Hello, everyone. So today I'm going to tell you the story of an open-source network protocol and how we brought SRT from a proprietary software to an open-source success. So who am I? My name is Olivier Cayet. I'm the Multimedia Domain Lead at Collabra, where I've worked since 2007. But I've also been an open-source developer since 1999, first working on a GNOME. And since I've been an active developer of the distribution community, I'm one of the core maintainers. And there's something I've been doing for over a decade now. What are we going to talk today? Something called SRT. So SRT stands for Secure Reliable Transport. And it's a generic protocol to send streams reliably over the internet. It was designed to transport and pay transport streams with low latency, but good quality with encryption for security. And it's been designed for use by broadcasters. So SRT is a protocol, but it's also a library implementing it. And I would say it's first and foremost a library. It was created as software before actually being defined as a protocol in English. This library is now open-source and this is what we help bring to the community. It's multi-platform, Linux, Windows, Mac OS, Android, iOS, TV OS, everything. All of the major platforms are supported. So where did we start, right? SRT originally was developed by a company called HiVision. They developed it as a proprietary protocol. It was a differentiating feature of their products compared to the competition. And they had deployed it almost across their entire product line. So if you used a couple years ago, if you use HiVision products, you could send SRT from one HiVision to another, but nothing else obviously, because it was proprietary to their company. So who are the players here, right? The first player is HiVision. So HiVision created SRT and they're a good company. They have a very solid engineering team, but like most software companies, they're not really into open-source, right? Then they used other open-source. They have all of their products, which are actually running Linux inside and have a lot of open-source software inside of them, but everything that they did themselves, they had the very traditional mindset that it has to bring like value and, you know, if the open-source is not going to get any value, etc., etc. So they didn't really know how to do open-source. On the other hand, there's us. We're Collabra. We're an open-source consultancy. Everyone at Collabra is an open-source developer. We all have open-source expertise, and we've been doing multimedia almost since the beginning of the company. So we helped HiVision make SRT into an open-source project, an open-source successful project. And I'm going to tell you this story, right? How we and HiVision together made SRT into a really successful open-source project. So before we start the project, we have to go through a couple steps, right? So the first step is asking ourselves, why are we doing this? For us as open-source people, we think like this is the most stuff we didn't think in the world. If you do something, it's going to be open-source. But for many companies, they need a justification. It's not the default yet. And for HiVision, the main reason they wanted to make SRT open-source at first was to have adoption. They wanted video over the internet to work and to work reliably and to work interoperably amongst all the devices that you can buy from different vendors. To not have to have like so that their customers and all the users don't have to have devices from one vendor that they can mix and match, but that they would have interoperability and have good quality of transmission. They also wanted to raise their profile. So they wanted to raise the strength of the HiVision brand and they thought that by developing a protocol and a system that everyone would use, that would make their brand much more known. And they wanted to make the ecosystem more open, right? So increase interoperability there. One of the things that we also have to ask yourself when you develop a new open-source project and what are non-goals, right? What's not an actual goal here? That's almost as important as doing what your goals are. And in this case, one thing that was not the goal was to increase contributions. They felt that they had the development in the end quite solidly, so they were not trying to get like more developers for the product. They were really trying to get people to actually use it. Then we looked, what else is there? What's the competition? Is there any open-source alternative? And we looked and we couldn't find anything else that was really at the feature set that the broadcast industry needed. There are things like WebRTC that are developed for low latency, but didn't have the kind of quality and the simplicity that they need for broadcast users. But there were a number of proprietary solutions down there. Among them, Zixin Astera, which come as SDKs, but their actual product is a service. So the SDK is free, money-free, but not open-source. But to actually use it, you need to pay these companies for the service, to transfer the streams.   So as I said, almost everyone in the market had a similar solution. And in a way, SRT and all of the others kind of work the same. The underlying principles are the same, the street transmissions, maybe for their work correction. There's like no great magic there. So SRT's big differentiator that we saw was that it would be open-source. That means it's easier to integrate it. You don't have that's for permission. And but also you can use it for a thing that it was not originally designed for, right? Since it's open-source, it will be open-source. You can actually do whatever you want with it. Use it for things that the original developers do not think of, which is often much more difficult with proprietary software. So SRT is a network protocol. And when people think network protocols and open, they think open standards, right? So we asked ourselves, maybe there's no software, but maybe there exists a standard out there that's open that we could just use instead of having to create a different new software. And for video transmission, a lot of the low-latency protocols out there are based on RTP. It's possible to do everything that SRT does with RTP-based protocols, but there was no grouping of RTP specifications that people could agree on. And that would just give the required functionalities for broadcast without bringing much more complexity. In many ways, we kind of concluded that RTP-based stacks were not there for what they needed. So next question is why publish an open-source project, right? Why not just create a standard, get around there with other companies and say, hey, we're just going to write a document and everyone can implement it? There's multiple reasons for that. And one of this is to have basically something that is usable on day one. And by having a shared implementation that's open-source, then everyone can cooperate on it. And it also means that you have good interoperability from day one, right? Because it's the same code, right? So it will integrate with itself. And also it encourages people who want to enhance it to actually work together. Instead of, you know, if you make your own implementation, then there will be a lot of pressure from management to create value by having something a bit different from the center, a bit improved, that you can go around and say, hey, you can't interrupt with anyone else. But if you use our product on both sides, it's going to be so much better. In that case, we wanted everyone to really have the highest level of interoperability to not have like two grades, like open-source grade and then the better proprietary grade. That was kind of an empty goal here. Then it's a project, right? Open-sourcing something creating an open-source project is a project in itself. And a project needs a timeline. Our timeline here was quite short at the beginning. So we were aiming to release SRT by the NAB conference in April, which is the big conference in the broadcast industry in the US. And we started this project in February. So we had only two months. Those are quite a short timeline. And then we gave ourselves some time after that, right? We said after the initial launch, if we don't get some traction within 18 months, then it's not going to work too bad. And the second deadline was after launch, if after three years, we would like have a checkpoint and say, has this been a success or a failure, right? If it has not been a success in three years, it's not going to succeed. But one of the other things that was very important is that we said, you know, this might not happen on day one. You have to be able to be in it for the long run. If you want adoption, you have to let people know that you're in it and you're going to maintain it for years, right? That it's not just going to be a thing that you throw over the wall. So for an open source project, one of the most important things to make it successful is to have a governance model. So who are the stakeholders in this governance model? One of the important ones are the developer, right? As this is software, developers are really a key constituency. But since this is software that's really designed for business use and to price use, the management of these developers are also a key constituency, right? Their bosses are very important too. And then we need to think also who are the users. Since this is really a library, users are actually other developers, right? They're developers that write applications or products and that will use these library in their product. And these are mostly corporate developers, right? These are not hobbyists that are our key target. So now that we know who the main stakeholders are, we also have to think what other roles are in this project, right? To create a successful project, you need many different things. You need people who will write documentation. You will need to help the users actually use it because remember adoption was our goal. So we thought that helping users is a really, really important part. You need someone to set a direction, both the technical direction and the non-technical, more on the business side of the project. You need to do marketing, right? So that people actually know about this and will adopt it. And then you need to write code in the end. Next question really is how much control are you ready to give up? Open sourcing something always means that you're going to give up some control. And the amount of control that you give up really is balanced with what your other goals are. In this case, the goal was adoption. And so we don't need to seize too much control because we don't actually require other developers to join or something like that. We just want people to use it. So we can really not like have a model where we have like complete external governance. We can keep the governance very much where it was originally. So we know it's a decision making process, right? This is making process and different projects vary a lot, both for technical and non-technical decisions, right? It could be a board that can be elected or appointed. You could have like a one person deciding like a dictator, a benevolent dictator like Linus, or you can have something much more add up, right? This is not a huge project. So maybe something very structured is too heavy and you might want to have something much more add up, something in between. And since this is really not that big of a project, maybe you don't even need a real structure, right? You might really go with something very with the flow. Since it's open source and one of the things that kind of binds open source communities is the license. We thought that the choice of the right license was very important. So licenses can go, you know, from permissive licenses, MIT, BSD style, all the way to very strong copy left licenses like the GPL v3 or AGPL v3, or somewhere in between. One of our goal here was adoption and one of the key places where we wanted it to be adopted was in mobile applications. So it was very important that whatever license we choose would not be a problem for app store users. But we also wanted to kind of discourage proprietary forks to have really interpretability at the highest level. So we tried to find something that was able to satisfy both goals. And for this project, we ended up choosing the MPL because of its different clauses that really make it easy for both sides. So now we've taken care of like the people aspect and the governance aspect. Now we need to take technical steps to actually make it a good open source project. Many projects that operate and originate from the proprietary world are often developed in the idea that there's only like a very small group of people who actually matter and that it doesn't have to follow standards that everyone else can follow. But it's important if you want to open up something that everything is clear and easy for you to spread one. One of the first things that people do when they get an open source project is to try to compile it. And many projects that originate from the corporate world, sometimes you just stuck at that step. What you really want is a build system that people already know that is standardized and that is high quality. There's many different or good high quality open source build systems, things like CMake, Auto Tools, Meson, and there's a couple more. But I would not go with something exotic really. You want something that is common for the language or platform that you're using and that other people will know. In this case, it was already CMake, whoever you're looking. A lot of corporate projects I still have like really bad things. Sometimes just random make files or maybe very complex made files that rely on a complex infrastructure that tie up with the company's internal build systems. And that's really, that's bad.  So if you have that, you have to delete everything and restart with a standard one. No one wants to see your internal build systems. Then once you have it building, then you need a place for people to cooperate. Cooperation requires different tools, right? Issue tracking, you need the source code hosting, you print something like a wiki or somewhere where you can put text and documentation, build instruction, etc. All these kind of things. These days, by far the best way to do it is to use one of the GitHub or GitHub, right? There's, they've really cornered the market. My personal preference is GitHub because it's open source, but in this case we went with GitHub because that's what they were already using. Then we need a way for people to talk to each other. To really support users, I feel that you want both something like a mailing list that is slower and more longer text and a chat system like REC or Slack. In this case, we have a Slack channels where people can go and discuss whatever is happening with SRT, get help with installing it, using it, developing it, etc. All the developers are there. So it's a really good way to actually communicate. So how do we start like these tools? One of the kind of important things is that there are, these have to be tools that are familiar both to the existing developers so that they're not going to waste too much time with them, but also to potential contributors and potential users.  So the goal is to reduce the barrier to entry and by using tools that are well known and well established, the project doesn't become about to build tools or about the compression tool, but really about the project itself. The next step is that we need to market it. We have a good project, we have a good governance, we have good source code. Now we need to let everyone else know about it. Since this is a library, an immediate transport library, the way that people actually use this is often that they will use it through something else, a bigger library, either something like ffmpeg or gstreamer that will provide the encoding, the decoding, all of the other steps that we need in a media pipeline. So one of the first things that we did when we decided to make this open source was to figure out which are the important other libraries that they should integrate with and go upstream and send them patches offering them the integration with libSRT. Since libSRT had been open sourced by that point, it was much easier for them to accept integration patches. So we quickly integrated in both ffmpeg and gstreamer and another thing that we asked is what do people use to test in your industry? How do they test if a stream works? What the tool did they use? And they said, well, they're not special, they just choose VLC like everyone else. So one of the things that we did very early on was to submit patches to the VLC community to add support for SRT so that you could just type SRT around and VLC and it just works. And all of these communities like VLC, gstreamer, ffmpeg were very helpful and we could get our patches integrated really quickly. It was a surprise how easy it was so considering it's completely new for our fall. So very quickly we had the SRT support in all three and a bit later we also had it integrated in OBS Studio which is a great create content, create a live stream and send it to an SRT receiver. So now that we had it integrated, easy to use, sometimes as easy as just putting the URI in, then we had to create awareness. So there's two parts of creating our S1 is for open source developers. So part of it was to talk to developers of other relevant projects that we've already talked about and make them aware of SRT, what's its strengths, what's weaknesses, what is for, what is not for, so that they can do marketing for us in a way. And the other important group we wanted to talk to is business people. Since we're seeing that most of the target users here are corporations that are people building products, we decided to create a business alliance. So that's an alliance of companies that use SRT, promote SRT, build products around SRT and this has been a really important element of the effort. So has it been a success? The answer is yes. So I've done the presentation similar to this one a couple of months ago and I was seeing there were over 250 members in the alliance. Today I was told there's over 400. Last time I said there were 88 company shipping products. Now there's 129 if I counted correctly on the website. And according to GitHub there's 67 contributors. So even though the goal was really not to gather contributors, we gather contributors anyway because if you have something that people actually use they will contribute to it. So that was really really successful. I was really impressed at how quickly this picked up. When we announced it within a couple of weeks companies were lining up to join the alliance. They really brought something to their industry which was lacking. There was really like a need for this. And immediately we had a lot of updates. So that's been a really really great success for high vision and also for open source. So thank you. If you have any questions you can ask me on Slack of the conference or you can always reach me directly. I'm all over the internet so you can google my name and you will find me easily. So thank you very much and have a good afternoon. Hello everyone. I guess it's time for questions. Just a quick shout out. If you need any help with bringing anything to the open source world and you don't know where to start we're happy to help at Collabla. I guess we don't have any questions but if you want to continue the discussion you can come on the Slack channel and we're already chatting about this. Oh yeah I have another question. Have other industry members started taking a bigger role in the governance? For now the answer is really no. High vision are really doing the governance themselves in a way. So it's not something that really they try to get more people on. Now another question from Samantha Logan. Can you discuss how we should adapt these things when you're running a service? That's a very good question. I guess if the service is software right because that's what services are these days. You basically publish your source code and all these things are kind of the same. I don't know what else I can say. Well services wait for other questions. I guess we're going to soon run out of time anyway. Is there a quick G-streamer by a plan that you can share to test G-streamer? SRT yes there are. So we've made a blog post on the Collabla website on SRT and G-streamer with some examples but basically you use SRT sync and then you put the URI. So it works and you feed MPEG transport stream into it. So something like you know video source encoder MPEG transport source moxer and SRT sync. Or you can use a source right SRT source. You can even play SRT URL just with the play bin if you're a familiar G-streamer. Mark's asking how many panels and similar activities have happened in the public? I don't know. I'm not sure where the question is. I guess thank you very much everyone.


How are you now, my friend? How you doing? If there is anything that I can do I'm gonna be here for you and the team if you just do This is like this The melody is very catchy. I love it You


Everybody forest here. We've been 20 22 elements football hobby 12 bucks full case number two random divisions You can always find these results of late in sports cards calm. Thanks. She's running everybody and good luck See what we got And guys gonna move quicker than normal through this just FYI Trying to get out of here soon, but I'm going quicker than it seems To apologize a little quick recap at the end of it, but I am gonna move quickly through this We can all get out of here as quickly as possible. Stay safe All right All these cards for you. All right starting off with the James Robinson Jake's fantasy team was happy about with him last week 131 to 199 afc south Cobalt afc west javante Williams 17 of 27 AFC north Lamar Jackson Jersey number 37 to 50 people going to go to flights to Atomic auto Justin Jefferson 20 of 20 for the NFC north Nice hit on the Jeperson And a steel signatures Vilich Jones jr. Rookie for the NFC north 164 of 199 congrats on the Jeperson NFC north Shaunty. There you go. Hi guys. Look at this to a water super short print Dolphin in water. There you go. AFC East Did the water might look cooler than the others? I don't know. I Don't know Others only earthwind Earth fire water and wind Nice water will mag that a fc east again rookie Garrett Wilson 22 of 95 NFC north is an Aaron Jones electric Jersey 22 of 70 Great starts of this case NFC East Brian Robinson jr. Rookie neon signs Oh, we're looking on the auto like it's a little scuffed. I mean it looks fine. It's just not perfect 91 and 99 for the NFC east He's back soon and steel signatures NFC West Chase Edmonds Six of 199 last elements up today guys. We'll have more elements breaks on Friday for you Got Saints Chris Olavae 84 of 95 NFC south AFC north tungsten Jamar Chase 62 of 74 AFC West rookie patch guard sky more supercharged 28 of 54 Yes, seriously Rory Taekwon Thornton rookie neon signs AFC East his auto does not look any better when it's big like that 99 and steel six NFC East is a Drew Pearson Eight of 50 he gets a pass. He's a patriot At least for me He's got it he's got to start scoring touchdowns, I mean Brian works on the ball. He's got he's got to produce now What's the Thursday night game tomorrow that I hope I'm able to watch I'm not to find some open bar that has power Go watch the game there 180 to 199 AFC south Peyton Manning Sam Howell cobalt rookie NFC East 15 of 27 Fusion dual patch AFC East to a tongue of I love a 9 of 47 Derek Stingley junior rookie auto AFC south 27 of 50 and Easy E rookie steel signatures six of 199 AFC East easy You guys think old La wrappers are gonna get upset that Easy con was signing easy on us all I That's not easy NFC West DK 190 of 199 singles Miami. That's a pretty that's a good game actually I put all the good games on Thursday night this year 16 of 95 Peyton Manning AFC south Almond Ross St. Brown patch card for the NFC north numbered 45 of 54 nice proton patch auto rookie for the NFC north is Christian Watson 42 of 75 and steel signatures green for the NFC West Tyler Higbee five of ten of the green Tyler Higbee his name makes me think of Eleanor Rigby What's UCF been doing the past few days? They canceled class Eight of 99 Matt Corral NFC south Take an exam got moved nice, dude. Heck. Yeah, it's the south rookie Xenon trailing Berks 45 of 54 You're gonna be not even any more prepared. Yeah, you know, I mean every time Isaiah Spiller ten of ten rookie patch AFC West AFC East Taekwon Thornton rookie neon signs again here. This time is numbered 36 of 50.  We don't want you guys to have any good games on Sunday and Monday and steel signatures AFC West Bill Romanowski 12 of 79 although to be fair Preseason Broncos and Niners look like a good game to be fair NFC East angle Jones 176 of 199 NFC East Terry McLauren 27 of 27 NFC north Aaron Rogers Jersey 16 of 50 Solar autograph Mac Jones nine of 15 Congrats AFC East on the Mac Jones Adam C Solar auto nine of 15 There is a tiny ding tiny ding bottom right. I did notice this like very very tiny Noticable though. We'll get that bag for you and a Bailey zappy your rookie steel signatures AFC East 105 of 199 His cards are actually Pretty valuable at the moment Get in that Patriots third string quarterback love Happens every time man. That's AFC East. Good box for you AFC North Najee Harris eight of 199 tungsten Jim Kelly 29 of 74 AFC East AFC South Alec Pierce rookie patch card Number nine of ten. Guess what Jake sauce Gardner rookie auto 132 of 199 AFC East That is like legitimately 10 sauce autos today It's like we're average like two per case Steel signatures NFC East Michael Gallup 10 of 27 It's it's it's crazy by far. We pulled the most of his autos today Yeah, the solar autos are fairly shorter printed that the list has a pretty good list of names Not surprised as the first one we've seen Xenon 25 of 54 say quant for the NFC East Devin whites 10 of 95 for the NFC South NFC West dual Jersey Matthew Stafford 62 of 199 a wildcard points ran up to all at the end I haven't seen a lot of points today, but it's only been the second one in the in five cases. That's pretty good knock on a wood now Angemson Williams rookie neon sign or an or key steel signatures. Excuse me. There you go NFC North 92 of 199 of the Jameson Williams Three more guys We got I'm at collegiate just four cases Don't include our daytime here again. We are gonna go fashion the schedule We're gonna go as quick as we possibly can well You know have a decent break here 96 to 199 NFC North Justin Jefferson NFC West Aaron Donald 29 of 74 AFC East Josh Allen dual Jersey 30 of 199 Trent McDuffie rookie auto for the NFC or sorry AFC West 6 of 50 and AFC AFC North rookie steel signatures is David Bell Number 89 of 199 You got a Tom Brady Jake's boy 68 of 199 NFC South he's in Miami right now, dude. Yeah practicing over there Calvin Austin the third AFC North 36 of 95 is Miami in Miami right now Tyree kill patch number 16 of 47 AFC East Dude, he's gonna try to recruit Tyree kill Van Jefferson 16 of 125 in the NFC West auto And AFC North rookie steel signatures Calvin Austin the third 127 of 199 last one got a redemption on the back. You got Justin Field's here Xenon 29 to 54 NFC North NFC West Cooper Cup numbered 15 of 74 Sauce Gardner rookie patch 8 of 27 Yeah, I agree Charles Is that his auto is really clean here you go NFC North again a James and Williams rookie neon signs now Nice hit 14 to 25 That's awesome And a redemption on the back is gonna be a Dallas Clark steel signatures cobalt was he only you know, he was with more than this the Colts I Would assume it's it's Colts Dallas Clark Colts. Yep. Was he with another team? And I honestly don't know Colts for like ever though AFC South let's do a recap guys All right, we got relics Josh Allen Matthew Stafford Aaron Jones Skymore Almond Ross St. Brown Aaron Rogers Lamar Jackson Tyree kill to a tongue of I loa sauce Gardner Alec Pierce Isaiah Spiller Auto who's we had redemption Colts AFC South Dallas Clark Steel signatures cobalt sauce Gardner. I'm just gonna call out names guys Calvin Austin a third David Bell Bailey Zappy like I said his cards are going going up third string quarterback Patriots treatment Eric he's a con but easy E Chase Edmonds Vilish Jones, Jr. Van Jefferson Jay James and Williams God's Brian Robinson, Jr. Taekwondo Thornton Bill Romanowski Taekwondo Thornton again the Christian Watson proton patch auto Drew Pearson Trent McDuffie Derek Stingley, Jr. Michael Gallup James and Williams again a Tyler Higby and Maggots cards. We had water super short print to a tongue of I loa There we go. Get a Mac Jones solar auto 9 to 15. That's a scratch on the mag Nice Mac and a Justin Jefferson atomic auto 20 of 20. That's gonna do it. Thanks again, everybody We do have points random. I just realized that Points let's do the point random. Sorry guys Almost forgot about them wild card random to all eight on a random whoever's up top gets them one two three four five six seven and eight Brian B getting those points. Thank you again everybody. I'm at collegiate coming up


Phosphorus is an essential element for all living organisms, but can become a pollutant when released into the environment. As the global population increases, so does the demand for this finite resource, leading to a potential shortage of phosphate rock in the near future. To address this issue, researchers are investigating ways to recover phosphorus from wastewater and sludge, with chemical precipitation being one of the most common methods. The goal is to create a phosphorus-rich mineral that can be used as a fertilizer, such as Stravite. This review paper examines the current state of phosphorus production and consumption, and explores how these technologies could be integrated into existing wastewater treatment systems to achieve a more sustainable water-energy nutrient nexus. This article was authored by Saba Dangkar, Ariana Caligari, Andrea G. Capadalio, and others.


Hey what's up everyone welcome to another video my name is Dylan and I'm a cycling coach at CTS and today we're going to be talking about diet specifically the low carb diet of professional mountain biker Emily Batty. Could her new diet be the reason for her lack of success at the world cup level in 2019? I'll respond to her video and then go into the science on high carb versus low carb for cycling performance and hopefully by the end of the video you'll get a better idea of what your diet should look like to maximize your own cycling performance. If you're new to this channel I make weekly training, racing and gear related videos going over tips and tricks that I've learned in my 12 years of racing and training experience that have gotten me to the top of the ultra endurance mountain bike game in the US and as a cycling coach at CTS. If you want to learn how to get faster or just more about the science of training in general then be sure to subscribe and if you have a training question or a topic you'd like to see me cover in a future video be sure to leave it down in the comments section below. I do my best to get to all the questions in the comments. In this video I'll be addressing the video that Emily made about her cyclic keto diet but first I want to say that this video is in no way meant to bash Emily. I actually love watching her race and get results and if she happens to see this video I hope she takes it more as advice and not criticism. If anything I hope this video helps her. I'd love to see Emily return to the podium where she belongs. Bro who are you to criticize Emily baddie? Last I checked you never even raced a world cup so I'm pretty sure you have no idea what you're talking about. Clearly it's working for her. Actually it very well may not be working for her. After a third place in the world cup overall last year and a bronze medal at the world championships I think Emily would agree that her results in 2019 have been somewhat disappointing. After all she's yet to crack a podium. If you head over to her Instagram you can get a read on the frustration she's reasonably had throughout the season. Despite my bad results this season not the result I wanted at Val de Sol usually I excel in the mud but for some reason I couldn't find my rhythm on that course. Last year third at Andorra in this year 26 really haven't felt like myself all year so far. Now obviously there are ton of factors that influence performance so we can't draw the conclusion that her bad results are due to her diet change but there is a lot of science to suggest that the diet she's following or at least the one she's following in the video we're about to review is not optimal for performance. Without further ado let's jump into her video and of course the science. I never really thought I was a carbohydrate and sugar-driven person I never really thought about it I just ate what I ate and when I looked at the macronutrients I was kind of devastated at how much carbohydrate intake I was actually consuming so I really wanted to get away from that. She clearly seems to think there's something wrong with fueling yourself with carbohydrates or being dependent on carbohydrates which is odd given the science on carbohydrate consumption and endurance sports performance. This study on carbohydrate feeding and one hour time trial performance took 19 endurance train cyclists and had them perform a 60-minute time trial after consuming a carbohydrate solution and a placebo on separate occasions. The results were a 2.3 percent performance increase in the carb fed group over the placebo. Another study on four-hour pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding on cycling performance looked at carbohydrate consumption four hours before a 95-minute interval session using 10 participants. When subjects consumed a high carb meal four hours before the session performance increased 15% over not consuming carbs. These are just individual studies but they represent the consensus on carbohydrates and performance pretty well. If we take a step back and look at the results of many studies which was done in this 2011 meta analysis that looked at 88 randomized crossover studies on carbohydrate consumption and endurance performance the conclusion is that carbohydrates do show a large benefit. There's really no disputing it eat carbs and you'll ride faster however these studies looked at carbohydrate consumption on carbohydrate dependent individuals. What if your whole diet is low carb? Will that have a benefit as Emily suggests? In this study on low carb diets on elite race walker performance they took 19 elite race walkers and put them on a standard high carb diet, a periodized carb diet, or a low carb high fat diet. When testing their 10k race performance before and after they found that the high carb and periodized carb group improved their time while the high fat group did not. All right that's race walkers but this next one is a little bit more applicable because it was actually done on mountain bikers. The study looked at the ketogenic diets influence on performance and experienced off-road cyclists and took eight subjects and had them perform a continuous exercise protocol after consuming a ketogenic diet and a standard diet for four weeks. They found that the subjects had a significantly higher max workload and lactate threshold with the standard diet and the study concluded that ketogenic diets decrease the ability to perform high intensity work. However according to the title of her video Emily follows cyclic keto meaning that she has high carb days. It's gonna vary with ratio and quantities based on what I'm doing for workouts that day if I had a gym session in the morning or if I have a five hour endurance ride versus a shorter interval day. Some have speculated that following a low carb diet but then loading up on carbs right before an event would give you the best of both worlds. This method was put to the test in this study which took eight well-trained cyclists and had them consume a normal carb rich diet or a high fat diet for six days followed by one day of carb loading.  Subjects also performed significantly worse in 1k sprints after eating the high fat diet and these results are echoed throughout the scientific literature. In one particularly critical review on carbohydrate dependence in endurance athletes they concluded that despite renewed popular interest in high fat low carb diets for endurance sports fat rich diets do not spare carbohydrates or improve training capacity and performance but instead directly impair rates of muscle glycogenalysis and energy flux. The review also looked at what elite athletes actually eat. They stated that if a high fat diet was an advantage then the best athletes would be doing it but they're not. Kenyan distance runners and tort de France cyclists have been reported to consume 7 to 12 grams of carbohydrates per kilogram of body weight per day pretty much the exact opposite of a ketogenic diet. So low carb diets for performance aren't looking all that good even if you refeed with carbohydrates on race day. The thing is there are good carbs and bad carbs but Emily seems to classify all carbohydrates as something to be avoided. Sugar, candy, white bread these are highly processed carbohydrates that you generally want to avoid. However here she's talking about whole fruit like it's the plague. She acted like eating three bananas a day was the equivalent to going to Dunkin Donuts and scarfing down half a dozen donuts by yourself. The fact is fruits are one of the healthiest foods that you can eat. From protecting against cardiovascular disease to reducing risk of cancer and diabetes, improving bone health, weight loss and the list goes on. And on top of these health benefits fruit consumption has been shown to significantly improve recovery. Cherry juice has been shown to increase antioxidant capacity after a marathon leading to aided recovery and in another study reduced symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. That study showed that strength loss after eccentric exercise was 22% with a placebo but only 4% when subjects consume cherry juice. Blueberries which Emily mentions having a problem with have also been shown to reduce inflammation after two and a half hours of running. And there you have it guys those are my sardine sandwiches. I put one cup of vanilla almond milk and then for protein I now these products are sponsors guys but I do I do like this Garden of Life whey protein it's um it's grass fed apparently um but I've really enjoyed this one it's not super high in calories or carbohydrates but it does have 24 grams of protein so I'm getting 18 grams protein with my sardines and I'm getting another 24 grams protein with my protein powder. Definitely uh prefer my smoothie with a banana it just makes it sweet with the almond milk. This is Emily's post-workout recovery smoothie and she has the same misconception that a lot of cyclists have which is that after a workout you need to smash in the protein. However evidence would suggest otherwise. A systematic review on the effects of protein supplements for recovery found that high quality and consistent data demonstrated there is no apparent relationship between recovery of muscle function and ratings of muscle soreness and surrogate markers of muscle damage when protein supplements are consumed prior to during or after a bout of endurance or resistance exercise. While protein consumption is important in general it turns out carbohydrates are way more important post-workout to improve your recovery. The use of a carbon protein mixture became popular after studies like this that had subjects consume just carbs just protein or carbs and protein together after a two hour ride. What they found was that the glycogen resynthesis was fastest when carbs and protein were combined then when subjects consume carbs only and consuming protein only performed significantly worse. The glaringly obvious problem with this study and other studies like it is that they weren't using equal calories. The carb group in the study ingested 112 grams of carbs and the carb plus protein group ingested 112 grams of carbs plus an additional 40 grams of protein. So that's roughly 450 calories versus 600 calories. When you equalize the calories though it's a different story. In this study on carbohydrate and protein intake during recovery they had three groups one that consumed carbs and protein one that consumed the same amount of carbs as the first group but without protein and one that consumed just carbs but matched the calories of the first group. Following recovery subjects ran to exhaustion at 70% of maximal uptake and here's what they found. Just like with the previous study carbs plus protein performed better than the same amount of carbs without protein however when they equalized the calories the carb only mixture actually performed the best. The study concluded that the inclusion of protein in the solution was no more beneficial than when ingesting a more concentrated carbohydrate solution of equal energy content and further research confirms these findings. Now she does have some carbs like those corn thins and that one banana however as we just saw from the research a bigger focus on carbohydrates would probably be even better and the way she talks about these ingredients it's almost like they're an afterthought and she says you don't even have to include them if you don't want to. Definitely uh prefer my smoothie with the banana it just makes it sweet with the almond milk um you don't have to but it is another added bit of carbohydrates post workout so just like the flavor of bananas I can eat like three of these critters I try to I've been good I've been trying to limit this past I don't know two months uh my my banana intake I've tried to really cut back and the fact that she seems guilty about putting that banana in her smoothie still blows my mind. Now to be fair Emily does a lot of things right her diet is loaded with whole foods and she uses high antioxidant foods in her recovery smoothie which have been shown to boost recovery and fight inflammation however she clearly has an aversion to carbohydrates and avoids them as much as possible as I said there's a difference between unprocessed and processed carbs and she seems to know this polenta this will be my source of complex carbohydrates. Emily could very well not be meeting her potential by avoiding carbohydrates even if she consumes more carbs before a race she seems to be avoiding carbs even on her high intensity interval days after all this low carb day of eating was on one of her interval days. Okay I am finally ready to ride I do have those intervals to get done today so it'll be a productive workout. This will likely impair her recovery and those high intensity workouts won't be as high quality as they could be. You may have heard about world tour riders manipulating carbohydrate intake to improve performance and choosing to train low carb or fasted sometimes and while this is true in many cases one thing that they certainly do not do is eat a low carb diet when racing or performing high intensity workouts GCN just did a video on the ketogenic diet and to quote Ollie and further to this having spoken to coaches and riders I can tell you that no one is competing and racing in the Tour de France on a ketogenic diet. Moreover Emily is not a world tour roadie she's a cross-country mountain biker if you spend hours day after day racing your bike then you could make the argument that being well fat adapted would be an advantage and prevent things like bonking for example however this is far less of a concern when your races last 20 minutes to an hour and a half like Emily's do running out of glycogen isn't the primary concern when you're doing a short track or cross-country mountain bike race and for more anecdotal evidence for what it's worth I've coached athletes who have tried a low carb or ketogenic diet only to find that they performed better when including carbohydrates by far the biggest complaint from low carbers anytime someone refutes the diet is that they didn't do it right look you need to be keto for at least a month and consume no more than 30 grams of carbohydrates not 50 not 40 but 30 grams also she's eating way too much protein to be considered keto and I never even saw her pray to the great ketoist maximus to give her hashtag fat strength should you go full keto or just low carb should you do carbohydrate refeeds how many carbohydrates actually constitutes a low carb diet and does fruit matter there isn't a clear consensus but as far as I'm concerned it's irrelevant given the lack of evidence that any of it improves your performance and on the other side the overwhelming evidence that carbohydrates do improve your performance before I wrap up the video I just want to say again that I'm not trying to attack or discredit Emily here I more just wanted to use her video as a learning opportunity because this is a topic that I've been meaning to talk about and that a lot of people need to hear I hope that diet or otherwise Emily gets things sorted out and starts putting up the results that we know she's capable of I left the link for her video and her channel in the description be sure to go over there and check it out there's some great videos that give you some insight into the daily life of one of the world's fastest mountain bikers thanks for watching and I hope you guys found this information helpful if you like this video be sure to give it a like share it with a friend and subscribe and if you want to see more training and racing content be sure to follow me on instagram twitter and facebook and if you want to check out my own personal training be sure to check me out in Strava if you're interested in getting a coach if you sign up their cts be sure to use my code ctsdj to save $40 by waiving the registration fee details are down in the description


Domestication is a sustained multi-generational relationship in which one group of organisms assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another group to secure a more predictable supply of resources from that second group. Charles Darwin recognized the small number of traits that make domestic species different from their wild ancestors. He was also the first to recognize a difference between conscious selective breeding in which humans directly select for desirable traits, and unconscious selection where traits evolve as a by-product of natural selection or from selection upon other traits. There is a genetic difference between domestic and wild populations. There is also such a difference between the domestication traits that researchers believe to have been essential. That was the early stages of domestication, and the improvement traits that have appeared since the split between wild and domestic populations.Domestication traits are generally fixed within all domesticates, and were selected during the initial episode of domestication of that animal or plant, whereas improvement traits are present only in a proportion of domesticates, though they may be fixed in individual breeds for regional populations. The dog was the first domesticated vertebrate, and was established across Eurasia before the end of the late Pleistocendera, well before cultivation and before the domestication of other animals.The archaeological and genetic data suggest that long-term bi-direction botanical gene flow between wild and domestic stocks, including donkeys, horses, new and old world camels, goats, sheep, and pigs, was common.712 given its importance to humans and its value as a model of evolutionary and demographic change, domestication has attracted scientists from archaeology, paleontology, anthropology, botany, zoology, genetics, and the environmental sciences.13 Among birds, the major domestic species today is the chicken, important for meat and eggs, though economically valuable poultry include the turkey, guinea fowl and numerous other species. Birds are also widely kept as cage birds, from songbirds to parrots. The longest established invertebrate domesticates are the honeybee and the silkworm. Terrestrial snails are raised for food, while species from several filet are kept for research, and others are bred for biological control. The domestication of plants began at least 12,000 years ago with cereals in the Middle East, and the Bottle Gourd in Asia. Agriculture developed in at least 11 different centers around the world, domesticating different crops and animals.


History. History. History. This is the one institution anywhere in the UK, the one department anywhere in the UK, where students can explore a range of regions that basically make up three-fifths of the world's population. Taking Europe and North America or the Western world out of the centre of world history and bringing the rest of the world into the centre, what we enable our students to do is to think critically about global history. I chose to come to SOAS because it offered a more diverse course in comparison to the other universities I chosen. They were far less Eurocentric and they specialised in the areas of history and development that I wanted to study. At SOAS we do do a lot of history of Europe, of England and so on. Europe was quite influential in the 19th century, so we need to understand Europe if we're going to understand the world. But our focus is not on Europe, our focus is on what happened in Africa, and you know Middle East Asia, East Asia in my case. And because of that, no one places at the centre. So we get used to thinking in very flexible ways that if you want to understand how a modern economy develops or how a labour movement develops or how somewhere becomes a nation, you realise that you might know a lot about, in my case, Japan. So I can tell you a fabulous story about Japan, but maybe that isn't the case somewhere else. When I read the SOAS curriculum I was like, okay, wow, this is about Asia, it's about Middle East, it's about Africa. It was histories that would have been maybe one module in the other universities, but here it was the whole course. I did have other universities in mind, all great institutions, however SOAS spoke to me, the nature of the school itself, what it means, the expertise, the collection of expertise of Africa alone in one place. There is a concentration here of expertise that you will not find in any other departments in a higher education institution, any other university in the UK and arguably in Europe. We do know our stuff, we know a lot about Japan. We have two Japanese historians here, most places don't have one. We have four historians who work on Africa, different parts of Africa. Africa is one thing, but Africa is many different things. So you can go deep into a subject here in ways that I think are more difficult in other places. History especially, they are very specialist modules and areas of expertise and I've heard a lot about it from friends or family even online and just from lectures I've seen on the internet. Professors who were not in my field would stop me on the hallway and ask me, generally ask me what I was studying and generally had enthusiasm for me and they would tell me about their studies, hoping that maybe I could find some sort of correlation that would help benefit my studies. SOAS is a very intimate place, it's a small university and therefore our faculty and our teaching staff are very engaged in small group teaching. Like the rest of SOAS I have a very diverse set of colleagues, it's one of the great things about walking through the doors in the morning is nobody's in the majority, that's a good thing as far as I'm concerned. With the history department, like the lectures I've made friends with them, like that's how friendly it is and they're really open, they have really good open hours, you can just walk in and say hi to them, you see them walking around and they take a genuine interest in you and what you're passionate about. The students who do well here are students who are curious, they're not satisfied with what they know already, they're not satisfied with the history they've learnt already, they don't want to do Hitler again. We don't do Hitler and Stalin, some of them may but they'll do it from a different angle. Through debate, through engaged reading, through research and through close contact with their lecturers, students develop a broad range of intellectual and critical skills. Our students go into a whole range of professions. We get a lot of people who want to go into the public sector, you know I usually write at least two references for the foreign office every year for other state departments and things like that. NGO work, public sector work, voluntary organizations, things. A lot of history students, we learn how to write well in history, they want to be journalists. You can go on and go into law, you can go on and do a master's degree in a range of subjects. A history degree at SOAS is a great way of getting access to the UK foreign office, to the state departments in the US but also to a host of foreign ministries within the European Union. Given that we're SOAS, a lot of students here want to make a difference in the world and when they say the world they mean the world, they go everywhere. It's very difficult to keep track of them sometimes, we wish they'd keep in better touch sometimes. Also even the extracurricular stuff is really amazing, they have so many unions that they're really passionate societies around. SOAS has a great student life, you know, it's part of the history society and we did great things with great camaraderie, you know good extracurricular, just, you know, good people and good fun, you know, you, you know, we work hard here at SOAS, we learn a lot of SOAS but we also we have a good time while doing it.


For those of you who don't know me, I'm Arvina O'Raim. I do the education and knowledge transfer. And I'm really psyched about our student award program. And our first student talk is by Anders Dunsgaard, who won the student holder award this year. And we'll roast him during the roast at the bank. I've been like giving him a little more of a citation. And we just for here to like explain about the science, which is on green scale in the medical modeling of granular mechanics and steel dynamics. Yeah, thanks, Arvina. Thanks for coming. I'm currently a postdoc at the Christian Institution for Schnauropathie, but I did my PhD back at August University in Denmark. And I'm going to present those also there. Also, this talk is not very technical. I wanted to make it more accessible. But if you're interested in the specific mathematics and numerical specifics, please come up and talk me afterward for our military doing this workshop. So, yeah. And a bit of a motivation slide. Running on materials that are only honest, just in the sediments, icebergs, asteroids, serials, things, all sorts of materials. Even human clouds, they might end up on the surface under some conditions. And they are important for many processes. And thus, absolutely, the case of non-geodynamical problems, such as tensile motion, and disability of earthquake, rupture zones, tibial tube flows, or debris flows, man-slides and so on, crossing processes, and as we will see a bit later on, circulation processes. So, the running on zones can be defined as a conglomeration of discrete solids and macroscopic particles that are characterized by inelastic interaction. So, when granular grains interact, they lose a bit of energy in that interaction and that's typically a proof of fiction. So, taking sand as an example, that's a granular germ that we all know of. And it's really complex because it can change phase. So, on the left, we have some sandpipes, then we have gravel pits, and even though there's a surface room, they're stable. They're not very due to the importance of the best label. Unless we exceed the angle of repose, then the sand is almost on the surface, and they have been reviewed. Then, the third mode of kinematic state is the gas phase. We will have sandstorm, which has a stable bottom at the bottom, where it's highly diluted, there's not a connected energy, and relatively few interactions because of the high porous activity. And stress is inside of it, and the air on the dunes are transferred very heterogeneously. And this animation that we visualized by using great elastic discs that are put in polarized light. And you can see this stress as these light bands. And some of these grains are, you can see a lot of the stress in what we call force, and our genes on other grains in that ball. So, that's difficult to level in continuous modes anyway. If you have a dentist, it's going on a drill like you on the bottom left, there's an American model, and the colors correspond to the stress. And there's no bias intermediate stress, that's how. But you define a bench granule on a drill that has been pre-consolidated, then you have a curious behavior because you have a very linear developments, then you have a peak shear stress, and then you reduce the shear strength initially at bits to what we call the critical state, where everything is constant, or subsequent shear strains. And stress also at development velocities of volume. So during this early behavior, you typically have a dilation, if it's compacted to begin with, then you have a constant volume in the steady state. If on your hands the material is very loose, to begin with, you can have consolidation in the beginning and then convert you towards the steady state. So, so far, people within the field have been unable to control very general mathematical formulations of granule mechanics, and that's a problem because granule mechanics are important to many processes, and you need something to describe the mechanical features during the deflation process. And the main problems are caused to changes which I just showed, and also these space changes, and you need to capture all in the general model. So you can model this numerically, and the approach which is adequate depends on your scale of interest. So for instance, if you're interested in the contacts between grains, you can use that simple like finite element modeling to really resolve the stresses in this contact. You can take a more average approach where you consider the average behavior of the grain, and then interact between grains, and you can scale them all the way to material and structure scale. That's the continuing models that are on the material and structure scale are no better than the simplified assumptions that put into the mathematical models that work in and around materials in these cases. So for my research, I've been really interested in going from the path school to material scale to know how to better constrain the nations for the larger scale. So I chose to write my own codes instead of using other people's code because my experience of doing it like a black box using other people's code hands, I knew from the very sides that I would download like to play and we're pushing different processes into the bottom line and out again and doing everything from the bottom line to be allowed to have that disability as and quickly substitute in different cases. So it's three dimensional, it's called the numerical method that is going to discrete a limit which is quite computationally expensive because it relies on explicit time integration. So the runtime is can easily be weeks a month's possible duration. And then I've included an actual fluid coupling. So I've got everything saturated and then the fluid flow is solved through post-inclusions for many strokes or the ocean flow. All of the unsaturated case you can have a simplified model you've got to have an impregnation. It's left with 30,000 lines of code all of the heavy lifting in the computations done on GPUs using a really cooler CPU language. But it's really a pain to write in this language and the exception of the Z-button is horrendous because you have another layer of hardware abstraction that you need to do it. So the user has to occupy herself with just a way more easy to use Python into baseball and simulation setup and post-processing and things like that. It's being written first and built in general solution tools. And I'd like to just go on why I chose to write it in open source. And I'm sure some of these that I'm talking will actually add to review. So first of all, and the cells you produce with open source are reproducible because people can take out the space exactly on a software and run it by themselves. That's something within the macro modeling is quite unique, I think, because if you have some extensive lab equipment that you want to reproduce well, so with that it's just economically not possible in a lot of cases. So that's something that we really need, I think. I also think definitely that research products with publications, but also software should be available to the general public if we're able to. And I think it's also good to give others the opportunity to learn, build on, and preview your tools. Also I've loaded a lot of looking at other making software, so I think it's only reasonable to give it a bit back. Just in the model, the concepts between the grains are mapped through a spatial contact search on the domain. And once all of the grain pairs have been identified, you put a contact model into place where you resolve interactive forces. And once you have the sum of forces, you can translate that into the progressive behaviors, such as accelerations towards decent positions. And there's all the optional coupling to this fluid, hot fluid, which is a rather high form of pressure over here, no proper shell there. And the grains will feel a drag force, or a form of a degrading force, rather than towards the low pressures and away from the high pressures. And I've only used the digestion through the models for my problems, which for more outputs. So for the concept mechanics, I rely on something called the software, the contact model. And it's just a series of things, sliders, and sometimes people also use viscous dash putts to get rid of kinetic energy. But I chose to use this simple approach because it's very hard to get a good look at the viscosity of the dash putt between grains would be. So we have a linear spring between the grains, pushing them away from each other in the bottom of direction and it's a denture force, which is limited to the same fraction of the normal force by a cooling friction. So that's slider. And as a result, the grains are integrated through the explicit integration, which gives the time steps quite small. It's all often around 10 to the 7 seconds. So we need to do a lot of timestamps just to make a few seconds. And for the grid base, I use a liquid seed, which makes us explicitly inclusive solutions. So just some examples. Here we have a grain inside of the fluid grid and the grain is falling downwards due to gravity. This is the Stokes-Sethic experiment. The grain, when it's falling downwards, is feeling an upwards drag on the fluid due to its interaction forces. And the fluid means the grain because it starts to displace it as we start and we start building a high pressure in front of it and by flowing around along the grain. On the cathodine cohesion, we can create some really interesting structures that can turn off gravity and just let the cathodine cohesion come together into these real-time shapes. And this is my take on the classic Sandbox-Shorting experiment, which has been used as an energy or actually as a constant cohesion. So the method itself is really flexible. It's just a grain from boundaries and you can do with it whatever you want as long as you keep the short time steps in mind. But I would like to draw on a specific usage example, which involves Iselo. This animation shows the surface velocity is observed on remote sensing and articulations and the colors to represent the velocity magnitude where purple and pink colors are very high, like on the kilometer-green scale and these orange and green colors are more like on the meter-green scale. So you can immediately see how the flow is confined to fairly thin regions of very rapid flow and because up to very high global velocities and these features transport more than 90% of the ice tax for the immense areas of accumulation. It's not accumulation, it's the coastal areas of accumulation. And it very quickly becomes apparent that if you want to understand the behavior of the ice sheet as well, you need a very good understanding of these features. They're called ice streams and they're very important for the dynamics. So people have been very interested in them for a long time and have performed significant measurements where they're filled with ice and observed the deformation profile. And it turned out the ice on the surface, they're typically kilometer-thick or something like that. And the flame on the surface, which are water saturated and deforming. The ice itself is flowing as blood flow through those little to no internal ice deformation, but it's primarily used by sliding over the sediment or by deforming the sediment. And the sediment does reach because of higher circulation of a lot of pressures. And this is just an example showing how tightly coupled the circulation mechanics are with the pressure flow. So the dots here denote surface velocities across an ice stream and here in the background we have subracial geology interpreted from seismic studies. So you'll have a sedimentary basin and you can see that the location of the sedimentary basin is in good agreement with the observed surface velocities. So in a system like that, the mechanical behavior of the subracial system is really important, while the ice will fill both the presence area but also there are some changes in the system like increased melting, increased smoke ball or whatever it's going on. And people have been fighting for a very long time for what the appropriate solution mechanics would look like. And there is one incident of which very close to being a material through the separation regulatory which no one depends to stress it can provide. While other measurements are other subjects, there's no one small like a plastic material where it was placed into completely independent forces. And a viscous behavior will tend to down from any variations in life, however a plastic biology could really create instability. So I'm going to demonstrate this in this cartoon. So a viscous tool and we change the driving stresses, then subracial friction will move correspondingly and the velocity will not change very much. On the other hand, if we have a plastic biology, then the subracial friction is constant and we can really create wide changes in ice field velocity. So I'm just going to skip that for the interest of time but we have some surface measurements that you can see stations have been put with terminals of these ice streams and ties are particularly in this inflation water pressure. So it's a natural sensitivity experiment of the ice field mechanics on the chain of conditions. And the last, this is the dispersion record looks like this, so it goes that. So we have slow creep and fast slip, slow creep, fast slip. And so that points to some sort of non-linearity in the mechanical behavior. So we designed some local experiments to really understand what granular physics are like when you disturb the stress of spring and it's due to changing the water pressure. So we have a constant shear stress and a very normal stress in the observable of the movement velocity is right. So if the sediment biology was viscous, it would fill at all times but with different velocities as it was. But the plastic, it would not grow beneath the new stress before uncomplimenting costs and above the new stress. And so on the left, we have the grains colored to the initial positions. On the right, we have the fluid pressures. And in the middle, we have the stresses between grains. And as you can see here, now the fluid pressures are going due to artificial tights and once the pressures are rising, the intergranular stresses are beginning to be modified and then you exceed the yield stress and it starts to accelerate. So pulling up the data from an experiment like this, the blue curve is the variation in pore water pressure that we put into time. The black curve is an antifreeze that's the rate the sediment moves from the glacier bar into the bottom part. We have that slight velocity that the glacier base would feel. And you can see that it's neither viscous or perfect plastic because it's creeping at slow velocities and slipping like a plastic and high-dive integrations, sorry. So we have all of these days available in the morning that we can begin to and see that there's a lot of internal genetic and activity during the green spaces and it has a nonlinear viscous relationship relative to the boundary stresses. But during slimmer, I remember the stresses on the glacier slides, other than the upper boundary slides on the constraint. That's because we modify the contact network, the stress network in the sediment as a function of the boundary stresses that we exert onto the material. So during sticky aces where it's creeping, we change the pore water pressure and that's modifies the orientation of maximum compressive stress. And when we modify the orientation and magnitude of the maximum compressive stress, the granular contact network has to respond to this change. And when it does that and the portions change our orientation and some micro-declamations. And the micro-declamations sum up to a bulk-declamations can creep. So by the nature of it, this would mean that if we use this, it would go back in oil and the pressure pressure would vary due to this non-linearity of the viscosity. But as soon as we exceed the radius, the motion of the stress, the simulation can slide without being constrained by the friction by the bed. No, sorry. So just as a matter, the discrete element method of heavenly capture is going on with dynamics and velocity changes and phase changes and all of that, there's no commutation expense. Going on to this scenario, a true perfect passivity, on a small spot again, in those properties in each of these. And I think some of these creating classes could be rather than not only population mechanics, but also a general boundary to the health of the region and things like that. So thank you very much. I think we're going to see it. Yeah, the ice is neglected. Ice is the upper boundary. That's all of this. Thank you very much.