Hello learners, welcome to this video lecture on the unit titled Growth of Political Science as a Discipline. This unit is from the course Political Theory Part A from the BFR Semester Program in Political Science. The study of politics has a long tradition. As a matter of fact, the study of political science has its roots in ancient Greece. The Greeks use the term politica to describe the numerous activities of the polis or city states in which they lived. Thus, it was the Greek thinkers who laid the foundation for the development of a systematic study of politics. They were mainly concerned with questions of morality and tried to define an ideal state. However, the first efforts to systematically study politics can be traced to the works of the two political thinkers from ancient Greece, namely Plato and Aristotle. In the Republic, Plato discussed the very important concepts associated with politics like the concept of justice, scheme of education, communism of family and property, philosophical king, ideal state, etc. After Plato, Aristotle made a significant contribution in the development of the discipline of political science. In his famous book, The Politics, Aristotle discussed some very important concepts like justice, ideal state, citizenship, revolution, slavery, classification of constitutions, democracy, etc. In a very systematic manner, ancient Roman thinkers like Polybius and Cicero also contributed in the development of political thought. In India also, we can find the traces of politics in the Vedas, Samhitas, Brahmanas and Buddhist Pali canon. Kautilya, the great ancient Indian thinker through his work, Artha Shastra, made valuable contribution to the development of politics. He had discussed very important concepts like administration of the state, financial policies of the state, principles of foreign relations, etc. Now, let us try to examine the growth of political science in the medieval period. In the early medieval period, we find that early Christian thinkers and philosophers like Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas also dwelled upon the idea of an ideal state and they sought to derive moral and ethical principles regarding the same. Basically, they focused on the relationship between the state and the church. Accordingly, in the classical Christian formulation, political science was more in the realm of political philosophy focusing on the study of the state. In the 15th century, Niccolò Micaveli, the Italian political thinker, started the tradition of studying existing and historical political institutions. Micaveli, through his famous book The Prince, made significant contribution in the development of modern notion of the state. Micaveli was a realist thinker who argued that interest and stability of the state must be protected and all means should be explored and adopted to protect the interests of the state. In the medieval period, political thinkers subsequently tried to deal with the historical origins of different political institutions and their structural frameworks. Now, we come to the growth of political science in the modern period. It must be mentioned here that the origin of political science as an academic discipline is not very old. Many thinkers have contributed towards the growth of political science as a discipline. In this context, the name of Francis Leiber, who was a professor of history and political science at Columbia University, needs special mention. His work, civil, liberty and self-government, has made significant contribution towards the growth of political science as an academic discipline. Another landmark in the growth of political science was the establishment of a School of Political Science at Columbia University at the initiative of John W. Burgess, who was an American political scientist in 1880. It was called the Faculty of Political Science. In 1886, this school inaugurated the political science quarterly, which was the first scholarly journal of political science as a discipline. It heralded a new era in the growth of the discipline as it gave scholars a new platform to express the views in writing. The establishment of Johns Hopkins University in 1876 was another milestone in the growth of political science. In this context, the establishment of Johns Hopkins Historical and Political Science Association in 1877 and the Johns Hopkins Studies in Historical and Political Science are worth mentioning. Accordingly, the two universities, namely Columbia and Johns Hopkins, contributed significantly towards the growth of political science as an academic discipline. The studies and research carried out in these universities also widened the scope of political science, which was earlier confined to the study of political institutions and historical origin. The subject of political science subsequently began to embrace various concepts like rights, justice, law, sovereignty while analyzing the functioning of governments. The political thinkers also started discussing the merits and demerits of various forms of governments, political institutions, etc. The establishment of the American Political Science Association in 1903 provided a boost towards the strengthening of political science as a discipline. It soon became a leading organization for the study of political science and provided a platform for different scholars, departments, and institutions from the discipline of political science. It also widened the scope of political science beyond the study of political philosophy and institutions. During the 1920s, political science made a paradigm shift in the form of the positivist movement. It sought to make the study of political science scientific by applying empirical and statistical methods. The Social Science Research Council was chartered in 1923 to encourage scientific research and economics, sociology, and political science. The positivist movement culminated in the behavioral revolution of the 1950s. The growth of behavioralism can be regarded as the major landmark in the growth of political science as a discipline. The behaviorists put emphasis on making the study of political science scientific. They were influenced by the developments in research in different disciplines and they tried to make the study of political science interdisciplinary. In order to draw scientific conclusions, behavioralism advocated the use of statistical methods and tools in the study of political science. Thus, with the emergence of behavioralism, the character of political science had changed to a large extent. Behavioralism shifted the focus of political science from the study of political institutions to the study of day-to-day behavior of individuals in a political society. American political thinkers like David Easton, Charles C. Merriam, Arthur Bentley, contributed significantly through their writings and research towards the growth of behavioral revolution in political science. The emergence of political science as a university discipline was marked by the creation of university departments and chairs. The term political science gained currency in the late 19th century. The American Political Science Association was founded in 1903. It brought up its publication titled The American Political Science Review in 1906 in an effort to distinguish the study of politics from economics and other social science disciplines. After the Second World War and in the early fifties of the 20th century, political science was highly influenced by sociologists like Tocqueville, G. Mosca, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons and others. Such an interaction between political scientists and sociologists helped to bring the study of political science closer to the society. For instance, the concept of the state which had been central to political science gave way to the new concept of the political system developed by David Easton. The new concept highlighted the interaction between the society and the political process. During this period, the behavioral revolution in political science became popular and various methods of research and techniques of data collection were identified by the political thinkers. The Social Science Research Council of the United States set up in the early 1920s continued to play an important role in popularizing behaviorist ideas in the post Second World War era. Having discussed the growth of political science from the ancient period to the contemporary times, let us now try to examine the present status of the discipline of political science. Political science entered a new phase towards the late 1960s in the form of the post-behavioral revolution. The rise of behaviorism clearly introduced a scientific vigor in the study of political phenomena. However, it soon came to be realized that too much emphasis was being laid on the adoption of scientific techniques in the field of political science. In the process, political science was fast losing touch with the real social and political issues. Therefore, post-behavioralists made an attempt to make political science relevant to the society. However, it must be remembered that post-behavioralism cannot be separated from behaviorism as it has emerged out of behaviorism through using different techniques and methods. The post-behavioralists have tried to overcome the drawbacks of behaviorism and make the study of political science more relevant to the society. Accordingly, we find that political science, which emerged as a study of the state and government in the early period, has undergone tremendous changes through the ages. Owing to the contributions of different scholars, the scope of political science is ever widening and its nature too is fast changing. In the present time, the focus of political science has shifted from the study of the state and government to the study of the political system as a whole. Political science in the contemporary period has been able to make a distinctive mark of its own and it has been able to establish itself as a significant field of study in the present times.


it's a beautiful day here in Ohio just getting going woke up here at this nice forested rest area letting the weasel do his thing really is quite a beautiful place so today we have about five hours to drive all the way up to Brezlo Ontario where i got to drop this trailer behind me loaded full of stuff and we're gonna drop it there and we're gonna mosey on over to Waterloo Ontario and pick up another box full of stuff and we're going to pull that box full of stuff down to Rock Island Illinois and then drop that stuff there and then after we drop the stuff there we're going to go pick up some new stuff in a different trailer in Davenport Iowa and then we're going to take that stuff home i believe that's the plan we're going home diesel a couple of days yet bud a couple of days yet so we're just waking ourselves up here that is a massive tree over there look at this thing diesel that one's mine don't mark it it's mine look at this thing wow i guess this is where the trail ends bud technically it does go further in there but not for us they got a big no offense here it says a big no i wonder why they blocked that part off i'd like to go walking through there interstates ready or not here we come let's get this day underway hours up to Breslau Ontario from here so guessing it's what probably two hours to the border we're crossing from Detroit Michigan into Windsor Ontario we're already been cleared they're expecting us what does the sign say trucks use left lane okay then if you say so always listen to signs they know best i'm guessing there's a construction zone coming up ahead where the right lane is going to be diverted onto the shoulder and then they usually like the big trucks to be in the left lane so that you're not wearing down the shoulder i think reduce speed ahead work zone ahead this okay that makes sense we are still in Ohio so you gotta remember that we'll dump the suspense what's this 55 speed limit 55 55 how many miles an hour they just expect you to know that not kilometers an hour then again we did the same thing on our signs up in Canada we just say 55 we just expect people to know that that's kilometers an hour not miles an hour okay so yeah the right lane is going to be running on the shoulder and we're going to be diverted over here onto the left side i see what they did there it's going to be a fancy new road this changed the name of the state though from Ohio to just construction as soon as you cross the line you can say all right i'm in construction this is a very small pilot that little building there hope they got the good coffee beam to come sometimes these smaller ones don't have it and it's very disappointing first we need some go-go juice gotta make the truck happy first you can see the ambassador bridge already in the background to the right oh what's going on here what's going on here you hit a cone orange man detroit welcome to detroit the ambassador bridge like i was telling you just off to the right there it's going to be the bridge to canada right up here canada only feel pretty special we have our own road here in detroit i go this changes every time lately they've had me crossing up in sarnia and port here on so winds are this one changes all the time always building something new all trucks keep right okay trucks this way okay so we follow these lines see it's because i've gone through here before i recognize it all but if it's your first time coming through here as a commercial truck it's could be a little bit confusing you go through these little things over here they take a picture and they bill your company for the toll of going over the bridge they they make you pay to leave that's how much they like us they don't want us to leave so we have to pay to go home or maybe canada just doesn't want us back so they're making us pay to go home i don't know somebody's making us pay to go home i like to think that america just likes me so much that they they want to keep me and they're gonna charge me to leave of course the bridge is under construction still weird being on the left side of the yellow line i can't forget it little light there karen but okay this gps freezes a lot in big cities which is i'm wondering if that's why it was given to me as a gift whenever you get to a big city it just freezes up it can't handle it and then you get lost london this way down the king's highway that's not london england no that's our london london ontario hours approximately three hours up to where we're gonna drop this trailer we'll do three hours straight back what we're gonna cross back into the u.s it's from sarnia into port huron so at the other at the other one these roads are really nice actually i'm pretty impressed ontario well the first inspection station into ontario is open fantastic what do you want i've got nothing for you guys i'm gonna scale this is an actual inspection station okay i better talk to you guys once i'm done here then oh this will be fun look at all of these little inspection booths here hey 13 of them why would they put 13 why not like 14 or 12 13 is very unlucky of course it's a do t inspection station of course they're gonna put 13 but they let me go so nonetheless here we go i'm getting out of here before it changes his mind so it's not a scale it's just an inspection station that's it which means that they inspect you so i got a little mini inspection there he just checked my lights and my brakes and then he said you can go a lot of now's questions are i'm out of here to hide but i don't want them to sit here all day looking for something either not wasting my time but i understand you got to keep the road safe get the road safe did was verify that my pre-trip was true and correct inspection stations like that there'd be a lot of pretty sketchy rigs on the road and probably a lot more people dying so it's a good thing they do that it's just inconvenient when it happens to you you welcome to cambridge ontario this building on the left looks very interesting but it's all boarded up which makes it even more interesting to me i really want to go inside i know what it used to be every window is boarded up it's probably one big attraction at one point well let's take in this green light so long come on now come on cambridge can we go now this is a really long light we got bylaw enforcement right in front of us here i better be careful finally there we go you live in cambridge ontario to drop this trailer we have a new friend behind us the belly box on there too to put more stuff in some of you keep asking what do we put in the belly box we put stuff in there lots of stuff all kinds of stuff whatever stuff you can fit in our trailers we put in there and we take it other places where they need this stuff and then we bring and then we unload their stuff and then we pick up different stuff and then we bring it somewhere else we unload it there it's a very very involved in technical technical thing that we got going on here we bring stuff from point A to point B i love it i think we're ready to go i'm all hooked up i've done my pre trip all the lights work all the tires are filled with air because they work a lot better when they're filled with air i know this from experience so this friend of ours is going to rock island illinois it's about 10 hours of driving away we won't quite make it there today yet because once i get back into the us you have seven hours and 52 minutes that's on canadian hours of service us hours of service i got three and a half hours available to me today yet and then tomorrow i have 11 hours available to me so we'll go three and a half hours down the road yet and see where that brings us to we'll do the rest tomorrow back here in michigan and i'm just about out of hours i got 31 minutes left on the clock here so speak up karen we can't hear you i don't think she's connected right stop talking tired to talk tired tired of your voice already never mind so we're at the loves travel plaza uh near flint michigan this is where we're going to spend the night if they have a spot for us here i sure hope they do it'll be very nice oh they got a mcdonald's here oh no that's dangerous oh no no no our big mac it is what it is i guess i gotta get karen properly connected on the left side loves travel stop number 701 people just wait wait for my trailer use edge forward you forget that my trailer is gonna drive behind me there we go this looks like a newer loves there's a lot of new loves around the country it's growing so fast so many new locations being built when i was on flatbeds we delivered a lot of their underground tanks uh from up in edmonton they haven't expanded into canada yet though which surprises me i think they do well up there maybe there's some red tape in the way who knows oh there's lots of park in here oh i see a whole bunch of spots already fantastic look at this we got spots all the way back here this is a huge parking lot look at this rv guy here who does he think he is taking at three spots what are you doing bud what are you doing oh they're working he's painting lines and arrows okay oh yeah i'll give you a pass look at all this parking here this is something gone wrong or what i'm gonna park right in the corner back here this is wonderful


I just have to take another picture. Perhaps raise your hands. Yoo-hoo! Speaker's perspective, thank you. Same for the introduction. Like you mentioned, my name is Banda Erz.  I'm working at NetRays in Germany and I'm one of the co-founders of the I thinker project. I started a little bit in the reporting area there and now my responsibilities are more project management, community work, conference talks and stuff like that.  So, about I thinker, how many of you know I thinker or have heard of it? Or kind of? Nadjo's? Okay, I think I had the roots in Nagus, but it's much, much better. So even on Nagus, you definitely will love I thinker. I can say for now. I thinker is an open source monitoring solution. It focuses on monitoring, on alerting, on gathering BI data for performance, for capacity planning and stuff like that. So originally we forked I thinker out of Nagus, version 3 in 2009. We take the code-pays from there, but since the couple of years, we totally developed our independent core, which is I thinker 2, which is production ready since June last year. It's a totally different code-pays and independent from the old Nagus work. We are a group about 27, 26, developers depends on the free time working on I thinker. We started primarily in Europe, but now we are well-distributed out of the US and South America. And we have different teams in the project from day one, means we have independent responsibilities. Every team, the web, the core, they handle their stuff on their own and they are independent from the others that we are quick. The tool stack we have is we have the I thinker core. It's in the middle, it's probably the old solution. We still support, we do bug fixing, there will be a new release coming out tomorrow of the old core as well. We have a reporting framework based on Chester reports. We have a couple of web interfaces. So we have the old classic interface, which is a beautified Nagus interface, and the Nagus interface, it's hard to beautify, but you can do a little bit with images and styles and stuff like that. Then we started to develop something new, it's a singer web based on XJS, but now we decided as well to do something new, which is singer web 2, which I can show you later. But today I will focus on that I thinker 2 and I thinker web 2. A short introduction if you have no clue what I thinker is. Probably there are three main responsibilities for the monitoring system. The first of all is monitoring stuff that can be hosts, computers, storage, switches, or it can be doors. If you want to monitor if a door is closed or somebody opens it and you can do it, we have tools and there is hardware you can monitor as an MP. So you probably can monitor everything. So that's one thing, getting information about hardware and one important thing in our singers that the primary approach is doing monitoring in a regular interval every minute, every five minutes checking the system. So really actively checking a system, not waiting for an agent bringing data back to the monitoring server. If something is wrong and normally every time something is wrong, then you do a reaction of that. So you can execute event handler, so you can send out notifications, typical email, short messages, you can do voice alerts, meaning you can do text to speech and you can listen to the error message on the phone and dial a code for acceptance. You can open up a ticket or something else, however whatever is needed to keep somebody informed about that. Another thing is like bringing the data out of iSinger because on every monitoring check you get a lot of performance data so you can see how fast as a web server response is in SSL certificate, still valid, and you can bring the data out. So we have standard adapters for Rockstash, for Greylock, you can directly write to Graphite, you can write to OpenTSDB since version 2.3 from iSinger which is out since Tuesday, you can write to InfluxDB so these time series databases are supported natively so you can directly write to them. You can generate performance data so you can do capacity management, you can do a little bit of prediction but prediction is very hard. It's easy looking at a disk, you can see the disk could be fallen two or three months, but doing capacity management and forecasting for load is not so easy but you can do. And as well you can do reporting based on the data because you can write them to the database and this is a pretty easy source for reporting as well. So what it is iSinger 2 is based on C++ the other single core is just C but it's not scaled very well you can make a single CPU hold on a good server but don't use the others. We have a powerful CLI to support iSQL and Postgres databases you don't need to run the database for the monitoring system but you can do and if you want to do so we have to decide between all of them. And we have background available so you can start it very easy just clone the git fire up the background environment and you can see how the cluster works or a single instance iSinger works. So if you are in that area of configuration and if you know how a Nagis configuration or iSinger 1 configuration look you have to run something because we broke up with the configuration it changed a little bit but just to give you an idea what we can do now with iSinger 2 is we can have something like rule-based applies so for example we can based on host variables imagine like facts you have in Puppet you can apply services to specific hosts in the example number 1 or like conditional so we support if else if rules where we can set specific monitoring thresholds depending on time zone for example imagine that you have different thresholds during the normal day shift and what react if your disk gets full and about 60% but it don't once bring somebody out for 60% disk at night so we can do something like time limit thresholds with a pretty cool feature came with 2.3 so the architecture is that we have the iSinger core and we have a couple of modules supporting different features we have so writing to database writing to graphite supporting cluster stack and you can enable or disable every one of these features it's done here the iSinger C like command you can enable the feature or disable it it works primarily like a patchy module or patchy website it's creating a soft link of that feature means that you can have multiple iSinger instances working together I show you that in the cluster slide and you can decide on which node you want to write to the database you want to write to graphite or execute active checks so the cluster a big challenge in the old monitoring partners was distributed data so e-replicated data also means from the country also from the security perspective so specific network zones where you're only able to connect into or receive data this was possible in the old world like transferring the files or using SSH but now we have a cluster stack based on SSL and certificates you can use an existing certificate infrastructure or if you still have one for puppet you can use them as well for iSinger and the cluster stack is included means you can create mesh up clusters you can have multiple iSinger nodes with different responsibilities and if they have the same knowledge means the same zone then they share the data means for example the server in the left upper corner can execute a check but you can write the result to the database on another server in the cluster or somewhere else so all the servers share the data and if you want to limit specific knowledge to a specific area you can create something like a zone so if you have only for example a specific country you can have two monitors and there are only two servers which are able to reach the servers there then you can create a zone you can create multiple zones and they are syncing the state they are syncing the configuration files as well so you don't have to take care about syncing manually the files, everything is done wire a single port and a secured single port so the web interface iSinger web 2 it's not finished it's not this week, hopefully tomorrow I'm not in the office but I hope they will do their work it's hopefully be on the website tomorrow the beta 3 version it's based on PHP we're supporting multiple backends so we can read out from the database you can read out from live status it's very fast and we also took care about all the security layers needed iSinger web 2, imagine it the basic framework the basic framework of the iSinger web 2 interface just takes care about the backends, so reading writing from the databases takes care about identification you can use internal users you can use a directory and takes care of the installation but it's just the foundation means you can imagine the framework like something you have with perhaps WordPress and a plugin iSinger web framework has no idea about monitoring it just provides the basis for the user and then monitoring is a module for that and monitoring is a module we deliver because without monitoring it doesn't make sense to enter the framework perhaps because it's a monitoring solution so it's in there, we ship it but you can add more so we have a document model we have a business process model the visualized business process you can show up the web interface and also P&P for Nagios it's like an R&D add-on for Nagios iSinger where you can write your performance data in R&D so how does it look like? this is the landing page so if you know the old interfaces where we have the number crunching in the top bar we reduce it, we kick them out because it doesn't make any sense to see that you have 3000 hosts which are okay it's nice but it doesn't make sense so we focus more on the problems like on the left side you see the current service problems or on the right side the recently recovered problems so if you were out for lunch you came back you see what's happened, so what's okay now but we have a problem perhaps half an hour ago everything has a column design so if you click on a row here, I hope the laser pointer works oh yes welcome to the 20th century you see the details on the right side so if you click a host you see all the details you can, for example recheck reschedule a check for the host with one click so we don't have to go to reschedule the SI1, do you really want it now so it's just a single click to execute a recheck and then one of the last you have possibility to filter in detail so you can filter every state by name or whatever you want to do like you see in this example it's a little bit small, but I hope you can read it then you can store these filters and add specific filters to the dashboard like filtering for a specific server type specific state, responsibilities host groups this is pretty easy and also in the host groups overview where you have more information in a much, much smaller design it's also responsive interface so if you use this on an iPad or an iPhone just one, three, if you have a big screen then it could be that you have five or six colors so it depends on your screen size so what we have for now we don't know who our users are because they don't have to sign up they can just use the RPM or packaging whatever, so we don't know there are some customers we know that they are using it massively we see a lot of people coming over to sing a tune now directly we do a couple of community events our next overview in Asia will be in Kuala Lumpur in June, if you're interested we are searching for speakers and probably we're searching for people coming to the camp, that would be great and then we do one in Portland so if you jump up at Kornf it's the day after Kornf in Portland, Oregon come to end try it out, if you know background close the gate start up the background box rethink your configuration so if you have an existing monitoring system based we think about the configuration try the new features we bring with the single tune play with the web interface it would be great to give us feedback if you like it or we should improve and that's it, thank you very much and hopefully how to compare the sensor, it's different make it quick or it's hard to explain I think sensor has a totally different stack I think the basic stack of sensor is more complex sensor has a different approach and what I see but this is just my personal opinion that sensor goes enterprise so there's an enterprise version of sensor and normally nothing against an enterprise version it's another different model but I think that all the new and funny things will land in the enterprise version which is not interesting for me and this is what I don't like I hope that sensor is a good open source monitoring alternative but seeing the new features going enterprise is something I don't like Thanks, catch Bernd when he gets on stage as well I think he can answer more in person thank you so much Bernd, big hands for Bernd


Let's hear from Aaron Boone Aaron could you feel the dynamics shipped in that dugout after Luke Voight led things off the ninth with the homerun? Man, I thought the dynamic was all right anyway, you know, I mean we know we're up against a tough customer and Alvarado there But you know guys expect it and guys have been so good In the compete department that I wasn't surprised that they go down fighting To string together the level of the bats against that guy right there was really impressive and obviously Luke Big shot to get it going. You mentioned the advance as a hole in that inning What did you think of the job? Glaber did staying alive in that situation? I mean for as good as he's been swinging lately That's probably his best about of the year. I mean that's that's a grind it out lay off some pitches spoil some tough pitches Finally get one he can handle and and smoked it really good at bat by Glaber Does geo just continue to impress you out there? Yeah, I mean he He's he's I mean great at bats all night Tonight obviously a couple hits the other way and then absolutely scalded that ball, you know They had him played perfectly, but he hit it so hard to get it over his head Just just another you know him coming up in a big way like he has much of the year so far Your team is now in first place. Is it even more satisfying knowing the adversity you guys have had to overcome in This early season so far. I don't know. I mean it's Guys are playing well and guys are I love the way we're coming in every day and the way we're competing day in and day out So I'm happy with that, you know We're at a point in the season where it's so long to go that you don't even really get that caught up in the standings as much as hey We want to put our best foot forward every day and they've consistently been able to do that they've consistently been able to deal with whatever's been thrown their way and You know, it's a team that comes in expecting to win Who else Anyone else? Yeah, what did you think of the sabatia tonight? I thought he's really good You know, I thought in in Tampa and his last start was it was a struggle for I mean grinded through it and actually You know just the two runs allowed, but I thought tonight. He was sharp thought the cutter was good I thought he mixed in a lot of really good change up the slider was a good pitch for him. I thought You know to me that was about as well. He's he's thrown the ball all year I thought he was really good. Did you get a sense that he had kind of an edge to him tonight It seemed like he was fired up there a couple times. Yeah, I mean cc's always got a little bit of an edge You know, he gets between the lines. He's he's he's an awesome competitor.  I thought really well to start off this series Colleague to the right What went into the decision in the eighth to go with Chad Green there? We're staying away from Britain today And Chappy was only going to be in a safe situation. So even if we were tied in the ninth We weren't gonna And we just felt like that was the part of the lineup that we liked we liked the matchup I actually thought greeny stuff again was really good I thought he made a mistake, you know going down to allow there to that hurt him But other than that, I thought he threw the ball fine even the ball the the double by Robertson, you know was kind of a blocked hit over there. I thought the life was there again I just thought down in the strike zone there with two strikes to allow Was probably one, you know, we'd like back Meredith Said you were staying away from Britain off day yesterday. Is there anything going on with him or no? No, no just You know kind of sold out with the with the two The two outings obviously the other day and you know 30 pitches between the two We just made the decision before the game that Brit. We're gonna stay away from in Chappy We're only gonna use in a safe situation. So that was that was what we went in with with that in mind


Hello and welcome to the session. In this session we will discuss a question which says that if 1 plus x whole x to power 12 is equal to C0 plus C1x plus C2x square plus so on up to C12 into x raise to power 12, find the value of C1 plus 2 into C2 plus 3 into C3 plus so on up to 12 into C12. Now before starting the solution of this question we should know what is the result. And that is the sum of the binomial coefficients. Now we know that 1 plus x whole raise to power n is equal to C0 plus C1x plus C2x square plus C3x cube plus so on up to Cn into x raise to power n. Now put x is equal to 1, this implies 1 plus 1 whole raise to power n is equal to C0 plus C1 plus C2 plus C3 plus so on up to Cn. Further this implies 2 raise to power n is equal to C0 plus C1 plus C2 plus C3 plus so on up to Cn. This means that the sum of the binomial coefficients is equal to 2 raise to power n. Now this result will work out as a key idea for solving out this question. And now we will start with the solution. Here we have to find the value of C1 plus 2 into C2 plus 3 into C3 plus so on up to 12 into C12. Now we know that 1 is equal to n. 2 is equal to n into n minus 1 over 1 into 2. C3 is equal to n into n minus 1 into n minus 2 over 1 into 2 into 3. And continuing likewise n is equal to 1. Now plus 2 into C2 plus 3 into C3 plus so on up to 12 into C12 will be equal to now 12. Now we know that C1 is equal to n so it will be 12 plus 2 into C2 which is n into n minus 1 over 1 into 2. So it will be 12 into 12 minus 1 over 1 into 2 plus 3 into C3. Putting the value of n as 12 here this will be 12 into 12 minus 1 the whole into 12 minus 2 the whole over 1 into 2 into 3 plus so on up to C12 which will be 12 into C12 will be equal to 1. Now this will be equal to taking 12 common it will be 12 and within brackets 1 plus cancel with 2 so it will be 12 minus 1 which is 11 plus and here it will be 12 minus 1 is 11 into 12 minus 2 which is 10 over 1 into 2 plus so on up to 1. Now this is equal to 12 within brackets 1 plus 11 plus 11 into 10 can be written as 11 minus 1 over 1 into 2 plus so on up to 1. Further this is equal to 12 within brackets 1 can be written as 11 C0 plus 11 can be written as 11 C1 plus 11 into 11 minus 1 over 1 into 2 can be written as 11 C2 plus so on up to 1 can be written as 11 C11. Now we know that sum of the dynamite coefficients is equal to 2 raise to power n so here this will be equal to and sum of these coefficients will be equal to 12 into 2 raise to power 11 the value of into C2 plus 3 into C3 plus so on up to 12 into C12 is equal to 12 into 2 raise to power 11. This is the solution of the given question and that's all for this session. Hope you all have enjoyed the session.


We'll start our discussion of mathematical cryptography by looking at the ultimate and perfect ideal cryptographic system. In other words, nothing we do after this is actually important unless you want to use cryptography in the real world. And this approach is generated as follows. Suppose that Eve intercepts some encrypted message, and so she finds that, oh, I don't know, here is the encrypted message, and she wants to know what it reads. Well, she also has some additional information. She knows that the message is an answer to a yes or no question. And in most actual applications, the importance of the information is that it is an answer to some particular question. And let's say that she also knows that 90% of the time, the answer to the question is yes. So what can she do? Well, rather than going through all of the effort of trying to figure out what this message really says, what she could do to save herself a lot of time is to just guess that the message is yes. And if she does that, she'll be correct most of the time. And this is an important idea that we want to keep in mind. The goal is not really to find out what this message is saying. The goal is to determine the information that's conveyed by the message. And so we don't necessarily have to decrypt this message if we can guess effectively what the content is. And this suggests that there's a natural limit to the effectiveness of any cryptographic system. And it leads to the following definition, which is due to Claude Shannon, one of the founders of information theory. Let M be the event that a system produces some particular message, and C be the event that our cryptosystem outputs a particular ciphertext. An ecryptosystem has perfect secrecy if and only if the probability that the message is M, given that the ciphertext is C, is just equal to the probability of the message. In other words, even if you have the ciphertext, this tells you absolutely nothing about what the message is beyond what we already know about the nature of the message. And this leads to the ultimate cryptographic system known as the Vernum cipher, also known as a one-time pad. And this was invented way back in 1918, well before Shannon developed his ideas of information theory. And the basic idea to the Vernum cipher is the following. We'll assume that our message consists of a sequence of 1s and 0s. And what we'll do is we'll take a key that consists of a random sequence of equally likely values, 1s and 0s again, that's as long as necessary.  Our key is going to also consist of a bunch of 1s and 0s. That's as long as the plaintext is. So I produce this random sequence of equally likely 1s and 0s. I have my plaintext message also consisting of 1s and 0s. And I'm going to produce the ciphertext by performing bitwise addition between the key and the plaintext.  So I'm going to add 1 plus 1, that's going to be 0 mod 2. I'm going to add 0 plus 1, that's going to be 1 mod 2. 1 plus 0 is 1. 1 plus 1 is 2, which is 0 mod 2. And so that produces my ciphertext. Now the Vernum cipher has perfect secrecy. And we'll prove this for a one symbol message. The formal proof actually follows by induction or any of a number of other ways. And if you're not familiar with the theory of probability, don't worry, we'll give a different proof following this. So let's take a look at this. So assume that the probability of our symbol 1 is p. And so the probability of our other symbol is going to be 1 minus p. And let's consider the following table. This includes all of our possibilities. The symbol is either 1 or 0. And the key is either 1 or 0. So now let's fill in the probabilities. The probability that we can start with is that, well, if the symbol is 1 and the key is 1. So the probability of the symbol is 1 is p. The probability that the key is 1 is, by assumption, 1 half. So the probability that the symbol is 1 and the key is 1 is going to be p over 2. Likewise, the probability the symbol is 0 is 1 minus p. The probability that the key is 1 is, again, 1 half. And so this probability is going to be 1 minus p over 2. Again, probability the symbol is 1 is p. Probability the key is 0 is 1 half. So there's our p over 2. And then finally, symbol is 0, probability 1 minus p. Key is 0, probability 1 half. And so our probability is going to be 1 minus p over 2. Now our goal is to show that the probability of a given message is independent of what the ciphertext is. So let's consider one case here. So suppose our ciphertext is 1. Now that's going to occur in one of two ways. Either the symbol is 1 and the key is 0 and our bitwise addition 1 plus 0 will give us 1, our ciphertext. The other possibility is that the message is 0 and the key is 1. That's going to be here. So again, if our symbol is 0, the key is 1, our bitwise addition is going to produce ciphertext 1. So now let's consider this. If we receive ciphertext 1, we know that one of these two is going to be the case. So the probability of the symbol is actually 1. Well, it's this many cases, p over 2, out of a total of p over 2 plus 1 minus p over 2. So given that the ciphertext is 1, the probability our symbol is 1 is going to be this fraction, which after all the dot settles is going to be p, and that's the probability the symbol is 1 to begin with. In other words, knowing the ciphertext is 1 didn't tell us anything extra about the message. We already knew the message had probability of p of being 1. In effect, we don't have to go through the problem of decryption, we can just guess the message. A similar argument is going to hold if our ciphertext is 0. Let's take a concrete example of this to see how this works. So I suppose that we send 10,000 messages, again, assume 90% of the messages that we send are going to be 1s, and 10% of those are going to be 0s. So let's use a Vernum cipher. So again, we know that 90% of our messages, 9,000 of those messages, are going to have symbol 1. And the remainder, 1,010%, are going to be symbol 0. Now we're using a Vernum cipher. So half the time, the key is 1. If the symbol is 1 and the key is 1, the encrypted value is going to be 0. And so of those 9,000 message 1s, then 4,500 of them are going to have key 1, and the rest will be used in key 0. Likewise, for the 1,000 message 0s, half of them are going to use key 1, half of them are going to use key 0. So now let's suppose that Eve intercepts a message, but just before she's about to begin work on decrypting it, she spills coffee on the message and obliterates it. Now this is a serious problem because this is her job that depends on her ability to decrypt the message. So what can she do? Well, she knows that 90% of the messages are going to be 1. So rather than try and decrypt the message, she can simply guess that the message is 1, and 90% of the time, she's going to be correct. Now, maybe she isn't quite so confident that this will work, so she cleans up the message and she finds the intercepted value was 1, and so that tells her one of two things. The ciphertext message was 1, which means either the symbol is 1 encrypted with key 0, that's this 4,500 group here, or the message was 0 encrypted with key 1, and that's this 500 messages here. So she knows that she has one of the 5,000 messages that fit into these two categories, and the symbol is 1, is going to occur 4500 out of 5,090% of the time. And so again, at this point, even with this information that the intercepted value is 1, if she simply guesses that the message is 1, she has a 90% chance of being correct, and it really wasn't worth cleaning up the coffee. So here's an important question, what if our system isn't perfect? So again, if we use the same assumptions, but we're not using a Vernum cipher, but instead we use key 1, 30% of the time, and key 0, 70% of the time. Now, just as a note here, these are still randomly determined keys. What makes this not a Vernum cipher is that the first key and the second key are not used in equally likely frequencies. So the cipher is going to produce the following results. Again, our 9,000 messages symbol 1, we have 1,000 messages that are symbol 0, but this time 30% of the time we're going to use key 1. And if the symbol is 1 and we use key 1, that's 2,700 messages are going to be encrypted that way, and the remainder are going to be encrypted using key 0. Likewise, for our symbol 0, 30% are going to be encrypted using key 1, 70% are going to be encrypted using key 0, and as before, if Eve takes the intercept but accidentally spills coffee on it, wipes it out, whatever, she can still guess. And again, 90% of the time, the message is actually 1. So if she guesses the message is 1, she has about a 90% chance of being correct. On the other hand, suppose she finds out the encrypted message is actually 1. She cleans up the coffee and discovers that the encrypted message is 1. So again, this can happen in one of two ways. Either the symbol is 1 and the key is 0, or the symbol is 0 and the key is 1. So there's 6,300 plus 300, there's 6,900 times that message is 1, 6,300 of those times, the actual message is going to be 1. So that's gonna be about 95% of the time. So this time, with the extra information that the encrypted message is 1, with that extra piece of information, she can make a guess and her probability of being correct has increased, or more generally has changed from what it was without that extra information. And so this time it's worth cleaning up the coffee because it does give her some extra information.


Hi everybody it's Sam at Mixed Up Craft, thank you for watching my tutorial. This week's scrapbook layout is one of when me and my mum had a day at Disneyland in Shanghai.  I've already done a scrapbook layout of when we went on the ride Tron, I think that's a few months ago now. This was September last year that we went and I've just got these really nice photos that I've printed with my mini printer and I thought I'm going to do a nice layout. So I purchased the ColourPlay papers here from Louise at Thompson's Craft Supplies and they are called a day at the park so they are Disney themed and you've got teacups there which I will be using, you've got Mickey and Minnie Mouse ears, you've got all those lovely cutouts there with just lovely sayings on them, you've got camera print, polka dot print, roller coaster prints, all sorts. So at the minute I'm just playing around really. I had a kind of you know loose idea of what I wanted to do but I wanted to kind of see how it was going to work against all the papers. So what I'm going to do is a half and half so this is this black like grid pattern which you're probably thinking got all those lovely papers and she's chosen the black one but I wanted something that the photos were really going to stand out against and I wanted it to really help the pattern paper shine so I'm having half with the black grid paper and then the other half here is going to be with the teacups. So I'm just trimming them they're roughly six by 12 well it's just under 12 actually because I've got that white 12 by 12 piece of cardstock behind so these end up being cut to I think it's about five and three quarters by 11 and three quarters. Now the white that I originally had there didn't look right so I decided to go for red so now you can see I just think that frames much much better so I'm just sticking down this one just with double-sided tape and this this cardstock is wonderful such good quality and it's really shiny so you can see you get a lot of glare from my camera and I couldn't use wet glue with this wet glue it was just sliding everywhere it was almost like sticking acetate onto acetate so I had to use my double-sided tape for pretty much everything on this so I'm just there I'm literally butting them right up to each other so there's a really nice join and then you just get that tiny kind of 1 eighth of an inch border all around the four sides so there's my kind of base so now I'm bringing these photos back in again I just want to kind of have them like staggered I wasn't sure on the order I changed up quite a lot throughout the layout again didn't really take me too long to do I just speed this up to double speed and just you know take out the bits where I'm kind of cutting too much or sticking too much but otherwise it doesn't take too long it's within you know 45 minutes something like that so I'm just going through there and you can just see I've just trimmed down all of those they're about two by three these they're great for journaling and things like that but I just wanted to bring in a few of them to have on this layout so you've got the packy bags you've got all the little cameras I've got Mickey's ears there which I definitely wanted to use which you can now see I'm starting to fussy cut out you know the the lovely tartan kind of background was lovely but I wanted this one to have on top of the teacup paper that I've got there so I'm just carefully going around there just with my x-cut snips just to get a really nice shape and you can see now I pull it down because the glare from my camera on that shiny cardstock was annoying but you can see there that's going to kind of just hang off to the side so then I'm going through again and cutting out all of those ones which I've just all of a sudden quickly done and I've got that photo op which was below all of those cameras and I keep that as well so as I always do I'm just going to matte my photos now onto this yellow polka dot again I just thought that was a really nice color and the red background brings out the red teacups this yellow brings out the yellow teacups so I just wanted to bring in those kind of three or four colors really this was all really easy to line up because I just lined it up with the polka dots because they were in strips and in you know straight lines the grid paper obviously was really easy so I was able to get really kind of clean and that's what I kind of went for with this usually I'm a bit haphazard and I kind of do things in all directions but with this one I kept things very straight so you can see there I'm just carefully kind of lining it all up so I've put some double-sided tape and a little bit of my tacky glue to stick the ears down here and I'm just lining it up with the edge of the teacup and then a paper and then I'm just laying down this lovely gold foil washi tape I just thought you know with the yellows and the blacks and the reds the gold went really really well so I just brought that through just to have a strip right through the middle now I didn't want those photos just on the black because again I just started looking at it and thought it looks a bit too black so I'm bringing in two one by about 11 and three quarter inch strips here and I'm going to have them sat behind the photos so there's two strips running there so it's almost like they're attached to the strips where they will literally be attached but you know I mean it's like they were kind of hanging down and I just thought that kind of broke up all that black area behind so I'm just laying it down at the front at the bottom there and then just making sure and I'm just lining it up with with certain lines there on that grid paper just to make sure it all stays really straight but it again it was really easy to be able to make sure I stayed in line and everything was was the same so again just starting to play around with what photos I wanted were and I think that is how I yeah stick with them you can see that I'm just kind of counting with my fingers to make sure I get the same amount of squares between the two there so I've stuck them on some foam adhesive just again just to bring some dimension because it's a very very flat layout so you know there's no like flowers and butterflies and bows and stuff on this one so again I'm just counting down the squares just to make sure I've got the exact gap and then I've just gone and done the other ones there so you can see they're now all in place and I'm really really like that I think it just shows off the photos really nicely so now I want to create like a little cluster down in the teacup side towards the bottom right and I've got all these lovely little cameras and I thought on every mini photo I'm going to have a little camera so they're all now stuck down and the bits there where it says you me and all of our favorite characters which I've now just completely covered up none of that stuck down yet I was kind of playing around so I'm just flicking through all my sticker packs my alphabet packs now usually I do a title but because the you me and all of our favorite characters was really quite big I just thought more wording on top of that just would have looked a bit too much so this doesn't have a title in the way that I usually do a title I thought you know I'm going to just keep as it is and then it's got also this way to new adventures so it had enough writing now I've got my Rosie studio little puffy stickers these ones are nearly gone now but I've got major moment which I've just stuck there then below my mum is love this then below me I will stick totally rad and below goofy is choose happy now the photo of me and my mum it's all really kind of blurred in the background that's when we were actually on the teacups so that's why I use the teacup paper we were spinning each other around we had like a wheel in the middle for those of you that haven't been or haven't been on the ride there's a big wheel in the middle and you move the wheel to go faster and spin even faster and I took these photos and they came up brilliantly they were only done on my camera but the real kind of clearness of us and then the blood background it just they were great photos so I thought I'd add them in with the teacups so now I'm sticking everything down again with foam adhesive and a little bit of tacky glue just for good measure make sure it all stays down and I'm just layering up forming that little cluster I wanted to cut that black piece out I don't regret doing it it was a little bit rough I think the blade on that wasn't particularly great but it still looks okay so I'm just again popping the foam a little square on the back there and again a little bit of tacky glue just to keep it all raised and just to give it a little something and get that all stuck down it starts to really come together and these are all just those cutouts on the paper so if you fussy cut them even more then I just think yeah just again gives it that little extra a couple of suitcases there just to add in for good measure and it was just really yeah came together very quickly now that gold strip through the middle more I looked at it I thought it needs to be broken up a little bit so I've done a very thin this was about a quarter of an inch by 11 and three quarters I've just put some red double sided tape on the back and pop that through the middle and it also covered up where the Mickey's ears were joined there was a slight kind of imprint really from that coming through the gold washy tape and it bugs me so by covering over with that yellow strip it eliminated that this is that photo op bit of writing and I've just framed it with some of that black grid cardstock that I had left over and again pop a few foam dimensionals there and you can see I've popped it just above my mum there with these rosy studio faceted gemstones and I'm just sticking them down adding a little bit of doubles and the wet glue just again just to make sure it all stays nice and secure so I've used the white ones on the black side and then the black on the other side and there you have it really really nice and again when you do scrapbook layouts it just takes you back to that moment I was thinking about all the fun we had and we've already said we can't wait to go to the next Disney park and have a day you know being big kids so there it is really really fun lots of colour it's just a really happy one you can't help but smile when you look at it and yeah see my mum though she did she absolutely loved it and she had these big what we both did the big popcorn um in Mickey's ears they're like these containers and we had them when actually they're in our craft rooms so again nice little reminders for us but yeah there you have it as always nice quick little video just for you to get some inspiration and hopefully scrapbook yourself so I hope you've enjoyed it please give me a thumbs up if you have and subscribe to my channel so you get to see more thanks for watching bye