But I think just thinking about where are the places and spaces where people can just be And how that contributes. I mean, we're talking about health, but I think what often gets short shrift is mental health in addition to Physical health I'm excited to report to you that in in San Antonio at this time on our east side We do have a very exciting Experiment and comprehensive community development that is a result of a collaborative effort at the grassroots level to obtain federal funding for programs that are designed to improve neighborhood strengthen neighborhoods and To look outside of just individual issues, but at all the intersections so the area that we're focusing on we're calling East Point and and the center of that area is a an obsolete public housing development and a public middle school and SA ISD Wheatley Middle School and the city of San Antonio the San Antonio independent school district the United Way St. Phillips College and several other key partners have all come together to transform the quality of life And though we started out just focusing on education and housing We've realized that there are so many other issues that we need to deal with and At the end of the day if we don't provide opportunities for people to be healthy and whole that they won't be able to be Contributing members of the neighborhood and we won't have the stability that we're seeking So hopefully in five years, I'll be able to come back and report some wonderful results We've had made some great progress so far But that's just one example and so hopefully through through conferences like this will be able to Elevate the dialogue and get to the point of making some actions That kind of turn the tide so that we can make the kind of public policy decisions that would allow all of us to Enjoy a healthy quality of life in the session that I was in this morning Elizabeth from the Federal Reserve Bank She I wrote down some notes of one of the things that she said she showed a slide that showed the Expect life expectancy for people based on their zip code in I can't remember what city it was that she showed showed it for Oh, it was New Orleans And so it showed how in this one zip code your life expectancy was 77 and in the other it was 55 and it was wasn't very far away and Also, this a statistic that she shared was that night I think it was about 80% of your health outcomes were dictated based on behavior and environment and not as a result of Health actual health care what your doctor tells you to do a medicines that you take So I think those are really important things for us to think about as far as how we can be healthy whole individuals and communities and I challenge all of you to not just Think about it and talk about it today, but to be about it. Thank you. My name is Laura Esparza I work for the Institute for Health Promotion Research at UT Health Science Center of San Antonio And I'm also vice chair of the active living council of San Antonio There are many ways to be physically active including exercising and playing sports There's also active living which is a way of what life that integrates physical activity into our daily routines Such as walking to the grocery store riding a bike to work or walking to school Being active is an important part of being healthy But unfortunately most youth and adults do not meet the physical activity guidelines The active living council is a community group Committed to making it easier for every person in San Antonio to be physically active Our primary goal is to influence policy and programs that remove barriers and support a healthy lifestyle and environment Active living council is made up of representatives from every segment of the community And we produce the active living plan for a healthier San Antonio a Roadmap for transforming San Antonio into an active living community Active living council is now a committee of the mayor's fitness council And we are working closely with the mayor's fitness council to implement the active living plan For more information on the active living council and the plan be sure to check out the postcard That is inside your conference packet or go to fit city assay calm or stop by the mayor's fitness council table in the foyer With respect to helping San Antonio become an active living community. Where are we now and where do we want to go? What is it that makes a town an active town and can San Antonio become one? Today we have a special guest who will talk to us about just that John Simmerman has been in the health promotion business for more than 25 years Pursuing his passion for promoting active lifestyle at the community level. He founded advocates for healthy communities He spearheaded the active towns tour Visiting towns around the country to study what makes a town an active town and the steps We can take to activate our own communities and a couple of fun facts about John When not on the active town tour he divides his time between Hawaii and Colorado think about it John flew from Hawaii on Monday this week arriving in San Antonio about five in the morning He rode on his bike from the airport to his hotel in downtown San Antonio. Okay, raise your hand if you've ever done that John has great experiences to share and many ideas to share with us So please welcome John Simmerman actively standing Thank You Laura And Thank you very much for the warm welcome. Thank you for the Reserve Bank for helping funds and make this happen And a special thanks to mr. David clear everybody up. Come on. We're gonna do some active practice and active applause here That's a pound of Kona coffee right there So active apply. Hey, I got I got chicken skin That's that's that's Hawaiian for goose bumps there's something special to this concept of getting up and moving and Laura and I experienced this in San Diego in March at the active living research conference and this is the first time I've ever heard of active applause and Guess what we're gonna get you up and moving a couple of times today Because there's some good stuff happening in San Antonio. What did you say so? Come on one more time Yes, I promise I won't be that exuberant every time But I will be asking some serious questions so I'm gonna pause a couple of times during the presentation to just ask your feedback and I had to promise David that I would get you moving, you know kind of shake off the lunch It's always hard, you know either you know being the last speaker or you know right after lunch You're trickling in thank you so much for for sticking around and Let's dive in every tour every journey begins with that first step Here's me at about 18 months in Los Angeles This is where it all began and you know, it's it's one of those weird sort of things You know when you look back at your life and you kind of recall activity and things that you're doing and as kids were amazingly adaptable The family moved from Los Angeles up to northern California up to a little ranch and the next thing I knew I was wearing cowboy boots and You know raising horses sheep and cattle and doing all this, you know cool stuff. I put this one in for Chuck That's a twins hat on their Chuck. He's a Minnesota twins fan and What happens with many of us though is we lose a big part of that activity So when I was going to school, I became passionate about preventing disease not simply treating disease but preventing disease and so I really got into into that aspect in in my Studies that you see there, you know in the in the area of behavior change and behavior modification ended up working for many large corporations which happened to be Most most often they happened to be self-insured. I had an opportunity to move to Boulder in 1996 from Chicago and Was able to experience what it was like to live in an environment that actually, you know promotes and Encourages physical activity and to be completely honest. I moved to this place for one reason It had a reputation of being a great place to train for triathlon Okay, I picked up the habit habit. Yeah, I guess I would it's some say it's a curse of Triathlon when I lived in Chicago and I heard that this place was just an awesome place to train You had altitude you have great weather by the way. There's 300 days of sunshine in the Boulder area Little did I know there were some other things that made it very very special in 2005 a job opportunity came up that allowed me to move to Honolulu and This began, you know, the Odyssey that is where I'm at now I split my time about 50 50 between Hawaii and And Boulder, Colorado however When I was in Honolulu The environment was a shock. I could not ride my bike. I got very depressed I slowed my bike and said, you know what the only place I feel safe is when I'm out in the water Opportunity came up to get to Kona Reinvigorated that passion for riding the bike it felt safer on the Big Island. It felt safer in Kona and That's when I got Involved with bicycle and pedestrian advocacy work So I took all that background in disease prevention and health promotion working in the corporate arena for over 15 years and suddenly had this epiphany of The built environment Has a profound impact on our ability to live and lead a healthy life And so and that's also when I got involved with the Congress for new urbanism and found out about strong towns and Chuck Morone and and all of those discussions because one of the things that that Came up and really became part of my epiphany is that a strong town is also going to be an active town so Here we are. Let's talk a little bit about activity There you go, San Antonio. Hey, every body Needs activity You really do it's it were designed to be active and There's different types of activity, you know, you've got activity that is your programmed you know, I'm gonna put my exercise clothes on and go out and do an activity and You've got you know the other side of activity, which is you know called the Utilitarian type of activity and Utilitarian types of activity include, you know things like meeting your daily needs So here's a picture of folks walking in LA if anybody remembers music from the 80s You know somebody said nobody ever walks in LA. There's proof they do and by the way There's a metro station subway station right there That I was able to take to get to a conference in in LA, but we also have play and recreation There's fun involved with that and by the way, it's it's okay for you all to have fun now that you're an adult I'm not sure if everybody knows that or not Meditative movement to thinking about hey, I just need to stroll around get some nature in and Distress providing at opportunities such as this. I don't know if this is very easy to see in the back there It's a little dark, but my point of this slide is to is to really highlight and illustrate That you've got a mixture of different types. So these folks This is a recreational outing and by the way, this is brutally cold too. You see the snow there It's a it's actually a pretty cold day, but these kids are walking home first from school So you have a single type of environment facility serving different types of activity So And here's another slide illustrating that as well completely different environment. This is in Lodo. This is very urban You've got this, you know, this lady just did some shopping. You've got the bike park here That's probably somebody who is you're picking something up Maybe it's one of the workers that are there and so it's an environment where again You're getting a mixture of different types of active living So I mentioned earlier that we're designed to move and I'm I'm very very careful about About saying those words because it's actually quite true. I mean heck even Santa Claus is designed to move Look at Santa Claus there. He's right up there with very we are our local professional triathlete in in Kona. So When I say that we're designed to move what I really mean is this is a very very Recent trend in the history of man where we are living sedentary lifestyles and sedentary lives day in and day out and In fact, if you take a look at every single major health issue that we're dealing with Sedentary living in inactivity is a major risk factor to those ailments so But we got a lazy gene, don't we? Yeah One of my favorite favorite photos So but I'm serious. We really do have a lazy gene So the other thing that is is critical to know is that yes, we're designed to move We have the ability to accomplish amazing things from a physical perspective But we also are Designed to conserve energy whenever we can and it usually takes a little bit of effort a little initiative on our part To be able to overcome that escalator and choose the stairs Sometimes it's a matter of will sometimes. It's a matter of Programming in terms of how we design our environment to encourage Activity and I love this photo. This is the blow up of the Photo from two two slides ago because you just see the joy on the faces here There is nothing more natural to humans than being active Okay, nothing more natural So now it's your turn I've got my volunteers. They've got their mics that are going to be able to get to you I want to get a couple of examples. What are your fondest childhood memories of activity anybody real quick? We're going to do this quick fire. So any examples Waffle ball, okay, that was good. We didn't need a mic for that one Tree climbing okay a couple more Dancing perfect What do you think I think that deserves some active applause everybody up come on Come on bring it up bring it up bring the level up So by the way, I Actually use a stand-up desk. I do not sit the reason I do not sit is after about five to ten minutes of continuous sitting Your body starts ratcheting down your basal metabolic system So the amazing studies have come out of the UK recently that takes a look at just how Devastating sitting is so there's a rhyme to my reason here of getting you up and and trying to bring some invigoration to this okay Diving in let's talk about the active towns initiative. So We founded the active towns initiative just about a year or so ago and Really it was as the result of a study that I did some surveys that I did with Support from the Ironman Foundation where I actually interviewed Ironman distance triathletes and the reason I chose those that those Weirdos, okay, and I'm one of them Is that they're out there on our streets training every single day if you want to understand? How conducive to physical activity your environment is who better to ask than the person who's walking biking out In the in the neighborhoods at all times and probably also by the way getting in three to four different swimming Exercises in as well. Okay, so I talked with these folks and I said well How do you rate your city? How do you rate the place where you live? How do you rate your town and the numbers were just coming back? So incredibly positive. I'm like, what's wrong with these people? Are they like literally that high up in Dorfins? and After doing some focus interviews with them something came out These individuals and there's something you need to understand about the typical Ironman distance triathlete as well When you look at their their demographics of this particular group their household income is well over six figures Okay, you've got a lot of CEOs. You've got a lot of doctors You've got a lot of very driven Taipei people who are out there. I'm so not bad, but whatever and This is what they said They said the reason why we're rating our town so highly is Because we moved to this place. It was all ready Wonderful environment when they decided to move to Park City when they decided to move to Boulder when they decided to go to these places These places already had a culture of physical activity So of course, what did I think how the heck did these places get this way? That's what I wanted to explore and so I set out to try to understand and try to explore How these places came about and Kaiser Permanente was generous enough to help fund last year's travel I made it to 20 some odd states and this is the 86th city in about 12 months time We launched the tour last May at a CNU in Salt Lake City and What a wild ride and guess what I've got 21 more states to visit actually 20 now since I've made it to here and another 75 Targeted cities that I'm hearing through the grapevine That are really cool happening places. They're either already an active town or they're getting there. They're emerging So I am and you'll see there. There's a Facebook up there. I'm very active on the active towns in Facebook But what are active towns? Well, these are these are walkable places We heard Chuck talk about this earlier. These places are bikeable. Take a look at this photo. It's a boring photo, right? It's of a bike rack, but that bike rack photo makes me smile every time. This is mid February It's brutally cold and all these middle schoolers at Casey Middle School rode their bike to school That is a really really cool thing. These are memorable places These are places where people will go to visit and they talk about and they rave about these places They're desirable Madison, Wisconsin on the livability index rated number five Again, there is a quality of life aspect to these places when they're active towns and They're truly lovable People were passionate about this place. They said John you're gonna be in the upper, you know Midwest You have got to take a drive. I was up visiting Chuck in in Brainerd You have got to take a drive across the UP Into and visit Mackinaw Island Okay, Mackinaw Island. Who's been to Mackinaw Island? Hand full of folks pretty special place, right? Do you realize that is our really our only car-free city that we have in the United States? It's completely car-free has always been car-free. They actually banned automobiles and I believe it was 1896 even before automobiles became the thing They were thinking about something there. Okay, so What is it? I'm looking for when I'm out there. I'm looking for activity assets. I want to better understand How the entire environment and it's not just walking and biking but it's part of it You know, it's it is the trails It's it's the the friendliness here, but it's also the additional aspects to activity Again, both utilitarian and non utilitarian both, you know that the program stuff as well as being able able To live your daily life. It's you know, we heard somebody talk about you know community gardens So there's that part of it and again access to nature. Somebody mentioned street trees Do you know what you know what trees are in in traffic engineering parlance? Anybody can shout it out? Trees street trees Well, yeah, it is it's it's an it's an FHO a fixed hazardous object. Okay That's what that's the way they're looking at street trees when I see street trees what I think of this is providing a Wonderful environment. It's an inviting environment that gives me shade There's something that's really truly amazing about when you go down on the Riverwalk and that temperature is down You've got all that shade canopy pretty cool stuff. Okay We're also looking to Chuck's point. We're looking at the land use patterns. How do the land use patterns drive and dictate physical activity on a day-in and day-out basis and a big part of this is is access and Proximity things of that nature. I'm not going to go through all of these in detail But just so you know when I visit a city and do a comprehensive report these are what I'm looking at in terms of the the Activity assets what we're hopefully going to have is get some metrics to these things some of these are actual physical Things that are on the ground and some of them are programming some of it's part of the culture But we want to be able to quantify this and create something We're calling an activity score so that a city can kind of see where they're at and see How they mesh out in terms of being an established active town an emerging active town an aspiring active town or Maybe they are a latent active town Okay, I think we've seen we've seen versions of this in a couple of the earlier presentations This is certainly an auto oriented auto-centric latent active town There's there's pockets of activity that could be happening in any of these places but on a whole they've got some challenges So when I'm looking at an aspiring active town or neighborhood, they're starting to get it They're just at the very beginning stages. This is Dexter, Michigan this pathway Provided an absolutely critical connection to a community that was completely cut off from their downtown The kids could have literally thrown a stone from their homes that they couldn't get to you know They could literally toss that stone to the downtown area But they couldn't get there unless they were driven because there was no connections and the road Had such a dangerous Underpass that they were not able to get through so there was a barrier so this created connectivity So you'll hear that word time and time again is connectivity Emerging active towns. These are the places that yeah, they get it They're already actively working on those tactical Urbanism types of things and sometimes it doesn't look like urbanism at all sometimes it looks like this in Saranac Lake where you know, they gave me a call the Saranac Lake is just up the road from from Lake Placid They they gave me a call and said John you got to get up here to upstate New York. We're an active town We're proud about it. It's part of our marketing It's part of what we are our vision and when I got up there. This is Josh. He happens to be the state bike and pad coordinator or bicycle coordinator for the state of New York and This is a great example of cross-purposing so in the winter time the this is a ski cross-country ski path right here But then perpendicular to it in the summertime that is a removable portion of that that particular Segment that he's holding there. That's part of the mountain biking trail So they're repurposing they're keeping things active keeping their assets active all year round And then of course our established active towns these are the places that when I asked somebody hey What place have you been to that you were just blown away you come back home and you're raving you're just like wow We didn't have to get in the car a single bit and it was fun It was invigorating we you know and hey Can we get a little bit more of that when we come back? So I wanted to study what was part of the DNA of these established active towns and how They got to where they are okay, so once again What places come to mind for you and this time I really do want the microphone in somebody's hand can somebody give me an Active town or a stat or an established or an emerging active town and not San Antonio because you are emerging But raise your hand and we'll have the white get you yes right here in front Philadelphia Philadelphia emerging or already established She says established I got to get to Philadelphia Fort Collins, Colorado Fort Collins, Colorado one of the other platinum League of American Bicycle Bicycle friendly cities That's a no-brainer Anchorage, Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska. I have not heard that one more and then we got to keep going She's working on the mic over there Just shout it out What's your city just shout it out She's a Austin you bet that's what the next stop on the active towns tour is a Austin. Okay, so When I talk about a culture of activity I Mean it permeates through all aspects of life I was out for a morning run on a very very cold morning there in Boulder and ran across this little guy He was riding his bike to school The smile on his face was just ear to ear. He was having a ball This group here. This is some friends. They were out having a noon committee meeting I kid you not you want to talk about corporate wellness programming and things of that nature their Programming activity throughout all aspects of their life go for a walk Steve Jobs was was famous about going for walks Hey, take a look at this afternoon commute in Madison. This is a bicycle Priority area here, they're gonna wait for this traffic to clear out and then they're through and they're super super casual about it There's no stress or mess there evening practice in Kailua Kona So recreation types of activities opportunities for you to connect with friends and other colleagues and things of that nature Absolutely critical, especially if you have an environment like that in Kailua Kona But what if your environment is like this in Brooklyn, you know Six degrees and we're still seeing all these different people walking and biking in Brooklyn on a very very cold day This was one of the Arctic plunges. Yes. I I do travel in in the winter time and Here's a great example of civic identity I mean the bicycle in Davis is actually the logo for the city. This is civic pride in Identity, it's part of what they present forward as being You know critical to them this particular Facility is much like your Riverwalk in the sense that it connects to all sorts of meaningful places Recreation activities like this soccer field over here these housing over here are mid to low-income housing It connects down to downtown These are meaningful ways that people can get activity in and please keep in mind from an equity perspective that active transportation is Oftentimes by necessity for people who do not have the means to support an automobile at eight to nine thousand dollars per year and Here's a great example in Los Angeles of the fact that every transit ride begins with somebody either being a pedestrian or A bicycle rider or somebody that got a ride or got dropped off, etc we need to think broadly about how people are getting around on a day-in-and-day-out basis and think of it from the the lens of You know everybody else's situations so from an equitable perspective so Some of the key learnings that we've seen from the trip thus far of It's absolutely imperative to create an inviting and invigorating environment Inviting what I mean by that is it truly is welcoming it welcomes somebody in Invigorating is just that I mean think of the the word invigorate it energizes It's something that you know you just you can't help but want to go for a stroll when you have a place like the Riverwalk Traditional land use patterns once again looking at the opportunity to Exemplify those areas that were built on that every single city has a core of some traditional Land use pattern try to reinvigorate that area for the areas They're sprawled out and you don't have that see what you can do to try to incorporate some of those aspects of development and then we're going to talk about this in detail streets for people and streets in transition Also easy access to nature and other inviting and invigorating environments that are out there including the workplace and then Finally creating community connections Engaging your communities one of the things that Chuck talked about with the neighborhood's first program was just that you're getting the community Engaged and activated if you can do that you're going to have a lot better success because Many good well-intentioned programs get killed by nimby ism Okay so Isn't that just a beautiful picture? So this is Mackinaw Island once again, and that is highway in 185 I'll say that again. That's highway in 185 That's the only highway in the in the federal system That's a state highway where motor vehicles are not allowed pretty cool stuff But again, I'm not going to really belabor this other than to say that a big part of the lens that I see things through Is how do we create authentic environments that will truly motivate? People to change their behavior Okay, you all know we got the carrot in this stick This is this is me saying that the carrot is a huge huge part of it The stick can be the policies and the legislation and you've got you know aspects of that You can all kind of think about some of them not as wonderful to think about But really what I'm saying to you is that when you create an environment that is truly inviting People will will do their best to change their behavior Especially especially if they're already working on trying to do so Okay, and I'll show you some examples of how We can better do this from the standpoint of the things that we're building and putting on the ground Because you can't have this everywhere, right? Okay So back to the the traditional land use patterns one of the wonderful things about my epiphany of understanding land use in the built environment and And the strong towns movement was the realization that wow You know if we get land use right you can have something like this a walking school district This is actually Lakewood, Ohio. They do not have buses. They have never had buses They don't need them the kids all walk or bike to school Boulder, Colorado where you have created? They drew a blue line on the map by the way back in the 60s and 70s and said this is our urban growth boundary and We're going to hold ourself to no more than 2% growth on an annualized basis year over year and they've stuck to it You get situations like this So when you have this is Brooklyn by the way and and yes I put this in for you Chuck because this is a fire a fire truck it was so cold that day that all the fire trucks were out checking to make sure that the Fire hydrants still had water that could flow they weren't completely frozen solid They had no trouble getting around on these old narrow streets, so They they didn't seem stressed at all But what I really want to point out here is that when we build and when we re-embrace this concept of Traditional land use patterns you have the value creation. You're able to create that prosperity That's so incredibly Necessary for the vitality of the environment and from my perspective You now have money to be able to invest in the maintenance of some of these things that we're talking about Like golly gee whiz. I'd love to see it in Hawaii where the public restrooms at our most famous beaches Are actually kept up. They look like they're from a third world very very embarrassing So when you have that ability to have the value creation to have the the prosperity You've got the money for the investment in the things that matter to quality of life that matter to Our health status as a society So streets for people It was brought up in the conversation a little while in the session immediately after Chuck's opening remarks About complete streets and about the challenge of trying to create streets that are that are for people I love this photo. This is in miami I love this photo because this is a convertible street in the daytime This is a an actual operating street see that street sign right there 15 miles per hour And then come nighttime. They close it off and have a party every single day Okay, it's a convertible street. This is a kids side street. I love this street too This is in mission beach down in the san diego area and This little guy he actually does pause see the little little look there He actually does he doesn't dash right across he actually does look down Looks both ways make sure that it's safe for him to continue moving through The community was just absolutely delightful with this. These used to be all motorized vehicle streets and you see what happened is that as it became part of the You know Public passageway, but also part of the private realm became an extension of their home. It's beautiful to see So but what are most of our streets look like? well, most of our streets kind of look like this and We're sort of struggling with how we go through this transition period. How do we make a You know that these massively over wide streets with motor vehicles traveling at extremely high speeds How do we somehow make them? appropriate For pedestrians and for bicyclists well the same Right of way that you just saw on the previous slide in salt lake city. This is a different outcome This is one block over and you'll see An extremely wide public realm here. It call also called a Sidewalk you've got a shared lane there in the middle and you had transit in in in the The the train the light rail that they have here. I put this up just to make fun of it. It's it's a complete street Thank you very much. You did a great job. You've got a complete street a complete street Nowhere It's not fair because the fort lauderdale was actually testing some things out Hopefully someday they're going to be able to put some value on that street So that it's a complete street to somewhere. This is a complete street to the airport So when I went to the conference in san diego, I also rode to the airport and back now Sometimes I get in trouble for criticizing the ubiquitous white white sticks But what I try to emphasize with folks is that when we put things like that out I want them to be considered transitionary I want that to be tactical in the sense that we're trying to get somewhere else This is what we really need to be thinking about when you look at the fact that if you Have a situation a crash between a pedestrian or cyclist and an automobile And the automobile is traveling at 20 miles per hour. There's an 80 chance of survival That's those are pretty good odds That's a major major reason why we need to head in this direction When we have a realm where we're trying to mix bicyclists pedestrians and motor vehicles All you have to do is go up to as high as 35 45 miles per hour and then you're at an 80 fatality rate Not the odds you want to be in So design really does matter.  You got some nice tree canopy here And this pool right here. This is the spruce pool. This is one of the pools that I swim out in the summertime And I thought it was just ideal in the sense that they did a really good job of calming The rate at which traffic moved through here. They narrowed this lane They gave a little bit of a buffer here, but that's really hard to see but right there is a mark on the pavement That helps contain those parked cars keeps them far over there so that we prevent the the dreaded dooring effect Too often we're putting bike lanes right up next to the cars that are parked there and then cyclists are being doored Because it's very difficult You know to avoid when a door suddenly gets thrown right out at you So design really does matter. They don't all have to look alike. They don't have to look the same Rather than the ubiquitous white sticks. I'd love to see armadillos. That's a good one for uh For texas, right? But this is in barcelona and these little guys if a car actually hits that they're going to notice In fact, it's going to push them back over and the great thing is it's pretty tactical It's pretty something that you can do as a temporary experiment And you know what you can even put a little bit more space in between there so that the cyclist can can still be able To meander out of the lane in that sense So what i'm trying to say is it doesn't all have to look alike But we have to understand that this is inherently going to be more inviting Is inherently going to seem and be perceived as being safer than just some paint on the ground Than just some sticks and so when you're talking about trying to motivate The sedentary population or you're more importantly you're trying to motivate The vast number of people who say that you know, they're interested in cycling, but they're very concerned So there's an entire group of people that this type of scenario might help with So We used to do this though, you know, this actually is eastern parkway in brooklyn It was designed by frederick law holmstead and it was designed prior to automobiles being everywhere They designed these wonderful environments and they were beautiful environments and they were beautiful even at six degrees Out there and again, i'm blown away by all the people that i see Out there walking and biking even in very very very cold weather the polar vortex And these are transitions So the message really is if we're talking about a street if we're talking about what chock talked about earlier in terms of A platform for creating value for for wealth creation and for vitality to a community We may need to start heading down this direction where we're talking about cars and people mixing And being able to proceed being able to compel And encourage motor vehicle drivers to travel at human speed so One of i highly recommend this this book, um, uh, I believe Victor dover was here earlier this past year speaking about this particular book highly recommend it Very very influential for me And I I I can't recommend this enough if you haven't had a chance to pick it up It is to to chuck's point. It is a little bit pricey, but chuck to answer your question. Well worth it Okay, so I've got my mic guys around Okay, good Looking for a couple of good examples of truly Safe and inviting streets that you can think of so i want to know the street where it's located And i want you to tell me why Why it's a very you know motivating place. I see one hand up in the far back over there Then I need a couple more Go ahead and put your hand up so you can see you there you go Do we have others over here too? I'm actually thinking it's probably two streets Being that we're all mostly here in college. We all know them one is rainy and the other one's uh, six street So I don't know if you know about those out there in austin Wonderful and what makes it a special place safe and inviting place Uh, I would say out of the social aspects about it. Okay Have you ever been there? I have not been there. Yes, you'll love it. You won't remember it, but you'll love it. All right All sorts of definitions of what a street is and that's kind of the whole point the the street The definitions of streets have changed over the years. Yes, sir. Uh, city trials boulevard in new orleans It's the oldest uh transit street in the country Falls the curve of the mississippi and it has a wonderful combination of of Both upscale and medium and low-scale housing and institutions along the whole seven mile route Is that the one that has the uh the rail line going right down the middle right that was put in there in 1849 as a pulled by Horses first and then transitioned to electric. Yeah, so what he's talking about in in new orleans. There's this wonderful street and In in the area where the light rail runs it's a grassy area and When you look at a photograph of of this particular street It's it's truly fascinating because you notice something's a little bit off You notice something that looks a lot like chuck's photograph where you saw the footpath worn there The runners prefer to run on a softer surface And so the runners now run right down the middle of the the light rail in new orleans Creating a nice little beaten path The the trains are going so incredibly slow that you know as they see the train train come forward They just jump off you know go like and then they jump back in into the you know the grassy area Fascinating. Thank you very much for those examples. Hey, what do you think? Let's put your hands together stand on up active applause here Those are awesome We absolutely have to keep in mind that we need access to nature It can be as simple as those street trees It could be like this in boulder where uh an entire class of kids are learning how to mountain bike And if we've if we're done if we've done a good job at incorporating, you know trails and pathways this is on the uh in in minneapolis here and It's incredibly important for us to get that connection to nature on a daily Basis on a daily basis. This is up in Duluth, minnesota on the lake front there. That's lake superior in case you're not aware Absolutely beautiful And so we need to think about these as as opportunities My home in the boulder area is actually just about Quarter of a mile from this trailhead and it's simply A preserved open space And rather than just letting that open space sit there and do nothing they made sure that it became an asset This is a view right at the the pier in kailua kona And you can see a variety of different types of activities. You're engaging different cultures You're engaging different people This is an example of what it looks like to have a park that you know really converts itself in the winter time This is cross-country skiing They were getting ready to set up. You can't see them. They're off to the side there They're getting ready to get the the the small midget kid soccer going So wonderful aspects of it and and again I can't help but you know come back to the images from this week when I was in You know being able to explore the river walk. Absolutely beautiful This is also a wonderful Slide to to end the parks and trails with this is a pathway that goes into the national park To the best of my knowledge It's the only bike path that exists inside a national park Although yesterday I rode your bike path to a national historic park. That was pretty cool All right Yes You didn't stand I'll let that one pass So other invigorating environments when I was in la this was the environment that I found I I booked myself into a really old hotel and guess what I was on the seventh floor And I got to walk up the stairs every single time hotel. I'm in This time wonderful inviting stairs walking up and down again access to affordable rec centers and pools recreation facilities Hey, you don't have a lot of money. How about a free yoga class out on the lawn? This actually stretches for quite some time I think there was like 125 people at this this yoga class that was being done on a sunday morning And this is an example of a corporate fitness center Up in Rochester, um, minnesota. So part of the mayo clinic. This is for their employees Again creating environments which invite people To live healthy active lives The other thing and this is this is san Antonio right here Signature events having inspiring events Where you engage a large number of uh of your your your community as volunteers and then inevitably It motivates other people to get healthy get active. This is an example of a free event that's held every month in kai luakona. It's called a p-man And uh, it's just a swim and a run and it's it's a lot of fun And what it has done is it creates a low barrier to entry opportunity for people to change their lifestyle and and get healthy Opportunities for for water as well I've got about five minutes. So I need to fly through this in just a little bit here So but this is an example of again connecting with communities and really main making meaningful connections Um And and sometimes it's there's a double on tonder to that sometimes there's a literal connection and then sometimes It is about really connecting with the population and again listening to their needs and being able to get them engaged This is an example in kona of you know 125 people coming out to Get engaged work on the trail. This is their neighborhood And it was looking a little run down because the parks and rec department didn't have uh the time or the money When you look at some of your your older Communities and you you really need to be able to work with and engage Key members of that community, especially when you're starting to transform those environments You you've heard the word gentrification before you want to try to make sure that you can guide them through positive change so when we look at In taking action these are the types of things that I want you to think once again Inviting and invigorating make sure you get outside your silos your areas of expertise And have a good appreciation for where other people are kind of coming from It's absolutely important for the bike guy to think a little bit differently Understand where the planners and the engineers are coming from and vice versa and again Being able to take those small little incremental opportunities to trial things be tactical Try things out and again when you look at the the aspect of your your lower to middle income Um neighborhoods and things access is absolutely critical Don't leave them hanging out there without access to Vital resources and other activity assets And in taking action. I want you to be Inclusive Think about all ages think about all abilities not just people who you know are young and vibrant and healthy, but everybody and also Model the behavior you want to see everybody know what that means That's right. That's the reason why I ride my bike from the airport to the hotel That's the reason why I try to be authentic. I'm trying to model the behavior It's a challenge that I gave to to chuck when I was up in in Brainerd Is we really do have to model the behavior that we expect to see other others do So everybody take that into into consideration and think of how you can do that because guess what we as humans We're a hurting species if we see other people out there doing it. It looks like fun Others are going to be more likely to do it All right real quick. I know we don't have a lot of time There's Julia. She took me on a tour um real quick Things that you're excited about in san Antonio right now shout them out Yeah, this first what else? Yeah bike share Sequel via saw the that presentation earlier Linear creek parks absolutely amazing so This is just going to cycle through and give some photos but questions from the audience We only have about two minutes or so so Go ahead and and a couple of quick questions. Yeah in the back there We're going to run the mic up to you real quick so everybody can hear and by the way this is being Recorded in broadcast and so we certainly appreciate that What would you say to communities that maybe don't want to be connected to other communities? Like I can't get to almas park because there's a gun club between me and the park that's rented to the gun By the city for a dollar a year. So unless I want to get shot. I can't get to the park And it's because we're the low-income neighborhood in the private city that lives next to the gun club probably doesn't want us walking through my theory Yeah, and that's a great example too of low-income neighborhoods being partnered up next to or near other you know types of environments that are are you know Disatisfying or polluters or noisy or dangerous situations. So yeah, I mean what one has to think Well, what on earth is that doing here still after all this time? So it's a good question and it's a good challenge. I don't know that I have a specific example for that Any other quick questions? Yes in front and also you talk about how nice some of these areas are That are really cold in the winter. What do you recommend about an area that's uh It's a hundred and six degrees in the summer and 80 humidity Yeah, I mean the the real question here is you know gosh, you know, what about weather I guess the whole reason I put some of the extreme photos up there of the extreme cold and the extreme heat You know out there because some of those photos were done in really really hot weather too Is that if you have an inviting environment if you have an environment that has some mechanisms to bring the temperature level down Like the environment that you have along the river walk with the trees You can really kind of transform that to To really work with the the the environment that you have, you know the the weather pattern named who can control the weather Right So but what you can do is you can you can have you can create inviting environments by thinking things through the other thing is too is gosh You know when I'm in in minnesota and it's brutal You know brutally cold or in orado and it's a brutally cold stretch You'd be amazed at how many intrepid folks are out there doing it and when other people see that they're like Yeah, you know we'll do that same with hot weather. It's it's just a matter of framing And again, we're hurting species if we see other people doing it. We will go out there and and give it a try Okay Do I have time for one more one more? Okay In the back No, okay Yes, right here I'm stalling because I do have photos more photos of san antonio Yes, I can open up the bike too As a new urbanist in a comprehensive way, what would you recommend? The central texas area to become an active town because it's it's growing so rapidly. What is your key? Recommendation on how to become those active towns and all these negative herds with all that's happening the weather Gated communities lack of access land use changes, etc So really if I understand the question, you know correctly is you know gosh given the challenges that we have In the central texas area and the fact that you know much of it is really really built out. It's really sprawled out What do we do? Take it incrementally do it neighborhood by neighborhood with The vision of thinking connectivity and trying to connect people to meaningful places But tackle them Start being serious about you know tackling the legislative side of things from the legal side of things Of making it okay to bring traffic speeds down in environments where you're trying to create value Where you're trying to you know, gosh, why should we be driving 35 miles an hour through a residential area? Okay And the good news is is is the state of texas has actually accepted the cnu and ite Guidelines and so you can actually build a 10 foot wide Lane now travel lane and bring the speeds down to you know human speeds reasonable reasonable speeds here I think I need to wrap this up And I wanted to just you know, thank everybody for this opportunity The slides are going to continue to go here to get through san Antonio If you have to get out here right away to get to your next session the last slide says Go spurs go. Thank you


We are picking up four cabinets, driving two miles for 44, 22. I love getting this money. I hope you do too. Let's go. Yeah, these doors are huge. These are like regular, these doors are huge. It's time for us to pull up and get to this money. No cap. Let's go. We ain't even got to pull them apart, baby. Make it easy for us. And last but not least, cabinet number four. After taking this photo, we got to go. Yes, sir. The top is high. Now we got to step back to the photo. Yard girls, we go.


The study examined three forms of molybdenum disulfide, MOS2, 1T, 2H, and 1T-MOS2 for their ability to produce hydrogen from water under visible light irradiation. The 1T form of MOS2 was found to be more efficient than its counterparts, generating up to 75 millimoles of hydrogen per gram of material per hour with a turnover rate of 15 to 19 hours. This is attributed to the lower work function of 1T-MOS2 compared to other forms of MOS2, which makes it easier to transfer electrons from the material to generate hydrogen. This article was authored by Utum Gupta, B.S. Nidu, Burma-Mala-Midra, and others.


Hello everybody welcome back to another Photoshop tutorial and this one is going to show you how to get rid of a pre-applied filter to a photo or image. What am I talking about here? Here's the original image and then I've applied a filter in this case a deep emerald green filter and I've got it at a pretty strong percentage. How would I if I got this picture and I was working on a website for example and I wanted to get rid of the green filter and get back to the original image and I did not have a layered document here's how you can do it using just Photoshop. Let me show you so here's an example now of what that image looks like now I'm going to remove the filter let's go up what do you want to do is you want to go to your filter then you want to go to camera raw filter when you do that you're going to get a few options go to basic and then grab this little eyedropper tool and here's where the technique is that you not a lot of people know about click on that eyedropper and you assume that you can just start getting ridding white stuff but what you can actually do is you can select the entire the entire picture for example it actually becomes a selection tool or a modified tool even though you would never know that do that and now look what's happened it's removed the white balance automatically and you can see it here it's changed white balance part of me to remove the tint and adjust the temperature now I don't think it quite went quite far enough so I would add in a little more yellow and I might just change it a little bit here if I click on okay for example there we go here's now the filter removed here's the original shot right there filter removed it's very very similar you can add in some small adjustments to get there but that's how you do it using basically one click thanks for watching


The Ethereum Merge, one of the most awaited events in the history of crypto, is finally upon us. The transition to a proof-of-sake system will transform Ethereum's monetary policy. That should greatly improve the network's scalability and security. I think Ethereum does have, just from an economic perspective, and because of the effect of the supply shock, a chance to flip Bitcoin. In this video, we talk to Ethereum researcher Vivek Raman about how the merge will change Ethereum forever, and how it may lead ETH to take over Bitcoin as the leading cryptocurrency. I'm Giovanni, your host. Welcome to another Cointelegraph interview. With the merge, the Ethereum network is going to transition from a proof-of-work to a proof-of-sake consensus mechanism. What does that mean for Ethereum, and what are the main improvements that the merge would bring? Absolutely. So, the Ethereum Merge, I don't think it's an overstatement to say. It's one of the most important and impressive engineering feats in the whole history of the blockchain movement, from the founding of Bitcoin, the founding of Ethereum, and I would say Ethereum merges up next. Ethereum started like Bitcoin as a proof-of-work network with miners mining blocks and securing the blockchain that way. But unlike Bitcoin, from basically very, very early in the Ethereum roadmap, Ethereum had it in its goals to transition to fully prove the stake. And there's a lot of reasons for it. The main ones are proof-of-sake makes Ethereum a more economically sustainable blockchain, and we can go into detail on the why. It makes it a more secure blockchain. It's a higher cost to attack Ethereum under proof-of-sake. We can go into that detail as well. And it makes Ethereum a more sustainable blockchain, even from an environmental standpoint, because instead of having to have a hardware miner footprint, the hardware is replaced by validators that use proof-of-sake and a validator can be run by anyone with a laptop computer or any sort of computer anywhere. So, it promotes more controlization of validators. You said that Ethereum is going to become more sustainable in two ways. One, it's environmentally sustainable, and the other is more economically sustainable. Could you get a little bit deeper into the economically sustainable aspect of this whole story? So, just from an economic standpoint, running Ethereum as a proof-of-sake blockchain requires less issuance to validators than proof-of-work would require to miners. This is really, really important because it pays less to secure the blockchain. It means it requires less inflation. Ethereum as a monetary asset, its value goes up. And if Ethereum's monetary value goes up, then in theory, the security value of the entire Ethereum, the market cap of Ethereum will go up. And the higher the market cap of the base layer, the harder it is to attack the chain, the more it costs to attack the chain. Again, it's a very, very positive feedback loop of under proof-of-sake issuance goes down, which means costs to attack the chain will go up, and the whole ecosystem works without the need for constant block subsidies. That's really important. That's something that proof-of-work chains like Bitcoin don't have. Bitcoin will have to have a block subsidy basically in perpetuity until 2140. This supply shock, which is going to be a 90% or around 90% issuance reduction, what is the impact of that on the Ethereum price according to you? So Ethereum, by doing the merge, is going to see the effect of three equivalent Bitcoin halvings at the same time. It's hard to see how this will not create a structural change in Ethereum. Instead of having issuance, 4.3% inflation, that goes to effectively zero, with the 90% reduction in issuance. That means effectively 90% less Ethereum issuance that can be sold on an everyday basis. It's hard to see economically how, with a lot less selling pressure, we won't see a reflection of Ethereum's price to the upside. We don't know when that'll happen. Usually Bitcoin halving is going to happen. It takes six months or something for the effect of the lower inflation to kick in. Ethereum is doing three at once effectively, and I think we'll see the effect on day one. Sell pressure goes to almost zero. In short, I'm optimistic on price. I think it's a supply shock that we've never seen before. We saw that Bitcoin, when it underwent the last Bitcoin halving, then it skyrocketed to new all-time highs. So I'm super excited to see something similar to happen with Ethereum too. Now I would like to actually ask you, why is it taking so long? So the merge for those who don't know, it's a process that actually started back in 2020, December 2020, when the Bitcoin chain was created. So the Bitcoin chain is the parallel shadow chain, where Ethereum has been running on a proof-of-stake system, while the majority of the Ethereum network, of course, is still running on the proof-of-work system. And the merge will mark the moment where the two chain, the main chain, and the Bitcoin chain will merge with each other. And so many have compared this process to changing the wheel of a car while the car is moving. So why is it taking so long, and what are the main difficulties of this whole process? No, that's an absolutely valid question. And again, Darren's been talking about proof-of-stake since very shortly after its genesis. And now, almost eight years later, you would say in 2022, we're getting to the actual merge. The analogy you say about the car is valid, I would say it's even more difficult. It's like changing the engine of an airplane while the airplane's mid-flight. And that right there encompasses why it has so much technical difficulty. The majority of Deci runs on Ethereum, which means a tremendous amount. It's been over $100 billion of values secured on Ethereum, plus the NST world runs on Ethereum, plus Ethereum is setting itself as the digital property rights layer where you can basically have your property that's embedded in the blockchain. That can't go down. There can't be issues with this. And when the actual transition happens in the proof-of-worth-proof-stake blockchain, it needs to go down. So all the value secured exists, and so confidence remains in the Ethereum blockchain. We can't have downtime.  And that's a very, very big part of Ethereum ethos. So Better State's been sorry in this sense. It's better to test over and over and over. And the last thing I'll say on this is Ethereum has this property called client diversity, which starts it apart from other blockchains. There's a vast amount of execution layer clients. There's a vast amount of consensus layer clients. That's good for decentralization. That's good for separation of power. But what it creates is human thinking issues where all the clients have to all sync with each other and all be ready. And that's something that brings in another complexity that we've had to test over. So a lot of people are waiting for these new technological advancements as a path to see Ethereum finally scale and become a truly global network that can onboard much more users and much more activity. On the other hand, you pointed out in a recent Twitter thread that this is a very big misconception. So that the merge is not going to tackle this scalability problem. It's not going to bring the fees of the Ethereum network down. So can you clarify this common misconception? And if the merge is not going to do anything about fees, then how is it going to make Ethereum more scalable? That's a great question. It's a very important question. And it shows that Ethereum needs to continue educating and showing what its value is versus where the scaling is actually going to be. And the short answer is Ethereum has identified as blockchains evolve that there's effectively a scalability trilemma. And it means that blockchains can either be very decentralized, very secure, or very scalable and fast. And between those three, blockchains have to pick two. It's basically architecturally impossible to do all three correctly. Ethereum has chosen that, you know what, let's actually have separation of powers and separation of duties. And let's have Ethereum be a settlement and security layer that's very, very secure, incredibly neutral, and can't be tampered with by third central parties. And let's make it decentralized by having hundreds of thousands of validator nodes. And by making it very, very easy to run a node, hardware requirements are very, I can run a node, I can run a validator node, that's something that other L ones can't do. But that comes at the cost of not being able to scale a base layer. And you know what, that's actually okay, because Ethereum has chosen what they've called a roll up road map, where it's outsourced the execution, which is a scalability, to a series of rollups that are known as layer two. And the funny part is, rollups are already live. Scaling's already here. There's already environments to have very, very low fees, very, very fast execution on Ethereum. Scaling's here, absolutely done scaling. What needs to now change is that users need to learn that all of their activities should be on layer two. And then the layer twos ultimately will use Ethereum as a base layer one for settlement and security and decentralization. So some people say that these layer two solutions that will be the only way Ethereum can, will be able to scale will acquire more value proposition than Ethereum itself. And it will kind of suck out from, from if all the value so, or part of the value. So what would be your counter argument? So that's a very common criticism. And I would, I would sort of point out that that's, that criticism sort of very zero sum game meant it's a very zero sum game mentality. We're saying that either Ethereum can win or rollups can win. If, if rollups get more users and that's bad for Ethereum, if we are bringing on hundreds of millions of new users onto rollups, then I would argue that everyone wins. There's no rollups win and Ethereum loses because ultimately, rollups can't function without Ethereum as the settlement security layer. That's, that's the trade off rollups. Just like we were talking about the scalability trial dilemma, because rollups takes execution, they are not taking security and decentralization as a base layer. They're outsourcing that to Ethereum. So as rollups grow, rollups will need to pay fees for settlement security to Ethereum as the base layer. And a hundred million more users onto rollups will mean more, more fees paid from rollups to Ethereum, which increases Ethereum security and keeps that flywheel going very positively. Critics of the merge says that it will lead to increasing centralization, because while miners in a proof of work system usually have to sell a part of their rewards in order to fund their operations, the validators in a proof of stake system are incentivized to accumulate more and more ETH in this case. And that would, that would mean that more and more ETH will be basically accumulated in the hands of these validators. So what would be your response to this argument? So that's one of the most common criticisms of proof of work, proof of stake by proof of work players. And I would counter that these are two very different complementary consensus mechanisms, and there's trade off to both. Could proof of stake be more centralizing because it has less cell pressure, well, has no, no miners and no cell pressure miners, but validators could potentially hold. Yes, it could, but that's assuming that everyone is only profit maximizing for staking. The whole point of the Ethereum economy is it creates use cases and creates a velocity of money. I mean, Ethereum really is the money that's used across the entire Ethereum mix system to buy NFTs of collateral and deep fives to pay for gas and a bunch of use cases that we probably haven't even invented yet. The point is to keep recycling money. So there will be validator selling and that will create more redistribution in the system. Validator rewards are taxable. So that will already create a few in the 50% tax rate that'll already create a 50% cell pressure from validators over the long run to pay taxes. So there are still decentralizing methods. Will it be everything sold from validators versus miners need to sell everything? Not as much, but let's turn to the flip side too. Let's turn to the mining to the mining front. And I think Bitcoin's a fantastic technology. I think Ethereum and Bitcoin will be very complementary and people who want proof of work exposure a lot of Bitcoin people that want exposure to digital economy will have Ethereum. But on the Bitcoin side, mining is also fairly centralized. Mining operates with scale. So it scales. The larger players or the larger models are going to have better economics and are going to scale their operations better, especially nowadays with power prices going into the roof, it's harder for smaller individual miners to set up their own operations. So you could actually argue the same phenomenon could happen with large miners that can have more validators because the large miners could also accumulate Bitcoin and hold on to it as an investment. So this is just a long window way of saying there are tradeoffs to both. You said that Ethereum and Bitcoin will be largely complementary. But on the other hand, on your Twitter handle, you said recently that Ethereum will emerge as all the chances to take on Bitcoin's throne. So that sounds more of a not a complementary sort of relationship, but more of a basically the flippening, right? So Ethereum kind of gaining more value proposition than Bitcoin. Why do you think so? So I don't think those are contradictory statements at all. I mean, complementary doesn't necessarily mean that the equal market cap or the market cap stay the same. Gold and tech companies are complementary store values. Some pension funds will put money into gold. Others will put money into Apple stock. And they're all part of the balance portfolio. I think in that same sense, Bitcoin and Ethereum have very different use cases. People that want an immutable source of money that doesn't have a velocity, but has the proof of work, the proven, whatever this 13 years of proof of work backing it will pick, will pick Bitcoin and keep some money in there and it will be effectively digital gold. But the adoption space for Ethereum is much larger for a lot of reasons. One, Ethereum has a staking yield. So institutions that want yield can express that view with Ethereum. They can stay there. They can earn valid or rewards and be part of a digital economy. Also, as a store of value, you want the monetary policy to be as strong as possible. After the merge, Ethereum will have lower inflation than Bitcoin, especially with C burns. Ethereum will be deflationary while Bitcoin will always be inflationary, although every happening that inflation rate does go down. So in terms of market cap, I think Ethereum does have just from an economic perspective and because of the effect of the supply shock, a chance to flip Bitcoin. You said that Bitcoin is supposed to, in this scenario, is supposed to retain the role of digital gold. But on the other hand, in this scenario, it seems to lose, it seems to kind of lose to Ethereum, the role of the best digital money. So it seems that you kind of foresee that Ethereum will sort of take on at least part of the Bitcoin narrative here. I do. It's a personal view. Again, this is a personal opinion. But based on use cases, based on the fact that Ethereum can have an economy running on top of it, it's program it. The design space to program on top of Ethereum blockchain is basically infinite and the base layer has lower issuance. I think proof of stake will end up being a more sustainable consensus mechanism and proof of work over the long run. And there's more velocity to it. I think the one part that is not too debatable is Bitcoin doesn't really move. Bitcoin has a culture of people hodling. And that's totally okay. I mean, gold doesn't really move either. But today, do we see gold being used as money or do we see other more portable forms of money being used as mediums of exchanges? And I would argue Ethereum's going to fall in that ladder camp and Bitcoin's going to fall in the former camp. I would say that Bitcoin has still this, as you said, reputation for being basically immutable in the sense that the supply is set in stone. That's probably one of the main selling points that Bitcoin will still preserve in the face of Ethereum's improvements. That's fair. I mean, there's counters to that too. In my view, in the view of blockchain design, you want the blockchain to be sustainable and supported by its own economic activity. Ethereum has a tremendous amount of transaction fees. And the transaction fees are what cause Ethereum's monetary policy to ultimately be deflationary because 80% to 85% of all transactions fees are and that creates a deflationary effect to counter the issuance from the block subsidies to validators. Bitcoin, in theory, after 2140, after a lot of havenings will have an inflation rate close to zero, but you still need something to pay miners to incentivize them to secure the blockchain. When that goes away, the question is, what will incentivize miners to continue spending all the money on electricity to secure the blockchain? That question has been hand-waved away a lot of time, saying that in 2140, we'll figure it out, or the transaction fees on Bitcoin will be high enough to secure miners. I would argue that if the whole point of Bitcoin is to hodl it and to keep it in a vault of the form of digital gold, transaction fees are never going to really be higher. And we've seen that over time.  So there's a structural issue long-term. I think maybe it will get kicked, the can will get kicked down the road, but Bitcoin can't have a fixed supply cap and low transaction fees and no real utility other than hodling over the long term, unless there's some change to the protocol. So we'll see what happens there as well. But Ethereum is tacking that up front and has economic sustainability from its transaction fees, from its economy, from all the applications that are built on top of it that we haven't yet seen in Bitcoin. Again, I welcome competition. Maybe we'll have a robust layer to ecosystem on top of Bitcoin. Maybe we'll have a lot more smart contracts and functionality, but so far we haven't seen it yet and Ethereum is taking that place. So it's food for thought. Yeah, that's definitely food for thought. Thanks a lot, Vivek, for coming on our show. Thank you for having me. Fingers crossed for a successful gorelly merge. Fingers crossed for that actual successful mainnet merge and excited to see how this all plays out.


I'm Ethan Wessel. I am a software engineer at AirSwap. You don't know what AirSwap is. It's a desk block against that. But this presentation is going to be about securely storing private keys for application use on AWS. So I want to note that we are not storing user private keys. This is for our back applications. This can be for side projects or integrations. I might have heard one of them mention yesterday by Drew Richardson, which was our TAP project. So first off, application wall security. Data can be in three states. It can be at rest. It can be in use or it can be in motion. And the moment that the key is with memory, it's vulnerable. So we have to have tools and practices around our infrastructure that allow us to ensure the wallet security so that we're doing trading like that. So again, once compromised, a private key and everything tied to it is gone forever. So that means tokens, our wallet, our functionality, any of the things that we're doing is aggrasable. So there are four main criteria we have. We have auditability, which is, can we see what happened? Can we see who accessed? At what time we have encryption? Are these keys unusable when they're not being used? And I want to note, the keys I'm talking about here are the keys to encrypted data. They're not the public private keys. So this is taking encryption keys and then using those to encrypt and securely store your private keys. We also have it needed to be easy.  So developers and DevOps engineers need to be able to use a tool with these. And it needs to be permissioned. You can be able to lock it down. If you can't do that, then that's not good. There's too much access to it. Not really, yeah. So we have four main tools that are disposable for AWS. And the first one is key management service. The second is Securities Manager. We have Assistance Manager, parameter store. We have Kubernetes secrets. So I'll talk about each of these. But again, this is a bit more of an infrastructure talk of how we kind of like organize these. So for the key management service, its main job is to create and control the encryption keys used to encrypt data, like I said earlier. In terms of its auditability, it integrates other tools and provides logs. So you can easily see these logs and see what's happening. The encryption, sorry, in regards to encryption, the keys are encrypted at rest. They're not accessible or not visible. And it's very easy. So as soon as you make an account, there's a key ready to go by default to allow you to encrypt the data. And it's permission, so you can use IAM policies, key policies, and throw access control on top of it. The Secrets Manager, its job is to manage secrets for applications and services. Again, it's audible, it has logs in terms of its encryption. Secrets and keys are encrypted at rest. But it really shines with how easy it is to use. So instead of putting hard coding credentials inside of your applications and making it visible, it uses an API call or an SDK, which makes it much easier for development just to like to throw it in. And on top of that, Secrets Manager also provides additional functionality that allows you to auto rotate your keys. And again, it's also permissioned. So you can grant permissions to individuals on perform list roles, which is also very nice. There's another one here, which is the Systems Manager parameter store. This is pretty akin to Ansible. I don't know if anybody's ever used it, but there's something called Vault Ansible. And the Systems Manager really shines with regards to the secrets that are interpolated at runtime. In terms, again, of its auditability, encryption, and permission, these are all pretty standard of AWS services. But again, it's very easy, and most of these are just injected to container services through environment variables, and they're never visible. The last one is Kubernetes Secrets. And its job stores, manages, sends the information to Kubernetes. So you can put password, you can put sH keys, you can do pretty much anything, plain text, which eventually becomes encrypted. So in terms of its auditability, it's great, it also logs, but there are big problems with this, where you can actually expose secrets. And when you expose a secret inside of your logs, it's forever left for logs that become vulnerable, then you're kind of screwed, it's visible. Again, things aren't encrypted at rest, but via the EBS volume. And it's also easy, so you can attach the pods, and you can inject your secrets to the pods. However, in terms of the permission, even though access is on a per pod basis, you have to be careful because a pod can see those secrets, and that's not good. So again, you'll have vulnerability stuff. Overview, KMS, as we have found, is good for general encryption management. Service Manager is, again, to manage secrets and applications for services. And the parameter store is good for configuring data for the Plymouths. And you have Kubernetes Secrets, which is really good for securing sensitive data in clusters. This documentation, I'm sure, will be available afterwards. Thank you.


Welcome back to Retro Tech. Today we're still working on the Sony PVM 1420 and things have been a little wild around here, at least where I live. We did have a pretty torrential downpour of snow for the area earlier this week. And that was a couple of days after I ordered my parts for the Sony PVM repair and the parts were delayed and shipping because of that.  And I was very happy because we had a second snowstorm happen here overnight, a couple of hours after these parts arrived. And we have another four inches of snow on top of things that we had left over from the earlier snow this week. So it's just been snow on top of snow. It's been pretty crazy. If you follow the news at all, there was a stretch of highway near here that was closed for 27 hours. Even a senator got stuck in 27 hours with the traffic on the highway, which I thought was pretty funny, maybe a little deserving for the politicians to be stuck in some snow there this time of year. Thankfully, nobody was hurt. Actually, it was kind of a little bit of a miracle. They said nobody was injured and there was no serious accident, but it has delayed the shipping of these parts. And what we did in that original video, if you want to fresher is we looked at the 1420, just an initial look at, we tested it. We went to troubleshoot the monitor to see what was causing our issues with our power. And we found, after a lot of looking around the board, a batch of very bad capacitors right in one of the main power areas over here on the board. So those were removed. The board was cleaned up. And again, if you want to see that and you've missed it to this point, go check out this link here. Otherwise, what we're going to do today is we're going to replace the capacitors in this thing. And then we'll reinstall the power supply into the monitor. And hopefully we'll get to power it on and do some testing and check out how this thing actually runs once we get this power supply repaired. So the capacitors isn't the only delivery I've been waiting on. I also ordered some fresh fuel for my boiler room down here because my tank is getting pretty low to empty. See this indicator here? I'm less than a quarter of a tank. So hopefully the snow will be moved a little bit so the fuel guy can come and pump me some heating oil or I'll be in big trouble because we won't have any hot water here at the Retro Tech Palace. And that means I'll be in hot water with Mrs. Retro Tech. All right, everybody, we're at the work station and we're going to get started. First we're going to look at our new capacitor kit. Just show you, we do have a mix of capacitors here since we had to get the right size as well as the right rating and rely on stuff that was in stock. So there are a mix of brands here. They are all top quality. And again, all of these match the diameter as well as the height and spacing as the old capacitors and the values. They're all here. I'll have a nice Google document listed in the description of the video for this capacitor list. That way if you happen to run across one of these 14 inch LNDs and have the same issue with the power supply then you can go ahead and prepare yourself by having this cap kit available and on hand. And I do know this is a common issue with this power supply board. I'm going to link to a video also in the description from a video I saw on a 1410. And I will tell you that they seem to have the person who made that video had the same problem with the exact same capacitors on what looked to be the same model of power supply board that we have here. Now that video did come to a pretty interesting conclusion on the actual performance of the monitor. Maybe we'll see something different on this 1420. I don't know, but hopefully we won't have to do the same thing they ended up doing. But if you do want to see something about a 1410 I'll link that below. But our tools are ready. Let's go ahead now and we're going to solder in all these capacitors. As we start to zoom through this installation of capacitors I do want to give you a couple of tips. Sometimes you will need to increase your iron temperature if you have damage to your PCB from either electrolytic fluid in this case or even sometimes you have ground connections that loop throughout the entire PCB and do need a little bit more heat on them to get your solder to flow. You could use additional flux and that would probably help. However, you're going to increase your cleaning time if you do that. And the good thing about the solder that I do use is it is rosin core solder. So there is already some of that flux built into the solder itself. But don't be afraid to increase your temperatures a little bit if necessary. Just be mindful that you don't burn anything while you do that, including a trace or a pad on your PCB. All right, here's our finished PCB. You can see the capacitors are in there all in the right spots. And I've also done a check for continuity to make sure that all the pads are connected. And then I've double checked to make sure they're all facing the proper direction. You will always want to check to make sure they're facing the proper direction. It's easy on a board like this where everything is facing the same way. And you can tell by how the negative lines on the capacitors, they're all facing the same direction. But that's not always the case. Sometimes they will switch directions. Now let's get this reinstalled into the monitor. And hopefully we'll get some power. All right, the board will simply go up here. And it does have a couple of connection points. So make sure you keep those clear. There's three of them, actually. Two on the right side and one on the left. I'm going to line up the screw holes with the posts, set it down. And then I'll insert the five screws, which are Phillips head, and mount the PSU first. OK, that's our last screw. Now I'll go over here and plug in the bottom cable and then the top cable. I'm sure one's going to power the screen. One's going to power probably the input board. And then over here is our main power. Of course, I'm going to say power the input board. I mean, it could be also splitting off into the front panel and other panels too. All right, there we have it. Our power board's been reinserted. I will tell you one thing on here I noticed while working on this, we all know that Sony PVMs in the CRT format didn't actually have any fans to cool any of the capacitors or internals. However, Sony added that on this LCD screen. There's one fan right up here. And then we've got two additional fans in the bottom to help cool areas of the monitor that were prone to heating. The interesting thing that you can note, so if you're designing something that generates a lot of heat, the place where there wasn't the fan is over here. And that's where our capacitors failed was in this area where that heat would have been blocked, especially from all these ICs and this heat transferring plate. I don't know why I can't. This heat sink would generate a lot of heat here and here. Now, this fan will blow on this area and cool this, but there's no fan to blow over here on any of these capacitors. So that has to be a big contributing factor to why they fail. Well, we're ready to do it. Let's go ahead and stick our power in here and see if we have any better signs of life from this PVM. Going to just plug the power cable in there. And hopefully, we'll get some power. A little nervous, though. OK, I see a green light come on. I did see a little flash on the screen. I'm seeing SDI. I'm able to switch it. Oh, yes. Look at that. I just pressed Menu. I've got it in line A. And yeah, we've got a pretty familiar site here. This is a Sony service menu. Now, this is just the standard menu. This doesn't look like it has all the service ability stuff in it. So that's probably under a different menu, maybe like the service menu that's hidden in the other PVMs. But wow, that's pretty awesome. So let's get in here. 1420, no option installed. Wow. So I think the next thing we probably want to do is actually plug something in here and let it see. Fortunately, I do believe we're going to have some issues it looks like with this LCD screen. I've got a single line coming down. Let's see if I power cycle, if that'll help anything. I doubt it will. So let's just turn this thing back on. Power's back up, and our line's still there. Now, it doesn't show up from every angle, that line. So anyway, let's hook something up into this and see how it looks. All right, I've plugged up my video input. I'm going to go ahead and try out the RGB input on here. So we've got green, blue, red, and then sync over here in yellow. And then we even do have an adapted mono audio from our stereo going in. So we'll test all of that. And I'm going to be using this bypassed, triple bypassed Sega Model 2 with an older EverDrive and then a SCART cable from Insurrection Industries. And I do believe this adapter was provided by Retro Upgrades in the UK. So just an idea of what we've got set up here. We're going to test it out. All right, so I'm so glad everybody's getting to experience this with me because I've not tried this at all. So let's see what happens if we can get some power to go back in there. And we'll get our screen to turn on. We're getting everything. What we're going to do is go RGB component, external sync. And then we do have game stuff here. So let's make sure that we've got all the colors and stuff. I was really concerned about lag on this. But let's see if we can get something that come up that's cool.  I don't really know what. Oh, here we go. So we could change our component level. So I'm going to change to STMP for component level. Oh, boy. Wow, that is just hideous. Oh, it's on component mode, dummy. There. OK, golly, I've been sitting here complaining. And that's the problem the entire time it's in component mode. Wow. Well, there we go. Good. The reds come back down. And everything looks pretty good. Yeah, that's much better. I mean, it still needs some color balancing. And that can be done. The thing I think that is interesting is I shouldn't have even been able to manually adjust those phase and chroma and aperture. Yes, there we go. OK, that makes sense. So there we go. I didn't really have a plan to set up and do full testing on this monitor yet. Obviously, it's got some issues where the geometry could be maxed out and then things like that. So I'm not really sure. Since there's no diggalls button, I'm not sure the exact if there is a specific way to get into a submenu. There might be. And then you could change adjustments like screen size and things like that. I'm just not entirely certain. Well, what I'd really like to do is set this up next to a PVM. And that way you could decide by side comparison of them. And then we'll also run some tests. I'll research the manual some more. We'll put it back on this and maybe even make somehow a stand to hold it up on. But that is going to do it for this episode on our LMD-1420. We got it working again. But look for that part three where we're just going to run all the tests on this, especially that lag test. I'm really interested to see how much lag this thing offers. I'm also going to see if I can do anything to balance out the colors and work on this overall screen any. But so far, so good. Everything's going well. I think Bob's going to be pretty happy.


Once the difference between do and make, that's what we're going to talk about in this video. We're going to talk about the rules of when you need to use either one. We'll talk about specific expressions that require either one. And at the end, I'm going to test your knowledge. Of course, I'm Jennifer from jankforistenglish.com. And this channel is dedicated to helping you sound like a fluent, confident, natural English speaker. Now before we go any further, make sure you subscribe and hit that bell notification so you're notified every time I post a new lesson. Now let's dive in with this video. This video, I'm going to teach you how to use do and make. Now let me give you an example sentence. Last night, I mm the dishes and I mm dinner. Okay. In this case, what do we need? Do we need do? Do we need make? Put it in the comments below. What do you think we need? Well, first of all, you need to remember that regardless of which one you use, they're verbs. So you have to conjugate them according to your time reference.  So I know I'm talking in the past. So I need to conjugate my verbs in the past. Last night, I did the dishes and I made dinner. Did you get them right? Now let us talk about the rules of when you use do and make. First of all, let me give you a tip. So remember this. If we're talking about an action in general, we use do. If we're talking about producing something, we use make. So that's a general tip you can follow. But just keep in mind, there are specific expressions that require one or the other. So you need to keep those in mind as well. So first, let's talk about these general rules. Let's talk about when you use do. We use do with work, chores, and tasks. This is one I commonly see students confuse because I hear a lot of students say, I made my homework. I made my homework. But you don't make homework, okay? You do homework. You do a job. You do chores. You do a task. We use the verb do. Now we also use do with an unspecified activity. And you're probably very familiar with the question, what are you doing tonight? What are you doing right now? It's a general question. I'm not asking about a specific activity. We use do. What are you doing tonight? Now we also use do a lot when we replace a verb if the meaning is clear. So in my original example, I said last night, I did the dishes. Do the dishes. But there's another verb that we can use. You can wash the dishes. Now, because the meaning is clear, I can replace the verb wash with do. That might be a little more of an advanced thing for you to understand. But just for now, remember this expression, you do the dishes. So you've already just added one natural expression to your vocabulary because a native English speaker, we're not really going to say wash the dishes. We say do the dishes. So now let's talk about make. Remember, we use make when you're producing something. So anything that was produced, designed, developed, or constructed, we could use make. For example, I could say this t-shirt was made in China. Now, we also use make specifically with food, drinks and meals. And that's why I said last night, I made dinner. Can you make me a snack? Can you make me a smoothie, a beverage? Can you make me a cup of coffee? We also use make when you produce an action or a reaction from someone. For example, I could watch a movie and I could say, oh wow, that movie made me, made me really sad. That movie made me really sad. It produced a reaction within me. Traffic makes me so angry. That's something that a lot of people say, right? Here's a good one. We use make with plans and decisions. So think of a plan could be, for example, making a dinner reservation. And with decision, you make a decision. So I could ask you, have you made a decision yet? Have you made a decision yet? Now finally, we use make when you produce sounds. For example, I could say my microphone made a really weird buzzing noise. Or I could say my lights are making this really high pitch noise. We can also use it with any sort of verbal sounds. For example, at the end of a presentation, I could say I really like that comment you made about global warming. So you make a comment because that's a sound you produce. Now let's talk about some general expressions that use either do or make. Remember, expressions in English, you just have to memorize them. So just put these ones into your vocabulary, write them down and make sure you understand if they use do or make. So our first one, you do someone a favor. So this is a very common expression. I could say, oh, I have a lot of homework to do. Remember, you do homework, or I have a lot of chores to do. You do chores, you do work. I have a lot of chores to do. Can you do me a favor and make the dinner reservation? So notice I use do and make in that sentence. Can you do me a favor and make the dinner reservation? Because remember, we use make with plans and arrangements and decisions, but we're using do, do someone a favor. Think of that just as an expression. Do someone a favor. So can you do me a favor? Hopefully you said yes. Now I'm sure you're already familiar with this expression, but I'll share it anyway. And that's what do you do? What do you do? What do you do for a living? But most of the time we don't include for a living and we simply say, what do you do? And of course I'm asking you about your job and we use do. Now interestingly, we have another expression, which is make a living to make a living. Now when you make a living by doing something, it means that's your primary source of income. So I could say I make a living by doing YouTube videos. That's my primary source of income. That's how I make a living. So somebody could ask me, what do you do? I'm a YouTuber. Well, how do you make a living? Because they might be asking me, okay, but how do you make money? And of course I would say, I make a living by recording YouTube videos. That's how I make a living. Now of course, you also make money. So you make a living, which is related to money. And then also you make money. So again, somebody could ask me, what do you do? I'm a YouTuber. But how do you make money? How do you make money on YouTube? Right? That's always the mystery. People want to know that. So just remember those two expressions, one of them uses do because it's a general category, but then specifically almost about producing, right? Thinking to a general category, you make money, you make a living. That's more about production. So we're using make. Now another one that doesn't really fit into the category, but you can think of it as an expression. And that's make a mistake. You make a mistake. Okay? So you don't do a mistake. Sometimes I hear that. You make a mistake. It's just an expression. So you could say, I was doing my homework or I was doing my taxes. That's another one where we're replacing the verb, which is probably file. I was filing my taxes, but we replace that verb would do. I was doing my taxes and I made a mistake. Or we could combine two makes. I was making dinner and I made a mistake. So just keep that in mind. A lot of the time you're going to be mixing and matching in one sentence. I'll leave you with a positive expression. Think of this as an expression. And this one's with do. You do your best. Do your best. So if you say, Jennifer, I'm not sure if I can pass this quiz at the end of the video. I'm going to say just do your best. It doesn't matter if you make a mistake. Just do your best. So that's a nice word of encouragement and expression of encouragement that you can use with someone. If they're feeling a little apprehensive or tentative about doing something, you can say, I'll just do your best. It doesn't matter if you make a mistake. Just do your best. So with that, let's get to the quiz. So I'm going to share the quiz on the screen. You're going to have 10 questions to answer. I'll leave it up for a minute. So just pause the video. You'll need more time. And then after that minute, it will display the answers. So make sure you let us know in the comments how you did on the quiz. How many did you get right out of 10? Did you make any mistakes? And of course just do your best. So now let's do the quiz. Right. So how did you do on the quiz? I'm really excited to find out. So make sure you leave it in the comments and let us know how many you got right out of 10 and which ones you got wrong or which ones you got right. Just tell us how you did. If you found this video helpful, please hit the like button, share it with your friends and of course subscribe. Now before you go, make sure you head on over to my website, jforestenglish.com and download your free speaking guide. In this guide, I share six tips on how to speak English fluently and confidently. And until next time, happy studying. Awesome job. Now you know the difference between do and make. I'm sure you're going to need to watch this video again because we reviewed a lot of information. So feel free to do that. And of course subscribe so you get notified every time I post a new lesson. Can't wait to see you next time. Bye.