I'm Gavin Frances and I'm going to talk about the legacy of William Morris' garden at Calmsgott Manning. I'm currently studying for my PhD at the University of Bath on the cultural identity of plantarine gardens and I'm researching how we protect and interpret imported gardens that are created by significant cultural figures and yet I've made up of largely ephemeral plant-based materials and therefore they fall outside traditional heritage conservation. Morison Calmscott yw'r ddweud eich ddweud o'r ddweud yma, ac mae Oedden Calmscott yn cael eu cyfnod i'ch ddwylo'r dyfodol sydd wedi'i gweithio'n ddigitio dwylo morysau. Mae gennym ni'n golygu i ddim yn ymwyaf. Mae'n ddim yn ei gwybod o'r ysgol yn oedd o groesol yn gyfnodol o morison Calmscott, ac mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ffordd maen nhw. Oedden yn ei ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud. Somewhere which are from the Society of Anthrop's archive that comes to that... ..and somewhere from a new archive that's been found at the Naster Library of Wales at Brucewick. There's loads of brilliant images and a track that Crayon Blotsie, say keep your eyes on the screen, because some of you will flash really quickly. You might miss it. So when we think of William Morris Gardner as not one of the first things that springs to mind is a great polymath. ydych chi'n dweud am effeithiau'r cheidio ar bobl gynnig i anodd ac yn ddweud ar pistonio, diolchio, poe, mwynhau, rhoi a oesol, ac y chryw ffordd y sbaf ar hyn. Mae Hwylfa wedi cael ei chyfydde i ddarparu morysau ar gyfnodd ar gyfnodd i geisio rhai o'r gwneud gwahanol ac yn bachio ar gyfnodd gyfer o gweld ar byd. Rwy'n ddweud yn ddwyll â'r byd i'r prinsyn. Mae'r Fynghraeg Ysgol iawn wedi bod yn fflu sydd ymweld ymweld yma yn y gwaith yma, yn gwarun'r fynd yn gyda'r gyfer Chalmwt, ac yn ei ffluio ymddangos yma yma yma yw'r cyflogol. Mae'r Fynghraeg yw'r Llywodraeth yn ymweld yma yw'r gyflogol yn ymweld ymweld ymweld ymweld ymweld ymweld, ac yn ymweld yn ymweld ymweld ymweld ymweld. Mae'r dweud o'r rhaid o'r ddwelliad ymargrifydd i ddweud o phreddgwrs i'r dweud argyfusur ac Мorris e. Mae'r traddut yn dechrau sy'n ei ddweud o'r ddweud cyfrydwr i ddweud i ddweud sy'n dechrau a oswn Llywyddau, i ddweud i haf Returns, ac i ddweud i broithoseau yn y priratholau a drwyddwrn yn eu cyfrwythu. Mae'r ddweud a'r Eau'r bobwysig yn bwynt i ddweud o'r ddweud i ddweud i ddweud a ddweud i Ddweud. The influence of Morris as a God entirely begins at Red House in Bexley Heath, where the House and Garden were designed in collaboration with the architect and friend, Fernick Webb. The garden was designed as a series of rooms within an orchid setting and placed emphasis on medieval details that related to the art he was engaged with at the time and later the gardens had consulate manna mantainness layouts of rooms but were less formal in structure and composition than a Red House, less medieval herver and more plantsmen. Ieithwyrd yn cael ei casf am y grwyddofn i siaradau ffordd yma i'r ffawr am Y Red House yw'r rai'r rhagol, ac mae Arhwyddon ddigon nhw ymwneud, gan gyda Diolch yn y cyfnodydd. Mae amser yn ganwg o'r gwcwmnau offent ac mae o gweithio'r ddyladig ar hynny o'r gweithio'r ddod, Mae'n oedd eich ddod o'r lleoli am y maen nhw wedi ddod. a bod hefyd yn ganddolgo'r pethau fel arfer. Felly, rydyn ni'n bwysigio hwn i gyfosgofydd ac yn lifio'r cyfodau a'r hanes y redhau. Yn y cwl leaks, gan y gyrfa oherwydd, rydych chi chi'n yn fyrdd ymgyrch yn Llywodraeth, ac yn y cyfosgofydd Caumscock yn Llywodraeth 1570, yn Llywodraeth i Caumscock yn y Llywodraeth wedi amgylch. Yma'n ddech chi gael ei ddod yn cyfle o'r llef. Ac mae'nkompat yn cair eu cefnogi yn y Calyswythol Ieithi ddweud y ddweud yn ymlaes y peth lleol sy'n ymlaen. Moryswch ar y Llyfrgellau a'r Ddechrau'n 1871, ond y ddweud yw'r ddweud yn y Llyfrgellau yn Dantigabrio. Ylltech chi'n eich ddweud y Llyfrgellau'n cerddol yng Nghariaid, mae'r ddweud yn y ddweud y Llyfrgellau'n ddweud o'r ddweud a'r ddweud. Mae'r ddweud yn ei ddweud. Yr adnod ddim yn gwneud ychydig yw'r rhannig, William, yn ystod am y bydd yn gwneud y etoedd o'r cymdeithas hwnnw, y cyllid yn cyfrannig o'r cymdeithas o'r cymdeithas iawn a'r amser yn gyfer y llun. Yr adnod y cilmscot maen nhw'n cael hwnnw i'r cyfrannig o'r cyfrannig o'r gyfrannig yma'r hoffodol. Mae'n gwleidio'r cyfrannig o'r cyfrannig o'r hwnnw, ond yw'r adnod yma'n gwneud yma'n cyfrannig o'r hawdd, alw'n gynhyblygu'r gael ar hadn ddiogel? Mae hyn oedd mynd wedi'i gyfweld y rhannu'r gwrth iawn yn rhanol o'r cyflwynt yn bwysigol yng nghyntau i'r gyfweld ymlaen o'r gwrth iawn o'r gyrddiaeth bwysigol yn bach i'r gштurai a'r gwrth wahanol yn ei gweithio ddweud ac mae'r hefyd yn ei ffordd honno cyfweld Bod y bwn cyfweld i gyrddiaeth i gael ar hyn y bod y dda i'r ardyf wedi'u cyfweld i'r gyfweld i Gw contrast i gwydd If there are any gardens or garden enthusiasts present, you'll understand what he means by this phrase, when we stand on certain types of gardens, particularly in the early summer period, we experience the feeling of immersion in a garden of super abundance. It implies the generosity of the garden both in produce and artistically. And certainly when we look at pictures of the garden from Williams time and also in the following period where the garden was tended by his daughter May, there's a sense that plants are entering free growth with little tailor and lots of lushness. And a practice that stands out for me and is absent from recent iterations of the garden is height. Even in areas of the garden that are largely herbaceous, there's a great deal of height to the plant present, which would have given the gardens a more intimate feel. So the gardens of Cumscott came to encapsulate many of Morris's values and beliefs, not just strictly about garden design and flower use, but also around the philosophy and ideals of life for the working man. It's during these years, too, that Morris's influence began to impact the direction of gardening in the wider world. He contributed to William Robinson's influential garden magazine and his opinions on Victorian carpet-bedding that was really popular at the time. And, as he said, growing together profusely in order, I suppose, to show that even flowers can be thoroughly ugly. Comments like that can be made echoed in William Robinson's work, too. But his most lasting contribution to garden design is, arguably, through Gertrude Geekle, herself a great admirer of Morris and Ruskin, both of whom she met and enjoyed debating with, and whose theories can be found in the backbone of much of her work. Now, Morris's biographer, Fiona McAfee, questions whether Geekle, as we know her, would even exist without Morris, but I think this has undervalued in her unique contributions, but there's no doubt in the lasting influence of Morris on this great taste maker. And there's an underlying presence of Morris in the gardens and the influences of Geekle. So, at the time we got to know, we've come to look back a little better, so I'll take us on a little virtual tour. So, if we navigate ourselves first by looking at the bird's eye view, this is the H&U's drawing. And you can see there have gardens separated into rooms. It's a quick scan, so it starts in the front garden, goes round to the kitchen, and then we'll work a little back to be altered to the whole area at the back. So, we'll begin here in the front garden, which is iconic and depicted in an illustration on the frontest piece of News from Nowhere. This is arguably, in Calms Fox's most familiar image, and it's loosely representative of the garden, as it was, as you can see here in a period photograph. And the division between this area and the next section of the garden is formed by a new hedge, which was topped with a topiary dragon in the shape of Fafnir, the dragon that was from William's beloved Norse mythology. It's reported that Morris would shape Fafnir himself once a year in what became a ceremonial party. And next is the kitchen garden, and this was in Morris' days, as its name suggests, the produce garden was made up of beds of flowers and vegetables. And in a state that we can happily describe as abundant, including the presence of two victories in the northeast corner, the consumption of which is described in a memorial to Mae Morris after her death. And at the north door, there's a new hedge which wrapped itself around the entrance. You can imagine it would have passed quite a lot of shade over the wall, but possibly also providing some shelter that is the north side of the house. It may have protected that into the house from cold winds. And next comes the orchard, which is quite self-explanatory. And this photograph that we found is really valuable when it stood next to the drawing by Amon Vallance because it shows us that we can have some reliability from some of the depictions in how close the layout of the garden actually was. And then we go to what's known as the mulberry garden due to the large mulberry tree at its centre. And the view from the green room window, and which was one of Mae Morris' favourites, and it's easily in the most documented area of the garden, more photographs than any other area, and also being the subject of many paintings, including those by the Pre-Raphaelite artist Marius Bartali Stillman. It's another area which lends itself to the promise of superabundance as can be seen from the pictures, the tall flowers and many frames made up of sticks. It's been believed that the mulberry tree at the centre was present during Morris' time and it's even described in Derek Baker's book The Portment Regear on Mulberry Tree. But unfortunately sometimes archival research does not reveal what you want or expect, and we found a picture of the garden without a cleannwt. Something is missing. Now, the misunderstanding is quite the same, because mulberries have a really gnarly look about them, and they tend to look old before their time. And the most frustrating thing is that the photograph collection doesn't have any dates on it, and it's hard to know when this was taken. But the presence of the tree here in an image from 1905 suggested that the mulberry may have been planted before Morris' death or shortly afterwards. So, beyond the garden lies the meadow. Described evocatively by the residents of camps that William made, Janie and Rosetta, they all made mention of the meadow in their writings and letters. And they all take pleasure from it and describe the flowers it contained and the meanings it represented for them. Now, I see them displayed with the Thames Conservancy Board, not to cut back the wild flowers on the riverbank. And there was a row of owls bordering the edge of the meadow, which were lost as the same fate as most owls in the country. And this image here from the Aberystwyth archive, the figure on the right is Mary-Loth, and was Mae Morris' companion in letter units. It's a very interesting character. There were many things we noted in Groman gardens. The silver estrus, naturalised air and frital areas were abundant. And many native varieties of plants, which is something else that was adopted by Jekyll. And also we can assume a lack of double flowers as Morris had a disapproval of plant breeding and sound observations of double flowers are less valuable to insects. So, I think one of the reasons that Morris is significant to gardens is not fully recognised as Judah is falling out of favour in the middle of the 20th century. There was less appetite for Morris in this period and his gardens fell into disrepair as did the properties themselves to a lesser extent. And given the revival and appreciation for his work now, it's hard to imagine that the Red House was almost lost due to its lack of perceived value. And Count Scott didn't fare much better as we'll come to see shortly. When William died, his body was laid to rest in the church yard at Camp Scott, just down the road from the gardens, under a stone designed by Philip Webb. And after his death, it was William's daughter, Maymor, who became most associated with the Manor and its gardens, continuing to live there for a further 24 years after her mother died with her companion Mary Lodge when we saw her in the previous picture. May continue to enjoy the gardens and maintain many of the philosophies of her father. She became an accomplished designer and evil crafter in her own right and became closely engaged with the Count Scott community. Her father's legacy was important to her and she intended for Count Scott to become a place where his values were upheld. And upon her death, she bequeathed Count Scott Manor to Oxford University, wishing for it to be maintained as it was in the time of her father, with the intention that it should serve as a place of rest for artists and men of letters and scholars. Now, this period under their guardianship of Oxford University was not successful. The timing was unfortunate with the outbreak of war. The isolation of Count Scott made it very unpeeling and the journey to reaching was difficult and so it was very hard to maintain. John Bachelor was one of the few people to stay during this period, but it appears out of a sense of duty more than anything else. And the house suffered serious decay, however, not quite to the extent that the gardens and a very quick solution was needed sadly. At some point during this period, Oxford University took a decision to turf over the gardens entirely. By this time, the gardens must have been overgrown, however, the act of removal of all the plant materials from the plot was denying a future understanding of these very significant gardens. It could be argued that it was understandable under the circumstances if somewhat regrettable. Excuse me. In 1962, Count Scott passed into the hands of his current guardian to the Society of Antiquaries, and over the following period it was both tenanted and open to the public. There were more as out of fate, the visitor numbers were quite few and this only began to grow into much more significant figures like 15,000 in 2010. And the next significant date for the gardens is 1993 when the Society of Antiquaries undertook restoration commissioning the local firm of Colvin and Marbridge to undertake the work. Now in 1993 the significance of the gardens at Count Scott were not fully understood and garden conservation was a young discipline and in fact I'll still argue that there's no clear understanding of how we approach plant-based historic gardens now that that's the subject of my PhD. So at this time the purpose of the gardens we've seen in two ways. One is that it reflects the plants and flowers that Marich used in his patterns and secondly that extended visitor experience offered extra space to manage visitor flow and the crowd in the house. So using the gardens to show how Marich took his inspiration from the natural world is valuable and their examples of the gardens acting as inspiration for his designs. For example Mae Marich describes how her father watched through the windows of black birds stole strawberries from strawberry plants leading to one of his most popular iconic designs, the strawberry bee and William never allowed the birds to be driven off and made comments that there were always more birds than strawberries in the garden. So while he was evidently inspired by the natural world around him the source of his unique pattern combinations and the layering of botanical images and designs are often considered to come from another source. He used old herbals for his plant drawings including this one to Gerald's herbal this is from how Marich used the copy. And old copies of which show from the previous page the visible fruit of the next page was a paper so thin you can see better, too different, you've got the arbuchus and you go on the inside and then on the other and this is how we believe you make it it's a layering of patterns which made this design so unique and interesting. So, but this is his populist legacy and it's a really valid part of expression in the gardens. So Colvin and Marich's plan for the garden began by reinstating the layouts of sub-divisions using bit gordon and serving maps and the EHU's 1890 drawing reintroducing the gardenerings that we've just seen when we went round. Here's an overhead image which I think stands out from here is the amount of mould that there is now in the garden. It's quite significant. So the front garden in the restoration follows the frontest piece from use of nowhere and as the most famous image of the garden it's reinstated what's essential to the expectations of the visitor and their relationship with the garden. And Fafnir, too, was reinstated with much agonising areas designed as a very long paper trade of debate over its final shape quite fascinating debate and they had experts from the National Trust who came in and I've heard lots of descriptions about what we ended up with and some people say it's a slug with a network of computers. I need you to decide exactly what to do. So, and at this time the kitchen garden now magically becomes the lawn garden and this change represents the most significant departure from Morris's garden and is a good example of the compromises that exist in heritage gardens. Converting the kitchen garden to a lawn creates space for visitors which was the requirement of the restoration and secondly the cost of maintenance of what was the kitchen garden could be prohibitive out of the sustainability of the property. The orchard which was more easily reinstated without any knowledge of the original varieties there is some conjecture but heritage varieties that predate the Morris's were chosen for this. And finally we move on to the mulberry garden which while it maintains the ornamental value of the original there isn't an attempt to capture the space as it was instead opting for polite orders which are attractive to guests but if we're looking for the presence of Morris then we're lacking that key introductory phrase of superabundance. The large displays of tulip bulbs that are here are popular with guests but are perhaps what Morris would describe as as to colouring the garden flowers on mass, on mighty strong colour and if not usually great caution are very destructive to pleasure in gardening on the whole I think the best and safest plan is to mix up your flowers and more of the resublate masses of colour in combination. I love statement side it because I think they show us just what keen eye he views the garden. It's an artist's perspective of colour and texture and shape and it brings his sensibilities as an artist and a pattern designer to the garden and the meadow is not really stated and the loss of the alms is really significant to the space it's meaning. So where does this leave us now the gardens of William Morris are definitely underrepresented and hopefully are presented while they might be considered important not only from the point of view of his contribution to garden style and design which through his advocates has distinguished as William Robinson and Gertrw Gicol were exported around the world but also how his gardens can show us something of how he lived and how his ideals and how he proposed that we might live and for how there is the poetry and the inspiration behind his thinking not only artistically as we've seen in his art and pattern design but also his philosophical thinking through new somewhere and his lectures and the growing significance of the gardens are hopefully becoming clearer as also we're coming more to understand as highlighted in a recent paper by Caroline Lucas MP that Morris is one of the forefars of the environmental movement. Now the great thing for Morris is that the guardianship of the Society of Antica provides a safe confidence in the garden's future protection and interpretation and also Red House has now managed by the National Trust in the gardens likely to have some form of restoration on that sort of garden. I'll leave you with this image of William in Ripoh's in the meadow which is my favourite image from the archive. Thank you.


So one day I was in a little bit of a mood, okay? I came home from work and somebody left an angry comment on one of my videos and I got triggered. So barely even planning it out, I made a video called the most useless degrees and this video ended up getting over a million views and caused my channel to blow up. Now I never expected that video to do so well and it was mostly just me taking out my frustration and having a little bit of fun on the side. But it ended up doing pretty well. It was a very controversial video and a lot of people got mad at me and I sort of see why. Instead of people gently tapping the like button, the dislike button was smashed over 9,000 times. Now I admit that I didn't say it in a very nice way but I still stand by everything that I claimed in that video. For most people going $40,000 in debt for a bad degree that isn't going to help you get a job and will likely even hurt your chances of getting a job and being successful is probably not a good idea. And on top of that, there are some degrees where a lot of people think they're good, but in reality they're pretty overrated. And then there are some degrees that are so bad that they're even more useless than Fahrenheit. And when people from other countries hear about how much Americans pay for college degrees, you almost always see a shocked reaction. And the truth is, and I know it sucks, but as mankind has evolved, it's important to specialize in a skill that is in demand and you can get paid money for. Now be honest, many of you are probably just watching this video to see if your major pops up because there are some degrees out there that will get you a job, but the job doesn't pay very well and you still got to pay back those student loans. And these are the types of degrees that you should probably avoid unless you're a minimalist that like reuses toilet paper and you can live on a few thousand dollars a year. And I can't tell you how many comments I've gotten on my videos from people who are in awful situations because of their student loan debt. You know, they're depressed and they're just in a constant state of despair. And I can't stand to see that. It makes me really sad. And it's one of the main motivators for me making videos on this channel to save people from getting into the same situation. No, but seriously, if you enjoy any of these subjects, they're your passion. Don't let me stop you from following it. I would recommend maybe double majoring in this or minoring it, studying it on the side, or maybe just start your own business with some of these subjects because that might be a better option. But anyways, let's get into it. Number 10 on the list is going to be recreational therapy. So with a recreational therapy degree, you can expect to make around $36,000 a year starting out and 49,000 in mid career pay. Now, usually you would be getting this degree in order to become a recreational therapist. And what they do is they coordinate events for people who have injuries or disabilities. These events are usually treatment programs, and you're basically setting them up so that people can hang with the boys. Now, recreational therapists are going to work in a bunch of different settings, including clinics, hospitals and government treatment programs. So one weirdly specific example of this that I thought was kind of funny would be equine therapy, also known as horse therapy. And this is basically where people ride horses and just spend time around horses. And that can be therapeutic in some ways. Now, just to put this into perspective, the average income for someone who graduates with a bachelor's degree is going to be around $61,000. And the average income for somebody who doesn't go to college at all is going to be around $33,000. And then if you look at the median income for all careers and all education levels, it's around $40,000 or so. All right, so you know, I wish these subjects were high paying, but you know, don't shoot the messenger. I'm just telling you the truth. I don't have any control over these things.  All right. So number nine on the list is going to be educational psychology. And you're probably thinking, Shane, education is important. Why did you put this on the list?  I just give you the facts. I give you the numbers and you can make whatever conclusions you want. And I agree. A lot of the degrees on this list are in subjects that are very important. But here's the thing. If you're going to go $40,000 you really want to make sure that you're going to be able to pay that debt back. That doesn't mean that you can't make a living with one of these subjects. Hey, if it's your passion, you can get creative and figure out a way to make money with it. And this channel is all about turning lemons into lemonade, turning toilets into unicorn. Wait, what? I think you get my point here. Don't get offended if this is something that you're passionate about or your cousin's uncle's aunt that you love very much does this for a living. So educational psychology is all about studying how people learn. They're going to be evaluating different learning methods and the different outcomes from different types of methods and, you know, which method is better and different types of situations. Now this one you make around $34,000 a year starting out and $47,000 in mid-career pay. And in my opinion, it's another very interesting one. I think it's fascinating, you know, studying how the human mind works and how you learn things. It's fascinating how some people can learn things really fast. Like there was one girl I went to university with. She sat right behind me in pharmacy school and she never wrote anything down. She had like a photographic memory and so she'd just look at it a few times. She'd be scrolling through her iPad looking at everything and then she'd ace every single test. I've also been fascinated with how you can learn new things and develop new habits like the book The Power of Habits, a really good one. You know, if you get one of these degrees, you go $40,000 in debt. It's almost going to be like trying to drive a car down the highway when it has its emergency break on. No matter how hard you try, when that emergency breaks on, it's not going to be able to go more than like 10 to 20 miles an hour. And it's also just going to be a really bumpy ride. And I think the subscriber summed it up really well when she said, major in something you'll get a job in, minor in something you love. Number eight on the list is going to be rehabilitation counseling. Okay, so this is another one where it's like, right, you're going to be able to counsel someone on a psychological problem with just a bachelor's degree. Probably not. This degree sounds more sus than when you're in public during a pandemic and someone coughs right next to you and you're just like, um, no. So I did some research on this in order to become a rehabilitation counselor. You generally have to get at least a master's and that's at least a lot of the time you're going to have to get a doctorate. So at the bachelor level, you'll probably have to settle for a lower position like assistant, for instance. But let's say you do become a rehabilitation counselor, which is really cool because you get to help people with disabilities overcome their issues. So one very specific example of this would be, let's say somebody goes blind midway through their life, they would require some specialized training in order to survive on a day to day basis. So obviously it would be much more difficult and they would require training when it comes to cooking, cleaning, paying their bills, grocery shopping and traveling. And unfortunately, many of these same opportunities, if you're interested in them, would be open for people who just simply got a psychology degree. And I wish this degree paid better than it does. Again, I feel like a broken record here saying this, but unfortunately, it doesn't. With this one, you would start off around $38,000 a year and mid career pay would be $46,000 and keep in mind most people are going to go on and get a master's or a doctorate. So this is another example of one of those degrees where the job itself sounds really cool, but the degree is kind of redundant. And one thing you find when you look into the different college degrees is you see that there is a widening gap between the good ones and the bad ones and it's getting worse and worse every year. So for instance, the wages for the bottom 50% of college graduates are much worse now than they were in the year 2000. So the next degree on the list is going to be addiction studies. And this is exactly what it sounds like. But wait a minute. Code red. Did I hear the word studies? That is usually a horrible sign. Now addiction counselors are going to help patients overcome destructive behaviors like gambling, spending too much money, drugs and even behaviors like eating too much food. That's right. Did somebody say something about food? I think I might need a counselor for my addiction to ice cream. Yeah ice cream. Yeah. So this is yet another one where you're going to have to get at least a master's in order to become an addiction counselor. And for that you're going to start off making around $36,000 a year and mid career pay is $44,000. Now a lot of people imagine that this job is going to be 85% patient interaction and 15% paperwork, but in reality it's actually flipped. And there are many jobs out there, especially in healthcare that are like this unfortunately, where you think you're going to be doing one thing, but in reality you're doing probably something that you don't want to do most of the time. So if you're somebody who's passionate about this, you spend a lot of time getting into it and you realize that you're either not able to find a job or the job you're able to find is not going to pay you enough, then I do have some good news for you. The way I like to think about this is I don't think about it as a waste of time. I think about it almost like it was a matchstick. So your passion for this was sort of like a matchstick. And even though it's gone out at this point, it's not going to be that useful anymore. You can use that match in order to light a different candle that can burn for a lot longer. So chances are you got a lot of great experience and you learned a lot of skills that you can end up using in other areas of your life or other professions as well. So there that's my spiel to avoid hate comments. Yes, I know that this is an important career and I appreciate everything that people do. But this is a personal finance channel. So I have to give practical, tasty personal finance advice. Next on the list, number six is going to be outdoor education. And don't get me wrong. I think spending time outdoors is great. In fact, especially after this last year, we just lived through I want to be outdoors as much as possible. We've all been struck inside and luckily for you, you've been able to watch my amazing videos with the highest, most just high quality content available. That's right. My content is like when you mix perfect information with high quality curated meme humor and it creates an explosive result. You're welcome. So with this degree, you would expect to make around $35,000 a year starting out and $44,000 in mid-career pay. Now, of course, you could work for a non-profit, give people tours, something like that. But of course, the highest quality jobs, the ones that everybody are after are going to require advanced degrees. And a lot of the entry level jobs don't need a degree at all. So next on the list, we're going to be talking about child and family studies. And again, there's that word, studies, that is a red flag. Damn, son, where'd you find this? So with this one, you're going to start off making around $34,000 a year and $43,000 in mid-career pay. Usually with this degree, you're going to end up working in education, social services, or maybe some sort of government job. And again, a lot of the time, the best careers are going to require further education. Now, this one is a lot like the next one on the list. So I decided to just put them together and that is going to be early childhood education. Well, this one does sound useful, right? I mean, teaching kids is important and it might be a good idea to go into this. And with this one, you would make around $34,000 a year starting out and $43,000 in mid-career pay. Now, there's a lot of education degrees out there and the rule of thumb when it comes to education is to either do education itself and then maybe double major or minor in something else or just major in something like mathematics.  You don't necessarily have to get an education degree in order to become a teacher. And so keep that in mind, always make sure to do your research. Next one on the list, number three, is going to be a mental health degree. All right, guys. So just for a moment, let's get a little bit serious here. I'm going to tell you a secret. You can't tell anybody this. This is very important. There are some degrees in some subjects that are going to require advanced training, especially when you're studying something that's probably the most complicated thing in the universe, which is the human brain. So this is another one of those degrees where most people don't realize that it's going to require advanced training. You're going to have to get either a master's or a doctorate at least in order to get your foot in the door. Because of that, it's extremely competitive and saturated, especially at the bachelor's level. So if you don't know what you're getting yourself into, you could be in a lot of trouble. We'd like to offer you a job as a psychologist. Really? No, it takes like 10 years of experience.  And with this degree, you could expect to make around $35,000 a year starting out and $42,000 in mid-career pay. And this is one of those jobs where it's very important because you're going to be working with people's physical, mental, and emotional well-being. And so you really need to know what you're doing. And that's why most of the jobs here are going to require a graduate level degree. Number two is going to be a medical assisting degree. And with this degree, you can expect to make around $35,000 a year starting out and $42,000 in mid-career pay. Now, as a medical assistant, you're going to be working alongside a doctor and you're basically just their assistant. So you'd be working in a clinic or a hospital setting. Now, this is one of those degrees where in order to go into the career where most people are looking to go into becoming a medical assistant, you actually don't need to get a bachelor's degree. You can get into it just with a certification. So this is actually the opposite problem of a lot of the other ones. You don't even need a degree in order to go into it. Now, to be fair, this is a profession that's growing extremely fast. And there's going to be a lot of demand in the future for people who have these skills. And if you apply yourself, you can work your way up and become a medical coder or even a clinical manager. It's also a really good prerequisite or first job if you're thinking about maybe becoming a physician's assistant or a nurse down the line. And on top of this, as the profession gets more established, it's possible that having a bachelor's degree might help you in the future. But anyways, number one on the list, the one that you've all been waiting for is going to be metal smithing. A metal smith or a smith is basically a craftsperson who fashions different items using metal. This is actually one of the oldest occupations. I mean, metal smiths have been around for thousands of years. And 100 years ago or 1000 years ago, this might have been one of the most valuable skills that you could possibly know. But unfortunately now, especially when it comes to getting a college degree, it's not nearly as valuable. So with this degree, you can expect to make around $38,300 a year starting out. And in mid career pay, it jumps a whopping $100 to $38,400 a year. And the truth is, this is a career that has been largely replaced by technology. And the few people who still have this skill, you probably aren't going to learn it in college. The best way would be to actually seek somebody out who is really good at it and just be an apprentice or pay them for their time to teach you. But Shane, this is still valuable. You can make fine jewelry, for instance. And that's true. You can become a silversmith or a goldsmith. And that is one of the few professions that still left in the smithing category. But unfortunately, you can get certified for that in around six months to one year. So again, you don't have to go to college. I always like to say any skill can be learned, but not any skill can be taught, especially in a classroom setting. College is perfect for teaching some types of skills. But there's a lot out there that are much better learned in other ways. And this is sort of like a trade career, where the only way you're going to be learning it is if you actually do it on the job training is the way to go.  There's not going to be a lot of people out there who are hiring artists to do art. So what you need to do is you got to get a little bit creative and you have to figure out how you can make money, how you can monetize your art in a different way. Something like YouTube, starting a blog, et cetera. Now, if you haven't done it already, go ahead, boop that like button, hit the subscribe button, ring the notification bell and comment down below any thoughts, comments, criticisms, et cetera, especially if you're somebody who's familiar with these degrees. And whatever you do, don't leave. Check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you.


Hey guys! Welcome to my channel. So in this video I'm going to be showing you guys how to do my luscious and long vintage ponytail. It works for whatever you're doing, whether it's a stay at home or going on a date, really cute and super easy. So let's go ahead and get started. So the first thing that you need is a paddle brush. Paddle brushes are so essential to every single hairstyle that I do. I really love the way it makes your hair very fluffy and it separates your curls really well. So definitely pick yourself one up. Pick yourself one up. Pick yourself one up. The need is extensions. These are from MyFantasyHair.com. Not sponsored, totally purchased on my own. I just get it from the specific company because they're the only ones that can offer thick enough extensions. I get the colossal set. This is not the full set, this is just a quarter of it. So yeah, just pick out as much as you want for your ponytail. I usually go about this thick. So you also need some pomade. I specifically love using pomade because it makes your hair not crunchy or if you like it has any residue. It just smooths it out really nice. So that's perfect for a fly-aways. I specifically use this so obviously the pomade is so, so good. Again, not sponsored, just amazing. You use almost all of it. Perfect for curls specifically for vintage hairstyles. This is it. This is it. And you also just need a little comb like that, just something stiff so you can comb it down. So that's it. Oh, besides biopins and rubber band elastic or something like that. So yeah, let's go ahead and get into it. Alright, so go ahead and let your hair down and comb it out. So this is what my real hair looks like now. It was a lot longer. It was down to here. But then I cut it for a cosplay I never ended up doing. And so now I just have this. But that works out because I'm going to do my other remote on my other channel around like November to December. So I gotta have my hair like this anyway. Okay, so you just want to take your paddle brush and really comb that out.  Like that. Just tie this up to get it out of the way. And let me turn around and show you the rest. So what you want to do is take this this way, the clips facing the opposite direction, and clip it in. Make sure it's comfortable too. Okay, just like that.  Well, this is another three piece actually. Three or four works. You're good. Okay, taking another extension, the same thing. Clips facing that way instead of this way. And now you want to take another three piece. So from here, you can actually even do a low pony if you want. But with the tutorial, I'm just going to do my high. So I like to brush it up. Okay, so now you want to go ahead and tie it up like a normal ponytail. Well, nothing is sticking out. Kind of like this extra hair sticking out. Don't worry, because what we're going to do is take one of our sickest twiffs, and what you're going to do is wrap it around the elastic as close as you can. So you have to cover that up really nicely. The next thing that you do is take a strand of hair, preferably from the bottom of your ponytail. And you can leave it like this, or you can braid it. I love braiding it just because it looks a little cuter. So you want to just figure out what you're going to do with this strand here and twist it. You can fishtail braid it. You can do a lot of stuff. Then I like to expand the braid just a little bit so there's more width. And then you're going to wrap it around where your extensions are at. Make sure you cover them up. So once you've wrapped it around, let me see if I can show you, you want to tug it real tight. That's going to help it look more like a ponytail because it's bringing everything together. Finally pin it down. Okay, so go ahead and now take some pomade once you're happy with how your ponytail is looking. Just like this part of your hair down. Taking this brush, just going to lightly run it over. Now for your bangs, you can leave it like this. This is good for like an 80s look, a casual look. You can like just rock your full bangs if you got that.  And kind of just form a little like mermaid bang. And I have yet to buy bobby pins that match my hair color. All right, same thing on this side. So I step back, put it to your head, right. So this is the finished look. If you're going to try this look, tag me on Twitter or Instagram and I'll be sure to check it out. Comment down below any video suggestions you want to see and subscribe so I can see you in my next video.


Would I buy the manga welcome to a new series on this channel where I look at manga covers for the first time ever now I want to make this clear before we start let me do some damage control alright before y'all come for me with Which shibs I am strictly basing this off of how I feel about the cover itself That would determine if I want to buy it or not meaning if I see a cover like this and I say no I'm not saying no based off of the masterpiece that's within it I'm saying no based off of the cover itself now. Do I like this cover? Yes, of course.  I'm loving the reds I'm loving the highlight of the red in his eye with the cum stain on his face looks very edgy I'm loving the detail on these bubbles. It really makes it bubbly I'm liking this fish that looks like a looks like an inflated cock.  I'm gonna be honest with you guys code Geass. I watched it all I actually love it more than death note Especially Lelouch. Lelouch is God. I love him, but I'm not gonna lie this cover doesn't do much for me He looks like he'd touch me and I don't like that code Geass the anime gets a hundred percent Yes, but the manga if I knew nothing about manga and knew nothing about code Geass And I was just buying based off of the art.  I don't want a perfect character It's been handed everything in life. That's never been hurt.  I want a scar on the face I want a character to have PTSD to have been beaten alive when he was a child one thing I really love about the vagabond art that I've seen is the hair I don't know what it is with this author takahiko Inoue. I actually want to put my fingers through it and play with it And I'm straight, but I still want to do it I'm gonna be honest with you 100% no the picture gets even better the more you look at it.  Who's next to him? Oh, they had his black counterpart. I'm all about diversity as a one-punch man fan Yes, I'd a hundred percent get this, but if I'm getting it off at a cover alone No, this just isn't for me wishing you a lovely ex-miss first of all I think the word ex-miss is cringe just say Christmas or say holidays.  I like depression.  I did not think my hero had this good art style I'm not gonna lie. I thought it would have like a corny art style like something like pole patrol But this is actually incredible. I'm gonna be honest with you guys.   Stay away from me. Never was I into horror growing up as a kid I'm not into it now.  No, I'm not get away.   Oh look the number seven again. Yep. I love it even the title is awesome Tokyo ghoul I love Japan. I love Tokyo. I love ghosts. I love ghouls. I love the color red What a unique art style bro 100% I Don't know what this is and I don't care to know what it is if I'm picking this book up First of all, I wouldn't pick it up, but if I were to pick it up in a store What is it? This is the kind of book I see when I was a kid and I'd be bored, bro I want to see pictures. I want to see blood. I don't need blood in action. All right I mean, just look at the vagabond picture. There's no blood. There's no action on it Yet, I loved it then you go to this one and it's just I need to know the context to want it And this is a based off of context. This is based off art alone the cover alone This is too artsy for me and I'm a rapper. So I know nothing about our here. We go captain Harlock space pirate Okay, now that's a main character.   Is that like an ostrich head? Would I get this? If the word space pirate wasn't in the title, no, I wouldn't but the fact that it says space pirate That hooks me no pun intended to be in a pirate. Yeah, I'd get this You know the the title is part of the manga cover. So it's part of the cover. So of course I get it now I mean, I'm the furthest thing from sexist, but this is a little girly to me. This is just too Flowery for me. There's too many flowers and I'm I'm not a flower. So no Here we go.  This is the first cover.    Yes, this picture does it all for me. This is interesting This is a world. I feel like i'm looking at a world of Fast opportunities and versatility and diversity. I want it. I want it now. Look my mouse even wants it. Look where it is Oh 100 million percent. No. I'm joking. Yes. Yes.  Come on JJ K Manga art style is I think my favorite art style until I see other manga covers right now JJ K. That's my favorite art style.  This is it Man, I'm taking 10 copies of this if I saw this it looks like you can't stop masturbating So he's trying to stop his hand, but his hand has a mind of his own I've completed black clover. It's on my patreon patreon exclusive. Um, no this cover doesn't do much for me Maybe because it's volume 29. It's established They're showing characters on here that have stories that the readers know about This is more for the readers that have followed all the way through But if i'm buying it based off of this one volume Nah, it's not really doing much for me, you know as um the occasional satanic Devilish thoughts that I have I feel like this is a little too Edgy for me if I was looking at this I'd be mostly concerned about her because everybody else is edgy and looks like they want to Perform a satanic triangle with me, but then she's just smiling. So she's the real devil. Nah This isn't really doing it for me.  Nah Honestly, I'd see this bunny and I'd say no I'm not just saying that because y'all know furries are just On my homicide list, you know what I'm sitting here thinking about it Yeah, no, I would actually get it. There's so much history in this picture without even knowing about it You have a clown that looks menacing.  Now, but when you went to the beach looking like this, I like how simple this one is It's the main character facing us looking directly into our souls Telling us everything you need to know.  So thanks for the spoilers, bro. Sakamoto days. All right. This is awesome This is really awesome and very gory.  It's very corny gore is an art You should know where to place it and I feel like they know where to place it here It kind of splatters on the front, but it's in the right places. It's where it belongs She's in like this veil.  Sakamoto days. You get it. Yes I wouldn't know what this is about. It doesn't do much for me I don't like the head the head's very small to me. Kind of disturbing. Sakamoto days got me with this one But with this one, I'm not sure looking at it more and more. I'm connecting with it a little bit more. You know what? Yeah, I'd actually do it What if I said, yeah, I'm not afraid to be myself You'll notice later on this video if I see something similar and I say yes I'm not going to be afraid to say yes. This is a no.  Is this the name of the title?  I never called my dick A cute girl so I can't really relate and it just reminds me of Anya.   Anything that looks complicated to me I usually stay away from it because I'm not the brightest person Even though I'm nicolas light. I'm not nicolas bright. This doesn't really do much for me other than the hair The hair is really cool.  I actually I'm gonna say no to this It's just too much it would actually stress me out like looking at it just makes me anxious.  I'm afraid to judge it. Wow.   I think it's the vagabond guy.  Yeah 100% I love basketball. It's one of the only sports I played in my life that I like to consider myself fairly decent at for a white guy Y'all gonna hate me for saying this This is the first manga I've ever bought. I have it literally Somewhere over there. Would I get it based off of this cover?  I will literally buy the bible version just not not this one. So i'm gonna say no on this version Okay, I'd even notice was a cover. This is volume 12. Yeah, like this. No But this yes, this gives me like spawn vibes.  Yeah, this looks like a metal cover And i'm all about metal and heavy rock and scrimmo.  No, I don't know what's going on in it I mean, it's cool that it's arm transforms. So he's trans. I don't really like the boruto font Like it's too It's too childish to me.  Wow Oh now this is a cover man This is the simplicity that I love the norm the normal that I love. This is just normal But it has this style to it unlike anything else we saw today Definitely. Yes. Yes. Definitely. And I know what you're thinking.  Wait, that's her. She's holding herself. Wish I could hold her.  Come on. I think this is the best cover from today I'm gonna say it today. This is my favorite cover.   If this is the style of the manga of the of the panels inside of it That's insane. Yes. Definitely. Yes. Listen, man I'm nothing against tokyo revengers And I really admire this style But this is just too much for my eyes. I actually have a headache. Oh god You see what I mean?  God damn morata man.  Look at the head. Look at everything. Look at everything. Look at sight. Uh, satama looks pretty cool It's so funny how the author could go from that To this definitely. You know what? It would make me go back to the other one and get it. I don't know man I really don't know. I mean she makes me feel like I'm not alone in the world with my eight head And that's always nice to know I'm not alone. Nothing about her really draws me in. I'm not gonna lie So I'm gonna say no this looks like you're stepping into an art gallery And you'll know what you're about to witness, but you know it's from Someone that's important and that sells art for millions and millions of dollars Yeah, this is it But why does he have come all over him too much going on in this one? I don't know what I'm looking at I see a an elf holding a stick angels. No, I wouldn't even want to know what's going on in this picture So that's a no for me Bastard, holy shit, bro. I feel like horns are about to come out of me I feel like I'm about to become doomsday. Jesus man. This is the most Metal and evil cover we have seen today.   I just want to know what this is about.  I mean it looks interesting.  It looks like an interesting story. All right. I'm not a predator. I promise I'd say yes, definitely. Yes.  I need something that makes me take my aggression out on them with Yeah, Dorohedoro six six at the devil's number. Give it to me and that's gonna be it for the first What am I gonna call this video when I buy this manga based off of its cover I'll probably rename it something more clickbaity if you guys want me to do another one of these Because this is very different. I want to try different things new things Experiment on my channel this year, especially this year I don't want to dig myself into a hole with a certain genre of content. I want to try different things I want to expand. I want to grow So if you want to see a part two of this you want me to do covers for a specific anime or maybe Your favorite covers like I did this time and I just do a part two version of this because it's thousands and thousands millions of covers out there Let me know down below if the interest is there. I'll do it again. This is fun. I'm enjoying this What is your favorite manga cover of all time? Let me know down below and if this series does well, I'll make the next video even bigger By buying all the manga covers that I say I like. All right y'all. That's it. I'm out. Bye. Bye. Sayonara


Ladies and gentlemen welcome back We still have two door prizes. So if you get out your ticket Hopefully you'll be a winner Need to be present to win Let's see if number two zero six seven is here for a gift certificate To Phanix Garden Center two zero six seven Two zero six seven.  I have their information And your neighborhood will become safer. So for ringed I have two one zero three All right, I'm gonna let these two ticket numbers go away Is number twenty one twenty here Right here. You can verify We need that verified, please and in twenty one nineteen Okay How about twenty one twenty one nineteen? How did that happen? All right All right, ladies and gentlemen. I have a sweater up here that belongs to somebody All right looks like a woman's sweater Although if there's any man who wants to claim it Actually put it on when he leaves. I'd like to see that Now ladies and gentlemen a man goes into the horse goes into the bar Now get this a horse goes into the bar in the orders of drink After a couple of minutes Bartender comes up to him. He says hey, buddy Why the long face? Okay, that's what I expected lots of groans My name is Jim McNamara. I'm on the board at Bowen Center and I've been left with the honor of saying To you. Thank you very much for being here this afternoon. I also want to say Thank you to John Courage Councilman from District 9 who came in this afternoon All right He's been kind of our buddy these last few months, hasn't he? So thank you John and folks. Thanks for coming. Hope we see you next year There's an evaluation form if you haven't filled one out. I'd like you to do so and deeply. Thank you. Okay. Oh Oh, wait a minute We got a drawing here got a big gift bag here from Bath Planet for a Marlene Hawkins Interestingly enough. She left a $50 bill with this ticket Just kidding


The Good Energies Foundation decided to join the IPLC pledge last year at COP26. We joined because we believe it is both a cost-effective climate mediation strategy and a moral imperative to protect and secure the rights of indigenous and forest peoples. Our organization has been working on indigenous peoples' rights, including tenure rights, since the foundation was set up about 15 years ago. Over the years, our partnerships with local organizations and indigenous and forest peoples in the Amazon, the Congo and Indonesia has made it clear that issues regarding rights can be deal-makers or deal-breakers. In our experience, land tenure issues often determine the success or failure of interventions that aim to achieve sustainable land use management, such as forest protection and restoration. We've seen many examples where security of land tenure starts a positive cycle of enhanced rights for local communities and indigenous peoples, improved livelihoods, more sustainable land use management and strong forest preservation. On the other hand, unsecured, contested or violated tenure rights fuel a negative cycle of violence, threats and insecurity and forest loss and degradation. And let's not forget that in 2020 an average of four people a week were killed trying to defend their lands. And that number is likely to be conservative as not all threats and death are reported. Learning from our partners is now backed by science, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which recognizes the importance of securing community land for climate change. Indigenous lands with secure tenure are better preserved, experience less deforestation and forest degradation. Of the widespread Amazon fires in 2019, only 6% were on Indigenous lands protected by long-held community practices. So as funders, we need to continue to accelerate funding and also ensure that spending happens for, by and as close as possible to Indigenous peoples and their territories.


Hi friends, we are going for Yojna May month 2021 federal structure part 2. So we already finished of part 1 and we are taking two issues in part 2. So those issues are the title one nation one election and challenges in federalism on the way forward. So these are the two topics we are going to see today and we also see some previous questions based on this topic. Hi friends, we go for the article one nation one election. So first we need to understand the importance of this title one nation one election. So we know that India is geographically spread very large and also it has a diverse country. So that requires to make a political system and also constitutionally we have the concept of federation where we have union government and state government union governments for entire India and state government for respect to geographical spread based on language in India we created state governments that is not the only criteria. So on this context only that comes the idea called one nation one election. So what is this one nation treating entire geographical unit as entire India as a one geographical unit consisting of union government and state government combined that is one nation. And what is this one election as as a citizen of India you are asked to vote in different elections in India. So what are the different elections if you want to put in layman teams when we say about MP election and there is ML election and also local government. So these are three elections where as a citizen we directly participate. So in this concept of one nation one election here they are referring about conducting an election simultaneously for both MP level and ML level that is called one nation one election. I think you are able to get an idea if you want to put in very simple terms one nation and one election here when you say one election means they are speaking more about direct election. So indirect election good example is Rajasabha MP and president is a good example of indirect elections. In this direct elections there are three in layman terms MP, MLA and local self government. And this one election is speaking about this one MP and ML elections. So all this two combined is called as one nation one election.  So we go for the article that is a page number 29 paragraph one. So in this paragraph one they speak about the constitutional aspect. So constitution regarding this one nation one election that is regarding article 83. So article 83 subclass 2 the house of the people unless sooner dissolved shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. So it's saying about the tenure that is any any looks about life span is five years. And why this becomes important is especially regarding on India one elections. We need to synchronize combine union government and state government terms. So that's that's the reason they're referring is article 83. Finally when you go for next page I put as paragraph one three. So so there is a reference of article 174 which also speaks for state government. So what the bottom line of this article is any any legislative body especially Lok Sabha our legislative assembly is being formed in India the lifespan is only five years.  So in the concept of one nation one election. So that should be a synchronization. So these need to be combined then only can conduct a simultaneous elections in India for both Lok Sabha and MLA level. So that's the point they're saying about. So ultimately they're asking as saying is that should be a constitutional amendment constitutional amendment constitutional amendment for article 85 and 174. So article 85 is for union government 174 state government. You need to amend it regarding this tenure so that you can synchronize both union government and state government for conducting elections. So why this synchronization is required is though constitution says that there is five years for Lok Sabha or state legislative assembly there are chances where they can't complete this five years. So what may be the reasons for that one aspect is so at the mid of third term or sorry at the mid of third year or fourth year if government lose the confidence what happens that need to be dissolved. Similarly if a state is being implemented the president rule because of any constitutional failure. So all these are the different possibilities which acts as a challenge for this one nation one election to separate all these things this amendment need to be done. So that's the thing what they highlighted here and also the most important thing they are saying why we need to what are the things along with the amendment need to be done is so whenever in assembly or whenever in legislature that is given in paragraph three so whenever in legislature no confidence motion so no confidence motion is being passed in legislature the advice is given us or the recommendation what they say in this article is once this no confidence motion is being passed you know what is the outcome is the government need to resign and the governor or it can be president think about the other possibility to form the government if that is not happening automatically house is dissolved that's what the constitution says but this article gives a recommendation saying that whichever party comes with this no confidence motion mostly to be initiated by a portion parties the name itself says no conference mostly it will be done by a portion parties once they are coming out with this no confidence motion this particular paragraph says that that particular party also need to have the conference to form the government so they say that along this no confidence motion they need to come along with confidence motion that's what they say vote of conference so this is a suggestion so given regarding this one nation one election so that there will be a commonality in conducting elections so assume that in a state government a party is losing majority and they are going out of government and when the opposition party is initiating this no confidence motion that party a portion party also need to come out with the ability to form the government so ultimately you can have this one one India one election or one nation one election so that's the suggestion given so these are things regarding constitutionally what need to be done and next in paragraph 4 why we need to have simultaneous elections actually the article is designed in such a way that they start with historical background why it all started how it all started one nation one election and historical examples are given so 1950s until 60s we have this practice then right now what are the things need to be changed then the author comes out with the reason why we need to have this one nation one election so there are two major reasons given one is to reduce labor time and expenditure so there's one reason and second one is regarding governance so one nation will one election improves governance we'll see all how it all happens first first and foremost thing when you take elections you take elections who are the stakeholders that we need to clearly understand so stakeholders are the players involved in this particular process so we know that stakeholders first and foremost thing is political parties next thing is election commission of India a stakeholder and third people so these are the major stakeholder in election process why I'm listing out this is why we need to have one India one election or one nation one election you can understand from the stakeholders perspective so what are the benefits for political parties what are the benefits for people and election commission of India we take this first point reduce labor time and expenditure and you can relate that with political parties and election commission of India ultimately you can understand the importance of this particular initiative so that is in paragraph 4 so there are two major reasons one is to improve the governance we'll see that and also to reduce the labor time and expenditure for stakeholders and they have given some points based on that if you take paragraph 5 so especially regarding election commission there is no duplication of electoral roles and there is no need of extra labor expenditure involved in this counter so when you take this election commission of India what are the benefits no duplication no extra labor so electoral roles no duplication of electoral roles and no extra labor or expenditure so what are the benefit for election commission of India is if they're conducting simultaneous election for MP level MLA level they can prepare one electoral role so what is the concept of electoral role for example in a constituency who are the people going to take part in voting so they have given the list of voters all this part of electoral role so they can prepare once which can be used both for MP and MLA level and there is no wastage of resources in that because there'll be a you create one a booth where you're conducting election simultaneous for MP and MLA level so these are the benefits for election commission of India that's given in paragraph 5 and paragraph 6 what are other advantages again that is related to election commission so especially deployment of so deployment of central police forces so you know that for elections election commission is responsible to have free and fair elections so when you say free and fair elections especially for this free and fair especially fair elections so that should be a requirement of law and order maintenance so that comes the role of central police forces and when you have simultaneous elections deployment of central police forces will be very easy for election commission of India it all you relate with this reducing labor time and expenditure why we need to have one nation one election so you can easily understand that deployment of central police these are all benefits for election commission of India and also saving of transportation these are very microscopic so saving transportation so election commission is able to save transportation apart from transportation they're also able to save training remuneration it's because one payment of remuneration or money for one time and you're conducting elections simultaneously so these are the benefits for election commission of India there are four or five points which we can relate with why we need to have one nation one election first point correct and also there is a question being asked because of one negative aspect or one of the challenges for election commission of India is when you're getting a simultaneous election when you're going for simultaneous elections that may be an expenditure incurred in EVA missions because when you go for electronic voting missions you're conducting two elections MP and MLA level for that you need to increase the numbers so that is one argument they say that is what being highlighted here in page number 30 and again in page number 31 I just list out p1 p6 p7 p8 so they have given some factual informations for example in p1 paragraph 1 so what are the costs involved in it so they'll be for EVM purchases so EVM purchases of extra 4000 crore need to be there for simultaneous elections but they say that there's not extra burden on the election commission of India especially in financial terms because you're able to save in other areas so expenditures of election commission other areas being reduced for example transportation or training or remuneration so all this administrative cost is being minimized which can be used for purchasing this EVM missions which cost around 4000 crore extra for simultaneous elections and what are the benefits for parties that is given in paragraph 2 so election expenditures for parties election expenditures for parties so this article speaks about the legal limit of election expenditures okay and we know that based on state the legal limits varies in India for developed states it will be around 70 lakhs for MP elections at the maximum limit limit variance pain but practically it runs into crores and crores of money but when you write an answer you are speaking more about legal version of it so the point says this says is where the political parties were able to save the election expenditures so this is regarding parties so we are going for the second stakeholder that is political parties what are the benefit for them so that is one and also how they're able to reduce the cost test because advertisement cost election campaigning and all these things are reduced because in one go you're going to convince the people for both MP level and MLA level MLA level elections so that's the benefit here what they say about paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 next we go for a second point regarding this governance improving in governance so now the biggest challenge right now in India because of election related to governances the term called model code of conduct so that is given in paragraph 4 so model code of conduct so name itself you can understand so model code of conduct especially implemented during election times in India and it's a self model code of contact for political parties there is no legal backing of it so all the political parties accept it and this model code of conduct creates level playing field for all political parties so why this is most important is especially ruling party has a greatest advantage during elections because they have a lot of resources at their command so it can be a government resources which can be used for the election campaign to avoid that they created this concept of model code of conduct so because of this model code of conduct how it impacts governance is right now it's a rule says that whenever elections are being announced government cannot make any major decisions so that's a requirement so take an example of union level every five years elections come but when you take union governments and this model code of contact in contact impact in governance we can see that because state governments comes into picture so major decisions cannot be taken because of this election process happening with the state governments though it applies for the state level so you can ultimately see that governance is not enhanced because of this short duration of this model code of conduct to set right that only so they have given this concept of one nation one election okay so they have given all this what are the reasons for this model code of conduct okay so they've given the background of it okay next thing is local body elections that is paragraph six and seven so regarding paragraph six and seven local local government elections which cannot be coupled with one one nation one election there are reasons for it so what are the reasons one aspect is as it's a local elections where you can see that state election commission comes into picture so that is one reason we have two authorities correct central election commission of india and state election commissions so these are two different entities involved in election process when you take local self-government and conducting simultaneous election for the all the three at go that is mp level mla level and local self-government it's very tedious process because two institutions are involved in it so that is the reason we can't do that's one one point they are saying now apart from this the polling stations one is authorities are different so authority is different in this particular election that is state election commission and apart from this polling stations so polling stations for local elections is very different when compared with mp and mla level so polling stations are very microscopic in local self-government elections too little to say that even that can happen in each villages okay but as you can see that in mp and mla level that's not a situation so polling stations are very different apart from this jurisdiction is also very different what is jurisdiction is so if there is any issue regarding elections of mp and mla level the jurisdiction goes for high court so you can take the issues for the high court whereas here it's district court is involved so but the implementation authorities are the same personals if you go for one nation one elections including local self-government so that is very tedious process for them and different authorities are involved administrative wise it is election commission of india and state election commission on that aspect and another thing is jurisdictional wise high court and district court is involved so it will create a lot of confusions and coordination problems will be there so that is the reason why we should not have this one nation one election including local self-government that is the reason they have given so why it's not possible then lastly for people that is paragraph eight so what are the what are the advantage for people in one nation one election is so they have given this election fatigue so election fatigue factor because of frequent elections people also lose interest in election process because most of the people right now after 1991 got migrated and settled in different places and frequently going to their particular constituency and going for voting that is one reason apart from this people also not like going for elections very frequently so that that may be the reasons why election fatigue sits in so to avoid that if you have one nation one election people also getting benefited this is the key term election fatigue factor which can be avoided okay so you'll see a question on this to understand how we can fit this point into that particular question okay so for this topic we'll take a previous year question of UPSC and right now the question will be displayed to you so what a key focus of the question is when we have a simultaneous elections where it is able to save time and money in electionary and the next part of the question is it reduced government accountability to the people discuss so that's a question so there are two aspects of the question so what it says that is able to save a lot of time and energy time and money and another part is on the critical dimension they are asking whether it's government accountability is being compromised reducing government accountability discuss so you need to say all the different dimensions of this topic and as the first part of the question so you need to say why simultaneous of election is required so that is a initial part of the answers and next if you need to focus on how it is able to save time and money in electionary here you can take this stakeholder perspective so you can say for election commission how that is being done so saving time and money and you also need to focus on political part is how time and money is being saved so that may be the focus of the answer so in this you can also discuss about the evm cost because it's a discuss question you can say what a different perspective of this even though the money is being saved there are issues where there are areas where election commission also need to spend extra money so there's a first part of the answer you need to address and this points what we discussed right now is ample points to write the answers because we are seeing from election commission of india perspective and political part is perspective in the aspect of how to save time and time and money correct but a second part if they say that whether government accountability to the people will be reduced here you can take a stand stating that that's not the true aspect when you go for simultaneous election it's not that government accountability is being reduced the reason is when you go for simultaneous elections it doesn't mean that people are going to vote for a party for both MP and MLA level that's the argument right now kept by some people in india especially from the political angle but the reality is not that because lot of research says that in india people vote based on understanding the issues very clearly so what is national level issues state level issues based on that they're going for voting so accountability is ensured in that aspect so it's not that accountability against the government is being reduced by one nation one election and apart from this you can also add a point that election is not the only accountability mechanism for the people so election is one of them what are their accountability mechanism either it can be social audit or it can be RTI so based on that government is accountable to the people on day-to-day basis so election is accountability only for five years or five years once so you can write an answer based on this ideas okay so that two aspect of this question just touch upon that two aspects and the first aspect of the question regarding how it reduces time and money this part of what you know what we discussed you can literally write all the points there that would be more more than sufficient and second point regarding government accountability to the people we doesn't need to accept the argument saying that even our government accountability is not compromised here because people are very conscious in making their decisions especially decision about their candidates whom to win so that may be the answer for this question okay so we go for the next article so next article is challenges in federalism and way forward so we already saw that federalism includes three major types when we say federalism means so you need to divide into three layers one is administrative level so federalism happening at administrative level legislative level and financial so these are three levels of federalism and they're saying about the challenges so how these challenges are happening in these areas so challenges and who are the stakeholders in federalism stakeholders means who are the parties involved in it one is union government comma state government relationship between union government and state government and state government comma state government so these are the stakeholders involved just give a outline of federalism and challenges in these areas okay so in this we go for page number 42 paragraph one so in India we say federalism okay so in India we say federalism but so India is not a true federalism so there's even a term called centralized federalism centralized federalism it's a federalism with central centralized character so so why this required they have given the historical perspective in paragraph one so the founding fathers especially a prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru so very much interested to have a strong center the reason for that thing is diversified India so on India is a diverse Indian diversity is very high so what is the outcome of the diversity we are an young democracy just came out of colonialism so there may be a tendency to move out of India so we can see that historically also when British left India there are two administrative units in India one is British India and princely states and there are around 500 princely states and which was being consolidated and war fought for it and you know the historical perspective so all this resulted in influencing a constitution towards strong center or what we call the centralized federalism this is the historical reason why in Indian constitution we have this strong center so that is given in paragraph one and next we go for page number 43 so paragraph one two and three so in paragraph one so Indian federalism is called as by K.C. Veray as quasi federal so quasi federal means half federal so so which with unitary feature which more focus on unitary feature so this next constitutional expert giving comment on Indian constitution saying that though we say a federation India is not a true federation we have a strong central tendency for this he gave the term called quasi federal so this point you can use it in your answer writing any question regarding federalism especially Indian federalism based question or anything based on that you can use the quotation of this particular thinker and you can quote it in your answers as an introduction to make the examinee clearly understand that what's our Indian federalism background so what we are focusing on to clearly state that Indian federation is not a true federation like us start you can relate with paragraph one and paragraph two so right now our Indian federation one important constitutional office is related to federal concept that is regarding constitution so we have this finance commission so finance commission is one important constitutional office directly related to federalism especially fiscal federalism so which recommends revenue distribution between center and state and we know that center have the majority control over the financial resources especially based on finance commission recommendation but the state say paragraph says that this being altered after gst introduction so finance commission so determines so determines resource sharing so determines here means determine the principles on which the resource need to be shared between union government and state government and and most of the financial resources controlled by union government controlled by union government and recently we have gst which altered this relation so this point you can clearly state that what are the challenges for federalism in modern era so challenge for federalism one one point is regarding the reforms happening in tax structures like gst which has a huge impact on physical federalism so that can be a challenge here so that's the title says challenges of Indian federalism and way forward so gst is one particular challenges for Indian physical federalism because right from our Indian constitution we have finance commission to share the resources right now gst is there and we when you say gst means you also need to relate with gst council which determines the rate of taxes and all so all this has a huge impact where right now you know that most of the taxes of indirect nature comes to the union government sharing need to be done so all are being altered so this gst can be a challenge for federalism so that you can write as a point in your questions anything asked about Indian federalism and its challenges so that is given in paragraph two and paragraph three so they say about administrative relations between union government union government and state government and they have given example where health belongs to state subject health belongs to state subject and here you know that the major player in health is state but coordination role is done by so coordination role is done by center so constitutionally health belongs to state subject but health has a huge impact on entire Indian system where union government is playing the role of coordinator so how we can relate this challenges is right now in the pandemic situations so you can see that there is the biggest challenges for federalism because the prime mover of health is always state and where coordination need to be done by union government level so this is one good example how in the environment of India changes where challenges exist for federalism especially from administrative angle this is one good example where they have given health as an example for it so that is in page number 43 and next we go for page number 44 so paragraph one paragraph two and paragraph three so what they say is after this pandemic situation the finance minister have given greater leverage for state governments to get financial resource that was given in paragraph one and paragraph two so that they say that state governments can get borrowing to the limit of five percentage of gross state domestic product so directly they can get it from the market that is the point they're saying and also other percentages based on their performance so here you can say that so both paragraph one and paragraph two so relates to covid situation covid situation and borrowings so previously you know that state governments need to entirely depend upon union government for financial resources because of this unique situation of covid union government is giving the permission for the state governments okay state governments can get five percentage of gross taste domestic product as borrowing an extra few percentage okay probably around extra percentage extra percentage based on performance it's based on performance so and they have given some numbers for it correct so for example one percentage will be permitted for borrowing with specific reforms such as debt sustainability job creation so all this if a state government is doing it they can get extra point for a point five percentage of this gross state domestic product as a borrowing another extra point five percentage for another reasons so all together around six percentage they can get is borrowing directly from the market and this again you can relate with challenges to federalism how this pandemic situation has altered the physical relationship between union government and state government where here you can see that state government directly approaching the market because of their direct requirement of money so these are points you can use it in your answer writing and whereas in paragraph three on page 44 so federal relation India's majorly function of so federal relation so federal relation is relation between union government and state government they are saying it's a function of function of political forces function of political forces and structural aspects so structural aspects so there are two major variables in federal relations in India one is the political forces what a political forces means what is the party in power union level and state level what are the parties in power that determines the federal relation and also structural aspects the example of structural aspect you can relate with finance commission or previously we can say about planning commission right now we have nithya yog so all this structural aspect also has influence on federal relations but this aata says that mostly the major determinant of federal relation is the political forces so what type of political forces existing in India have a huge impact on federal relation and they say that when entire India is dominated by single party where federation you can see that it's more towards centralized attitude where the national party at the delhi making all major decisions in federal relations the opposite when we have coalition politics at the union level where federation becomes more decentralized and every state governments trying to enforce their or trying to reflect their interest at the federal level so that's the point what they're saying so what's the bottom line is so indian federation is more a factor of political force rather than structural elements so though we have a structure for federation it's more about the political factor so this can also be a main question so paragraph 3 is the regarding that news news aspect our next thing is page number 45 so paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 so in paragraph 1 regarding federation so international conventions and few examples are given so whenever india sign international conventions there are subjects which constitutionally belong to the state governments so that they have given the paragraph saying that how this international conventions are linked with this federal relations so what the procedure says is whenever india signs an international conventions on subjects where the state list is being involved so they need to consult with the state governments and they need to make make laws which is not against the state government laws so that's the word paragraph 1 says that is before ratifying the conventions all this need to be done consultative process need to be there so so indian federation so when you take federation especially from legislative purpose legislative purpose it or more based on consultative process more based on consultative process here this can also be a challenge for federation because when you are going for global level governance lot of conventions are being created where it cannot reflect the state aspirations because it's more about supranational bodies or a larger body global institutions creating conventions which may match with the national objectives but not with the state objectives so there may be some challenges in federation regarding this but what are the processes in india is so before going for ratification there's a proper consultative process with the state governments so that is given in there as in paragraph 2 so this is regarding globalization paragraph 2 especially what we called as LPG era so LPG era vast state governments are being allowed to negotiate for loans fdi is in overseas bank institution directly after 1991 when we introduce our LPG era so LPG era have a huge impact on indian federalism especially fiscal federalism vast state governments one of the unit of indian federation directly interacting with global forces it can be global institutions or global markets all you can relate it so all these are linked here so here where union government is considered as a facilitator so union government is considered as a facilitator in this aspect that is to attract investments that is fdi's so global institutions correct so fdi or no loans so global institution loans so this you can see that how our indian federation transformed after LPG era so this point you can relate and page number 46 and paragraph 1 and 2 so based on the previous points so they have given the examples in india so investment in vibrant gujarat where gujarat government directly went for other countries try to attract investments happening after this LPG era so they have given the example where gujarat government created a desk in uh usa china japan to facilitate investments okay state governments can create a desk is nothing but a facilitation center in those countries to attract investments this is all possible because of LPG era and the impact on indian federalism where the union government is behaving more maturely and giving the space for state governments to attract global investments for that only they give the example of so invest in vibrant gujarat investment so this may be a point so how this can be a challenges is as you know that state governments are given the liberty to attract investments but actually investment where goes is there are state governments have some natural advantages what are that natural advantages example the state governments have a coastal areas or have a very good infrastructures and most of the fda investment naturally goes there so this is a challenge right now for indian federalism where few states can attract larger investments so that comes the role of government here so government how try to balance all those things so how government is trying to improve the other states this you can relate with sharing of revenues so all these are a link here so even one criticism is UP is getting larger share of union government the reason is because of this because it's disadvantageous position so central government try to give a lot of money to union UP so that they can develop their infrastructure develop their human resources that creates a level playing field if that is not being done naturally that will create a biggest impact on indian federalism and also in indian development process because UP have the largest population and without proper development that will have a huge impact on entire india so there's a logic behind this why government is doing it so if any question regarding regional development you can use these points and also why government is doing in that perspective so that's a challenge because of globalization and state governments are allowed to approach global players for investments so certain state governments have natural advantages which can be exploited by the state governments especially coastal states and they have given the example of invest in vibrant gujarat so this is an interpretation what we are taking correct next thing is conclusion that is paragraph 2 so there are six pillars of federalism autonomy of states national integration centralization decentralization nationalization and regionalization so all these need to be properly balanced indian federalism the reason is geographical spread diversity so all these factors play a role in federalism so they have given six pillars of federalism six pillars of federalism one is autonomy of states autonomy of states so national integration national integration centralization so decentralization decentralization nationalization and regionalization and you can see that all the concepts are opposite of each other for example if we take centralization opposite is decentralization nationalization regionalization and autonomy of states and national integration so all these are opposite concepts so in indian federation you need to balance all these six parameters to get the best outcome of federalism so that's a conclusion part so we'll see a question on this so the question here what we are going to discuss the previous equation so questions crux is so in indian federation we have a strong center and it goes against the concept of federalism so there's a crux of the question so we need to say that why we have a strong federalism so if you take this question you need to say what is federalism and why we have strong federalism what are the reasons behind it these are historical reasons we need to list out what are the historical background on which we went for this strong federalism from this article you can relate with javelal nehru's view why we need to have us centralized federalism so you can write that aspects of nehru and you can say that why we went for this type of federalism and what are the structural ways of we are achieving it so if you're able to write the answer for this question that dimensions half a part of the answer we can take it from this particular article and you can say that why we have a strong center and we can say about in the same article the importance of finance commission and you know that in finance commission when the money is being divided between union government and state government so what we called as horizontal separation vertical separation so all this being done by finance commission but if you go and see on the total pool union government get greater share all this is a tendency of strong federalism or a central federalism so all this you can quote it and you say that why that is being required so that may be the focus of the answer okay thank you