cations tdbg funds for housing and home funds and staffing for the housing authority including executive director of the housing authority is provided by the city of santa rosa and so uh we would like to have the housing to respectfully request that uh that housing commissioner and selected by myself as the chair be invited included in the appropriate panel to interviews candidates before making a recommendation city manager so as we're going through the final application process and and getting to an executive director i do think it's very important that we have someone on the housing authority be part of that process to review to make sure the direction is consistent with what the housing authority has been and has had in the past and make sure that there is also the legacy of the information and and policies and procedures and histories of the housing authority can continue the going forward um and are there any volunteers that would like to be on in discussion with with human resources of the city to review applicants uh yeah i would be interested if uh if the opportunity arises something i think is up to you to the point whomever but uh certainly something that i support i brought it up last time and i said can we keep take so can a letter just go forward i think we don't have jeff here to uh do we need any action by the full house again this this item was intended to provide the share with um support for writing a letter so not identifying individuals at this time because you're simply requesting that the city manager and the city's human resources department includes you in the process or include a member in the process so this is to uh get the entire body's support on drafting that letter so as is megan as you pointed out the step one would be to draft the letter and and in that process to see if we're even allowed to be a part of which i think the housing authority should absolutely be a part of the process then at that point in time once that allowance has been provided from the city manager then we can appoint somebody to to do that to be part of that process and as as was mentioned at last month's meeting there are no current time constraints the recruitment has not been open so it's not like there's a deadline that we're bumping up against so i think drafting the letter and getting that out within the next week or so would certainly be a good first step and i think the the the main point you know from the city standpoint um i i think thinking that this might be a slippery slope in terms of other boards and commissions i think that that's not a concern because the housing authority is very unique in regards to being a separate legal entity and having an executive director that's called out and i believe state law and i think maybe even in the federal contracts that we have with HUD it's an executive director's called out so there's a different different relationship i think between the housing authority and the staff particularly the executive director in the in our case so you know having some we're not asking to make the decision we're asking to have input into decision and i think that in commissioner berg to follow with that is if you look at the funding sources the revenue sources the budget for each department and and megan you know this this figure and actually if you could email it to me that'd be helpful the the overall revenue budget for last year we don't need to look at the budget number that went through the housing authority and how much of that was actually coming from the federal level and also well in cdb gdr would we would not count that because that would be this fiscal year the last fiscal year and that actually came from the federal level through the state but it was still federal money and i would count that is and it's that way the point that commissioner berg is making is that the percentage of revenue that goes through this department is not coming from this from city budget numbers and that's an important distinction so hearing that i will i will work on such a letter and get it sent out to the city manager's office moving on to this is not i don't see this requires an eight seven point one requires public comment so item eight for committee reports are there any committee reports i don't think we don't have any subcommittees at this point so item eight we'll move on to item nine which is the executive director report and meg and i will let you take that on yes first if i could just give a brief update on the commissioner application process so applications have been received by the city and reviewed they are with the city clerk who will be scheduling interviews the interview process i think is going to be occurring in early may it was tentatively scheduled in april but due to scheduling conflicts with the city council i think it is in may and the city clerk will be providing me with updates as that scheduling evolves so hopefully we'll have at least two tenant commissioners in the the near future to assist the housing authority and then we will learn more about reappointments and applications and then the next item is a communication item it is the pending development pipeline this was prepared following the review of the cdbg dr applications and this is just to give you an update on where projects currently are at within the housing authorities um funding process so there's no presentation associated with this unless there are questions any questions i have a question if you have um thanks for this it's really nice having that information and um i don't know if you can squeeze it in but if you can squeeze it in i would be helpful to me i know to have the address of those complexes i know you have the general part of the community but most of them i'm familiar with but it's always nice to be able to make sure that i in my rounds i take a look and see how things are proceeding on these projects and then the other item which is kind of in within the case of dentin flats i think the article on paper had indicated that that original developer that submitted a proposal had sold the project to another developer is that correct i can probably answer that please um so the developer is phoenix development they used to be in minneapolis they've been in the santa rosa's sonoma county area eight to ten years and then they work with a non-profit developer uh integrity housing out of orange county so it was to the extent that it was under option under phoenix and then work together to get it to the which is quite common you'll see a project being tied up with the option to purchase and then once everything is put together is put into the entity for development i think that might be what you're looking at but the newspaper article did have something that was confusing about being from minneapolis but he's been he started there he's been out here for a long time but is that the same group that originally came through and got funding approval through the housing authority megan sorry too many windows open i was looking at our um documents right now to see what entity we originally lent to and if there was any um changes on file so i'll have to get back to on that because i'm not able to call that information up quickly i mean the reason that i they're bringing up is because i don't know there's anything that can be done about it but you go through the process of vetting a particular group and then maybe you're dealing with an entirely different group for the balance of the construction and the management the maintenance over the years our regulatory agreement does speak to the ownership of the the project and if there is a wholesale change in ownership that does need to be reviewed and approved by staff and then we provide an either an administrative approval or denial of such action we have not done that for dentin flats all need to take a look at the whether it was a limited partnership that we originally lent to and who the parties of that partnership were great i i'm glad that we have that in place and i'm glad that uh you know we'll find out what the status is and make sure that it's done properly mr burke might um for clarification on that if an entity comes through and gets pre-development funding and then puts gets tax credit funding we're in they have to sell a 99 percent of the project to their tax credit partner that technically would show that they don't long no longer have majority ownership in that entity but they are still the developer but just do the tax credit structure they would not have controlling interest i just want to be careful that i understand what you're saying that you want to make sure it's the same people running the the development but if we tie it to ownership structure especially for these deals that get tax credits they're not going to have majority ownership it because the tax credit partner would get 99 percent of that project all right and i was able to um in that time period able to look up the authorizing resolution that was approved by the housing authority in june 2019 and we lent to Deighton flats lp so i would need to we would need to do a little bit more research on on who is currently owning the project and if it is in fact the limited partnership that should be something that the developer communicates to us before there's any transaction well thank you make it on this list lantana is that for sale or for rent unit 48 units lantana is a 48 unit ownership project it initially started in 2007 so i'm very excited to see this nearing completion as a rental project and bourbon housing as of earlier this morning is anticipating the units being completed this summer so summer 2021 um and that'll be 48 uh ownership units is that something again we're gonna probably squeezes down where the print is too small but if you could put down if it's ownership or or rental that would be a great addition yes we can do that and it's certainly something we want to highlight are the ownership units um that we are creating i guess if i guess if we're doing that uh the type is it for seniors or for other family households i know some of these are pretty easily identifiable but others aren't i think we need we may need to make it a legal size document we can certainly incorporate changes to to help provide more information or provide more information in the cells just going vertically and certainly our goal is to also provide more regular updates of this so we will update it again after we review the the focus NOFA applications so this does include include the cdb gr nicole's nodding yes sorry i was looking at my other screen where i'm looking at the list versus the camera screen any other questions from commissioners and moving on to um consent items oh is chair oh and i believe go to public comment on this item so open up for public comment we are now taking public comment on item number 9.1 pending development pipeline update if you wish to make a comment via zoom please raise your hand if you're dialing into the telephone please dial star nine to raise your hand you will have three minutes to make your comment the countdown timer will appear for the convenience of the speaker and the viewers the first speaker will be acknowledged and invited to speak please make sure to unmute yourself when you are invited to do so your microphone will be muted at the end of that countdown or the conclusion of your comment chair oh and at this time i see no hands raised and we have not received any email public comment thank you we'll move on to item 10 which is the consent item for the resolution or rescission of housing authority um and i'll transfer to megan to discuss this consent item all right so item 10.1 which is a consent item is a resolution rescission of housing authority resolution number 1692 which had approved a additional commitment of loan funds in the amount of 4.2 million and an allocation of 134 art of the coal 34 units and housing authority resolution 1693 which had approved an allocation of eight project-based vouchers for the turkwine reavillage project at eight west ninth street and 808 donahue street this is a consent item so unless there are specific questions from the housing authority there is no presentation but nicole rathbun program specialist is available to field any questions any questions from the commissioners certainly it makes sense to me uh it brings up on the previous chart that we just looked at it has the turkwine reavillage still listed so is would that come off yeah thank you and as we go through the nilpha process this 4.2 million dollars now goes into the nilpha for this year is that correct me again that is correct and it's this 4.2 million dollars that allows us to have an estimate of over 8 million in the the next round so i'm looking at the consent items here so chair on if there aren't any questions if you could um ask for a motion in a second there we go okay so i'm asking for a motion on this consent item i'll make a motion to approve the consent to approve the consent item is there a second i'll make a second so we need to have have the court do a real call vote please okay let's uh go ahead and do a real call vote um we'll start with uh commissioner berke hi then commissioner downey hi commissioner olson hi vice chair test hi and chair owen hi that motion passes unanimously with all eyes and yeah that passes unanimously thank you we'll move on to item number 11 which is report items and we don't have any so we now move to item 12 which is the public hearing and many and i will let you read the title and introduce this and introduce the staff presenter and in 12.1 is a public hearing adoption of public housing agency plans rebecca lane housing and community services manager presenting megan and good evening commissioners the item before you is an item to approve the public housing agency plans for fiscal year 2021 through 2022 and a five-year plan for fiscal year 2021 through 2026 next slide please the purpose of the public housing agency plans is to outline resources strategies and other policies that we set out to meet the housing choice voucher program goals they also provide annual updates through this process on housing authority activity the pha plans are reviewed by a resident advisory board and by the public as well as being approved reviewed and approved by the board of commissioners and then they're ultimately submitted to HUD previously the resident advisory board has been established as the sitting members of the housing authority board of commissioners who are tenant commissioners but in the absence of the appointed tenant commissioners at this meeting we have established a separate resident advisory board this year which consisted of former tenant commissioners plan bulldoek and liora johnson morden the resident advisory board reviewed and discussed the both the five-year and annual pha plans and those comments are attached to the plan and any additional comments that we received tonight from the public or from the commissioners will also be included in the plan document that is ultimately submitted to HUD and next slide please so the first document that I will go over is the annual plan for 2021 through 2022 so you may recall that the last time we brought this annual plan was just about a year ago was just before the beginning of the pandemic and so to a large extent our activities this year have been responding to the emergency we implemented policies that allowed us to very quickly respond to requests for adjustment of rental calculations for those families on the program lost their income as a result of the pandemic we also implemented waivers that were authorized by HUD programmatic waivers in order to protect the health and safety of our participants and our staff so that includes alternate inspection requirements and also our way that we've been conducting our annual reexams and interim reexaminations and other activities of the program so we have been fully operational this entire time the housing inspector program we just been doing it in different ways to make sure that we maintain the safety of our participants so one of the items that we have brought before before last year was that we are planning to convert to an electronic housing choice voucher program waiting list so that is still an activity that we're going to be pursuing and working forward on this coming year we also will be this year comes up we'll be working on a community outreach plan through the community engagement office here with the city of Santa Rosa as well as all of our existing non-profit partners that we have always worked with in terms of our previous waiting list openings we also will be continuing on in the annual plan our ongoing project based voucher activity and just in terms of a progress report that really touches on both the five year and the annual plan I can report that we currently have 139 units project based voucher units that are active and under a HAP contract and that amount the number of units there the 139 units that is leveraging 322 total units in those projects we also have 90 units that are under an agreement to enter into a housing assistance payments contract and those 90 units are leveraging 216 total units and then we have 140 project based voucher units that are in the pre-commitment phase and those units are leveraging an additional 616 affordable housing units here in the city of Santa Rosa we will also continue we've touched on this briefly in my previous presentation but we will be continuing forward with the education and engagement around the source of income discrimination ordinances which passed last year on both the state and local level so those became law in 2020 and we will continue our efforts to educate the landlord community about that as well as the tenant community and make sure that tenants understand their rights under that program and that the landlords understand the requirements of those ordinance groups. Next slide please so the five year plan those of you who have been with us on the board of commissioners for a few years may recall that this seems a little early and it's true we are reviewing and resubmitting the five year plan that we submit in for fiscal year 2019 through 2024 and the reason for that is that the regional field office or the department of housing and urban development requested that we realign the timeframe on our plan to have some regional continuity to allow the field office to review the plans at the same time so the there are not many significant changes between the plan that we submitted in 2019 in addition to the progress that we've made in the progress project-based vouchers we also I can report for this plan we did fully utilize all the limited preference vouchers that we had set aside and to to remind commissioners what that effort was is we set aside 48 vouchers for referrals that were coming through the disaster recovery center the long-term disaster recovery center known as the rock and we also set aside 24 vouchers for people experiencing homelessness and those referrals were coming through the coordinated entry system so all of those vouchers have been utilized in addition going forward in the five year plan we will continue to apply for new vouchers as they become available and within the next five years we anticipate that some of those might be bash vouchers additional bash vouchers we currently have 414 bash vouchers have and we anticipate that more may be coming to our agency our housing authority has performed very well in the bash program and so that tends to make us eligible for additional allocations we also anticipate that we will be applying for and receiving vouchers under a new HUD initiative called the foster youth initiative and so this is similar to bash in so far as that our partner agency is the local human services agency and these are vouchers that are made available to foster youth who are referred to the housing authority for assistance and we in turn when we receive a referral from the foster care agency we will request a voucher specific to that foster youth who's aging out of foster care we'll request that voucher on behalf of that foster youth from directly from HUD and so this will be a program that operates a little differently than we have ever had vouchers before where we apply for them on a case by case basis but we are actively working with our local partner agencies on on that process we also are aware that the recent rescue plan that was passed recently the congressional level and signed into law we're aware that there are some resources for vouchers in that package we just don't know yet what that might look like for our agency or any housing authority but we have heard that there are possibly time and limited or other disaster type vouchers that are in that legislation and we would certainly be looking to apply to expand our program if those become available to our jurisdiction we also will continue to integrate technology in our in our processes to further improve the efficiency and accessibility of our program for participants and owners and this certainly was something that was on our radar prior to the pandemic and then became pretty essential in the last year as we've moved to remote interaction with our clients and with our landlords so it was actually a bit of an opportunity to invest in some of this technology using the CARES Act funds that were made available to the housing authority because of the the needs during the pandemic next slide please so our recommendation is that the healthy authority adopts both the annual public housing agency plan for fiscal year 2021 through 2022 and the five-year plan for fiscal years 2021 through 2026 and I'm happy to answer any questions. Thank you Rebecca. Are there any questions from commissioners? Two questions from Rebecca. Hi. Mr. Downey. I know that there was a big transition from an old waiting list to a new waiting list and now they're you're proposing to go to an electronic waiting list. Do you know about approximately how many people are on the waiting list for section 8 housing? Well I misspoke. I apologize. We're not making a new waiting list. We're just converting the the waiting list that we have now to an electronic format so that we can more easily reach people that we have the data better consolidated. So there will not be a no waiting list will be discarded or anything like that. We're just going to make a conversion of the existing waiting list and we have approximately 3,000 families on that right now. Okay. Thank you. Just a question. Chair on. Hi. The technology that you mentioned Rebecca does that include devices that can be used when the inspections are required for the voucher units? Yes. So all of the staff are at this point equipped with devices both phones and laptops. The virtual inspections require a device to be the device belongs to the property owner in that setup. So we have not for a variety of reasons related to HUD requirements that make the virtual inspections not the best choice for us in this agency in this area. I think we're going in that direction yet. But if we if there's more flexibility around that's introduced around the virtual inspections and we might consider that but again that does require the owner or the property manager or property representative to be the one who serves as a proxy and has a device that can connect back to the housing authority. So that could be an iPhone or any other kind of smartphone. Studying aside the conditions in the pandemic, I know there are programs that you can they can be purchased to do an inspection using iPads I think for the most part. Is that something that we have? Yes. We actually have currently several devices iPads that were issued to us from HUD when we became a pilot agency for the new inspection protocol called UPCSB Uniform Physical Codes Standards for Voucher. HUD has since backed away from the UPCSB procedure and is piloting a new inspection requirement so we're still using HQS for a while. We were using both HQS and UPCSB but we've stopped doing that since HUD has let that pilot go. So we do have iPad devices that we can use for inspections and we have our own we developed just part of the UPCSB process. We developed our own sort of interaction with our internal software from that iPad or our inspectors out in the field using an iPad rather than being on paper. So we're there already on that. Thanks, yeah. I'm sorry for getting into the weeds on the process but it's interesting that you're doing that. Also about your program is the heart and soul of the housing authority so thank you. Any other questions from commissioners? So hearing none I'm going to open up for public comment. We are now taking public comment on item number 12.1 public hearing adoption of public housing agency plans. If you wish to make a comment via Zoom please raise your hand. If you are dialing in via telephone please dial star nine to raise your hand. You'll have three minutes to make your comment. A countdown timer will appear for the convenience of the speaker and viewers. The first speaker will be acknowledged and invited to speak. Please make sure to unmute yourself when you are invited to do so. Your microphone will be muted at the end of that countdown or at the conclusion of your comment. Chair Owen at this time I do not see any hands raised and we have not received any email public comment. Thank you. I'm not hearing any other comments from commissioners and going through public comment looking for a motion to approve the resolution. I'll be happy to make a motion resolution of the housing authority of the city of santa rosa approving and adopting the public housing agency annual plan for fiscal year 2021 through 2022 and five year plan for fiscal year years 2021 through 2026 and waive the reading of the text. Thank you. Is there a second I'll make a second to that thank you guys chair test. Of course we go ahead and uh okay we'll go ahead and do a roll call vote. We'll start with uh commissioner olson. Aye. And then commissioner downey. Aye. Commissioner Burke. Aye. Vice chair test. Aye. And chair Owen. Aye. Aye. Okay that motion passes with five ayes unanimously. Thank you very much. And thanks to our former tenant commissioners for volunteering to to serve and provide input very good input by the way. Thank you. Thank you chairman. Thank you everyone. We cover a lot of material day and appreciate everybody's time and effort and Megan you and your staff did an excellent job as always. Appreciate it. Thank you. And um we'll go ahead and adjourn the meeting. Thank you everyone.


Today we're fishing a snake lure for pond monsters. The snake's topwater action was incredibly realistic and these bass just couldn't resist it. Make sure you watch till the end to hear my honest review on this snake lure but prepare yourself because these topwater blow-ups are insane. Today we're fishing a snake lure for pond monsters. We're gonna be hitting a bunch of different places today. This is actually a little roadside pond or you could almost call it a creek.  So this is the snake that we're gonna be throwing today. Looks pretty crazy. We've done it previously in the past but we're bringing it back out today to see if we can catch some big ones. Also I have it paired up on my kick and the bass TV X-Luz combo. If you guys wanna check one out or copy yourself one, you can go get one at kickandthebass.com. Link will be down below. Let's go ahead and start casting around and see if we can get something to bite. I've caught some really big fish in here in the past and this place is just overall fun to fish. That looks so good guys. It's just waking right at the top of the water. Before we get deeper into this video only 27% of you all watching these videos are actually subscribed. So if you could take the time hit the subscribe button. Really helps the channel. I'd appreciate it. I want you guys to look at this snake in the water. Not really a good spot for me to do this at. Hold on, let's see. Flip it out. Look at that snake guys. Look at that thing. Oh my gosh. This looks real. All right guys, we're gonna walk here on the other side. See if we can make a few casts. I don't know what to expect out of this place but I did wanna start here. It just looks so juicy. And it's one of those just beautiful natural looking spots that it just seems like if they were gonna eat a snake lure anywhere it would be here. All right, here we go. Okay, that is pretty creepy under there.  There's definitely some snakes under that side like some legit snakes, not no lure snakes. You know, I really like that. One thing I figured out with a snake if I throw it out there I kind of reel it in pretty slow and then hit my reel or just reel it in really slow and then stop. The snake is slithering when I wear it when I stop and it turns to the side. It's actually pretty cool. That's something that something was chasing the snake and you kind of stop it like that.  Whoa, dude, dude, dude, dude, hold on, hold on, hold on. That's a gar guys, that's a gar. It wasn't a bass, not what we were looking for. But it was a stinky gar. Let's try to walk on the other side. All right guys, well, we casted around a good bit here. I think we're gonna keep moving. I will say I have came out here with a snake before about three or four years ago. Let's roll a few of those clips real quick.  We're gonna be hitting a bunch of places today to see if we can catch some of these monsters on the snake. Pond number two, old swamp pond, look at that boil.  You know, it's tannic water in here, way hidden away. It's got a natural creek or a natural swamp that flows into here. I've caught two or three, seven to eight pounders in here. Super big ones in this place. Been some years since I have, but they're in here. There's some big fish living in this little creek, a little pond. I'm trying to really figure out how to work this thing. And for any of y'all that are watching this, if y'all have thrown the snake before, what has been your best luck catching them on this? Is it like a steady retrieve? The bait's just going through the water like that, which just looks amazing. Or are you kind of reeling it and pausing it? I think that's the big thing today is just figuring out how these fish are wanted. That was a huge frog right in front of me. Yeah, just figuring out how these fish are gonna want it, reeling it super slow or killing it, pausing it. You know, we gotta figure out exactly what they're wanting. By the way, I am with Tara. She's throwing another snake. It's not the green one. I ordered like a green one, a black one and a rattlesnake. She has just the standard black one, which is good today with the clouds being out. I wish the rattlesnake one came in or we'd be throwing that one, but I think this green one's fire too for this place. There we go, right there. There we go, first bite. It's a bass. Not big by any means, but he crushed that thing. Let's freaking go boys. What's crazy about that is I threw like five casts in that same spot before this fish bit. Reeling it super slow, giving it slight pauses every once in a while. And that is our first bass today on the snake. Let's freaking go boys. Let's go. I didn't know how long that was gonna take to get a bite on it, but it happened. Not a big one, but a very healthy, thick fish. And this fish is fat for the size of them. Here we go, a snake lure, fat bass. This one, I don't know if you guys can tell. You see how dark this fish is? He's been living up in this swamp, living up in this grass, and that's what makes this bass so dark. Healthy one, just nothing big, but that is an awesome way to start off the video. Thank you, baby. There she goes. Heck yeah, boys. You gotta bite, that's pretty quick, man. Only threw about 10, 15 casts in here. Already got a bite on the snake, I'd say that's pretty good. I mean, that was like, I kept casting, casting, casting in the same spot. If I knew anything guys, where there's one bass, there's possibly another. Let's keep on casting out here. I'd be able to get another good bite. Gotta be patient with it. I need to be careful where we're walking out here too. Our gators, like I said, there's a swamp. So I wanna show you guys this. So this is all the natural water. See that right there? See all the frogs jumping? That was a huge tree. I couldn't tell, that was a big gator. Yeah, this is pretty much just a swamp that feeds the natural water into this pond. So this is one of those swampy places already. I would expect them to smoke a snake, you know. Look at that, look at that. Oh my gosh. That is a monster. Oh, it's a freaking mudfish. Giant, oh my gosh, giant mudfish. Look at that boys. Oh my gosh. The snake is getting smoked right now. That is not necessarily what we wanted to catch, but oh my goodness, look at that thing. I gotta get a picture. Maybe not, maybe not. Oh my gosh. He's freaking out. He destroyed that thing though. Dang, nasty mudfish. Good thing we got our pliers. Maybe I can't get a quick picture. Let's see. Every time I say picture, just calm down, man. Let's get a little pick. Get a little pick of you. I'm proud of my catch now. Let's freaking go, man. That's a massive one. This is officially a pond monster, right here. That is the definition of a pond monster. Let's just try to get this puppy off. If you guys know one thing, that is one thing I don't like to grab, the old mudfish. But we got them off, oh my gosh.  Came off straight up destroyed the snake. This is the type of place we wanna be fishing this thing. Old swamp. They're used to seeing things like this, obviously. Caught both of those fish in the same spot. Let's throw back in there, man. There might be another one. It just looks so juicy. Now I'm working this thing so slow. You guys saw, I don't even think I moved that snake, man, I just let it sit there, kind of barely twitched it, and that freaking mudfish destroyed it. Think we're figuring out a way to fish this thing.  I know it wasn't a bass, but that blow up just was amazing. He blew up better than any bass could. That was insane. Let's keep moving, guys. Funny, we had some people stoppin' and watchin' us. They're just watchin' what we're doin'. You get to see that whole thing. That was pretty cool. Maybe that's where they're a good luck charm. There's definitely some swamp monsters in here. Do you hear the water, what I was talkin' about? Do you hear the water just pourin' in? So what I was tellin' her is, back there, with the swamp overflowing, there's a big fish right there. With the swamp overflowing, those fish are just sit right there on the edge, but the trick with it is, you gotta get your bait right on the edge of where the water's comin' in. If you don't, they're not gonna bite it. You gotta get it there perfectly. Not a bad cast I just made, but not perfect.  If you throw it right on the bank, they hammer it. It's so odd. They're very particular on what they wanna eat.  Look at these boils, tear. Oh, oh, oh. He's right behind me. Look. Oh, he's right behind me. Come on, baby. Come on, baby.  Throw back in here. He was just nosed up behind it. It's just gettin' these fish to commit to it. The snake looks so good. I can show you guys a little better here. Look at how that thing... Look at how good that looks slithering through the water. And there's one thing in this world I don't like, guys. It's snakes, but this thing just looks saucy. Like, if I was a fish, I'd be eatin' it.  Look at that right there, another boil. Oh, I wanna bite. I wish we brought the scissors. I thought about tying it where you tied it on. Look how my moves. It's similar. Okay. Guys, look at this, what Tara was talking about. So this is one unique thing with the snake lure. I haven't really talked in depth about it yet. So I tied mine on right above this bill, which is gonna do more of a waking action throughout the water, but there's another hole to tie it on. And that's actually where Tara tied that snake.  The cutters aren't perfect on them, but should be able to get it. All right, guys, let's keep on castin'. Let's get another pond monster. I'm just waitin' on that seven, eight-pound bass. Maybe the snake lure's underrated, guys. Maybe this is a killer bait that we've just been sleepin' on all these years. All right, guys, here we go. Fourth pond. Let's see what we can get after today. This pond right here, we have been getting a lot of good topwater bites. The big thing that we gotta pay attention to, every pond in every place that we go to is gonna fish differently, which that leads me into how should I work this bait? You know, I'm gonna have to figure it out. Earlier today, I was fishin' those swampy ponds. I was kinda throwin' it up there, barely movin' it and then posin' it. Barely movin' it and then posin' it. And that's how I was gettin' those bites, but in here, it might almost be better to continuously reel it, but that's something that we're just gonna have to figure out and keep our heads down and just figure out a strategy to get these bass to bite. Let's go ahead and keep castin' around. I think we're gonna end up hookin' some really good fish in here. All the ones that I caught in here recently, I've been around three to four pounds, so that is a bonus. Another pond over here, Tara ended up catchin' her PB, which is close to seven pounds. So hopefully we can get into some of those big ones on the snake. There's only one way to find out, so let's keep castin'. Boys, I think my SC card messed up, I'm not sure, but I had one every bit of three to four pounds just come up, I could see his whole body and just kinda kiss it. He didn't commit at all.  He was just fallin' this thing in. I still don't know if I got it on camera. I guess we'll have to go back to figure out, but I was our first bite in here. It was a nice fish, he just didn't commit, so let's not have to bury her with trees and see what we can do. It looks like it's startin' to rain now. Hopefully it doesn't start pouring. Hopefully it's just a light rain. This rain might make these fish fire off, guys. That's how it was the other day. It started rainin' and it just turned these fish on. Let's hope that's the case and let's hope that it don't rain much more than it's doin' now and we'll be able to stick out here and film all this. Here we go, guys. Got a different pond, look at that boil. All right, next to this grass in this pocket. Looks so good. Man, we should get destroyed. Look at that watermelon. You see that watermelon? Matches my snake pattern perfectly. Oh, got one. Here we go. There we go. Oh, I'm on board now, yay. Oh, there you go, get him up here. Yes, ma'am. Yes, ma'am. That's my first time using the snake. First snake bass ever. First snake bass ever. Look at that, be careful. Look at that. Heck, yeah, girl. That color is actually really good to her right now because the clouds are out and usually those darker colors would be good. There you go, good job. Not a big one, but heck, yeah, girl, your first snake bass ever. That was pretty cool, wasn't it? Were you just continuously reeling it? Really? On that one, yeah. Heck, yeah, good job. There we go, girl. We're getting somewhere. Heck, yeah. All right, guys, was that your first cast in this pond? This pond is your lucky charm. Last time Tara was here, she caught her PB and then she comes out here, first cast on the snake, catches the fish. That's awesome.  That's some good luck last week in the rain. We can continue that good luck to now. Yeah, he's on there. He's swimming with me. Oh, he feels pretty good. Oh, I can feel, he's swimming with me. Is he big, big?  No! No! That boar was crazy, though. I think this web is getting right for the top water, boys. I think it's getting right. This rain just stays like this. It don't do nothing crazy. They'll be fishing in this. There we go. There we go, boys. There we go. My first snake bass in this pond. Heck, yeah, he's tiny, too. Look at that. Super skinny, too. That is just insane. Okay, calm down, buddy. Calm down. Look at that, boys. Little tiny one on the snake. We're catching them, man. This is awesome. We're putting up the numbers now. Tara would have landed that last one. We would have a good couple of fish and if I would have got that one bass, it'd just ate me at the bank, that thing. I'm telling you, boys, that one was a big one, too. I could literally see him. Like, it was clear as day. And it was so slow-motion how he came up to eat it, too. It was like he wasn't really committed to it. Just kind of dove up on it. But that's a beautiful fish. My first one in this pond. Hopefully we can keep it going. Hook a giant here in a moment. There he goes. Heck, yeah, that fish was really skinny.  And then you have bass like that, they're just tiny. So now, let's kind of look back on what we're doing. Kind of understand how we can maximize our bites. That was just a steady retrieve. I'm not working it too fast. It's kind of steady retrieving it like that. Maybe every once in a while, pausing it could be a good thing. And then starting it back up, I think that's what Tara did to get that bite, too. So we just need to keep playing with our retrieves. It's so hard to take what we learned from the last place and apply it here in vice versa. And when we get to another pond after this, it's gonna be hard for us to take what we learned from this one to that one. Cause if the fish could be acting different, they might not want top water or they might want it worked a different way. That's just how it is fishing different bodies of water. But fishing to be biting pretty good. This rain just started and I'm pumped for it. I think we're gonna have a good bit of bites in here. He's off. No, that bull up sounded crazy, Tara. Rain's starting to come down. More of the bites are getting more aggressive. There we go. Oh, not a bad one. Let's go boys, we're at that corner. In the rain, how can it get better than that? Oh man, that's a little pounder. It looked like he was about two pounds, but he ain't that big. That's a pounder, skinny pounder, if that. That's another snake bass. We can't complain with that, can we? We're just having fun out here enjoying life, fishing for whatever bites on the snake. And it's freaking happening, guys. To get up to the big ones, we gotta weave through the small ones. Thank you, baby. Gives us some other cast up in there. That corner just looks so promising. For how small that fish was, man, he put up a ruckus hitting that thing. I can only imagine how big one's gonna smoke it. So boys, last time we made it this far in this pond.  Looks so good in this rain.  Come on. He literally just came up and barely hit it. I felt him just pick up the tail. He just didn't commit to it. It's the biggest thing is getting these fish to commit right now. They're either destroying it or there's barely coming up and just playing with it. Ooh, another bite, man. Another bite. Just came up and barely kissed it. Two times right down this lane. Maybe the lucky watermelon. I don't know why in the world there's a watermelon in here. We're gonna take a little break cause this rain's starting to get a little heavier now. So we're gonna take a little break and we'll get back with you. All right, boys, we're coming back out. After the rain, went and took a little lunch break. We're gonna go and see what happens. We're gonna be fishing this little pond right here. If you guys look closely, you can see where it's actually flooded. That's grass all underneath there. Yeah, we're gonna see if we can catch a few in here and then there'd be a couple other spots that we can hid. And then I'm thinking about going back to the swamp, guys, just because we were getting a bunch of different bites in there and definitely some big fish bites. So I might have to take it back over to that place. Fuck, gosh, I didn't even move it. I just, I totally spazzed out. That was probably one of the best bites all day. That was such a good bite. I didn't hook him or anything. Just totally popped off at it. And I got just too excited, hooks up too early. All right, you want a little snake?  All right, guys, well, this was just not it. Let's keep on moving. Didn't have any bites. Actually, I had that bite when I first casted it in, but that's about it. So let's keep on moving. So, boys, while walking back from this pond, look what I saw. And look at this professional, man. Look at this photography. Oh my gosh, hire me now. Look at that, boys! You took it, you did not take that. That was a straight lie. Pretty cool. There's so many deer in the woods here. It's insane. Had the next pond, boys, had the next pond, boys. Let's smoke us a donkey bash. Please bite. Y'all were treating me so nicely at the beginning, even in the middle. And now the end is just difficult. Oh my gosh, look at that boy when he's swimming off right here. Oh my no! What just happened? I got excited. He hit you that quick first cast? Yeah, I got excited, bummer. Maybe they're gonna go crazy on the snake in here. That was a good sign. If there's anything, that's a good sign. That's a good sign. Well, boys, maybe we're gonna get it done. We definitely gonna get it done. We gotta get it done. There ain't no choices, okay? There's no other option other than get the job done. So that is what we're gonna do. Dude. Why? Why do you, why do you, what are you doing? My bait was, you know how like the front of the bait digs down? It wasn't digging down. Comes to find out there was just a two and a half pound bass below it so it couldn't dig down because it was probably on his back. He was just literally right under this thing.  I'm convinced guys, half these fish are just scared of snakes. I mean, I do not like snakes. Maybe the fish just don't like snakes. You know, some of them destroy it. Like you got that nasty mudfish. He was like, I really want this snake. And then you got a lot of these bass that are just like, I don't know about the snake. And you just have that one swimming right under it. You know, he just might not like snakes, man. All right, come on snake bass, bro. Come on, snake bass. The big ones have been biting in here. Just gotta eat a snake, come on. I'm dying for another bite. Like a legit bite. Maybe it was not one to eat, you can tell. So ready to see a good one. Oh my gosh, that was crazy. Not a big one, but he just followed me back in. So guys, I kind of cheated. I couldn't take it anymore, man. I really couldn't take it anymore. I had to throw a dang chatter dog. Yeah, I literally was about to lose my mind. I'm not done throwing it, but I just, I couldn't do. I needed to calm down for a minute. I threw thousands of casts of that dang snake and I didn't have a fish and I was about to just lose my mind, so that's refreshing. That's refreshing. That fish would barely almost eat a dude. He ate me last second at the bank. I don't know what it is, but they're definitely not biting like they were previously. It's a total different type of fish than it was a couple of hours ago. All right guys, final destination and then I'm gonna give you guys my honest opinion on the snake lure. You guys definitely wanna stay tuned for that. I wanna give you guys what I think, what I really think about the snake and I got a nice one. Oh, that's the nicest bass all day. Right away, holy cow.  Oh my gosh.  It's up in that grass, eat that chatter, don't man. Phil's refreshing to just catch a bass. Well, some of them in the snake, look how healthy that fish is. Straight up brute. First cast. Why didn't we come here all day? And why didn't I throw the snake in here? We probably could have got smoked. So we're gonna talk about old Mr. Snakey Wakey here. That's a pretty good name because it's like a wake bait, Snakey Wakey. I kind of like that. Anyways, let's go ahead and hop into this. Did I have fun fishing today? Well, I always have fun fishing. So yes, I did have a blast fishing today. Did I like fishing with the snake when I was casting it and actually having bites? It was a lot of fun when that rain came though and I wasn't having any bites. It was tough, man. It was really testing my patience and I am very patient. So, you know, it is a love-hate relationship. When I throw this snake again, for fun, probably not. Like for just a day of fishing, probably not for another video, possibly. So if you guys want to see another video with the snake, let me know down below. And if you do, let me know what type of video. Like, do you want me to take this on the river? Would you like me to take this thing to Fletcher's? Where would you like to see the snake lure? Cause we could definitely do it somewhere else. But yeah, I just wanted to talk a little bit about it. If I had to rate this snake as far as like, catchability, I'd say probably five out of 10. It's definitely possible to catch fish on it. Is it easy to get bites on it? Probably not. Probably cause half the fish are scared of snakes. So they do not want to even bite it. But is it fun when you get a bite on this? Heck yes, 10 out of 10 on that. That was a blast catching, especially that mudfish. That was probably the most fun I had all day, which is crazy because I don't like catching mudfish. But for this video, it was fun. But yeah, guys, I hope you enjoyed this one. If you did, hit the like button and I'll catch you all in the next video.


Today I will be discussing about the soil water. In short, what water does in the soil mass, what are the different types of waters which are present in the soils, how to differentiate them, what is their role, what is capillarity, what is bedow zone and how to answer the questions which society is asking in particular why infrastructure gets damaged, why buildings are collapsing, why roads are not functioning the way they should have. So, all these questions come or they become quite relevant when you see the perspective from the soil water and what water does in the soil system. When I am back I had talked about the different types of water which are present in soils and this is where I have given you some hint that there is something known as environmental water, there is something known as free water, there is something known as hygroscopic moisture, there is something known as adsorbed soft water, bound water, sometimes we also call it as hydrated water. Now, this is a topic of great interest to the researchers who are working in this subject and particularly those who are more interested in understanding how the environment causes contamination of soils and that is the reason nowadays this is being studied quite much in details and lot of emphasis is on understanding what moisture does. So, it so happens that most of the properties of the soil of the soil are dependent upon the moisture content and this moisture content is nothing but the soil water. Those of you who are interested in advanced research in this area should refer to soil water characteristic curve. Now, this is the most latest thing in the geotechnical engineering, but for undergraduates it is not a good idea to start discussing this right away in the class. So, when I say most of the properties of soil be it shear strength, be it compressibility, be it consolidation or be it permeability. Now, permeability has different roles to play in different subjects. I think I have been emphasizing upon this starting from petroleum to the motion of any fluid in the geomaterials to the water which is of interest to geotechnical engineers and from here we say that if soils are cohesive or non-cohesive or granular all their characteristics are bound to change because the water holding capacity is going to be different and soil water characteristic curve is nothing but a quantification of what is the water holding capacity of the soils. So, if I talk about the soil moisture, soil water is a general term and soil moisture is a particular term. Soil moisture is valid mostly for the fine-grained materials not for the coarse-grained materials. The first category of the soil moisture is the one which is adhesion characteristics. So, depending the mechanism of adhesion of moisture on the fine-grained materials is adhesion. Sometimes, we also call this as adsorbed. So, those of you who might get a chance to work in, you know, research laboratories, they are the terminology used is adsorbed or absorbed. Mostly, this is valid for the collides and for a quick understanding, collides is the particle size which is less than 1 micron, all right. Normally, we talk about the clay fraction up to 2 microns, collides are at the 1. So, it so happens that if I take a grain of a fine-grained material, this is the soil grain. The moment this comes in contact with water, there will be a adsorbed layer formation, all right. This is also known as adsorbed water. Sometimes people use this as bound water. Sometimes they also use the word hydrated water. In short, most of the adsorption is because of the surface characteristics of the grains. The surface are hyperactive, if you remember. Their surface area is going to be extremely high and hence their affinity is towards anything moisture or contaminant which comes in contact with it to adhere it on to itself. Now, in between the two particles or the grains of the soil, we will have free water. So, all this is free water, sometimes we also call this as gravity water, sometimes we also call this as a pore water, all right. So, it is the first time I am using the term pore water. Most of the characteristics of the soils would directly depend upon the pore water or in other words, the pore water which is the water which present in the pores of the soil mass would be controlling all of them and henceforth our focus would be to understand how the pore to pressure characteristics control all the fundamental properties of the soils. Adsorbed water also contains sometimes the cohesive water solidified water, all right. So, the combination of the two is adsorbed water which is a fundamental characteristics of the coloids. When you get a chance to work in this sub clay particle ranges, as I was talking about in petroleum industry, normally these type of deposits are quite frequently encountered where you are dealing with the sub fraction of the soil particles which fall in the category of coloids less than 1 micron. Now, if you compare the bound water and the free water with the free water, what you will observe is that the boiling point, what is your guess, bound water boiling point will be more or less than the free water. It is all bound by the particle and particle is having lot of electromagnetic forces. So, this is going to be higher than the free water, all right. So if I say that these are the characteristics, so if I write like this is okay, that means the bound water boiling point is higher than the free water. One of the ways to understand the difference between bound and free water would be if I take a sponge, if I soak it in water, if I take it out of the water column and just keep it on the surface, all right. So whatever gets drained out because of the gravity is free water, all right. This is not bound by any particle, there is no electromagnetic force acting on this. So this is just free to follow the gravity. However, the pore water is the one which still remains in the pores because of the capillary action and this we are going to discuss in details today. The freezing point, now what is your understanding, what will happen to the freezing point? Freezing point follows the reverse trend, all right. So the bound water freezing point is going to be less than the bound water, sorry bound water, the freezing point of the free water because this water is free, follows the gravity and hence it would get frozen first as compared to the bound water. Now if we talk about the viscosity, these concepts you require in R and D. So you cannot say that these concepts should not be discussed, these are very, very important concepts. So viscosity of the bound water is going to be more than the free water. Most of the industrial processes where you form different types of, you know, products, they all depend upon this type of series. Then surface tension, so surface tension also of the bound water is greater than free water. Those of you might get a chance to work in the field of agricultural sciences, lot of research is going on and lot of focus of interest is nowadays agriculture because of, you know, food assurance. The population has increased, everybody is talking about productivity of the soil. And by our human intervention what we have done, we have destroyed the productivity of the soil. So they call it as a food security, check it on net how much work is being done internationally. Now I hope you can realize when I talk about the food security for a country, for a population, these concepts will become very important because if you have most of the time the free water which is of not much of use and unless you design the systems, the chances are that this water might be available to the plants freely, but at the same time if the soil happens to be coarse material it may drain out. So you do irrigation and water is a commodity, you do not have much water. Question is can bound water be utilized for growing plants, hydrophonics?  In glass, crushed glass they are producing plants, is it not? So these are the plantations which are soil less. That means they may dose some chemicals, some activators, some raisins, some zeolites which have a very high tendency to retain moisture and this moisture slowly diffuses through the root zone. So this is a big subject, is this okay? I am not going into the details of this. So it is the free water which is ultimately going to guide all these properties. So free water and the pore water is going to which is the same thing is going to guide most of the properties of the soils. The second classification is remember this is the first type of water which we talk about, adsorbed. The second one is absorbs, absorbed water. There is a difference between the terminology which I am using, this is the adhesion or adsorbed and this is absorbed, any idea what this would be? So you take the rasugulla, take it out of the pan in which you are making it or you have soaked it in the syrup, squeeze it, those who are diabetic what do they do? They will squeeze it, squeeze out all the syrup and then they eat it. So the free syrup which is equivalent to the free water has been displaced. But still the rasugulla feels sweet, why? Because some amount of sugar has got absorbed into the pores, alright? So this water is the same like that. The wilting point has something to do with the absorbed moisture content which we, with the terminology which we use normally in agriculture engineering. Absorbed moisture content can be divided into two parts, hygroscopic and capillary. Remember sometime back when we were talking about the moisture content, determination of the soils, I was using these terminologies in a city like Bombay where the humidity is extremely high. If I dry a soil in the oven, particularly fine grained material and if I bring it back to the room temperature, what is going to happen? Because of the surface activity, a layer of hygroscopic moisture is going to surround the particles. So hygroscopic moisture content is equivalent to the moisture which normally spoils your table salt, correct? So this is because of the humidity, because of the hygroscopic behavior of the clay mineral or the material which makes it proactive to absorb moisture, correct? Another difference is adsorption is mostly a surface phenomena. Absorption could include surface as well as intermolecular and that is why I gave you logic. So without the syrup, Rasagulla is still sweet, is still sweet, correct? So absorb moisture will have two components, adsorbed and sorbed. So option becomes important when you are talking about contaminants in soil which is not the scope of the discussion in this class. Hygroscopic is the environmental moisture. Hygrow is, type out the word hygrow, what is the meaning of hygrow in your mobile? Hygrose is water, is it not? So what is hygrow? When you say anhydrous compound, hydrous compound, you understand the difference between hydrous and anhydrous? So what is hygrow, relating to moisture, simple moisture on the surface. So if you consider a small particle and because of the humidity in the environment, this particle uptakes some moisture that becomes hygroscopic. There is a difference, adsorbed water will have some sort of a energy of bending, clear? This is something which is not going to have any energy of bending, it is just free water. You take the soil, put it beneath the, a lamp of 40 watt, 20 watt, it will simply evaporate. So this is not a bound water, this is a bound water, remember, correct? So when you say bound water, lot of energies associated with the binding of molecules are prevalent. See the third type of the water is free attic water. You must have come across this terminology in your irrigation engineering courses, is it not? Where you are designing dams and when you talk about the storage capacity of the dam and so on. Have you come across this sort or not, free attic? What is free attic? Check on the net, P-H-R-E-A-T-I-C free attic, which follows gravity, atmospheric, alright? So suppose if I give you an example that there is a hill and then this landscape becomes like this. See let us say ocean or a lake or it could be a river, alright? When the rainfall occurs, what will happen? Some portion of the rainfall will become runoff. So this is the rainfall and some portion of the rain would get percolated, alright? So this is the percolation. Now hypothetically if I draw a plane like this towards the land, this is the land side, this is the water body side. This zone is known as a Bedou's zone, you remember we have talked about this, unsaturated zone. However, this line is known as a free attic line. I hope now you can understand. What is the meaning of free attic world? Some of you could locate it, yes, and exactly. So what I have done, intentionally I have matched this line with the free water surface. So this piece, the gravity water, whatever gets runoff, whatever gets percolated, ultimately this will come and meet the free attic line. This is the gravitational water. Atmospheric conditions prevail over here. So the pressure all along this surface are going to be, pressure is going to be one atmosphere, always, fine? Now we will see how we are going to utilize this concept. So about the free attic water, yes please. What is? The dominant force. This is only a surface phenomena, thin layer of water which comes only because of the surface activity. Surface activity could be your cation exchange capacity or the surface area. So you have lot of parking places which are available on a fine particle because surface is very high. Water molecules just come and sit over there, there is no bonding of any type. So the moment you heat it, the moment you put it in a wind, everything will get blown off. Exhaust water also means? Exhaust water has energy because this is having the energy of what is known as the binding or the bounding. So that is why we use the word bound water. So this water is bounded to the soil particle because of some energy. It could be wind of all forces, is this fine? Yes, pressure at the free attic line is going to be always one atmosphere, natural STP conditions, standard temperature pressure condition. So the, I am going to talk about free attic surface. So basically free attic surface is the gravitational water, whatever gets percolated ultimately settles down over here because the level of the water has to be maintained, fine? Number 2, on the free attic line, the pressure conditions are atmospheric. This is how you define it because this is, see what is the pressure at this point? Atmospheric pressure. So it has to get balanced with this. So imagine you have in the offshore environment water and ultimately it has to come and meet the ground which becomes a ground water table. So the ground water table also has the pressure conditions same as the atmospheric conditions, is this okay? Now concentrate on what I am going to write. The free attic water is subjected to gravity, capillary action does not play an important role here. That means by virtue whatever you check on the net everything is going to be saturated. So this is the widow zone, this becomes your saturated zone. One of the ways to define the free attic line is, this is the boundary between saturated soil mass and the unsaturated soil mass, clear? And today after sometime we are going to discuss what is the state of stress in the widow zone and in the saturated zone. So then your funda will become very clear. Here the state of stress is going to be tensile and beneath the water table everything is going to be compressive. Is this part clear? Let us begin this, I think then we will catch it off. Number two, the free attic water will saturate the pores of the soil completely saturated situation. Beneath this point anywhere in the soil mass the pore water pressure will be more than atmospheric pressure. Have you understood this? So suppose if I consider a point over here, at point P the pore water pressure is going to be atmospheric pressure plus the pressure which is existing because of this much column of the soil and water. Another property of the free attic line is that it tends to flow laterally, why? After few days when we will be talking about the seepage in the soil mass, we will realize that the movement of the ground water is always in the horizontal direction because permeabilities are more as compared to the up and down. And this is a blessing in disguise, nature has created a system like this where the water table will not change in the vertical direction much but it will keep, it moves only in the lateral direction. So one of the properties of free attic line is that the water moves laterally, is this okay? So I will write a condition here, the free attic water is the gravitational water and the pressure at this point is equal to 180 M, 1 atmosphere. As a geotechnical engineer, most of my interest should be in this as per the undergraduate or the beginning of the subject or the initiation of the subject is concerned. But later on I think you will realize that in country, our own country, there are not many places where you have enough water and the country is having acute crisis of water. That means the widow zone becomes more important to study as compared to the saturated zone but I am not going to discuss this. So when you talk about the mechanics of the widow zone, this fundamental behavior of the soil becomes very important. But no, just hold on for few minutes, as I said in the widow zone the pressure is going to be because of the capillarity, so I am just going to come on that. So by virtue of the basic difference is anything which is the water table would be either dry. If it is a granular material, water cannot stand there because of gravity water goes out or if it is a fine-grained material, you remember we have discussed this case earlier also. If this is a fine-grained material, capillary action would be there, we will be discussing about this. And hence some portion of the widow zone would be either variably saturated or partially saturated or unsaturated, clear? So these are three cases which we have created out of this. So this dynamics becomes more important to understand for the present day technologists as compared to this, yes or then now you are complicating the whole game. But good, I am happy that you have asked this question. So now the sea water intrusion will start, the density driven flow will take place. So you have to now sit in my environmental geomechanics course. But it is a good question. So why this decant peninsular is having problem of drinking water? Because salt water diffuses into the freshwater, alright?  So coming back to your point, anything which is below the phreatic line is going to be positively stressed. Anything above the phreatic line is going to be negatively stressed and we will see why it happens. Any other question? Yes please. Use the mic. How we theoretically compare the freezing point of two materials? I mean you can do calorimetry, remember in your 10 plus 2 calorimetry which you have studied, you were talking about the heat of reaction and if you really want to find out, Vinny can you answer some question? She is an expert in freezing of soils and freezing of the pore solutions. You can also add to this question. So are you particularly asking about the bound and free water, how can you measure the freezing point? Yes. So very in very simple thing which you can observe during the experiment is like you remember that whenever phase change is happening, freezing, boiling the temperature remains constant. So for a longer duration of time during freezing, for free water it might be zero but for bound water it will be like minus 2, minus 4. You will see the temperature plateau in that region. Thermodynamics of the system. Yeah. Use the word thermodynamics. They can follow. They have done a course in thermodynamics. Yeah. And as I said. How much energy you have to extract out to make the system freeze is what you are asking. Yeah. And you can use calorimetry also if you want to be very specific and quantify the phenomena. Actually these are the on the basis of practical knowledge, how we can, is there something so that we can get the difference by any theoretical knowledge or a guess? Can you please repeat your question? Basically what you are saying that it is after the practical experiment. Is there something to guess the freezing point of 2 substance? Not the freezing, guess the freezing point but to compare the freezing point of 2 substance. What salt does in water when you freeze it? What sodium chloride does to the freezing point? Excellent. So, I think now you can connect. Compare the freezing point of 2 substances. Am I right? Is that your question? And how to do this in calorimetry? That is your another question. Without doing experiments. Without, ok. Do you know what it means by freezing? That first of all we have gone through, right. What happens when freezing is happening to the state of the material? It is energy will increase or it is energy will decrease? You are taking out the, you are extracting the energy out of the system. Correct. So, this is the only way you can answer this question. This is what he was also asking that what is the difference between the bound water and the free water and the hygroscopic water? It is only the level of energy which is bounding a layer of water molecules onto the particles. Clear? So, when we said viscosity is high, under what circumstances viscosity becomes very high? High pressures, low temperatures. One of the examples. Clear? So, you can create similar types of situations and then you can justify these answers. Ok? Freezing point decreasing because of addition of salts, because of changes of rheology and so on. It is an interesting question what you are asking, but then it has very elaborate concept. You have anything else? Just to complete my response. So, we will look at like we will see how easy it is to extract the energy from the. Any system? That will govern the freezing point. So, if there is some mechanism which will oppose the removal of energy. No, no, no energy of crystallization you should talk about the. Crystallization. Yeah. So, basically freezing is nothing but crystallization, one form of crystallization. Correct? Read more about it. Yes. You should be having a mic here. Is there a hello? Sir, why is there a difference in surface tension between the bound and the free water? Ok. I will answer your question 5 minutes. Alright. So, one of the ways to characterize, let us go back to the basic capillary model to answer your question and what you have been asking some of you. Characterization of Vedo's zone. So, by definition first of all this is a zone in which capillarity is predominant. You remember the basic concept there is a small glass tube and which is kept in a water bath. So, this is the glass tube normally we call this as a capillary tube. That means the diameter is going to be extremely small, very, very small diameter alright. And this is a glass tube or a capillary tube. Where do you find capillary tubes in day to day real life situations? Not really. So, very good, but then keep this question in mind you should relate with this answer. The straw diameter is much more. So, a good example of capillary would be pores of the skin. You have gone to a different level altogether apart from this simple devices which you use in day to day life. Sorry. Sorry. Roots. Roots, yes. But that again is a capillary action in the soil. So, I am just asking about a simple device which you use in day to day life. Capillary action. Towel. Towel again falls in the same category. Thermometer. Thermometer is a beautiful example of a capillary tube alright. So, the moment temperature increases there is a rise in the temperature. Sorry, the moment temperature increase there is a rise in the height of the capillary mercury going into the capillary tube alright. So, this is a glass tube or a capillary tube of a very small diameter. So, this you have done in your 10 plus 2 physics. If you leave it like this, this is the water column. Free surface. Atmospheric pressure. Friatic surface. Agreed? Suppose A A, what is the dynamics of the system? The moment you put this glass tube and a capillary will get formed, sorry, menisci will get formed. This is the meniscus. Draw the free body diagram of the meniscus. This height H C is known as capillary rise. The free body diagram would be something like this. The glass tube and this is the meniscus. This is the surface tension. Your question was related to surface tension. This is the contact angle alpha between the water and the glass tube. Glasses of quartz and sand particles are also of quartz. Minerals are mostly quartz. So, this alpha can be obtained by help of most of the devices which are available nowadays. They call them as guinometer. And because of DVSYNC's lab, they have guinometer where you can measure the contact angle for the capillary action, alright. Most of the R and D is being done in this context. So, if the diameter of the tube is D, now can you draw the pressure distribution? I hope you have understood that why this, there is a rise in water column in the capillary tube. That means there is a negative pressure which is acting over here. It is a suction pressure as if the water has been sucked by the glass tube. So, if I consider a point here, let us say point number 1 and point number 2. What is the state of stress at point number 1 and point number 2? If this is the Z at point 1, this is gamma W into Z. Is this okay? This is positive pressure. Anything which is beneath the phreatic line, atmospheric line is positive. How would you find it out? If I take another small tube which is known as a piezometer. Have you ever seen a piezometer? You tubes you have seen. So, if you connect a piezometer over here, please understand this concept carefully because this is going to be very useful forever. So, this tube is known as a piezometer. Nowadays, I can put an electronic sensor which will measure the pressure. So, I can measure the pressure. Earlier days, this is how the pressures used to be measured. Go to any ICU where doctors measure the pressures of your body, clear? Body fluids. So, piezometer always gives positive pressures. Piezo is a sort of a pressure which is atmospherically induced. However, if you keep a tensiometer at this point, you know, normally tensiometers are oppositely designed. This is how the tensiometers would be. It is a tube like this. So, if I keep the tensiometer over here, there will be a drop in water column up to this level which is at sea. So, a tensiometer measures negative pressures. Tension is the word which is used for negative pressures. So, capillarity always gives you negative pressure. Somebody was asking this question, alright? Piezo pressures are always going to be positive. So, state of stress at point number one is positive. State of stress, this is suppose if I say normal stress, sigma. I will remove point. I will simply say sigma 1. So, sigma is the normal stress. Water cannot take shear stress. I hope you agree. At this point 2, the state of stress would be, there is a drop in water column. So, minus at sea multiplied by gamma w. Is this okay? What is at sea? Can you compute at sea? Hydrostatics concepts you can use. So, what is the force which is acting on the system? If I take components, this will become T cos alpha and T sin alpha will vanish. I hope you understand because T sin alpha is on the periphery. So, this is not going to contribute. Yes, please. Sorry. Sorry. P1. Normally, we define pressure as sigma. Normal stress. All right. So, because P1's are normally used at the point. So, this is the normal stress at point number one. And these are normal stress at the point number two. Clear? P1 we do not use. The shear stress we will be using as a tau. But because you are dealing with water, so shear stress is going to be zero. This is pressure, correct? Pressures and stresses are same at that point. Is it not? Stress is the sort of a pressure. So, this is your sigma 2 which is negative and this is your sigma 1 which is positive. So, T sin alpha gets cancelled all along the periphery of the system. So, if I have to draw equilibrium condition, can I write like this T cos alpha which is getting on which surface? The meniscus. And because of that, the entire thing is getting lifted up. So, T cos alpha into pi D, is this correct? This is the periphery, is this correct? Multiplied by T cos alpha. And this is what is balancing the weight of the water column in the capillary tube. So, this will be HC into gamma W and what is the volume of the water? Is this okay? So, area into volume, this is the volume multiplied by density is the force. Is this correct? Hope I have not made mistakes. So, the weight of the water which has gone into the capillary tube is pi D square by 4 into height of the column volume multiplied by gamma W. Equate this and what you are going to get? You will be getting HC equal to 4T cos alpha pi D gets cancelled out upon D. Is this okay? T is the force per unit length, surface tension. In most of the cases, when you are dealing with the glass and water, alpha is 0, not a very good assumption. So, nowadays people can find out the alpha value. As I said, you can substitute over here and if you are very interested in seeing how all this works, you please contact Ghanaraj and see in the laboratory mercury intrusion porosimeter which works on this concept of thin capillary tubes by which we find out the pore diameters present in the soil mass, concrete or coal sample or steel sample, anything, alright? So, those who are interested, you can show them. So, this gets simplified to 4T upon D into gamma W. Another simplified form of this would be, I will come to that later. Now, very cleverly what I can do? You are asking this question. Hello. HC into gamma W is also defined as UW, but this water is under tensile stresses. So, height of the column multiplied by gamma W would give me a sort of a pressure term. So, this is a pressure. This is okay now. We call this as the pore order pressure and the pore order pressure happens to be negative over here. There is one approximation which people have done. They say HC is equal to 0.3 upon D and this is in centimeters where D is also in centimeters. Just let me check. Yeah, it is correct, alright? This is a thumb rule equation which has been derived by people. Now concentrate for a minute. You will understand a lot of geotechnical engineering without much of efforts. Ready? Stop writing please. The interpretation is like this. D is the diameter of the pores in the soil mass, correct? Smaller the diameter, higher the capillary action, agreed? Number one, I can create this D by compacting the soil. So, you lose material. If I compact it, what I am doing? I am reducing the D size. So, the more and more you compact the soil, the capillary action increases. Remember in your index properties when we are talking about different types of gammas, there I told if the granular material is standing out of the water table, it could be dry. But suppose if it is a compacted fine-grained material, the capillaries are going to be extremely active, that is the capillary zone. So, what this indicates is under the hydrostatic equilibrium, a capillary will show you the height of water in it as Hc, which is guided by this. And it so happens that D is defined as E into D10. A very interesting equation. What is E? What is E? Very good, excellent. So, E is the wide ratio and what is D10? Particles finer than 10 percent of the mass. So, D10 is a standard material concept or the property which you can get from the particle size distribution curve. This is one of the applications of PSD, particle size distribution characteristics. If they are known, immediately you can find out what will be the D value substituted over here, you get the capillary action. Most of the disasters which are taking place in the country in terms of infrastructure development are because you are not selecting the material properly, number one. Number two, you are not compacting the material properly. And then number three, you are not designing the whole system properly. The entire thing comes from here. You do any type of consulting, this is the first rule of the game. Contractors do not compact. Now, this E into D10 is also known as effective pore size or effective diameter also, both. So, imagine if I take the soil compacted properly, E is decreasing, D10 remains same, D10 is the fundamental property of the material, E is the matrix, clear? So, heavily compacted systems are going to give you higher SC. What I have to do? I have to take care of capillary rise in most of the practical situations so that highways do not remain submerged. So, in the coastal areas where you are developing road networks, if you are defining this concept, most of the time the water table will be sucked up up to SC value. Is this part clear? If these are the two particles, I can assume this as D, correct? Because ultimately that the pores themselves are being assumed as the tube. So, you are right, absolutely right. So, this is D. When you compact them, what is going to happen? This D is going to get decreased, clear? They come closer, nice. So, truly speaking, this capillary tube is an assumption that you have two particles of the soils and then you are having water inside because of the capillary action and then this happens. So, if I draw the free body diagram of the particle, how does it look like? If this is the particle and if this is the particle and there is a thin layer of water on this, let us say capillary water. Have you come across this somewhere in mechanics? You must have solved this problem I am sure in engineering mechanics. Belt. Belt, correct. So, if I cut it, what is going to happen? This is the grain and there is a layer of water which is nothing but surface tension. So, what surface tension does? It is sort of a rubber band. Put a rubber band and do like this. What happens? The tendency of the rubber band is to bring this back to the original position because of the tension. Exactly same thing is happening. So, same thing is happening over here. So, this is the T, this is the T surface tension. The more surface tension gets developed, particles have a tendency to come closer to each other. All right? There are a lot of ways to interpret this. Now, suppose what is going to happen now because of this? Suppose this is what is going to happen. The particles come absolutely close to each other. At this point of contact, there will be a normal stress. This is what is defined as effective stress. So, please do not talk about the pressure term. All right? Do not use the term pressure. We always talk in terms of the stresses. This is the inter granular contact stress which is acting at the contact of the two grains. And what is the root cause of this? Surface tension. Clear? So, if I were applying a normal stress sigma on this control volume, this sigma would be equal to sigma prime plus uw. This is the theory of effective stress. So, what we say here is the sigma prime value will be equal to sigma minus uw. Have you understood this? uw is the pore water pressure. Sigma is the pressure which we applied externally and what is getting delegated between the particles is sigma prime which is what is known as effective stress. This theory was given by Terzaghi. Now, suppose if I ask you to plot the variation of pressure along the length of this tube. So, along the length of the tube if I ask you to draw the pressure distribution. Clear? How this will look like? This is hydrostatic pressure. You have already drawn this in your engineering mechanics course. Is this okay? Where this is that? What about the upper one? Upper portion. What is the pressure at this point? We are going to ignore it. So, we will put it as neutral pressure 0. This is also known as neutral pressure. Coming back to your question, when you apply stress externally, this stress gets transmitted into the pores and pores are filled up with water. The distribution of the pressure in the water is all around and it is equal. So, the net pressure at that point is 0 under atmospheric conditions and hence we call this as neutral pressure. So, pore water pressure is also known as neutral pressure unless you increment the sigma value. How this sigma value will get incremented? I started constructing a building and today the height of the building is let us say 3 storey tomorrow it becomes 5, 7, 10, 20. What is happening every day? Every day sigma is getting increased, clear? So, what is happening because of sigma getting increased? The pore water pressure is also getting increased. As long as there is no way for water from the pores to escape, typical fine grained soils and then we will discuss quite in detail about consolidation. So, now come back to this question. So, what I was talking about is the pore water pressure is also known as neutral pressure. Is this okay? Have you heard this? Why? Because this under static condition this is the pressure in equilibrium in the pores unless you create some disturbance. Now, this is what is going to be the pressure diagram here. What will be this magnitude? This is negative and this is positive. Where else you have come across this type of a pressure diagram? Sorry. Very nice. Where? Beams. RCC. Correct? Now, what I am talking about here? I have created a beam situation in the soils itself. Initial 2, 3 lectures when we are talking about why it is so easy to drive a car on beaches which are wet and why cannot you drive a car on the beaches which are dry? Are you getting the answer? What has happened? What water does? It provides tensile strength to the material. Clear? So, under tension also you have so much of stresses which are, which can be negotiated by external stresses. So, the pressure which is getting transmitted because of the moving vehicle on the wet sands on the beach is going to be less than gamma WSC. Beaches and beach sands are notorious for sucking and retaining water in them. Find out the material. Come back to this. Find out the material. D10 is going to be extremely low. When D10 is going to be extremely low, D is going to be less. Find out the material. Capillary action is going to be maximum. Clear? So, what I have to do when I am designing infrastructure on the clay soils where the grains are very small, what I should be doing? I should be putting a layer of cutting off the seepage which keeps on moving up. That is the concept or design of infrastructure in marine clays. Are you following these concepts? They are very simple. I mean all throughout your life you will remember. You cannot forget them and nothing has to be mucked up. You agree? Yeah. What is on how the pressure can be linear because it is, it will be up to a height of further capability, but you down the graph is linear. Very good question and very difficult to answer. So, truly speaking it is not linear, but about the sake of convenience. We are assuming this to be linear. You are right that the pressure would not be linear. You are right, but this is an approximation. So, what you should be doing is you should insert different type of tensiometers all along the column of the soil which is in vedo zone. If you are so eager, come to our lab. We can show you the most electronic, most recent sensors which are normally used to measure the negative pressures, but do not get involved in all these things at this stage, but your point is correct. So, have you understood the concept of reinforcement of the soil because of the water present in it and that to under suction. So, suction helps you. Have you followed everything? Any question which you think would you like to ask? Rest of the things are absolutely simple. There is no complication if you have followed these concepts.