Causality describes a relationship between two or more things where a change in one thing causes a change in another. The essence of causality is a phenomena being dependent on some other effect. As such, causality is a connection or linkage between states or events through which one thing, the cause, under certain conditions, gives rise to or causes something else, what we call the effect. Causality forms a fundamental and pervasive part of our perception and interpretation of the world around us. Equally, our ability to act in the world depends upon our grasp of causal relationships between things, that is to say the way things act and interact. In everyday life, humans and other animals rely on the assumptions of causality, literally every waking second. And in academia, much of science is a study of systematic cause and effect relations. Perceived causality involves the process of inductive inference. The basic process of induction is one of inference from a set of things that have something in common to generalizing what we observe about them as being true for all instances of that kind. We generalize from a sample of previous experiences to a whole population. We project past uniformities in our experience onto future events through expectations. We've seen a ball move off in the opposite direction every time that it was hit with a bat in the past, so we assume it will be the same in the future and this assumption through inductive inference creates the perception of there being a causal relationship between things. Thus although cause and effect appear a central characteristic of our world, they are in fact simply associations that we make between events. The philosopher David Hume illustrated how there are no necessary connections between events in the world. In his words, all events seem entirely loose and separate. One event follows another but we can never observe any tie between them. They seem conjoined but never connected. We perceive cause and effect and then extrapolate from that to infer cause and effect relations about things that we cannot see such as black holes, subatomic particles or events in the future. Of course when we generalize we're going beyond the evidence by the definition of generalizing. Our conclusion covers things that we have not or cannot know. The rising and setting of the sun in the past cannot guarantee it will rise and set tomorrow. Conceptions of causality can be roughly divided into linear and non-linear. Linear causality is the idea that cause and effect follow a single direction between events. From A the cause to B the effect and that for every effect there is a single or limited number of causes. Non-linear causality is the idea that causality may follow a bidirectional path from A to B or from B to A or even both at the same time and that there may be an unlimited number of causes for a given effect. With linear causality there is seem to be a direct link between cause and effect. Cause precedes effect in a sequential pattern. Linear causality has a clear beginning and a clear end. There is one or a limited number of causes for any given effect. Additional linkages of causes or effects create a line or a sequential domino pattern of causality. The central ideas behind linear causality are captured in what is called the axiom of causality. The axiom of causality is the proposition that everything in the universe has a cause and is thus an effect of that cause. This means that if a given event occurs then it is the result of a previous related event. If an object is in a particular state then it is in that state as a consequence of another object interacting with it previously. The philosopher Plato stated this when he wrote in addition everything that becomes or changes must do so owing to some cause for nothing can come to be without a cause. The three criteria for establishing linear cause and effect are correspondence, time precedence and non spuriousness. The first step in establishing linear causality is in demonstrating correspondence or association. This means asking the question is there a relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Correspondence or correlation means that the cause and effect occur within the same unit of analysis. For example, if being exposed to the cold is more likely to make you sick then people who are exposed to the cold should be more often ill. Time precedence means that the cause must occur before the effect. If one wants to say that being well educated causes one to earn a higher salary then the cause of being educated must precede the effect of earning a higher salary. A spurious or false relationship exists when what appears to be associations between the two variables is actually caused by a third extraneous variable. This is captured in the saying correlation does not imply causation a phrase used to emphasise that a correlation between two variables does not mean that one causes the other. For example, a false correlation might be drawn between the amount of ice cream sold and the sale of sunglasses. There is a hidden variable of temperature that is causing both to change together without there being a direct cause and effect relation between them. This linear causality is a keystone of the analytical reductionist approach and searching for these linear cause and effects has formed a central part of modern science. This process of inquiry is conducted by defining a closed system and then isolating it from its environment to control variables. Cause and effect interactions are searched for as an explanation for how elements in the system behave. Within this paradigm cause and effect relations are seen to move in one direction that is from the bottom up and not the reverse direction. Lower level phenomena are seen to cause higher level events. For example, in asking why the body functions as it does we would refer to the internal constituent parts of the organs and tissues to derive an upward causal relation instead of looking for a cause within the system's environment which would be a form of downward causation. Linear causality equally leads to the conception of determinism in that it defines a closed system and reduces the number of causes to a limited set acting in a single direction. Reductionism and linear causality try to reduce the cause of an effect to a single or limited number of determinants and the fewer the number of component determinants that we identify the greater the determinism will be. Nonlinear causality sees causation as flowing in a bidirectional or multidirectional pattern. Nonlinear causality involves cyclical processes where one thing impacts another which in turn impacts the first. Although this chain of events leading to feedback may be mediated through several events or take place over a prolonged period of time. Nonlinear causality is part of the holistic synthetic paradigm that looks at systems within their context or environment as such it is much more focused on downward causation whether are many or even possibly an infinite number of interacting variables. The holistic paradigm posits that effects can be the product of a great many causes to gain a full understanding of the effect we need not drill down to find a single cause but instead look at multiple different factors and how they interact to give rise to the outcome as an emergent phenomenon. Whereas in the linear model the relationship between cause and effect is seen to derive from one of the components affecting another. Within the systems thinking approach it is the relationship between the parts that is seen to create the effect. For example from this perspective it is not that one chemical substance causes another to react in a particular way. It is in fact the type of relationship between them that generates the emergence of a particular outcome and thus there is no direct cause and effect. It is instead an emergent phenomena of a relationship of interdependence. With nonlinear causality cause and effect can flow in both directions through time. However this requires information and some kind of control system being involved. Purely physical processes result in a unidirectional flow to causality from the past to the future and not the other way around. But once there is a control system involved this can define some future desired state, the system's goal and then this can affect events in the present based upon information about the future. For example whether I spend lots of money now may be contingent upon whether or not I think I will get paid at the end of the week. Thus with nonlinear causality causes for events may be derived at least partially from the future. But this would only appear to be possible under the condition of goal orientated behavior where current events are conditioned and controlled by projections surrounding some goal in the future. In a coming video we'll dig further into nonlinear causality as we talk more about indeterminism, downward causation and equifinality.


Lux presents Hollywood the Lux radio theater brings you the great Gilder sleeve Unimerco and Gula Bondi in the show on ladies and gentlemen your producer mr. Cecil B. DeMille greetings from Hollywood ladies and gentlemen the night Fibber McGee and Molly introduced a new character into their show called Gilder sleeve I'm sure no one could have foreseen the fantastic success story to which we add another chapter tonight mr. Gilder sleeve made a great hit with Fibber and Molly's audience and soon had a radio program of his own then came a series of pictures at RKO and tonight we've cast him in one of the great comedy hits of the American theater it's George Kelly's famous play the show off and to show off the great Gilder sleeve in the proper setting we've co-starred him with Unimerco and Gula Bondi you'll find another name on Gilder sleeve's birth certificate Harold Perry to be exact but mr. Perry has been swallowed up by mr. Gilder sleeve for the great enjoyment of the American people in the show off he plays Aubrey Piper the gentleman with the talent for getting into trouble witnessed the case of his brother-in-law's invention which you'll hear more about in just a moment some inventors are remembered by everyone the names of others are lost in the fog of time the airplane the electric light the wireless any school child knows who was responsible for them but nobody knows who invented the wheel or who invented soap yet someone did invent soap hundreds of years before it reached the level of perfection that's called Lux toilet soap I leave it to you how many modern inventions would you give up before you do without soap in research for a picture about Cleopatra which I made a few years ago I discovered that she had several ladies in waiting whose job it was to help her keep beautiful but all the wealth and power of the ancient Queen of Egypt didn't serve her half as well as the Queen of any American home is served by a cake of Lux toilet soap but now the show goes on with the show off and here's the first act starring the great Gilder sleeve as Aubrey Piper you know Merkel as Amy and Bula Bondi as Mrs. Fisher it's eight o'clock on a Wednesday evening and Amy Fisher is a flutter with excitement eight o'clock Wednesday is a big moment in Amy's life or at ten after a certain party will ring the doorbell of the little frame house near Philadelphia hurriedly she dabs a powder pop at her nose and then hearing the front door open she rushes to the head of the stairs mama was at the door yes it was it was your sister oh mama when the bell rings let me answer it hello Clara how's Frank all right mama did you see my blue bar pin it was in my drawer well look in the drawer I haven't seen it what's all the excitement mama Wednesday night oh is that fella still coming here oh right on the dot such as he is it looks like a steady thing Clara you're never in your life heard anybody talk so much I don't know how Amy stands him your pop can hardly stay in the room where he is doesn't she take him into the parlor she does yes but you might just as well leave him out here because he's not in there five minutes till he's out here in the kitchen again talking about politics you're thinking you something about it and the investment business he's always talking about that too that's where he works you know the Billins investment company he says he's head of the sales department but I says to your brother Joe I says I don't know how he can be head of anything from the talk of him Joe says he's a nut but you don't dare say anything to Amy about him oh no she thinks he's heaven's gift to the Fisher family and for all she knows about him he could be a tramp in the park said with the Billins company well that's where he works though mom how do you know Frank knows him you're Frank uh-huh he says he eats his lunch at the same place they're at 15th and arch and does he say he knows him why sure he says he's seen him around there for a long time Frank calls him Carnation Charlie he says he's always got a big carnation in his buttonhole and carries a cane that's the one he's always got it when it comes here to I believe in my heart Clara that's what's turned your sister's head did Frank say what his name was Aubrey Piper I think that's it Aubrey Piper sounds more like a place than a man's name what does he do at Billings he's a clerk I knew it head of the sales department well is that not arrived yet not yet but he will I hope to have any stays in the parlor tonight I want to read my paper and if he slaps me on the back once more I'll kill him that laugh of his enough to drive a man crazy what's that must be Joe he's down the cellar trying to fix the radio Joe is that you give me a hand with a set will you pop I thought you was gonna keep it downstairs there isn't enough light okay thanks pop well is that screwball come in yet well he certainly is a big hit with his family laughing Louis he's a first-class pest that guy every time I'm working on something he sticks his nose in it what are you doing what are you doing you know that formula I've been working on to prevent rust he got his nose into that the other night to next time he does it he's gonna get sucked oh there he is now Amy put out the light in here and shut the door maybe you'll think we've gone out well I gotta go I'll go out the back door if you don't want to be here all night anyway goodbye mom goodbye pop goodbye be quiet now if he hears a voice in here he'll pop in here like a jump in just a minute all three hello all three greetings on you little girl how's every little thing hitting on all three right on the job Amy 10 minutes past on the dot the pride of old West Philly never misses no sir I'll take your hat I'll be anything to please the ladies here you are and the boy rode off with many thanks and many a backward bottle come on in the pot or I'll be at one second little gal one little favor never again will I trouble the bell of old North Philly how about a drink of the old aqua pura huh that's water to me I'll be right back make yourself comfortable don't you worry about me little girl Amy Amy shut that door what's the matter mom I just want to get a drink of water for all three listen Amy I don't want that fellow popping in here good evening ladies and gents yeah stay right where you are folks right where you are going right out of the next train how are you little mother evening pop hi Joe hello Amy step on the gas with the old aqua pura man's got to have a drink how about a pop you'll stay with me on that a pop listen I don't like to be slapped on the back yes sir yes sir I want to tell you this is a very pretty little picture of domestic Felicity father reading mother knitting and little old Joe Edison Fisher there working 18 hours a day to make the rich man richer and the poor man poor what about it popcorn am I right or raving let me alone or take the hands to yourself I never saw such a pest in my life what's the matter with popsy wopsy little office feed a mother Fisher thank you my dear blushing as she gave it looking down at her feet so bare and her tattered gown how's that mother Fisher can't beat that little old Willie Shakespeare now can you know sir I'd like to tell the brothers that that little old Shakespeare party shook a wicked spear yeah well here's laughter ladies and mr. Marconi my best regards to you very nice indeed and a sweet had dropped from a fairer hand was never caught all you well mr. Joseph what are you doing what are you doing Joseph I am fixing something add it again a young inventor himself well mr. Joseph I want to tell you you're wasting your time when you're all through they'll offer you 20 cents for it and sell it for 20 million take it or leave it signed on the dotted line yes sir that's exactly what they did a little old yours truly here 20 Lincoln and the condors for a formula that would have solved the greatest problem before the industrial chemical world today what kind of a formula why a formula to prevent the rusting of iron and steel a solution of vanadium and manganese to be added to the metal in its molten state instead of applied externally where did you hear that yeah you want my boy about a rust preventative using vanadium and manganese little idea of my own yeah you heard it right here in this room I was talking about it last Sunday oh you thought of it too well just goes to show you Joe great minds running the safe shut up you give me a swift pain I love that boy yes mother Fisher that little boy of yours has got some great ideas I was speaking to some of the men who work under me just the other day mother I said gentlemen the inventive genius in this country is we going mother I got a touch of the same pain good night must be an epidemic around here oh well I'll be I'll be let's go in the party shall we yeah you know Amy sometimes I get a funny feeling that your folks don't like me any brave hearts are asleep in the day so be well be a little high I guess oh yes mother do you want something I just wanted to tell you that it's nearly 12 o'clock we're all going to bed around here I was just about to take my reluctant leave little mother well I don't want to hurry and not at all not at all in fact the recent outbursts in the nature of farewell concert a little old song of twilight you know mother Fisher to soothe the savage beast yeah come on Aubrey I'll walk to the gate with you yes sir yes sir the beautiful night all right look at that moon up there Amy is that a moon or is that a moon I say it's a moon oh it's beautiful yeah you know it's times like this when a man gets to thinking Amy yes the Aubrey yes sir that old moon up there makes you think a lot of things a man's got to be pretty careful oh but when a man's knocked around the world like I have a man gets pretty wise when a man meets the right girl man knows he's met the right girl you follow me I think so Aubrey Amy you think a married couple can be happy on a hundred dollars a week oh Aubrey yes I do be nice if they had it too Aubrey is that is that how much you well more or less more or less right now it's a little less but I'm thinking of putting over a deal Amy just between us two you know I don't think it makes any difference how much a man makes I think when a girl cares for a man loves a man that's all that counts the only important thing in the world or should be even if he doesn't have a dime don't you well I got two nickels no no I mean don't you think don't you think about love oh sure ever since I was 14 Amy yes sir it's a little old stupid dart that counts and after all you can't buy happiness can you definitely not so they say well well well well Amy what do you think huh about you mean about yeah what do you say is it a goal say yes Amy say you'll pool your coffee ration with me Aubrey you mean will I marry you that's the general thought I'm trying to convey oh Aubrey yes I will Aubrey anytime you say to Amy Amy Piper I'm not gonna let you do it I won't stand for it no mama stop it I'm gonna marry him and that's all there is to it but you don't even know him you don't know what he does or how much he makes or anything about it I don't have to I know I like him and that's enough all right but remember this Amy be sure that he keeps you and you keep him and don't be coming around here for your pop to keep you mama don't make me laugh Aubrey's got a wonderful position he makes plenty of money who says so I just know from the way he talks he makes at least a hundred dollars a week whoever heard of a clerk making a hundred a week a clerk where did you hear that from Frank Highland what does Frank Highland know about it he knows Aubrey Piper and Frank says he's a clerk down there just like five million other all that just shows how much he knows about it Aubrey told me he makes a hundred dollars a week and what's more he's gonna swing a great big deal pretty soon the only thing he'll ever swing is that Cain he carries Amy dear I'm warning you once and for all mama why don't you let me make my own life you took who you wanted didn't you and Clara took the man she wanted well I'm gonna take what I want and I want Aubrey Piper you'd like a raise a pepper well that's the general idea I was trying to convey mr. Williams what for well the way I figured is this a man's gonna get married well when a man gets married he's got to have enough to support a wife right right and I figure about a hundred a week maybe a little more how much you make now Piper 35 not very much mr. Williams now it isn't but this investment business isn't what it used to be either yes sir but 35 is all your worth power but mr. Williams what I've seen of your ability gets more than your worth yes sir now would you like 35 or nothing at all no sir what makes you think you're entitled to a raise well I don't have to get married to you no sir and put it off for a while yes sir but I that's all Piper that's all goodbye yes sir yes sir yes sir yeah look how did it go where did you get the race oh the race oh yes we talked it over the boss and I he he's gonna sleep on it I hope he has nightmares she pretty lucky Piper well there's nothing to it if you got the right approach Fred I got any good word for you too yeah oh gee thanks well I'll go to lunch now gotta feed the old furnace you know see you're on Fred hi I'll bring what it'd be hi Sam I'll have a ham on rye and a chocolate frosting and don't spare the ice cream Sam two scoops oh two scoops sure what do I care that's a nickel X tree Aubrey slap it in there Sam you know Piper the old sport himself sure one ham on one frosted double Aubrey Aubrey Amy what are you doing way down here Aubrey I have to speak to you say I'm glad you came Amy you know that deal I was talking about well it didn't go through honey I mean Aubrey listen so I was just thinking maybe if we could postpone getting Aubrey I've got to tell you darling it's awfully important I've done it Aubrey done what I've done it I've left home you oh I just had to I couldn't stand it anymore and I just told mama I said I'm leaving mama and that's that you told mama huh well I was just gonna tell you Amy that deal I mean where are you gonna live I don't know I haven't even thought about it I burned my bridges Aubrey you burned mine too oh well I I guess we better get married pretty soon then huh do you suppose we could oh sure you just leave everything to me and it doesn't really make any difference does it I mean we were going to be married anyway and well you make so much money and all and oh Aubrey tell me it's all right oh it's fine Amy it's fine just a minute hey Samuel Samuel yeah cancel out extra scoop will you act two of the show off starring the great Gilda sleeve as Aubrey Piper Bueller Bondi as Mrs. Fisher and you know Merkel as Amy six months have passed and the romance of Amy and Aubrey has blossomed into marriage Amy is too proud to admit it to her family but she has discovered that why sometimes do at her mate is more talk than action he's not the head of his department nor does he earn the expected $100 per week and now in the Piper kitchenette the financial question has again reared its ugly head build build build Aubrey what are we going to do how's the coffee coming along Amy boy can't be late to work you know Aubrey listen to me sure what's on your mind Aubrey we've just got to get some money we can't go on like this any longer why not we've been getting fine have we look at this we owe $30 to the butcher 23 to the grocer 8 10 to the milkman and the janitor was here about the rent again I'll speak to him on the way out on your way out is right he's gonna throw us out Friday you mean he's threatened us why he can't get away with that I'll break the lease that's what I'll do how about a piece of toast honey Aubrey he can get away with it we've got to pay up or get out all right we'll get out I never like this place anyway the bathtub gurgles have you got any peanut butter Aubrey how can I make you understand listen honey do me a favor when you forget about it everything's going to be fine is it how you just keep your eye on the boy from West Philly that's all now I didn't want to mention this but I'm working on a deal right now it'll put us right up there on top where's the jelly what kind of a deal Aubrey never mind you'll see but I want to know well it's a little idea I've had in the back of my head for a long time what idea it's pretty technical Amy all great tell me what is it well it's a rust preventive a combination of magnesium and vanadium and all great that's Joe's idea that's the thing he's been working on for years oh beat me to a day well a more power to a good evening do you want to know hello mother what's the good word mother been siphoning out any gas tanks lately where's Amy is she here no ain't she home no I just came by there well she ain't been here today she was saying this morning she thought you'd go out and look for a house today I suppose she hasn't got back yet I wanted to take her to the movies I got the loan to Harry Albright's car did you say she was out looking for a house yeah we got to get out of that place we're in the acne machine people have bought the whole block they're gonna put up a new factory there how soon do you have to get out Friday I mean as soon as we find another place I'm afraid you won't find it's easy to get a place as reasonable as that again in a hurry I don't want a place as reasonable as that I want a real home Mamma Mia something with ground around it or I can do a bit of tennis in the evening well if you do you'll pay for it that's exactly what I expected to mother Fisher not giving you a short answer of course that's exactly what I expected to and no more of the old first of the month business for this growing boy he's all washed up signed on the dotted line I'm gonna buy a mother by by what a house mother Fisher a real little home you ought to go out along the boulevard some Sunday some fine little buys out there well there's no danger of you're going out along the boulevard except for a walk yeah a lot of people out that way brother and a man's got to live someplace well if he's wise he'll live where he's able to pay for it besides you haven't got any furniture for a house unless you don't mind sitting on the floor a matter of furniture nowadays little mother is a very inconsequential item it's still cost money don't it money money that's something that never worries me I know but it worries me how are you gonna buy furniture when you haven't got any money to even buy a house don't fret meter there's things in the wind things in the wind well there ought to be there's plenty of it plenty of what mother plenty of wind yeah right there with sense of humor a well I guess I'm much along yes much oh say if Amy calls tell her I got the loan to Harry Albright's car Fred Myers and I'll meet her in front of the Rivoli at eight bells I suppose you mean eight o'clock don't you give the lady a cigar professor well cheerio Mrs. Whistler who Mrs. Whistler man's dream of an ideal mother oh shut up you fool go on mooch yeah cheerio gal many brave hearts are asleep in the deep well well jojo the dog face boy how's the lad oh I'm okay fine what's the matter Joe you look excited well I am in a way look Aubrey can you keep your mouth shut about something you can trust me Jose Sphinx Piper my friends call me what Sphinx Sphinx oh that Joe what's the secret well I sold it sold it sold what my invention the rust preventative no yeah I was down at the Miller grant office all day I went over the whole thing with him and we're going to tie it all up Monday morning nice work mr. Joseph I hope you got yourself a good slice of the old moola I think it's all right they're going to give me $50,000 for it 50 fast not bad not bad if first offer I suppose first and last I'm grabbing it don't be a sucker Joe giving the old hard to get treatment they'll come through with twice that oh no this is too good to fool around with anyway I'm satisfied you know we can do a lot with that money we certainly can I was talking about the family the family yes course that's what I meant but I still think you could get more Joe what you need is somebody to go in there and talk to those guys somebody to cut it out William I'm satisfied I'm sorry I mentioned it to you at all right there Fred well best of luck Joe my boy don't forget now don't say anything about it mom's the word Joe mom's the word I thought you said you knew how to drive what's the matter Fred we're getting there aren't we yeah but I hate to think what Harry's car is going to be like don't you worry about the car Fred everything's under control so I hear got a slipping clutch that's what it is hey that's a red light you better stop there oh boy you'll bring you're about the world's worst I think I've got to get out and walk oh we'll be there any minute just let that little old light give me to go ahead Fred and we'll be zipping on our way did you see that guy he cut right in front of me that was a police car what a police car you're slam right into a police car good evening officer had a little brush here and nothing serious I hope a oh no no you just knocked three of our wheels off that's all take it easy Mike you go along have that arm fixed I'll take care of this fellow go along now all right but you better report about the car don't worry Mike did that others John Darme get hurt oh no I think it's just a little matter of a broken arm nothing serious as you say broken arm well how did that happen I'm not sure but I think he was waving to a friend he threw it out of joint all right let's see your license license license oh you mean my driver's license you know what I mean sure let me see now that's not that's not it oh my draft card for pH pH positively hopeless they ain't kidding either it got me that time now let's see come on come on give me a license well officer I'll tell you the truth you beat me to it by three days what are you talking about well I've been meaning to get a license for some time as a matter of fact I was going down there for one next Tuesday I just a minute am I hearing things are you trying to tell me that you don't have a license yeah you got me again officer I've got you all right get out of that car I can't understand it I waited at the movies for over an hour he wasn't gonna come he would have called here wouldn't he don't ask me what he'd do I'm beginning to get worried he says you've got to get out of that place you're in yes yes that's what I was doing today looking around for something did you see anything oh I saw a couple of places that were fair but they want too much money you're not really looking for a house are you Amy yes if I can find one Aubrey says he will not live in rooms any longer and he doesn't want to pay rent he wants to buy Amy I thought you had a little sense but you're nearly as bad as him you talk awfully silly mother you'd think everybody that was married was living out in the street no that's where a good many of them would be living Amy only that somebody belonging to him is giving him a hand you're ever less than borrowing as it is well I always pay it back don't I mean you do when you get it but that's not the point Amy it's that's what you get one week don't last you till the next oh mother let me alone if you were trying to make me say I'm sorry I'm married Aubrey well I'm not I'm glad I married him and I wouldn't change him for anyone else I ever met in my life so there all right Amy but someday that man's gonna bring trouble on us I can feel it my bones he won't bring trouble and if he does it'll be between him and me you don't have to worry all right all right Amy is that you Joe it's me mom oh hello Clara what you doing here well I don't know isn't Frank here your friend he called up the house and said I better get right over here with something about Aubrey what about Aubrey well I don't know I couldn't understand what he was saying oh I hear you moving Amy yes we are we want a house a house oh Amy if you can't pay your rent where you are how do you expect to pay more how do you know I'm not able to pay my rent where I am now don't you start a fight but I just like to know what business it is of hers whether I can pay my rent or not nobody's asking her to pay it oh no well your husband's been to Frank Highland twice already to pay it but that's a lot it is not he's asked him twice and got it too so I put a stop to it mama make her take that back I won't it's true now you have shot both of you I guess if Clara says it's true Amy she must know and it just goes to prove what I say I told her I told her that man would start well now who should arrive oh well it's not she's little mother is Amy here well man say what's happened to you what's that bandage on your head bandage oh yes nothing to get upset about beginning to rain outside mother never mind the rain the rain didn't do that to you I guess you ran into somebody didn't you don't get excited mama had just a little misunderstanding on the part of the traffic officer you don't mean to tell me that you ran into a traffic officer control now little mother I assure you there's no occasion for undue solicitation good evening Clara what happened to your head the various trifle Mrs. Highland just a little spray from the windshield where's that car you borrowed smashed I guess ain't it the car I borrowed mother fishers not on the hands of the bandits of the law the judicial gentlemen who collect fines for motorists by ordering them to go one way then swearing they told them to go another never mind your fancy talk I want to know who you killed and where's the automobile that someone was cool enough to lend you the automobile little mother is perfectly safe parked and pastoring in the courtyard of the police station so you've got a rest it well I accompanied the officer as far as the station house yes and while I was there I told him a few things about the condition of traffic in this city I guess they told you a few things too didn't they repeat the question shut up yes what did they do fine you well they were all set to find me when I got through with them they didn't have a leg to stand on so they trumped up a charge of driving an automobile without license did they take the automobile away from you nothing of a sort they simply complied with the usual procedure in a case of this kind which is to release the defendant on bond pending the extent of the victim's injuries so there was somebody injured the traffic cop that ran into heaven say couldn't you find anybody but a traffic cop to run into I didn't run into him mother you don't understand the circumstances of the case well I understand this much they can give you ten years for a thing like that and it'd just serve you right if they did to borrow and people's automobiles and know and know more about running them than I do no time like the present to learn mother well you have plenty of time from now on if that officer seriously injured he was faking a broken arm around there when I left it's a wonder to me the poor goof wasn't signed on the dotted line he ran head-on right into me did they take the cop to the hospital I believe they did oh great what happened to a little woman herself hi Amy what is it all great nothing in the world baby I had a little mix-up on broad neary Avenue you didn't get hurt did you nothing but a scratch on the medulla obligato just a little shake up he nearly killed a traffic officer that's how much of a shake up it was you didn't all be just certainly not a me your mother's rape the man's in the hospital I don't know what more you want is he all you think I'd be here if he was you wouldn't be here only that someone was full enough to bail you out instead of letting you stay there for you couldn't be killing people are you out on bail all great they always bail a man in the case like this Amy they got my car on their hands I just got a call around for it Tuesday morning at 10 o'clock I guess you just got to go down there to a hearing Tuesday morning at 10 o'clock and pay your fine I guess that's the automobile you've got to call for how much did they find your all great they didn't find me at all they'll do that Tuesday time will tell that mother Fisher how much bail did they put you under Aubrey 1000 berries Amy 1000 that's regulation little chicken feed for the stool pigeons did you say a thousand dollars that's what I said mother Fisher 1000 trifles I wouldn't kid you you wouldn't kid anybody that listened to you for five minutes and who did you get to go a thousand dollars bail for you don't be alarmed little mother I saw that the affair was kept strictly within the family what do you mean your other son-in-law was kind enough to come forward do you do you mean my husband that's the gentleman Clara mr. Francis X Highland don't you think you'd better go to bed in a minute I'm thinking Amy is your head hurting you and I'm thinking that hard besides it's just a couple of little scratches Aubrey what do you think they'll do to you down there Tuesday I don't worry about that sweetie oh but they're getting awfully strict what if that traffic cop has hurt bad oh it'll only be a fine for reckless driving even they could prove it was reckless driving and I can prove it was the officer's fault a little bit very likely apologizing to me around there Tuesday morning instead of finding me oh I wouldn't care if they only find you Aubrey because I could go back to work until it was paid you'll never go back to work kid while I'm on the boat I wouldn't mind it Aubrey not while you're my wife Amy I'm the provider around here you don't think they might do anything else till you do your Aubrey oh they might try to take away my license you haven't got a license have you that's where I fooled them Aubrey Aubrey what is it they send them to prison for if look Amy everything's okay I've got the whole thing worked out my mind right now all I've got to do is pay that little old fine and I was free as the air why it's a cinch how much will the fine be well I can't tell maybe that thousand buried a thousand dollars where'll you get a thousand dollars now stop it stop it honey look I'll have that thousand dollars Monday it's a breeze a thousand dollars Monday sure how that look if a fella was gonna sell something for ten dollars see and I knew it was worth at least 20 dollars see well if I went to the men who were gonna buy it for ten and I convinced them they ought to pay 20 well I'd be entitled to a commission now wouldn't I at least two percent two percent of the difference signed on the dotted line and I got my thousand bucks but Aubrey well that would mean that that you'd have to sell something for for a hundred thousand dollars that's the ticket Amy you mean that somebody's selling something for 50 thousand and that you can get a hundred thousand for it Amy it's a cinch what do you say little lady mr Miller ready to see me yet let's see now you're mr Piper aren't you that's the name little lady just tell him I'm here about mr Fisher's invention oh I told him that already mr Piper thank you little lady I don't know what I do that's you oh you go on no you go on Mr Gray yes mr Miller I'll see mr Piper now yes sir that door over there mr Piper oh thank you thank you many brave hearts out of sleep in the deep so deep ah good morning mr Miller morning come in Piper's the name Aubrey Piper you do sit down thank you mr Miller I've come to see you about the rust preventative so I hear well where's mr Fisher he was going to be here at 11 a sign of papers so I came at 10 the signing of the papers can wait I think oh are you an interested party in this deal mr Piper well slightly yes I'm uh I'm mr Fisher's business advisor oh I see well he's a fortunate young man oh very fortunate and that's what I like to see mr Miller a young man getting someplace pulling himself up by the seat of his pants yes mr Miller it's the American invented genius that's put this country where it is today and I'm here to state that every right-thinking citizen has the duty no sir the privilege of doing everything in their power to help the growing boy along am I right or wrong shake it up brother shake it up just a moment please yes now now let's not beat around the bush I'm a man of a few words mr Miller and I can see that you are too now what I like to do is come straight to the point sign on the dotted line wrap it up and take it away now you know what this boy has done just one little idea you say one simple operation that's true mr Miller but we can't pass it off like that oh no now you're a businessman mr Miller your time is valuable and so is mine so let's settle right down now here just what are you talking about mr Fisher's invention what else well you're a little late we went all over this with mr Fisher last week we're giving him $50,000 for this morning now you hit it mr Miller right on the old button $50,000 a paltry measly contemptible shame on you mr Miller what's that think of it put yourself in this boy's place $50,000 is a very fair price not for genius mr Miller genius priceless and I'm here to stay wait wait please I might understand that you'd like to call this deal off now now mr Miller don't you jump to conclusions we want you to have this invention but at a fair price all right mr piper let's have your proposition thank you mr Miller in the first place we want $100,000 on the line as an advance oh really a check will do but cash won't hurt number two the Miller grant company will have to sell it at their own expense I see and number three we want one half the net on every gallon sold as a royalty there you are mr Miller that's our proposition and a fairer one you couldn't find am I right or wrong shake it up brother shake it up mr piper I'm afraid you're wrong yet I said you're wrong now listen here I'll do the talking now who do you think you are walking in here trying to bulldoze me out of $50,000 we made a fair price and we were ready to stand by it if I don't like though you do business mr piper this and you can go back and tell mr fisher that he can thank you for this deal falling through now what was that the deal is off we won't give you a lead nickel now now wait I'm sorry mr piper good morning but you can't do this oh yes I can there will no paper signed and there won't be any paper sign I'll get out mr Miller you're making a terrible mistake please get out now let's be reasonable huh we'll come down a little bit make a 75 I told you I wouldn't make it 60 no 55 no 53 no 52 no 51 no you're a hard man mr Miller and just for that we won't sell it to you at all we'll take our product elsewhere and you'll regret this to the end of your days just remember whenever you hear the fisher piper process that you could have been in on the ground floor and you missed your chance good morning sir oh this is one of my bad days we pause now for station identification this is the Columbia broadcasting system now here's a question for the women in our audience if you could make your stockings last far longer just by doing one very easy thing would you do it of course you would then listen to this recent tests show how to cut down stocking runs over 50 percent yes a famous laboratory the united states testing company incorporated repeatedly washed rayon stockings different ways then tested them on an almost human machine a sort of mechanical leg that strains stockings the way you do in actual wear here's what they found washing with new improved luxe cut down runs over 50 percent yes the luxe stockings tested on the machine didn't go into runs nearly as easily as stockings washed with a strong soap or rubbed with cake soap they lasted ever so much longer you see new improved luxe saves elasticity so stockings can take extra strain without breaking into runs so easily and here's what girls find in actual experience why i got over twice the wear for my luxe stockings luxe cut my runs almost in half that means a lot now that stockings are so precious better stick to luxe and avoid those enemies of stockings cake soap rubbing and strong soaps uh one special hint about rayons they need 24 to 48 hours drying time get new improved luxe tomorrow it's in the same familiar box and your dealer has it right now now mr. de mill returns to the microphone now the curtain rises and the third act of the show off starring the great gilda sleeve you know michael and duela bondy it's the morning of orbri's trial in the corridor just off the courtroom the luckless show off stands cracking his knuckles with nervousness for the first time in his life orbri is scared with him is his benefactor with sad faced sad eyed man his brother-in-law frank ilan and take it easy orbri don't try to tell the judge his business he finds you just keep your mouth shut i'll take care of whatever it costs g frank certainly a swell of you to stick by me like this oh it's all right if i can ever do anything for you just tip me off yeah things certainly been going awful lately did did you hear about joe joe and no what's the matter with joe he had a deal all set for 50 000 for his invention went down there yesterday and they wouldn't even see him well what do you know no explanation or anything no well just goes to show you you can't trust those fellas as far as you can throw them yeah we sure knew what gummed it up so do i orbri oh hello amy glad you got here kid hello frank hello well i'll see you later i gotta get some coffee no refills frank see you in court well honey orbri are you nervous nervous who me yeah orbri don't worry it'll come out all right it's not only the trial amy that isn't so much i got something else in my mind amy i've just discovered i'm a terrible heal orbri that's right it's an awful blow to me after all these years what are you talking about amy listen remember remember that deal i was going to swing that hundred thousand dollar thing yes it didn't go through oh that's all right i hope joe feels like that joe yeah it was his deal the invention i craved it for him oh all right go ahead give it to me i deserve anything i can get but how did it happen how it was all settled well yes but i went there to talk for joe oh i i thought i could bluff him into it amy and instead of that they bluffed me out i was only trying to do a good turn that's all i guess you can't help it orbria yes it's just the way you're built or something oh honey from now on it's going to be different i'm going to be a brand new healer man you wait and see oh what are you gonna tell joe joe oh you think i ought to tell him you've got to tell him you've got to take your medicine orbri all right i'll face him i'll face him like a man joe i'll say joe my boy i'd rather face my draft board well when the trial is over we'll go up to the house both of us okay amy of course that's just assuming that they'll let you out after the trial orbri piper yes here i am who wants me mister the state of pennsylvania get in here here it is look para it's in the papers already about orbri you would know it was about orbri if they didn't even mention his name oh what's it say mad motorist find one thousand dollars that's him all right i suppose frank had to pay it too orbri piper of 903 lehigh avenue was arraigned today before magistrate mister to answer to the charges of reckless driving injuring a traffic officer and operating an automobile without a license magistrate lister heard a plea of leniency and find the defendant one thousand dollars look look there's his picture orbri's picture a carnation and all i'd like to get my hands on that fool i'd tell him a thing or two disgrace the whole family well here's your chance oh hi claire bell come on in hello amy hello well it's all over the set and done sign on the dotted line greetings mother fisher you're looking very beautiful this afternoon pretty as a gangsters mile yes sir shut up uh what's the matter mother what they do to him amy oh nothing much i'll tell you what they tried to do you keep quiet nobody wants to hear what you've got to say about it at all well i told them down there what i had to say about it whether they wanted to hear it or not i told them plenty and then they find you didn't they uh a little yes they find you a thousand dollars it's all right here in the paper mad motorist find one thousand dollars is that what they called me why i'll sue them let me see that not a bad picture is it oh give me that paper what do you want to do put it in your scrapbook oh mama let's not fight about it we're in trouble enough right now let's forget oh sure forget it is joe here now he ain't well albie wants to see him about something when he comes then we're going home i'll go make a cup of tea nothing for me amy i couldn't eat a thing who asked you to all right mother all right that you pull it's me mom oh come in you've got company who is it oh hello orbry oh hi joe how'd you make out today orbry well i'll tell you they find him he's lucky isn't in the huska right now oh that's too bad joe listen i gotta speak to you about something not now orbry i'm pretty busy yeah but it's very important joe what could you have to say that's important you know who he is don't you joe he's the mad motorist you'll cut it out mother what is it mom right here in the paper look no i never thought i'd live to see a thing like this happen you know there's something else in tonight's paper mom what just cast your eyes on this right here well what is it philadelphia youth makes important chemical discovery mr joseph fisher of north philadelphia perfects rust preventative solution how do you like that joe did they buy that thing from you 100 000 dollars mother they signed for this afternoon in the lawyer's office what joe that's wonderful oh i'll go tell even wait a minute wait a minute what is all this here read it joe i can't believe it let me see that thing they sent for me to come over there this afternoon about two o'clock and they had the contracts all drawn up and everything oh what did you say about a hundred thousand dollars joe that's what they paid for it this afternoon on account then they're to market it for me for that from the laboratories and give me half the net net what's the net whatever's left after all expenses of paying did they give you any of the money joe a hundred thousand dollars sure not in money though oh not in dollar bills no they gave me a check for it well orbri what do you say not bad not bad i guess we put it over a jose what do you mean we yes what do you mean we who cut you in on this now now mother you never know what you know it was a funny thing mom when i first talked to the miller grant people i was only to get fifty thousand dollars advance then they called it all off but today they sent for me and said okay you win a hundred thousand and they're getting away with manslaughter at that keeps till you you don't know anything about this at all i made them think i knew something about it you made who think the miller grant people what are you talking about orbri do you know certainly i know what i'm talking about i went to see those people yesterday and what did you do up there i told them they'd have to doubly advance if they wanted to do business with us and what business was it of yours well i'm joe's relative ain't i who told you you were well he's got to have somebody tend to his business doesn't he mother he's only a lad he doesn't need you to tend to his business for him he tended to his business long before he ever saw you he never landed a hundred thousand dollars though motherly saw me did he well what did you say to them orbri well joe i simply told him i was acting in the capacity of business advisor to you and that if this discovery of yours was as important as you'd led me to believe it was they were simply taking advantage of your youth by offering you fifty thousand dollars for it and that i refuse to allow you to negotiate further unless they double the advance so that their expense and gave us one half the net sign on the dotted line holy smokes i don't believe it well i i certainly have to give you credit orbri that's the way the contract reads i told it to him all right right from the shoulder yes sir i'll have to give you a little present of some kind out of this orbri you'll not give me any present hosay give it to your family they'll eat it more than i will joe joe is it true what claire said sure it is here's the paper oh joe but orbri gets half the credit he swung the deal for double the money orbri oh orbri it's wonderful darling you're wonderful everything's wonderful nothing at all Amy nothing at all uh do you uh do you want some tea orbri a tea yes i might claire and a sandwich i'll fix you something orbri sure anything you want jay orbri well thanks folks can i help Amy no no you just sit down there orbri and rest rest uh thank you oh Amy that newspaper there just hand me the financial page will you heaven help me from now on ladies and gentlemen next sunday is the beginning of boy scout week this year marks the 33rd birthday of scouting in this nation a third of a century of service every boy scout is working for his country now helping to win the war and tonight we join millions of other americans in saluting their great work our sponsors the makers of lux toilet soap join me in inviting you to be with us again next monday night and the lux radio theater presents edward g robinson gale patrick and lad prega in the malty's falcon this is sassel b de mel saying goodnight to you from hollywood the great guilders league appeared tonight through the courtesy of the craft cheese company bulla bondy will soon be seen in the warner brother's picture watch on the rhyme starring betty davis heard in tonight's play were paula winslow as claire jeff courier is joe and eddie marre norman field leo cleary charles kane arthur q bryan ken christy sharon douglas and fred mckay our music was directed by louis silvers here's what betty said hasn't jane got a lot of pep and charm but here's what betty thought that woman gets in my hair what does she get all that energy do you envy others because they have more pep than you maybe your trouble is plain vitamin deficiency thems may help you feel better than you ever thought you could thems have the six vitamin formula doctors endorse three vital minerals also get that thems feeling it's vi for vitamins double ms for minerals them this is the columbia broadcasting system


I have a precious gift for you. An affirmation. These are the words. I am enough. You've heard this over and over again on social media. You are enough. But enough for what? Enough to reach your dreams? Enough to become the person you've always wanted to become?  Enough to earn God's favor? Are we truly enough? Is that biblical? As an unbeliever from a moral standpoint, we are not enough on our own. We fall short. But what about for the believer? When we are saved, Jesus imputes his righteousness to us so we are no longer a sinner, but rather a saint. Though we still sin, God sees us clothed in the moral perfection of his Son. The truth of the matter is that Christ is enough for us. We are not enough in and of ourselves. But God has empowered us through his spirit to fulfill the purpose that he has for us. For you are God's workmanship created in Christ Jesus for good works that God prepared beforehand that you should walk in them. Two of Satan's most deadly lies are that we are enough without God and not enough with him.


Proudly, we hail, New York City, where the American stage begins. Here is another program with a cast of outstanding players. Public service time has been made available by this station for your Army and your Air Force to bring you this story as proudly we hail the United States Army. Our story is entitled Winter Carnival. This is the story of the Army's expert snowmen, the rugged white-clad soldiers who train with skis and snowshoes, high up in the windswept bridges of the Colorado Rockies. Our first act curtain will rise in just a moment, at first. If you're a specialist, there's a wonderful job waiting for you in the United States Army. And if you're not a specialist, the Army will give you specialized training in a technical field. There are hundreds of jobs open and ready for you to enlist and take over, so check today at your nearest Army Recruiting Station. And now your Army and your Air Force presents the proudly we hail production, Winter Carnival. My name is Roger Martin. I'm what is known as a freelance feature writer. I go nosing around in out-of-the-way places looking for stories to write for different magazines and newspapers. I find some yarns and some pretty strange spots. And the one I'm going to tell you about now, I found in the middle of winter, high up on the windblasted ridges of the Colorado Rockies near the continental divide, I found it at a place called Camp Hale, which is the United States Army Mountain and Cold Weather Training Command Winter School. Next event, sled pulling races. I don't these guys ever get tired, Captain? Ski races, snowshoe races, noses. Oh, they're just getting warmed up. When did you see the obstacle race? That's a dilly. I'll bet. I didn't have any idea we had so many experts, snowmen in the Army. How long have these boys been at it? All their lives? Oh, no. Those men out there just finished our four-week training course. Four weeks?  That matter of fact, Mr. Martin, most of them had never been on skis before they came here. Some of them never even saw snow. You mean to tell me that... That's right. You see, that's why we wanted you fellas to come up to our carnival. Get an idea of the type of work we do here. In four weeks' time, one month, you can take a guy that's never seen snow and train him to hop around like an eskimo. Well, there's your proof. Hey, there they go. Even if I have to freeze to death doing it. It was very good of you, Colonel Sheller, to give me a little of your time. Always glad to talk to a writer, Mr. Martin. Sit down, won't you? Thank you.  I must admit, I was quite impressed. Well, I'm glad to hear it, even at the risk of the end of your nose. Uh, Colonel Captain Holt said that the men in those races today had only a month's training. That's right. Pretty remarkable to a layman like me. How do you do this? Well, it's a combination of things, but one of the most important are the men we have here who give the training. Most of our officers and non-coms are veterans of the 10th Mountain Division. 10th Mountain? Italy, the Apennines. That's right. We started the breakthrough into the Poe. I remember. And you say most of your men go back to that time? That's right.  Well, I have been thinking there might be a good story here. Not necessarily the carnival, but what goes on here? Oh, there's a story all right, but let me warn you, Mr. Martin, we're not glamour babies. Our job is not only to train men how to fight in these elements, but also to teach them how to transport men and supplies across mountains. And the men like it, huh? I guess so. Tomorrow's a holiday, but you'll see most of them out there doing just what they were doing today. Well, Colonel, I don't know how this will strike you, but I would kind of like to hang around after the carnival is over. Watch how you do things. Mr. Martin, what kind of shape are you in? Shape? Physically. Not bad for a desk driver. Why? What have you got in mind? When the carnival's over, we'll be starting a new class. We'll be training a group of reserve officers. You've got a month to spare. You mean I could tag along and take the training with them? As much or as little as you wanted. You know something, Colonel? You've got a new recruit. Well, what do you say, Hal? You sure that high altitude hasn't gone to your head? Maybe, but what about it? What does that mean to you? Your magazine doesn't depend on me, so you get a darn good story in a month. Yeah, if you can last. Well, I'll last. I just want to go ahead from you. Well, what about pictures? The army photographer here is as good as anybody you can send up. You see, it's really good. I wouldn't be wasting your money if it wasn't. Be just right for the March edition. Well, you had it. OK. Is it a deal? All right, Rover. Take care of yourself. You're no chicken. Oh. When you see me again, old Harold McWhirld, I'll be part snowball. Sergeant Ed Pascoe, the chief instructor whom I was debunked with, kitted me good-naturedly. But I could tell that he and the rest of the men were really pleased I had decided to hang around. I was too, until the first morning when Revely tore me from the land of nod in the cold gray dawn. And with chattering teeth and a sleep-fought mind, I fumbled my way into my new GI cold weather equipment and stumbled out for morning roll call. Later, I began to seriously wonder if I hadn't stuffed more snow in my mouth than I could possibly chew. Now, the main thing you men will learn in the month that come is what we call over-snow mobility. You'll learn it primarily through the use of skis and snowshoes. And if that's all you had to learn in four weeks, we wouldn't have too tough a job. But you also have to be taught bivouac routine, how to build improvised shelters, sledding, cold weather evacuation, map and compass navigation, winter tactics, use of the M29 cargo carrier, survival behind enemy lines, winter hygiene and first aid, cold weather care of weapons, and man packing. Now, is that enough or shall I go on? Right now, we'll break up into six-man teams and get started on a ski. Oh, yeah, I think all you mentioned, no, we got a spy in our midst. This is Mr. Martin. He's a writer getting a story the hard way. Which I have tentatively titled from man to snowman in six easy lessons. OK, let's get with it.  That morning, with five others, Sergeant Pasco taught us the rudiments of care and waxing skis and how to mount the bindings. Before you can learn to ski, you've got to learn how to take care of your skis. They could mean your life.  I also had it in the back of my mind that it would be awfully nice to take a nap after lunch. How you making it, Rog? Oh, slowly, Tom, boys, slowly. I understand this afternoon we're going to put them on, start moving. Put what on? Oh, what we've been learning about all morning, skis, man. Might be nice to sit this one out. No, pass me the saw, will you, Tom? Yeah, sure. You know, we wondered how long you'd last. What do you mean? Just that. Some of the boys even took bets on it. Oh, not that we blame you or anything, but I thought that. I might last longer than the first morning. Yeah, I get that. Maybe the second or third day, huh? Well, don't get so, Rog. Listen, after all, there's no tea party, and you're not in the shape of wearing it. I'll tell you what. For every day I get through, you owe me a cigarette. Two cigarettes, one at noon, one at night, huh? All right, pay up. And we'll go find out what it's like to fall into a snow bank. All right, now we'll try it again. Just stay relaxed. Group, can check. Debonia skis. Fasten the binding. That's much better. Now you're going to start learning how to move over the snow. Now it's a simple matter of body coordination. A little stiff, Rog? Hey, why don't you just take me out and bury me? I never know the difference. Get yourself a good hot shower and hit the sack. In the morning, you'll feel like a new man. As I have so often heard it said, oh, my aching back. You're not doing bad, Rog. The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak. Can any guy come into this igloo, or is it a private way? No, come in, boy. Join the happy throng. Oh, hi, Sergeant. Hi, Lieutenant. I came to give the boys ration. Well, light it, put it between my lips, and smoke it for me. Listen, you're doing fine. You got through a whole day. That's what I've been telling them. Here, thanks. I wouldn't lie there too long, Rog. You really get stiff if you don't get a good hot shower. Yeah, get yourself a shower. Put on your pretty new uniform. We'll go see a movie at the post theater. I'll take the shower, and if it's all the same to you, I'll just quietly lower myself into this ever-loving sack and pray for the longest night of the year. The next few days went by in a kind of blur. Much as I wanted to go on with this course, I didn't see how I could possibly take it. But whenever I'd reached the point of deciding it was time to bow out, Sergeant Pasco and Tom and the others would all be there to cheer me on Pick me up out of various and sundry snow drips. From learning how to move across level terrain on skis, we slowly took to the hills, the gentle ones at first. We learned how to snow plow down hills at the maneuver to slow your descent. More often than not, the point of my snow plow is my chin. Keep your heels pushed out. Heels out. Oh. You all right, Rush? I bet you never had a student as champion as a snowball as me. I know that there's more insulation in snow than wood. And I didn't either, till I learned how to build a snow hut. Ever try sleeping on balsam boughs? Sounds kind of uncomfortable, but it's not once you learn how. How about snowshoeing? Ever try that? Sounds easy. Looks easy. But it's not till you learn how. In the days that passed, it was amazing the number of things we learned how. And I, who hadn't been on skis since I was a kid, found myself moving along with the others through a winter wonderland, uphill and down, and not in too bad a fashion. Knock, knock, knock. Come in. Oh, Mr. Martin, come in, come in. Are you wanted to see me, Colonel? I did indeed. Sit down, sit down. Thank you. Well, for a minute, I hardly recognize you. You look like you've lost a little weight and taken on a bit of color. Colonel, I recommend your course to all fattening desk drivers. Really enjoying it, huh? Well, I didn't think I'd make it for the first few days. Your boys pulled me through. Now, they're good boys, aren't they? I've been a lot of places. I've never found any better. Was there some particular reason you wanted to see me, Colonel? No, just find out how you're doing. I can see you're doing fine. Think you've got a story here? I've got two stories, Colonel. Training is one. The men who give the training and the men who receive it, that's an even bigger one, even though they both go together. I think that's the story that's going to do a lot of folks a lot of good to read.  If you're not careful, we might draft you. Can't draft a volunteer, Colonel. You planning to go out on the attack problem? I wouldn't miss it. The weather's been unusually good lately. I think you can look for a blizzard or two pretty quick. Kind of mean, I'll bet.  We'll see what you call it. You are listening to the proudly we hail production, Winter Carnival. We'll return in just a moment for the second act. Is there a doctor in the house? Your house? Well, I'm not looking for a medical man. I'm looking for a man who can doctor machines used by the United States Army. Machines that get out of commission and need repair. Machines like hospital and surgical equipment in the Army Medical Centers. Machines like electrical instruments that Army posts around the world. Office machines like telegraphs or typewriters in Army offices. Machines like the fire control instruments at Army camps. If you're a man with experience at repairing these vitally important machines, you'll find that your skills will be put to good use when you enlist in your United States Army. As a soldier expert in this field, you'll increase your technical knowledge and work with the most advanced scientific equipment. Ask for complete details today at your nearest United States Army Recruiting Station. You are listening to Proudly We Hail, and now we present the second act of Winter Carnival. The entire class moved out on skis from Camp Hail one bright, sharp morning. As Colonel Scheller had said, what we carried on our back we'd live on. Dressed in white coveralls from hood to boot, moving smoothly and steadily in twin columns, we blended nicely with the snow as we made our way toward the open mountainous slopes ahead. The problem was simple. Somewhere out there at a designated point, we'd come to a halt, we'd turn and we'd move back in on Camp Hail. Our job was to move in without being detected, to attack swiftly and successfully. Opposed to us were the very men who had been our teachers. We had three days in which to succeed or fail. The only man from Camp Hail with us was Sergeant Ed Pasco. He was the commander of our attack problem. All right, take flight. I think we're losing our nice day. Smells like a bit of snow, huh? Yeah, that should be good for us. How much farther out you figure we're going? Oh, probably over that next high ridge there, or the one beyond that. Oh, think of all the people sitting in offices right now. You think of them. I'm enjoying the scenery too much. All that day, we glided along the level, open stretches, herring boning our way up the hills and then swooping with that wonderful, fresh-born feeling you get on skis. In the afternoon, dirty gray rubbed all the blue out of the sky and brought along a bitter, gibbering wind with it. And shortly after we hollered at dusk, the wind brought the snow. Sergeant Pasco assembled the squad leaders in front of his lean-to, and I came along. All right, gather around. Pull that end of the map, Jack. OK, sir. Everybody see OK? Yeah. All right, now, this is how far we've come. Right here on the lip of this woodland. Now, here to the north is Longbelly Mountain. Our plan is to move along the valley below it with scouts up here on its flank. Now, if the weather clears, they'll be able to spot just about anything that moves way off here to the east. Sergeant, will the enemy have patrols out already? Yeah, naturally, there are no danger to us right now. But by tomorrow, they could well be anywhere. They'll be in radio communication with the camp. Now, once they spot us, we'll have a tough time shaking them. Now, if we move out in two hours, daylight should find us just below Longbelly. Then, even if it clears with scouts paralleling us along the mountain, we know they won't be able to spot more surprises till we reach this point here. As opposed to the snow keeps up. Well, if it doesn't get so bad we have to call a halt. It'll be to our advantage. There are the hunters. Slowly, heads lowered before the lash of the snow-blasting wind. In the thick, noisy darkness, it was all I could do to make out the white bobbing figure of the man just a ski length ahead of me. The snow and the cold get deeper as the night wore on. The stops became more frequent. And I wondered why Sergeant Pascoe didn't call a halt and let us hold up until the storm blew itself out. Three weeks before, I wouldn't have lasted 10 minutes. Now, although bone-weary and numb with cold, I knew I could go on with the rest.  Just before dawn, the snow began to give up. And we fell out to make coffee and get some warmth into our stomachs. Long night, Rush. I'm taking a little walk in my sleep. Oh, this stuff keeps the man alive. Here, have some. The snow's about to finish. Temperature's really going down. Oh, thanks. Well, where are we? What happens now? Another mile will be in the valley below Long Belly. Give you a real break there. Food in a couple hours' sleep. What about the scouts? Oh, they'll make it up someplace else. Two men up there, you'll be able to rest easy. I'll tell you something. I could rest easy on my head or hang it by my heels. Get all your can-rush. Might not get any more for a couple of days. That's a joyful thought. It took the best part of a great, dead cold day to traverse the valley below the lean, protective height of Long Belly Mountain. With scouts paralleling our courses on the ridges above, we knew we were safe from surprise. But now, having reached the end of this helpful terrain and definitely in the sweep of ranging patrols, we must use our knowledge not only to fight the brutal elements, but also to avoid the eyes of a forewarned adversary. It'll be dark in another hour. I want to be up on that ridgeline in those woods before moonrise. Moonrise, Sergeant. We won't see them overnight. Don't bet on it, Lieutenant. The wind's changed. If it doesn't change again, it'll be clear within two hours. I want a three-man patrol to push ahead and make sure that it's all clear up there. Suppose it's not? If it's not, the patrol will be captured and we'll know it. Now, come. The patrol will flash us a prearranged signal. It's all clear. Well, doesn't that have to be seen? Well, only by us. We'll be able to spot anyone coming up from the south or east. What happens if they do have men up there? We'll have to double back to these ridges here, then cut north and try and get around the flank before dawn. I want three men to go ahead on the double.  But you won't be able to take our alternate route. You'll have to play decoy and lead them away from us. I always was a decoy at heart. Me, too. Look, how about me? I'm not officially one of you, but I'm glad to have you along, Rod. Good enough. You get some coffee and grub stowed away and then report back to me. I'll have the details for you. You've got 15 minutes to get ready. So the three of us, Tom, Jack, and myself, moved out in the growing dust and set a course for the high ridge looming ahead. Within five minutes, we felt very much alone. It's one thing to travel with a well-organized group of men through an icy wilderness and quite another when you're practically alone. As the evening flooded in and the ridge became a black irregular line across the darkening sky, I had the growing feeling that we were being watched. We'll take a breather. That's a mean slope ahead. We'd better keep our voices down. The night has 1,000 eyes. I have the feeling they're all up there watching us. Sergeant was right. Stars are out. Our moon gets up about midnight. We've got to be there in another hour. Let's hit it. Look what that slope. We'll be right out in the open. We can't go through the woods in the dark on these things. Take half the night. Why don't we try the snowshoes? It makes sense, Tom. You mean carry the skis? Why not? We're traveling light. I'll buy it. Well, let's get them on. Now, see if we're alone, huh? Yeah. Jack? Can't see any sign of life down there. Hard to tell, though, in the dark. They'd be waiting for us to make a move. You cover that area over there. Move up through those pines to the high ground. No sign. I guess we're alone. Well, time to flash that signal. Oh, gladly. And then we better keep a lookout on each side of the crest. Well, now what? Take a rest. Give the moon two hours. All clear then. We'll shoot down into the valley, get scouts up on the far ridge, and head into the deep woods. We'll hold up there for the day, get a good rest, and move out around nightfall, and hit them at dawn. Well, what's the matter? Quiet. What's up? We are. The outpost spotted an enemy column that found our trail moving up behind us. We're moving out on the double. We're not going to ski down this mountain, are we? You know any better way to get off it? But in the dark, we... The moon will help stop the jabber. Get ready to hit the trail. Anybody told me a month ago that one day I'd be skiing up and down mountains, I'd have told them to change their brand. Anybody told me I'd be doing it in the moonlight with the temperature at a nice even 20 below, I wouldn't even bother to answer. But that's what we did. Matter of fact, it was about the most exciting ride I've ever taken. Try it sometimes. Good for the soul. Well, once down the mountain, we forgot about the nice even valley and pushed on as fast as we could and the low wooded ridges on the far side of it. What do we do now, ambush them? Well, we just keep moving. Sergeant says the weather's going to turn stinko again. Snow. He must have a direct wire to the chief weathermaker. Well, what happens then? Maybe we give him the slip, maybe we don't. We can bet they've radioed the rest of their pals. We're probably being converged on from six different directions. All right, man, move out. Keep your interval and keep going. If the guys are fired on, wait my command. It was the snow that saved us. The loveliest blizzard of the season came roaring down out of the north and cut visibility down to a few feet. Once during the afternoon, one of their patrols went blundering past as we lay in a thin stand of pine. By all rights, we should have stopped moving and holed up till the storm blew itself out. But Sergeant Pascoe had other plans as we struggled along the lawn. Didn't I tell you I was meaning that we're there? Yep. What do you say if I get down and wake him up?  I do? Why? Oh, you have that healthy outdoor look. Not like me sitting at the desk all day. Well, a month ago, you might not have thought so. You've been on a vacation up there? Vacation? Yeah, I guess you could call it that. Best one I've ever been on. Regular winter carnival. Well, that must have been fun. That's educational, too. You taught me a lot about some young fellas I met. Really? Who were they? Oh, some guys it's been pretty wonderful to know. They're helping to do a job. The biggest job in the world today. Biggest job in the world? What would that be? Well, since you asked me, Mr. I'd be glad to tell you. There are lots of things I could tell you about the United States Army, and they're all good reasons why you should enlist. But if you want to be really convinced, I suggest that you talk with a career soldier.  But if there aren't any career soldiers around your particular community, why the next best thing to do is to visit your nearest United States Army Recruiting Station. They'll be glad to show you all the opportunities waiting for you when you enlist in the Army. Yes, your investment in the future of your country will start paying dividends right away, and the sooner you're in, why the sooner you benefit. This has been another program on Proudly We Hail, presented transcribed in cooperation with this station. Proudly We Hail is produced by the Recruiting Publicity Center for the United States Army and United States Air Force Recruiting Service. This is Mark Hamilton speaking, inviting you to tune in this same station next week for another interesting story on Proudly We Hail.