Good afternoon, my name is Alex Reich and it is my pleasure to welcome you to the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and to the first event of our new webinar series, Climate Conversations, Pathways to Action. The National Academies provide independent objective advice to inform policy with evidence, spark progress and innovation, and confront challenging issues for the benefit of society. In keeping with this mission, we are excited to host these conversations about issues relevant to national policy action on climate change. Today, we won't be taking questions from the audience. However, we would like to hear your feedback and your ideas for future conversations, which you can share after the event in the survey linked just above this video. The conversation will be recorded and made available on this webpage as well. Today, we'll focus on decarbonization and policy solutions for equitably achieving net zero carbon emissions in the US by 2050. We're thrilled to be joined by Mariette de Cristina, Dean of the College of Communication at Boston University and former editor-in-chief of Scientific American, who will introduce our guests and moderate the event. Thank you again for joining the National Academies for Climate Conversations. Mariette, the floor is yours. Thank you so much, Alex, and thank you to everyone for joining us today. I'm really excited about today's inaugural edition of Climate Conversations. Our topic today has been mentioned as decarbonization, and while the topic is complex, the format is pretty simple. Over the next hour, we'll talk about how we can transform our energy systems in ways that could build the economy, promote equality and inclusion, and support communities, businesses, and workers. That social dimension, as you'll learn more about, is very important to our collective success, and where we also can identify some clear lessons and recommendations to benefit our nation's future. With me are two very distinguished experts in climate mitigation. I'd like to first welcome Stephen Pecala, who's Frederick D. Petrie Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Director of the Carbon Mitigation Initiative at Princeton University. Steve also chairs the National Academies Committee on Accelerating Decarbonization in the United States. Technology, Policy, and Societal Dimensions. Welcome there, Steve. Welcome. Happy to be here. I'm so glad you're here, and I'm so delighted also to say that we are joined today by Benjamin Preston, who is a Senior Policy Researcher and Director of Community Health and Environmental Policy at the Rand Corporation, as well as co-editor and Chief of the Elsevier Journal of Climate Risk Management. Ben, thanks so much for being with us here today. My pleasure. It'll be fun. Ben, let's speak with you for just a minute here. I just used what my dad would have called a $9 word, decarbonization, and I've also heard the term net zero associated with it. Could you just give us a quick brief on what do we do? Yeah, I'll try and break those down. I mean, obviously, the recently released port on decarbonization probably goes into this in more detail, but fundamentally, we currently have a largely a fossil fuel economy. When we burn fossil fuels, they release carbon, and various forms of carbon end up being greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, the primary one, but methane is another. When I first started in climate change, we didn't really talk about decarbonization. We talked about reducing greenhouse gas emissions. But over time, we realized that to stabilize the climate, essentially, you have to get to a position of removing not just some of the carbon emissions from human sources, but effectively all of it. And so that really led to this term of actually decarbonizing energy systems, decarbonizing our economy and society. And net zero is an important aspect of that from my perspective, because it doesn't mean that decarbonization doesn't necessarily mean that we cannot emit any carbon. It just means that whatever we emit as through human activities has to be removed through some mechanism, either other types of human activities or using the natural environment as another means of taking that carbon back out of the atmosphere. So at the end of the day, on net, we're having no net impact on the atmosphere, which is the way the carbon cycle effectively worked before we came along and started the industrial revolution. I think this is an important concept that a lot of people maybe don't fully understand or appreciate, but it's not that we'll never emit any carbon. It's that we have to be mindful of how that carbon is going into the ecosystem and how to maybe balance it out to net zero. If I got that about right. Yeah, I think the emphasis here is on balance, right? There are, you know, an easy way of saying this is what goes up must come back down in some form. Thank you, Ben. And Steve, there was a report very quite recently, just a couple of weeks ago from the National Academies and the committee that you chaired. Can you tell us a bit more about accelerating decarbonization and what that report was talking about? So the committee was put together to figure out how the nation could reach net zero over a 30-year period, the entire economy. And this is the first of two reports. And what it does is to provide a technological blueprint for how we can, during the next 10 years, can put ourselves on this 30-year path. And also, which technological sort of research do we have to do to make sure we can finish the job? The set of policies that would enact those technologies over the next 10 years. But also, it turns out that if you transform an entire economy, of course, there is a lot of social disruption, as well as lots and lots, in this case even more winners. And the societal acceptance of the transition is going to require that we take care of people, that we have a fair and equitable transition. And so ours is the first report to provide a comprehensive blueprint with a policy portfolio to manage the just and fair transition, to make sure that that transition is fair and just. So it has both the technological stuff and the social stuff in it. I'd like to talk a little more about that social stuff, Steve, I'll be to mind. So, a lot of times when people talk about climate, if I talk to my kids for an instance, there's a feeling of deep concern that it is such a large and complicated problem. Can we possibly manage it? It feels like we're talking in a language of loss, but it really struck me around the report that your committee issued that while there are hurdles and serious challenges, there are also seriously sound ways to address those. I wonder if you could paint for us a little bit more of a picture of how can it be that we're just not solving a climate crisis, but also building an economy and growing high quality jobs and avoiding those social injustices? What are some of the ways we do that? Well, so I should say first that even four years ago, if you use four year old data, you would think that the transition to a net zero economy would be really expensive. And the reason that that's no longer true is the dramatic drop in the cost of wind and solar and lithium ion batteries. So wind and solar electricity, solar has dropped 90% in the last 10 years. Wind has dropped 70% or so and lithium ion batteries 85%. So even four years ago, they would have been twice expensive. And so that's the sort of cornerstone of the transition to a net zero electricity system and a net zero transport system, which are like two of the big, that's a big piece of the energy system as a whole. So all of a sudden, that's relatively inexpensive. So we estimate in the Academy's report that the transition would cost less during the 2020s than just the health benefits from the closure of the coal-fired power plants. So in other words, even if you didn't care about climate change, you should sort of want to do this on economic grounds. Secondly, you have to build a lot of stuff to do this. And we reviewed everything that was written on this. And there's just no question about it. There's just broad consensus that you create more jobs than you destroy. All right. So like a million or more new jobs conservatively, and they're good jobs, right? They're jobs that are high paying relative to American averages and they're primarily blue collar jobs. The difficulty is though, that those jobs aren't necessarily in the same place as the fossil jobs today. And so therein lies the rub. And that's the problem, the social problem, one of the biggest social problems we really have to manage. It's one of two social problems. The other one is we've looked at the environmental injustice that's built into the energy system we have today. And there is a lot of it.  And so that has to be addressed as well. Thank you, Steve. I think energy is on a lot of our minds now with the extreme weather that we're seeing in the center of the country and the disruptions in power in Texas. And I'd like to actually ask you to chime in on this as well. I wonder if you could speak a little bit to the winter storms that have been experienced, the power outages. Why is this happening and people have accused renewables of having some intrinsic problems? Can you tell us a little bit more about that? I mean, this is a societal issue we're dealing with right this minute with energy. Yeah. And you know, it's pretty easy to look this up and to find it out, right? So the Texas power grid failed across the board, all right? So thermal power generation was reduced something like 40% and renewable power generation like wind was reduced like 33%, a little bit less, but not materially different. It was across the board. So thermal being nukes and gas-fired power plants and coal plants, they all failed at, you know, very roughly the same rates, right? With wind power. But of course, the majority of the power system there, especially in winter, is fossil and the nukes. And so most of the problem was actually created by the failure, the cold failure of those thermal units. So that was one problem. The second problem is Texas for political and ideological reasons has insulated itself so that it's got almost an island grid. It's not really connected. So it's really hard to move power there. And if we're going to build a net zero energy system in this country, we've got to be able to move power from places the sun shines all the time to places where it doesn't. And so we're going to have to build a lot more transmission and that will make our grids also more resilient to these kinds of events, okay? And so it's not a failure of renewables. It's a failure of a power grid across the board. Power producers weren't resilient to these effects and it was a failure of transmission. Both of those things went down. And Ben, I'd love your, thank you, Steve. Ben, I'd love your further thoughts on this. And how do we manage risks outside of normal like that with multiple stakeholders? Yeah, so because this is a National Academies event, I have to put my science hat on and say, you know, the California wildfires have been attributed by peer-reviewed science to climate change. This kind of sagging of the circumpolar vortex that resulted in that really cold temperatures in Texas is a subject of active research now inside climate science. And so there are a lot of people who think there's a smoking gun there, but the science is not fully in on whether or not this is an event that is likely to have been caused by climate change, the way there is for a lot of them, but make no mistake. Extreme events happen a lot more frequently as some kinds of extreme events under climate change than without it. And it's counterintuitive. You know, you can get a little one-degree change in climate that can cause a hundred or a thousand-fold increase in the probability of some extreme event. So we are going to have to armor ourselves because of that. Thank you, Steve. Yeah, I'm going to jump in on that. I think circling back on the Texas situation, I think it's important to point out that all the generation technologies that exist in Texas exist elsewhere in the country and other countries and colder climates and perform just fine, right? So it has nothing to do with the technology or the portfolio, and it's all about whether or not you've planned for, as Steve was saying, the extremes of weather and climate. And I think we see this again and again and again whenever we have sort of large-scale failures of infrastructure systems. I actually sent an email to a colleague yesterday saying, I've only had a dollar for every time our quote-unquote worst case scenario proved to not be the worst case. I'd be able to buy myself lunch tomorrow or something like that. But the point is in order to build resilience, and that's been a topic and a concept that's really been championed in this country and elsewhere in the world for going on 15 years, a lot of that has to do with planning, preparedness, and the difficult challenge of expecting the unexpected. And I think what's a little bit disturbing at all these events is it's not like we couldn't foresee them. I mean, yes, it's an abnormally cold spell for Texas, but it gets cold in Texas and so does in Texas. So that's not necessarily anything new that we can't anticipate. And so the real question comes down to what level of resilience are we willing to pay for? And my sense is probably more than what we're getting right now. Ben, I'd like to stick with you for another minute on this. We were talking earlier about this idea of top-down thinking and bottom-up thinking and individual actions. How should we best harness those conversations to make sure we're preparing for the challenges of expecting the unexpected? Yeah, well, here's what I try and do right when I think about issues of climate change. What does it mean? How do we make progress on policy, on understanding of the problem and its nuances? And so often, I've been working on climate change for 20 years, so often it comes down to for broad national or global emissions trajectories and pathways or debates about radiative forcing. And it's all sort of at the mile-high level. And I think let's put ourselves in the shoes of others. So pick a spot on a map, plop yourself down there in a street corner or a small business and think about what does climate change look like from that vantage point and what are the opportunities sort of in risk look like from that vantage point. And when you do that, I think you start to get a little bit of an appreciation for why it is this seems to be a challenging issue for the country to deal with, but you also get a sense for the opportunities that exist at the local level and above to move forward. And when you're working at that level, you also get to have these sort of one-on-one conversations with people who are trying to get their own heads around what is climate change? Why does it matter to me? Why does it matter to our nation? And having those one-on-one discussions, I find is really it's almost essential, I think, for bringing people along on what's going to be a significant but possible task. So important to bring folks together continually on engaging, which is why I'm so happy to have this conversation with you both today. I'd like to jump tracks a tiny bit, because we haven't yet talked about a little bit about the U.S.'s own beginning journey to decarbonization. We talked a little bit about it, but I'd like to come back to it. How fast have we begun to do that already? And what needs to happen to continue the speed we'll need? Steve, you mentioned within 10 years, we got to get things together to make a transition over 30. How do we push that innovation along? I'd love to hear from both of you on that. Yeah. So I can start to reach net zero in 2050. By 2030, our electric grid should be 75% not emitting. And a business as usual trajectory is just about half that, 37%. The reason that it's that high is that wind and solar now offer the cheapest levelized cost of electricity of any technology. And the reason for that is public investment in wind and solar worldwide for the last 30 years that have subsidized it, created markets where individual firms all of a sudden could compete with one another in a marketplace that existed only because of the subsidized price and they did what capitalism does well, drove the cost down. So I sort of view that as the triumph of subsidies, working with capitalism really worked. And so we're in that great position there, but we need to double the pace, which means we need to sort of install wind and solar at the all-time record pace in the country for the next couple of years. And then we need to start beating records. And we kind of need to be at double the records by the end of the decades. It's pretty challenging. Electric cars, we think you need to get to something like 50% of light duty sales by 2030. That sounded like a lot when we were doing it. And then GM came out with this unilateral announcement that they're going to be 100% in 2035. And so they know something we don't know, I guess.  We do recommend an economy-wide price on carbon, but not one that's large enough to do the job by itself. But as a cost-efficiency measure, it finds every corner of the economy. The policies that the portfolio would recommend in the report would still decarbonize the economy without that, which is kind of, you know, and that's by design. But with it, it's going to cost less. I'll leave it at that for now. There's obviously a lot more, but those are the two biggest sectors that where you make really material headway over the next 10 years. And your thoughts on further headway? Yeah, I mean, I agree with everything that's even just laid on the table. I mean, again, I think the big point is there's a lot of different levers that we can pull and a lot of different levers that we have to pull. But some of them are bigger than others, right? So I think the economy-wide price on carbon that really pushes signals down throughout the economy is helpful for triggering action across these different portfolios that we have to tackle, buildings, industry, transportation. At the same time, we're really interested in looking at what can you achieve working from the bottom up, particularly at the state and local level. And in some ways, it's a bigger challenge, because there's not just one big carbon price lever that you have to pull. You have to pull a lot of different things. But really interested in the role of cities and the role that they can play in sort of driving change and incentivizing change and providing leadership and models for moving forward. And what's the role of sort of emerging technology? I mean, sort of the clean tech industry is sort of linking up with traditional energy generation energy services, linking up with the Internet of Things. So it's this sort of frothy, bubbly, really sort of fascinating space that will probably be part of the solution moving forward. Not to say we can't do a lot with current technologies, but any help we can get from new emerging technologies would be interesting. And so I think thinking about the role of some of the small scale local innovation, creating additional solutions, expanding our toolkit and scaling that up to get to some of these big numbers of emissions reduction that's all going to be important. Thanks, Ben. So even the first 25 minutes or so covered a lot of ground, and I just want to pause for a second. And what Ben just said, there are a lot of different levers that we can and have to pull some at different levels. And we're going to step into that next. But we talked a bit about what do we mean by decarbonization and net zero. We talked about this recent report that provides a tech blueprint for how to try to grapple with that over a period of 30 years or so, including policies that would be enacted and very importantly, how to address potential societal disruptions. We talked about how it doesn't necessarily have to be expensive, how technology can be a driver along the way, but how we have to, in cyclical fashion, continue to support the advance of technology as well. When we touched on the particular of the moment situation in Texas, which potentially offers some lessons for us to think about as well as we grapple with our energy infrastructure. So I'd like to do a little deeper dive in some of the topics that we've been talking about and look at some of the other enablers. We haven't talked too much yet in detail about policy. We talked about the triumph of subsidies, maybe some other levers as well. I would love to hear about what do you see the role, for instance, of federal policy here and to Ben's point and bottom up thinking, how about state and local or tribal levels and other stakeholders? What about the private sector and individuals? How do we work those conversations across? So I should say that the Academy's report that was just released on February 2nd is one of two from the same committee. We had to produce it quickly. It started in March and it was released in February, which is fast for a whole economy. And we did that in part because of the election cycle and the possibility that the receptivity to the report would be different and that the academies do things in the nation service and that this was a way to provide timely advice. But the second report is still to come and the first one we focused only on federal actions. So we did not specifically look at state and municipal and that sort of thing, actions to take place. So that was something that we had to do to triage and get to the finish line in time, but we will be looking at it later. That said, the policies for implementing the technological pieces are the usual mix. There's the price on carbon I mentioned, but there's also a bunch of standards. So there's a clean energy standard. There's a zero emissions car standard. There's an appliance standard, which would hit people in their houses in part because people don't respond to price signals very well. That's why we had to make a manufacturing appliance standard for zero CFC air conditioners. Eventually you just couldn't buy anything else. So we have all of those sorts of things in there. And we also have a whole bunch of policies that again are targeting the just and fair transition. And there the integration with state and local and municipal actors is really pretty well fleshed out. And that's because that's where the action is. So there are a few places that lose lots of jobs and get hollowed out the way cold towns are getting hollowed out across the country now. And then there are many places where things get better. And it's in the few places, the comparatively few places, it's still many in absolute terms where you have to focus your action. And those are local communities. That's a town that had a coal fired power plant and it is the dominant employer that's now gone all of a sudden, right? So that really is a much more local focus. But in some sense, financed by the federal government. And how can that bottom up thinking if you don't mind? So I think of the towns that are affected. And what are some ways we can have those conversations to inform the policy of how we do that? Yeah, so what we envision is first of all a task force, an immediate task force to try to figure out where is the injustice in the current energy system. There's no good systematic survey that shows us. So we want to have that first. And then and also that takes a look forward. Then we've got 10 regional centers each connected to the state offices that would be created inside their jurisdiction. And those serve as meeting places for governors and representatives and mayors and county officials to come in and learn about what's likely to happen in their area and what the options are to do something about it. And then administer a series of community block grants where you can apply like anything from a city of Los Angeles could apply for a humongous one to a little town could apply for a community block grant with the people necessary to figure out what's going to happen, what they're likely to lose, and when and what their options are. There's also a program in there for technical assistance to be developed within the DOE, almost like an extension service, right, to help them. And then once they figured out what to do, then the question is, what are you going to do about it? And the two primary instruments there are an independent corporation called a national transition corporation that would be the primary deliverer of funds working in connection with the green bank, which was also constructed to work with community banks. And that corporation is independent to insulate it from the ups and downs of the political process in a transition that has to last 30 years. And so there, what would you do? Well, you would apply for funds to attract new industries. You'd apply for funds to help attract new industries, right, and the capital to build them. You'd apply for funds to retrain workers for those new industries and for other industries. You'd apply for funds for remediation of legacy infrastructure and so on. And the goal then is to provide all of the workers in those towns with multiple options, both inside their town and elsewhere with the understanding that there is a big increase in net jobs overall, right? And any further thoughts on this you'd like to share? Yeah. Well, I think a couple of things. One, and I brought this up in an interview I did a couple of weeks ago. I think we had this opportunity to learn from past mistakes and not repeat them, right? So the U.S. industrial past is filled with examples where industries left were off-shored, shut down, and there wasn't much of a safety net in place to protect communities, retrain people, protect livelihoods, and to protect well-being. And so I think a lot of what's this report that we're talking about, a lot of what's great about it is it actually sort of digs into those issues. And Steve's gave a lot of examples of the policies you can implement to help prevent those kinds of local scale disruptions. But I think the other thing that's sorely needed, particularly, and this is thinking about from the context of equity, is how do we actually measure this, right? So we're quite explicitly now designing policies in anticipation of some of these potential dislocations, impacts, and we're trying to steer off exacerbating existing vulnerabilities or inequalities. Fine, okay. So how do we measure that? What are the metrics that we use? Are we measuring outcomes? Or are we looking at, we're really interested in how do you measure fair processes around just transitions, right? If you're doing community engagement, trying to bring the community along, are you doing that engagement? Are you inviting the right people? Who shows up? Are they representative of the community? And I think making sure that when we measure and evaluate the policies that we're pursuing and trying to implement, that we have an end goal in mind. And one of those, for proximal ones, is addressing the climate change challenge, reaching that zero. But there's an ultimate goal, which is protecting human and ecological well-being, right? And I think we need to, that's sort of what I use as sort of the rubric against which I judge whether or not a policy or an intervention is or is not equitable. But again, thinking about how we measure those, so as we start to move forward with policies and programs to address these issues, we actually have some kind of a barometer for determining whether or not we're actually heading in the right direction. I want to just double down on that. We have a proposal for a White House office that would both develop energy indicators with a grants program to, I'm sorry, equity indicators with a grants program. So a way to measure this and that would measure it every year and then do a comprehensive one every three years and whose job it is to keep track on where it's working and where it isn't and what works and what doesn't sort of at the national level. So I really believe in what you say is absolutely critical and want to endorse that we don't know how to do it yet, right? And the second thing I want to endorse is the need for local community involvement, participation. There need to be lots of voices at the table that have always been excluded from the table. And so when you have a community grant block, a grant block grant, it's absolutely essential that the community block grant, the awarding of it is contingent on a plan to engage across the diversity present within the community and to have people involved in the decision making. So it isn't just one group deciding for everybody what's going to happen. I'm going to jump in and push this because I think there's just to make sure it gets put on the table. So a lot of the past few minutes have sort of been talking about how do we avoid sort of exacerbating inequities or our existing society as we make this transition and it's sort of like how do we minimize harm, right? But the flip side of this is also on the opportunity front. And so, you know, the decarbonization report is fantastic and really highlighting that there are lots and lots of opportunities for people, for jobs, for the economy and moving down this pathway. And that raises the question of, okay, who benefits from all of those opportunities, right? So certain jobs go away, greater number of jobs come online. Who do those go to both in terms of demography, in terms of age, in terms of education, in terms of geography. So, you know, so I think that's, and that might be sort of the next frontier is making sure that not just the risks are equitably distributed, but also that the opportunities are equitably distributed. And I'm so glad to hear you saying this because, you know, I think a lot of us are concerned about the challenges of bringing everybody to the table, the level of polarization and concern that is around issues like climate.  What are the opportunities? How can, you know, we grow some great jobs for the nation. And I just wonder are there other areas that maybe you haven't had a chance to touch on as far as building a social contract for 30 years? Ben, I'd love to hear them as well. Yeah.  We've been frustrated for a long time about the sort of level of polarization, you know, on the issue, right? And I think the, I think when we, what we're starting to do now is really link climate to a lot of other issues that are sort of core to, you know, society's concerns about sort of, you know, the future of the nation or the future of the world, right? So moving climate change away from just being an environmental problem of interest to, you know, an environmental community, which is, you know, let's face it, has sort of been seen as a fairly elite crowd for quite some time. So now we're engaging with environmental justice. So the people have been fighting for environmental justice for decades are saying, well, hey, okay, you know, welcome to the party. Those who have been fighting for, you know, quality jobs, fair pay, jobs that provide benefits for people are now saying, okay, we'll always start to see ourselves maybe being in the capitalize on this opportunity. The sort of technology frontier sort of wide open. So now you see a lot of, you know, energy entrepreneurialism sort of emerging across the country. So there's I think a lot more entry points for a much, you know, more diverse sort of community of stakeholders to engage on this topic. And I think that's essential for moving this away from being just, you know, an environmental challenge to being a societal challenge to being a societal opportunity. But, you know, as we've seen in the past week, the sort of the political polarization continues. You know, it ran we're kind of fascinated by this phenomenon, we do a lot of work on sort of on truth decay as we refer to it. And I think that's an important element of just being able to have honest conversations about some of these topics. But I mean, I think that's that's perhaps one of the the biggest hurdles we're going to have to overcome as we move forward with this transition is being able to have sort of honest conversations about the reality to opportunity that's in front of us and steering away from some of these sort of negative narratives that often aren't grounded in truth. So that was admittedly a bit of a waffle answer to your question. But hopefully I set up Steve to come in and provide a more eloquent answer. No, my answer is not going to be eloquent, but it's going to be at least on the flip side. It will be about something else. And that is that, that, you know, one of the hopeful signs is it doesn't actually come out of the Academy's report, it comes out of multiple reports, the single most intensive one is a thing called the Princeton Net Zero America project where you've got real geographic granularity about what the build would look like. And there the interesting thing is that red states make out like bandits relative to blue states as you transition to net zero. And this is extremely robust. They do it really granularly, but everybody who studies this problem comes up with the same thing. And it's because it's pretty simple. We're taking resources where there's an enormous amount of energy stored in the ground in one place, like a coal mine or an oil field. And we're taking it out. And then we're putting it in a highly concentrated, you know, like generation facility where a huge amount of energy is processed, right? And that's the economy. And so it only benefits a few, but they're concentrated. I mean, it's a large number in national terms, but it's a small fraction of the population in the small fraction of the area to a system where you've got wind and solar and everybody who owns a square meter owns the wind blowing over it and the photons that hit it. And, you know, with wind, you're only harvesting four watts per square meter. And with solar, it's more, but you need an immense amount of area covered by these things. And everybody who owns that land benefits, including municipalities and states and others. All right. And so the places with low population density are the ones that have the suitable land and they're disproportionately red states. The same is also true of the biomass industry we're going to need to provide carbon molecules for the fuels that we'll still need. And that biomass industry is also centered in red states. And so if you can just get this thing started, right, then I think that the economic self-interest turns it into a red state issue. Yeah. And we've seen examples of this, I think, with ethanol, for example, right, which is an alternative fuel that's derived from corn. All of a sudden, you've got a new market for, you know, corn growers in the Midwest. It turns out there. They're kind of happy with that policy. No, no, you've taken away over their dead body. Okay. Yeah. So exactly. It's sort of finding these incentives and let them do the work, right? Sort of let the economic opportunities do the work. You know, sitting around having debates about magnitudes of climate change and whether or not it's real, you know, we can spend a lot of time that we don't have sort of engaging in that. It's like, let's find the pressure points. Let's find what it takes to motivate people to act.  That's what works. If it's like, you know, addressing air quality as a problem, as opposed to addressing climate change as a problem. If that's what works, it allows us to move forward with this sort of full portfolio of policies. Great. Yeah, I think finding the right language, ways to connect and having, as you said earlier, Ben, having honest conversations is really vital. Let's take them, put the lens back out a little bit. We've been focused on US concerns. But, you know, as I understand US, you know, the Paris agreement will officially enter a divorce tomorrow. I wonder if we might just take a quick look at the decarbonization picture internationally. Are there, you know, policies of practices in other countries that we can learn from and kind of embrace from that? Who do you want first? Either. Ben, go ahead, Steve. Okay. The technological mix we have now is universal. And it represents an island of certainty over the next 10 years about actions that we could take if we want to get to net zero. All right. And so, for instance, you do approximately the same deployment of wind and solar, no matter what the final destination of your energy system is, whether or not it's comparatively fossil and nuke heavy at the end, fossil decarbonized fossil and nuke heavy, or if it's 100% renewable. All right. And that means that any nation that has a plan, you know, there's just a lot of overlap between the plans. They're all going for new renewables and they're all going for electrification and transport. Those are the two big, biggest items early on.  The policy portfolio is interesting because it does vary from place to place. China famously has, you know, command and control economy. And they've announced a net zero program. It, you know, India has announced a net zero by 2050 program. Everybody is sort of getting on that bandwagon. And so we've got a great experiment that's being run about what works, right? And, and here in this country, my guess is we have some hodgepodge of market based incentives and, and command and control, you know, mandates and standards. That's what I think, I think it's going to happen. I also just want to point out that in the US, we are better resourced for a net zero transition than just about any nation in the world. We've got great wind and solar resources. But we also have the world's best geologic reservoirs to put captured CO2 in if we choose to do so. The only place really where we've got a great set of reservoirs that could be tooled up like in five years, we could be ready to go at fantastic scale. Okay. We've also got a huge agricultural and forestry base for such a rich country that already produces a sink of 700 megatons. So as Ben was saying, you know, it's net zero. It means we can produce about a billion metric tons of negative emissions just with forestry and agriculture, whereas other nations with higher population densities could not. And finally, we've got a, an entrepreneurial culture that should allow us to invent things quickly, like a low-cost electrolysis machine, you know, that will make fuels from renewable electricity. And so for competitive reasons, one can argue that the US is a more competitive economy in a decarbonized world than it is today. Yeah. I mean, a couple of things on the international front. I mean, one is, you know, I think it's, we always talk about these sort of energy transitions that language we've used for a while. And, you know, years ago, it was like, how do we start the transition? And it's pretty clear, like it's already started. It's already underway, not just here in the US, but, but elsewhere. And we see, and I think, you know, it's even just pointed out, I mean, a lot of countries are moving fairly aggressively and making commitments, not are making commitments, maybe not 10 years out necessarily, but 20 or 30 years out. But, you know, as you pointed out, like when you have China and India basically saying, yeah, we're going to, we're going to hit this net zero target by the middle of the century. How are they going to get there? And how are they counting net zero? You know, we can quibble about that because they probably don't know how they're going to get there. I mean, let's be honest. But I think it's, it's the commitment that's important because what that does is enable persistence. And I think that's what we see again and again in other countries is persistence pays off.   The other thing that's interesting when we look beyond our borders is, you know, this, this stuff's getting real in part because of, you know, where Europe in particular is going.  And that means where, you know, imports and exports and the movement of goods around the world is going to increasingly be subjected to, you know, consideration for carbon footprints of goods and services are being produced. That affects costs and that affects, you know, competition. And as soon as that starts to kick in more holistically, that, again, becomes a major driver that can move toward decarbonizing, you know, entire supply chains, you know, potentially. So I think it's really important we raise this question because, you know, we can talk a lot about what the U.S. is doing and decarbonization in the U.S., but it's not, you know, disconnected from the rest of the world environmentally or, you know, economically. And there's a lot that the U.S. can do to sort of push the rest of the world and capitalize on the opportunities. But the U.S. is probably going to get pulled in some areas as well. Yeah, thank you. So we've just been talking a little bit about, you know, there's a second report coming with further information on pricing standards, clean energy policies, and many others. We talked about the idea of setting up a task force, the opportunity to learn from past mistakes, the fact that this is an opportunity rather than, you know, necessarily a, you know, a problem for us to moving forward, the power of having honest conversations. And, you know, we've just been chatting a little bit about the international picture that a lot of countries like China and India are making net zero decarbonization commitments. So, but the U.S., fortunately for us, is better resourced than many. And as Ben just put it, this stuff is getting real. You know, we, you know, other changes and choices in the world will affect us as well. And we are certainly part of it. So I'd like to just pull, we have a few more minutes. I'd like to pull a little bit more on the broader picture. And, you know, we've, I know the report, Steve, that we've been talking about really addresses the energy sector, but could we at least touch on how you, you and Ben too, if you like, might decarbonize other sectors such as agricultural steel and cement and those. Yeah, so, so on agriculture, agriculture and forestry. I also chaired a national academy study on negative emissions technologies that came out in 2018. So, well, in the calendar math just about two years ago, so it's still relatively current. And the, the land sinks, so-called nature-based climate solutions, right, planting trees, managing forests differently, and then treating agricultural practices that cause soils to recapture the carbon backbone that they've lost through ill treatment over the last couple of centuries, which pulls CO2 out of the atmosphere and into the, into the agricultural soils where it does good to agriculture. Those technologies can in the US approximately cancel the non-CO2 greenhouse gases. So nitrous oxide and methane and industrial fluorocarbons. And so you should think about that system, that non-industrial system together with the non-CO2 greenhouse gases as something that itself comes to net zero. And then the industrial system is something that separately has to come to net zero. We can't rely on the natural climate solutions to, to solve a piece of the industrial problem. I would put cement with industry, right? So they were, the technology we have for a zero-emission cement plant right now is to capture the CO2, compress it, and inject it into a geologic reservoir, like the, like the kind of reservoir we got natural gas from. There are a bunch of new technologies that are really interesting for cement substitutes that might work the other way, actually takes CO2 rather than release it. But, you know, it is really tricky making a cement substitutes. And, and it's because the building industry is quite rightly interested in really long-term performance. And you've got to be able to prove, you know, all you have to do is go to the, to the pantheon and look at the concrete dome there that's 2000 years old, right? In Rome and realize how great concrete is. Okay. And so, you know, what are you going to stand up again? Yeah, this is the last 2000 years, I'm sure of it, right? It's a hard sell. And so, so there are all kinds of people working on cement substitutes and, and I'm a fan, but, but, but right now we can capture the CO2 from the old-fashioned concrete, the concrete. Yeah, I mean, I might, I might add, I think this, these, I think the industrial side is really the tough one. I mean, conversations that I've had with steel companies, the concrete firms, that one's tough, right? And so, this is where sort of innovation still is really important for, you know, helping those industries figure out how to decarbonize, how steel can electrify, for example, which is a non-trivial task and do it cost-effectively, right? So you can still compete in an international steel market. So this is where, you know, forward progress and innovation is critical. Again, an opportunity for the U.S. to be a leader in providing that innovation that really moves us forward. That's essential. So I think it's this interesting balance of there's so much you can do with sort of current technologies, but also some of these arenas where, you know, we still need to double down on R&D, we still need to push forward very, very hard to enable some of these technologies to scale, to provide additional assistance, and also, you know, to allow this country to sort of take advantage of that innovation. And I'd like to stick with, so we just have a couple more minutes left. I'd like to stick with you for the last question and then go to Steve after, if that's okay. We've covered a lot of ground in today's conversation, really, really a fascinating one. And while it's clear there's a lot to do, there's also a lot of reason for hope. So I just wonder, this is kind of a little unfair of a question for me to do to you, but, you know, moderators, privilege, facilitators, privilege, if you could say one thing that you would like our audience who are listening now or later to take away from today's conversation, what would you suggest to them? Yeah, I'm gonna, I mean, you know, given, well, I'm gonna double down on the equity thing, right? And so, you know, I raised this issue earlier that, you know, human and ecological well-being should be the sort of benchmark by which we measure progress. And I think that's, that's the message I would like to leave people with. So as you think about sort of risks and opportunities, think about those criteria as being ones used to measure what is a good technology, what is an appropriate pace for climate action. Because at the end of the day, we're trying, that's what we're trying to deliver. Thank you, Ben. I'd like to just give my endorsement to that as well, but then add one other thing. I just came from congressional testimony, and it's just remarkable how it's now impossible to talk about the energy transition without using words like justice and fairness and equity, all right? And that's, that wasn't true a year ago, all right? So there's been a sea change here, and that gives me real cause for hope. Second thing that gives me cause for hope is that all through my career, I didn't know how to solve the climate problem, how to get to net zero. I knew how to get started. Everybody was always talking about getting started, how to get the biggest marginal reduction for the lowest price and that sort of things, because we didn't have the technology to go to end game. And guess what? Human ingenuity came to the rescue, and now we know how to do it and we can do it with a cost that is roughly comparable to what we already have been paying. That's a triumph of humanity. We keep doing this. We'll make it cheaper and cheaper and cheaper and better and better and better. And so I say to all the young people of the world, invent something and have it. Thanks a lot, Ben and Steve. That was a terrific conversation. Alex, I want to bring this to a close and please pass over to you and thank you. Well, thank you again for joining the inaugural climate conversation from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. I want to thank Ben and Steve for sharing their perspectives and to give a special thank you to Mariette for her excellent moderation. The conversation was recorded and should be available for viewing on this same webpage starting tomorrow. For our March climate conversation, we'll talk about climate change and health almost exactly a year after the first lockdowns for the COVID-19 pandemic began in the U.S. If when you registered for this event, you indicated that you wanted updates, we'll make sure that you get updated information about the participants and date and time for the March event. We'll also share that information through our climate at the National Academies newsletter which you can also sign up for above this video. As a final reminder, to share your feedback on today's event or your ideas for future events, please see the survey link also just above the video. Thanks again to everyone who tuned in to join us today and again thanks to Mariette, Ben and Steve for sharing your expertise on this and more importantly, your time. We know how precious that is these days. Lastly, thank you to the climate communications team at the National Academies and to everyone behind the scenes who supported today's event. We're really excited to continue this conversation through more events like this in the future. Thanks for joining and have a great day.


two packs left jeffrey good luck good luck this is a seven box personal for you silver is jk dobbins we have rookie auto number to 25 forest camo jalen tulbert not bad there for the cowboys rookie receiver is one of 25 got a willis base got height bateman and traf kelsey nice one there on the blue wave to 199 wide receiver one in the league all right jeffrey that does it for your seven boxes we'll recap these magda hits real quick all right all right we had kenny picket blue ice to 99 sick one there jeffrey 38 and 99 we have a lave rookie auto to 99 that it or sorry to 149 red wave rookie auto we have desmond ridder to 249 rookie base jameson williams green scope auto to 75 we have a sauce gardener rp8 and 99 nice sauce there we have a kenny picket rp8 and 99 we got gold to 10 skyler thompson nice rookie qb there on the true gold uh six of 10 and we have portraits emet smith very short printed one there all right nice hits jeffrey we will get those uh get those sorted out and we'll get them right out to you thank you so much man you want to snag a pic of the picket and uh yeah i assume probably those two yeah like pick worthy tags all set till i got you right guys we're gonna have just an hnex with six f1 chrome look at like seven box all right uh usually i'll do like 2022 pinny prism football seven box break for jeffrey h all right jeffrey thanks again man thanks again uh you'll be next gregg after this uh personal sam will rip that for you yeah no worries he's gonna go grab that now actually he'll collect that for you we'll get going on this chrome all right all right guys good luck this one is gonna be for just an h let's do it what's going on guys got uh kyle here laden sports cards and we are ripping a six box personal for um this is for just an h it's gonna be six box of 2022 chrome f1 good luck justin let's see some fire let's see some burstappin some lewis good luck good luck have latifi portrait have silver otmar have speed demons pier ghastly silver jack douhan f2 looks like you're about four or five out andrew still got a few in front of you we uh that is uh mercedes team and sergio pares mini diamond to 299 silver schumacher quick mick got silver mclaren team and looks like gold france toast numbered 750 i would probably trend toward no andrew it'll probably go tomorrow night this is latifian albon williams constructors this is purple checko pares to 199 or not numbered interesting speed demons yeah there's one at one per box there's like a dual color not numbered so it's like purple green yeah purple green okay got lamp stroll silver the troll cards as we home let's see why speed demons okun is alpha a male let's say rookie yeah i drew one of those okay joe future stars fit the paul b this is red bull racing got black checkerboard valterie botas not numbered there and a silver haas got silver uh that is red bull team haas again got rookie joe got uh ferrari there and a carlos signs purple checkerboard that's to 199 all right let's go box 240 here good luck justin see something real nice out of here it's an auto maybe a little maxi down for a super as well let's do it let me pull one out here yeah really yeah speed demons okun uh no not yet alex still got a couple more before you performing the one award winners be honest uh simpleton it might not go tonight ran a little bit behind on group breaks if it doesn't go tonight it'll go tomorrow before speed demons louis these cars not looking like a speed demon right now though they got aston martin beating them with their own engines silver la claire got aston martin and purple this is pierre ghastly this one's going to be a 199 or 399 alexander albon i will say like the like the actual base cards look better than like the last couple years like they're nice yeah another solid like the portraits or whatever uh hamilton and uh russell there silver art and mini diamond marcus armstrong yeah sorry about that simpleton got mclaren and fernando alonso the 399 nice alo got a red bull it's like max won the championship there silver liam lawson for f2 black mini diamond this is la claire grand pre driver of the day and alfa romeo team card alfattari team card silver prima and max for stopping purple the 75 nice one there on the driver of the day or a grand pre winner nice for stopping it's like golden purple pierre ghastly might be the image variation there and speed demons matcha banoto and green auto this one is enzo fit to paul the auto for uh charu racing that is to 99 on the fit to paul the auto charu we got mclaren jack hughes future star all right onto box three good luck justin see a big f1 auto here or a super silver mercedes god silver mclaren and my boy danie rick dirty we have williams racing ooh nice fernando alonso here looks like gold checkerboard eight of 50 nice one there having a really nice start to the year finish on the podium the first race silver future stars vesti and auto this one is going to be liam loson for carlin nice loson there on the silver auto not numbered and won the auto so far two out of three boxes speed demons danie rick i was at my buddies the other day uh and he has the oculus oh yeah and i have the uh the racing wheel for f1 oh that's cool and we combined forces and it was super sick that's awesome like it was like really good for like oculus nice look around and we got peter ghastly refractor insane silver how dare i alpine and this is a purple danie rick nice one there the big helmet that is the 399 oh yeah that's clean oh yeah looks like we have a red and green that is frederick vesti refractor checo refractor george russell he might have a better year than luis this year to see silver k mac rebel racing and we have purple max for stopping nice one there to 399 that's the same one that is uh abu dobby winner speed demons alonzo who nice louis here we got black uh uh checkerboard very nice louis and that is the uh alpine team liam loson future star is the asthen martin team they did something juice up their car to start the year they're flying oh it's my squad asthen martin nice alpha remail we have a k mag mini diamond that is the 299 oh you're right after gregory gregory will be next sam so gregory will have a couple uh baseball boxes and then you'll be up oh i have jeremy too oh yeah and jeremy sorry about that jeremy's is gonna be quick though it's just a top uh star wars black and nice we're stopping number one here we go box number three or yeah box number three look justin or four actually four you get ripped it's always black it was outside the cage yesterday but was it somebody probably moved it yeah all right good luck good luck guys or justin this is golden purple duhan demons ocon nice silver that is louis hamilton ground pre-winner yeah it's a star wars black i like those we got ferrari and green is lando norris that's number two 99 nice lando very popular driver with the kids them kids we got mercedes team got checo speed demons we have refractor checo that is driver of the day the netherlands speed demons ghastly no has been too bad gt pretty much the way we do things all pretty much same as for like the back end of stuff on the website and stuff got refractor riccardo wasn't too bad of a learning curve there and the rippin's like riding a bike you know got refractor ocon got ferrari refractor and purple logan sergeant nice one there is the american f1 driver now to 399 driving for williams now nice sergeant germany with mercedes and a ollie caldwell to 399 alfattari team card matcha bonotto former ferrari team boss there black checkerboard alfa romeo team refractor scuderia alfattari it is a haas refractor and carlo signs nice one there on the car card gold checkerboard number 250 nice signs he's going to be on the top of the uh top of the leaderboard all year hopefully we can just keep those ferrari engines going they have had problems with that we have vershore future stars and auto is going to be gold wave auto matcha bonotto this one there former ferrari team boss that is number 34 of 50 here you go justin we got uh what is that four boxes three autos not too bad carlin refractor jo guanyu that is a rookie uh refractor nice one there all right let's keep it going justin this is going to be box number five a six box personal for you good luck mclaren we got mini diamond valtry biltos number two 299 nice valtry flying fin refractor mclaren team card we got a haas team card kmag and mitt refractor alfa romeo oh nice we're stopping number one on the refractor holding up the number one for number one this is purple and gold not numbered future stars ollie culdwell speed demon stroll we're refractor for stopping netherlands winner this is a rt and a louis hamilton grand prix winner brazil to 399 nice lou ham take some numbered louises for sure that is mclaren and denis hogger that is future stars gold checkerboard 250 14 of 50 there for the premier racing nice one on the future star uh should be forest uh simpleton maybe a couple uh by me but mostly should be forest got yuki and another auto this is roya nasani that is for the doms team not numbered on the base auto yeah too well speed demons albin that's all good part of the job and i really don't mind i get ripped i'll i'll rip it after this greg it's no big deal got black checkerboard that's pares williams racing red bull racing and purple teal poor chair or tail future stars to 399 nice one there people thought he was going to get a call up is red bull racing refractor la claire nice one there number 16 speed demons lando future stars of jack duhan virtuosy pierre ghastly refractor and last one for you here just in box number six dreg stands by that that would be funny man you gotta you get some mixed shoe mokker cars showing some crashes yes that's your totaled like four billion or four million dollars for the cars last night or last year no right last box for you justin good luck yeah they're full for tonight's snowball um there'll be room tomorrow i'm sure for us will be able to get to everything and probably more have a haas refractor for the uh alpine team we got an orange orange wave this is alpha romeo and it's going to be sebastian vettel nice one there for the retiree now to 25 fantastic career for sebastian really nice one there refractor is okan purple and green frederick vesti speed demons letifi not exactly a speed demon but i finished uh 20 almost every race got uh calin williams future star refractor for lewis hamilton award winners nice one there justin is speed demons george russel refractor redbull speed demons la claire i got no idea got refractor botas flying fin refractor future stars ollie culdwell right a couple more packs for you justin good luck good luck this is yuki senota black checkerboard mclaren team card refractor alpine alpha romeo and this is a purple checkerboard max for stoppin driver of the day saudi arabia number to 390 or 199 nice one there had a couple nice numbered for stoppins is williams team card roya nasani future stars all right last pack justin good luck is a six box personal 2022 chrome f1 alpine and lando norris grand prix winner amelia ramana that is going to beat a 299 on the uh the mini diamond all right and that'll do it for you justin thank you so much we will get those cards right out to you thank you thank you guys we got jeremy up real quick with this uh star wars uh black and then we will get to greggory appreciate your patience greggory um group rake should end around midnight tomorrow simpleton that's east coast time and you'll be one of the first ones up so probably won't be much after that if i could do without saying a word oh man it's gonna be super confusing to anybody watches that right you actually can't hear the audio this time all right guys let's go uh gonna have jeremy s star wars black let's do it what's going on guys got call here with laden sports cards and we are ripping a one box personal for jeremy s this is going to be tops chrome 2022 star wars good luck jeremy let's see what you got we'll have a base pack and a uh in case card for you here yeah good luck jeremy good luck we have phoenix shand on the base axe wolves and ooh nice one here hawn solo that is number two 199 solid hawn for you there jeremy and you're in case auto good luck it is gonna be admiral akbar it's a trap played by tim rose it's gonna be a base admiral akbar auto all right and that will do it for you jeremy quick box for you there tops chrome black star wars thank you so much my man we will get that right out to you i'm about to see what you get out of there there oh thank you jeremy we appreciate you man fun there was a pita lanza inscribed polar bear bladdy guerrero senior inscribed o1 al mvp and then the most recent was a quarry seager that had all of his world series stats said world series mvp cheese like lcs mvp like his average his hits his rbi's his homers and a lot all right guys sam's about to hop back in here and finish it out for greg i'll be able to get sam in too yeah we'll get sam in greg yeah all right guys appreciate you you do six hours of sleep yeah all right greg uh can i snag that pen oh yeah thanks greg what order do you want to go in nice little greg right here nice yeah i'm in on that any cool all right let's get started good luck here greg going on everyone sam here with late in sports cards doing a five box uh baseball mixer for greg m got two 22 tops triple threads baseball one fanatics authentic 22 underwrapped series two baseball 121 triple threads and 122 tops sterling man it's been a minute since i've ripped top sterling i'm pumped for that uh let's start with 21 triple threads well 21 baseball 22 and then sterling let me uh swiffer this down really quick 2021 yeah so we'll do this one we'll do sam's i'm gonna call it after that because i gotta i'm breaking tomorrow morning i gotta be in here at 8 30 so i need to go home and get some sleep uh all right good luck here greg let's do it buddy 21 tops triple threads obby let's see me get a one-on-one out of this triple auto booklet maybe i appreciate that uh simpleton that's albert pools to 259 for the uh doiers dodgers albert pools perfect jesson verlander 2299 fair fair simpleton plus you know obviously like i'm obviously you know like any any um they all get uploaded anyway so you'll be good to go if you do miss it kasey myse many machado got an alec boom nice one there that is 23 out of 99 on the uh triple game used rookie jersey auto congrats on that there uh greg nice way to start it buddy we've got ramon lauriana that is 30 out of 36 for the open days purple jumbo jersey not too shabby on that one all right home to the second mini box of triple threads i'll see a ruby come out here white whale ruby wood one of the one of the three pretty uh pretty neat there we go there's a hammer and hank to 150 also got a green color match match hatman 143 out of 259 for oakland now a member of the uh toronto blue jays got a decent return for him for sure that's a base kasey myse rookie many machado i think that was the exact same as the other one that's going to be a anti rindown take two 27 out of 36 nice one there game used for the angels great world series in 2018 with the gnats absolute legend earned himself a giant payday and we've got walker buehler 30 out of 75 jersey auto that is player warrant for the dodgers grats on that one there uh greg very cool they're very cool love to see some walker buehler all right let's do your fanatics under wraps baseball it's a big yankie for you let's see a judge or something greg that'd be awesome dude see a big yank for you greg this is sick dude no it's all right let's go pc sauce right here for you greg how about an anthony voltby inscribed baby bomber there you go for the yanks let's go greg baby bomber congrats buddy that's so see dude that's why i want to buy you know what i mean this inscriptions are so cool anthony voltby baby bomber i'll do conine jeff conine that's sweet congrats greg that's awesome that's really freaking cool dude i'm in very in on that making the uh decision easier and easier i have to say absolutely very nice uh 222 triple threads there you go there's a blue i like blues blues are nice and low numbered eloy 18 out of 199 on the orange there's no one ryan to 259 you got that's kind of nasty it's gonna be a triple patch how about three of three barry larkin joey vado and jonathan india that is all game used that's awesome dude nice chunky three color on the vado two color on the larkin and two color on the india that's sweet dude so nice congrats greg there you go buddy and brandon marsh nine of 75 rookie jersey auto going to the angels nice one there greg grads buddy that patch was sweet dude that patch was really sweet we can snag like a white whale or something out of this one of these are ruby we've got robin yacht to 299 jig the grom to 150 base base got a cool one here it's going to be tyler mcgill uh on-card rookie jersey auto 17 out of 75 i almost have to agree smack triple threads got to be up there from one of the nicest baseball products and alex manoa six out of 27 for the luje's player one there's some absolutely disgusting stuff oh my god dude unmatchable oh my god so to this day best one i've ever pulled i was super jealous of one of one would patch auto their gear i was like dude it's killing me that i have to see that pull the hammer and hank oh yeah like some sort of something oh it's so clean dude the checklist is always like they have such a good mix of like rookies current guys and like uh vets and hall of famers there's just something for everybody like babe ruth to 125 and a jared kelnic to 199 where are we gonna see babe ruth and jared kelnic together god nice one here it's gonna be a seahasezuki like schmidt and reggie jackson nice one here in my opinion the most underrated picture of all time steve carlton arm and power eight of 27 on the uh game use jersey auto four scions over 4 000 strike outs nice one there then we've also got a reed debtmer's 11 out of 27 for the angels i mean there's some super super high on top baseball i mean like sterling's really good sterling's awesome like luminaries is pretty solid um but i just like like triple threads because there's like there's like the big chases like those like i pulled like it was i think it was who was it kyle gibson i think on the fillies it was like a jumbo booklet like trifold of the all-star patch like game use from the all-star game which is sick yeah all right last uh triple threads mini box for you here greg good luck buddy lube up to 99 for the white sox as well as austin riley to 259 do like museum too i hope museum museum might be my favorite museum is nice museum's so awesome shane boss paul goldschmidt tier one can hit like a truck too but yeah kind of five-star same kind of thing yeah carlos korea october heroics that is at 13 out of 18 for the twins game used back with minnesota right sound like a thousand contracts but yeah i think he's back with minnesota i think he was like he went somewhere and then settled there got jersey auto it's uh 99 to rick scuba second year nice one there all right that'll do it for uh triple threads let's do sterling now it's 2022 top sterling good luck here greg too we got buddy dude this stuff is not sometimes yeah like the cuts in here crazy it's awesome okay i like yankees greats oh yeah and 500 home run club that'll do okay that'll do just fine 500 home start with 500 home run it could be a lot of different guys we'll do yankees greats last because that's obviously greg that's a good cat that's a good category for you yeah they really go in the package too yeah i love how like you could choose which one you want to open first too it's like lmvp's or this or that's awesome dude so cool no uh oh magell cabrera three of five jumbo game use patch auto there we go craig ice miggy that's sick wow wow wow wow three of five that is a gorgeous signature he put on that too that is awesome that is so clean that's awesome sweet miggy congrats on that craig all right we got yankees greats now let's go greg come on baby see something big watch just not even gonna be a yankee they did that once i'm pretty sure he's great david orteez punch in the face right there oh that's awesome mariano revera 13 of 15 wow what a box man a miggy and a mariano got his game used part of the pinstripe in there as well that classic mariano signature as well god that's nasty clements and red socks gear thank you greats wow nice one there congrats greg that is awesome my friend that is gonna do it for your uh break greg that was awesome man get him right out to your buddy sweet mariano oh moe is moe is the man moe is by far the man i would be pissed if that had his clements in a red sox 2004 at 53 saves yeah i got you can i just see the mariano again really quick so i want to see it uh here is the mariano 13 of 15 so cool it's sterling another one that hits like a freaking truck oh yeah oh i'm a huge yanks fan too man it is awesome plus the volt people oh my god it's gotta say i'd say the best in sports personally you got a bit maybe on a little bias maybe i can't disagree all right let's see something big for sam here let's even get that first uh same first name mojo this box of honors yeah that's funny josh yeah i'm not surprised like definitely see the mislabeling something yeah some yankees fan that works at top says so that i think of that it's honors photo for mr sam a my man two honors that's gonna be fun dude got three cases of this look forward to tomorrow too whoo zero eight two two beautiful let me double check one 22 honors first off the line 22 honors first off the line good luck here sam let's do it buddy on everyone sam here with late in sports cards ripping one box of 22 panini honors football first off the line photo for sam a it's a good luck here sam you know the the meme i like turtles i always say i like photos for that one so we're gonna i'm gonna i'm gonna have halle make a t-shirt of just like a turtle with a first off the line sticker on it do these last they're kind of sick actually all right see what we got in here it's gonna be mr brissol uh 42 of 75 and a jonathan taylor that is three of 12 that's got to be the first off the line exclusive nice one there congrats on that there sam uh first one this is this kind of nasty that's gonna be a russell wilson number one of 15 nice ross congrats on that sam ronko's country let's ride get him some weapons and a competent coach which they did so one of those yeah very nice congrats on the rus he's got to be due for like a bounce back here this is kind of nasty from panini one how about a two colored patch auto one of one hinds ward there we go congrats on that sam hall of famer pain in my neck for about 10 years by an absolute stud hinds ward one of one on the buyback very nice that will uh do it for your um break there sam thanks again as always for the sport buddy we'll get that right out to you man all right guys it's gonna do it for tonight let me drop you guys the break schedule uh you have me in about eight hours i'll be here in six um so definitely check that on out a bunch of elite pyts couple bowman's best full case divisions and random team style um so definitely check that on out i would appreciate it very much yeah no problem sam thank you buddy have a good one randy have a good one smack have a good one greg uh simpleton nup said joshua well this is inner collin jt uh everybody appreciate you guys for hanging out as always like i said i will see you guys tomorrow at 10 am what's up j yeah guy you're just the just the tad bit late um i again i will see you guys literally in eight hours so until then have a good one everybody do appreciate it um yeah see you guys tomorrow


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Item number SCP-244. Object Class. Euclid. Special Containment Procedures. When not in testing, SCP-2441 is to be placed in a room with its own thermostat, kept at a temperature of no less than 38 degrees Celsius. This room must also have its own ventilation system to provide constant air circulation. SCP-2441 will rest on top of a scale attached to an alarm so that any abrupt changes in weight from SCP-2441's cap sudden removal or from SCP-2441's displacement may be immediately detected. If the alarm goes off, SCP-2441 is to be immediately retrieved, capped, and placed back on the scale. In the event that SCP-2441 spends longer than four hours uncapped and active before retrieval is possible, initiate procedure 2442123b. Description. SCP-2441 is a Tunisian-style earthenware jar made of common ceramics mixed with traces of data expunged and decorated with silver filigree. The inside of SCP-2441 always has an internal temperature of negative 37 degrees Celsius and 125% humidity, regardless of external conditions. Persons handling SCP-2441 invariably describe it as cold to the touch. SCP-2441 includes a cap of identical makin' style to the jar itself. When SCP-2441 is uncapped, condensed water vapor will flow from its mouth. The rate at which the vapor emanates increases if SCP-2441 is left lying on its side or suspended upside down. This vapor is identical in composition to ice fog, with a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius, and 125% humidity as it exits SCP-2441. Over time, this fog will disperse through whatever area SCP-2441 is in, lowering ambient temperatures and raising humidity levels proportionally. The amount of time it takes for SCP-2441 to fill an area with fog varies depending on the size of the space, the amount of moisture already in the air, and the temperature at the time SCP-2441 is opened. If SCP-2441 is left uncapped outside of any structure, it will still produce water vapor and lower the surrounding temperature. However, the effect may be considerably diminished or enhanced by the effects of the sun, wind, local topography, and or local vegetation. In any space where SCP-2441 has changed the environmental temperature and humidity to negative 37 degrees Celsius and 125% humidity, there is a chance of encountering SCP-2442, directly proportional to the amount of time that the area has been fogged over. SCP-2442 is a mobile gaseous entity, visible only as a dense cloud of grayish fog. Whether it simply uses SCP-2441's own fog as camouflage, or is actually a part of said fog, is still undetermined. Thermal imaging shows that SCP-2442 is far colder than its surrounding environment. How SCP-2442 achieves locomotion is not known, but testing and observation has made it clear that SCP-2442 usually remains motionless unless there is a source of heat nearby. SCP-2442 is attracted to any source of heat energy and will move to envelop such sources. Because of SCP-2442's own inordinately cold internal temperature, any object that comes into direct contact with it usually flash freezes. Biological heat sources, including humans, are invariably killed by the flash freezing effect and mechanical or electronic devices ice over. SCP-2442 appears to grow in size as it consumes thermal energy. In a sufficiently large beclouded area, there may be multiple instances of SCP-2442. SCP-2442 will not attempt to consume heat sources with a temperature equal or greater than 600 degrees Celsius, and will actively move away from such sources if they are brought closer to it. For this reason, SCP-2442 is easily repelled with burning wood or other combusted fuel fires. SCP-2442 has been observed to disperse if exposed to great concentrations of heat in a short period of time. History SCP-2441 was first discovered in the basement of a recently emptied chaos insurgency occupied military base where it had completely filled the basement level with ice fog, and at least two manifestations of SCP-2442. It was retrieved by Dr. Morris with the assistance of Mobile Task Force Beta-62. It is unknown whether the chaos insurgency had placed SCP-2441 in the basement as some sort of diversionary tactic, or if they themselves were looking for it. Addendum Whatever SCP-2442 is composed of, it is certainly not normal water vapor. At those temperatures, mere water would surely become a solid, as indeed would most gases. However, taking samples of SCP-2442's material has proven difficult, as it is both gaseous and freezes most devices applied to it. I suspect that this may be related to the data expunged in SCP-2441, but studying that mineral has a host of problems all its own. Dr. Morris Lesson complete If you missed the previous orientation, go watch SCP-243 animation right now, or for the complete course, watch this playlist.