Welcome to my presentation, Container Live Migration. My name is Adrian Reber, I work for Red Hat since 2015. I'm involved in process migration, which is the basis for container migration, like I'm talking today about since at least 10 years, and I'm using CRIU, I'm involved in CRIU, which is the tool, which all of today is based on since 2012. And I focus on container migration since 2015 and less on single process migration. Everything I'm talking about today has been written down as a blog post, this is I guess over a year ago, so it's a bit older, but the steps I'm doing, especially in my demos, can be found in this article. And also the ideas behind the container migration steps I'm doing here. The agenda for today's presentation is I first want to present a few use cases, how and why to use container live migration and use cases, which are based on the techniques provided by Container Live Migration. Then I want to go into a few details about CRIU, Checkpoint Restoring User Space, which is the tool, which does all the checkpoint restoring of processes for us in the case of container migration, and I want to show demos using the tools and container engines and runtimes I'm talking about here. And then I want to have a look in the future of maybe container migration, but also what's maybe coming next for CRIU. I usually like to start with the definition, what is container live migration? Because there's often some discussion about what container live migration is. For me, container live migration is basically the same as VM migration is. So you take your container and transfer the container from one system to another. You could also call it stateful migration. And the steps to migrate a container are simple steps. You first serialize somehow your container on your source system and write it to disk or some storage backend and then you take this checkpoint and transfer it to destination system and then you use it to restore the container. And as already mentioned, this is all based on CRIU, Checkpoint Restore in User Space and there are multiple integrations of CRIU into different container engines, container runtimes. And I will later give an overview how and where CRIU is available for which runtimes engines. Most of the things or two-thirds of my demos are using Podman. One demo is using Cryo and Kubernetes to show how to migrate containers or checkpoint containers with the help of CRIU. Now let's talk a bit about possible use cases for the container migration technology. How can container live migration be useful and the first use case I want to talk about and this is also the first thing I implemented in Podman but also in I'm currently working on Kubernetes and Cryo. This is the reboot and save state. So I have a container which is running, the container is stateful, it's some database, it has data loaded into memory or it's an application which takes some time to start up and you do not want to wait again for your application to initialize again or to load data from disk or network so you want to save the state of your container before doing the reboot for example you want to do you want to install a new kernel for security updates something like this so let's go to the demo. So this demo is based on Kubernetes so let's have a look at my Kubernetes checkout directory. So this is all based on our local checkout things of which I'm showing now are available already in pull request upstream but not everything is yet made available upstream but first let's have a look at what is running on my Kubernetes cluster right now so I say cluster, queue, control and I say get pods so no pods are currently running here. I can also look at the Cryo level and I can say cry control and give me a listing of running containers currently and there are running three infrastructure containers started by Kubernetes. So the first thing I want to do I want to start a Redis container and fill it with a few entries so I say cluster, queue, control and I think it's create deployment and then I select an image. It's a Redis image and I call it my Redis so let's see what does get pods say get pods says there's no pod available with with the Redis container I guess and it's not ready yet if I look at cryo level I see there's also a Redis container now running and in addition to not just checkpoint one pod with one container I also am creating another pod with two containers and the containers here in this pod are two simple application one is running inside of wildfly it's a simple HTTP application which basically returns a number increases it the next time you query via HTTP the number is increased by one and the other one is the same but written in Python if I now have a look at cry control PS I see there's now one of my containers is called counter this is the Python container and then the wildfly hello this is based on the wildfly hello world application and then there's also the Redis container running. So now let's have a look at my Redis container first so let's again do get pods so that I know the pod name and now I will look which keys are loaded into Redis currently so I prepared all those long commands here just have to replace the pod name with the new pod name and now it's it's should say empty array so now let's put some keys into Redis here so I say echo and then set defcon 2019 was in Bruno can have to replace the Redis name of the pod and 2017 I was also in Bruno and 2018 and 2021 it was virtual so let's write this to Redis okay now let's again look at the keys which are in the Redis database and now it says there are four keys in there now let's have a look at the keys I'm using mget to retrieve all the keys and again I have to replace here my pod name and now it should say virtual and three times Bruno so this is one of the containers which is running and the other ones are simple HTTP containers so I just say curl and then I try to get the IP address of the pod and the hello world is the Java wildfly container so it returns just the number increases it so it's definitely stateful and the other one the python based it's the same it's running on a different pod at different IP address in the same pod it just returns one two three four five so now I'm in the situation I have pods running on my system here but now I want to reboot my system so I want to tell Kubernetes to stop all my pods here and so I say cluster keep control brain and the local node and then I say this is new here just I say check points so Kubernetes should now try to checkpoint the pods if it can and it will now shut down the the cubelet or it will put it in in a mode where no new pods are started and it will checkpoint the running containers checkpoint the running pods so let's tell Kubernetes to checkpoint the pods and now it should write the checkpoints to checkpoints because the two pods and some metadata to valid cubelet checkpoints and there it is so there are the checkpoints and there's the metadata now I can stop my Kubernetes installation and reboot my system to to restart Kubernetes and hope that it and hope that it restores the container state just as it was before checkpointing so Redis should still have the data and my stateful count containers should also remember the state they were previously so this is the VM on my local machine so let's hope it reboots quickly so it looks good it's already there let's start screen again and first I have to start cryo so let's cryo then I have to start Kubernetes and then we have to wait until Kubernetes starts up this takes a few seconds only let's hope it only takes a few seconds also change here to the Kubernetes directory and let's see so now the cube that seems to be running and now it needs to talk to cryo and as soon as it talks to cryo it will hopefully restart my pods and containers so let's see there are my pods and my containers are running if I now say cluster, cube, control and get pods I should see the same pods and they are running so now let's look at my Redis server if it still has the data using mget I should get the result of just as before so they are still there if I do keys I also get the same keys with the same values are still in the database if I connect to my Python based if I connect to my Python based container then I should get counter six so this is the state it was before and if I connect to my wildfly based I should I think it should be three here yeah it's a three so so the containers where where the containers and pods were restored from the checkpoint which was done previously using drain minus minus checkpoints so let's power off this VM so that my laptop so wrong direction so okay so this was the first use case reboot in safe case I have a small diagram here which tries to visualize what what has happened so we have the host the host and all its blue memory and a container is shown using red as its own memory and when we do a checkpoint the container in its memory and its state is written to disk and then the host is rebooted so the host is gone and then the host is starting up again now I colored it green to show that this time the application or the operating system is using different memories so but still we have the same red container running as before this was the first demo and another possibility to use container migration technology is for for quick startup and I will show I will also show a short demo about this so I have a VM which is using rel8 as the one the other one before was using Fedora 33 so let's see and this time I'm using podman so let's see podman ps here are podman ps okay there's no container running let's start a container this is again my wildfire based container because it's a nice container for showing stateful containers so the container is running I can again connect to it I say podman inspect minus alpha last as format I want to get out the IP address and then I'll give it the port and the path to my hello world application and it just returns 1 to 0 and now we want to for quick startup we want to create a copy of the running container so what we do right now is podman container checkpoint we say minus alpha last running or for last container podman knows about and we say minus r for keep the container running don't stop it after checkpointing and then we say export we want to export checkpoint to an archive so we say checkpoint tar and now the container is written to disk but still keeps on running so we still can talk to the container just like before and now we do podman container restore because the container is still running we need a new name for the copy of the container because restore would try to restore the container with the same name so we say counter 1 and then we say import and then the checkpoint archive so so after that we should have two containers running and let's see podman ps so and I can now connect to the container counter counter one and I get a three and if I connect to the original container of my test it will return a bigger result six and the counter will go on so they are both running independently but both are returning um same value so for this example I was talking about quick startup so it kind of true because initially the wild flag container takes about eight seconds to start up and the copy takes from the checkpoint takes only four seconds to start up so it's 50 faster I guess for a bigger container with more um java libraries the difference should should be even bigger but this way it's um you can easily create copies from an already running container without and the need to wait for um the container to initialize so um also have a small diagram here so we have again our host and the container is running on our host in our host we take a copy of the content running container of the of the host and just write it to disk and then we can create multiple copies of the container on the same host from the one checkpoint we created and they will all continue to run from the point where the checkpoint was taken so container live migration um I will show this demo at the end of the the presentation but um the the diagram is again here so I have again my source system with the container running I'll take a copy of the container write it to disk and then I can transfer the copy of the container to the destination system and start it once or multiple times so now I can migrate the container and make copies on the destination but also on the source system the container on the source system can continue running or I can stop it whatever is the best thing to do for my use case so let's talk a bit about um crue um the checkpoint restore and use space the first step um to use crue um to checkpoint a container um is this is the first step is checkpointing of course and um to checkpoint crue is using ptrace to pause the process and as long as the post process is in the container or paused um crue collects um information about the process and writes it to disk um it's using um details and information from propit about the process and this is also maybe the point why it's called checkpoint restoring user space because crue uses existing user space interfaces to get information about running process out of the system so once crue has collected all details it needs from propit and other external interfaces to get information about processes um the next step of the checkpointing happens and this is the parasite code the parasite code is maybe my most favorite part of crue and the craziest because it's not because it's it's kind of unexpected for for something to work the way um the parasite code works so the parasite code is injected into the running process and the process which was previously stopped by crue now continues to run but not original code is running but the parasite code is running and so um the the process is under the control of the parasite code and the parasite code is is a demon which is waiting for um commands from the main crue process and the reason why the parasite code exists is using the parasite code crue is possible to retrieve information about the process from within the processes address space so everything the process can access crue can now access and another reason why um the the parasite code um exists is when initially um crue was developed there was no other way to get um a lot of memory out of the process to disk fast so there was ptrace and ptrace enabled reading of process memory but it was slow and if you want to checkpoint a process with multiple gigabytes of memory this has to be fast and using the parasite code um checkpointing the the processes memory from within the processes um address space is is now pretty fast um if you if you do a container life migrate or if you do a process migration the writing of the memory from the process to disk will always be faster than um transferring the checkpoint um via network so it's it's it's it's fast and it's from within the process address space so um the parasite code um is really is essential to um to to crue and once the parasite code has done all the work it needs to do from within the processes address name address space um the parasite code is removed crue calls this curing the process so the process the original code of the process is copied back into the process and in the end the process never really knows it was under the control of crue and the parasite demon and it will just continue to run as it was before without um knowing it was it was checkpointed um again a diagram to maybe make this a bit easier so this should be the the original um process code which we want to to checkpoint so now the parasite or on our crue first removes some part of the code out of the process installs it somewhere so it can later during the curing uh reinsert the original code into process but um during the parasite code lifetime the parasite code is injected into the process it's then running from within the address space of the process and once it has finished um the parasite code is removed and the original code is restored just as it was um before and at this point so after the parasite code and after collecting information from prog pit um the the checkpointing has finished um and all relevant information about the process has been written to disk and at this point um crue either can kill the target process it it currently checkpointed but um the process can just as as well continue to run so this this really depends on what um the user wants my examples my demos before showed both ways so it's um for crue it's it's more or less the same so um another important thing for container life migration is especially um when trying to get it to work correctly with portman was the ac Linux integration of crue and uh one of one of the interesting things about um ac linux and crue is um the the is the is the parasite code because if we're talking about a container the the parasite code is injected into the process in the container and now all of a sudden the container is talking um using a socket to the main crue process and this is something which um ac linux doesn't allow because it doesn't accept it um it so um we we had to work around or we had to fix crue and portman and all the layers um to make it work correctly at linux security summit um 2019 i gave a presentation about this which was necessary what was necessary to make this work correctly and so so one of the big things was um how to talk to the parasite demon in the container um from the outside but then there are a lot of files which crue needs needs to access um so we had to fix um crue and and portman at different places but in the end we can now checkpoint and restore and migrate containers with full ac linux um confinement enabled so um this works without any problems right now so so once the checkpointing has finished and all the data has been written to disk the second and last step for migration of the process is the restoring of the process and crue um reads in all the checkpoint images which are on disk and tries to recreate the processes based on the information from those checkpoint images um crue does a clone for each pid and thread id and it restores the process three just as it was before checkpointing um crue always operates on process trees so you tell crue please checkpoint this pid this process and then crue will checkpoint the process you've told him and all child processes um of the target process so it will always work on a um on a process tree and during restore crue will always restore the processes with the same pid they used to have um before um checkpointing and until um lpc 2019 um crue was using clone for each um pid or thread id to create a new process and to create a process with a certain pid with what wasn't easily possible in linux or there was no sys call directly supporting this so um crue had to do something we called the pid then so you have to do multiple sys calls write pid minus one to ns last pit then do then close the file then clone and hope that no process between writing and closing and clone was created you crue you check this by by calling cat get pit on the on the created process and if the process has the correct pid um continue so this is slow because it takes multiple system calls it's it's it's a race condition because some other process can be created and basically the checkpoint it'll restore just um boards and it's it's it's over so and with clone three we have one single sys call and we can tell the chrono we want this certain pid please create a process with this pid and if if it works we get a new process and it has to correct pid and if it doesn't work we get an error message immediately that it cannot create a pid because it's in use or something else so um so once the pr the process tree is created using clone or clone three depending on your chrono and crue morphs all those processes um into the destination process in the to be restored processes and file descriptors are a good way to um to explain this um a bit so during checkpoint in crue records the the idea of the file descriptor the the file it points to and the precision the file descriptor has or is pointing to to that file and stores this all in the in the checkpoint image and during restore all this information is read back and now crue reopens the file with the same file descriptor id it had before and it also does a seek to the correct position so once the process continues to run it will find the file descriptor pointing to the correct file and to the correct location and this is also happening for other resources um crue restores um and crue can handle during checkpoint and restore so um file descriptors and the memory pages are mapped back to the correct location then security settings are loaded um we load security settings like ab armor as a linux secomp we do this as late as possible because some of those uh security settings will make it difficult or impossible to restore the process so we do as much restoring before restoring the security settings and the security setting as late as possible and once everything all the resources are in place um we tell the the restore process to jump into the jump to the original location it was checkpointed and the and the process just continues to run as it was before checkpointing on another system or on the same system so this was the introduction to container life migrations so um let's talk a bit about container life migration and container life migration is um is implemented using crue in in different container engines run times orchestrators maybe so the the first I have to mention is open vz um they invented crue to um provide a possible possibility to migrate um the containers they they provide so um this is the the one integration where crue comes from then there is another integration of crue in in borg this is google's container engine orchestrator and um to live migrate containers in in production from one host to another if resources are getting low um the container can be migrated to another system instead of stopping it and restarting and maybe losing hours of of of work there then there is an integration of crue in lexity lexity you can um migrate the stateful move in lexity from one host to another host then there's um in crue integration in in docker then there's crue integration in podman this is the thing I have worked on the last um three years and um and some of the demos are using um the the implementation I've done in podman um here the one I did before for fast startup and the the one I'm doing later for container migration and um this is really new to container live migration integration into into cryo so there's a pull request open from me um I'm working on this in september 2020 I'm trying to get um crue container migration checkpointing working in in kubernetes this is the first demo I've done is based on on on this pull request and in addition to the changes to cryo there um a couple of issues open and and pull requests for kubernetes the interesting thing is the the first issue the first link I am I have here is is from 2015 so people have been asking to implement container live migration in kubernetes since um 2015 so I'm hoping um now that it works locally for for drain and and and reboot um I can move the this this issue and my pull requests forward um for for the podman implementation the first thing I've done um was checkpoint restore so this is what we've seen with with kubernetes I'm checkpointing my container I can reboot and I can later restore the container this was the initial implementation I've done for for podman and the first discussion we're actually at defcon 2018 where where I talked to um some people about this if this is something which would be interesting for for podman and then the first code was available around May 2018 in october 2018 it was finally merged and after that I continued to work on container live migration which was made available in in 2019 in june then the the interesting thing or which is special about um podman's uh implementation of of um container migration is that the the checkpoint archive which podman creates does not only include the the checkpoint image written by crewe but it includes all file system changes so if your container has written to the file system the the podman archive the podman checkpoint archive will include these changes so you can easily move it to any other machine without um thinking about how can I make sure that the file system is in the same state as on my source machine um so um this makes container migration um really easy so now I want to show my my last demo um this on the slides I've just um put some the commands I'm running here this this is just for the case that my demo doesn't work so um we previously created already a checkpoint for the fast startup and now I can just use that file that archive which is temp cp.tar and just copy it to another machine this is again a rel machine running rel 8 and and podman so now let's go there and let's see are there any containers running here no that's good so now let's say podman container restore and I say import and then I say temp checkpoint.tar and now um I'm this is the last step in in the container migration so I've taken a container checkpoint on my source system it has been written to disk I transferred it to the destination system using scp and now I have a container running here with the same name and now I can also query it I say podman inspect minus l to get the IP address and it continues to run from the same point in time it was checkpointed I don't know 30 minutes before when I did the first checkpoint okay so this is um container migration um how it can be used with podman and now back to the slides so this is just what would be necessary to do this on your own and to the future about checkpoint restore in containers and outside of containers the the the thing I mentioned I'm working on currently on getting crue into into kubernetes the the problem is there are so many use cases in in kubernetes for for crue and so there's I want to live migrate a container which is currently running on one node to another node maybe I want to base it on a policy decision or a scheduling decision so it it has to touch a lot of things in addition to the actual checkpoint code so my my approach right now is to get the basics for checkpoint restore into kubernetes implemented using the the drain use case so because this is not a use case which is triggered by some policy or scheduling it's triggered by the user who wants to shut down the nodes so it's it's it's really straightforward and not complicated so the user says um drain checkpoint the checkpoint is written upon reboot the checkpoint is is read read from disk and and restored so um so my goal currently is to get um the drain implementation merged into kubernetes and once that is done I can start to think about other crue use cases in in kubernetes the other thing which might be interesting is um the the non-route checkpoint restore support for for crue we have been working last year on getting a new capability into the kernel cap checkpoint restore and if a process or if a binary has has this capability it can use or if crue has cap checkpoint restore it can checkpoint and restore a process without um having to run it as root this is there are a few use cases um where we heard upstream crue that people are interested in using this hpc is one of the things which comes back regularly at at at crue and so um we are working on it it's on the way and it should be available I don't know in some weeks months and with this I'm at the end of my talk at the summary I want to highlight that crue can checkpoint and restore containers like we've seen a couple of times it's the integrated in different container engines run times orchestrators it's used in production one of the use cases you can reboot into new kernel without losing container state you can start multiple copies of a container you can migrate running containers from one system to another and with this I'm at the end of my talk here are a couple of um links about the things I've talked today and with this I'm at the end and I want to thank you for the time


of our watch along to Dr. Or Rotkot, if you say it backwards. The Nielsen, Dilip Kumar. Nielsen, again? It's early. We don't know. It's early. We don't know, actually. It is early. If you watch this on YouTube, you're seeing a very cut up version of our watch along because copyright reasons, if you'd like to see a full on cut version, you can have it on Patreon, I'll pull it up in the pinned comment. And at the end of this part, we will do a review of the film. That's right. That's right. Let's just get back into this. Shall we? Yeah. Sister. The frames, man. The frames are freaking hilarious. Who's the girl? Who else? Sumathi. Hey. Sumathi looks like he's going to get married. He looks like he's going to be in second year. He's a bad guy. He's wearing... You know what I'm saying?  That's off. He's still laughing when he first came in. He said, why are you shouting? He's a big guy. It's good for us to throw him in the toilet. This girl's family is in our resort. Yep. His hand. Why is she always eating food? Uh-oh. Uh-oh. That's bad. They're on to you. Yeah, sit down. Bite off. Nice. Make us sit down with them. Is that Chinnu? Yep. Did you see the tear? All the silliness? This still works. Yeah. The us is still very believable and emotional and justified. And that transition from such ridiculous comedy to sincere drama is remarkable. The doctor. We're back to the comedy. Shlurping. Nice. That was well done. Parvaliyan. Nice. That was well done. Parvaliyan. One minute, man. You don't have to apologize. Do you know why? Uh-huh. Whatever it is, you're my mother's daughter. Uh-uh. Okay, uncle. Do you know why I came looking for you? I know. It's for me, right? No. It's for you. Seriously. That too. Everything. Head with the line. Head with the line. Head with the line. Head with the line. Head with the line. Head with the line. Hey. Let it go. Now I have a request. Can you help me with the Kaga or something? That's not fair. You go up there and move to the other side. I was told that I was at the corner. I am on the other side now. I am not feeling well. Why are you standing? Sister, they have crucified me. You should have gone to that book. I am in death bed. Don't irritate me.  Oh God! My head is killing me.  How much longer do you want to talk? I am going. Headshot. What the sh! That's the problem. Sir. Your father is in that book. Think about it. Satam free. Alvin. I know that you won't get angry.  His dad is in there already. How do you know that? I will come back soon. Okay. I am feeling hungry. So now you want to take the emotion out. Sir. Let's blackmail this girl. Let's call him back.  The photo is right there. Great shot. I left only one child. I have come to take that.  Police? I.B. I am Doctor. Who are you? He takes off his messy superstar Rajna comp. Doctor.  Nazir. He killed Kevin. Tari, I am very sorry for saying this.  Agentina?  It's good that I did something. I don't know. Feels like it. Maybe not. Oh, a number. We've seen that song. Me too. Really beautiful. Geez, my son is losing it. We've seen that song number at the end. It's a great song number. Wow. Dang, man. I am a Nelson fan. This is my question. I actually like this better than Jailer and I really enjoyed Jailer. Me too, I really enjoyed Jailer. The comedy was off the charts in this one, right? Yeah. But what happened to Beast? So, I've mentioned it before. We walked out of Beast about 30 minutes and we were very much looking forward to that film. It had none of the smartness. It had none of the cinematography. It had none of the acting that all these other ones have had. No. Jailer had none of the comedy in the first 30 minutes. But also, I've heard that from everybody else. Yeah, it just happens. Was it just an off film for him? I guess so. Yeah, it just happens. It's like anybody at any time in any given field, they're human beings. It really does. It really does. It just happens sometimes. It's that way in sports. It's that way in art. It's just the law of averages. You're not going to have something hit every single time. The thing is to have a consistency enough that your average is fantastic. And his average that we've seen is fantastic. I think that was just an anomaly. It was one of those things where it was like, there's a couple of Spielberg films where it's like, no, you missed it on that one. It was like, man. It was bad. But anyways, it strikes me after seeing these two films. He has a very distinct style. He loves this kind of dark comedy, kind of subtle, kind of framing the framing comedy on this was incredible. Shot-choice comedy. Incredible. And the cinematographer is Vijay Karthik Kanan. Deserves a massive shadow as well as Nelson Nelson. And the editing. Yeah, the combination of director, cinematographer, editor, which is our normal was spectacular for the comedy. And the other thing I love, I mean, Ani just is always fantastic, man. I mentioned this while we were watching it. The justification for the emotion and not manipulating emotion, but accentuating the emotion of the moments. And the cast did a wonderful job. It's just about as much fun as you can have watching a movie. This must have been so great in a theater. I would think so. I think it would be a lot of fun in a theater. And it came out during the channel as well. Yeah, it's tough for me to choose Doctor or Jailer. They're very different films. This one is more Laugh Out Loud. This is one of the most Laugh Out Loud films we've seen. This is one of the funniest movies I've seen in a long time. This is the kind of movie that I want other people to watch it who I think would appreciate the dark humor and the ridiculousness. There's a lot of things that some of them I mention them all the time. Two of my favorite comedies of all time in recent memory are Napoleon Dynamite and Nacho Libre. And what makes them funny are some of the things that are just that. The way somebody's standing. The shot of somebody in the close up of it. I can't count how many times I was laughing and applauding because it was so funny. I have such a good time. Such a fun film. Everybody in it did a great job. Man, this is one of those things that if I was home and it was a rainy day and I just wanted to watch something and I had forgotten about it and turned it on and I saw it was there on my menu for something streaming. I'd be ecstatic and just want to watch it again. Yeah, I love... Is it Nelson or Nielsen? It's N-E-L-S-O-N, yeah. It can't be Reynolds Nielsen. I don't know why it would be Nielsen. You didn't put an I in there for it to be Nielsen or another E. Nielsen, okay. He also wrote it, apparently.  I thought the thriller part was really nice unexpected moments. I enjoyed that. He also kind of poked fun at the stereotypical kind of Tamil or Indian thriller. Right there at the end. He's like, hey, I'm sorry for saying this. You're going on an ego trip right now.  Exactly. The thing that you're always thinking when the film goes to a place that strains credulity and you're thinking to yourself this is just an ego trip he actually has one of the characters say we're all thinking. I thought it was kind of like making one of those films while also making fun of those films. Correct. And the implausible inescapable situation that somehow the hero gets out of he just did it unapologetically. Yeah, with literally the explosion and everything away. Walking away and the guys dying on the side. Where'd those come from? How'd they come? They were standing perpendicular and that's just great. To have a combination of shots that are just hysterically funny the one where his buddy's sitting with the Santa mask, the other one immediately going to the guy in the toilet and there's countless numbers of those but then there's also these beautifully artistic shots like the tear on the hand. You know? It's just this beautiful mixture of ridiculousness and beauty. In terms of cinematography, this was one of the most amazing cinematography films we've seen in a long time. You could watch it just for that appreciation a little. You could turn off the sound and just be like, wow, that's a brilliant shot that you guys came up with there. I thought our lead here, this is the second time I believe Talk about back to back sixes, man. Well, I guess technically we saw him a bit. I don't remember him. I don't even know if we got to him in Beast. We got to 30 minutes like I said. You know, I'm talking about Maverin. Yes, I'm talking about. But I thought we had only seen two but then I was like, oh, technically we've seen three if he was in the parts of Beast that we saw. Have we seen him in something else? But anyways, I thought he did. It was very different than Maverin. Very different. Jailer. If I didn't know that he was in this, I'd be like, he looks familiar. What did I see him in recently? And is Yogi Babu the most used actor in Indian cinema right now? For comedy. My stars. He's always great. He's always Yogi Babu. Always. But he's always very funny. Always happy to see him. But I thought he'd, I can't say that name. Yeah, please forgive us. And we will get it eventually. Sivakarthikyan. I think somebody said they call him SK maybe. If I'm wrong there. I thought you did a very good job. Me too. I also thought it was interesting that they didn't bring back the love story outside of her saying I want to marry you. They didn't finish that, which is different than how a normal Indian film would have done that. You have to have them be together in the end. And maybe they did. Yeah, I think the assumption is that since he lived she's definitely married. But that wasn't the goal of the film. The goal of the film wasn't to get them together. Not at all. And her see that he's actually this good person. And I don't think he really changed who he was. He didn't. He was just a... He's a constant. He's a constant. He doesn't show his emotions. No, and his values, like I would say at the very beginning of it, his values did not change and his commitment to value, like he says in the end there, he says I guess all of my good deeds have come back to help because this wasn't part of my escape plan. It must be the fact that I know I was making the right decisions and Karma was on my side. And I thought of his love interest. Yeah, she was beautiful. Priyanka Arul Mohan Yeah, she did a lovely job. Oh, she's in Captain Miller. That's great. I thought she was very strong. I liked her character a lot. The whole family was great. Yeah. The comedy in this was just situational comedy. And I'm sure it was actually even funnier to people that speak Damol obviously. Of course, because there's language stuff. But I thought there was a lot of comedy for people that aren't Damol. I think everybody can appreciate this. Yeah, this is one of those films that would be a really wonderful introduction to give to somebody who's never seen an Indian comedy, who's never seen an Indian film. I think anybody could see this film who appreciates cinema and comedy. Now it would depend on if they like dark comedy or not. Because not everybody likes dark comedy. But Micah would love this. I think the girls would love this too. I think Andrani would love this.  It's screaming funny. I love it.  Oh, man. I don't know who he is. He is one of the big highlights of this thing. And I feel like I've seen him before. I'm pretty positive he was a Mark Hanson. Let me know if I'm right there. I'm so glad he was in it as much as he was. Because remember at the beginning I said, oh, please, please let him be in this more. And he was. And it feels like that style of comedy character is in a lot of, especially Damol or some Indian films in terms of like this big goof who does these weird things that it's kind of an old trope. Old Hollywood trope. We don't do it very much anymore. But I thought his comedy was great. Great. It was so much in this film that was just situational hilarity and then also just like the one he cut his thumb off.  Yeah. And they blended it so well. And you take some of your kidneys. I took all your kidneys. It's so freaking funny. Which is hilarious. That's fine. I can live with one kidney. Hey, you drink so much you need four kidneys.   How do you make a film about sex trafficking? And make it funny. And also make people like Yogi Babu is a sex trafficker technically. Yeah. And make them these lovable-ish characters. A lot of them they didn't give arcs, which was good. But like the fact that sex trafficking is the main theme of this film. And it's hilarious. Yeah. Hilarious. Hilarious. It's as intelligent. How you did it honestly. It's as intelligent and dark as you can see. This is very different what I'm going to describe in terms of the final product. But the heart of it. Yes. It reminds me of history of the world part one. Especially the Inquisition musical number. Yeah. Hey, Takamon. That whole thing is you're taking the freaking torture of innocent people for the Spanish Inquisition and turning it into a comedy musical number. Same time with the producers and doing springtime for Hitler. It's a genius of being able to take something extraordinarily dark. But this is even a step different because Brooks was mocking those things. Yeah. This wasn't mocking the sex trafficking industry. It kept it as the core serious element. Yeah. Incredible. Yeah. And incredible. That guy. This guy. Yeah. Say his name. Millen Soman. Who apparently has seen him quite a few times actually. Yeah. He looks very familiar. He actually reminded me of, do you watch Mandalorian? Did you ever watch that? Or all seasons? Cause I haven't seen all seasons. I don't know if he's in season one. The cowboy guy? Was he in season one? That doesn't ring a bell. He's a very famous actor. Supporting in a lot of stuff. I'm just trying to remember his name here. No. He reminds me of and it's also had a ton of those were Salamanca twins, right? 100% that was a tip of the cap to the Salamanca twins. It had to be. There's no, they even looked like them. They even dressed like them and they physically resembled them. It was definitely a shout out tip of the cap to the Salamanca twins. Anyways, I can't find it, but he reminded me of an actor that's, he's been in a ton. Oh, did you watch Santa Clarita Diet ever? To what? Santa Clarita Diet. No. Drew Barrymore. I remember it. It's a very funny actually. I remember people telling me you want to see the Santa Clarita Diet. I just, I never got to it. But anyways, he reminded me that it doesn't matter. He reminded me of that actor. He looks like him a lot. But yeah, overall, man, that's Ani's score in this was fantastic. I'm actually sad I hadn't heard. I know we've seen the last song because I remember the cinematography of it and the the song itself was wonderful. But like the first song, when it came out and we're like, this will be a great workout song. And then the score behind it, it was unique at times. It was funny. It added to the comedy. It sure did. I thought he did another Superlative Yeah. Superlative. Yeah, that's right. Job. I agree in his score. Love it. Yeah, I would. And I would watch Jailer again in a heartbeat. Absolutely. I would. Both of them. But I think this one's so much funnier. Yeah. Just comedy wise, I could watch this one. Yes. Over and over. Oh, just for the laughter. Because it's just super unique. What other Nelson films so he's gone. And what's he working on? Well, he's working on another Danouche project. And he's working on another one with him right now. Oh, with him. Yeah, with our star. Good choices. Wait, has he only done? Yeah. Sure looks like it. No way. Yeah. How's this first film? Colomabu Kokila. How is that? So that's his first films and we've seen Good Love Jerry was just the writer. So far so good, man. He just had the one for us and most people was the beast. Beast, which wasn't good. Yeah. I'm excited. I'm so glad to see them working together again. Nain Thotta is in the first ones. And Yoko Babu is the go-to man in the Tamil industry. That's his muse. Yes. Was that one of... I feel like I've heard Nain talk about that. That may have been one of the ones he said that's in that interview. Nain Thotta, she was in Jawan. She's a... The Lady Superstar is her acronym. Yeah, absolutely. I remember her many times before. But... Yeah, you guys can let us know.  I hope you enjoyed watching that with us as much as we enjoyed watching it. That was an absolute blast. That was a... Just like Movedan. I had a great time watching Movedan. Yeah. This is one of the funniest Indian films we've seen. Maybe the funniest one. Right now, I mean, I've just watched it, but I'd really have to rack my brain to see if there's anything funnier. Especially intentional and also more recent, because on New York Borough Anthony, I just died the entire time. I know, you loved it. I love the comedy in Street too, especially... Yeah, but this one has even all of Pankaj's stuff. Street has some lull... not lulls in the film, but lulls in the comedy of the film. This one, it just kind of... It had the drama, but it also kept going with the comedy the entire time. It made me laugh as much as Nacho Libre and Napoleon Diana. Say his name again for me. He's making at least the past two really good choices, so let us know what the next film for him should be. And it makes me even more intrigued into that alien film that he's decided that we just saw this one next year. We just reacted to that. It would be like this unique kind of film that's kind of like... Well, the easiest way to answer that question is for him to just come talk to us and let us in if you... I love your work, man. But yeah, let us know what you thought about the film if you enjoyed it. I hope you enjoyed our watch along. If you are still here, obviously, and you saw the parts on YouTube if you like to see the full-on cut version of this and other films, there's a tamo of like Maviran and then what was the... when we did more recently than Maviran, it was... A tamo watch along? Yeah, I thought we just did a more recent one than Maviran. Am I wrong? What was the one we just watched? Dang. Well, that was the part one. No, no, no. I thought there was one. Anyways. Anyway, go there, it's there. If you have any questions or questions on YouTube, I mean on Patreon, I'll put the link in the description below and pinned comment. Let us know what the next tamo watch along should be, whether it's from Nelson or SK, if that's how you... I can say his name because I don't think I'll ever be able to say his name. And if not either of them, what should be our next tamo watch along, please let us know what that should be down below. On to the next watch along!


Keanu Reeves might be well-known as the butt-kicking hero defender of dogs everywhere, the action star John Wick, but he's also almost as well-known for being the internet's boyfriend. No, I'm not just saying that because this man has always been a handsome dreamboat, even now well into his 50s. What I'm talking about is how a whole number of online fans get all hot and bothered whenever it comes to Keanu and his dedication to generosity. Something he takes so seriously, it even impacted where he lived through his life as a young adult. Keanu has spent the better part of his career keeping his private life close to his chest and for good reason too. Not only did he experience the total and complete utter heartbreak that comes along with losing an unborn child and his longtime partner in the span of just one year, but long before that he was having to support his sister Kim through a cancer diagnosis. And believe me when I say this, Keanu went above and beyond his brotherly duty to make sure his sister didn't lose her fight back in 1991 when Keanu was still just getting his feet wet as a young actor in movies like Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure and Point Break. His sister was hit with the devastating news that she was suffering from leukemia. To help her fight back, Keanu immediately sold the home he had been living in to pay for her treatment and he didn't stop there. After spending around $5 million footing his sister's bills a few years later, Keanu would donate 70% of his salary from the first Matrix film to further leukemia research for everyone on the planet. After all, this disease is responsible for over 20,000 deaths each year in the U.S. alone. Thankfully all of this sacrifice paid off in the long run.  Considering the result, I have no doubt that Keanu believes he made the right decision. Nonetheless, it did leave him at something of a disadvantage without a home to call his own. For the next 10 years of his life, Keanu Reeves lived like a nomad, traveling from one hotel or rental unit to the next. Then one day he finally decided it was time to settle down again. He told to a crowd gathered at the San Remo Music Festival, there were many years where I led a bit of a gypsy life, I worked and then came back to Los Angeles, I rented houses. After a while, I felt like I wanted to have a home. Having been without a place of his own for so long in the early 2000s, Keanu finally got serious about buying a home again. In 2003, at the age of 39, Keanu Reeves discovered his longtime residence and knew almost immediately that it would be the perfect spot for him to live. He described this moment to the San Remo Music Festival before a performance, telling them, I had a wonderful experience when you walk into a place and you go, oh this is it, this is it. So I was able to live in that place, the home where I live now. It gives you something, you know. It's a safe place, a place to rest, a place to think, to entertain, it's great to have it. Purchase for $4.85 million, this $5,607 square foot home was built in 1988. And has just two bedrooms as well as three bathrooms, along with a three car garage. Situated in a neighborhood of the Hollywood Hills, known as the Bird Streets, Keanu shares this community with other big time actors such as Jennifer Aniston as well as Leonardo DiCaprio. Nonetheless, Keanu has made the decision to not share a single bit of info about the interior of his home with the rest of us. All we really know for sure is what's included on the outside. Amenities like a full service outdoor barbecue area, not to mention a lush courtyard, a long infinity pool, and a charming all-glass facade from which Keanu no doubt enjoys the home's numerous beautiful views of West Hollywood. Outside of this main address, you're bound to find stuff all over the net regarding Keanu's potential real estate in Honolulu, Hawaii, as well as Malibu Beach. But the truth of the matter is that there's no actual proof in regards to either of those holdings anywhere. For the most part, it appears to be sheer speculation driven by people who don't know him. While Keanu has never outwardly spoken about living anywhere other than Los Angeles, he has occasionally complained about all the attention living in Hollywood can get you, specifically when it comes to tourists visiting the city. He once told the Daily Telegraph, I'll come out in the morning and get my newspaper and star spotters are there. You feel like an animal in the cage. The only thing that makes it worse is when those same people sometimes break into the cage, as Keanu has had happen many times. Since buying his home two decades ago, Keanu has had to make peace with having his home broken into time and time again by some obsessed fans. In fact, just a few months ago, a man named Brian Keith Dixon broke into Keanu's property.  Dixon, who sometimes goes by the alias of Jasper Keith Reeves, has trespassed six times on Keanu's property since November last year. Security footage has caught him peering over the walls, smoking in the garden and even walking along an outdoor terrace. This extreme behavior has now forced Keanu to file a temporary restraining order against the man, barring him from coming with 100 yards of the actor. And while he might be a seasoned martial artist thanks to his training for the Matrix, Keanu has still had to hire a security team to enforce order and protect his home from intruders. But maybe Keanu should have hired his team a while ago because Keith is far from the first person to ever break into the action star's home. Way back in 2014, Keanu Reeves walked into his house's library only to discover a woman in her 40s had broken in and was sitting calmly in his study waiting to meet him. So Keanu, equally as calmly, reached for his phone and dialed 911 to request some assistance. Less than a week later, another woman would break into Keanu's home, take a dip in his swimming pool, shower in his bathroom, and then stand over top of his bed while watching Keanu sleep. Oh, did I mention she was naked while doing all of this? The woman was then allegedly placed in a psychiatric facility following her removal from the premises. Keanu would later tell Extra about that event. It was a woman who was a fan who wanted to say hi at four in the morning with her luggage. Last was certainly not least a year later and obsessed male fan turned up at Keanu's address and left a suspicious FedEx envelope in his mail. As a reference to the first Matrix film, the package contained a phone. With a note that read, I will call the cell provided tomorrow. We need to meet as I have already started building the new world. Hashtag master builder. I mean, you gotta give the guy credit for throwing a hashtag in there even though that's something that never would have appeared in the first Matrix film in 1999. I don't know what the rest of you think, but considering the difficulties Keanu Reeves has had in maintaining his privacy while living out of his long time home, he might want to consider trading in or trading up when it comes to where he lived. I mean, just a few days ago someone pulled a prank on him by having the police show up at his house for a wellness check. Alright everyone, that's gonna bring this latest house tour to a close. Thanks so much for joining me today and before you head off, consider answering the following question. How many break-ins would you have to experience before deciding it was time to move? Let me know if you're as brave as Keanu Reeves in the comments down below. Otherwise, like, subscribe and turn on your notifications to make sure you never miss a new tour. My name's Kara and if you'd like to keep exploring the homes of other celebrities, then stay tuned because next, we're diving into the homes of George Clooney. Bye! A-list actor, director, screenwriter and more, George Clooney seemingly does it all. And like many other successful celebrities, he's also made sure to invest a good amount of his earnings from his long-running career into his stunning real estate portfolio. George and his wife Amal are also generous with their philanthropies, such as when they made a generous donation to help a flooded French town near one of their homes. George's property in France is only one of his homes and the star owns places across the globe. There's his main house in Studio City, Los Angeles, which was his first big purchase back in 1995 and he still calls home to this day. As well as the gorgeous Villa Ollondra, his estate over on Lake Como in Italy, which boasts a reported 25 rooms, an outdoor theater swimming pool and much more. Back in the mid-90s, George's popularity thanks to his role on E.R. was blowing up. During the same time, he bought a $2.2 million dollar villa in Studio City from rock legend Stevie Nicks. When he purchased the home at Clockton at around 7,000 square feet of space and featured six bedrooms. But ever since then, George has sunk millions more into expanding the property considerably, including the construction of a cable railroad, an outdoor pizza oven and a brand new building dubbed the Playhouse. In terms of the interior, George would invite CVS cameras in his home back in 2012 to show this face off. That's when we discovered that most of his mansion is covered in hardwood floors, covered ceilings and includes a couple gorgeous stone fireplaces.  But most important to George was the fact that this was a house that he could turn into a home. After marrying Amal Clooney in 2014, she'd move in and quickly turn this bachelor pad into what she told Vogue is now more of a low-key house than an entertaining space. Especially since the couple welcomed their beautiful twin daughters in 2017. Further amenities include a full-service bar with some classic Hollywood photos and an outdoor pool as well as a home theater with a 3D projection system. In fact, George formerly had several bars in this LA home, but that might have changed once he and his wife decided to turn the place into more of a family home. This main full-service bar, which he once showed off, boasts an original Rat Pack photo of the first Ocean's Eleven film on the wall. And when George made the remake, the actors, including Brad Pitt and Matt Damon, had their photo taken in the same pose, which is also on the wall. These days, George's Studio City mansion is much more open and airy with the perfect indoor-outdoor flow. Many of the common rooms open out to the gardens in the pool, and while it's more of a family space according to Amal, it still has the capacity to entertain any of the couple's famous friends very easily. Despite living here for almost 30 years now, George has never considered leaving, and why would he? He's got more than enough money to hold onto this main house along with half a dozen others. Years before George would meet Amal and marry her in a beautiful ceremony in Venice, Italy, he already had strong ties to the country, thanks to the millions that he'd invested into Villa Oliandra, a jaw-dropping 18th-century Lake Como vacation home he bought from the Heinz family for $7 million. Located just steps from the water, this mammoth property boasts more than 25 rooms and amenities that include multiple tennis courts, an outdoor pool, and a massive garage where George can store his collection of vintage motorcycles that almost killed him a few years ago. Over the years, countless A-listers have stopped by to spend the night here, including Meghan Markle and Prince Harry, as well as Jennifer Aniston and even Matt Damon. Inside, some of the many lavish features include ornately carved ceiling, huge bathrooms to pamper yourself, and even a separate pizza room. The place is so nice that parts of George's massive hit film Oceans 12 were actually filmed on the estate. The luxury property also boasts a full-size gym, landscaped gardens, and a strong wall to keep the mansion protected from any water from the lake. Lake Como is known for other wealthy and famous individuals, too, and one of George's neighbors is actually celebrity fashion designer Donatella Forzacci, for example. George once said that this villa changed my life in a very pleasant and unexpected way. I realized how beautiful life was in Italy and how it really helped calm me and not feel so pressured, so it's clearly near and dear to his heart. Not long after picking up his first villa, George would also buy the villa next door. But the coolest thing of all, back in 2019, George and Amal teamed up with the fundraising platform Omaze to invite one lucky donor to have lunch with them at their villa. I mean, I can't even imagine what it was like for the winner, Deborah, to get invited into George's home and enjoy a five-star Italian meal. The wine selection alone must have been out of this world. 2014 was a pretty big year for George. After all, it was the year he finally gave up his bachelorhood for good. But here's what else happened that year. The newlywed couple spent their honeymoon camping out in the unfurnished rooms of their brand-new property situated on the English island of Sonning Eye on the Thames. Reports suggest that the couple paid around $13 million for this stunning home that boasts an entry hall with towering ceilings as well as crisp Georgian moldings throughout. According to Vogue magazine, the home also includes a sitting room that's full of family photos as well as a pool house and a 16-seat screening room. During a Vogue cover shoot, Amal would also show off the home's glass-covered garden room with some gorgeous-looking citrus trees. Amal would also go on to explain that the couple's glass-fronted pool house doubles as a quote-unquote party zone and a workspace for George and Amal, who have offices located upstairs. Then again, not everyone is exactly ecstatic that Hollywood's Golden Couple has moved in next door and a bunch of George's English neighbors. Well, they're feeling a little sour about it. All of these properties are gorgeous, but you know George also needs a place to stay back home on the East Coast. In late 2016, Amal picked themselves up a nearly $15 million full-floor unit in a high-rise building in Midtown Manhattan. Originally designed by architects, foster, and partners, this building includes 94 units, each of which features walls of windows, high ceilings, and polished concrete floors. Extra amenities are said to include a lap pool, library, gym, and even its own culinary market with a ground floor restaurant overseen by the highest-rated Michelin-rate chef ever, Joe Robichon. Of course, since this is their private home and the couple spent a lot of time here whenever Amal needs to work at Columbia Law School, where she occasionally teaches, the details about the interior have actually been kept hush-hush. Finally, what seems to be George's most recent real estate addition happened in 2021, and he kicked off the year with the purchase of an $8.3 million Provence wine estate in Rignol's, France, known as Domaine du Canada. This 18th-century estate is located about a dozen miles from Chateau-Miraval, the vast parcel of land owned by George's good friend Brad Piss. Spanning a sprawling 425 acres, George is now the proud owner of Gardens, a lake, an olive grove, a 72-foot shaded pool, tennis court, and 25 acres of pristine vineyard. As for the total number of bedrooms and bathrooms in the main house, well, that info isn't readily available from the public listings. But given that it clogs in at around 10,000 square feet of space across three floors, I think that it's pretty safe to guess that the answer is a lot. Of course, as excited as George and Amal know-it-out were to try out their new place, nobody was more excited for their big move than the town mayor, who took to Twitter to officially announce that Clooney is arriving. Well, everyone, after checking out George Clooney's many amazing global mansions, that's going to conclude today's house tour. But before we leave, answer me this. If you had to choose a European retreat, either in Italy or France, which would be your pick? Let me know down in the comments and don't forget to like, subscribe, and turn on those notifications. I'm Kira the Vampire Slayer, follow me on Instagram to chat.


The nation's natural resources are not just beautiful. They are the basis of our way of life. Because demands on them are steadily rising, their sustainability is no longer assured. We have a lot of unanswered questions about the condition of our valuable ecosystems. We don't know if they are stable. We need to know how they are changing and why. We need comprehensive information that tells us about the state of our nation's ecological resources. A national ecological report card. EMAP, the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, is an innovative research and monitoring effort that measures the condition of our nation's ecosystems. EMAP will provide information, both now and in the future, to protect the ecological resources that are so critical to our livelihood. The stakes are high. Let's look at four familiar types of ecosystems. By the year 2000, 75% of the U.S. population will live within 50 miles of a coastal area. In estuaries where ocean and freshwater meet, 90% of commercial fish and shellfish spend some part of their lives, sharing their environment with urban development, industry and shipping. These resources form the basis of a $10 billion commercial and recreational fishing industry. When we see a decline in yields or a fish kill like this, we want to know why. America's biggest estuary, the biggest estuary in the world, is the Chesapeake Bay. Its recreational value is obvious, but the Chesapeake is also the livelihood for many Americans, and the condition of the Chesapeake has declined dramatically in the last 100 years. Commercial fishing productivity in the Chesapeake has dropped 82%. The oyster catch is 1% of what it was a century ago. If we want to stabilize and rejuvenate such ecosystems, we need to know more, and the answers don't come easily. For instance, scientists have recently discovered that a major problem for the Chesapeake may be atmospheric deposition of nutrients, like nitrogen. Toxic chemicals from nearby industry turn out to be only part of the problem. Unexpected findings like this demonstrate the complexity of our environment and the challenges facing us as we work to protect our ecosystems. Now let's look at forests. Forests cover one-third of the United States. Three million jobs directly depend on forests, and these jobs generate 4% of our gross national product. Forests today are under increased pressure to provide lumber, paper, and other important commodities. But we haven't adequately measured what condition forests are in. How are they changing in response to air and water pollution and other environmental threats? Agriculture raises similar questions. Productivity so far has been going up, but it goes up at a price. We use fertilizers, insecticides, irrigation. All take their toll. These are more than concerns for farmers. In the international balance of trade, U.S. agriculture is our biggest consistent winner, showing the highest net export rate of any economic sector. Agriculture is 15% of the U.S. economy, covering 40% of our land. But even though we track how many acres we plant and how big the crops are, we know little about the condition of the land itself. How much productive land is available, what pollutants it's receiving, and most importantly, how its productivity is changing. We are top producers now, but what about the future? Is our agricultural productivity sustainable? And then there are the wetlands. Over the last few decades, wetlands have been depleted at a rate of almost 1,000 acres, more than a square mile each day. Wetlands are nurseries of the environment and maintain biological diversity. What does loss of wetlands mean? For our waterfowl populations, it can mean overcrowding and disease. In the last 30 years, we estimate that over 200,000 ducks and geese have died along the Central Flyway. Due to avian cholera. We've taken measures to prevent loss of wetlands, but what about their condition? Are wetlands changing? Clearly, our health and welfare depend on the condition of our natural resources. To ensure the sustainability of these critical ecosystems, we must have a clearer picture of the extent and condition of our ecological resources. You may ask, why is this important now? First, prevention. Identifying trends before problems become widespread or irreversible is a protective approach. Early detection is like catching a medical problem in its early stages. We can't wait until it's too late. Our ecological resources are so valuable that environmental protection is no longer a luxury. It's an economic necessity. Second, we need to document results. We need to know how well our environmental protection programs are working. We're spending between 2% and 3% of our GNP on environmental protection, and we need to know if these expenditures are getting the desired results. Are we regulating the right things in the right way? Without better information, we can't be sure. We need that national ecological report card. This is where EMAP comes in. EMAP examines our natural resources in seven basic categories. Near coastal waters, the Great Lakes, wetlands, forests, surface waters, agro-ecosystems, and arid lands. Working closely with NOAA, NASA, the Bureau of Land Management, the Fish and Wildlife Service, agencies in the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Energy, EPA has designed EMAP to be an interagency research and monitoring program that measures our progress and identifies problems in the early stages before they require expensive remediation. How does EMAP work, and what makes it unique and innovative? First, EMAP's field sampling, applied research, and use of remote sensing technologies are all linked by a statistical design. EMAP's sampling network uses a fixed hexagonal grid system that covers the entire country. All of the continental U.S. is contained within one immense hexagon. The geometry of hexagons, like a tiled floor, covers the Earth's surface with the same repeated shape. The total grid contains 12,600 hexagons in the United States. EMAP sets out orderly schedules for selecting which hexagons to sample, for which indicators, for which days, months, and years. The fixed grid design provides the framework that allows us to compare and integrate data on regional and national levels of resolution. The beauty of this grid system is its flexibility. States or regions can adapt EMAP's design by simply intensifying the grid to increase the number of sampling sites. This allows states or regions to augment baseline EMAP information, giving area-specific answers with known statistical confidence for a fraction of the cost of independent studies. Using the EMAP approach, local regions and states can construct their own report cards using compatible information and consistent terminology. EMAP's design allows this information to be totally integrated into the national picture, providing even more depth and statistical precision. EMAP's second distinguishing feature is its monitoring philosophy. For years, we tried to measure the quality of the environment by measuring the pollutants we put into it. EMAP's emphasis is different. Like a doctor examining a patient, EMAP looks directly at the condition of living systems. This isn't easy. It's simpler to measure pounds of pollutants than to decide when a wetland is healthy. So, EPA has launched a major research program to develop, select and refine environmental indicators that directly measure the condition of ecosystems. To help us, we brought together some of the nation's most prestigious scientists for guidance and peer review. We're meeting regularly with the National Academy of Sciences, EPA's Science Advisory Board and groups like the National Association and the Estuarine Research Federation to ensure that EMAP is using the best current science. Rigorous, statistically-based sampling coupled with sophisticated biological monitoring. That combination makes EMAP unique, giving it the ability to find unbiased answers about the health of our ecosystems across all regions of the nation. This holistic approach means that we understand that pollution, water pollution and solid wastes are not separate problems. EMAP takes into account the interrelationships among stressors so that when we take action we can be much more confident that we will get the results we expect. An approach like this hasn't really been possible until now. EMAP relies on state-of-the-art computer technology, remote sensing, and biochemistry. These technologies not only make the program possible, they are more cost-effective than traditional monitoring methods. EMAP sets a precedent that's attracted international attention. The United Nations Environment Program and a growing list of countries, Australia and the Caribbean nations, to name a few, are working with EPA to adopt EMAP's methodology for their own use. Although EMAP is a long-term program, initial projects in near-coastal areas and forests have already demonstrated the potential of the concept and yielded useful data. In just one year, we discovered new things about our resources. Last summer, EMAP went regularly to the same points in estuaries from Cape Cod to the Chesapeake to trawl for fish at planned intervals. Water and bottom sediment quality were measured and tested. Fish species were counted. Investigators noted tumors and other obvious abnormalities. Selected samples were sent off for analysis to discover what chemicals and other pollutants they were absorbing from the environment. Preliminary findings show that estuaries in the mid-Atlantic are healthier than expected. Less than 1% of the fish had abnormalities. But there are some areas for concern. EMAP found diminished biodiversity in bottom-dwelling organisms in about 25% of the area. Toxic sediments were most prevalent in small estuaries. Trash was found in about one-quarter of the area. From forest studies in New England, we're not seeing widespread damage. Less than 4% of the trees are in poor condition. However, some species are affected more than others. 13% of the American beach showed signs of severe dieback. The ozone exposure was indicated in about 10% of the area. 3% showed signs of sulfur dioxide exposure. These problems were localized, however. Overall, we saw no pattern of major dieback in the forests of New England. Last year's work laid the foundation. This year we will add surface waters and wetlands to EMAP's agenda and extend monitoring activities in estuaries and forests in areas of the country. Over the next few years, the other ecosystems will be added as we move toward full implementation. Parallel programs will characterize arid lands, near-coastal waters, surface waters, agro-ecosystems, forests, the Great Lakes, and wetland environments, all of our nation's ecological resources. EMAP will provide a strong basis for the nation's overall ecological risk reduction strategy. Better decision-making will be possible not only for EPA, but for all those with responsibilities for the environment, Congress, federal agencies, the states, environmental groups, and industry. We'll use it as a tool to identify high-risk problems, helping us to target our research and risk management efforts in a more cost-effective way, and we'll be able to issue an annual report on the state of our environment, a national ecological report card. EMAP is evolution, not revolution, in environmental monitoring. It builds on past efforts and proven techniques, but it moves us many steps forward. EMAP makes the most cost-effective use of existing programs by tying them together into a larger and more productive network. By linking together the monitoring systems we already have, upgrading monitoring methods, and feeding their results into today's advanced computer systems, EMAP squeezes more benefits out of existing and future investments. EPA, working with many other participants, has adopted a new way of doing business, and EMAP is a cornerstone of that new approach. As we move toward the 21st century, our environmental protection programs have to rely on the best science and the most advanced technology available. EMAP lives up to that high standard. We must move forward now to ensure the sustainability of America's natural heritage for generations to come.


Without the help of international employees, the greenhouse vegetable sector wouldn't be able to operate in its current fashion. The Ontario food system relies on their expertise and loyalty.


Now who's will I am in a shade one regime Bismillahirrahmanirrahim? Hello viewers today. We are going to talk about the course independence self-management and ethics in early years and In this course will start for with the module With the normal closure early years development and self-management We are to talk about Early years development because it's very important for the child and We enable the child to do things according to its own abilities and we to develop those abilities now we have a child to awaken his own weapons to develop skills to develop his own different areas and We'll see Two things about it one thing about programming and Second thing about the services. What about the programming? We are to manage Systematize activities and then we to see the child can perform and can get benefit of it The program that we are going to help it And we'll talk about firstly Early childhood development. It's also very crucial and important to discuss because We'll see in it the nurturing of the child up nurturing may Uski gradual change in the actions in the behavior. I'm taking a shot at him I'm who's go is and assay develop Karnataka just me who's key health Kaka Kha Jai Whoa, who'd up me? health manners to take a how to maintain health Necessities and how to maintain the health The programs and we'll talk about the nutrition of the children that how they take food and with the sequence and With the priorities and with the need of the body and then We'll talk about its play playing with the different aspects in which body can move the child can move around and Sometime indoor games for the mental relaxation and sometime outdoor games for the physical relaxation and the physical movement of the body these all will coordinate the health issues and the health maintenance and it will help in the management of Health all the sort of needs of the body and there we'll talk about the learning of the child At the stage of early childhood and what is learning learning is the change in action change in behavior how the child is to manage actions different actions actions In the home situation and to interact with the children other children in the home and Parents and also outside the home how the child is to interact how is able to Talk about and to interact with the different situation and To be comfortable with all sort of situation in inside the home and outside the home and other things which are required for the academic performance and also for the social performance these both are necessary for the learning and Next we'll talk about the protection Self-protection to do those things to those Activities which are helpful in the safety of the body and also safety of the others and How to use the different appliances how to use the different component like knife use like Chumach how to use it, it is said that there are such small things Which are harmful to the children by their use, so they can also protect themselves and the safety of other children In this we want to see that in the early childhood development There are four areas First of all the area is physical development We will emphasize on this that they take care of their physical needs When should they do the make-up? To fulfill them Joe Salah here the dark are they will go to see him a mother key to The second aspect you have over cognitive That is very important and crucial to understand for the child Because it is related with the thinking mind set is the talk of it or When the child is thinking positively and doing acting positively and with the coordination of the party The it's also also programming and also coordinating with all other activities to maintain self a maintain self activities activities related with the academics related with the relation with the others and Activities which are very necessary for the overall Self-management of the person Same like linguistic is the another area in which We would like to emphasize for the child how the language child is going to use Sometime uttering of the different words are very important rather. The child is uttering words By cutting the words are by full articulation of the words To say it is related to his personality It is related to his overall management that he expresses his own how does he express his own words He is doing it in a complete way, he is doing it in a complete way According to the needs of his words he is articulating So we are to help him to articulate and his management Later on we'll see about how the management in the language development is possible for the Self-management of the child and later on we'll talk about in the area social emotional development of the child this social emotional development of the child is related with the relations of the child in All sort of situations one with the parents and the family and another with the friends with the Society members or there should be a balance to be maintained It may be a whole series of other about a child Seekhra, but check it out. It would be the only up. Okay, who do you think may go up to his heart? or In that expression, he makes his relationship with the rest of the children better And his relationships will be better, his personality will be better, his personality will be better So he will help out in managing his own self And in this we also see that his relationships with other people will be better His influence will be happy in his personal life Thank you very much


Hello my name is Aiden and I'm 14 years old. And I wanted to share an experience that I done through a few months ago. If you're not a big fan of scary or disturbing things, I recommend not to read this especially if it's night. Some people might think about the popular 3D platformer, Roblox, is a fun kid friendly game. But I personally think Roblox is not even a kid's game anymore. Well at least in my opinion. A few months ago, my friends wanted me to play Roblox with them and I'm not really into like colorful kids games, or like blocky type games, I usually just play like action games and shooter games. But since Roblox is sort of popular, I guess I'd give it a shot. So I told them, yeah, I guess. And through that, I made my first Roblox account. It was named, JohnnyLG, yes, it's not that good but I couldn't think of anything better. If that's brought a laughing factor to my story. As I was saying, me and my friends worked on a player Roblox game. So then we played a game called Apocalypse Rising. My character looked like a person with very white skin and white hair that reminded me of Bacon. I didn't think much of it. When me and my friends joined the game, it seemed fine for a few minutes, but for some dumb reason, there was hackers everywhere, flying cars, teleporters, and so on. I told my friend that this game was getting annoying for me and that I'd leave the call. One of my friends said it was cool, so I left. I thought I'd get some rest after that, giving the fact that it was 2 AM in the morning at that time so I just went to bed. The next day, I wanted to play with my friends but my one wanted me to be active, so I found myself running 25 laps around my house instead of playing with my friends. After I had ran 25 laps, I went inside to relax a bit. Then I got into my PC and tried calling my friends. None of them answered. I thought, maybe they were just tired. Because they were the type of kids that would stay up until 5 AM in the morning playing video games. So then I remembered, we were playing Roblox last night and I wondered, can I customize my character? So I went to Roblox's website to check. And oh. I was right. There was an avatar editor. So I edited my character and I accidentally clicked on smile, which was a face choice in my avatar selection thing. I chuckled at the face of get thinking it looked funny. I clicked the avatar editor again but it redirected me back to the smile face page but, something was odd. The face had a long mouth this time. So then, I tried clicking the avatar editor again. But it redirected me back to the page. But, this time it was a lot more different than last time.  Then I noticed, the name was changed to formidable face. Formidable? I thought to myself, doesn't that mean scary? Then I saw the description, it said, don't mess with him. Or he'll bring out his formidable face. I quickly took a screenshot of it and right when I was about to send it to my friends, I remembered that they were probably sleeping and I didn't want to wait them. But then I started getting dizzy.  I started hearing whispers saying, don't mess with him or he will bring out his formidable face. I quickly looked away from my PC screen and didn't look back. I shut my door and ran into my living room frightened. When I was in my living room, my mom was walking to put my laundry in my drawer but right before she opened my door, I shouted, wait mom, don't go in my room. She said, confusedly, be because there is something in there that you don't want to see. I replied. She gave me that look saying, I'm concerned, but also curious. Oh shoot. I blew it. She then opened my door and walked inside. After a couple seconds, it sounded like it was fine until I heard a scream. A very loud scream. I rushed into the room finding my mom lying on the floor. I then looked at my PC screen and saw my Roblox avatar with the formidable face looking right at me.  You realize you made a big mistake. The voice sounded really clean but also sounded like a monster. I replied with, who who are you? Why are you here? It also seemed like the formidable face was moving in a human manner. Its big smile grew bigger and said, I wanna hear you get what I always wanted. It started laughing. The laugh was a distorted high-pitched laugh, almost like it was a robot. After that, I started getting dizzy. But this time it was worse. My vision was very weird. I was light-headed and couldn't really feel my body. I heard a whisper saying, you're wise. Also with a distorted voice, I screamed, no I'm not. I tried moving to my PC so I can shut it off but it wasn't easy. I started hearing voices in my head saying, you can't do it.  But that didn't stop me. I slowly walked towards my PC while my heart was beating faster and faster. Then after a few seconds, I hear one last voice in my head. You really think you can stop me? But then it came. After that I fell to the ground. That's more on left me crawling. I said in my head, damn. I shouted. I quickly crawled under my PC to unplug it. And I succeeded. Completely after I unplugged it, I heard screams.  You unplugged me. This is not over. I will come back. After everything that happened, it was over. Well at least to me it was. But to that ghost or spirit living in my PC, he was just getting started. I tried waking up my one but I just had to accept, she was dead. There was no point of calling the police. What? I mean if I said, oh, my one died because of my game that I played called Roblox. Yeah. They will think I'm insane. So instead, I called my dad. And through that, this story comes to an end. Thank you so much for reading this. Even though it was mildly disturbing. I will update until I can't anymore. Once again, my name is Aiden, I'm 14 years old, and see you, if there's an update. You might know what I have gone through the past few days. If you haven't, please read the first part on top. Hey guys it's me Aiden and it has been a few weeks since I've posted here. Things have been going pretty bad at my dad's house. That's really the first reason why I'm posting this. First of all, my friends hasn't been online lately and I'm starting to get worried. They have been offline since the whole formidable face incident. I'm really thinking something bad happened to them because I haven't heard from them in real life either. Some other stuff that's been happening is that my dad is in bad condition.  Supposedly from my dad's doctor. That's not even it. Apparently my PS4 broke because it was overheating. Now I'm starting to think that spirit gave me bad luck. But besides that, I had found some stuff to share with you guys. I was afraid to go back to Roblox. If I was just being in the website just for 5 seconds and leaving, I would feel uncomfortable. But I couldn't hesitate it, I just wanted to see it. I know, I'm curious. But making this choice led me to lots of information of a backstory. Well not really a backstory. I just really didn't understand it. I have a laptop now so I didn't have my Roblox account saved on it. Anyways I went to the Roblox website and typed in my username and password. The second I put that last letter on my password, I knew I was gonna go through a lot. But all of the stuff that demon has done to my family and friends needs to stop. I was basically ready to face it again. That's what I'm trying to say here. So as soon I clicked login, I closed my eyes. Nothing happened. Silence. I opened my eyes to see that nothing was wrong. I wasn't dizzy or nothing. I didn't get too excited, since I knew something bad was gonna happen somehow. I looked at my avatar and saw that my skin color was red. I looked into my profile page and my description has been stated, face. That demon infected my avatar as well. I thought. But it took 2 seconds to realize that the eyes were blinking. The literal default smiley face was blinking and looking straight at me. It was in the 3D view so it was a little well animated. I tried exiting the tab until I got an error message saying, you can't escape. I kept trying to exit the tab but it still came up with the same error message again and again. I then heard the voice of my avatar. But the voice was more odd this time. Yes, it was still the monster voice but more distorted and glitchy. It said. Look what you have done to me. This is what happens when I change victims. I replied with, what do you mean victims? I am your only victim. I said. He replied with an even more broken voice. No, you are not the only one.   You traumatized other kids? I said. Don't get so surprised. It will all make sense when you're in hell. He replied. I couldn't breathe afterwards. It wasn't like my computer. I couldn't unplug my laptop. It was a freaking mini computer. The only thing he wanted was my body. He wanted to possess me. The only thing he wanted to do was escape from his little trap. Now I don't know how he even got stuck into Roblox's system, but damn.  I couldn't move or breathe. I thought to myself, my dad was at the hospital dealing with cancer. And my friends are probably dead. My one died.  I whittled out of my bed to crawl to my kitchen and get some sort of weapon.  But that spirit didn't let me. He said. Oh. Gonna crawl like a little baby. Maybe I should put out my distressing face for you. I started hearing whispering saying the same stuff as last time.  Or? Don't do it. Right when I reached the door for my room I tried opening the door but I was crawling like last time. I struggled trying to reach the door knob. I whispered to myself. I need to escape. And I think that the spirit heard that and said.  Why did I grab one for you? He picked out a knife and stabbed me from my leg. I was hopeless.  I passed out. Now I have no idea what happened. I just remembered seeing a light and then boom. My vision went black. I woke up on my bedroom floor like before but there was police officers surrounding me. I told them what happened. They said. Your neighbor told us that there was something going on here. I was confused. How would my neighbor know that I was literally about to die? I have no idea. But the thing I was more worried about was the spirit and my laptop. I told them what happened to my laptop and they said that they need to investigate it. You know, now that I think about it, I'm happy that they took my laptop with them. It wasn't expected and shocking but hey, I wanted that Roblox bullcrap to end anyways. Once again, my name is Aiden and I'll see you if there's any update. I hope not. I can't stop thinking about what happened in the last two months. I know this may seem old but this is only my third update about this. There has been a lot of fear and sadness of what I've gone through. The cops knocked on my door one day and I asked, what's wrong? We came here to inform you that we cleared your data out of your laptop and gated new parts. We might recycle it and put it on sale. We will give you a new laptop. They replied. Oh, this should just be a misunderstanding, right? I said frightedly. No, is there anything wrong with what we just said? They replied twice. Nothing is wrong about that, sir sir. I said, I shut the door without letting them respond back. I loosely sat on the ground thinking to myself, why? Why sell it when that laptop was obviously possessed? I was angry. I punched my door behind me while I was sitting down. I was crying and saying to myself, well what if someone has to go through what I've gone through? I calmed down and let out a sigh. I went to my bed and rested. But I found myself sleeping after 20 minutes. But I dreamed about something well, weird. From what I remember, I was walking in a dark void and I didn't know where I was going but then, I heard a voice. Well you can say a little girl's voice. Mommy? Daddy? Said the voice echoing in the darkness. I walked towards the voice but something was off. It felt like I was inside a Roblox game somehow. I looked at myself and it was my avatar that I made. I could probably tell I was dreaming at that point. Lucid dreaming, suddenly, I heard the girl crying and I followed the noise. I found myself finding that girl sitting down. I said, are you okay? She looked at me with a sad face. She had a white dress with blood coated on it.  She replied with. I'm not okay. My mommy and daddy left me and there's someone bullying me. Now I'm confused. She's in the same situation as me. First of all, she's stuck in a void like I am and secondly there's nobody in that void besides me. I'm not sure, but I replied, bully, there's no one here though. She moves her head downwards and says. That someone happened to be you. She quickly raised her head with the formidable face. She starts standing and making noises at me. What? How? Why? Why are you doing this to me? What did I ever do to you? I scream out. Remember. It's your body. She said with a terrifying voice. She started chasing me. Now I didn't know where to go or what to do. It's a dream. My eyesight started getting weird. It started getting glitchy like a TV static. I heard whispers again. The whispers said. She's getting closer. Alright. Over those whispers, I heard screaming behind me. It was her. She was getting closer. I found myself running in an endless loop. I can't wake up. I started getting cold. I felt like my heart was falling. Until I fr- Why can't I move? What's happening? Mommy? Daddy? I'm sad. Why am I still a lonely spirit? Why haven't I found a body yet? To take as my own? No. This is wrong. Why am I ruining people's lives just because I can't get what I want? I'm sorry. I'm sorry for everything that I've done. Aiden. Do you forgive me? Aiden. Hi. I'm sorry sweetie. I'll fix your life's problems. I'll fix everything I've done. What? What about me? Why do you care about me? Aiden. I know. I'll be better off in another person's laptop. Don't worry about me Aiden. I fixed everything in your life.  Farewell Aiden.


Once we have all the necessary information, whether it be drawings, a sketch, whether it be a photo, and it's ready to go to the search team, at that point it takes about seven to 10 business days to do that really thorough search. If we need to wait for information, say the client needs a little bit of time to drop a rough sketch, then we just account for that.