Well, good afternoon. I'm Sang Kim, the Island-Feld head of the Davidson School of Chemical Engineering and today we have a very special event and a very special speaker and I would like to call our interim dean of the College of Engineering Mark Lundstrom to do the introductions. Mark. Thank you Sang. Good afternoon everyone. So welcome to our very first engineering frontiers lecture. So you know our academic units, they frequently host distinguished visitors who come and interact with our students and our faculty. This new series was created to provide a college-wide venue for distinguished speakers addressing topics that are both important and timely and that's certainly the case for our topic today, semiconductors. So you all know about the chip shortage. Chips are being called the fuel of the 21st century. Not only are we not manufacturing enough chips, we're losing our lead in some parts of this critical technology that we invented and we've realized that we don't have the engineering and the scientific workforce to regain our lead. So it reminds me of Sputnik and the race to the moon. We rose to the challenge at that time and the nation is now rising to this new challenge. These are really exciting and important times for semiconductors. Now I first met our speaker David Lee shortly before I stepped in as interim dean. Our previous dean, Meng Cheng, asked me to summarize our semiconductor initiatives to the Engineering Leadership Council. So this is a group of CEOs and retired CEOs, strong supporters of the college and people who provide us with strategic advice. David is a member of that council. So I gave my presentation on semiconductors and we had a discussion and I quickly learned that David knows an awful lot about semiconductors. We actually had a follow-up phone call for an hour or more and I've been in semiconductors my entire career, you know, following it. Brief time in industry, but most of the time following it from academia. And it was fascinating to me to get an insider's view of this of this industry and it's going to be a real treat to hear him talk today. So we're lucky to have him with us today and to talk about this important topic. After his talk and after the Q&A, there will be a panel discussion which is not directly related to semiconductors, but it's important for any students who are preparing for a career in semiconductors or any other industry. So I would encourage you to stay around for the panel discussion. So David Lee is recently retired as the president and CEO and director of Cabot Microelectronics Corporation, CMC Materials, which is a global material supplier to the semiconductor industry. Before assuming that role in 2015, Mr. Lee served as vice president of the Asia-Pacific region for the company for seven years. And prior to that, he held various senior leadership and management positions since he joined the company in 1997. Including among those positions were regional and product line management, operations, supply chain and investor relations. So he really has a very broad set of experiences and perspective on this industry. Mr. Lee earned a bachelor of science degree from our chemical engineering department at here at Purdue and an MBA from Northwestern University. Please join me in welcoming David Lee. Thank you, thank you. All right, so get my slides in order here. All right, well, thank you for that kind introduction and it's great to be here. It's an honor and I'm here to talk a little bit about semiconductors, the industry that I spent around three decades of my career working in and obviously a very exciting industry to be involved in, especially today. I just want to introduce myself and my family a little bit more. As Dean Luntram mentioned, I'm a proud boiler maker. I graduated in 1995 and I can honestly say I would not have been here if it wasn't for Purdue. So I'm always grateful for the great education, the connections and wisdom that I got from Purdue. And again, I wouldn't be here today if it wasn't for Purdue. How I came to choose chemical engineering is an interesting topic. You see my mom and dad in the middle, my dad is a PhD chemical engineer, my mom is a PhD statistician and my sister is also a PhD chemical engineer. So the idea of free will may have been a bit flexible in my household, but anyway, I think I chose the right path. And as Mark mentioned, I was the CEO of CMC Materials, one of the largest semiconductor materials companies for the last eight years and currently serve on a number of boards and advisory committees. And I'm based in Singapore. So this weather, although I grew up in Chicago, is a little bit colder than I'm used to. But again, it's great to be here. Okay, so today's focus, I just want to give everyone first an overall feeling of the importance of semiconductors. And we're going to do a little audience participation to get us started with that. I'll talk a little bit about this, the fab, the semiconductor fabrication process, and there's a great video from our friends at Infineon, an important semiconductor producer. I'm going to show that really I think brings to life the semiconductor fabrication process. Semiconductors have also been in headline news quite a bit recently, so I'm going to talk a little bit about the global dynamics and the implications of why semiconductors and where they're produced is so important and then end with trends and opportunities. The one thing I would say is and simple message of this lecture is I want to convince all of you that there's never been a better time to get involved in the semiconductor industry. I've known the semiconductor industry and been part of it for almost 30 years. I can tell you right now is one of the most exciting times for all of you to consider exploring a career in semiconductor. And I would say there's no better place to explore that than Purdue University. If you think about what has been announced recently, whether it's the partnership with Sky Water or the partnership with Media Tech, I hope that many of you have an opportunity to actually step foot in the fab once it's constructed or be part of chip design. Fantastic opportunities here at Purdue University and I think it's a really exciting time to be part of the industry overall. Okay, so the one thing I would say before I go on to this next part which involves all of you taking out your devices is as I was getting ready to give this lecture, I was studying up on what has been taught and said about semiconductors before. And one of the first online courses I came across was from Dean Lunchstrom who had a series of semiconductor lectures. It's available on YouTube. Fantastic set of online classes. I would highly encourage all of you to check them out. So that's the first thing I ran into, but different than Dean Lunchstrom's courses, there will not be any tests or quizzes associated with this lecture. Okay, but there will be some audience participation. So if you'll indulge me, I just want to make sure the technology works. So all of you have a device either phone or laptop or iPad. If you go to the site menti.com and use that code or you can scan this QR code.  Okay, so let's take a moment to do that. So here is a word cloud real time of the input that all of you are putting in. Let's see what we have. This is always interesting to see. I did this last week at a panel I was involved in. The word cloud, the larger words are the ones that are represented more frequently. And then there are obviously the smaller ones as well. Okay, great. I think we're settling in on 96, almost 100 participants. Phone, car, laptop. Okay, yep. I think those are the ones. Xbox. All right, I see that. I hear that. So these are just some of the things that we think about when we think about semiconductors. Let me see if I can go back to my presentation. And so I think we caught, this is a smart group, right? Not surprisingly, you have most of those key devices. But I would also say semiconductors are extremely important for a number of other industries. For example, last week I was in a panel with, I think I was the only private sector person there. Everyone else was from the government and they were focused on semiconductors. Why? Because they see semiconductors as enabling the next generation of military technology, defense technology. So hypersonics or next generation jet fighters. So that's really important. I was in a panel of other CEOs that are really excited about the next generation of industrial automation. So AI and robotics. You can see a picture of that there as well. I think automotive was on there. That's a key driver for next generation semiconductors. If you get in a car today, the level of semiconductor content is only going up. And as we approach the EV generation, that's only going to increase exponentially. So those are some examples. Some of you may have seen the most recent release from Tesla, their first foray into robotics. That's their robot. Personally, I wasn't that impressed, but they have a lot of other inventions. Some of you may be sporting the new iPhone, the iPhone 14. If you notice, Apple's actually actively, when they launch a new device, they're highlighting the semiconductor content or semiconductor chip because it's customized. So they're using marketing like the A15 chip or the M1 chip, just showing how important semiconductors are to enabling their next generation devices. Not as popular as it was last year, but cryptocurrency, also a huge driver. And I would say, especially based in Singapore, there's a lot of activity, not just in cryptocurrency, but in blockchain technology, which I think has a lot of interesting applications for future use and, of course, driven by semiconductors. And then the last one I think maybe we take for granted is all of the applications, whether it's Amazon or Netflix, that we use all the time, are very reliant on semiconductor content and the cloud. So memory is really, really driving a tremendous amount of semiconductor content. In fact, I saw an interesting statistic the other day to say that we have now crossed over the point where there's more data being produced by machines than there are humans. So if you think about AI and supercomputing, there's more data being generated today by machines and stored in the cloud and processed and analyzed, and there are actually by humans. So fantastic breakthroughs enabled by semiconductor content. Just to give a little bit more detail, today, this is a slide by McKinsey that I really like. It breaks down the semiconductor industry into the different segments. So today, semiconductor, total value of the industry is around $600 billion. It's expected to increase to over $1 trillion over the next eight years and driven by those industries that I mentioned. So automotive, really key focus area for semiconductors, data storage, all this memory that we're, you know, all our pictures, videos, as well as machine generated data, as well as wireless industries. So 5G, all the infrastructure needed to support 5G and the next generation and all the related devices. So it's an extremely healthy, vibrant and growing industry expected to grow to $1 trillion by 2030. Shifting gears a little bit, one of the most famous, I would say, it's not really a law, it's more of an observation, it's called Moore's Law. Many of you may be familiar with this. This was actually an observation coined by one of the original founders of Intel, and this is a slide from Intel, our good friends from Intel. And this person, Gordon Moore, theorized back in, I think it was the 60s, that the number of transistors per integrated circuit would roughly double every two years. Okay, so that prediction has proved to be true over the next, over the last 50, 60 years, and although the industry has, you know, continued to find ways to pack more transistors in, that's not the only function or feature that we think about for semiconductors. There's also power consumption, cost, but I think, nevertheless, the industry continues to find ways to innovate and push forward. And there's all kinds of new technologies. There's a few listed there, advanced packaging and so on. But I think the industry continues to be extremely vibrant from an innovation standpoint. So let's think about Moore's Law in a different context. If you were to apply Moore's Law to a different industry, say automotive, and you would just apply the improvements that have been made in speed, power and cost to the automotive industry over the last 30 years, it would result in a Rolls-Royce that costs $40, could circle the globe eight times on one gallon of gas, and have a top speed of 2.4 million miles per hour. That's the kind of car I would like to drive. But that gives you a little bit of context about the innovation and improvements that have been made in the semiconductor industry that we, I think, take for granted when we have these devices. These devices are more powerful than the supercomputers of just 10 years ago. So all of that is enabled by the innovation and continued improvements that have been made in the semiconductor industry. Pretty impressive. Okay, so I want to shift gears a little bit and give a quick, high-level overview of how semiconductors are produced. Okay, and again, I would highly encourage all of you that want more detail to go to Dean Lunchstrom's series of semiconductor fabrication. Excellent. But I just want to break it down into the key components and then we'll show the video. The video is around 10 minutes long and I think it does an excellent job of highlighting semiconductor fabrication processes. But I want to just break it into the key parts. The first part is if you think about semiconductors, semiconductors are primarily made of silicon. What is silicon made of? It's made of sand. So the starting component for semiconductors is sand, which is purified and made into a crystalline bowl and then sliced into wafers. So that's a key component and a starting point for producing semiconductors. Next, on the top, you'll see there's a lot of innovation and thought needed to do the actual chip design. How does the chip design get put onto the wafer? It's through a process called lithography, which is an amazing technology and one of the critical process steps into producing a semiconductor today. You'll see that in the video coming up. And then there's a series of polishing, depositing and etching steps and my personal favorite, which we'll dive into a little bit more, planarization, CMP. So my company, CMP Materials, was the world's leading provider of CMP Materials and I'm going to take a moment after the video to go through some of the innovation that was needed just to support that one step of the semiconductor process. Okay, so let's show the video, if you don't mind, our friends in the IT group doing a fantastic job showing this video. Thank you. All chips start out with a very simple raw material, sand. Sand is primarily made up of silicon dioxide or silica. Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust but is only ever found as a compound with oxygen. Complex chemical and physical processes are required to ensure that silicon crystals meet the high production standards that apply to chips. To convert silica sand to silicon, the sand is combined with carbon and heated to an extremely high temperature to remove the oxygen. A number of other steps are required to create the finished product, namely an extremely pure monocrystalline silicon ingot called a bull with only one impurity atom for every 10 million silicon atoms. Silicon bulls are fabricated in a range of different diameters. The most common sizes are 150, 200 and 300 millimeters. Wafers with large diameters offer more space for chips. Extremely thin wafers are then cut from the silicon bulls using a special sawing technique. These wafers are the basic building blocks for subsequent chip production. Silicon is a semiconductor. This means it can conduct electricity and also act as an insulator. Its atomic structure looks like this. Every silicon atom has four outer electrons. There are no free charge carriers. As a result, the pure monocrystalline silicon is non-conductive at room temperature. To allow it to become conductive, small quantities of specific atoms are added as impurities to the wafer. These impurity atoms must have a number of outer electrons that is either one more or one less than that of silicon. Silicon is in the 14th group of the periodic table of elements. This means that elements in the 13th or 15th group have to be used in this process, referred to as doping. Boron and phosphorus atoms are the most suitable elements in these groups. They are very close to silicon on the periodic table and therefore have very similar properties. Phosphorus has five outer electrons. When it is inserted into the silicon crystal lattice, the fifth phosphorus electron can move freely. This means that the silicon phosphorus crystal is n-conductive. In contrast, boron atoms only have three outer electrons. When they are introduced into the silicon lattice, one silicon electron has nothing to bond to. This creates electron holes. The holes move through the crystal like positively charged particles, making the material p-conductive. Transistors are built on the p- and n-conductive layers that exist in a doped wafer. Transistors are the smallest control units in microchips. Their job is to control electric voltages and currents, and they are by far the most important components of electronic circuits. Every transistor on a chip contains p- and n-conductive layers made of silicon crystals. They also have an additional layer of silicon oxide, which acts as an insulator. A layer of electrically-conductive polysilicon is applied on top of this. Every transistor has three terminals. The middle one is attached to the gate, which is the electrically-conductive polysilicon. If an electrical charge is applied to only the two outer terminals, electricity cannot flow as the transistor is blocked. This changes, however, if an additional charge is applied to the middle terminal. Electrons from the p-layer are then pulled toward the middle terminal and accumulate at the area bordering the silicon crystal and the insulating gate oxide. A channel then forms underneath the gate between the islands of n-conductive material. Electrons can now flow through this channel. The electrical circuit is closed. In this way, the transistor can be switched back and forth between current-enable and disable, between zero and one, on and off. But how are these layers created on a wafer? The process to manufacture chips from a wafer starts with the layout and design phase. Highly complex chips are made up of billions of integrated and connected transistors, enabling sophisticated circuits such as microcontrollers and cryptochips to be built on a semiconductor surface, measuring just a few square millimeters in size. The sheer number of components calls for an in-depth design process. This entails defining the chip's functions, simulating its technical and physical properties, testing its functionality, and working out the individual transistor connections. Special design tools are used to draw up the plans for integrated circuits and develop a three-dimensional architecture of sandwiched layers. This blueprint is transferred to photo masks. Providing geometric images of the circuits, the photo masks are used as image templates during the subsequent chip fabrication process. To ensure that the microscopic structures of a chip are reproduced flawlessly, they have to be fabricated in a dust-free environment with stable temperature and humidity levels. In other words, they have to be made in a clean room. A clean room is a room in which no more than one particle of dust, larger than 0.5 micrometers, is permitted in around 10 liters of air. This is even cleaner than the air in an operating room. The ventilation, filtration, and supply systems in a clean room therefore have to be extremely sophisticated. Several million cubic meters of air are circulated every hour, and hundreds of air volume regulators maintain a constant air flow. Employees in these production areas have to abide by an extremely strict dress code. They are not permitted to smoke before work or wear any makeup or jewelry. Clean room production areas can only be accessed through a special airlock. Chips are built on a base wafer cut from a silicon bull. Depending on their size, several dozen or several thousand chips can be fabricated on one wafer. First of all, the surface of the wafer is oxidized in a high-temperature furnace operating at approximately 1,000 degrees Celsius to create a non-conductive layer. Then a photo-resist material is uniformly distributed on this non-conductive layer using centrifugal force. This coating process creates a light-sensitive layer. The wafer is then exposed to light through the photomask and special exposure machines known as steppers. During this process, coaster-sized areas of the chip template known as rectacles are used to transfer the complex geometric patterns of the circuit design to the silicon wafer. The exposed area of the chip pattern is developed, revealing the layer of oxide below. The unexposed part remains as is, protecting the layer of oxide. After this, the exposed layer of oxide is etched off in the areas that have been developed using wet or plasma etching. With plasma etching, special gases bond with the substrate to be removed in the reaction chamber. This enables microscopic layers to be removed in the windows that were exposed and developed in the previous step. Once the photo-resist residue has been stripped and the wafer has been cleaned, the wafer undergoes further oxidation. Electrically conductive polysilicon is deposited on this insulation layer. Then photo-resist is applied again and the wafer is exposed to light through the mask. The exposed photo-resist is stripped again. Now the polysilicon and the thin oxide layer are etched off. These two layers only remain intact in the center under the photo-resist. The next step is the doping process where impurity atoms are introduced into the exposed silicon. An ion implanter is used to shoot impurity atoms into the silicon. This changes the conductivity of the exposed silicon by fractions of a micrometer. After the photo-resist residue has been stripped, another oxide layer is applied. The wafer undergoes another cycle of applying photo-resist, exposure through the mask, and stripping. Contact holes are etched to provide access to the conductive layers, enabling the contacts and interconnections to be integrated in the wafer. This is done by depositing metal alloys onto the wafer in sputtering machines. Once again, the photo-resist and mask are applied. The unexposed strips remain as is after the etching process, providing a point of contact to the underlying layers. To give the insulation layer above the interconnections the smooth finish it requires, a chemical-mechanical process is used to polish away excess material with micrometer accuracy. These individual steps may be repeated multiple times in the fabrication process until the integrated circuit is complete. Depending on the size and type of chip, the wafer will now contain anything from several dozen to thousands of chips. Individual chips are usually sought... The end of the video, I think, is a few more minutes, but it's mostly a commercial for infinity. We'll keep going from there. I hope you gain an appreciation of the chip fabrication process and how complex and specific and specialized it is, as well as how much innovation is required in each step. My favorite step, of course, is the one that is circled, the planarization step, where they talked about using chemical and mechanical means to planarize the surface of a chip. The challenge of this process step is that you're literally removing silicon or metal selectively while not damaging the other aspects to a subatomic level. Again, I work best with using simple analogies. The way I would describe... This is our beloved football field. By the way, I was really pleased to see us prevail over Nebraska. My best friend is a Cornhusker fan, so we had an active text channel going this weekend, and it was great. But, okay, if you were to think about CMP on the scale of a football field, imagine putting two football fields side by side with one football field, one millimeter the grass, one millimeter higher than the other. The job of CMP would be to flatten that second football field within that one millimeter without damaging the surface, without touching the other football field, completely flat across the 100 yards. That's the job of CMP on a subatomic level, okay? So if I show a cross-section of an actual device, this is a cross-section of a wafer before CMP was really the mainstream way of making a chip. As you can see, there's layers of silicon and metal that are deposited on top of each other. And if you don't planarize the surface in between the next deposit layer, those deformities continue to add up. It's sort of like stacking credit cards on top of each other, right? You're not going to be able to stack many on top of each other. The bottom picture shows after CMP was introduced how much more efficient that you can pack the layers of silicon and metal on top of each other. So this has become really the standard way of making any advanced chip today. So it gives you a little bit of a feel for CMP. I thought the video was a little bit more towards the electrical engineering side of things, so I had to introduce a little bit of chemical engineering to show that I did learn something at my time at Purdue. Here's chemical mechanical planarization, the process, and there's sort of a schematic and then an actual picture. So what you see is a polishing platen that's rotating. The wafer carrier, so the wafer is put face down on a polyurethane pad, and then a CMP slurry is introduced, and that's how planarization happens. So it's really amazing that we're able to do this on a subatomic level. The CMP slurries are typically made of high-purity water, highly engineered particles, and then formulated chemistries. The CMP pads are highly engineered polyurethane materials with specific groove patterns to planarize the selected surface. I just want to give an example of the innovation that's needed, and this was some of the invention that happened at my company, CMC Materials, using novel chemistries to achieve breakthrough CMP performance. So here is an example of using a Syria particle. So Syria is a common particle used in CMP slurries. Why? Because Syria is very aggressive on silicon, very aggressive on glass. The problem with using Syria is that it produces a lot of scratches, and so if you have a scratch on a wafer, you might ruin the chip that you're trying to design. Through certain novel innovation, what we're able to do is coat the surface of this Syria to make it less prone to scratching the surface of the wafer. And you can see, I won't go into detail, but essentially the level of defects has been cut in half or even more through this surface modification. We call it a silane-modified shell. Similarly, using a different particle type colloidal silica, which is a good polishing particle but not as aggressive in removing by modifying the surface of that colloidal silica, we're able to achieve higher removal rates and lower erosion, which is another measure of defectivity on the particle. I just want to emphasize these just to give everyone a feel for the level of innovation needed on one particular step, of one particular material in the semiconductor process. And just to kind of wrap this all together, this is an announcement actually by one of Apple's, this was their last-generation chip. You can see they're highlighting this innovation in semiconductors as an enabling part of their next-generation devices. So this is the A14 chip. It's made with 5-nanometer technology, which is considered one of the most advanced technology nodes available today, 11.8 billion transistors, 24 billion contacts on this single chip. So you can see the level of innovation, and by the way, you can see the level of planarization that's needed in that cross-section of the chip for the A14 chip. So just to kind of wrap all these concepts together to give everyone a feel for what it takes to make one of the key chips for our iPhones today. Okay, so I want to shift gears a little bit, and again, we're going to use this app that we used before to talk about where semiconductors are produced today. And so I wanted to make this a small group activity. This is a great group of people. So maybe have groups of three or four, so get friendly with your neighbors, and talk about the following two questions. And I've listed the five major countries where semiconductor production happens today. U.S., China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and then the rest of the world. And what I'd like you to do is again, go to this Menti app, you can scan the QR code or use that code on the bottom, and answer the two questions. One is, what do you think is the percent production by these five countries? And then the second question that we'll answer together is what is the percent production of advanced semiconductors that are produced by these five countries? Okay, so I'm going to let everyone gather and take a few minutes to answer these questions. I didn't want to show it first because there's a tendency like for the first mover, for everyone else to copy the first mover. So I wanted everyone to get a little bit of their own momentum going here. Okay, did everyone have a chance to get the answer or their thoughts? Okay, so here's the actual. Let's see if I can advance. So today, total semiconductor production around 20% is happening in Taiwan, 20% in South Korea. Japan is still significant, 16%. The rest of the world, about 16%. That's mostly Europe. China around 15% and U.S. at 12%. I would say if you look at the trend over time, the U.S. has declined year over year. So maybe 10 years ago, we were at 20%. Today we're at 12%. So significant decline in U.S. production of semiconductors. And we'll talk about that coming up. All right, so the second question is advanced semiconductor production by country. So again, hopefully this advances to the next screen and please input your best estimates by percent for these five different countries. Okay, how many responses? 61, all right, so we're settling at around 38%, 39%, 40% Taiwan, and then South Korea. Give everyone another few minutes to answer the question. So this is advanced semiconductor production. I call it 10 nanometers and below. That's sort of the designation used by most to talk about where advanced semiconductor production happens. Okay, all right, so this is the consensus. 37% Taiwan, 18% Korea, 13% China, and you can see the rest. Here's the actual. So 90% of advanced semiconductor production happens in Taiwan today. 9% happens in South Korea and 1% in the U.S. Everyone surprised? So there's a question, and we'll take questions at the end, but I heard that question enough. I think I heard the question was, does it account for memory, right? So great question. So this really is focused on logic. We can talk about memory, but memory production is, you typically wouldn't say 10 nanometers or something. You'd use how many layers of 3D NAND, et cetera. If you were to look at the memory split, the probably 70 plus percent is happening in South Korea. Samsung and SK Hynix are really leading. You have significant manufacturing in Japan with Toshiba and then the U.S. with Micron. Okay, so what are the implications of this? Let me switch back to my slides. And this is where I want to end. I think that we can clearly see, this is a picture of President Biden with a chip. One is you can clearly see, as we went through in the beginning, the criticality of semiconductors today. And no wonder why it is headline news and the subject of a lot of geopolitical tension. Because there's such an imbalance today where chip manufacturing happens, combined with the criticality of the technology. I had great conversations with Dean Mark and many others about the initiative that the U.S. has recently started along with Europe to really begin reshoring a lot of that capability. And I think Purdue is uniquely positioned to really help that initiative. But it's going to take a really sustained commitment to redevelop our semiconductor capabilities here in the U.S. You can see how daunting of a challenge 90% of advanced semiconductor production happens today in Taiwan. I would say around that dependency on Taiwan, obviously there's a lot of political tension around China and Taiwan. But put aside that for a second. I think for us to be reliant on Taiwan for 90% of advanced semiconductor production is in itself risky.  And so for us to really have a little bit more of a resilient supply chain, I think is extremely important. The last point I would make is that the focus is going to be on advanced semiconductor production. Why do I bring that up? The reason why I bring that up is one, obviously there's a lot of focus on that technology and innovation that's important. But as you think about this whole spectrum of semiconductors that we need in our lives today, for example, I think Mark mentioned the shortage of automobiles. That's not necessarily happening because of shortage of advanced technology chips. That's happening because of shortage of legacy chips. So you might see those types of shortages persist in the market a little longer than you might expect because there's not a lot of investment happening today in that older technology of chips that are fueling autos and things like that. So what I think are the kind of implications and why chips will continue to be a really, really significant focus of the geopolitical environment. So just to conclude, I hope you gain an appreciation, one of the criticality of the technology of semiconductors, how much it drives in all of our lives today and how much we rely on it today without even thinking about it, right? Think about a day without your phone frightening, right? But all of that is based on the cloud, semiconductors, wireless infrastructure, all the applications that are being built around this ecosystem. I think geopolitical, the situation is only going to get more tense. This is my prediction. Just because semiconductors has become such a lightning rod for different countries, whether it's China or U.S. or Europe, we all recognize we need to be a little more self-reliant on our own supply chains for semiconductors. I think that's a very complex and a thoughtful strategy needed to address that. And then, of course, underlying is that strong growth and demand. I went through a slide that said the industry is expected to grow to $1 trillion. That's because of all the devices, the connected devices that we are going to enjoy in the future. So where are the opportunities? There's a lot of investment happening today. A lot of that's happening in the Midwest, what I'm happy to say. So Intel building their fab in Columbus, the skywater facility happening at Purdue, so many different investment opportunities, a really exciting time in the industry. There's continued need for innovation. I hope I impressed upon you just the level of innovation needed in one particular step of the semiconductor fabrication process. Think about that magnified exponentially for chip design, lithography, packaging, testing. All of that needs continued innovation that we've kind of come reliant on to drive the next technology of devices. And of course, the last thing why I'm here today is the need for brilliant minds. There's never been a more exciting time to get involved in the semiconductor industry than there is today. I think you're all uniquely positioned and have a great opportunity to do that here at Purdue. I hope that many of you have an opportunity to work in the clean room or try to produce some silicon at the skywater facility or at lab scale for chip design for the MediaTek collaboration. Fantastic opportunities around the university to get involved. Thank you very much. Well, we have time for questions, I think, and I'd like to encourage the students to ask the first set of questions. And do we have the chance to move the mics around? Yes, great, thank you. Why do we need more computational power, typically? What is, like, driving the demand for even more and better chips? Yeah, great question. I think it depends on the application, right? My opinion is we probably use a fraction of the computing power that is in this phone today, but I do think there are applications. If you think about medical, all of the computing power that's needed to do generational modeling for next generation medical treatments, life science, a lot of the vaccine treatments were done with virtual modeling, that is all enabled by quantum and supercomputing, really, really important in that area. We talked about defense, so hypersonics, next generation fighter technology, all of that's relying on next generation chips, higher powered chips, and then I think there are consumer applications that really would benefit from higher powered chips. For example, are you going to be comfortable getting into a self-driving car that is reliant to make decisions locally without a super powered chip inside, right? So I think those types of applications really are quite demanding. They need extreme power, extreme energy efficiency and reasonable cost. So there are applications that require high end. We have a question in the back of the room. Yeah, hello. So I had a chance to talk to some of the representatives from TSMC's new big plant they're building on in Arizona and they were, I noticed how excited they were for the opportunities that were coming. I just had a question about what sort of advice you would give to someone who, like me, is in at Purdue University and is going to be entering the workforce soon. What sort of advice you have for people doing that? Fantastic. I think, I hope everyone caught the message. There's not a better time to get involved in the industry. So TSMC is making a huge investment in Arizona. I think if you're interested to get more involved in exploring a career in semiconductor, there's a lot of opportunity right here on campus, right? And it may not be with TSMC. It might be with Skywater or Intel or others. But I think, you know, I really have gained an even greater appreciation of how much exposure this student body can get to semiconductors here on campus. It's really, really exciting. It's unique. I've been to other campuses where there is not that opportunity to potentially work in a clean room, work in a chip design environment. All of that will be available to students here. So I'd just encourage you to lean in there. And I do think there are a tremendous amount of opportunities. Mark and I were just talking about the number of future engineering roles that will be needed to drive the next set of investments that have already been announced. It's something like 10,000 engineers that are needed to drive those fab expansions. So a ton of opportunity. What has made Taiwan such a powerhouse in the semiconductor industry? Because I was really surprised by the large dominance that they have. What pushed them to become such a leading model? Yeah, I think so. If we think about Taiwan, it's not just Taiwan. It's really one company that's producing most of the advanced chips, which is TSMC, right? So the previous question was around TSMC. I think there was a lot of it was being at the right place at the right time. I also have gotten to know them very well because they're one of our biggest customers. They have a very unique culture that's very agile, innovative, and very, very focused on manufacturing excellence, right? And so if you think about Taiwan, you think about Taiwan and you think about semiconductor, it's not a hobby for them. It is their key focus as a country to be excellent in semiconductors, right? And that's why going back to the U.S., I really think we need a sustained, thoughtful commitment in order for us to kind of redevelop our chip capabilities. Next one, I think they have this culture and focus and expectation of excellence and it's really, really focused on one company, TSMC. The second is, I would say, I think for them, having that focus for their industry and having this talent coming out of Taiwan and focused on working with customers like Apple over time has made them even better. So they have this unique business model, a focused culture, and it's a key focus for their entire country. I think those are some of the reasons why they've been successful. Go ahead. Thank you for your talk. I learned from your talk that somebody in the semiconductor company, somebody will work for IND, basic material, somebody will work in the cleaning room, somebody will work for designing chips. I'm wondering, do you have the percentage of, you know, in a semiconductor company, what is the ratio between these job opportunities? Yes. Yeah. And so I think there's a lot of data actually being compiled about that exact topic. I would say there are a significant number of engineering roles that are needed to be in the fab. And then there is an even greater number that's needed to support that whole supply chain. So for example, my company, CMC Materials, we had about 2,000 employees, 500 were in R&D, and of those 500, maybe 300 were advanced degree researchers. That's just one small niche part of the supply chain. Multiply that by all the different steps that we talked about today. So there's a lot of different opportunities there. I would say it really depends on where your interest lies, right? What engineering discipline are you? Mechanical engineering. Mechanical engineering. Okay. So you might find that you're interested in some of the automation aspects that are related to, in the fab, tremendous need for that. Okay. We also hired a ton of mechanical engineers at my company, because similarly we were focused on automating our next generation of manufacturing the polishing pad. So a lot of different applications that need brilliant mechanical engineers like yourself. So we know that semi-conductors acquired a huge super high manufacturing complexity in order to build them. So what does a country that does not have that kind of complexity, manufacturing complexity to reach that level? Like what are the prerequisites? What are the steps that can take to reach that level? Thanks for your question. So are you talking about for the U.S. to regain that manufacturing in R&D? For U.S. or maybe for any country in general? Yeah. Great question. How can you reach that complexity, manufacturing complexity? Extremely challenging. Okay. So if you just look at, and I was talking about this earlier in one of my conversations this morning, if you look at a company like Intel, super innovative, and all they do is semi-conductor. Where they find themselves today is two generations behind TSMC, right? And that's with all the access to technology, the brilliant minds. It is extremely specialized and focused discipline that's needed to innovate. What I would say is working with, I think the next generation of advanced semi-conductors are going to be done in partnership with the end-use customers.  I think the future is going to be Apple and Meta and other, Amazon and others, are going to want to customize their silicon for their devices, right? And so I think there's an opportunity there if you have agile manufacturing and design to partner with these industry end users to kind of capture that attention and that share from their business. So I think that partnership with end-use device owners will be important for countries like the U.S. to catch up. I have a question over here. Do you think that semiconductor education should be incorporated into grade school at all? And if so, then what do you think is the best way to encourage people in high school and stuff to go into the semiconductor industry post-graduation? So of course I'm biased. I would say the earlier, the better. But I think in all seriousness, I think this exposure, I think today more so than ever, I think semiconductors are getting more visibility than they have been in the past. It may not necessarily mean education at junior high and grade levels, but I think just exposure and education about the importance of semiconductors and how they impact our lives, I think is really important. And then I think the traditional STEM disciplines and focus would well serve the semiconductor industry. And then I think when you get to the university level, certainly there's benefit to having some focused education and focus here, and I know Purdue is really thinking about that. So thank you. Hi. Your previous question actually tied into this one or your previous answer. Which defects of silicon does CMC specialize in and is there a specific reason why you specialize in that? And you tied that into consumer and product manufacturing. And so I just wanted to know is there a specific defect that you guys were looking into? Great question. So at CMC there's really no defect that's acceptable. And what happens when you get to lower and smaller feature sizes, a small scratch that might have been acceptable at an older technology node becomes a killer defect at a more advanced technology node. So that's why I mentioned that this drive for innovation is across the entire supply chain, across each process step. So what we were really focused is working with customers on really, really sub-atomic level scratches and how to reduce those or eliminate those. They could have been in silicon. They could be in metal. But I think the idea, the key idea here is as the circuits get smaller and smaller, the level of tolerance for any level of defect or uniformity or erosion, which is sort of a non-planarity feature, is unacceptable. So that level of innovation has to keep pace with the industry. Hi. So this is going to be a little bit of a cynical question. But if it hadn't been for the chip shortage we've seen in the past two years, and especially the media coverage on these chip shortages, do you think we'll still have this semiconductor boom? Or is it going to be delayed? Or is it just not going to happen at all? Great question. I love cynical questions. Come on. Everyone's thinking about the similar question that you're thinking about. My opinion is that there was a larger risk factor, which is that 90% of the advanced semiconductors in the world are being produced in Taiwan. That combined with this ongoing decoupling between US and China makes semiconductors a really high priority for, I think, the US, for China, for Europe, for everybody. So if it was, I think the pandemic highlighted, OK, we can't buy the cars that we need. And that may have boosted the visibility. But I think the things like the CHIPS Act were already in motion because of this reliance on one country, one company for most of the advanced semiconductor chips. I think that is really kind of the tipping point and flexion point that caused a lot of attention to be put on semiconductors. Thank you. We have a question over here. So typically, as manufacturing complexity goes up, the cost also goes up. And you're talking about creating very complex chips. So what kind of steps are needed to reduce costs while at the same time increasing complexity? Yeah. That is one of the most... Well, I think of the semiconductor industry as one of the most demanding industries that we can get involved in because the requirements for innovation are extreme. The requirements for cost reduction are similarly extreme. Part of that cost efficiency comes with more power and more energy efficient power on a single chip, right? But I think we are reaching sort of the limits of the benefits of scaling, which is that Moore's law that I showed earlier. There will be further benefits from a cost efficiency gained through things like packaging. So how you package the chips together. If you notice, Apple also talks about, like, oh, we put four of these CPUs together. I think that's another way to get at the cost efficiency aspect. But I think that is one of the realities is that the semiconductor industry recognizes the need for increased compute power along with lower costs. It's what we just come to expect. And so it is a requirement. Once you commercialize next generation semiconductor, it has to be at a reasonable price point. I know there have been a lot of excellent questions from the students, but I guess I'd like to ask one question too before we ask some more students. So, of course, as someone who teaches fluid mechanics, I'm very happy to see that your lecture presentation focused on slurries and washing and fluids and so on. But surely there must be heat transfer challenges as well. And I know over the years the question of heat dissipation and these chips has become a really big issue. And so what is the current state as you push the frontiers of semiconductor technology with the heat transfer issues? Extremely important. And so, again, I think we're reaching the limitations of miniaturization and effectiveness for things like heat transfer, energy usage. That's where packaging comes into play. And so a lot of the innovation today is thinking about how do you take away that heat in an efficient manner. I don't think we're there. One of the key areas, I think, beyond just the heat transfer for chips is also battery technology. We need more innovation in battery technology. Where's Professor Wang? She's focused on that area. Recycling of lithium, fantastic work happening in that department. So a lot of innovation needed collectively to solve the challenges of the next generation of semiconductors. I would say the heat transfer is already one of the most limiting factors for next generation chip design. And I think we need to look at those to see how to regain the leadership in manufacturing. So it's important to see where the puck is headed. I think we have time for a few more questions and then we need to wrap this up. One more question. Go ahead. What are the environmental concerns or limitations with the production and the use of the semiconductors? Yeah, so the environmental concerns and, you know, so if you just focus first on the semiconductor fabs themselves. So what do you need to make a semiconductor factory and keep it running? You need a constant supply of power. So it's very, very power-intensive, for electricity-intensive. You also need a constant supply of really high-purity water, okay? I think that from an environmental perspective, thankfully, most of our customers, like Samsung, like TSMC, have spent a lot of time thinking about how they can use and design next generation factories more efficiently from a water usage, water treatment perspective, as well as from a power consumption perspective. So they're pretty far ahead on some of the ESG requirements versus other industries, which I was really pleased to see. So, you know, as we think about the next generation of factories being built in the U.S., many of those are being built with a green energy or a carbon-neutral footprint, all the water being recycled. So there's a lot of that that's already inherent to the industry. And it goes back to... back to what I mentioned earlier, a lot of the production happening in Taiwan. Taiwan is not a naturally rich resource country, so use of water, efficient use of power has been sort of part of their DNA to begin with, which is encouraging from an environmental perspective. Thanks. Well, let's thank David, and again, thank you for attending this special lecture. Thank you.


Team keep it clean. We had a bit of a scare today with the Baltimore Ravens and Lamar Jackson because he missed the very First practice that he's missed. Oh, yeah I even realized that but it does make sense because more Jackson has continued to always be there And then we were national reporters then picking it up and then like all reporting my notifications going crazy I know y'all notification going crazy. Oh Lamar Jackson miss practice Lamar Jackson wasn't in practice Lamar Jackson wasn't out there doing a media session of practice.  It's December this is usually the time of the year where Lamar Jackson has his Annual illness now before we get into this take it clean make sure you subscribe to the channel turn your notifications on So you do not miss not one single update And also leave a like on the video because it helps out the channel a lot like seriously It really does so I love y'all and I appreciate y'all now with Lamar Jackson his annual illness I know this is where a lot of people turn into Doctors turn into medical experts and I can see why because us as Ravens fans We feel like with all the injuries that we've seen especially over the past couple years We feel like we are medical experts But here's where people get to talking about the immune system and when it comes to Lamar Jackson and his annual sickness People say oh Lamar. What's he doing getting sick? What's he doing not getting that feeling so well? What's he doing getting under the weather? He's not allowed to do that. He's not allowed to be a human. I never get sick. I never under the weather I never feel bad. Oh You don't do you but anyway That we just got so used to hearing that over the years But Lamar Jackson he should be good Hopefully it ends up being one of those cases where it was with Rashad Bateman because Rashad Bateman Missed practice yesterday, but he came back today and the Rashad Bateman was a okay So that was nice to see Rashad Bateman back out there always good when people come back I'm like man really Ravens like we're getting and reporting on all this great news this morning So many people returning to practice coming back John Hubbard even talked about how somebody with our there's Washington He may come back. He still could possibly he said he not counting on it But he could possibly maybe come back Ravens really getting some reinforcements. Let's go And then this happened and I know a lot of Ravens fans were scared and I get it I completely understand why a lot of Ravens fans were freaking out because I got a bunch of DMs and stuff Like what's going on with the Marjax? What's happening with the Marjax and I'm like, I ain't just training I ain't up there But no, it's all good and would it be in a sickness? It's all good But one of the biggest reasons to why I can understand why a lot of Ravens fans were freaking out is Because for the past two years Around this time of the year our seasons have been they falling apart due to Lamar being hurt So I know a lot of Ravens fans when they saw Lamar Jackson wasn't out there again before it was confirmed That was an illness. I know that crept up in a lot of their minds because if we go back two years ago But it was in the Browns game. Yeah, I think the Browns game was like late November Maybe early December, but I think it was late November Brown's game where he got hit jocks or the twist of this ankle bit Boom Lamar was done for the year and then last year in the Broncos game I think that was early December where Lamar took he got sacked in the pocket and then boom PCL Done for the year and that was a wrap So I know Ravens fans were just reliving those moments a lot of Ravens fans not all but a lot of them were reliving those moments in their head And they were like, oh, no, please say it ain't so It's not so so we even got to worry about that now With Lamar Jackson and his I guess he's gonna be having his annual flu game I know you got accustomed to Lamar Jackson having that over the years, but I remember there was one year Where Lamar Jackson they said he had got so sick that he couldn't even play through it because Leading all up into the game and it was the Bears game a couple years ago It's a Bears game leading all up into the game Lamar was straight He was fine. He was practicing and all that getting ready And then I think it was the morning of it was on Sunday It's a Sunday morning. They were like, oh Lamar Jackson.  So Tyler Huntley is up and Tyler Huntley in super short notice In a game that he was not expected to start He did not prepare like a starter because he was not the starter He came in and played in the Baltimore Ravens. They won that game So shout out to Tyler Huntley in that case. He stayed ready So he didn't have to get ready even though he had to get ready, but he got the job done But I do not anticipate this week being one of those Games where Lamar Jackson can't suit up. I'm sure this thing will come and it will go and it'll be straight I know my homie Chels.  Oh that that's when it's the worst Where you feel it the first day of her, but then that second day where it really hits you it's like And then a third day it could still be there whatnot, but then a fourth day you start recovering you start feeling better and whatnot Now today is Thursday. So today will be the second day and then so again I expect him to be back out there Friday and whatnot and if they what they do to the walk-through on Saturday Well, they do the walk-through on Friday actually, but yeah He I ain't worried about Lamar Jackson Potentially a possibly missing this game at all and I don't think you should either now Some that I have seen some Ravens fans worried about is the weather for this game This Sunday against the Rams at Emmett E banks stadium because when you look at the weather in Baltimore on Sunday It's supposed to be not only cold, but right now saying it's an 85 percent chance of rain So that is definitely on the higher side. So this could be a wet one So we'll see so a lot of times the weather can change. I mean these these weather prediction things they They just go out based off of patterns. They don't know what's happening. They don't know what's on the way Sometimes they get it right but sometimes they get it wrong too So we'll just see what happens on Sunday shout out to any y'all that are actually going to the game If it does end up being a nasty one out there I really got to give a special shout out to fans that attend those games because y'all are the real deal Cuz that that takes a different type of fan to attend the game and not so comfortable Situations and not so comfortable weather. That's real right there. So we'll see what happens when it comes to the weather now Jeff Zrebek we know Jeff Zrebek. He is the best Ravens reporter doing it And I know disrespect to any other other Ravens reporters that are doing it We got love for all of them. They all do a phenomenal job But Jeff Zrebek has just continued to be on another level with it And his consistency his professionalism everything Jeff Zrebek has been on it But one thing see I just got a DM from somebody he said what are the chances Lamar Jackson doesn't play this weekend? See again, the the worry is there for a lot of things the word the worry is still even though people know It's just a sickness the worry is still there and again, I get it I like I literally got a DM just now, but anyway Jeff Zrebek he's been doing his thing for a long time covering these Baltimore Ravens We appreciate him like crazy. But Jeff like this year. Don't don't mess with Jeff Zrebek When y'all y'all gonna learn to stop messing with people that don't mess with nobody stop doing that leave people alone Jeff Zrebek he had reported Lamar Jackson missing practice He said Lamar Jackson was not on practice field for Ravens the rest of the roster was so that he put the bat in the front And the good in the back cool We let us know Lamar was gone, but everybody else was there so somebody replied to that he said I swear, man. He better not be sick. Obviously talking about Lamar Jackson. Jeff Zrebek's reply was or what or what? Jeff don't hurt him too much Jeff because Jeff ain't with it, but what Jeff actually is with it He tired of it, man. Jeff been coming at people all year long, man You talk to Jeff sideways normally Jeff would be like he won't even reply. He won't even respond this year Jeff like oh, no, uh-uh. I am tired of all this foolishness. I'm tired of people talking to me any type of way I'm gonna handle this so special shout out to Jeff Zrebek was special shout out to y'all team keeping clean I appreciate y'all so much again Make sure you subscribe to the channel tell you notifications on see do not miss not a single thing or a single video and also Continue to leave a like on the video because it goes such Long way like seriously it really does it helps out so much with YouTube and the channel and just really everything I love y'all. I hope y'all having a phenomenal day. I will see you all tomorrow and on that note. We are out


Hmm. Peter Dinklage is pissed. Why? This is the first I've heard of such things. You may be asking yourself in a very bizarre voice, well, because Disney is going ahead and making a live-action version of Snow White in The Seven Dwarves. Recently, the Game of Thrones star was on a podcast and he was celebrating the House of Mouse in their recent casting of Rachel Zegler as Snow White. He says, and I quote, Literally no offense to anyone. That's how Hollywood people talk, they say literally a lot. But I was a little taken aback when they were very proud to cast a Latina actress as Snow White, but you're still telling the story of Snow White in The Seven Dwarves. Take a step back and look at what you're doing there. It makes no sense to me.   Have I done nothing to advance the cause for my soapbox? I guess I'm not loud enough. Be still, my beating heart. I apologize for the salty language. Peter's pissed. And I fully back him and his sentiments of, Why are you redoing this movie? Snow White in The Seven Dwarves sucks. It's like one of the worst Disney movies to begin with. Why do it in the crappy live-action way that hasn't worked yet? Oh, they make a ton of money, that's why. As far as The Seven Dwarves thing is concerned, I honestly didn't know those were humans. I thought it was a kind of a fairy tale thing where they were creatures, more so than human beings that were small. I guess I'm wrong. I don't know. I really don't know. I don't want the movie made because Disney seems like they're creatively bankrupt at this point. All they do is they cart out to all these old properties, all these old hits, and just keep remaking them. But Disney was listening. They heard Dinklage loud and clear and they already put out a statement. Mickey says, Ha ha! To avoid reinforcing stereotypes from the original animated film, we are taking a different approach with these seven characters and we've been consulting with members of the dwarfism community. Ha ha! We look forward to sharing more as the film heads into production after a lengthy development period. I didn't even know there was a dwarfism community. I'm personally not in any communities myself. If I were to be in one, it would probably be the like, sad middle-aged man still on YouTube trying to get some views. Community. It's a larger pool than you think. So yes, Disney said they're no longer doing Snow White in the seven dwarves to be more progressive, to be more mature. They're doing Snow White in the seven black guys. That's not true. And to be fair, that would probably also be a remake as well. If it doesn't already exist, I got some pitching to do to Pornhub. Just think of the porn name possibilities. You could have slappy, spunky, sticky, icky, sloppy. The list goes on. I should really do some research after this video and see if that video exists. It is nice that Disney can just like hook a left instantly when someone gets offended though. Really showing there's a vision for this film. It's gonna be top tier. I can just feel it in my bones. I don't know about you guys, but I'm really looking forward to Snow White and the non-binary magical creatures and where to find them when it comes out. Let me know your thoughts on this gripping story in the comments below. Like the video if you had a good time. Subscribe if you haven't. I put all sorts of movie content on this channel now. And hopefully I'll see you around. Thanks again for watching the video. If you really like what I'm doing, maybe think about contributing on Patreon for just $1 a month saying, hey, Adam, you know what? You mean a dollar is worth to me. Here you go. Or you can become a member right here on YouTube via that join button.  And you're in. You're in. Sounded like we're gonna move on.


once again yeah it's been a long morning and we are almost approaching the tell end of the show but we can't close the show before we celebrate one amazing woman with us over here we have Sandra who's the chef or the owner of sandy I'm forgetting the name but she'll tell us about her company where she deals food so tell us your name and what you do my name is Sarah Sandra I'm a self-taught chef and owner and founder of sandy bannis delicacies sandy bannis delicacies that was the name I was looking for sounds yummy what tell us about sandy bannis delicacies before we get to the story behind it so what is sandy bannis delicacies sandy bannis delicacies sandy bannis delicacies is an online business whereby I get to cook for people they call me cook for them I also do catering services I do mail plans I also cook during tour tours where people get to call me when they have tours yes basically just cooking okay it sounds interesting when you you bring up the aspect of online you know it's an online business yet it's in about cooking someone might wonder how how is it you know cooking you know associated with online is that you market it online and then you do it I'm a how does it I'm about you see I make it it online through Instagram what's up so people get to call me then I go cook for them I don't have a physical job yeah okay and how's that how's that working for you so far going to cook would you want to have your own restaurant I'm that's working for you very well having my own restaurant that's a goal a future goal but for now it's I like it this way because I get to travel to different places I've been to so many places in just one year I've traveled to different places with two companies and it's also saves a lot because I don't have to use so much resources okay they see your you're clearly you know proud of your business the top they have written sandy sandy bunnies delicacy yes all right so you've said the online bit of it helps you save money but you want to have a restaurant in future and you also travel the world with tour companies so you said in your bio I read you are an overlanding chef with tour companies so how far have you gone with the tour companies well I haven't reached I said Kenya yet but I've just been around Kenya been to Samburu, Masaimara, Bosele, different parks in Kenya and my goal is to start going Wow must be nice I mean doing what you love and traveling the world at the same time did you ever envision this when you know when you were thinking about being a chef if at all it was a dream for you to to be a chef well all this is just planned from God because I didn't envision my business to get here because I started by hooking food and one day I just called called we need you to come and cook for us you know we are going to Samburu and I said okay tell us tell us about that journey from where you started because I'm getting that you started hooking so how how did you start to take us from the very beginning even the conception of the idea to start cooking and being a chef well starting this business basically I just wanted to get the money it was a form of survival and I said let me do what I can do what I do base that's cooking so I started by hooking food I used to pack food in packages then just sell blindly to people who did you sell to business owners people in the street people in the streets business owners students just I used to put the food in a bucket and sell then I started selling eggs into my eyes wow how do you how do you feel now that you know looking back from where you came from and now you know traveling there were you know the the world in future yes you're traveling Kenya now with two companies looking back how do you feel about it I feel so proud of myself in a span of one year I've really done a lot and I'm looking forward to growing more and more what keeps you motivated my kid your kid wow mother's a mother's just the best you want to to make sure that you have them is it she I see her name is crystal wow wow she should do you know the accent that you're going just to make her to create a future for her and my mother too she was a chef but she passed in 2016 so I want to continue the legacy because she also had a restaurant and I want to make it a reality for her even though she's not here well she she must be so proud of you where she is I mean you're doing great great things you didn't see yourself getting to where you are now yeah and where do you now see yourself from where you're standing from the things that you have managed to accomplish so far what do you see yourself in future what is your vision my vision first I want to be an inspiration to people out there who this they think that they'll not get there I want to assure them that they will get there because my story I have a very long story that even if I start thing now let's not get time and I see myself as a very renowned chef I want my company to grow to grow into I want to have a very big restaurant and be a big name in the overlanding world wow amen to that I mean I can already see see you you're getting to where you you want to be before you talk to us about of an oval being an overlanding chef for those that don't understand take us through your journey you've said you have a story maybe it'll inspire someone just not the whole story bits of your story yeah four times six for someone who wants to know okay my story I'm an orphan and I have a kids and through ever since in 2017 my life has been a journey because I must have a I try I had five suicide attempts because I was just tired with life but I had I had a vision God told me that I've repaired a lot of things for you want to miss everything so since then I've been trying to to a card and move closer to God and also through this journey ahead people who helped me through the journey my aunt her name is my Lacey and my friend his name is Andrew Kimani and a lot of people who helped me in this journey I didn't walk alone I'm happy that one thing I'm happy is God gave me good friends to help me through this journey and reaching here it's let me just say it's a blessing because I didn't see myself get here it's like a new life even coming here is a blessing amazing you see what God can do I'm always getting into preaching and it's so moving that from God saved you from five suicide attempts and this was because you had given up on life thinking I'm not working for you did you have a baby then yes in 2017 2017 I also act I also act as a house help for my friend her name is mama mama Brooklyn she helped me through and even told me that this is not your line of work and you are destined for greater things and I'm so happy for her and my aunt her name is Jackie too she also helped me through like if I start mentioning people so many people and names of women and this are the people that we are celebrating today yeah that's strength of a woman who you're celebrating you what are the names that you've mentioned Jacqueline Jacqueline Akini my Lacey my aunt her name is my Lacey and my aunt her name is Liliana Teno mama Brooklyn we are celebrating all the names that she's mentioning even those that you often mentioned but have been with you through the journey we definitely celebrate them because see look at you now look at you now what would you say to someone who's going through what you went through you know looking back in 2017 that you wanted to give up on life because things were not going your way or things were not just working out what would you say to them to encourage them what I like to tell the people struggling out there is just go to God and tell him all your all your troubles because no giant is greater than God and he'll there he'll be there for you and be focused have a plan in life and have big dreams because a dream will make you focused in what you want and you started very you started small and it didn't define you because you started as a household you also are you hooked food and now you are doing great so tell us about being an overlanding chef what does it entangle for someone who doesn't know what it an overlanding chef is you get to travel to many places and cook on site like cook in the forest it's not for the Finch at it as many challenges but it's full of adventures okay so you love the adventure bit of it but now that what are some of the challenges apart from you know cooking in the forest you don't know what animal will pop what are some of the other challenges that you have encountered challenges I've encountered is weather the weather has been so has been the greatest challenge yeah and what else can I say just a lot of challenges and what about when you started the business did it just peak immediately now after someone you said someone invited you to cook in samburu yeah did it now just peak from there or was it a genuine is a process to where you are it was a process because I wasn't aware I just started doing the business blindly because I didn't know the pros and cons of the job during the calculations of foodstuffs and everything but I get to I got to learn from my friend he's an overland chef his name is Remax Raymond Mwangi he helped me through the journey because I can say I really learnt a lot from him and he's the one who has guided me through and yeah what are and that so what are some of the things for someone who wants to get in the same light of duty what are some of the things you wish you knew before you started the business because in the tour company is not all are genuine so you have to know you have to know the in and outs of the people are going to work with because you'll work with someone and they end up not paying you later on and also study the people that you're going to work with the clients because people have dietary issues and yeah study also the place that you're going to cook from so that you can know if the area is a rainy area or heat the high heats yeah and I also know that you didn't study for the profession that you're in but now you're you're a chef so how does it work for someone who also wants to be a chef does someone have to go to school would you advise someone to go to school just pursue their dream well I can say if you have the passion and the the zeal yes you have to go to school but for me I did a short course in front-line Institute it's in Nandani a short course just to familiarize with the Gomez different Gomez also for the papers but I think cooking is is in one it's like a talent let me say talent because you can go to school and yet you don't somebody who hasn't gone to school cook better than you yeah yeah I think just creativity cooking is that is an art it's an art so creativity should be in there yes so this is what do you say this is a profession that parents should also consider to you know to to help their children get into because parents mostly look into their white color jobs it's being a chef you know a good job of course because people people will depend on you to eat very important yes eating is very important and I can say it's a very good business because I get to work on mostly on weekends and I get to pay my bills and everything so it's a really good business food business is one of the leading businesses in let me say the world and it's really pays I know I haven't reached there yet but it really pays really pays and people say you can never go wrong with food exactly yeah so because people not stop eating yeah we eat to live yeah yeah we each live we don't live yeah we each to live mm-hmm so what are some of your greatest wins from where you're sitting now what are some of the things you can count as you win so far my wins we are joining the overland world that's that really great win and getting to know different people through my work getting to know to go to places through my work and I can say I've gone to school I wanted to go to school I've gone to school even though it's just a short course but I'm hoping to to go to study more about this job and my greatest win is my life changing from where it was that's my greatest your life changing from where it was amazing and it's truly a great win from even where I'm sitting now and how can people get you just in case someone wants to hire your services okay I'm in Instagram Sunday minus delicacies and just afford I'm just a phone call away okay so it's only on Instagram Instagram I I'm also in YouTube but unfortunately it goes really hakiwa copyright issues I used someone's song making a video okay so it was suspended so I'm setting a new one very soon okay so I in your YouTube you do vlogs as in do you do the tutorials yes okay tutorials yes and also the recipes I've invented show people that they can trade them out I wonder how people invent a recipe how do you come up you know and I know it's part of creativity it's just about building flavors yeah adding just mixing up things just to get a certain flavor and then you give it a name exact but and giving it a name give it a name according to what you've put in the food okay not just getting a name but you should also be creative about it okay so give us a name or two of some of the recipes that you've come come up with well there are so many I guess the day I made I made chicken I tried mixing different sauces to come up with a variety of flavor a special flavor about it I haven't given it a name yet but I know it's in it will I will come up with that because yeah so it comes from like a name like chicken curry but you're an a joint already yeah you can't use tandoori chicken because it's somebody's name but it's it's just in that area but the secret isn't it is the sauce I made and what you say is unique about your business compared to any other what is unique about sandy bunnies delicacies something unique about my business I think my food is different from other people yeah I think you'll you'll taste my food and you'll taste somebody I'm not saying that other people can't cook well but I just know my food is different from other people from other people's food yeah from what I've heard from other people from people who have tasted my food yes I mean I would like to take to try it I wish we had something you know get cook up something in here and then I do the testing you know parts tuna tuna for a younger you know as journalists to know on John John then we say oh this is good you know tuna tuna then they are very anyway that's all for next time next time hopefully you will come and cook something up for us yes yeah so now did you I'm asking you again this one you are kid did you see yourself becoming a chef or was it a dream that you realized when you already grown up after your mom passed on or when exactly did you know growing up I wanted to be an artist drawing artist drawing artist train they go to Kwa Damu either way whether whether this or any other it's just plus I come from a family of chefs yes my family is also based in art because some are chefs some are singers so it's either you either be a chef or you either sing okay but on cooking it's a recent recent passion the since growing up also I tried cooking because of my mom she always cook like all the time till she opened up the restaurant so that's where I got the inspiration from okay so would you say that your daughter also coming up in the same line according to how she behaves when I'm cooking yeah I think so I wish I could tap into that but I can cook I can cook but on a professional level well we are slowly getting okay so I let me just read some of the responses that we have on today's question before we sign out and we had asked you me what are some of the ways that you think people can manage competition can have healthy competition and some of the comments that we have here let me take a look at what you guys are saying boy boy boy child mavela Anna summer high in a pride dinner flint Anna Lisa is she single who can know Anna summer cinema we need well DJ profi Anna summer good morning good morning to you and the imudals Anna summer 0.01 and thank you guys for tuning in we have so many people there mother math mathematics I'm trying to mathematics opaque and most of it in you want to opaque one or one longer thank you thank you very much for participating the conversation feel free to continue the channel is why 254 that's where you can continue the conversation and the hashtag is WCW and here on in studio we have been talking to Sandra to Sandra bannies Sandy bannies sorry we have been talking to Sandy bannies I think the spellings the name or you can just get me through my number yeah or your number you do you want to share your number yes okay you can this is your camera say where people can get you once again okay you can get me through Instagram Sandy bannies delicacies bannie with the B U R N I E S Sandy bannies delicacies S A N D I E B U R N I E S delicacies and my number give me those food mannies 0 7 68 19 53 50 okay send Sunday has said how food is different it's unique it has a different taste a bust of flavor in your mouth a bust of flavor in your mouth ah I mean who can resist that was a mouth they bring all their money yeah okay thank you very much Sandra for sharing your story with us and I believe you've encouraged someone there wants to be a chef or someone who is giving up on something and that's why we celebrate it today because you never gave up and you are where you are today because you took the first step and you are here but before we close I just want to to ask you something people say that use what you have to the same use what you have to get what you want would you say this has been true in your life exactly because cooking is it has really taken me far so you've used your skills to get to where you are now exactly all right so if there's something one should take from this conversation what would that be this is your camera again your closing remark use what you have to get what you want and just believe in God that he will get you to where you want and still as he believe in yourself and yeah believe in yourself for work out thank you and have big dreams too and have big dreams okay I'm taking that home with me that has been sandy bunny's delicacy that is the company by Sarah Sandra who's a self-taught chef running an online business and also an overlanding chef with tour companies she has been sharing with us her journey in in this line of duty if you are if you want to be a chef I hope you have been encouraged by this or something from her story has encouraged you well now it's time for us to beat you goodbye because it's that time where we wrap up the show and on behalf of sakwa and the team behind behind this production we thank you for tuning in and staying with us it's always a pleasure having you with us you can still continue with a conversation on y254 channel across all social media handles using the hashtag wcw or y in the morning my personal handle is at Stephanie a getter have a great day ahead enjoy the rest of your viewing y254 imagine


Good morning everyone and welcome. This is Melissa Arma with the stock solution. I'm here today to review the play of the day Which is IBM? excusing I'm feeling under the weather here, but did a good job with this today excellent bearish gap Stock closed the night before at 170 05 open in the morning at 161 76 so very very Good golden gap here today was a short This was professional trading, you know all all over the place This just has my name written all over it did such a great job in this today Gap rate 21 points. So it's a short but here it looked like a long I'm sure traders went long it looked like a long here even here twice went over the high and Actually had to stop at 55 Excuse me. So even with this move here It held us all in the trade. So I mean and I stayed with the trade for a long time for me Really very very proud of myself today. What a nice move. What a big move and what a great read on the gap It was a short it was a play to short and a lot of traders I'm sure went long this because of the fall from yesterday the size of the gap down It's looked over the high twice. I mean, this is why I Do so well why I'm successful myself and have a successful business is because I can look at something like this and see that it's a short and It's institutional money that was selling The stock in the morning, which is when you want to trade when you're a gap trader, okay? So who knows where this actually closes today But the stock itself on the daily chart is much much much much lower Lower the day ended up being 15960. I had a good exit on this waited for it to get down to 160 Got out as close to that as I could But this could go to 159 Dream target today is 158. I don't know if it gets there, but It may not get to 158 today And this might be the lower the day in this even still here at 15960 still a great move But it's definitely lower on the larger time frame as well So did a great job with this today. I mean just really really really stuck with it held the conviction And this is just a perfect example of how I know how to trade like a professional trader would like if you went to some kind of Big trade desk because probably most traders look to buy this today in normal trading rooms But not if you were with me and there were some people that quick got out of it for a small move Because they really didn't think it was going to break the low Came down in here and some people got out of it with a couple hundred bucks But if you held it all the way down and got this big move or you know the majority of it Which which I did and most of the room did was a huge straight huge huge straight and very tough in here the way this looked I mean look at this here It looks like it's going to blow higher and we were in it short and it broke So just great great great call here today by me So have a great day everyone Email me at Melissa the stocks will stop calm if you'd like to learn how to trade gaps with me You are welcome to come to a trial in the room and Sign up for the golden gap class email me if you'd like more information at Melissa at the stocks will stop Thanks, everyone. Have a great day


What's going on everybody got Kyle and Sean here late sports guards doing a personal this one is for Ryan beat Good luck on this one sir. We got one box of 23 bowman chrome woman chrome hobby Let's do it. Let's do it. Yeah, dude. I bet bro. You're talking about a playoff game Yeah, I don't think the bug tickets aren't quite that expensive. I'm off on Monday I'm thinking about it. See you sabba wants to wants to take the day off Maybe head over there to a old Raymond James I know they're not that expensive. I'm sure and probably a good bit though. I'm sure there's a ton of There's a ton of Eagles fans around a tamp area, so they're probably buying up some tickets to I Would not mind going to that though playoff a bucks game Nick York de Paula and parada left your buck Jackson shurio on the prospect process Justin Crawford in Bacaro 500 for nosebleed. That's crazy. I guess I haven't looked at the tickets yet So they might be around there honestly iconic Parasa on the refractor Brandon my area and drew Jones There's a Luis Almeida. It's a 499 first refractor Luis Almeida There's a Luis Guanipa both the Luises First auto is gonna be kinder Delgado first out of there for the Yankees first bowman base Delgado Chavilly and Javier Rivas Come on come on Salas Come on Come out to play. There's a iconic Peter Lanza and Greenton are not gonna be Oswaldo Asario for the Dodgers To a 99 and Jackson holiday and Lantiqua second half of the box York there's Drew Gilbert Yeah, no, I figured Jace. They have a little more orange a little more reason to be excited about it Ooh, it's an orange insert. It's gonna be Masataka Yoshida Nice one there on the orange ascension six out of 25 These are not easy hits me on these ascensions very sick design as well Nice one. Therefore, you're riding on the Yoshida rookie ascensions to 25. That ain't bad Luciano and Machia Yeah, no, there's a there's a different mood between the Detroit fans and the Tampa Bay fans About the playoffs is gonna go for sure There's a iconic first bonilla and sherry Jace, I want to two ALCS games in Tampa for 60 bucks a piece.  Ryan nice hit on that orange Yoshida Appreciate you my man. We'll get those right out to you sir. Thank you


Volunteers from Diego Garcia recently assisted Chagos Turtles in the capturing and tagging of turtles at Turtle Cove. Diego Garcia has habitat for the juvenile life stage of sea turtles, particularly the Turtle Cove has really good foraging habitat for juvenile hawksbills and some green turtles, and then on the ocean side it has really good habitat for nesting turtles. We've satellite tracked nesting females on the ocean side and we had a record breaking migration all the way to Mozambique from the nesting site here, so that's why it's so important. I was really excited to learn about the different species that lived around here and just get a new experience, a new outlook on the island. If I were given the opportunity to do this again I would definitely recommend it to anyone that visited the island. Reporting from Diego Garcia, I'm Seaman Noel Heater.