Good morning and welcome to Out of the Comfort Zone on Think Tech Hawaii. I'm your host, RB Kelly, and today we've got something really cool lined up for you. But first, your body language tip of the week and your book of the week. Now, this week we're doing something a little bit differently. I actually combined them. Since next week is Thanksgiving, I wanted to give back. I wanted to put something out there that people can use. So I put together a free resource. It's a free five-day challenge to help you change your body language.  You can, as soon as you make eye contact, make instant rapport, and create this connection between the two of you so you can talk to anybody, anywhere, anytime. Now I used to be, growing up, I used to be of the mindset that the easiest way to talk to people was to sit in the corner and wait for them to come talk to you. And I can tell you, with 100% accuracy, the sit and lurking approach doesn't work. So if you have ever struggled talking to people, starting a conversation, this is the challenge that's going to help you get out of your comfort zone and start making people come to you instead. Like I said, it's a free five-day course and you can sign up by visiting the link on your screen right now, bit.ly-bl-challenge-rb, as in body language challenge with RB. I hope I see you there. Like I said, free five-day challenge, you can unsubscribe anytime if it's not your thing, but it's a mix of emails and videos that's all designed to help you get out of your comfort zone and bring people to you instead of you having to chase them down. Now with that out of the way, let's get to our guest. I'm really excited for this. Full disclosure, our guest today is actually one of my coaches. All right, that's how awesome I think he is. I saw this guy, I heard about his work, I saw him in action, and I thought, I need that. So I signed him up as my coach, discovered he really was as awesome as he seemed, and so now he's our guest on the show today. Our guest is Dr. Joe Burns. He's a money mindset coach. How are you doing today, Joe? I'm doing great, how are you, RB? Awesome, I'm glad you're here. Thanks. Thank you. So Joe, just wanted to ask you very first of all, what is a money coach? Money coach. Well, see a lot of people come to me saying, hey, can you help me with my finances, my budget? I'm like, eh, that's not quite me, right? I need a financial coach for that. Money mindset coach is all about your, what it sounds like, right? All about your mindset, all about your head and the space and what you think about money, and how what you think about money impacts how much actually comes into your life. You know, Joe? So we can kind of start changing some of those things in the mind. Yeah, we can start moving forward and actually getting more of this green stuff we like in our lives. You know, Joe, I bet some of our readers, our viewers are thinking, wait a second, you're saying by changing the way we think about money, I can actually make more money. Some of them are going, that's crazy. What do you have to say to them? A lot of people are skeptical at first, right? It's very counterintuitive sometimes to how we think about money and how we interact with it. But if we can change that mindset, it's just like, for example, right? It's just like your friends that you interact with, right? You do body language. So it's those signals and cues you put out there. The same thing happens with money, right? We can use the principles you do with body language and apply those to money. And you really could have the same effect, right? The more welcoming we are into our lives with these resources and these things, the more they show up for us. I like that answer. And one of the things I've heard from you frequently throughout our coaching, Joe, is that the root of your problems is your money story. So could you dive into that a little bit more? What is a money story and why does it matter? Yeah, yeah, for sure. Money stories are awesome. It's kind of a little bit of a background on the money story.  And I started thinking about, right? So my brain always goes to the analytical side. It's like, why is this a factor, right? And I really get kind of geeked out by this. But since humans were great storytellers, so we got a story for everything. So if we can dig in and find out what the money story is, right? What the story is that we're telling ourselves about money, then we can start to change that perspective and start telling ourselves a new story around money, specifically within our lives. All right, so the money story. So one of the stories you tell yourselves about money, can you explain that a little bit more? Yeah, so a lot of it diving deeper into the money story, right? It's these thoughts and beliefs that we continue to say, hey, I don't have because, right? That's a great prompt for anybody out there watching and then listening. It's a great prompt to start getting your brain to think, why don't I have the resources? Why don't I have the money that I want? Or what's the behavior that comes up when I interact with money? That's another story. Like, why do I act surprised when my bank account goes below a certain balance? Why do I act surprised when I find money in my wallet that I didn't know I had, right? All these little telltale signs, if we look at them, all create our story. And that the root of all these behaviors is really a story we've been telling ourselves for some time, usually based upon an experience that we had at some younger time in our lives. And us as the young people kind of put together this determining factor of, oh, money does this to us, so that's how we should interact with it. So that's really where the money story comes from and how it kind of coined that overall interaction with your emotions and your experiences into a story that you've been telling yourself for the duration of your life. And I remember, as I first started going through coaching with you, my money story that I was telling myself went back from when I was a very child and my dad had gotten laid off from his job and we were looking for a new job and we moved to a new part of the state. And I remember it was really, really stressful. And everything worked out. My dad got a new job, we were totally fine, we had tons of food storage, so we never went hungry and we were never in danger of that. But I remembered the stress and the little bit of panic from my parents told me that if you don't have money, you're going to die. And on the flip side, I had this culture around me that said wanting money is evil and having too much money is bad because money is the root of all evil. And so I had this idea that if you don't have money, you're going to die.  So the best place to be is somewhere right in the middle where you have just enough. Ah. Yeah. And it's, to our viewers, it's only through going through coaching with Joe and actually figuring out why I feel this way and figuring out how I could interpret things differently and figuring out a new money story that actually works for me. That's really changed the way I do things. And so, well, that's my story. But Joe, can you tell us any other stories about clients who have changed their money stories and then changed their life? Yeah, yeah. I have lots of different stories. It's fun. I'm starting to collect them for use with a different project I'm doing later. But I have one specific, like you kind of brought up, right? I see themes within people's stories and within their behaviors. And sometimes that theme I've seen a lot is just enough, right? Those are the words that pop up. And a lot of times people learn from a very early age that they might be too much for their families or, you know, like you said, with your story, it happens at a very young age and we create these beliefs around that. So it's one kind of mind. You know, she had this feeling of just being too much for people. And on the flip side of that, that she wasn't enough for other people. So she got kind of caught, like you were saying, in kind of this middle ground of being just like perfect. And by fixing and working with her on that piece, the money stuff started working out for her, right? And the people watching kind of are saying, you know, start thinking here, oh, Joe, but you're not talking about money at all in these stories. Well, that's true because it's never about the money, and that's the key factor. We blame the money, but these stories are always about life experiences, mostly connected with love, feeling love or not feeling loved enough. So similar to your story, RB, kind of that age where we start making these decisions in life for how things are going to be. We attach that, and then we blame money in the end because, well, money really can't hurt us. It's an inanimate object, so then we start blaming that instead. Yeah, so it's very similar stories to your stories about really just being out there, doing things wrong. I hear a lot of times, like, we're like, oh, I can't go into that, especially entrepreneurs, right? We can't do that because we might get it wrong. And the fear is, oh, but I need money to make this happen, or they label it with some other excuse in a way that isn't really the fact. So the story is always there, and so if we listen for it, we can hear it and then find out what it's really about instead of the money. Interesting. I love that idea of the money stories and how important they are. But along with the money stories, what are some other challenges or obstacles that people face as they start to go through this coaching process with you and start to become more aware of the relationship with money? Oh, this is a cool one because, again, like I said before, it's not always about money. Sometimes time sneaks in there. They're like too busy to do stuff, right? Which is interesting. So we can take and exchange money for lots of different things in these stories. But the cool thing about all this is it's all personal development work. So as they start working on their money stories, they start becoming more confident in themselves. They could start becoming more confident in their interactions with the world. They start becoming more confident, if they're entrepreneurs and their businesses and their businesses start to thrive. Because what happens is they start changing their world and then the world around them starts changing more accurately. I have an interesting concept. But if we change ourselves, then the world and how we interact with it now becomes a different place for us, a place that we like a lot better. Like Michael Jackson said, you start with the man in the mirror. That's right. I love that. Do you only work with entrepreneurs or do you work with anybody? I work with pretty much anybody. I focus on entrepreneurs because I can speak their language and we can get them right out of the door, making money right away. But I work with people in corporate. That's where I came from, right? I kind of mastered the skill in the corporate world. But yeah, people who, really it's just those people who are willing to take some action, be a little vulnerable and step into discovering what's really stopping them from making what they want. I love that you say vulnerable. I remember when I first started coaching, our first, I feel like our first session was me being like, I'm fine. I am totally, totally fine. I have no problems. But eventually my walls day to come down and things started welling up and I had, I feel so much better. We're only partway through our coaching right now, but I already feel so much better, which I think is really cool. Yeah. Yeah, it's miraculous what can happen in such a short amount of time. That's really what I focus on, right? People who want to jump in, be vulnerable, take action and then get going. Because at the end of the day, you know, those who work with me, it's all about how fast they want to make the results happen. It's all on them. That makes sense. You can either fight the system and spend a long time trying to get to where you want to go or you can open up, lower your walls and get somewhere. Exactly. All right, so it sounds like you work with people who are hungry for a change. They know something's not working and if you help them to change their story. So not only money is solved, but also a lot of different issues in your life. Yeah, yeah. We start with money because it's a great reflector. So we start there and then kind of branch out for what they need. I love that. I love that. We, okay, viewers, we're gonna be right back. All right, we are gonna be right back after this short break. See you in a bit. This is Stink Tech Hawaii, raising public awareness. Greetings, it's me, Angus McTech, the longtime host and star of Yibachi Talk. Think Tech is important to our community because we bring all kinds of cool ideas and I bring gadgets to the show. So you gotta watch it for sure. But for the first time, Think Tech Hawaii is participating in an online web-based fundraising campaign that is $40,000. Give thanks to Think Tech. We'll run only during the month of November and you can help. Please donate what you can that Think Tech in Hawaii can continue to be public awareness and promote civic engagement through free programming like mine and I'm in charge. I've already made my donation and it's really hard to get the encouragement to make a donation, but I already did. Please send in your tax deductible contribution by going to this website. Thanks for Think Tech dot Cosbox dot com. Say that three times fast. Closing on behalf of the community enriched by Think Tech Hawaii's 30 plus weekly shows. Thank you and we're in my hollow for watching Think Tech and your generosity.   Welcome back. This is Out of the Comfort Zone. I'm your host, RB Kelly. We're on Think Tech, OC16 television and our guest is Joe Burns. Now Joe, I'm sure our viewers are curious. Most of us, I had never heard of a money mindset coach.  I think that's a really good question. People ask me that all the time because honestly my whole career was IT. I've been in IT for almost 25 years when I made the move to be a full-time money coach. Wow. Some people are like, whoa, IT computers and now you're teaching people about money. But they don't, it's a great conversation starter, right? Because they don't see the bridge. The bridge was I attended some personal development classes and kind of caught the bug. I'm like, huh, there's a long history for me of some dark times and stuff that happened like everybody, right? We all go through our own stuff. But what happened was I picked up some tools and I started coaching with this mentor of mine. I'm like, hey, I like this stuff. I'm seeing massive change in my life and in the lives of people who really just show up to say, hey, Joe, I need some help. So I started doing some personal development coaching for a while and trying to figure out that. And I'm like, this stuff's cool, but what's my uniqueness? Where can I really shine? And in the corporate world at the same time, I was sitting there and I was starting to apply some of these principles in my life and saw that I went from, you know, in a short amount of time, I went from making very little, right? I started out and then here's kind of my money story. That's what I like telling people. Like my money story started, I was making $54,000 a year, even working IT. And in four years, I doubled that. And a couple more years after that I was making over $120,000 a year. So I started thinking with this personal development stuff and what did I do? What happened? What was the change I went through? And I found I was really good about talking about money and found some correlations with what I had done and what results I had. So then I started testing it out on those brave souls that would let me kind of coach them, right? In a safe manner, but in those ways that they would be like, cool, I know you're a cool guy, let's just see what we can have happen. And I found out I had an affinity for it. So that's kind of the short of the whole story of where I was at and kind of getting into really understanding that money pretty much talks to me. And it's kind of weird when I say like that, but it talks to me and I can listen to what it's saying and I help people along the way who can't quite hear what it's saying to them. If we can just listen to it, then we can start changing and finding those stories we have that we talked about earlier. So it's been a fun roller coaster of trying to figure out what exactly I want to coach on, make that transition from the corporate world of working at IT to doing full-time money coaching. It's been a lot of fun, been helping a lot of people. Just figure this stuff out and move forward with it. Well, it sounds like, Joe, it's been a fun journey. Okay, good. I'm glad to hear it's been a fun journey. It sounds like you started your money journey by first seeing what you'd done in your own life that had worked for you and then like testing it on a couple of friends, like guinea pigs. And when you saw that it worked, you just kept doing it and kept doing it and now it's what you do all the time. Is that right? Correct, yeah. Yeah, and then just kind of blossomed into what it is and yeah, yeah. I mean, it's like all the things we do, you know, for an entrepreneur who's watching, right? It's finding what you want to do and that passion. And I found out I had the passion for it and that, you know, testing it out and trying to figure what it would have looked like for me in a way that made sense and that I could produce and teach to other people and see the same results. And when I found that, I'm like, okay, here, I got it finally right after. And this is like a year of testing. But yeah, it's taken some time to get going but I've seen some amazing results of people making. I mean, I've had some people that were in a negative each month in their business. Now they're making $8,000, $9,000, $10,000 a month within like a six month period of time, right? Just changing a few things here and there, really finding out their money stories and then just applying the same principles that I learned from myself to them and then see what, you know, flourish from there. Wow, I love that. I love that. It sounds like you've really refined your system. So I'm sure some of our viewers are thinking, okay, this is well and good. I'm curious, but how can I start on my own? So what advice would you have for them? How can our viewers start today to change their money mindset? That's a great question. Because we can, like little simple things. And I wanna just point this home and I'm gonna share a tool with you that's really super powerful and going to change all your lives. The thing is, I teach simple, right? All the tools I teach aren't easy to do sometimes as you can probably tell RV, right? That's what I've had you do. But they're all simple because in the simplicity, we find the real change and real power. And it's easy to replicate over and over, okay?  This tool I'm gonna teach you today, I actually saw a woman make money, right? She made money within 24 hours of doing this exercise. Okay, I don't know about you, but I like money and if someone's gonna teach me a little trick to make money the next 24 hours, I'd do it.  So that's another tool, kind of, that's a bonus one I'll give you. But what I have is I have, I'll just pick it, I have a $100 bill, right? What I want you to do is take whatever amount of money you have in your wall right now. Hopefully you have some cash.   And then just write down, just set a timer for maybe 20 minutes and then just start writing all the words that come up in your brain about what that money is saying to you. Every single word, it doesn't matter what it is, just write it down on the paper. It'll be surprised about what your money is actually saying to you. At the end of that, what I want you to do is take all those words. I'm gonna suggest, push yourself to write like 100 words. It feels a little ominous, but what that's gonna do is get all the clutter out of our brains. And then take and split that list into words that you like, words that feel good about money, words that feel bad about money, ones that don't make you feel very good about the money. I want you to separate those lists on the separate pieces of paper. And then here's where the fun comes in. The words that you don't like, I want you to go outside and burn them. Like burn that piece of paper, just light it on fire. Like, and I'm literally saying light on fire in a safe environment, in a controlled environment, don't set the house on fire, okay? If you can't light it on fire, rip it up. What that's gonna do is it's gonna teach our brain that we don't need to hold onto those words anymore. The next thing, the last piece of this tool is take the words you like and write a couple of power statements, or declarations, affirmations, whatever you wanna call them, about money. Money's amazing and I enjoy it coming into my life. Money's wonderful and provides for me for what I want and need, something like that. And then just say those out loud daily and see what happens. Guaranteed if you do this, in a couple of days you will see some new opportunities of money come up in your lives. Just as simple as that. So, that's my gift to you today. I like that. I like that and I wrote that down so I can do that later. All right, well, thank you for being here, Joe. We really appreciate having you on the show. Is there anything else, any last pieces of advice you'd like to give to any of our viewers? We've got a couple more minutes. I think the biggest thing I can give anybody about money is, like RB teaches about body language. What's your real language when you're talking about money? Be aware of what you're saying about it because that's going to help you find out what's holding you back from really getting what you want. We over complicate the money story a lot. We over complicate how hard it is to get. But honestly, at the end of the day I can give you a thousand different things to do where you can earn money right now. Earning money is not the hard piece in getting past your own brain. This piece up here, that's really the hard piece. If we can get past it and start making money our friend then you'll see more of your life guaranteed every time. I love that.  Maybe my family's gonna resent me. Maybe my husband's gonna leave me. All these worst case scenarios of all the bleakest things that could happen to me would happen if I made money. And that's one of the reasons I wanted to work with you because consciously I know I get to choose my future but subconsciously my brain was like, ah! And so I can report having worked with Joe my brain is starting to calm down. I'm starting to be more purposeful. I just released that free challenge. I have been bringing people into a new group coaching course and I am just really excited. Things are working out.  But I know some of you are thinking, okay, this is cool, I'm gonna do this exercise, but how can I learn more? How can I learn more? So Joe, how can people learn more about what you do? How can people find you? Probably the best way to find me right now is you can schedule a free call with me. I have a bit.ly link. So if you do bit.ly slash money, mindset, master, all capital M's, you can sign up and we can chat. Probably the best, easiest way to get a hold of me and we can see what your money stories are and see what you wanna do, what you want to accomplish when it comes to money. All right, and a note to our viewers, this bit link of their case sensitive. All right, so when you're looking at that, bit.ly slash money, mindset, master, the capital M's should stay capital. The lower case should stay lower case and that will help you get directly to this website. And Joe's not a salesy guy. He's not gonna put you in the corner and like force you into buying. This is just gonna be a conversation, just to find out if this would be a good fit for you, if not. And so thank you for watching. Thank you for being our guest, Joe. I really appreciated you taking the time out of your schedule to come on live television with me and talk about what you do. Thank you for being here. You're very welcome. Thank you for the invite. Very much enjoyed it. That's always the goal, always the goal. And thank you to our viewers for watching. I'm Arby Kelly, I'm the host of Out of the Comfort Zone. We're here on Think Tech Television. You can watch this on Think Tech Hawaii or it will be streaming later on YouTube if you wanna watch this again. But stay on this channel, all right? There will be more shows after this. I won't be here next week in honor of Thanksgiving but I'll be here the week after that. So thank you for watching. Thank you for being on this show. Thank you for being a part of the Think Tech community. We appreciate you. Have a wonderful day, have a wonderful Thanksgiving and I'll see you later. This is Out of the Comfort Zone. Bye.


Okay, on behalf of the organizing committee, I would like to welcome all of you for this year's spring school. I just wanted to mention one aspect of the spring school. This year, there are two special events. The one is the ICTP Award Ceremony, which is today. And the other one will be Dirac Medal. Both of these medals are very prestigious awards. So Dirac Medal will be next week. So this will be part of the spring school program. The other thing is that, as you will notice from the program, that most of the days we have a discussion session. And this is really an integral part of the school. In fact, I mean, during the lectures many times, if there are questions which require detailed answers, lectures won't have time to answer the questions during the lectures. And during the discussion sessions is the right time and you can discuss in detail the various questions related to the lectures and also in general. So please try to come to all the discussion sessions. Okay, so our first speaker is Professor Aninda Sinha from IIC Bangalore. And he's gonna talk about conformal bootstraps in marine spaces. Can you hear me? So first let me begin by thanking the organizers for inviting me to lecture here. I've been to Italy several times. To 3ST, this is my third time. And as always, it's a pleasure. So the title of my lectures is conformal bootstrap in marine space. Can you see this from the back? Or should I write bigger? I essentially have the way that I'm counting two and a half lectures. So I'll give a broad overview this afternoon. But today I'm going to talk about background and motivation. So this will cover a quick review of basics. So the basics will cover some background of CFTs. So which is basically in position space and the way that bootstrap is usually done in position space in modern times. Then I will also say why it may be in some sense natural to think about CFTs in melon space. I'll introduce what melon space is. And that needs me to quickly tell you about what it's called the Simon's star formula and what are called Mac polynomials. So in the second lecture, which will be today afternoon, I will give a broad overview about where this program is going. And then in my third lecture, which is tomorrow, I will give you more technical details about how melon space bootstrap is implemented up to what we understand now. So this is lecture one and this is lecture two, lecture three actually.  There is Rajesh Gopakumar, who's at ICTS in Bangalore and two of my students, Apratin Kaviraj, who's finishing this year and who's going to work with Slava Rijkov in Paris and Kallol Sen, who's a postdoc at IPMU. And also, there's some work that I'll mention with Parijat Dev, who's there in the audience, who's a postdoc with me in ISC. And the main papers in this topic are, so there's a famous paper, well, by now famous paper by Alexander Polyakov in 1974. And the experts in this subject will tell you that, although in modern literature, everybody cites this paper, nobody really understood it. We, with Kallol Sen, I looked at this work in 2010 and we made some inroads into understanding what this content was, but really the main understanding arose in a set of papers that we wrote last year. So these are already on the archive and if you wanted, you could have a look at it. This is a short paper which actually summarizes what the key ideas are. But the Mellon Bootstrap that I'm going to describe both today, later on, and also tomorrow is based on some work in progress with Rajesh Gopakumar. Okay, so let me begin by telling you about what this program is, a bit about background and motivation. So what is it that we are trying to do here? So what we want is a Lagrangian-free framework that can enable us to study and hopefully classify conformal field theories in dimensions greater than two. We want to derive known and new results analytically and effectively and it'll become clear what the kind of results that we've been able to derive using the Bootstrap approach as we go along. So we want to make contact with whatever has been done in the diagrammatic approach using the Feynman diagram expansion and then we will see how to do similar calculations in a diagram-free manner and derive the known results and also derive new results using this Bootstrap program. So the known and new results primarily that I'm going to talk about in these lectures are going to be for the Wilson-Fischer fix point in D equals to four minus epsilon in an epsilon expansion but without having any Feynman diagrams in the intermediate stages and as will become clear that the intermediate steps that I'll be using are going to be manifestly finite but in the end they will still produce the same results that Feynman diagram approach can produce and new results with the Feynman diagram approach cannot produce. And more ambitiously in the future we want to use this framework to address the issue about how does string theory tie in all this? So maybe I should say we want to explore contact with string theory. So the canonical example is second order phase transitions. The canonical example that I will discuss is the critical point and this is the phase diagram, this is the pressure temperature, so this is the phase diagram of water. Yes, I think it's more than, I mean, I don't have anything. This comment wasn't meant for something specific but then of course holography, so for example we could address, is there in the large gen whether there is a large gen will we always have a weakly coupled string theory in that sense or is there something more? So for example, even for the 2D ising model can we have a string theory, can we specify the background where we can define string theory? The canonical example is a pressure temperature phase diagram of water and you know that there is a triple point here but there's a critical point here and then at the critical point we have enhanced symmetry, we have scale invariance and it's conjectured that we also have conformal invariance and if we use the conformal invariance of the critical point, can we make progress? This point, so this is the phase diagram of water but then there are a lot of other substances which have similar phase diagrams as a second-order phase transition which is associated with the critical point and there are conformal field theories which describe the critical points. The universality class of this is supposed to be the 3D ising model and in field theory we start off with a very simple scale of field theory which is the phi to the fourth but instead of being in four dimensions or in three dimensions, we pretend that we are in four minus epsilon dimensions and we do this because when we calculate the beta function by pretending that we are in four minus epsilon dimension we get a fixed point which is the famous Wilson-Fischer fixed point so the beta function of this takes on this form and when you calculate the value of the coupling where this is zero using this one loop beta function this is the one loop beta function you get lambda star to be equal to 16 pi square epsilon by three you want to be in three dimensions so you want to set epsilon to be one so that you get the 3D or get the 3D ising model but if you do that straight away then you notice that the coupling constant is 16 pi square by three which is a very big number so this is strongly coupled and really if you started off directly in three dimensions you wouldn't be able to use any perturbative techniques to make progress, correct? Thank you very much, yes so what Wilson can Wilson taught us or the way that they actually made some progress is that you pretend that you are in four minus epsilon dimension treat epsilon to be a small parameter and you calculate whatever you want to calculate so for example, you can calculate the scaling dimension of the field phi and so this will, because it's an interacting theory it is not going to be the free field value but if you do it using the techniques of quantum field theory using the Golan-Simonze equation and the like then you are going to get an expansion in epsilon so if you worked hard enough and this result is already there in the original paper by Wilson and this is covered in the Wilson-Cogart review you're going to get this result in up to three loop order so up to three loops you get rational numbers in front and there are irrational functions that start appearing from epsilon to the four so you get things like zeta three and the like from epsilon to the four order if you set epsilon equal to one in this expansion then the value that you get is 0.518604 but if you compare with Monte Carlo or nowadays the most precise estimate of this number comes from numerical bootstrap which I will allude to later on then this number is 0.518151 so you can see that retaining the three loops and doing this apparently illegal step of setting it equal to one you get reasonable agreement with numerical techniques these numbers have also been measured experimentally and the agreement with experiments for a large class of these are pretty good so this was a scaling dimension of phi you can go ahead and calculate the scaling dimension of anything that you want that are composite operators so for example phi square is an example of a composite operator you can calculate the scaling dimension of this using the same approach and there also if you retain up to three loop results the agreement with numerical stuff is pretty good so phi square is not the only composite operator you can actually consider composite operators with spin as well so for example you can calculate phi with a bunch of derivatives symmetrized and traceless so L here tells us a spin of this operator so for example if L was 2 then this would be the stress tensor which will not have any anomalous dimensions by the way the whatever is so this is the this is the bare dimension so this will be D minus 2 by 2 and whatever is the deviation from the bare dimension is what we will call the anomalous dimension and all these in the work of Wilson and Wilson and Fisher which are summarized in Wilson and Covert Review are known so for scaling dimension of phi the original calculation was up to epsilon cubed for these operators the original calculations were up to epsilon square and people have over the many so many years have gone ahead and calculated up to many loops so I think the current record is up to 6 loop order which involves hundreds of diagrams so which will obviously be tedious and any graduate student trying to reproduce them by hand good luck the drawback of this diagrammatic approach so calculating these will require evaluating a bunch of Feynman diagrams the drawback is that the Feynman diagram approach does not use the enhanced symmetry at the critical point so you first locate the fixed point by computing the beta function then you go and look at the Cullen-Simonsik equation and so on and also so the drawbacks are that does not use the conformal symmetry and also this approach it is very difficult to calculate what are called the operator product expansion coefficients and I will explain, I will define all these things a little bit better in a bit so the conformal bootstrap approach is a Lagrangian-free method that relies on conformal symmetry so the bootstrap uses conformal symmetry and it's an old idea that was pioneered by in the 1970s by Ferrara, Tato and Grillo by Polyakov and a lot of other people in the 1970s at least the principles were there although the equations that they managed to write down were quite hard to solve at that point and as a result of which the program in the 1970s did not proceed that far until the 1980s came and you have this famous work by Belovin, Polyakov and Zamologikov which addressed this issue in D equal to 2 so this in higher dimensions this program actually lay dormant until the famous work in 2008 by Ratatzi, Rychkov, Vicky and Tony and Vicky which essentially revived this program in higher dimensions but using a numerical approach there are lots of nice reviews of this numerical approach that exists in the literature in particular by Rychkov himself and also by Simons Duffin which are available online let me begin by summarizing very quickly some basics are there any questions so far so far as the background is concerned, motivations please feel free to stop me and ask me I will only be covering materials that I will need so there are lots of of course more rigorous reviews that exist and in particular the big fat yellow book which is the canonical book that we start off with that may be a good place to start so the conformal field theory, the conformal algebra in addition to the Pochery algebra also consists of additional generators the finite version of the transformation so this consists of performing a very specific kind of transformation where the new coordinates are allowed to transform in the following manner so these are the usual translations there are rigid rotations if you are in Euclidean signature or these are the Lorentz transformations so these are the usual transformations that we have in flat space but these are the new ones which are dilations and the special conformal transformations both of these are new so this is called the special conformal transformation and this is very important this will land up enabling us to fix a lot of things that would otherwise be not possible so this is dilations scale transformations are constant rescaling alpha is a constant parameter this is special conformal transformations so the generators of this are called P mu these are the l mu news the dilation generator is D and the special conformal transformations are called K mu they have a closed algebra among themselves the two important ones that we will need are the commutator of D and P's so that gives you I P mu and D with K which gives you K with a minus sign so just bear this in mind so the D with P has a plus I and D with K has a minus I and that will be important so with these transformations the first thing that we try to write down are conformal invariance or functions of positions which are left invariant by these transformations all these transformations so it turns out and you can convince yourself this special conformal transformation is responsible for what I am about to say well all of them are irresponsible but the key player is the special conformal transformation that in order to build conformal invariance non-trivial conformal invariance trivial ones are constants but non-trivial conformal invariance you will require at least four points and you get what are called conformal cross ratios so these x12 or xij in general square is xi minus xj mu times xi minus xj mu contracted with eta mu nu eta is a Minkowski metric or the Euclidean metric so most of the time I will be working in Euclidean signature so this could be just delta mu nu so there is one which is called u and the other one which is called v and there are for four points there are only two independent ones that you can write down and you can if you've never seen this before then you can take it as an exercise to use all these transformations to construct these conformal cross ratios and to show that these are the two independent ones that you can write down for four points you need four points at least four points when you have higher points you can get more invariance so if you have n points then the number of independent ones turn out to be n into n minus 3 by 2 so if you put n equal to 4 you get two which are these unvs and these unvs are going to play an important role in what I am going to say there are some transformations for these unvs which are useful to make a note of and these are easy to see so the first transformation is if you interchange 1 and 3 if you interchange 1 and 3 just interchange 1 and 3 here or you interchange 2 and 4 then unv exchange themselves that's easy to see if you interchange 1 and 3 you get 2 3 square and this becomes 1 4 square so that's what you get here if you interchange 1 and 3 this does not change so unv interchange positions the other one is if you interchange 1 and 4 or 2 and 3 then you get u goes to 1 over u v goes to v over u and the last one is if you interchange 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 then u goes to u over v and v goes to 1 over v the other thing that we will need are what are called primaries and descendants so you define an operator to be a primary operator of dimension delta so that it's eigenvalue under the dilation operator is i times delta and if you remember or if you see the algebra of d with k comes with a minus sign so if I start off with an operator whose dimension is delta and I consider a new operator whose dimension is k mu then using that algebra you can easily verify that the dimension of this new operator is going to be delta minus 1 and so by repeatedly acting on o with k I can constantly reduce the dimension which is not desirable because I don't want the dimension to be arbitrarily negative so any operator which is annihilated by this k in this case this operator is called a primary operator and then again using the algebra you can see that if I start off with a primary so now if o is a primary operator so let's call this primary and if I repeatedly act with the p's then I will get a new operator whose dimension or the eigenvalue of d is going to be i times delta so delta is the dimension of this operator plus j and so the dimension of this new operator is fixed in terms of the dimension of this old operator this is just an integer it labels the number of times that I am acting with p so these kind of operators are called descendants their dimensions are fixed in terms of the original operator on which you are acting with the p's is that clear ok the other thing that we need to know is that for a conformal field theory in any dimensions the conformal symmetry is powerful enough to fix the functional form of the two and three point functions and this is a nice exercise to do so you have to use the symmetry transformations that I have written down there and the algebra of generators so suppose I consider scalar primary operators I have got two of them phi 1 and phi 2 then the two point function of phi 1 with phi 2 just from the symmetries just from scale invariance and the first three transformations the translation, rotations and dilations you can convince yourself that this will be so c12 is some number the position dependence is fixed so if the dimension of phi 1 is delta 1 dimension of phi 2 is delta 2 then this is what you are supposed to get but if you use, so this follows from just using the momentum l mu nu and d but if you use special conformal transformations then what you will find is that it will demand that the conformal dimension of phi 1 and conformal dimension of phi 2 have to be the same so you get some number times the fact that delta 1 and delta 2 are the same so if I write delta 1 is equal to delta 2 equals to delta then that's what you get this magic of fixing the form of this two point functions to three point functions three point functions are also fixed three point functions are also fixed if you use just just use scaling then you will get weaker constraint but if you use scaling and special conformal transformation then you can show that this has to be some number c123 divided by x122 x232 raised to a raised to b and x132 raised to c where a b and c are all fixed in terms of the conformal dimensions of these so a is just for completeness I am writing them out but I don't really require them in anything that I am going to see in the future so this is fixed and although I have told you the story only for scalar primary operators this is actually true also for operators that carry spin so instead of this what will happen there will be more structures but the x dependence of those structures are all fixed up to these numbers so the fixing actually ends at the level of the three point functions for four point functions conformal invariance alone is not enough to fix the functional form at the level of four point functions so suppose I consider four identical scalars then what you will get is now identical scalars have dropped the index one two three four at four different points then conformal invariance tells you that the form is this so the conformal dimension of these identical scalar is phi delta phi delta phi for anything that I am going to say in the future we will refer to the conformal dimension of this scalar primary operator and I will for the rest of the lectures only focus on identical scalar four point functions and you can actually with a bit of algebra you can actually show that for the four point function you can fix the form to be of this kind where you have pulled out a particular position dependence and up to some unknown function of u and v so these were the conformal cross ratios that we defined earlier on this is the conformal symmetry of this kind can only fix it up to this form this function of u and v is referred to as the reduced correlator so if you pull this factor out which depends on position explicitly this factor cannot be written in terms of u and v this is some factor that you can pull out the rest of the stuff is going to be only a function of u and v is that clear now we also need to talk about the product expansion because that plays a key role in setting up the bootstrap equations the operator product expansion the operator product expansion is that a product of local operators may be local quantum operators can be expressed as a linear combination of well-defined local operators you can take this to be an axiom and this is frequently taken to be an axiom in the axiomatic formulation of quantum field theory specifically in our context this means that if I have a scalar operator say phi i and another scalar operator say phi j then as you take x goes to y then this is an operator statement this can be written as c i j k which is a function of x minus y times phi k y so this c i j k is a c number function and inbuilt inside the c number function the leading term up to normalizations that we specify includes what are called the OP coefficients remember that I said that there are these primary operators but also descendant operators the descendants are written in terms of primaries by acting on them with derivatives which are the p's so we can actually rewrite this equation a little bit so there are some operators here are defined in terms of the primary operators in terms of derivatives so we can rewrite this by only summing over so here we are summing over all possible operators but here we can use the fact that descendants are related to primaries by summing only over primaries and there is some functional which will involve some known functions involving the derivatives of y but now the operators that appear on the right hand side are only primary operators exercise you can try to show that if I have identical scalars then you can write this in this way so I am taking one of them at x the other one at 0 and in the limit that x approaches 0 so c12k's are just numbers which are called the OP coefficients so you can convince yourself that up to these numbers you can fix it in this form times x mu 1 dot x mu L so these are just products of x mu 1 mu 2 x mu 1 x mu 2 x mu 3 etc times some operator which will soak up these indices at 0 plus descendants so that is the form delta k that is right it should be delta k it is the dimension of this operator plus L over 2 and also because these are identical scalars this is the form that it will take and you can also convince yourself and it is easy enough to see that the indices mu 1 to mu L will be totally symmetrized because of the way that they are multiplying of these x's L at this stage it is some it just follows from the number of x's that I can pull out so I have pulled out a certain number of x's and so this index that is there on this x has to be soaked up with another index it will turn out to be related to the spin of this operator so L here actually is the spin of this operator and also this particular combination let me just introduce that here itself delta k minus L delta minus L this combination is referred to as the twist okay now this functional forms of these p's are actually fixed the way to fix them are that you first consider the 3-point function so when you consider the 3-point function which is basically you take this form and you put in an O on the right hand side so that will be O and there will be another O here that will give you the expectation value that will give you this guy so this will be equal to suppose O is a scalar operator just for concreteness then this will be simply equal to phi c phi phi O times the 2-point function of O, y and O, z now you know that the 2-point function is fixed so the right hand side is fixed so this is fixed by conformal symmetry so you get one form, one expression that irrespective of this operator product expansion this 3-point function is also fixed by conformal symmetry so this is fixed by conformal symmetry this follows from the OPE now you can compare the 2 expressions that you get and when you compare you can fix this p so that's one way of fixing the p's normalize, yes I'm assuming that it is diagonalized you're right, yes so in a conformal field theory we frequently refer to as these objects so which are the conformal dimension of all the operators that are there in the theory with their spins and the OPE coefficients these are what are called OPE coefficients these numbers so these OPE coefficients these are referred to as the CFT data and when we say that we want to solve it means that we want to get all the numbers all the delta i's and these numbers to solve the theory and the reason why we say that this solves the theory is because by repeatedly using the OPE if I have an endpoint function I can fully reconstruct the endpoint function with that data we just have to recursively use the OPE questions? no, we want to solve for it so we have to impose some additional constraints so it will turn out and that's what I'm going to come to in a bit that this is not the only structure only restrictions on a conformal field theory there'll be other things which we'll talk about in a bit yes so the other in region that we will need are what are called conformal blocks you start off with phi's and I will drop x1, x2, x3, x4 so whenever I'm writing this these operators are at x1, x2, x3 and x4 that is my ordering unless I don't specify otherwise so I can do the OPE twice, I can use these two plug that OPE and I can use these two plug that OPE and I will get CO squared it's squared because the two-point function because of conformal symmetry picks up only the operators which are same so that's why it's CO squared there is no cross-term the cross-term will arise if you have non-identical scalars you'll get CO squared times two products of these guys so I've just used that OPE that I've written there in this form and I've done it twice you remember that when I said that conformal symmetry fixes the form of the four-point function up to a function of UNV using this I can actually define the conformal blocks so I should put a fact that this is the definition of the conformal blocks using this we have CO squared times some function of UNV divided by this function, the position-dependent function that we pull out so this conformal blocks depends on the operator O and the language that we're going to use that it depends on the operator that is getting exchanged and this GUV which is labeled by O is called a conformal block it also is sometimes referred to as a conformal partial wave or conformal partial wave yeah okay yes that's true in papers like Dolan and Osborne they refer to this as the conformal partial wave and I just now mentioned the names of two people from Cambridge Dolan and Osborne did a lot of work in the early 2000s on these conformal partial waves so they have got a lot of important contributions trying to simplify the forms of these conformal partial waves a lot is actually known so these conformal partial waves actually satisfy a differential equation so these GOs UV depend on delta L they satisfy a second order and a fourth order differential equation the order is in UNV closed form solutions by that I mean that I can write it in terms of known functions are only known in D equal to 2 and D equal to 4 and also it's not in terms of explicitly in terms of V but implicitly in terms of UNV the actual dependence are in terms of these new variables Z and Z bar or X and Y it's not really a complex conjugate but you can define new variables Z and Z bar through these equations the closed form expressions which look like product of hyper geometric functions are in terms of the variables of these hyper geometric functions are Z and Z bar the even dimensional conformal blocks are actually built recursively out of the lower dimensional conformal blocks in some sense even those are known no useful closed form expressions for D equal to 3 or odd dimensions are known but nevertheless there are explicit forms of these conformal blocks that are known in any dimensions not closed form but explicit forms are still known in terms of sums over various things and I will tell you a little bit more about that later on but that is enough of background material before I tell you about bootstrap so let me just pause there and ask are there any questions, technicalities, confusions also if you want to know about literature where to study these more I can refer to them refer you to them in the future okay so I think bootstrap this is a good place to introduce bootstrap you have a four point function and I could have done this let me just explicitly write out the position dependence and as before we are going to consider again identical scalar operators this can be easily generalized to non-erynical scalars generalizing this well in principle I could generalize this to any operators but useful blocks need to exist in order for us to make use of this bootstrap conditions so let's focus only on identical scalars for now so I did the OPE by taking these two operators close together and these two operators close together and if this was a Euclidean correlator then it doesn't matter where I place these operators I could move things around so in particular I could have done the OPE by taking the first and third and the second and third so these arrows means taking close together and doing the OPE or I could have done it the other way taking the first and fourth and the second and third so there are three different ways it's convenient to refer to these as different channels so if I take if I do the OPE in this manner then I will call this the S channel or the direct channel if I do one and three close together and two and four close together this I will call the T channel or the crossed channel and one and four and two and three is the U channel or it's again known as the cross channel now it does not matter in which order I do the OPE all these should give rise to the same result so one two three four should be the same thing as one three two four in terms of blocks we can rewrite this condition and this is where we will make use of what happens when I swap two and four so V and U will interchange positions so when I do this when I write to the right hand side I will get this G O but now instead of U and V it will be V and U and this will be X one four two delta phi X two three two delta phi and this is an additional condition the four point function has to satisfy which follows from associativity of the algebra and this is a non-trivial constraint so this is supposed to hold at each point each value of U and V and of course if you do it at a random value of U and V one of the sums so there's a sum here over the spectrum so this is your sum overall operators there are OPE coefficients that are sitting here and there is no guarantee that the sum is going to convert so you have to do it carefully and if it does not convert you will have to resort to resummations or analytic continuations and so it's not completely trivial to solve that condition yeah except that one of them has U and V and the other one is V and U so you have to interchange the coordinates the U and V coordinates yeah well yes it's it's simply the statement that I can move things around and the order in which I'm doing things does not matter this is also the statement of crossing symmetry yes yes this is crossing symmetry crossing symmetry well I mean it just follows from the fact that these are bosonic operators and it does not matter where I'm placing them yeah in the Lorentz signature there will be phase factors important phase factors which we we are not going to talk about yeah in time-ordered correlation functions it's trickier yes okay so this is non-trivial to solve and what you do when you do when you solve it numerically it actually makes use of typically makes use of numerical methods to solve this equation or to look at these equations I should say look at these equations rather than solve because what will land up getting a bounce we won't get all operators unless and until there's even further input that are specified so numerical techniques there are essentially of two kinds one of them is the original one by Rathar Zirichkov Sonny and Vicky and there's also more less developed kind which is by Gliotzi and collaborator which deals with the truncated version but this also appears to be quite promising but it's less developed this version actually gives rise to bounds and this version actually gives rise to equalities not bounds yeah so in D greater than 2 typically there are infinite number of operators it's not a finite number so truncated means that you put a cut-off somewhere region of convergence yes that is important as well and as I said that you have to locate a suitable region of convergence where actually you are allowed to truncate it and people have analyzed those rigorously so you just say that there are no operators beyond a certain dimension in the spectrum just by hand you say that or maybe you are more rigorously saying that is that those converge to a small tail or something numerical techniques depend on these two methods the RRTV gives rise to bounds this essentially looks at this equation around the symmetric point u equal to quarter v equal to quarter 1 over 4 1 over 4 and you expand these equations so you look at this there are rigorous analysis of convergence done by Richkov and collaborators there is a 2012 paper and a 2015 paper which looks at the issue of convergence here and they further use what is called linear programming and there are sophisticated versions sophisticated extensions of this which are which which look at instead of the same operators all identical scalars that allows us to non identical scalars as well which depends on what is called semi-definite sorry semi-definite programming algorithm SDPA so SDPA there are lots of people who are instrumental in developing this this is explained well in Simmons Duffin's review of last year basically the output of this is that in the original version you look at what is the allowed leading order scalar in the OPE so this is a leading scalar in the OPE this is the dimension of the external scalar and you also assume that this external scalar which you are which appears in the correlator does not appear in the OPE so there is some kind of Z2 symmetry and what you land up getting are allowed regions so if you plot delta OS OS is the leading scalar appearing in the OPE 555 OPE and you get an allowed region so typically this region here is allowed this is allowed and everywhere above is not allowed so this is the kind of plot that if you open this 2008 paper you are going to see but the more interesting thing actually happens in D equal to 3 views of notation are let's let's look at delta phi square versus delta phi or in the Ising model case this would be what is called the epsilon operator and this is what is called the sigma operator then in D equal to 3 something interesting happens if you are looking at D equal to 4 or D equal to 4 and above you get some smooth curve but actually for dimensions lower than 4 this is quite true even for 4 minus something this could need not be an integer this could also be fractional you can do this analysis in fractional dimensions as well then what you get are kinks there are kinks in the plot so there is a kink here and quite remarkably this kink actually appears to be very close to the sort of 3D Ising model values for delta phi and delta phi square so this kink here it appears at roughly 0.518 and this is 1.412 I think and this kink appears very close to that value and so these people conjectured and because of the fact that if you look at study the kink very closely in two dimensions that agrees very very closely to the 2D Ising model which is known analytically but if you look at the 3D case and you make a conjecture that the kink is where the 3D Ising model lives then you can zoom into the kink use other correlators and make the allowed region here so I said that you get allowed regions when you start looking at multiple correlators the allowed region becomes islands so maybe some islands of this kind will start showing up that does not happen in four dimensions or above but in three dimensions these become islands so small islands and this island that you get by doing this analysis is actually much smaller than the error bars or error bands that follow from Monte Carlo analysis in that sense the numerical bootstrap is more precise than than any other known numerical techniques how long we have yeah I mean the next one is going to be a little involved but I am going to talk about MacPolynomia's next but I think that is a good place to stop yeah I will stop there and if there are some questions I mean short questions because long questions can be postponed or today there is no discussion session so perhaps you can ask any questions you have okay if not let us meet say at 1020


A young woman is frightened out of her speech. A curfew was used to prevent a revolution.  Each one of those statements is true. And this is also true. This is Lindsay McCarrie back with another session of Can You Imagine That? And asking you to wait for just one minute and a half until we come back to prove those statements. I told you we'd prove the statements we made just a short while ago and here's the proof of the first. Everyone has heard the old expression I was frightened out of my wits. Well, here's an odd little item which goes that saying one better. It happened on February 18, 1937 in Newark, New Jersey. Ms. Sophie Fleischer of 503 South 17th Street set out from her home on her way to a building and loan association to collect an interest check. It wasn't long after that her mother, attending a meeting in a restaurant, was approached by an excited friend. Mrs. Fleischer, Mrs. Fleischer, your daughter Sophie is... Sophie, what's wrong? What's the matter? What is this? She ran into the Lysim Hall just a minute ago screaming for you. We don't know what's wrong, but she can't use her right arm at all. Sophie, you're taking too much! Sophie Fleischer was taken home and there the doctor discovered... Hmm, it seems she's partly lost the use of her vocal cords and the use of her right arm. But, Doctor, I don't understand. She was all right a few minutes before I... Well, there, Mrs. Fleischer, there, there. Sophie will be all right. She's had an experience that caused a severe fright, resulting in hysteria, as it deprived her temporarily of the full use of her vocal cords and right arm. She'll be all right if left alone and quiet. But, Doctor Nash, there was nothing to frighten her and nothing at all. I saw her on the street just a few minutes before... before I was told about it. Well, her purse was gone. Perhaps she was robbed. The experience gave her severe fright and shock. Sophie has literally been frightened out of her speech and into a partial paralysis of the right arm. As it turned out later, Sophie had not been robbed. She had lost her purse and the ending. Well, we haven't been able to find the name of the person of whom diogenes would have been proud, but the purse was returned intact and we have the doctor's word for it that Sophie would recover. But, uh, Mrs. Fleischer was literally frightened out of her speech. Can you imagine that? By the way, did you know that our word curfew has an interesting history? It comes from the Norman French. Today, the word means the cessation of activities for the day. Many towns still have a nine o'clock or eight o'clock curfew whatever the time may be, but in the days of the Norman French, sometime after William the Conqueror had subdued England, his Norman barons had established themselves as rulers. We may imagine a scene like this, the place just outside the farm of a Saxon peasant, the time late evening. I have bad times for the Saxon under the Norman dog. Well, this very afternoon five of my best acres were taken as part of the Baron Dwyer's hunting forest. Is there no way out of this bondage? Aye, there is a way. There is a way. Revolution? Aye. Well, that's dangerous there. Dangerous? Perhaps, but we were conquered by the sword. What matter if we die or free ourselves by the sword? True enough, but could we get enough man? Every Saxon in England bends under the Norman yoke. Every farm is taxed and re-taxed until a man must steal to feed the mouths of his wife and children. Death would be better than we... There's your answer, Devil.  How can we rouse the people if we are not allowed to talk or to gather in groups after a certain time of the evening? That's the God, the Norman God. He's Saxons. Saxons! Aye, we hear. What is it? Do you know well enough Saxon pigs? The Cougarifere has run?  Give us time, Norman. Give us time. Enough talk, Saxon. Put out the fire into your home and see to it that no light show within your cottages or we'll put them out for you with you. They're cursed, Norman. They're cursed, curfew. Man, Norman, the fire is out. Then go to your homes, each to its own. And mind you, there are no gathering in groups. For if you do, the sword will soon split your little gatherings. Now go. Thus did our word curfew come from the Norman French words Cougarifew, C-O-U-V-R-E-F-E-U, meaning a bell that was rung as a signal for peasants to go to their homes and put out all fires and lights. It was an effective method of preventing mutinous and rebellious gatherings. The Saxons had difficulty pronouncing the Norman French words and gradually the words became corrupted into the easier to say curfew, C-U-R-F-E-W. Well, strange were the ways in which the early columnists made their business deals with the American Indians. Strange? Well, strange to us now, perhaps, but we must remember that in making purchases or sales, those Redskins knew nothing of quartz or pints, yards or inches, bushels or pecs, acres or townships. The colonists had to rely upon their imaginative powers to create terms of measurement. For instance, in 1682, William Penn bought a tract of land from the Delaware Indians, a tract which has since become the counties of Bucks and Northampton in the state of Pennsylvania. How was Penn going to designate the size of the tract? By acres? By square miles? Certainly not. His copper-colored friends would never have understood those terms. But the solution was simple. They agreed to bound the tract on the east by the Delaware River and inland as far as a man could walk in three days. Master Penn and the Indians began walking, starting from the mouth of the Neshening Crick. By the end of a day and a half, though, Penn decided he had enough land or maybe enough walking for on that time he had covered the incredible distance through untracked forest of 40 miles. And that, ladies and gentlemen, was the manner in which William Penn purchased his land. Can you imagine that? Incidentally, this transaction has come to be known as the walking purchase. But the famous walker Edward Payson Weston could have really bitten off a chunk of territory if he had negotiated the walking purchase. At the age of 28, in the year 1867, Weston made his longest trip on foot in one day as a part of his tour from Portland, Maine to Chicago, Illinois. In that one day, he traveled 82 miles. Can you imagine that? Here's an odd news story that will command sympathy and understanding from all those who use their legs and feet all day. Salespeople, door-to-door solicitors, meter readers, census takers, policemen, and others who make their living by making their legs and feet work. In the early part of the year 1937, postal authorities in the Sheeps Bay District of Brooklyn were heckled and annoyed by continuous calls from people along a certain mail route. The callers were one in their stories, they said. Look here, this is the second day. All right, yes, we're checking into it. Oh, I wish you would. Thank you, thank you. Oh, that's the 15th one today from the Sheeps Bay District. Yeah, I know, but we ought to get it cleaned up soon. There's an inspector trailing the mailman on the route. The inspector trailing the mailman did his job thoroughly and, finally, he saw his quarry disappear to an incinerator. The inspector hurried up and... Hey, hey, whatcha doing here? Oh, I'm caught, huh? Good night, man, what's the idea? Well, you're trolling over 200 letters into that incinerator. Hey, you're crazy. Come on, I gotta take you with... Come on, now. And so the mailman was taken in and charged. Specifically, the charge was that he had failed to deliver one letter. And his defense? Listen. Defense? Well, I guess I gotta have one. It's, well... It's my feet hurt. His feet hurt. Can you imagine that? Well, now for the moment, let's forget about mailman, curfews and whatnot, and delve into the musical portion of this session of Can You Imagine That? We've told you some stories of musicians getting their inspiration from dogs, from the brooks and the streams, from the women they loved. In fact, from every source. But sometimes we wonder how the Tunesmiths of Tin Pan Alley got their inspirations for their musical creations. Just a short time ago, or on one of these programs, we showed you how numerous compositions were built on the tonic chord of Do, Mi, Sol, Do, or from its variation, the Bugle Call. Well, for our musical audity this time, we've dug out a popular tune of some years back. You all know it, but we're not going to tell you its name right away. Instead, we'll imagine from what its composer might have taken his inspiration. Perhaps he hearkened back to the days in the little red schoolhouse when he sat at a wooden desk and listened to the school mom tap out the rhythm while he and the rest of the children sang their scales. Or he might have been sitting near the window on a warm night and heard the young lady a few doors away limbering up her vocal chords like this. Inspiration changed the time a little, add a note here and there, and... and he had the beginnings of a song. Do you recognize what it is? Of course, go to the head of the class. It's on Miami Shore. This is Lindsay McCurry turning you back to your own station announcer and saying, until the next time we meet, goodbye now.


Everybody forced here rip in twenty twenty one twenty two one-on-one basketball hobby ten box full case number thirty two pick your team style M.O.D. Rockets Andrew G Mavericks Brian T Hawks Chihau Bulls Chin H Hornets Chung H with the Warriors Cona H Raptors Die L Celtics Derek J nuggets Eric R has the Pistons and the Pelicans Gu H Clippers how she and L jazz Harper B with the Lakers Timberwolves magic and thunder hang Y sixers E and H as the Pacers and Spurs Jose V nets Kyle B Grizzlies Lynn June has the Knicks low Y heat mark a bucks miles H Blazers Ryan S Kings Shelly L sons Shigunori wizards and teach and has the Cavaliers Here we go best of luck everybody Yeah, that's saying it's correct Vaughn. I was just 25th year senior Must be weird to play basketball on a Aircraft carrier on the Sun's in your eyes, too. Why would they start the game so early there? All right, here we go everybody Thunder with a rookie here. It's Trey man number 47 99 thunder. See a nice color coming up. I don't know what it is yet, though Yeah, that's Emeralds We got green vet dual patch two of five on the Chris Middleton auto That is awesome bucks with a big one Mark a Middleton to five on the dual patch auto that's game used Great start.  Yeah guys.  All right. That's a nice color match here, too We're secondary color match Rick purple not rookie, but a purple Lamello ball 12 out of 25 Lamello They should put LeVar in a product People would freak out Purple rookie Jersey auto of Thunder train man 15 to 35 great patch on this one for the okc Thunder Harper with the Thunder That's his guy, too. You like straight man. Yeah, do you get his fan? Oh, that's Harper Gators fan Oh, I'm trying man is good Jason Tatum downtown.  I have it. That's awesome. I wonder if Blake's watching He'd be freaking out right now Geez what a start to this one guys, and then we have a blue Dual Jersey auto Kendrick Perkins 17 of 49 that's got to be Vaughn's favorite box of one-on-one ever right there Thunder on the Perkins 17 of 49 Big Perk have a Perk exquisite RPA Really? Yeah, that's pretty cool. He's the same year as LeBron and all them old 304. Really? I did not know that Yeah, I thought he was a little bit younger Got a Kevin Porter jr. 78 of 99 Rockets Yeah, Perksman a few products this year He's more collectible than most vets a Hey Pistons prime come on, Kate. Come on, Kate 17 of 49 patch auto pistons Okay, this case pretty crazy so far Three color patch Kate Cunningham and the prime rookie patch auto Yeah, Perkins is good on the SPN Perkins also sells pies Fire cake Prefer I like cake more than pie, but I like I'll eat pie for sure We're like we're like Pisces and though like Thanksgiving is like the pie holiday Yeah, Gordon Hayward numbered eight out of 30 for the Hornets rookie Jersey auto blue it is I had a soon move sweet three color bowls patch there 17 out of 49 I Oh Soon move halfway through All right guys Star Wars come up in a bit has 17 to go got a James Harden number 28 out of 99 76ers ooh, that's I know that is a Jason kid. Oh, it's gold to 10 on the 75th anniversary auto Those are so sick Brooklyn Nets on this one One of 10 gold team 75 team signatures Jason kid Yeah, it was soon who has been good for the bulls without without Lonzo He's for sure earning like even Lonzo comes out. He's for sure earning like heavy rotation minutes. Absolutely. I Seriously think the bulls are gonna They might which is insane because they just put the score together like a year and a half ago Like they had like one full not even one full season because of the injuries. They've already been passed though Got Lakers rookie Austin Reeves 75 out of 99 six. What's up, man?  I declare. I don't want to look that Yolk it's the 35 nuggets So every case this stuff just delivers Yes, that's a sick one right there Yes, I like that. He's signed to the side and it's like on the all of the text rather than the photo though That's so cool. I'm just happy you could see the autos Yeah, yeah last year was There you go. Yolk itch nuggets the 35 Yeah Gold rookie Nets David Duke Jr. 6 out of 10 two golds for the Nets in the break and A rookie probably dual patch auto. Nope. Just rookie Otto Herbert Jones 30 of 99 pelicans What six? You didn't see black panther this weekend the city Bay 27 or 30. I'm here this weekend Lane piston city Bay You look at nights. I'll have to I'll have to I gotta sleep late What is sleep? Something that breakers need Lane Blue rookie Jersey Otto. Come on. Let's see another big hit. It is bones nuggets having a killer break 26 of 49 RPA I'm a big bones fan bones Bones is good. He should just have bones on his jersey rather than the Highland. Oh, I Mean you're not wrong Dean. You're not wrong Thunder rookie Aaron Wiggins 58 of 99 and Emerald rookie Jersey Otto of Jalen Johnson 105 Atlanta Jersey numbered with a crazy patch. He has been playing very well You go Atlanta. What a case that was That'll do it everybody. We've got another one coming up next


When you hear space science, what comes to mind? Any thoughts? Just go ahead and shout it out to me. Whatever comes to mind. Really? Nice. That's good. Great. Uh-huh. Good. Okay, it's good to hear what you all think about space science. I would say, do you also think about unraveling the mystery of aliens in space? Does that cross to your mind? Or thinking about the Milky Way galaxy puzzle? Does that also cross your mind? Well, I feel most people think about the Big Bang. Our outer space swelling with galaxies that stretch across our night skies. While some even think about the voyages of Star Trek about the USS Enterprise, which is funny. I'll tell you something. Most people, when they hear anything space science, what comes to mind is space exploration. And that's not far-fetched from the truth. A couple of decades ago, when William Hanshale, who was a notable space scientist of the 19th century, was giving a talk. He said, when he asked his audience what he thought about space science, about 80% of his audience screamed out loud to him, space exploration, and upon listening to his talk, I then thought to myself, well, it seems space exploration has actually been capturing the imagination of people for centuries and continues to evolve into a source of wonder and fascination, even until this present day. At the same time, I thought to myself, I think space science has been giving us hope. The hope about the possibilities of exploring new worlds, discovering other planets, and even comprehending more about our cosmos, which I would say is a powerful and exciting idea. So while the possibility of exploring other worlds and even fighting clean guns is an exciting phenomenon for a lot of people, I want us to be aware that space science is, it actually encompasses much more than just space exploration. Space science actually entails about the study of the atmosphere and climate of our home planet, Earth. It helps us understand the impact of the weather of the outer space on Earth and on us as the inhabitants of Earth. So whether you restore the impact of suns throw up, because unlike Vegas, what happens in the sun does not stay in the sun. So we kind of like tend to understand what's the weather of space and how it's actually impact us here. I want you to raise your hand if you've ever heard about space weather anyone? Okay, if you're not raising your hand, you don't have to feel alone. You're not alone. I did not hear about space weather until 2016 when I attended a conference in Abuja Nigeria. At the conference, one of the experts actually explained the concept of space weather and how it has revolutionized our understanding of space weather and radio communication. Upon hearing this thumb space weather, it caught my attention and I began to wonder, does the vast empty space above our head actually have a weather? I felt a range of emotion upon hearing this thumb space weather. At first, I felt intimidated by the technical and scientific aspects of the field space weather. And what it actually entails. At the same time, I felt excited. I became curious and eager to know what the mystery of this area of study is and my place within it. So all the mixed feelings actually made me wonder to know more about space weather and its underlying impacts. So you know what I did? In the process to satisfy my curiosity, I decided to settle down in the field and I got to know that space weather actually entails about the environmental conditions of our outer space that impact the performance and behaviors of our satellite and spacecraft system that affect the transmission of radio waves or radio signals. It affects the operation of power grids. I also got to know that space science or space weather, which is a subfield of science, is an extensive field. Understanding the space weather events would help us understand how our communication systems are disrupted, how space weather events can induce currents into our power line, affecting our transformers, and even leading to power outages and damages of our electronics. I'll take you back to the 19th century. Do you know that during the 19th century, the thumb space weather was not known. However, its impact was felt. For instance, in the year 1859, there was a massive solar storm. This solar storm was a form of space weather events. But then, as of then, it was not known as a space weather event. It was later on, it was given the name Carrington events. The Carrington events happened and it disrupted a lot of telegraph services and set fire to telegraph offices. For a very long time, the impact of the Carrington events was felt. So fast forward to years or centuries after the Carrington events, there has been development of more sophisticated technologies and instruments that help us understand space weather and space weather events. So despite all the many achievements in understanding space weather and its events, there's still barriers to be overcome. First, there is lack of diversity. There is lack of representation of certain groups, like women and people of color. I'll tell you that actual data from the National Science Foundation shows that women are underrepresented in the field of space science. In 2018, women made up just 10 percent of space science faculty members at U.S. colleges and university. Similarly, people of color are underrepresented, with Hispanic and African Americans making up just 4 percent and 3 percent respectively of space weather or space science faculty. So overcoming these barriers and increasing diversity in the field of space weather, we actually bring about new perspective and new ideas to the table. At the same time, making the field more welcoming to all. So I think when we try to overcome these barriers of lack of diversity, we can do that by promoting diversity in hiring, encouraging diversity in leadership, which are key steps. So another challenge in the field of space science is coupled to the fact that although space weather as a soft field in space science is an important research area, it is still very challenging to secure funding and resources. So I think it is important for stakeholders to support efforts in breaking funding challenges in the field of space weather. And in essence, making it more welcoming for more people to consider career in the field supports organizations and initiatives that promote diversity and inclusiveness in space science. We tend to make the field more welcoming and there will be possibility of having innovative and impactful research. We can also advocate for increased funding for diversity and inclusion initiative in space science. Personally, I think it is important that we support efforts to make the field of space science more welcoming to all, especially to the minority group. Because we tend to like bring more ideas to the table and make the field more welcoming. So with all that being said, I want you to raise your hand if you now understand what space science or space weather is or how important space weather is. Great. So I'm really happy to see that everybody in the auditorium, I hope people online can also raise their hands. So I am so happy to see that everybody here understand how important space weather is to our daily life, our critical infrastructures. I hope next time you hear about space science, please do not think about aliens in space or Klingons fighting. Do well to think about space weather, its impact on our daily life and the role you can play in advancing the field. Thank you.