So, here I built the best site you've ever seen, just reload real quick. Now, honestly, we just reload the page. It's just like going through it. I'm just tapping it. Enter. Escape. It takes you back to the beginning. Normal. Compliant. Just tap through it. Cool. Cool. Can anyone tell me what's wrong with the form already? Like, why is the form compliant? Completely. Low contrast. And there's no label. Go through here. Keep going. Focused on that. Focused on these. Great. Fantastic. Buttons. Spacebar. Anyone using any slider on the planet, also that's what they're doing. It's owl slider, anything else, or your framework slider. It's already in it. Now, being said, you've ever gotten to talk to people like, why is there a spam tag inside the button in the slider? But the copy's hidden. That's because it's compliant. So you're using a screen reader. You pull up that button to have a label or text inside of it. So a screen reader will have to go home. Next slide. Current slide. That's why that text updates in those sliders. And you see people delete that. Like, oh no, just a button. No, no, no. It's hidden. The text is hidden for a reason. So we're just going through buttons. No big deal. Sweet, sweet. Just tapping along. So this is a super, super basic example. Notice how we skipped that entire section? Because there's no links. So natural user flow is just content. You're not going to tap through that technically speaking. And we're done. So let's go back up. Use some of these super hot tools. Audits, just default and Chrome. Let's start over. Awesome tool. It's called Lighthouse. You can get it for your browser. As far as something much similar, I believe it's maybe the same thing if anyone uses that. Anyone? Probably. Let's assume I'm right. And excise. Notice, it's not the only thing here. That's Practice Performance SEO. By the way, SEO is a practice all place into accessibility. Let's just run an audit. We're running an audit on the page. You should be using this tool for all of your websites. It's going to give you freebies. Instant wins. Instant gratification for what you messed up. Oh, 72.  You should be 90 to 100. So what's wrong? All of these images. No alt tags. Now are they decorational? Then they don't need descriptions. They just need the tag. They just need the tag. Four elements. They form at the top. No label. This is where you'll find your designers. Sort of death. Preferably. Right here, color contrast is huge. And in the tool there's baked-in references. If we click out here, just real quick. Boom. Color testers. Learn this. It's compliant. A size? Yes. Font size has compliance based on the standard we're trying to reach. It can be rough. Let's go back to the tool. Right here. So some slides will come with other elements baked into them. That's wrong. The buttons we saw for left and right are incorrect. They should not be in the slider. They should be outside of the list. Put them somewhere else. Don't bake stuff into the order list when there's slides or anything else. You can do it inside of the list item. Content, dibs, all that stuff. Because it's followed in order of operation. Good to go. And of course there's some additional sanity checks. Everything we've done correctly. And by the way, this page was just this out of the box. Now it should work. Just order of operations and buttons correctly. Except you can download it and use it immediately. Or at anything you do already. So that's, you know, you're already compliant. A lot. You know, it's not hard. It doesn't have to be scary. That being said, actually it'll just jump into it. But it'll just jump into it. Why not? Questions. Let's do it. You can come to my place. Yeah, sorry. No worries. You have to flip the switch to turn it on. Flip the switch on top. All right. So are there tools to do SEO crawling? To be able to tell me what things are not compliant. Are there equivalent tools for accessibility? Because 100% of my websites have already been built. So I can't just forget about them and plan on rebuilding. I need to build back and adjust them. So how can I do an audit like that? Right with this technique. If you want to use Chrome for your website, any page. Load it up. Use the plug-in lighthouse. And you just run that exact thing I did. That's going to be that audit right there. Okay. But if I want to do a large scale, go across my entire website, find out which pages are the least compliant. Is there any... I mean, this is okay for one-on pages, but if I want to do something in bulk, do you know of tools that will do that? There are. There's... Yes. So examples like screaming frog technically will run an accessibility audit with it. But then again, it's going... Nothing will beat going page by page. It will bring you results, valid results that are good, instant wins. But nothing, of course, will beat page by page, unfortunately. Because it just... It's far more accurate. It's taking the full time. Screaming frog driver is phenomenal. Phenomenal. And it views them. Even the free version has accessibility step-by-step. Beautiful. Okay. Cool. And we just had our first client perceive a $75,000 suit. Yes. Which is pretty crazy. We represent real, real big unilever level clients. And all of a sudden, it's a floating catering hall around Manhattan where we're at the sexual liberty room. This guy just happened to have a lot of... So for those of you who don't know, the ambulance cases are actually coming out at about 75 to 150 cases a day being presented to the courts. So... New York. So it's put me in this unique position. As an agency owner, like this 3D gentleman, I have a lot of clients who are out there whether they were one office or they're existing clients. And now I want to go to them and say, so cycling for is really expensive. You can go that route for a ridiculous amount of money annually or we can make your same complaint using these tools.  But I have no certificate and I do not want the liability. That's great. First and foremost, it always falls back on the client to make that clear. And it's their job to approve what edits you're doing. You're not in charge of the damage after the fact. It always falls back on them for approval of the changes and something to obviously put into contracts and for the edits itself. And then it's what level of compliance they want to be. Odds are. Let's say compliance wasn't thought of in the process. You could use any of these tools and you probably have instant wins for sing-like compliance. And a lot of it's already done for you. And then you can run these odds like, hey, this is stuff we've done. This is all the things we've fixed. This is an average story while we're hitting on these pages. Once again, you will never also be certified in compliance. That's what lawyers are for, not lawyers. I don't want to get involved. And because we're neither of those, we can actually never say this is 100% compliant. You've done the work to make a complaint following these rules, following these checklists and what's provided to you. And now, technically, your job's done. You are compliant. If they, you know, then it goes like, it's a really good ingredient. It's just people arguing about, well, you know, it should be like this. That's what we are. And it's just following the steps and in these links there's also a checklist from a cad themselves. Is this done? For sing-like, is this done? If you can go through that, most of those are probably already done for you. Like, oh no, here, we've hit them. Give them that. Like, no. We have to, based off the standards, you want to meet. But you're done. If you want to go ahead of that, like you want to go to double, it's going to take these things to do that. So is there any body that will sort of rate you, sorry, in this case, if you want to be able to say, you know, we're double-a or sing-like and compliant, is there somebody that will issue a certificate that says... So there's a lot. But it's also very... So that's also the problem. If we talk to one man or woman or whoever, and they're like, hey, you've got these changes also I've approved. They go on vacation. So it goes to their associate. Hey, these things aren't done. Excuse me? Well, we just met this. That has happened a ton. I've been through that myself. So it's kind of like, there is a lot of back and forth, some wild west stuff. But the point is, you can go like, hey, regardless of what you said, this is what technically the law says on the Internet for compliance and I've done these things. Okay? And you're always going to have some level of comfort in being covered. But that certificate stuff, it's not a... It's a creative salt, so to speak. Because it's always things you can argue with and say blah, blah, blah. Well, no, I'm certified in this.  So I just have one more question. So in regards to AAA and that state of client, the only issues that we couldn't get through were the eye-frame or the forms of the capture tape. So I try to stick away from captures as much as possible. I go to the honeypot route. I always go honeypot. Always. I think it's personally, I think it's just as good if not way better. And it's compliant. Awesome. Sweet guys. Oh, yeah. Do it. This is very technical. I think hopefully most of the people here get that. But if you're trying to pitch it to a client who is a technical, who may not necessarily be on board, like the primary client who you're pitching to is like, you're sort of saying, oh, by the way, what do you do with this? What do you find that's sort of like the key points, like me sometimes tidying with like, oh, by the way, if you're doing this, you're probably doing your SEO there very well. So there's a... So all of a sudden they go, oh, okay. There are other things that... There are. And normally so a lot of like, once again singled aid, you really should never have to pitch singled aid because it's almost out of the... If you're using a framework, a lot of it's out of the box.  Because there's beautiful sides out there that you never guess are single, double-aid compliant, look awesome. You notice that, oh, they don't... They don't use a ton of contrast in this one area but they've done like great visual work. It's compelling, it's beautiful. And it's like, hey, if that client is, let's say, doing e-commerce and they're trying to do... They're probably already hitting hard with SEO, all of this. It's like, oh, sweet, well, you know, if you wanted to hit double-aid, we would need all this text to go to 200% and not break the contextual space. Now you make 200%, it's going to be massive. And the word does, it's going to take up the entire page. That's okay. Because it's not breaking the layout. So we're just like, hey, you know, we recommend based on what you're doing, it'd be nice to have some of these standards implemented. We're not suggesting that you have to do all of them because you should already be single-aid by default for the most part. But there's a lot of stuff, you always want to try and hit double-aid. And then when it's against the budget, like, okay, we can pull back, break the client, hey, you know, that's okay. If that's not, that's okay. If you say you don't want that, that's fine. But double-aid isn't horribly harder after the fact. So that's kind of what you always go for. That's part of the normal flow. It won't be an issue. Going back to the fact that it's work, it's light work, but always kind of like, hey, these are suggested to have based off your current SEO scores ranking user usability, which is huge.   And make it a potential return on investment just from being compliant. I know the best site you've ever seen. And honestly, we just reload the page. It's just like going through it. I'm just tapping. Enter. Escape. Takes you back to the game. Normal, can anyone tell me what's wrong with the form already? Like why is the form compliant? Completely. Low contrast and there's no label. Keep going, focused on that. Focused on these. Great. Fantastic. Buttons. Space bar. Even using any slider on the planet, all that's already doing is owl slider, anything else or framework slider. It's already in it. Now being said, I've never gotten to talk to people like, why is there a spam tag inside of the button in the slider, but the copy's hidden. That's because it's compliant. So you're using a screen reader. You pull up that button. It should have a label or text inside of it. So a screen reader will have to go home. Next slide. Current slide. That's why that text updates in those sliders. And you see people delete that. Like, oh no, just a button. No, no, no. It's hidden. The text is hidden for a reason. We're just going through buttons. It's always a super, super basic example. You know, so we skip that entire section because there's no links. So natural user flow. It's just content. You're not going to tap through that technically speaking. We're done. So let's go back up. Use some of these super hot tools. Audits. Just default and Chrome. Let's start over. Awesome tool. It's called My House. You can get it through your browser. As far as something much similar, if anyone uses that. Anyone? Probably. Let's assume I'm right. And as you notice, it's not the only thing here. It's practice, performance, SEO. By the way, SEO is practice all plays into accessibility. Let's just run an audit. We're running an audit on the page. You should be using this tool for all of your websites. It's going to give you freebies. Instant wins. Instant gratification for what you messed up. Oh, 72.  It's going to give you 100. So what's wrong? All of these images. No alt tags. Now are they decorational? Then they don't need descriptions. They just need the tag. They just need the tag. Form elements. They form at the top. No label. This is where you'll find your designers. So the death. Preferably. Right here, color contrast is huge. There's baked in references. If we click out here, just real quick. Boom. Color testers. Learn this. It's compliant. The size. Yes. Font size has compliance based on the standard we're trying to reach. It can be rough. Let's go back to the tool. Right here. So some sliders will come with other elements baked into that. That's wrong. The buttons we saw for left and right are incorrect. They should not be in the slider. They should be outside of the list. Put them somewhere else. Don't bake stuff. You can do that inside of the list item. Content, dibs, all that stuff. Because it's following order of operation. Good to go. Of course, there's some additional sanity checks. Everything we've done correctly. And by the way, this page was just this out of the box. Now it should work. Just order of operations and buttons correctly. Stuff you can download and use immediately. Or anything you do already. So that's, you know, you're already compliant. A lot. You know, it's not hard. It doesn't have to be scary. That being said, actually let's just jump into it. Let's just jump into it. Why not? Questions. Let's do it. Can you come to the mic please? Sorry. You have to flip the switch to turn it on. Flip the switch on top. Alright, so I've got tools to do SEO crawling to be able to tell me what things are not compliant. Are there totaling tools for accessibility because 100% of my websites have already been built so I can't just forget about them and plan on rebuilding them. I need to build back and adjust them. So how can I do an audit like that? Right with this technique. If you want to use Chrome for your website on any page, load it up. Use the plugin in Lighthouse and just run that exact thing I did. That's going to be that audit right there. But if I want to do a large scale go across my entire website find out which pages are the least compliant. Is there any... This is okay for one-on pages but if I want to do something in bulk do you know of tools that will do that? There are. Yes. Examples like Screaming Frog technically will run an accessibility audit with it. Nothing will beat going page by page. It will bring you results valid results that are good instant wins but nothing of course will beat page by page, unfortunately. Because it's just far more accurate, it's taken the full time Screaming Frog forever is phenomenal. Phenomenal. Even the free version has accessibility step-by-step. Beautiful. We just had our first client receive a $75,000 suit. Yes. Which is pretty crazy. We represent real, real big Unilever level clients and all of a sudden it's a floating camera and all around Manhattan where we're at the center of Liberty and this guy just happens to be a lot of them. So for those of you who don't know heavy lunch cases are actually coming out at about 75 to 150 cases a day being presented to the courts. Ah. So... New York. So it's put me in this unique position as an agency owner, like this previous gentleman, I have a lot of clients who are out there whether they were in an office or they're existing clients. Now I want to go to them and say so Cycling for is really expensive you can go that route for a ridiculous amount of money annually or we can make your site compliant using these tools so on this day your site will be compliant from here to go. But I have no certificate and I do not want the liability. That's great. First and foremost it always falls back on the client to make that clear and it's their job to approve what edits you're doing. You're not in charge of the damage after the fact. It always falls back on them for approval of the changes and something to obviously put into contracts and for the edits itself. And then it's what level of compliance they want to be. Ons are, let's say compliance wasn't thought of in the process. You could use any of these tools and you probably have instant wins for sing-like compliance. And well a lot of it's already done for you and then you can run these audits. This is stuff we've done is all the things we've fixed. This is an average score of overhitting on these pages. Once again you will never also be certified in compliance. That's what lawyers are for, not lawyers. I don't want to get involved. Because we're neither of those we can actually never say this is 100% compliant. You've done the work to make it compliant following these rules, following these checklists and what's provided to you. And now technically your job's done. You are compliant. Then it goes like it's a really neat ingredient. It's just people arguing about well you know, it should be like this. That's what we are. And it's just following the steps and in these links there's also a checklist from the cad themselves. Is this done for sing-like? Most of those are probably already done for you. Like oh no, we've hit done. Give them that. To base off the standards you want to meet but you're done. If you want to go ahead of that like you want to go to double it's going to take these things to do that. So is there any body that will sort of rate you in this case if you want to be able to say we're double A or single A compliant what is your certificate that says so that there's a lot but it's also very so that's also a problem. Do we talk to one man or woman or whoever and they're like hey you've got these changes also I've improved. They go on vacation so it goes to their associate. Hey, these things aren't done. Excuse me? Well we just met this. That has happened a ton and I've been through that myself. So it's kind of like there is a lot of back and forth and there's some wild west stuff but the point is regardless of what you said technically the law says on the internet for compliance and I've done these things. You're always going to have some level of comfort and being covered but that certificate stuff it's a great salt so to speak because it's always things you can argue with and say blah blah blah I'm sort of fine with this and I said yes I bet you are. But it's something you have to see and know at that point. So I just have one more question so in regards to AAA and I say client the only issues that we couldn't get through were specifically from Google and Facebook the eye frame for the forms on the capture tab. So try to stick away from captures as much as possible. I go to the honeypot route. I always go honeypot I think it's personally I think it's just as good if not way better and it's going to light up. Awesome. Sweet guys. Oh yeah. Do it. Yeah. So all of a sudden they go oh okay is there other things that there are and normally so a lot of like once again single A you really should never have to pitch single A because it's almost out of the if you're using a framework a lot of it's out of the box if you're going crazy with colors and things like that that falls on you and your staff and you're able to be like hey you guys let's rail let's bring that back a little bit still make it pop and epic because there's beautiful sides out there that you never guess are single double A compliant look awesome but you notice they're oh they don't use a ton of contrast in this one area but they've done like great visual work it's compelling it's beautiful and it's like hey if that client is let's say doing e-commerce and they're trying to do they're probably already hitting hard with SEO all of this it's like oh sweet well you know if you want to hit double A we need all this text to go to 200% and not break the contextual space now you make 200% it's going to be massive the word does it's going to take up the entire page that's okay because it's not breaking the layout so we're just like hey you know we recommend based on what you're doing it'd be nice to have some of these standards implemented we're not suggesting that you have to do all of them because you should already be single A by default for the most part but there's a lot of stuff you always want to try and hit double A and then when it's against the budget like okay we can pull back break to the client hey you know we would suggest doing this if that's not that's okay if you say you don't want that that's fine but double A isn't horribly harder after the fact so that's kind of what you always go for that's part of the normal flow it won't be an issue going back to the fact you have this work it's like work but always kind of like hey you know these are suggestions you have based off your current SEO scores ranking user usability which is huge you know your ability for users potentially leads to additional return you know it's an ROI it's like hey does that additional click or the reader and how much you know their demographic and their uses are just making it better for them and make it a potential return on investment just for being compliant alright thanks guys


Thank you. That's so good. Thank you. Good afternoon everybody here today. You're all very – you're all very welcome here. And this really – very good summer stay. And this really very – so it's great to see you all in here. This really very good summer stay. So it's great to see you all in here, which I think promises to me a very special occasion. which I think promises to me a very special occasion. which I think promises to me a very special occasion. Today particularly happy to welcome – today particularly happy to welcome – Niall Den roller and Joseph Thompson who are the co-founders of Asie bad eidech. Mae'n gwybod eich bod yn cynnig, eich meddwl i ymwng i'r parynnydd ar y Gweithgau 2006 yn Eriksons, chi'n gweithio. Wrth gwrs, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio yn y ddechrau'n ei ddweud, ond y company yn gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio'n gweithio. Yn 2014, mae'n gweithio, mae'n gweithio'n gweithio i'r gweithio i'r gweithio'n gweithio, myfyd pan'r cyfnod yw'r cyfnod Cymru yn hynny'n cyfrifatio'r cyrnod cyransiol gyda Bitcoin. Ond yn ymdweud mae'r cyfrifatio, sy'n gweithio'r plaf yw'r cyfnod yn ymddangos ar y rhai cyfrifatio. Mae'n rhaid i'r cyfrifatio, mae'n rhaid i'n meddwl i'r cyfrifatio'r cyfrifatio'n gweithio'n gweithio i gael yng nghymru a'r cyfrifatio'n gweithio a'r cyfrifatio'n gweithio. Yn ymddangos cyfrifatio ymddangos yw yw yw... 17% – I think it was one of our t-shirts used to say, we were the best little country in the world but this was the first company in the world to provide assistance to government, international agencies like the UN, NGOs to deliver human and terian age using blockchain technology. But now I will give examples, which I think really caught the imagination of people where you can use blockchain to as identifiers and for access for Syrian refugees. Rydyn ni'n bod ddim yn fawr i gael eu bod yn ymdweud i ddechrau'r lleiwein yng Nghymru, ond mae'n gweithio'r ddweud i'r ddweud o'r Llyfrgell yn ei ddweud yr effaith yng Nghymru, a'r ddweud i'r ddweud o'r ddiweddau gyda'r ysgriliad o'r ddweud yng nghylch.  Fyddech chi'n gwneud yn y cerddur hwn yn y cerddur hwn, mae ddyn nhw'n gwneud yn ymddangos oedden nhw, mae'n ddechrau'n gweithio, mae'n ddweud â ymgaredd oherwydd mae'n gwneud yma, oherwydd mae'n gwneud, i ddonatio, i gweithio, i ddechrau'n gweld, i ddweithio i gweithio. that there is a transparency offered by blockchain and it gives a considerable potential to provide solutions to all these problems. But I said, blockchain was the first company in the world to do these kind of things in development aid, but I'd have to say and would be remiss for me to say this. I'm sure I don't know whether you are going to do it in your presentation or at your, but they have won an enormous amount of awards Mae'r ddweud yn Gwysig wedi gynnig gymryd i'w cyfrindoriaeth o'r F名 sorryllydd. Roedd yma i'r gwladio'r cyfrindoriaeth i £30, £100, £550 a 500. Mae'n gwladio yma awrtyn nhw'n gwych i'r cyfrindoriaeth yma. Mae ddiddordeb yn yn y gyfnod o bwrdd hefydau'r ffordd o'i dweud ei bawr, sydd ymddangos ym funktion gyda amser sefydig o'i gynnig. company again in the world to receive investment to governments from the Irish government to enterprise Ireland and the Singaporean government. So, I'm really looking forward to your story, Neil, and to hearing how things developed and what your view is for the future, and to Jo's contribution as well. So, thank you very much. Thank you very much. Great to be here. Myself and my co-founder Jo, Jo is the CEO of the company. I'm the CEO. So, what I'll do today is I'm going to take you on what I hope is an interesting journey. I'm going to talk about ATIC, what we do. I'm going to try and de-mistify what blockchain is. Thanks again to Neil for setting up the event today and the great intro there. Humboldt, honoured to be here. We've ticked another list and now we can say we're the first blockchain company. Are we to present in here? I have to say no. But the first in global development. First in global development. We'll take that and look. That's something we'll go with. But it's a pleasure to speak with you all. I'll take you on this journey. I'll de-mistify what blockchain is. But more importantly then, I'll try and give you some concrete, practical, tangible examples of what blockchain is, what it can do, how it can be deployed, how we've done it, what's the future of ATIC, where are we going. And then we'll open it up to questions. So, great to have your attention. So, what you see there on the slide is empowering through transparency. That's really the mission of ATIC. And if you look at the connected dots, as you see them there, we believe that with exponential technologies like blockchain, like cryptocurrency, like artificial intelligence, when you can harness those, it's a big lofty ambition of ours to bring the world together. And we believe that blockchain fulfills a lot of the trust that's missing between the different parties around the world. But the mission of the company, we are a company driven by a social mission, but we are for-profit. We're quite upfront about that. But the mission of the company is to bring social and financial inclusion to the undocumented, the underserved. We do that with blockchain technology and digital identity. And the reason that we do it is because every year, $4.4 trillion is lost or stolen because of fraud, corruption and a lack of transparency. Speaking with development, we spoke with Ban Ki-moon, the former section of the UN recently in New York. And he told us that every year, 30% of international aid does go missing, according to him, according to the OECD, OGA. And that's something really that we thought we can play a role in helping solve. And one person who agreed with us, as you mentioned, was Madame Christine Lagarde. And again, a lot of it is down to the great work of Joe, if you're in making the connections. But we did win a big award last year at the IMF in Washington, DC. Christine Lagarde, and to her right then, is a guy called James Wilfenson. And James is the former president of World Bank for nine years. He's brought a number of volumes about corruption, how to combat that. And in their eyes, in the eyes of Citibank and MasterCard, we are the number one company in the world using technology to fight corruption. That was an accolade that we got. We formed a very good partnership with Citibank and MasterCard. And we won their company of the year last year as well. But again, that ties in with the mission of the company, what we're trying to do, where we're going. Who we're working with. And I'll relate a little back to blockchain now very shortly. But the reason it happened really is down to my good friend and my co-founder Joe, the real inspiration behind ATECH. He gets a bit embarrassed anytime I try and talk about him like this, but it's the truth. And ATECH, as some of you may know already, it did happen almost by mistake. But it happened out of an experience that Joe had in the Moroccan desert in 2009. And he raised $122,000 for a charity in Africa for children suffering from facial dysfunction. But somebody contacted Joe after and said, can you tell me where the money went? Long story short, we weren't able to give them the transparency that they needed. Hence we thought if you can empower true transparency back to the tagline, back to the mission of ATECH, then we can make a dent and we can start attacking this. But it wasn't until later Joe thought about that. He'll tell you more about the story himself. But we thought that lingered for a while and we thought, look, could we use this technology and digital identity to make things like ATECH transparent? So if you think about the different verticals around there today, you've got clean tech, you've got health tech, you've got reg tech. We wanted to create a brand new industry and we wanted to call it ATECH to bring transparency to the delivery of ATECH. And we're very upfront about it. Part of the reason that we did this was a very famous venture capitalist who goes by the name of Peter Thiel from Silicon Valley says, if you want to do something big, try and create a monopoly and try and do something that hasn't been done before and create a brand new industry. So as a result of the experience that Joe had in the desert and we think that there's a bit of a growing trend right now at the moment that companies doing something in the social impact space up until now haven't been seemed to be really viable. But we think that's changing. We spoke about the third wave at lunchtime where we're now seeing startups. They're in the real world. They're doing real things. They're interacting with the world around us. Think Uber. Think Airbnb. It's physical tangible things like healthcare, like aid that you can touch. And we believe that the blockchain is a way to do that. But I'll come back to Joe and he can tell you a little bit more later on. But first of all then we thought it might be a good idea to tell you a little bit about blockchain if you're not familiar with that already. And the thing about blockchain is a lot of people think that blockchain is the missing piece of the internet. And the example that I would give is if you think about the internet today, what it's done with voice, with video and with data. Think YouTube, think Skype, think WhatsApp. It's democratized the movement of text. So if I want to send a message from here all the way to Australia, I can do that within a fraction of a second with a free app that could be WhatsApp on my phone. And the only thing that I need to pay for is a 3G internet connection on my phone. It could be a broadband connection at home. If I want to send video anywhere in the world I'm not reliant on a TV company like maybe CNN to do that. I can go to YouTube, I can put up my video, I can share that with the world. And if I want to make a phone call now over the internet I can do that with Skype. So I don't need a telco company although you might make the argument that they fulfill part of the role. But the only thing that really hasn't been democratized today has been the movement of value across the internet. And that's really where blockchain came in in 2008. So if you think about the movement of value today, it's typically things like banks, like middlemen, insurance companies, they would control a lot of the movement of value. But when Bitcoin came along, probably the most well-known example of blockchain out there, it really started to democratize the movement of value. And we weren't reliant on banks, we weren't reliant on financial institutions to send something from point A to point B. And again Joe met with these guys recently over in Geneva with somebody who thinks that blockchain is going to be very big is the World Economic Forum. And they think by the year 2027 blockchain is going to account for 10% of global GDP. That would be made up of things like cryptocurrencies that's made up through inefficiencies that will happen, maybe the removal of some inefficient processes that take place right now. But we believe that will be exceeded. But what is blockchain a good definition then is from the Bank of England. And the Bank of England would say that blockchain is a technology that allows people who don't know each other to trust a shared record of events. And the key word there, especially in relation to ATEC, is trust. So if you think about it then what it means is everybody can verify that something happened in real time, everybody can collaborate to ensure that that did happen. And what it looks like technically, and this is about as technical as I will get, is you've got a block, the block is connected to another block with this cryptographic chain. And on each chain then what you can do is you can store an event. And in the case of ATEC and in the case of a lot of people what they're doing is digital identity would be an example of an event that could be stored in the blockchain, it could be international aid, it could be remittances, it could be social welfare, and it could be donations. And what I'll do to back up this theory at the very start is I'll give you a practical, concrete, tangible examples of each one of these with the partners that we're working with and how we're solving them. But the key thing to remember here is that everything for us hinges on the idea of digital identity. So giving somebody an identity on the web that they can take with them, that they own the data, the data's portable, that really is the mission. And we think then that by doing that you're enabling people, you're giving them a data profile, a credit history, and they can go from being excluded to included. And one other final example would be if you think about blockchain here really, it's a shared ledger. So the ledger then is distributed to all the participants in the network, they would use their computer, they validate the transactions, and thus they remove the need for third parties in intermediate. One example would be here, this is one that I'd like to point out, is if you think about the financial crisis that we had back in 2008, a lot of people make the argument that blockchain and Bitcoin, et cetera, could have helped to avert that. And the reason that they make that argument is if you think about to take some of the examples of the biggest banks in the US at the time, if you believe that they were the cause of a lot of the problems. But if Bank of America, if Citibank, if Jake and Morgan, if they were able to view a shared ledger, and they knew who voted each other at what point in time, you can make the argument that we wouldn't have had this liquidity freeze up in credit crunch in the markets. So effectively they would have viewed the same ledger, and they can verify Citibank would have been able to say to Jake and Morgan, I know that you owe me 10 billion, I owe you 5, and they can do that, but instead what happened was everything froze up because nobody trusted each other. And if you go back to the key word that I mentioned about trust, that really trusted me, the key word that you think you have put in logic, trust is the key thing. So a bit of the background about ATech, and in the development context, we were very much driven by the sustainable development goals. I'm sure a lot of people here know what they are. 17 targets set in association with the United Nations. We're very focused on something, and everything that we do, we look at the technology roadmap, we look at the business roadmap, the ATech, we literally, and this is the truth, we use them as a guiding force for every single thing that we do. Joe mentioned at lunch we get companies every day that are coming to us, and can you do this, can you do that? And really if something doesn't align with the mission that we're on, and it doesn't conform to one of these, we effectively turn them away. You might think that's a silly thing to do, but we really are a mission driven company, and we would use this to guide the roadmap of the company. And if you're not sure what they are already, we always try and publicise them. And again, we must say that Joe, my co-founder, he was one of 10 people last year. He was named as the SDG pioneer for blockchain technology. When I played, he didn't mention he was up in a billboard in Times Square, next to the CEO of Total, and he either had his head put on M and M, so technically he hadn't liked it, so I think he meant it. The only one. So Joe was the SDG pioneer, so in the eyes of the UN, Joe was the man for blockchain technology. But have a look online. Basically what they are, they're a universal quality action to end poverty, to protect the planet, and to ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. Big, lofty, ambitious goals. But we believe, as I mentioned, with the technology as it is today, things like blockchain can really make a dent in these, and it's our job to ensure that we live up to it. So a few of them then, to give you some context that we're really focused on, is target goal number three, which is to promote good health. What I'll do there, I'll show you a project that we're doing on the ground right now in Tanzania with the Dutch NGO, and we're delivering medical entitlements to pregnant women. Another one would be reducing the cost of remittances, which is a huge market in association with the United Nations Development Programme, and the other one then is to promote peace and justice, and we believe then that digital identity, and to give identity to everybody in the world by the year 2030, is one goal that we can help achieve with this technology, and we truly believe that blockchain is the thing that can bind all of these together. If you want to take that big path analogy of the chain, binding things together. It's not the only solution, it's part of the solution. It'll take working with people who've done this already. We know that we're really a tech company, that's the strength that we have. We don't have the program management logistical background that NGOs etc. have, so we know for us to achieve our mission, we need to partner with people like governments, with NGOs, charities, and we need to hold hands with them to form that strong chain. One goal again that we are really focused on is to target 16.9, and 16.9 is to bring legal identity to everybody in the world by the year 2030, and we believe that blockchain technology is the way to do that, because right now if you look at it, there are 2.4 billion people in the world today who lack any form of legal identity, and I think we heard something last week came out that there are now I believe 68 million people in the world with the latest figure, 3 million more than thought last, I think for refugee week last year, undocumented people in the world today in the form of migrants who have left, but there are a lot of people born around the world, like the women that I'll show you in the video very shortly, who haven't got any form of identity from day one, so we believe that we have the tool to bring identity to these people. That's Joe again, he is the SDG pioneer for blockchain technology, so he's quite famous in that space now, they invite him to events in New York, at the UN all the time, he's asked to speak, so he does a lot of the talking going around the world, but again what we do is, we use digital identity, and we deliver entitlements transparently and efficiently, and effectively we see that there are now 2.4 billion people, they haven't got any form of identity, and what it means is that they're excluded from services such as, but not limited to, remittances, welfare, aid, donations, a key when there is the ownership of data and another one is healthcare, but what we effectively do is we take real world entitlements, that can be welfare, that can be remittances, that can be aid, that can be donations, that can be healthcare, we think of blockchain, if you look at the image there, you've got the funnel in the middle, any of these can be tokenised, they can be digitised, and they can be converted into this digital asset, which can be moved from point A to point B to point C to point D to point D, and you can trace the movement of that data, I'll give you a very concrete tangible example soon of what we did in Lebanon, to how that's possible in the case of international aid, but in that case we took money, we turned it into a cryptographic asset, and again we put it on this ledger, and the thing to note then with blockchain and with the ledger is the ledger once entered to can only be appended to, so with blockchain you cannot change the structure of the ledger, and that's where the whole idea of the trust comes in. So to talk about the projects then, to give you some real world examples, in relation to one target then, 16.9, which is to bring identity to everybody in the world, one thing that we did was we partnered with the International Federation of the Red Cross in Geneva, and here you see Gabriel Pigtet from that institution, and what he's doing is creating and issuing digital identities on our platform, and in this project we did in Lebanon in 2015 you'll see Syrian refugees from the Akara refugee camp, and what they did here, there's Joe again, he's everywhere, the obtained goods from a supermarket in a completely transparent manner using that technology that you saw there, and that was the first time that blockchain technology had ever been used to deliver international aid. So what that meant is, if you are the Red Cross in Geneva, the International Federation, you give out aid to an aid worker on the ground, or if you want to go directly to the refugee in that case, with the movement of this digital asset, which can be sent from one person to another, that then is appended to the ledger, you can see that Gabriel, who is on the video there, sent a digital asset, cryptographic asset to one of the refugees in the video there, and then you can see that this asset was used to obtain a product from a supermarket in that completely transparent manner, so that effectively means if you are a government, like the Irish Government, and if you fund the Red Cross, if you fund another organisation, you can have permission to view the ledger, you may not see who the individual was, what their name was, but you will see that if money went in to the platform and it comes out at the other end, I can see what money was spent on, so I can see that it was used for the correct purpose. And the interesting thing we found out about there was that the data that's generated in the background is actually highly valuable, and the one thing that we were told by the Red Cross when they did that, they said, look, we were able to get real-time information about what was being consumed on the ground in a previously impossible, not impossible, but a very hard place to reach. So when the refugee crisis hit Europe back in 2015, we were told by them, look, we were able to contain our loads of goods out to people in places like Greece, we made the assumption about what they wanted, that could be water, that could be rice, that could be certain products, but what they found out was that people pretty much had a plentiful supply of things like rice and water, but had they had this data at the time, which they have now, and I'll talk about Tanzania very shortly in the healthcare context, they would have been able to make better decisions about what the money was spent on at the very start because they had data on the location in real-time, and again, back to the idea of what blockchain brings is trust, you can trust the data on the blockchain because it cannot be overridden, that's really the innovation. What we did was, the NGO was the Red Cross, they used the platform, they transferred it over the blockchain, it was received by the beneficiary and that could be in the form of a plastic card, that could be in a mobile app, they used that then at the point of sale, they got the information from the merchant and the record was stored in the blockchain and we did there with that pilot back in 2015, we distributed 10,000 worth of aid, we partnered with the local supermarket, we gave them each vouchers that had $20 worth of credit, so you could purchase anything that you wanted to the value of $20, it took about 10 minutes, you might have seen Jo on the video, again, training the cashiers, we clocked it at about 8 minutes to get everybody up and running in the system, that wasn't the early days, every voucher was redeemed, but the interesting thing that we found that we didn't really anticipate was that a lot of the refugees within hours we had people come in and they'd exact fake copies, replicas of the plastic card with the Red Cross logo, with a copied QR code, but when the merchant, the shopkeeper, scanned the QR code, it wasn't the same image of that individual, so when you scan with our technology an image appears, then you put in a pin code and what we effectively proved that was that we could stop fraud in that case, we're not claiming it's fraud proof, but that same shopkeeper told us about a project that he ran with a Scandinavian body beforehand and he said that the refugees when they came in, in the past, they were coming out fake paper copies of the vouchers, they had holograms on them, they had signatures and in one instance he gave out $6,000 worth of food to them and it should have been $1,500, so we proved that we could significantly reduce fraud at that stage using blockchain technology and that's really where it took off and even at that stage we didn't really know that identity was the big, big, I guess the killer application. Another one that we're doing right now is underground in Tanzania what we're doing there is we're using blockchain technology and the mission here is within target 3.2 it's to end preventable debts of newborns and to reduce neonatal mortality so the women there that you see she's one of the women from the project you have issued them with a plastic card with the QR code and what we're doing there is we're using the idea of a smart contract in the blockchain and what the clinic that we're working with is they've defined what should a pregnant woman do throughout the journey of the pregnancy there's prenatal care, there's postnatal care there's anti-natal care there's certain types of drugs that they should get like folic acid, mbendazol, etc all of them things are sent as entitlements to their identity so when they go to the clinic the midwife looks at the at what's happening he or she can see that they received the correct entitlements and the most interesting thing happened only recently and we're expecting the first baby to be born in the blockchain this week believe it or not and that baby will be linked to her mother's identity from day one but we found from the data that's being generated there now on the ground that that clinic where those women are receiving care they've been lacking iron tablets the hemoglobin machine for doing testing has been broken and a drug called mbendazol wasn't being dispensed when it should be so what happened really and I was in Amsterdam last week with them and the CEO of the company Monique was telling a guy from the World Bank this is revolutionary like this genuinely this is what she said and they issued a press release about its sense that we were able to tell that a remote clinic in a town called Kilwa five hours north of Dar es Salaam that it's lacking iron so they made a decision within three hours that we need to get iron tablets to the clinic and if you then think about the mission that we're on target 3.2 to reduce and prevent deaths of newborns we're not saying we're going to do that but we're a big part of the process of helping to do that by ensuring that they get the correct entitlements and if you contrast that then with the process that happened beforehand there was a paper based by Wukler written in Swahili that the doctor would physically mark with a pen and paper if they got their entitlements and that would be sent to a data processing centre Dar es Salaam and often times three months later after the event happened they would report on that but if you think about it the guy putting in the data often times it was strewn with errors so the information that they got there they couldn't rely on it to ensure that it is correct another thing that we're doing as well is a platform called Trace Donate and what this means is that if you in the room here as a donor want to trace where your donation is going what you can do is you can send that over the blockchain using identity and you can get a report back to see where your donation was spent what it was spent on, who spent it and what it is I'll show you the video in a second but that's the firm access project there but this is the platform so for example I select my organisation I want to support Syrian refugees I can see who they are I make a donation then and I can specify what type of digital asset would be spent to the women or the people it could be food, it could be medical kit I put in my CVC and our model then is we take fee on top of the donation amount we want to ensure that 100% of the donation goes to the organisation and you can share that then with people at the very end but really what you can do is you can make a donation to a group you can make a donation to an appeal which can be made up of that could be the Syrian refugees that I spoke about you can make a peer-to-peer donation so if you think about it you can make a digital identity and if they consent to show their information to reveal who they are you can now as a donor go directly from here in Dublin to somebody on the ground in let's say Lebanon and then what you can do is you can see where it's going so if you look carefully here what we did with blockchain is this is your impact report you can see the assets, you've got food you've got medical kit, you've got the calculator and I can see how much of my donation is spent I can see what it was spent on and if you squint a little bit in what you can do is you can see there's an appeal, there's a group there are the different groups, there are the people and how much of your donation is spent in real time on the ground so you get this complete instant impact report seeing exactly where the money was going and what it means then is for the organisation for the donor, for the NGO for the resilient there's a fully traceable flow of information from the very start to the very finish and if you go back again for this talk about trust what it means is not only can you tell where your donation is spent but also by whom, for what and how much so if you think about the pregnant women that I spoke about in the video there if you want to go directly to Adela and her new baby, Adela is the name of the mother we're expecting to give birth this week if you want to go directly to her give her $5 to obtain baby powder from an improved merchant you can do that what you do is you get an alert on your phone if you think about it, you're on the couch on Monday, Adela gets the powder on Friday, you get an alert to your mobile phone in the form of an SMS or that could be an email and the thing that we're keen to point out is information about Adela is only revealed with her consent and the way we think about data is that the data should be personal it should be unique to her it should be persistent but it can stay with her from birth to death and that can be portable so if Adela wants to take that to LinkedIn to Twitter, whatever else down the line if Adela wants to open up she is complete ownership of that data and that will give her power over her data and a bigger vision that we have is the data that's held by somebody like Adela in the middle of Tanzania in a clinic she then, rather than the model that we have right now with people like Facebook and Google where you've heard the cliche that one product you effectively then can monetise your data if you want you can use that data to build a profile if you want to get insurance if you want to get a bank account if you want to be social included all the data that you have that's attached to your identity is at least a platform that you can build on top of and you can become financially included and that's again why we think digital identity with the SDGs is a big one for us another project that we're doing right now is in Jordan we're sending out social welfare that's with our partner in the United Nations Development Program and another one is Remittances so we're doing a project that's us on the ground there with the UN in Serbia but one big target that we're working on and this is something that we're really passionate about solving is bringing the cost of remittances down so if you know remittances, big market $460 billion each year the global average fee for sending remittances is about 7.42% and the thing with remittances is the less developed the country the higher the fees typically are 90% of the economy there is based on remittances and the fees are typically anywhere between 15% and 20% so if you think about the effect that that can have in a positive way in an economy if you were to take that 15% back and pay a smaller fee it means that that economy should thrive and that economy has a lot more money circulating so we want to channel the money towards things like utility bills, like gas socially responsible mechanisms and the goal of the SDGs there is to bring remittances fees below 3% and to eliminate remittances corridors above 5% by the year 2030 so we're doing that right now and we're accelerating that by 12 years so that's a goal of the UN so that's a project that we've signed and then we're with them we're going to do it in 22 countries at a minimum before the end of the year and that is something we're excited about and that we work with again, you mentioned Enterprise Ireland we recently got funding from EI and the process became the first company in the world to be backed by two governments SG Innovate, the investment owner of the Singapore government PWC, City, Mastercard we work with people like the IMRC the United Nations, MIT St Vincent Paul and we got funding from both the Rockefeller Foundation and Expo 2020 here is Joe again he is absolutely everywhere anywhere that he shows up he tends to win something pure luck at the Irish a lot of hard graph behind it but that was us recently in Dubai winner of the SMART Dubai Future Blockchain we get a nice little check there 20,000 USD that was Joe up in stage I think she's a princess from the UAE it wasn't a washback hold her hand there shake her hands no shaking of hands we were named Mastercard's company of year in 2017 there's Joe up in what we call the Shark Tank over in Miami but I think he chewed up the judges in UND the debate we do for that day we were IBM's number one global start in 2017 and the only reason he did and we were delighted to announce that we were the first blockchain company in the world to receive investment and to be backed by both two governments and very proud to say probably prouder to be backed by our own government than we are with the Singaporeans but keep that secret maybe chop that from the video but delighted to be backed by both and again some of the outputs that we've been featured in so that's ATEC that's what we're doing how we're doing it, based here in Dublin we want to be based in Dublin for the foreseeable future we've got an office in London we're set up in the US in Delaware but we really do seek Dublin we're on a big recruitment drive at the moment we've got some really really big things in the pipeline but we'd like to point out that we're one of the few companies in the world using blockchain right now for social impact trying to do positive things but at the same time make a profit doing that we'd like to hope that eventually we become a template for a lot of people in this space to feed off or how they put it in or still the good work that we hope we're doing so that's it and I'm happy to answer but thank you for your attention and the ban we'll talk about it if you want to talk about the blockchain thank you very much Neil it's just an amazing story and I think the fact that you're clearly driven by a mission and vision and everything that takes that is really I think shows that it can be done in other sectors as well and the work you're doing is amazing but since Joe here has been mentioned so many times I think we should ask it to speak just in case they feel that you're only pretty face which of course not only if you're true so I wasn't supposed to be here today so I gay crashed my own coverage presentation so if I were there the first thing I'd say on the SDGs the 193 governments have signed up for the Sustainable Development Goals so from 2018 every government, every country in the world have their ability to attain the SDGs so for me it's a trillion dollar opportunity it's a multi-million people problem it's about a five trillion shortfall per year across all companies, all governments so by using the SDGs as our business companies it's a massive opportunity and I think any corporate or any company that is not looking at this is just stupid to be brutally honest so by having those SDGs and by having these strategic partner such as the UN, the Red Cross and governments and so on every year distribution networks on the second point there we just got invited to the Vatican so we're actually at the Vatican on Friday presenting on this next Friday so you have the Vatican now looking at this massively and the Vatican seeing that we're an Irish company and talk about the Pope's coming to Ireland so it was real privileged to be there to speak about what we're doing here in Ireland and to get the attention of the IMF on the economic forum and the Vatican and because, you know, blockchain is fantastic but I'd be the first and it's not a lot of noise in this space really a lot of noise in the blockchain space everything's blockchain, it's going to solve everything which is not so by having these very very credible sources backing us I think it looks great for Ireland as a whole I think it absolutely does and especially having conversations with the Europeans and so on so there are just two things like that in there that are important going forward and what that means for the size of the opportunity it's absolutely massive in terms of business because the more successful we become the more people we have on our platform so to win them in from a government's point of view because they have better targeting, better reporting and they go back to taxpayers we know where your money's gone so we recently had dinner with the head of the Parliament of Foreign Affairs and International Development in the UK Minister of State Penny Modhar and she spends £13 billion every year on international aid and development and you probably know the British media if £50 goes missing it's somewhere where it shouldn't go it's all over the media over there so it may need to be more transparent than ever and they're looking at technologies to do this which is absolutely fantastic but also the British government so last Wednesday night we had a presentation meeting with the borough of Newham at the East London at the London stadium for a west hand plague so we had a big 70 different councils from the UK there so now we can see what we started off with aid but we're going into on the government side on welfare delivery now it's consumer side, it's donations and so on so now you have the UK government looking at how can we use this to eliminate the £4 billion that fraud happens in the UK so for us it's just nice to be in that position because again they're being measured on the impact that they actually tried to achieve that's all I have to add there Just back to the idea of the Irish thing interesting we found that a lot of countries that we go to including Tanzania recently we often people comment oh you're Irish, oh my teacher was from Irish one of the midwives that we met in Tanzania she's like oh yeah do you know a place called Tralee I'm like well I'm from Carcordia and she goes yeah my teacher was from Tralee so we like to think that we're like modern modern day missionaries but instead of being driven by the Catholic Church we're driven by this social mission it's a blockchain missionaries so we like to take it now at the moment it's funny the Irish thing it doesn't do any harm when you're abroad it identifies an Irish company even though technically we're a multinational


Welcome back to Stanford University here in Palo Alto, California. My name's Savannah Peterson and we're delighted to have you here for our all-day coverage of International Women's Day at the Women in Data Science Worldwide Annual Event. What is your advice for the allies in our world looking to empower the women in data science around their team or just even women in their lives curious about tech? Keep them close and encourage each other. Community is so important. We're here at this conference building that community. I had mentors in my life that were really critical to me in my early development and I love having mentor relationships with young people now. That is so important. Bring them along. Pass on the opportunities to them. Look to strive for diversity in your hiring practice. You know I help others the way I was helped during this process and like you know maybe I could help somebody else. But that is one of the most important things right now if we are to achieve the sustainable development goals and tackle the great crisis of our times and also to do that collaborate in a manner where we think of each other as equals whether it's an indigenous woman from the high Andes or some of us sitting here in this beautiful place. We are all in this together whether we like it or not. If we collaborate as equals hearing each other's voices with a seat at the table we can do anything and this is what I think digital innovation and data science enables for us to actually collaborate from where we are. If you haven't checked out the women in data science community I highly encourage you to do so. There is always room for allyship.


We wanted to kick it off with a little tribute to the Linux, right? Everyone knows Linux. So large, so huge, and 30 years old as of last year, but last year there was no conference to celebrate it. So we wanted to celebrate it here, but it's also pretty hard, like how you can celebrate something which is so large, so huge, and just everywhere, and so diverse, and so we were lucky that we found few panelists who each know some part of the overall Linux ecosystem, and I'm really grateful that they accepted to be on the panel and tell us something about their areas of Linux. So this unfortunately won't be the full history of Linux, which might take a little bit more than five minutes, but it will be hopefully at least something interesting for you. So thank you for being here. Would you like to introduce yourself? Hello, I'm Vitaly. I am from Virtualization Engineering Team at Red Hat and I work mostly on Linux kernel, taking care of Linux as guests on various hypervisors as well as KVM hypervisor in Linux kernel. Hi, I'm Mikhail. I work in Plumber's Team, Core Services Group, and I work mostly on system D and other low-level user space components of the operating system. I'm Veronica. I'm the CKI tech lead, and for those who don't know the project, CKI is a project that delivers continuous integration as a service for Linux kernel, both upstream and downstream. Thank you so much. So we have very limited time. Let's jump right into that. We have Vitaly on Virtualization, Michael from system D. Hopefully, folks have heard about system D. It's one of the big events, and Veronica is our master on testing, which also is a big thing. Vitaly, can you tell us what's virtualization about? Why did it happen in the past? What projects there have been? What options? How did it evolve? Oh, the first was probably Zen Project, which started in early 2000 when some smart guys at Cambridge University find a way to run virtual machines on x86 processors, which didn't have any capabilities, hardware capabilities to do so back then. And it was very successful because at the same time, a small company called Amazon started offering their infrastructure as a service, something which is now called Amazon Web Services. It was fairly small, and they took the technology which was there and started providing virtual machines on Linux. And that's actually how Linux conquered the world. And then shortly after KVM project got started when hardware renders were already providing some hardware capabilities, the idea was to, contrary to Zen, instead of rewriting the whole operating system just for virtualization purposes, just take Linux which had almost everything and just add missing capabilities there.  So nowadays, all major hyperscalers, they run KVM underneath. Only Microsoft doesn't, they're Azure runs on their own hypervisor. So nowadays, even if you go to Amazon Web Services and you're running some very old instance type and Linux tells you that it's running on Zen, don't blindly trust it because there is an emulation layer in KVM which allows to KVM to pretend that it's some other hypervisor. And in that case, Amazon did the job to make KVM look exactly like Zen to its guests. So here we are, and the majority of world computing is running virtualized and it's running on Linux. That's pretty cool. So where is Zen today? You mentioned KVM to go over, but where about Zen? Zen is still alive. It found its place in some regulated industries, in some appliances where it's very important to be able to do some audit of the hypervisor because KVM is part of Linux kernel and doing audit for such a huge project is very hard. Zen is a much smaller operating system and so it's been used there. Thank you. Let's move to SystemD. That's hopefully also well known and I think many people are aware that there used to be init scripts which were able to boot a system just fine and then suddenly there was a lot of talks about SystemD. Michael, Michale, can you tell us about what was that about? Yeah, we didn't like init scripts that much. So yeah, SystemD, the project was started in 2008, 2009, I think, and the idea was to develop a new init system or it's an init system, but more importantly, it's a service manager for Linux and some of the developments were done on other operating systems. We saw that in the community and Linux had a lot of technical depth in that regard. The system five init scripts, these existed since 80s essentially. So the project was started, it got introduced in Fedora and fully integrated into Fedora in 2012. That's around that I joined the project, so I'm working on it for 10 years now, roughly. And yeah, the main sort of idea was that, the system started to become different in a sense that you had smartphones, you had traditional servers, desktops, so it wasn't just the computer sitting under somebody's desks for all the time. So systems are becoming dynamic, like hardware can come and go, stuff can be plugged into machines, and one of the other problems that we wanted to address was parallelism, so at that time, almost everybody today and even at that time, almost everyone already had at least in the desktop, the CPU which had multiple cores, but the previous software was not able to take any advantage from this. So yeah, that's why we did it. And we didn't like any scripts because it was just hard to debug and hard to maintain. So are you saying that system D was only addressing the problems of, can we run a smaller system and can we offer the parallelism or is there more and why and how did it happen? Well, we did a bit of code after that. So yeah, so as I mentioned, the main idea was service management, like previously on Linux, you didn't have any service management at all. Like system five in it, didn't even have any notion of what service is and if you ask yourself why do you use computer? Why do you turn it on? Especially if it is server, it is supposed to serve something and this is done by services, but how you can have a system where the core component which is supposed to manage all of these services is not even aware what service is, like what constitutes a service. So that was one idea and the other one, since there were no service management, there was essentially nothing on top of which you can have an API. So we wanted to provide APIs and command line tools and sort of good user experience so that these were the motivations essentially. So it eventually became like a unified interface for Linux operating system? Yes, something like that. That was one of the problems also that project started to address a bit later once init system was mostly stable and sort of done in big wear quotes, but we wanted to provide sort of basic building blocks for people that want to let's say build a distribution or build some appliance, some embedded system, essentially a project that provides init system which has a service management, but at the same time you have a lot of other bits and components that you can just take, put on top of a Linux kernel and have sort of more or less complete system. Thank you. And Veronica, what about testing? How did it look like, like 10 years ago, 15 years ago and why people care about testing? It works, right? Well, you probably don't really like your machines being broken. I'm told that's not really funny if you actually have to do some work. So from the start, the testing was very much community-based. You had the power users grab a configuration from their machine or something that they wanted to run, compile the kernel, boot it, and hope that everything works and report the results back. And on a certain scale, this is still something that is being done. It's just being done on a completely different scale. So where you had a single user trying to run something on their machine, you now hope, for example, maintainers with larger labs or various CI systems. And the way of the reporting is still kind of the same. It's still being done on the mailing list. Just the content of the reports is different, but this has really not changed from the past. Also in the past, before we would even get to this user-based testing, you had developers and maintainers who hopefully did run some more Toro testing. Unfortunately, usually everybody had their own custom scripts that the majority of people didn't have access to. So like good luck trying to find out what was actually tested, how it was tested, how to reproduce those failures that people find. Some of the pretty old test suits are LTP and XFS tests. And to these days, these are still one of the largest, widely known test suits and still being used. But besides that, the automated testing, it wasn't a thing in the past. It's, well, given that's been accessed 30 years old, it's like relatively recent where you have the development of a lot of different automated testing, a lot of different CI systems. And it's basically just scaling out the power user. So what has changed in this then? Like where we are today, you mentioned automated testing and you mentioned that like we didn't have like good definition of what is the actual test case, what is the environment we are testing it. So how do you know where we are today? Like do we have this, do we know this now? Yes, you have a large amount of different automated tests. I did mention LTP and XFS tests, but now you also have K-unit, K-soft tests that are integrated in the kernel sources. So we don't even need to browse the internet to find out what tests to run. You have some of those directly in the code. We have a lot of CI systems that are running different workloads. And maybe somebody's thinking like, why do you need multiple different CI systems? But the Linux kernel is, you can have a lot of different configurations. It attempts to handle a lot of different hardware. You have a lot of different workloads of, so unless you are really trying to like build a kernel with DevConfig and run it in an X86 VM, chances are there is still room for more testing. Thank you. How do current days look in virtualization and how it will evolve in the future? Is virtualization done, hopefully, or not yet? Well, it's never done, right? I think that KVM has a fairly bright future because currently all major hyperscalers, infrastructure providers, they found this common ground in Linux and they all use KVM. They use it for different purposes like providing infrastructure as a service as well as running some emerging workloads, like for example, Amazon uses it to run function as a service like Lambda. It's also done on KVM. It's not going anywhere and we have new and exciting hardware capabilities coming for virtualization. For example, I can name confidential computing or so-called like encrypted virtualization which makes it possible to not trust your cloud provider because nowadays, if somebody is running your virtual machine, you kind of have to trust him because he owns everything, he owns your disk, he owns your memory, he owns your CPU and you may not want to, but in that case, the only advice for you will be run it on your own infrastructure. Cloud providers don't quite like it and CPU vendors came with these new technologies like AMD-SEV which allows you to encrypt guest memory, SEV-EES which also allows to encrypt CPU registers, Intel is working on TDX and I think that it's gonna be the next big thing in the virtualization in next couple years. Thank you, so secure computing. Michela, what about system D? Is it done finally or not yet? Any more changes coming in? No, no, no, we are far from done, I think. And it is kind of similar as in virtualization space. I think the biggest set of challenges in next couple of years will be connected to security and specifically the security requirements will be sort of an outcome of different deployment scenarios for Linux. Like Linux is now being deployed in cars and in manufacturing in the industry and all of these industries has very different security requirements as, let's say, cloud provider. So, and I think, and because the system D is a central component of the Linux operating system today or Linux distribution, I mean, we will have to deal with that somehow. So, we will have to deal with stuff like how do you make sure that not only kernel is trustworthy and firmware but also you can trust the operating system itself, like system D is responsible for decryption of encrypted devices and mounting file systems and whatnot. So, we do a lot of stuff during the boot and it would be nice if you would be able to trust that the system that you have in your car is actually what you think or what manufacturer put there, right? So, that will be a set of challenges and then the second one is also related to security, like system D is written in C and as much as we don't like it and as much, a lot of effort went into testing but still we have a lot of correctness issues, memory correctness bugs and stuff like that. So, we are looking into other programming languages that could potentially address this situation or at least improve it. So, maybe some of the newer components at some point will appear and will be implemented in Rust, let's say but this is still to be decided but this is something that the community is working on and this is one of the directions. So, you're saying security and Riverite system D in Rust. That sounds pretty cool. Not really. I don't think the, you know, the rewrite of the whole thing is something that anyone should try because it's just too big at this point but you know, some of the newer components like let's say we introduced in recent years system D Resolve D which is not even used, you know, let's say in Raul and it's written in C and you know, there is very little reasons to keep it that way. So for example, one of the team members mentioned that maybe at some point we would like to rewrite that in Rust. So, at least for the foreseeable future system D will stay in C, like the PID one. Thank you. Veronica, what about the future of testing? Well, that's a really broad idea but right now I think we are in a pretty good spot when it comes to the types of the testing. We have unit tests, we have tests that are targeted to various subsystems. For example, we have Cisco fuzzing. What I would really like to see as a different type of testing to come in is more broad user workload testing because as we know we don't break the user space and we need to find the issues before the users hit them. So I would imagine this is something that will come in. When it comes to the scale of the testing we talked about how we have a lot of combinations of configurations of hardware. There's just no physical possibility of centralizing that testing. So we need to keep that distributed model it has right now. I mentioned a lot of different CI systems including the one that I'm working on. We talked about the email reporting of the test results and this is really difficult to track. So a few years ago, kernel CI was promoted to a Linux Foundation project and one of the first goals that it has is to constantly, for example, database of tests but database of results where it would be easier to track when an issue occurred which test case found it, what happened. And I imagine that this will be more widely used right now it's kind of in a proof of concept state but I imagine that we will make all of the results and testing more discoverable because if it's easier to use a database in their world and try to put together analysis from free form emails and if we want to and we want to make developers care about testing more then this is really a needed change. Thank you so much. We are out of time but I really want to say thank you so much for all your thoughts and thank you for being here. It was quick and easy but hopefully there have been at least something interesting in what our panelists told us. Thank you. Enjoy the film. Thank you.