectations of going to college.


From the heart of the jungle comes a savage cry of victory. This is Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle. Yes, it's Tarzan brought to you by CBS Radio. From the black core of dark Africa, land of enchantment, mystery and violence, comes one of the most colorful figures of all time, transcribed from the immortal pen of Edgar Rice-Burl. Tarzan, the brawned white son of the jungle. And now on the very words of Mr. Burroughs, the story of the Knight Riders of Contia. These are the clearest camels we have, Macklin. Your orders are always followed explicitly, Mighty Wazeri. You can drop that Mighty Wazeri business when the natives talk about it. Whatever you say, Mighty Wazeri. I don't know why I put up with you, Macklin. I do.  You've got them hood crates, but this is all a lot of hogwash, so far as I'm concerned. A couple of hundred natives mounted on camels and wearing hooded masks to attack a broken down trading post run by a feeble old man and a couple of puny native helpers. Who are we trying to impress? We are not trying to impress anyone, Macklin, nor am I afraid of resistance this time. But fear is the emotion that rules men and if we display a force the government can't match and a mask that no one can uncover, we will soon be the government. We'd better get moving and then we'll reach the trading post before we do. Yes, let's hurry. We don't want to be late for the murder destruction and pillage so proficiently executed by the night fighters of Pompea. Wrong! The African moon hit its face behind a heavy bank of clouds as the two men were joined by hundreds of other masked riders. No word was exchanged as the sand flew beneath the pounding feet of their camels, nor did they speak as they reached their destination, leaped from their mounts and crossed the narrow veranda that led into the trading post. But then their savagery unleashed at last. The night fighters of Pompea struck out with their razor-sharp feet. The life and property fell upon its own eyes as they killed one million rabbits. Did you direct me to the office of the administrator of the Pompea Persectorate? It's a disdain to be looking at it as just a hit. I'm on my way there myself. You'd better take a loan. Oh, thank you. Is that ramshackle place is the government building? That's it, all right. Office of the administrator, barracks for the Persectorate police, post office, tables for the camels, head for post office. Oh, they have camels there. Well, you under the impression our police walked across the desert? Or did you think they took a train? I was very surprised at this. Well, never mind. Thank you for guiding me here. I'll say everything I have to say to the administrator. You'd better not give me the hee-ho. I'm Chatfield, and who are you? My name is Carson. Oh, Carson, friend. I know about you. What's your interest here? I happened to be in Maccarata when the sole survivor of a raid on an Arab caravan managed to stagger into that city. The caravan had been set upon near here, Mr. Chatfield. I learned that it's become most common for unprovoked and unexplainable attacks to be made on both individuals and groups in this territory. Not only here, all of Africa's in a muddle. And yet, from what I've heard, even the violence of the Mao Mao terrorists in Kenya seems pale when compared to the savagery of the night riders of Tumquia. Perhaps, but I can't cope with it. Haven't the men or the ammunition? Nor the desire, apparently.  I guess I've become a little immune to violence. I was sorry, though, to hear that the night riders attacked the trading post a few nights ago and killed everyone in sight while the good folk cast thunderbolts. Poor old cat. Dead. A man who has befriended thousands of Africans. Another hint, the night riders are not natives, Mr. Chatfield. What do you mean, another hint? The survivor I spoke of tried to give me information, but he died with the single word, Inglis, on his lips. Inglis? An Arabic word meaning Englishman. How many other Englishmen are there in this territory beside you, Mr. Chatfield? None of them, I know of. Was a missionary chap, not too far from the trading post, but I think he shoved off a year or two ago. Why do you remain here, Mr. Chatfield? A habit, I guess. Certainly can't be the climate for the pay. And yet someone around here is making a great deal of money through the sale of goods stolen from murdered men. I dare say that these things are, they always do. I doubt that the condition will improve so long as our official here is a man who's been in Africa for over 50 years and yet is unfamiliar with a simple Arabic word. I wasn't sure whether the only other Englishman within a radius of 500 miles has shoved off or not, and who shows a startling unconcern about a group of mass killers who have taken the law into their own hands. This attitude could be a mask to hide your own activities, Mr. Chatfield. You're barking up the wrong tree. I used to take in distant things, even took field trips when I was younger, but I can't even mount a camel anymore. I see. Well, perhaps I can reach the trading post on foot, and perhaps I can learn something about the identity of the Marauders. Well, I wish you luck, old man. Too bad about Xandavoc. So far as I know, he didn't have an enemy in the world. Not unless you can count that waste drill who used to work for him years ago. Don't recall that. Xandavoc finally got tired of his indolence and fired him. Wilkinson always threatened to get revenge. Now that you mention it... Don't suppose you bothered sending the police to the trading post since the night writers made their visit? Couldn't see any need of it. Chaps taken over the place and he called into the will. Xandavoc left. But he had no family. Who could he have willed the trading post to? You mentioned the one you said he fired, Harry Wilkinson. Tarzan's only clue was to the identity of the night writers of Plum Pier had been the single word on the lips of one of the victims, Inglis, Englishman. And the attitude of the administrator had made him a prime suspect. But now the news that another Inglis had returned to the district under strange circumstances shifted Tarzan's suspicions to him. And by late afternoon, the jungle lord had left the decaying capital city and started toward the remote trading post. It was during that darkest hour before dawn when he arrived there, but the tumbledown structure was ablaze with the lights of a dozen of settlement lamps. As a weasel-like squinter of a man minutely inspected his inheritance. Taking an inventory of your newfound wealth, Mr. Wilkinson? Oh, Tarzan! You gave me quite a start, you did. Thought it was the night writers coming back for their first visit, apparently accounted for your windfall. Oh, I wouldn't call it no windfall. Mostly what they didn't take, they ruined. I'd be lucky to make fifty quid out of what's left. And Vanderhoal told me more on that than wages. I seem to recall that he refused to pay you because you neglected the work you were supposed to do. Yeah, we had a bit of a row about it, but the old Tarzan was a bit of a riot he was. I was all broke up till he got himself done in. You arrived amazingly soon after his death. I was on my way here when it happened. You see, his nibs must have suspicion the night writers was after him, so he sent a runner for me, he did. And the bloke he sent at a note with him saying I was to get the place of anything happened. I don't suppose you happen to keep that note. I did that. Got it right here as a matter of fact.  Yes, the note says that you were to have the trading post. He was more than a mite far under me. And this was his way of showing he was sorry he pushed me out. Well, your legacy is not very impressive. He certainly turned the place upside down. He did a proper job of it or what. He probably copped whatever brass the old man had in the cash drawer. But there ain't nothing missing from the inventory aside from some sort of chest. A chest? Well, Klanderwald never carried furniture. It was some sort of a special order, I'd say. But whoever ordered it never comforted. I'm sure it couldn't have been intended for any of the natives. Do you happen to know of any other Englishman aside from the administrator and you in the district? No, there's Aleister Meadows, a missionary broke. I thought Meadows had left you. He had a mind to it one time, but he decided to stick it out. I think Van der Waak had something to do with that. Mr. Meadows always said he'd bring religion to the old man if it was the last thing he did. But the old man had no patience for such things. Him and Meadows used to argue for hours and hours about religion. Van der Waak used to say terrible things to the preacher. He used to get pretty mad, he did. Not angry enough to go to a resort to murder, I'm sure. But perhaps he can give me some information if I call on him. Well, sir, there's much like to find a bloke what done in the culley as you would, Tarzan. Aleister Meadows is a lot of natives that might have backed his word with their knives. You'd best have a little help with it, chum. And Ali Wilkinson's your man. Well, here's the clearing where he had his mission school and his church. Looks like nothing but charred wreckage now. Maybe he did move on sometime back. I think you will find the ashes of the building still warm. You mean you think it was just burned down today? Last night, just before the rain, according to those prints of camel's feet under the tree. The night-writers? Undoubtedly. Perhaps their leader feared that Meadows might give information about him and only one man had reasons to suspect I might come here. Who is that? Mr. Chatfield. The administrator? Hmm. Well, stranger things than that have happened in Africa. Let's have a go at the plighter. I'll give a pretty penny to know who's causing all the trouble around here. Don't I. A pretty penny to find out who rules the night-writers of Tumquia. Another detect tonight. Is this mighty with Jerry business begun to soften your brain? You're quite necessary. Rarely it is, Macklin. I have heard that a certain individual is hunting assiduously for the leader of the night-writers of Tumquia.  I only kill those who oppose me. Then the valk had become very suspicious. Meadows' religion threatened the universal acceptance of mine. And now we have a new threat, so he must be killed, too. Naturally. While Tarzan and Harry Wilkinson were traversing the distance between the demolished mission and the capital of Tumquia, the night-writers stuck again, this time braving the capital city itself, threatening terror in the past, leaving debt in their way. And when Tarzan and Harry Wilkinson reached the city in the orange glow of dawn, they lay in smoldering ruins while a handful of homeless Arabs who had survived the butchery shivered despite the heat of the new day. And where was Mr. Chatfield, the administrator while all this was going on, I mean? He was the first to die, Effendi. It was his fault the attack was made. Looks like we was wrong about him, I Tarzan. Apparently, but tell me, uncle, why do you say the attack was the fault of the administrator? A few days ago, a stranger came and criticized him for his failure to apprehend the night-writers. So when this man had gone, his excellency called out the police, mounted the camel himself, and Sally fought to find their headquarters. The night-writers must have gotten wind of his intent, for when he returned home, he found death awaiting him. So I inadvertently caused this destruction. Well, you shouldn't blame yourself. Come, maybe we can find a clue with the old boy's house. Where is it, uncle? The ashes are on the other side of what was the government building. But you will find nothing there. The raiders took an ancient Chinese rug. They'd been just where they cherished, but destroyed everything else in the city before they peaked across the desert. A Chinese rug? That's strange. You know what, come, that chest what was missing from the Trident Post was Chinese, too. There'd been a lighting set on Kong. But that caravan that's coming through tonight is worth a dozen of those we've attacked. But, Macklin, I had promised my followers that tonight we will have our ceremonies. It is my sacred obligation to them. Sacred obligation, my foot. I knew that mighty was very stuff was going to your head. You have to get something straight.  It is most unwise of you to make derogatory remarks about the people here or their leader. Since the death of the administrator, I am the law in Tom Kier. I can drain the land of wealth, attack every passing caravan without fear of reprisals, tax the natives who refuse to join me, levite tolls on every safari that crosses our borders, and pass sentences of death on those who dare to cross me. No one can ever get away with murder forever. I can try, Macklin. I can try. Sounds like a lot of fun to me. A hidden city where the jungle meets the desert. A likely story. But aside from the strange enigma of a missing chest in a pilfered Chinese rug, it's the only clue we have. A city built by a man who organized better ones and burburs into a salvage crew. Or to know that part of the kept. According to the story, he conned the desert collecting abandoned tanks, ammunition, and other wars. He paid his men more money than they'd ever seen before and kept a substantial fortune for himself with which he built this stronghold that's supposed to be near here. Well, perhaps it is. Perhaps he's found a new source of income now that the spoils of war are gone. Well, this would be a run place for the stronghold, if you ask me. I don't believe there's any room in city air. Well, there could be one hidden just beyond that mountainous tallow shade ahead. Well, I don't fancy climbing that. Let's cut through these weeds over there. Wait, Harry. Those that climb this is fine. Never go near them. There's a passageway through the rocks right there. Oh, Roy, I mean Roy. Don't let me know. I don't want to put anything on the other side. I suppose we'll see in just a city. A city of pergola-shaped houses of Chinese pavilions and temples with ruddy eaves and idols out front. The Orient recreated in Africa. Look at the brighter, comatocratus all swanked up in an embroidered silk well. Must have been warned of our coming.  Not many strangers find our way here. Well, it's not exactly a convenient place for guests to drop in for a spot of tea, quite so. But you are most welcome, I assure you. Even though we come looking for the leader of the Knightwriters of Tom Kier? Doubly so. But I have just succeeded in apprehending the scoundrel, a man named Macklin. Perhaps you'd like to look at his last remains before I show you to your quarters. We shall gladly accept your hospitality, but we shall forego the pleasure of seeing your victim since we are very worried. Come along, then. I have a comfortable load to put at your disposal, but one that I only recently purchased.  My name's Oliver Waterbrake. It couldn't be anything else but English, could I? And what's out there all this Chinese junk in the Masqueride costume? Going to a fancy dress war? Have a great admiration for the Chinese, their philosophy, their architecture, their furniture, their dress. And the oriental effects I assume impress my people, their simple selves. They find their pleasures in such primitive ways. I doubt about it, Chum. That was the chest he stole from the old man. He always used to mark his merchandise on the back with a piece of chalk. And the Chinese rug on the floor. It's undoubtedly that which once graced the administrative home. Quite a coincidence him giving us that particular room. No, it was no coincidence he's playing a game with us. He knew the lock would be picked with my knife and his camels are already saddled for the chase. He's prepared when we attempt to flee. The largesis will never go at it now. I don't much care about climbing around on the roof of this even temple. Sorry, look, we've gone there through this lattice work. Good boy, may the night largesis. Hundreds of them. All done up in their bloomin' odes and masks. Let's get out of here, Chum. I assume too much ponder in their stomachs will mean too few thoughts in their heads and we shall need every advantage we can get. Look at the fly that's strutting around like a pumpkin-tite. Well, striders of some cure! Drink deeply of the fine brew that I, your mighty Wazeri, have provided for you. With great pleasure, we see much ponder in the night largesis. This weather of the delicious food, your mighty Wazeri, has provided for you. Eat, ooh! And they give everything, high-key water. As before the coming of dawn, two more enemies will be delivered to you. Two more enemies who defy the night-riders of some cure. We kill! Yes, to enemies! Destroy enemies! Shoot them! I can't miss a fight! They make that bit for freedom. Where was that one shouting from? Yes, to the enemies of your Wazeri! But already Tarzan and Harry had leaped to the ground and started to cross the desert. He infuriated raiders, mounted their camels, and sped after their enemies. Tarzan, half carrying the game little cockney, clambered up the dizzy heights of the palisades.  They were still skidding and milling in wild confusion when Tarzan wheeled and slid down the steep incline. His savage cry causing them, begging them to follow. The riders flipping their foam-secked mounts viciously, running downward into a maze of gargantuan weeds in pursuit of a jungle man and his companions. Suddenly as the weeds clutched their tired legs, the camels went berserk, throwing their riders, fighting them, pounding them beneath a vending seat. Then the camels fought their way free, but the leader of the night riders and his fanatical followers were enmeshed in the fibrous coast and hailed as though in a bottomless ocean of crushing seas. Remember, Harry, I warned you about trying to take a shortcut through that vegetation on our way here. Those plants are as enclaving as a pit of quicksand, and those vines will hold our friends there until the authorities can arrest them. If they lost that long under the blazing African sun, eh, it was a bit too much for them, eh, chum? Yes, we have defeated another enemy of Africa. In a nice place a detective work, I'd call it, finding the blighted. There was an unusual bit of detective work, Harry. Often enough I found an enemy by following his footprints, detected a crime through an impression of a finger or a hand. But this is the first time I've ever followed a trail left by a chest. George Robinson is tired of the nine-to-five grind, his wife is sick of cooking, cleaning, washing and picking up after George and the two kids. 18-year-old Marion, having had a fight with her boyfriend, wants to get as far away from New Jersey as possible. And Billy Robinson wants to hunt elephants and panthers. Comedy is mingle with drama as we relate the experiences of the American family Robinson. Tarzan, a transcribed creation of the famous Edgar Wright boroughs, is produced by Walter White Jr., repaired for radio by Bud Leather with original music by...


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE. Covering Edge 2016, brought to you by IBM. Now, here are your hosts, Dave Vellante and Stu Miniman. We're back, Doug Baylog is here. He's the general manager of IBM Power Systems. Doug, great to see you again. It's always great to be here. I try to prioritize you guys when we're together in a conference. Well, really thrilled that you could make time for us. I know you're super busy, just back from AP. And we're going to talk about that a little bit.  It really is. I mean, the strategy I called three years ago to kind of transform the power business around really three tenants. One is grow the capabilities power had for big data and now even more extend that to machine learning, deep learning and cognitive and get power into the cloud and then sort of underpinned and openness. We really are seeing sort of that take off here now. You see a lot of that new content being announced there at Edge and that's why I'm so excited to be here this year. Yeah, so give us what's the, we saw Scott now up on stage today. You guys got a partnership with Hortonworks. What else you got going on? Yeah, so, you know, this ecosystem we've been building. I mean, remember three years ago, we started like a nothing, right? We had no Linux on power ecosystem. And in a couple of years, we now have thousands of ISVs on the platform, tens of thousands of open source packages and new partnerships that we saw being announced here today. So Hortonworks is a great add to the portfolio. Morantis as sort of an independent open stack provider. You see Red Hat talking about doing more on power and Ubuntu releasing their latest release simultaneously on power. So I'll tell you what, it feels good to see kind of the ecosystem now building on itself and bringing that kind of differentiation to the marketplace. Is it true Mark Shuttleworth was walking around here? Yeah, Mark was here. Absolutely, yeah. Very cube alum. Yeah, they would have grabbed him if he was in the field. Absolutely. But you know, some players starting to step up, right? I mean, it was the band of five originally. That's exactly right. But some good names in that band. Yeah, from an open power, like you said, it was the band of five, IBM, Google, Melanox, NVIDIA, and Ty and a motherboard company. And now we're 50 times bigger with over 250 members here a couple years later. So it's incredible innovation. And of course, clients have always asked, so really cool story around open power, Doug, but what does it mean to me? And so two weeks ago, we announced our new lineup of Linux class servers, the LC lineup with the family of three. All of those servers and the innovation of those were developed with our open power partners. So you got NVIDIA, you know, technology, NVLink burned into it. We did a unique chip with NVIDIA for the machine learning marketplace. And so that innovation is now available. We got time to market advantage. We got differentiate technology and some great examples down on the floor of how ISVs are already taking advantage. In NVIDIA hot company, going hard after machine learning, we're doing something next week with them down at Strata. We're also doing something with IBM. Monday night, NVIDIA, Tuesday night, IBM, we got a little party with each of you guys. So that's going to be fun. We'll bring this together because we've got a great partnership going on there. Doug, there's some really cool innovations happening. I was just checking through the Twitter stream. People are getting excited. Things like a prototype for TensorFlow. You talked about the machine learning, you know, talk about some of the, you know, interesting use cases that you're seeing on power. Yeah, absolutely. So, you know, we have bet big on acceleration, right? We've been kind of very clear on that for a number of years that, you know, we see a post Moore's Law world where it's a really good general purpose processor married together with a set of acceleration technology. And so, you know, originally when we launched Power 8, we talked about CAPI capability that coherent attached processor interface for things like FPGAs, right, Xilinx technology. You know, you can think of Xilinx really good. It's sort of that ingest and data analysis kind of mode. We did things with flash technology attached to CAPI to kind of expand that memory space from what you classically could get in a server to, my goodness you add another 40 terabytes of memory and it makes a huge memory footprint. Eliminate IO. Well, in RedisDB was one of the first ones to jump on, take an advantage of that CAPI expanded flash from an in-memory perspective, reducing the footprint for about 24 to one of an Intel server now onto a Power server. So great sort of big data use case. And then finally now with this NVLink technology, you see some of the classic HPC kind of workloads in the research and university space. You know, this burning of NVLink to a chip is part of the path to coral that national labs when we had, we talked about in 2014 for next generation supercomputers for some of the Department of Energy National Labs. But moving it out of sort of that unique space of HPC, one of the ISVs down on the floor here today is a company called Connecticut. They have written a brand new relational database from the ground up that always assumes GPUs are there. There's no model that they run without GPUs. And so what they've been able to do working with retailers is completely help them optimize their supply chain to make real-time decisions because we all know retail is such a razor-thin business. And there's some large retailers that I can't name yet that are deploying Connecticut with our new HPC systems with NVIDIA processors. So some really neat use cases around supply chain optimization. So that's it, I know you can't name them, but talk a little bit about, I mean, everybody, all the retailers have their Amazon war room. They're all trying to figure out how to compete, how to use their physical presence to compete online. How are you fitting into that? And where does real-time fit in that? Yeah, so I mean, you know, it's a matter of taking the data that existed to get already in a relational database, moving it into this accelerated relational database so that, again, analytics could be done on a much faster basis because, again, in their retail space, the buy and selling, I mean, the bidding, you know, if you're not catching it at the right point, you're losing pennies on the dollar, right, which adds up over time. So that's where they're seeing as their advantage, is speed to decision-making. So you're just back from Singapore. What's going on in Singapore? I said I hadn't been there in decades, but what's new there? What are you guys doing there? I mean, first off, I love Singapore. It's a phenomenal city, very modern. We were talking before we got on air. Formula One race was there this weekend. You know, we heard from Red Bull here on the main stage of how analytics fits into the whole Formula One model of a hundred sensor points, all that tons of data coming in. They're using power plus flash technology at Red Bull to do that analytics. So, you know, power is front and center there, at least in the Red Bull case in the Formula One model. But even on the broader case in Singapore, you know, Singapore is a big, big shipping port. And we as a company in IBM are very much a believer in this next generation technology called blockchain, this hyper ledger distributed ledger model. You know, and I had heard about the port of Singapore starting down this path of a beta project, proof of concept around really the customs. How fast can, how can they help speed up bringing a ship into the harbor, you know, with the ledger they have, a what's on board, and then quickly moving that out and taking care of that. You know, interesting story to hear.  I mean, it's just time to money, sitting there on those ships. And so for me, it was a great visualization of what we're trying to do in a blockchain world. And they're waiting for somebody on the docks to push paper? Is that right? Oh yeah, it's a whole paper pushing model, right? Of you take the ledger, or what are you going on board, it's got to come in, they got to then validate it and check it because it's all manual. I mean, it's just a lot of manual intervention today that can be completely optimized in a blockchain world. So wow, three years, I mean, this wouldn't have been possible without the open power initiative, right? Right. I mean, it's the core to what we do. I mean, both through the ODM server partners we're working with that are part of it, through the chip and system companies that are part of the software that's part of it. I mean, thank goodness we did this three years ago. Wish we'd have done it three years before that, but in the three years we have, we now see Linux on power being, you know, over 10% of the hardware revenue that I generate in the power business. So it's become material for me. And then we heard, we were talking earlier about, we heard a number, you want 20% of the market by the end of the decade, right? Yeah, Tom and I have some aspirational goals of what we'd like to achieve, but yeah. And that's the ecosystem, right? Yeah, that's not just us, that's sort of, you know, power footprints, power seats, if you want to call it in the marketplace. But it comes down to if you're going to be viewed as a viable player in any market, you got to have at least double digit share. And so for us, nothing but upside is how we see the Linux server market today. Where does China fit in to this? You spent much time in China. I was there in China last week as well too, right? As I do my world tour. Life of an IBM exec, it's a beautiful model. Yes, yes. But so China really picking up on the open power, you know, concept and driving it hard, becoming self-sufficient in chips. Yeah, I mean, they're a whole model and we certainly understand it, we appreciate it as to become more self-sufficient, you know, whole indigenous IT model. And that for them is everything from chips, to systems, to software, to partners that will bring that innovation to the many, many clients around the China market. So we've been working with our chip partner over there, Suzo Power Core. They now have their own power chips in the marketplace. Server companies like Zoom and in the near future, InSperr are building servers based on power chips. Software ecosystems have been built. So, you know, a couple of examples of wins over there, Tencent, very large, you know, hyperscale cloud company over there, right? One of the bats, as we call it. Yeah, yeah. You know, about a couple months ago, they talked about evaluating spark technology for analytics on the power platform. Now, as we sit here today, two months later, whatever it is, they're now actually deploying Spark on Linux on Power in Tencent.  China Mobile, large telco in the world, also deploying Linux on Power in their core infrastructure. So, we're starting to see the effect of it for sure. You've architected Power to attack the Achilles heel of X86, right? And so, coincidence by design, a little bit of both. You know, you got to be good and lucky at the same time, right? I mean, that's sort of the best model. You're right. I mean, X86 Achilles heel has always been its weakness in memory bandwidth and IO, right? And that's where Power always has shined. And what we needed to do is sort of put a new code of pain on it and position it for the open space. Because just with AIX, we weren't going to pick up, or IBM, we weren't going to pick up all the new innovation around our open source stack of software. And now that we've unleashed that, we've got a bursting ecosystem, and we've got clients that are seeing the benefits that we've known existed there for years. Well, it just so happened to coincide with the whole big data meme. Yes. Which has been a tailwind. Yep. HPC meets big data. Yep. Right, it hits commercial. And that's why we're so excited about sort of the next wave of that, which is cognitive, right? Not only does Watson run on Power Core, as you know, as the core, but now these, you know, booming frameworks around cafe torch, you know, tensorflow, and how we can optimize those. So I think we're poised well with our accelerator commitment to catch the next wave here.  Yeah.  We can also put bare metal. We've, I believe we talked last year a little bit about containers too. Where do you see some of the infrastructure trends driving power? Yeah, there's no doubt. Power has a great capability around virtualization. You know, I'll give you an example. So, you know, SAP HANA now available on the platform for over a year. Fastest growing platform now for HANA in the SAP portfolio. Well over 200 clients at the point. We were the first platform to be supported for virtualization on HANA. It comes back to our security capability around our virtualization, but also the isolation of that virtualization. You know, you call it in the industry sort of the noisy neighbor syndrome. So if you start sucking up a lot of resources, we don't want David affected, right? And we have that capability in our power VM technology. And once we showed that to SAP, they were more than excited to have a capability where you can run four HANA instances on a power platform and now scaling beyond that. So our virtualization story is sound. Containers, I think we're still sort of at an early cusp of containers. A lot of clients looking at trying to figure out how do you move workloads around using a container-based model? We support containers based on, you mentioned Mark Shuttleworth, our work with Mbuntu. So whether it be containers or virtualization and then of course bare metal. I mean, all modes are in play these days. And IBM's always done a good job of getting into all the verticals. How are you doing with all the various certifications that you need for these kind of solutions? Yeah, I think pretty well to be honest with you. I mean, a part of building out the ecosystem and making sure you kind of also have an industry view and approaching it as an industry view. I think we're doing a lot of work still sort of at cross-industry layer. More work to do is sort of building out on top of the databases that are much more industry aligned. But we're seeing wins across all industry with our Linux on power play. You guys compete always in IBM, always in the basis of business outcome. But you're in the server business. Yeah, right. Sometimes it gets nasty. But with the decision to go a little endy now you've got a new sort of Dell EMC. You've obviously, you've got Oracle trying to compete in a, I guess in a quasi similar way with you guys, but much different as well. So talk about how you compete, where you win, where you need to close some gaps. Yeah, so you sort of have the Unix market, which of course we're the number one provider in by a long shot in that market. But we know that market is on a glide slope of a shrinking market, right? As clients look for more open solutions. But I never want to leave that out because that's my install base today. And I always want to know my, you know, my IAX, IBM IAX install base. We are with you for a very long time because we know you count on us to run your firms. The investment area around Linux has been super important.  So, you know, I'd say each one of our competitors has a bit of a different strategy.  You know, I don't know if clients really want it all and apply its model with one vendor and then, you know, what happens next time they try to re-op? Well, it's funny, I mean, IBM in the day would compete with that approach. Oh, listen, we'll provide all the integrated pieces, but we still give clients flexibility of choice, I mean, so we'll optimize DB2 Blue on power, right? We'll optimize WebSphere on power, we'll optimize Flash on power, but we don't make the client buy it that way. We give, listen, if you don't like one of those pieces, we're going to try to convince you, but if you want to swap one of those pieces out, we'll support that. Yeah, I mean, if I had a compare and contrast, you tell me if this is fair, you're right, Oracle says, here's the stack, take it or leave it, right? Oh, and by the way, we can support that other stuff, but nobody does that, at least not that I can find. You don't lead that way anymore with the integrated stack, at least from what I can tell, right? You lead with business outcomes, I mean, that's kind of how you guys converse. Well, it really leads with listening to the client in terms of, you know, what kind of data problem or cloud problem or what kind of problem are they trying to solve, right? In many cases, at least based on being a hardware seller, right, a hardware guy, they've made the decision on the software they're going to run already. So, you know, Florida Blue, they've made the decision on Mongo, right? And coming in and trying to convince them not to do Mongo is sort of not the best play for me. It's coming in and saying, listen, you want to run Mongo at twice the performance at a better price point than Intel, we're your team to work with. So that's kind of how we approach this marketplace. Listen to the client, what stack have they picked already? You know, coming from a line of business or however they chose, and then provide the best infrastructure to run it on. Find the sweet spot workloads, make them run better, faster. You know, and for us, you know, to simplify this for clients who always ask me, so where should I start Elinix on power? I'll tell them, listen, HANA is a great play. I mean, we have tremendous value around HANA and our ramping clients that big data, you know, and analytics and machine learning, deep learning, high performance computing, right? Now with our re-entrance back into that space with a different design point, that's a big set of the market right there. And we've got huge differentiators versus commodity play of an Intel server. Excellent. All right, Doug, we got to go. Thanks very much for stopping by. Always a pleasure. Always great to see you guys. Thanks for your time. All right, keep it right there, everybody. We'll be back with our next guest right after this.


Today, we will draw details on the interaction between planes and lines. Interaction involves two aspects which we would address. Number one, what would be the intersection point between a line and a plane? And number two, which part of the line will be visible within the projection of the plane. So, if you notice these are two identical pictures, we are going to be discussing two methods. One is the edge view method that will be working over here. The second one is the cutting plane method that will be working over here. Now, both these methods will help us determine the intersection point between the plane and line as well as the visibility of the line. So, let us start with the edge view method first or the auxiliary view method first. So, this is the projection of the plane on the frontal view or the frontal plane. This is the projection of the plane in the top view or the horizontal plane likewise for the lines same over here. And the question now is to determine first the intersection between the line and the plane if there exists one. So, what we will try to do is we will try to first figure the edge view of this plane. Now, for that let us start with the hinge line in between these two views. Switch my pencils, it could be anywhere between these two. You know what the code for the hinge line is? Long dash followed by two short dashes. The trick to find the edge view of the plane is to identify an edge in true length within either this projection of the plane or this projection of the plane. Let me try to identify the edge in true length in this projection. I switch my pencil again to work with the two edge. What I will do is I will draw a horizontal line starting from A. Now, it is always a nice idea because there are going to be too many lines in our figures. It is always a nice idea to label the vertices and the edges before you start your drawing. So, this is my horizontal. Let me label it as D H. H is a subscript that represents horizontal plane. I take a vertical projection down. So, D H lies on B H C H. So, correspondingly D V over here should be lying on the edge B C. This point over here is D V. Now, what I would do is I would release my mini drafter ruler or the ruler of the mini drafter and I will align this ruler along the edge A D and then I will tighten the screw here. I join the two vertices A B and D V. B the subscript it means that all these vertices are represented in the vertical plane or the front view. Now, since A D is horizontal and it is parallel to this hinge in the other view A D will be in true length. To remind myself I just write true length here and then what I will do is I will start taking projections from all the vertices and these projections will be parallel to A D. So, I will start from say P V and then A V, Y D times C V and all these projections are going to be construction lines. So, they will be as light as possible that is the reason why I am using a 2 H pencil. Now, there is a reason why I have fixed my drafter. So, that the longer ruler of my drafter is aligned to be parallel to these projections. It is easier for me to now locate the hinge line anywhere over here and this hinge line has to be perpendicular to these projections. So, I will probably locate my hinge line over here somewhere and draw that again long dash followed by two small dashes. Now, I will take my 30 60 square friend here and what I will do is I will measure distances of each of these vertices from this hinge line and I will transfer these distances over here respectively. So, this perhaps is about 3.7. So, I will mark this point here maybe I will just double check just to make sure I am not making any mistake because if I make a mistake then I will probably not getting the plane in the H view here perhaps 3.7 just about there I will just make a little mark here and then let me measure B from this hinge line. This is possibly about 14 millimeters just close to 14 millimeters and that is B here and let me also measure C of H from this hinge line. So, about 4.8 centimeters or 48 millimeters I will measure C B from here 48 and mark it right here. Now, I will bring my 30 60 square and you could see that these 3 points are collinear. So, looks like the measurements are alright. So, what I will do is I will join these points nicely and I will not forget to label them. Now, A V and D V should be lying on the same point here because these distances are identical. In fact, I should not be labeling them as A V and D V despite many reminders that I have given to myself that I should not be using an eraser I end up using one I should be focusing a little more. Let me also thicken or darken these projection lines just a little bit. So, that my grader follows the construction that I have performed and let me denote these points as A 1 and D 1. So, this is my vertical plane horizontal plane my vertical plane and plane number 1 and the triangle A B C is in the edge view here this point is B 1 and this point is C 1. How about P and Q? Maybe I should also mark those points here I will measure P h from this hinge line it is close to about 76 millimeters 76 millimeters from this hinge line. I do not have to worry about collinearity of P Q because P Q happens to lie on 2 points P and Q. So, I will simply go ahead and mark this as P 1 and how about Q I will measure Q from here it is about 4 millimeters close to that and I forgot to shoot a projection from Q V here which I will do right away and this was close to 4 millimeters let me double check just about this should be 4 millimeters from here from this hinge line I will mark Q 1 here or may be let me first draw that line P Q. Now, notice that the plane in the edge view and the line P Q they are intersecting at this point that is the first sign that would suggest that the plane and the line would intersect. So, that is not the sufficient condition could be necessary condition, but possibly not the sufficient condition. So, we have to ensure that this intersection point also lies on the corresponding projections of the line in the frontal view and the top view and also this intersection point has to lie within the corresponding projections of these planes or rather within the corresponding projections of the plane there is a single plane that we are dealing with. So, before I take this point or project this point backward on to the front view let me join P and Q because that is where this point is going to lie and I am going to be using a very thin light line and then I will project this intersection point back let me call this intersection point as I 1 in the first auxiliary plane. Now, this intersection point hits here somewhere let me call this I v as an I v leak and if I take a vertical projection now for that I would need to realign my drafter perhaps parallel to this hinge line go back and check if it is really aligned possibly not. So, maybe I have to make a little adjustment see if the hinge line is looks like nuts and then I project this intersection point up there right there this intersection point has to lie on p h q h I call this I. Now, notice that not only this projection line is lying rather not only this projection this intersection point is lying on the line p q the intersection point is also lying within the corresponding projections of the plane implying that there is intersection between the plane and the line. Now, I could also possibly think of getting these intersection points using an edge view that I get with reference to the top view of this assembly of the plane and the line. Now, for that I will need to draw a horizontal line here in the front view gentle line call this E v take its projection.  So, take its projection on A B let me call this E h now it is time for me to align the longer ruler of my drafter and let me join C h and E h maybe let me make it a little more dark. So, this would be in true length E h C h and I would just mention it over here the reason why it is going to be in true length is because the corresponding projection E v C v is parallel to this hinge line. Now, let me shoot projections from the five vertices in the top view all parallel to E h C h. Let me be a little careful in drawing these projections making sure I do not miss any of the vertex you know a slight chance of a mistake and things will go wrong. So, one needs to focus one needs to be a little careful, but there is no harm as I said in making mistakes did I miss out on any projection possibly not. Now, I am going to be drawing a hinge line which is perpendicular to all these projections. So, let me draw the hinge line over here make sure I cover all projections now this is my horizontal plane. So, I will write h over here this is my second auxiliary plane. So, I will write 2 and then what I will do is I will measure distances from here and transfer them over here put my drafter aside for a while this distance is about 5.5 A v from this hinge line this would be 5.5 over here. So, let me just make a little dot b v from this hinge line is about 13 millimeters just about. So, I transfer that distance over here along the projection from where that starts from b v or b h in this case it is about 13 make a little dot and then c v from here is close to 42 just about close to 42 millimeters. So, I will measure and transfer that distance along the projection that starts from c h it is about 42. So, I just mark it over here and I will try to make sure that these 3 align the very close. So, I draw a line joining these 3 points anyways perhaps let me check this distance again c v is it 41 or 42 possibly 41 millimeters just about perhaps it should be a little closer to the hinge line now these 3 points they tend to align better using a 2 h I try to join these 3 points. So, this is the edge view of this plane on the second auxiliary plane let me label the corresponding vertices this would be b 2 always a nice idea to label c 2 comma e 2 and this of course, would be a how about p and q I did miss out this projection. Now, have it I will have to extend this hinge line of mine which is not a problem there you go let me measure p first from this hinge line this is close to well 73 millimeters 73 millimeters it may extend this projection little and let me also label this as p 2 and q from this hinge line is about close to 7 possibly 7 7.5 millimeters. So, I just transfer that distance here perhaps here and let me write let me label this point as q now what I will do is I will join p and q but not draw and section or not draw this line yet I will try to figure where p q intersects with the edge view of a b c perhaps here and if I project this point back onto the line I am missing out on this intersection point. So, looks like I have not done something right this seems to be ok because a b c the plane happens to be in the edge view on this auxiliary plane. Let me go back and measure these distances once again did I say this was 73 millimeters possibly I mean this scale instead maybe this should have been here looks like there is a problem with the 2 scales and 4 millimeters I am sorry this should be about 6.5 to 7 close to 7 millimeters seems measure that from here just about right maybe shift that little to the left. And once again get these 2 points aligned roughly looks like I get the intersection point the same point or maybe little above. So, looks like I am ok I am alright let me draw projection first it is going to be close there will be some errors but it is ok and then I am ready to join these 2 points. So, this is where my intersection point is let me call this I 2 I had already projected that intersection point over here and. So, this is the same point I h this is the same point I v. So, looks like whichever plane you choose as a reference to draw the edge view of a b c whether this auxiliary plane or this auxiliary plane they should give you the same intersection point. So, the intersection point identified over here and over here let me emphasize these points by encircling them here. So, the edge view method is a little tedious requires little bit of work it is quite effective and quite logic and not so very difficult. Now, the second aspect is which part of the line is going to be visible in this area would be this part of the line that is visible or this part of the line that is visible likewise would be this part of the line that is visible in the front view or this part of the line that is visible. Now, that is very easy to answer if you have the edge views over here. Now, if you look at this view a part of the line is in front of the plane or in other words this part of the line is closer to this hinge line. So, it is this part of the line that would be visible or that would be in front of this plane here. Now, if I start from q and come up to the intersection point I 1 starting from q coming up to the intersection point this has to be visible. So, the plane a b c is lying behind this line. So, I will have to be drawing this part of the line as a solid line and of course, from the intersection point I 1 up till p 1 this part of the line is away from the hinge line when compared with the edge view of the plane. So, this part has to be invisible. So, I will be drawing that using dotted lines or dashed lines I could do something very similar in case of the top view, but for that I need to refer to the edge view here. And that is one of the reasons why this edge view helps looking at this part of the plane this part of the plane is lying closer to this hinge line compared to this part of the line. So, this part of the line will be hidden or will be behind the plane. So, starting from q up till I 2 q up till I h this part would be hidden. So, I will have to be drawing that part of the line using dashed lines and the rest of course, from here to here this part of the line will be closer to the hinge line compared to the edge view of the plane. So, this part from I h to p h will be solid. So, using the edge view method or the auxiliary plane method we have been able to address both issues pertaining to the interaction between the line and the plane. Issue 1 to be able to get the intersection point and 2 to be able to find the visibility of the line with respect to the plane which part of the line is in front and which part of the line is behind the plane in both of these views. Now, took me a little while to draw the 2 edge views find the intersection point and then figure out the visibility of the line p q. Here I am going to be demonstrating the same example using the cutting plane method to determine the intersection point and using the projection method to determine the visibility of the lines in both views. Please time me and check whether this method is easier or more efficient to work with compared to the edge view method or the auxiliary view method. So, ready to time me I will first start with the hinge line that would separate the top view from the front view. Now, this is something which would be tricky and this is something that I will try to make myself understand. Now, what I will do is I will imagine a plane that would contain this projection and that would be cutting this plane a b c. So, my friend over here will be representing that imaginary vertical plane. So, remember this is the top view. So, top view would be the horizontal view and this cutting plane will be the vertical plane that would be cutting this top view and it will essentially be looking like that. This is going to go in as going to remain vertical with respect to the sheet. So, of course, this plane and the actual plane a b c they will intersect and they will have a common line of intersection. Now, that is the line that we want to determine to do that and there is another thing that you would want to remember while you are working with the cutting plane method. So, remember that this vertical plane it will be containing the actual line p q. So, keep that in mind you can work it out. So, let me start with this intersection point between that imaginary plane and this projection plane and let me project this point down. So, this point is lying on a h c h correspondingly when I project this point down it would lie here on a v c b. Let me also do the same for this intersection point I will project this down and I will find that this point over here lies on p h c h correspondingly this point here. Let me mark this point as say s h and t h two points here correspondingly s v and t. Now, if I join these two points here this line s v t v is actually the line of intersection between the imaginary vertical plane here and the plane a b c of course, s v t v is actually projection of that intersection line. Now, if I complete my p v q v line here carefully I probably have to do this a little right because if I have not made any mistake in this method I should be getting the same intersection point as what I got in case when I use the edge view method. Perhaps this intersection point is little off compared to this intersection point, but anyhow perhaps I did not take the points carefully or I probably may have made a mistake somewhere over there not to bother should have the intersection point should have been over here somewhere. Let me give this another shot why not I should be getting the same intersection point should not I seems all right probably it is my drafter that was not proper because if I look at this vertical and if I look at this vertical you see this projection over here is not coming properly. So, let me align my drafter probably and work this thing out again I deserve to be getting the same intersection point do not I before I proceed let me finalize these edges of the triangle it is very important for you to have your instruments calibrated properly and as accurate as possible when you are drawing these concepts on a sheet of paper. Now, this vertical over here seems all right this vertical seems all right possibly not aligned properly maybe I will just re adjust that is not a part of the time that I am supposed to be investing on the cutting plane method. I could also see some discrepancy in the position of p v seems little better but this inch line goes well little adjustment here and there I think it should be now once again projecting this s h point down and this should be lying on a c a c. So, I should be projecting this thing further down right there that is minus v little change not very much from here to here possibly that could make a difference and T v how about that T v moves slightly to the right let me raise this part here somewhere now let me complete this line p q for I start worrying about the line s v T v and if I do everything right and this is the point section that I get again it is not very close to I v that I expected but this time I guess I will give up something must not be right but again it is not the of course intent is to be as accurate as possible but it is more to demonstrate a method. So, this is the point section I will encircle that this point has to be lying on p q in the top view I will have to project this up. So, let me label this as I sub v and label this as I sub h encircle this point alright. So, I expected the positions of these two and the positions of these two to be identical in both views but somewhere I may have made a mistake I will probably have to redraw this again but not today. Now, as far as intersection is concerned the cutting plane method that the imaginary plane that passes through this line p h q h that insects the plane a b c and the projection of that corresponding intersection line is s v T v that would intersect with the projection of the line that we have p q this would give us the intersection point I v in the front view if we take it up that is the projection point I h in the top view. Now, coming back to visibility now for that we will be using the projection. Now, look at this intersection point again s h. So, that is the intersection point between p h q h and a h c h now this point represents the point on p q as well as point on the edge a c in the top view. So, in the top view this point would be the same but in the front view if I bring this point down the corresponding point belonging to a c will be here but the corresponding point belonging to p q will be slightly above right. So, it is. So, if I bring this projection down it is p q that I am hitting first in the front view compared to a c. So, that corresponding part of p q will be visible. So, this suggests that p q is lying above the plane in the top view and therefore, this part will be solid let me switch pencils. Now, if you compare this part of the line p q with the corresponding part that we obtained using the edge view method they seem to be consistent going back to the projection method. Now, this point here is the same point on the edge p c of the plane and the line p q in the top view. But if we take the projection down from here the corresponding point on edge p c is above same point well the image of that point on line p q which would be somewhere over here. So, this was suggest that p q is behind the plane and that would be in the top view. So, that is the reason why this part will be hidden and therefore, shown using dashed line. I could not do the same exercise starting from the front view I take this intersection point take it up my drafter must not be very accurate over here because I end up losing the parallelity between the lines of parallelism between the lines whichever is the correct English or use of English. So, anyhow so I take this projection up from here. Now, this point in the front view represents the point on the edge a c and the corresponding point on line p q up there edge a c would be appearing before p q. So, that would mean that this part of p q will be hidden behind the plane and that is the reason why this should be shown using dashed lines. Now, if I look at the corresponding segment of the line this is also shown using dashed. So, apparently the projection method of visibility or determining visibility happens to be consistent with the edge view method of determining the same. So, now this is hidden and if I take this intersection point up there now this point is shared by p q and the corresponding point on p c, but if I take it up p q would be getting hit by this projection line before p c does that would mean that p q would be visible in the front view again consistent with this segment of p q. So, remark this is a wonderful logical method and so is this. This gives you details with regard to the edge view of the plane and the line the intersection projections back and also it helps you determine the visibility of the line p q. This method the cutting plane method and the projection method in combination to determine the visibility seems a little faster if it is understood properly. You know what I was not very happy with the construction over here possibly because my drafter had some errors in this part of the region. So, what I did was I came over here I had some space I redrew everything over here using the cutting plane method and it looks like the intersection points that I found are quite close to the intersection points that I have using the edge view method. Now, ideally if there are no mistakes and if my apparatus are accurate I should be getting these points to be identical to these corresponding points and that is the ideal case and of course, visibility remains the same. So, this part is hidden behind the plane this part of the line is hidden behind the plane whereas, this part is visible and above the plane and this part is visible and above the plane.


So Maxi, thanks for joining us again on Highland video sport as we look forward to the All-Ireland senior football championship which starts for you this weekend. Just thinking before we started the interview Maxi, is it a big one against Galway of course in the league? Is there anything at all you can take out of that match or is that one getting buried now at this stage and there's going to be a different challenge at the weekend? Yeah look it's completely buried for us anyway you know we were practically at full throttle that day and then Galway were very short and we seen the team that they sent out in the last Friday night against Kerry in the first round so you know the team bore very little resemblance to what we put a plate against so look you would have to think that they probably learned more about us than we would have learned about them on the day in the league match and I suppose they definitely have a lot more room for improvement than maybe we would have had so but look it's still a great social confidence for our guards and no one you know that they that they went down to Galway and you know played with their own backyard Tumen performed really well against them so I'd say look it's one of those things people can you know some people will say you're you're better in Galway's position having you know having your powder dry almost or you know others will say it's great for them all to have that confidence so look it's I suppose it's all personal opinion really. Yeah so Maxi you had a strong enough league campaign and you had a good performance as well in the Ulster Championship to book your place back in the final having missed the competition last year has that been good enough prep in your eyes for for the start of the All-Ireland series? Yeah look it was it was it was a very good run against Kevin because we had a we had a similarly slow start against Kevin that we had against Cork the previous week in the in the league semi-final which was very disappointing and something we I suppose we had a chance to sit down and talk about it wasn't a coincidence that the two games started in the same way so it was something we had to talk about and we had to maybe work on and training about how we do start the games and not even revisit your warm-up and your pre-match routine to see there's something in that that you can do better and sharpen up on and so I think we would have made a couple of changes from that regard but yeah look the the score against Kevin was very pleasing you know we think we scored 6-16 which is very pleasing with a lot of players getting on the scoreboard and kick some really good scores and look at the same time we're probably you know slightly disappointed we conceded 2-17 and again that was something that we probably went away and had a wee look at this last couple of weeks and seen if we could you know tighten up at the back but look it's a it's a big score to concede but it's also a big score to score so if you ask me would I rather score 6-16 and and have a high concession rate or score 10 or 12 points and be measured in the back I would probably go for the to the high scoring so and it's a look it was a very worthwhile run out it was the biggest disappointment is that the competition wasn't finished you know there was there was a window to play it out and I think that would have been you know made for a far better off the channel so now we have to sit and wait and you know and coincidentally if the ball bounces in such a way you could end up playing our mat and an all-hour and a quarter final and then two weeks later for the end of the final so you know nobody really likes that kind of a situation but look it is what it is you know yeah what about the squad being fully thought max ahead of this game because it's vitally important isn't that you get off the 1-1 start doesn't know you got two games there so it is but you want to go through those two matches in a one and manner don't you yeah very much so when you know we've went into good habit and that's something we've done a lot as I say by the court game you know we won every game we've played this year so far and that's that's something we haven't done in the previous three years of me time here um but uh look we have that with a with a we have a clean bill of health at the minute and a couple of e-niggles and we will train again now before before saturday and you know we just hope that everybody gets through but look it's it's it's a squad game nowadays and if ever there was a season that it's a depending on a squad you know the the covid thing has changed a lot of things for a lot of people in terms of how they're preparing the length of a preseason and you know you'll very rarely I think find a team anywhere now at the minute that gets to a game with a clean bill of health and has everybody so it's everybody's losing an odd player here and there so look we can't complain if we uh if we're the same but look at the minute we're hoping we'll have everybody do you have the strongest squad available to you in years ahead of the the start of the line in series maxi I do believe we have yeah um you know we probably have a younger squad than we've ever had um a few different average ages um and you know I think we have brought on some really good girls some really good characters that have kind of revitalized the other girls have kind of fresh living up you know the likes of Sean McFadden there from some units has been a breath of fresh air and you know and they've just you know Susie White I know she was in at the end of last year you know girls like that have been really really good about the place Rossium Rogers has grown with every game and you know just that bit of youthful exuberance has has definitely lifted uh has lifted the older girls you know you still are depending very heavily on the on the on the on the plus 30s we call them um you know your cairns and your knee higgardies and you know these girls are playing the football of their life to be fair to them um but I just think that the dynamic is is very good you know if I have said it before and I've said to the girls that you know we may not have the best 30 footballers and don't go but I feel we have the we have the the best squad that we could have you know with um being a talented footballer nowadays doesn't be enough you know it doesn't make you a good teammate it doesn't make your you know allow you to improve the squad that you're part of and I think maybe we were guilty of that in the past where we had maybe all the talented players but we that maybe just didn't tick enough of the other boxes and I think now we we we definitely are ticking more boxes than we've ever ticked before no that doesn't mean there's any correlation to success or translate to success in the field but there's a real feel good feel good factor about the group at a minute and I say that's you know born out the fact that we've only lost one game we played and we feel very sorry about that game that we did lose against court you know we felt it was a game that we definitely um behind us and we take full responsibility for losing that ourselves so um you know I don't think none of those has ever been as healthy a position where we're we feel we are right and truly knocking on the door and you know a match for anybody in the country where that'd be Dublin, Cork or whoever so um you know from that perspective yet I think the squad we have is very good and you know we we go into the the All-Ireland series you know full of confidence and belief based on what we've done not but in all the years where it may have been potential and reputation you know this year we have actually you know maybe we've you know we've walked the walk as opposed to talk to talk but look that all counts for nothing and the ball thrown in against Galway and Saturday but that's a it's a good way to depend on the game at the same time okay thanks for talking to us the best look against Galway thanks Austin thank you


The study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of scaling and root planning, SRP alone and SRP along with Agentif probiotic containing lactobacillus reuteri, L.reuteri, in managing chronic periodontitis, CP, and compared the efficacy of two treatment modalities. The study found that the probiotic group showed greater reduction in pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and more gain in clinical attachment level than the SRP alone group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of percentage sites for plague accumulation. The results suggest that L.reuteri containing probiotics can be used as a promising Agentif therapy with minimal or no side effects in the treatment chronic periodontitis. This article was authored by Sana Ikram, Mohammad Arsalan Rafat, Saida Bag and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


I really enjoyed this tonight, seems to have gone so quickly, up to here 19 already. Michael Yemsen Yetsen off the inside in red with Christoph Kasparzak off gate number 2 in blue. He's still capable of making a trap and ruining for other people. KK Hancock off 3, Eversen off the outside, just the one defeat so far tonight for Greg Hancock. That was against Maxi Lofsky and away they go from the start here and Hancock makes it look so easy. He does need, he's got the lead early on and he won't be beaten from here, you just know that. Yemsen Yetsen is 2nd, Eversen is 3rd and Kasparzak has gone to the back. Eversen will really wind it on in the dirt on the bottom bend but Hancock has the lead. 2nd place is Yemsen Yetsen and 3rd is Niels Christian Eversen who won't give up, he's driving around the outside. Super pass from Eversen and he's now hunting down Greg Hancock. Hope you don't have to eat your words now as you won't be beaten from here because then Niels Christian Eversen is coming on strong here. Really strong ride from the Danish boy to get in the 2nd place. Kasparzak out the back, the world champion, supreme out of gate 3. He's not an easy man to pass, he's got eyes on the back of his head. Roaring 2, that turns 3 and 4, the pit corner, Hancock wide, Eversen coming out of him. Eversen just makes me look absolutely foolish yet again. He spoke too soon son, spoke too soon. Eversen must have heard you. You gave the ultimate motivational speech to him didn't you mate. And here we see it again, as always supreme start from the world champion out of gate 3. At this stage Eversen has to really shuffle the pack, he comes through the traffic coming through that first corner again.  Never gets passed does he? Never gets passed. Never gets passed, it can't be beaten from here Niels. Be honest Kelvin, when I said that you didn't disagree with me did you, that he will not be beaten from here. I thought you might have been a bit premature you know, I was just waiting to see. No, generally you would suggest that he would, and when you consider earlier on in the night how well he'd ridden in front of the hard charge in Ty Woffendom, but just running out of momentum here at the world champion, and he's a little bit of a sitting duck, and a brave hard charging move from Niels Eversen gets the better of the world champion, and Niels will be really pleased with that because after two rides with no points to his name, he could have thrown the towel in.