What is going on everybody JR Fisher here? Welcome to Friday. We made it to Friday. You excited about that? I know I am pretty cool day If you're new to us today, I do these live trainings to help you start running grow online businesses So make sure that you hit that subscribe button there right below. Make sure you ring the bell That sounds bad today There we go. Make sure you ring the bell turn on all bell notifications So you're notified each and every time I go live or if I upload a video James bring my buddy James we got it. We got to make you co-host or something here, man James is here today. It looks like toy police cars is here today cool And it looks like it's clear in Savannah already smashed the light button I forget that you guys got to smash that like button. That's super important You got me beat James. You got 66 today. We're gonna have a high of 63 So we're a little chilly here today, but we're gonna do something fun today I think I think we're gonna run out to Texas Roadhouse. You guys like Texas Roadhouse I don't even know if they have that in Savannah But man, I love me some Texas Roadhouse. I gotta tell you And today the subject matter is going to be about flash sales And how people do those and how you make money on them But if you have any questions about starting running growing an online business Put that in the chat section if you're watching this after it was live You'll want to put it in the comment section below the video There's a lot of links in there too. I don't often mention them But I have a lot of affiliate links to amazon if you're interested about some of the lighting equipment I use camera equipment. I use if you want to get more training I do have a free course. It's a $97 course. You can grab that in the description also If you're watching this live, you won't see any of that until after this is not live And then all that will appear in the description section so you'll be able to see all that there But we're going to talk about sales today because you know sales are so very important And I remember, you know, I was walking through a mall with my wife One time and when we first got together and it said sale 5% off and she's like that's not a sale That's not a sale. That's not a real sale. So we're going to talk about what sales are today what they mean to people Ways you can do this and you know with the advent of email marketing Man or social media in general doing a flash sale, which is what we're going to talk about today Is super super helpful guys.  We're changing them up But I'm going to do an ab test before I do that. I'm going to either change out the Subject line of the email or I'm going to change out the fact that we have a picture in the email And kind of see what the difference is But I think we're going to do really well It's an incredible sale. I mean I'm knocking off an unbelievable amount of money It's probably the cheapest price I've sold my product for and in fact, I know it is in over a decade So in 10 years, so when you get when you get a deal like that I mean, yeah, you're going to do well, but you still have to present it well And that's the key guys you got to present it. Well, and I'd like to go through some of the steps with you And kind of show you how to do that, but don't don't be Worried about asking questions that aren't exactly on the subject matter. I don't mind But let's talk about what is a flash sale anyhow.  It's usually done by an e-commerce store It typically lasts less than 24 hours. I often do them 72 hours And the goal of the sale really is to get online shoppers to impulse buy in other words, they weren't thinking about it like right now Nobody in the country is thinking about survival food all the grocery stores have food and all that But I want to do a survival food sale and we will do very well because the way we're going to market it I've done a sales page. I've done a bsl which is a visual sales letter A video sales letter, excuse me And all of that combined with the good deals and the quick delivery I think will do really well It also helps increase brand awareness customer loyalty It kind of compels shoppers to check out some of the other non-sale items that are on our site And in historically and according to all the statistics Flash sales generate on average a 35% lift in transaction rates Which is just crazy, right? That's a huge lift Along with the increased revenue flash sales can help Your e-commerce business really get rid of excess inventory kind of that's our Situation now because we're going to be switching our labels. We have to put our new address on there But more importantly flash sales often drive a large audience to your site And they also incentivize the viewers to purchase non-sale products as well Now it's like a thrill seeking thing for people, you know when they do a flash sales And it really kind of grows your online presence because you get to be known for that type of stuff So what I've done is I've made a list of some steps on how to run a flash sale Along with some examples of some successful flash sales To kind of get your strategy going get you thinking a little bit So the first thing number one I want you to determine the goal of your sale. What's the goal? Yeah, everybody will say well, I want to make money. I want to make money. Well, that's true But you can do several different things with a flash sale depending on what goal You're focusing on you can measure your success So do you want to have an excess quantity in one specific product that isn't selling? Is that what you want to do? Do you want to stabilize your inventory? Do you want to encourage your buyers to focus on different products than what they have been? Do you want to escalate traffic to your site by providing a discount to high quality products? Do you want to you know? How are you going to focus your goal to help you pick which products you want to use for the flash sale? So that's number one. Let me get another sip here real quick Hey guys, don't forget wait James says we have a texas roadhouse and All the waitresses are young and chatty. How's the food though James? Did you notice they have food there?  Yeah, they are young and chatty, but uh, they do this line dance thing in there It's kind of cool. They have the best prime rail. I'm serious. I just don't know a better prime rib And I've had it, you know, I I think one of the best prime ribs I ever had and I'm a little off subject here I'll get to number two in a second, but there was a place called Victoria station and James. I don't know if you ever had that or not But Victoria station was real big on the east coast And I actually worked there in high school. I was a dishwasher and I was a salad guy And I made the salads and I thought that was the coolest job of the world Man, they had good prime rib and I've had prime rib from Ruth Chris to the Capitol Grill to all these different places And I still think Texas Roadhouse is one of the best with the exception of Victoria station, which is no longer in business anymore So I don't know put your opinion in there. What do you think? Um, all right, two police car 20 police cars is laughing. He's laughing, but it's true, right? James was checking out the waitresses. He's supposed to be checking out the food, but I get it You know, I get it. We're guys, right? Number two, you got to choose the right product for your ideal market This is really important guys if you choose the wrong product your flash sale isn't going to do too well So while this may seem like a contradiction to step one It is important to note you can't choose just any product that you want to get rid of Okay, the product you choose has got to really kind of line up with your target audience If you want long-term customers, you need to put a discount on products that encourages the right people to click on your site Uh, James says my next door neighbor is addicted to roadhouse.  It's like it's cheap You get good quality food. The service is good. The portions are good. I mean, what's wrong with it? You know, there's nothing wrong with it Next thing you got to do number three guys is you want to promote the sale ahead of time Too many people to say okay. I'm doing a sale today But you know, it's a whole lot better if you talk about This big sale you got coming up, right? People like to do research. They like to read reviews on your products ahead of time. They want to know about it They want to educate themselves So it's really wise to give shoppers a head up Excuse me heads up before your flash sale is live This is also a really huge chance to broaden your reach on social media through, uh, email by creating a fun Countdown email on social media posts. So that's something else you can do prior to the actual sale started It's also In court number four word it correctly. It's critical that your discount stands out.   Okay You can and it saves them dollars which emphasizes avoiding a loss, which is important, right? It's just the opposite of that While this depends really on your target audience in general people are more motivated to avoid pain Than anything else. So missing out on a good deal definitely feels like pain Uh, and you can also do it in percentages. So if you've got like a You know, maybe maybe it's not Anything more than let's say it's a hundred dollar deal But you're you're taking 40 off, you know, 40 sounds huge 40 dollars sounds okay, but 40 sounds huge You know, we're doing a sale and I think we're going to take off 43 Which is huge for survival food 43 is a big big savings So that's number four Number five, you got to keep the time frame short now. I told you in the beginning You know, it's usually between 24 and 72 hours. Okay, that's what we like to do I don't do the short ones I do 72 hours because I worry about people not be able to get to their email or even seeing it And if you do it in 24 hours that 24 hours is good for like social media If you do it like twitter or instagram something like that. I don't do that. I do emails So sometimes it's a day or two before they get to their email. So they got time to do it It works because it spurs this impulse purchase And It's like a rush to buy your product You got to make your audience kind of feel the pressure, you know, three hour flash sale Really has the highest transaction rates at like 14 percent However, that's really hard to do in emails because people may not get to their emails So you want to probably do a 24 hour to 72 hour one That's what I like to do now really technically a flash sale is anything under 24 hours Or like I say we do emails. So we go up to 72 hours. Let me just sit here real quick Ryder stop box here. What's going on Ryder? Good to see you here. Got new people popping in and out today, which is cool Number six. This is pretty important. Check your inventory To get the most out of a flash sale make sure you've got enough of your discounted products in stock I've got pallets and pallets and pallets of our canned meats. So we're ready to go Um And you want to kind of Calculate what do you normally sell based on what you need for the sale? Okay? So if you run a sale and you run out immediately, it's not going to be much good Not too many people can be able to take advantage of it You don't want to sell out of the discounted product too early Because you're going to leave people with kind of a negative experience about your company They're going to be like, yeah, I want to do this flash sale But you know, it's like within 10 minutes everything was gone. I didn't get a chance to get anything So make sure you got enough make sure people can take advantage of it Make sure they feel like they got a great deal And they were able to get in on stuff It's not cool if you only have 10 of something or 20 of something. Okay? You got to have hundreds of them, you know, ideally you got to have hundreds You know, maybe you only have 50 or 100 but go with what you got, I guess Number seven is make sure you're all set up for your shipping and delivery It's really hard to retain customers Loyalty if it takes them a month to get the product, okay So if you're doing like drop shipping through Ali express or something like that That's not what you want to use for flash sales And I know a lot of you are drop shippers However, it's not a good flash sale type product now you can try it And you can tell them, hey, it's going to be a high demand thing I'm just going to do this big discount Excuse me for, you know, a few days, but it's a high demand product So it may take two to four weeks to get your product Let them know that up front If you don't let them know that, oh my gosh, oh my gosh, you're going to have so many problems And I know a lot of people say, well, I don't want to tell them That it's going to be a long shipping time because then they won't buy But the point is if they do buy and they want to get a refund, what's the point? It doesn't work, okay, so you got to let them know Some of these companies like Amazon can do like same day shipping We can't do that and it just doesn't match our business And that's another problem Excuse me, I see a lot of people having People say, well, I can't do this because I can't do one-day shipping You don't have to do one-day shipping You do what you can do, okay? If yours is three to five days, we charge us three to five days That's what we do, okay?  How do you handle that? Well, that's the whole point, actually We do run out of the products When we run out, we run out It's not false scarcity, it's real scarcity So once we don't have that product anymore, it'll be gone Now, I will tell you this We sometimes will do a follow-up sale We'll say, hey, two months ago, we did the sale and we ran out But if you're still interested, we're going to make this quantity of this product The shipping time is going to be a little bit longer But for the next 48 hours, we'll let you go ahead And get it at that old price since we did run out So you can actually use that to your advantage And that's probably what we will do if we still have some of our labels left Because ours is a label sale The label is changing, the address is changing So we need to get rid of our own labels That's the whole reason we're doing it Now, what I'd like to do is go through a few examples Of different companies that have done flash sales That are very successful The first one is J-Crew We see J-Crew and malls across the country Which I don't know if we're going to have any malls left Or maybe these are going But they are clothing, okay They're very niche audience In matter of fact, J-Crew kind of focuses on sailing clothes Okay, it's a smaller audience But it's also more likely to engage And they got money, okay So, you know, you can't see it But I've got one of their ads pulled up here But they got one that says ends tonight Smooth seas and clear skies Perfect conditions for a flash sale Extra 30% off and free shipping And then they say use code set sale Will all sales be final no returns? No, I never do that James I 100% want people happy So if somebody is unhappy with a product They can 100% return it to us That's not a problem I never want people to feel like they're stuck And I get that, you know, all sales final thing But I just, man, I want to take care of customers We have so few refunds I mean, out of thousands and thousands And thousands of sales each year I may have one or two, really Because we have a really good quality product And you know the big problems I would say if we have any returns or refunds It's because the products were damaged in shipment We sell canned meats and they get dented or something like that And then somebody wants, you know, a refund Yeah, it's not a problem We'll take care of what we do is tell them to keep it And we'll send you a whole nother batch We'll take care of you But that's our reputation That we always take care of the customers Number two I want to talk about is loft Loft is a woman's clothing store And they kind of have a mystery component What they did is, and I wish I could show it to you on the screen I can't right now But they have a picture And it says mystery flash sale Because we love to keep you on your toes And it has a percentage on the right side It has a four on the left side And in the middle it has a number that's flipping by So you know you're going to get at least 40-something percent off And you've got to click to see what it's going to be And they kind of like have an eight coming up Like it's going to be 48% So that's a really cool visual And I pulled that from some of their past ads It says three secret offers await And one of them is yours Reveal your deal And there's a button just to click to reveal your deal Which I thought was pretty cool The next one I want to talk about is a company called Hype HYPE They offer different discount tiers The earlier you claim your discount The more money you save So it gets people to buy faster So in their example And I'm looking at it now You guys can't see it But it says browse all bags And it says for the first 25 people Enter this code And you're going to get 50% off First 50 people You can get 35% off Then they have a code there And it says claim discount They got a button underneath each one And then the last one It says the first 100 people Enter this code And it's got a code there And it says 25% off So if you get in there quickly 50% then 35% then 25% So what this does is it gets people to buy quickly And how do you know if your code's been used up It says on there on our site We'll tell you that the coupon code is not valid So after 25 people use it up That coupon code's not valid Now we can set that up in Magento ourselves Because we can set up a coupon code And we can say only allow 25 of these coupons Only allow 50 Only allow 100 of these coupons So we can actually do that However in cart for now you can do coupons too So we set up coupons in cart for now Which is really cool Let me give another sip here Next one I want to talk about is Aachen Retail It's A-U-C-H-A-N They're a French international retail company And they show multiple children In their flash sale advertisement Indicating there'll be a lot of items for sale Okay This flash sale encourages online shoppers To check out all the products They could get half off So what they do is they have The name of it And they have it in French here So I can't read it But it says up to 50% off And then you gotta click the button Number five is Pottery Barn Pottery Barn is really good at marketing guys And they're in a lot of malls too Once again, don't know what's going to happen With malls, do we? But this flash sale uses the wording Select dressers Select dressers So it's saying there's certain ones To increase the desire to click To find out which dressers That's what they do So they say, you know, what happens If I happen to love one of the other dressers They're not on sale Only these are So you gotta click to check out which ones are on sale It also shows, you know, a boy sitting on a dresser And they kind of imagine their own kids sitting on the dresser But their ad itself says limited time only Save up to 40% on select dressers It says shop now or find a store So you only got two choices in there Which is a pretty cool one JetBlue does some ads And I just got an email this morning From Southwest Airlines And I guarantee you're gonna see a lot of airlines advertising here real soon Because that's really coming back But anyhow, JetBlue, when you see their offer It's an incredible deal The one I'm looking at right now is a $15 offer Probably isn't a flight to Paris or anything like that But it really gets people's attention And it provides much more needed of that rush thinking Wait, where can I fly for less than 20 bucks? I love travel Might as well check it out So people are gonna click on it And what happens is that $15 flight may not be what they want But maybe they pick a 40 or $15 flight So at $15, you know, you have to click the button to see which flights that are What that are? That is And in doing so, you know, it gets people to the site It gets them thinking And then they go, oh my gosh, well, you know, here's the flight I do want to take And that looks pretty inexpensive So that's kind of what a flash sale is If you have any questions Guys about this, you can put it in the chat section there Today is Friday Today is our lunch day So we go out on Fridays and have ourselves a nice lunch And we really enjoy that And let me cancel it here I got something on my phone here Get to LeapTrap There we go But do you have any other questions about selling stuff online, guys? Anything, it can be commerce It can be physical products It can be digital products I do these live just to help you guys out Not selling you anything whatsoever It's just to help you out I share this information with you We've sold millions of dollars about digital and physical products I've been interviewed by a lot of people online I've spoken a lot of the marketing conventions and so forth I was at Grill and Marketing a couple years ago And spoke on stage to that group And they were all marketers So these are marketers learning from me how to market This stuff works This is no BS I'm not a guru I'm not somebody who is going to tell you You're going to get rich working four hours a week Because you're not Can you work four hours a week and still be rich? Yeah, once you've built it up And once you've put in the blood, sweat, and tears To your business, yeah I mean, I've done that before But for the most part, I work each day And I put in the hours This is not a popular thing I tell people It's much more popular to tell you how easy it is And how anybody can do it And you don't need any skills And that's all BS You do need some skills But here's the cool thing You can get the skills You can develop the skills You can learn the skills You're doing that right now by listening to this video And we're working on a YouTube channel So do me a favor Please make sure you subscribe I'm just a few subscribers away from hitting a fame bit Which is a level at YouTube at 5,000 subscribers And that's a small amount to some people out there But what it's huge to other people who are just getting started So I want to encourage you If you want to do a YouTube channel, do it I would love to see one from you, James I want to hear some of the stories About being on the road I mean, you'd be interesting as heck But guys, everybody's got a story in them Everybody's got information in them That somebody else wants Don't be afraid to share it You don't have to be the best at anything To share your information Do share it You know, do share it It's really, really important When you go to Texas, check out Shedders Yeah, that's a chain, isn't it? I think I've seen that, James It's like, is it like an Applebee's Or Chili's or something like that? I think it is But I do want to check that Man, James, there's so many, so many restaurants I want to check out there There's so many good restaurants I did not like the Mexican food I had there They said it was Tex-Max But it tasted like all processed stuff out of cans to me I was not impressed But it could have been the restaurant I went to You know, maybe there's some great ones I just haven't found them yet I know San Diego has the best Mexican food In the country I mean, they just do They're really good LA is pretty close So that's pretty good What topic do you suggest for me? James, I would just double down on who you are James Breen, traveled for 50 years Or James Breen, truck travels across the US I think just sitting there telling some of the stories I have a guy I listened to for a while Who was in prison for like 25 years And he just talks about his prison stories And what happened in prison I mean, it's just Your life is interesting to somebody Understand, I'm talking to James now But anybody out there Whatever you've done If you've done something It doesn't matter what it is You taught school You traveled around the world You were a dancer You were an actor I have a friend who's an actor in England And he talks about that Whatever you've done is interesting To somebody else who hasn't done it And you don't need that big of an audience To make money My channel makes money every single month now We're monetized, we make money on ads And I thank YouTube so much for that Because they give me a free platform And they pay me to do my videos Which is amazing And then I can sell my products And people come to my page And they buy my courses and all that So it's a beautiful thing And James, you know, you'll find You'll find your niche If you were to do videos And talk about whatever you wanted to And at the end of them say Hey, guys, there's some subjects you want to hear about This is what I did for a living I drove a truck for 50 years Or 40 years, whatever it was If there's subjects you want to hear about Maybe you want to hear about the best rest stops You know, truck stops across the country There's so many interesting things That you know And you're an interesting guy Because I've talked back and forth with you You would do great But you got to consistently do it So you don't want to do it like two times a month You got to do it a few times a week But man, I'm telling you, if you do it People will listen to you Make sure if you are doing videos I don't want to get off onto a YouTube thing But if you are doing videos Make sure they're long enough YouTube likes 8-minute videos or longer And I've had people say how long should a video be And I say as long as you can make it While making it still interesting So don't just ramble on to have a 20-minute video That's not a good idea But if you can make it interesting And you can do a 15 or 20 or 30-minute video And it's interesting, go for it Understand the longer the video is The more watch time you'll get If you're doing 3-minute videos And you get 50% watch time You only get a minute and a half Okay, it's nothing But if you're doing 10-minute videos And you get 50% watch time You're getting 5 minutes of watch time So that's important The reason the watch time is important Is because YouTube wants to run ads on your video And if you're doing a 2-3-minute video They can't run ads I mean, there's just no room in there For them to run an ad If you're doing a 10-14-minute video Which is about what I do 10-14 minutes They got room in there to run an ad They can put 4 ads on one of my videos And here's the truth about ads guys It used to be you decided If you wanted to monetize your channel And had ads on there You don't decide that anymore You're going to have ads on your videos No matter what So you might as well get monetized You might as well do it long enough You might as well make money Super important See, I was also a soldier and a sailor for years It would be interesting I would love to hear about it You've probably traveled to all kinds of different places I mean, my God You have an interesting life And we don't want to leave this earth With all those stories inside of us They say the greatest stories Never told are in the graveyard People died and they never shared what they did in life What you think was no big deal Is terribly interesting to somebody else They would love to hear from you I promise you they would love to hear from you So check it out, do it Guys, I really appreciate you being here today I really appreciate you listening to these videos Do me a favor Don't forget to Give me a thumbs up Don't forget to subscribe With that button down there's red You want to click it, turn it gray Don't forget to ring the bell Whoa, there's my bell Ring the bell, turn on all bell notifications So you're notified every single time I go live Or I upload a video I really appreciate you being here today I love each and every one of you If you're not watching this live You can still comment And I will come back and grab those comments And talk to you Thank you so much for listening today, guys James, you have a awesome weekend And tomorrow at 10 a.m. Tomorrow at 10 a.m. You want to be here, man I got some steps that will change


Hello, hello, welcome to a new video. So as you may be able to see we are back with the cabin project I said I would be back with some bonus steps, and I am going to deliver So we're just going to just jump straight into it. I think let's not mess about what we're going for is this so Hopefully you can see but there is a nice subtle little flickering effect going on with that window if we're just moving a little bit closer You should be able to see that that's happening so you can see that it's just looking like there's a light behind that That's flickering and it looks beautiful even if I say so myself So in this first part of the bonus steps, we're going to get this working So you can see I've already made like an example What I'll do is I'll go back to the original shader So I'll just swap that one back in and that's what we had originally So we need to get that flickering effect going on so let's just close that one We need to open the window material So this is what we left off with when we made the window material originally And what we're going to do now is just take these two nodes out here because these are the ones going into the emissive color We're going to bring them out because we're going to do a little bit more playing with them So there it is So at the moment I'm fairly happy with this part here This is doing what I need it to do we have an emissive color and it's being multiplied But what we want to do is get something to change How strong that's happening how strong the multiplication of that value is and so to do that we're going to bring in a Normal map actually and we're going to pan that and you'll see how it always very clever. So first thing I'm going to do I stick in a multiplier node here There it is lovely lovely and we're going to ping this into a And well, we'll connect it all up at the end Into be we need to do some Cleverness so we'll get from be and we're going to do a texture sample Where is it? There it is and what I want is a normal map So if we go into here, and I'm going to go for burnt wood just because when I tried it I liked that one the best so this is what it gives us we can see the normal map there And what I want to do is get that moving so that we can have the values changing that makes them to the minute So into the UV's we're going to place a panor and the job of this node is to just move Textures in kind of the X axis or the the Y axis So I'll just pull that out and What we'll do just to get this moving we're going to just if we do one By one just so you can see how that works and That will pan this but at the moment We're not going to see anything because I don't have live nodes and live updates turned on so we'll turn that on Well, both of those on and then as this updates you will see That this moves there it goes so you can see that that is now panning that texture across the the texture space But this won't work at the moment because it's just not strong enough So what we're going to do is make that look a little bit bigger so into this panor we're going to add a Texture Coordinate node if I can spell it right texture Coordinate lovely and Then we're going to zoom right in on this texture And the value we're going to use or the values we're going to use on the tiling are 0.0001 so we're making it very small which makes it really zoom in and the same money of the ones so 0.0001 and when I press enter you'll see just here when this updates That what it instead of you seeing the whole texture panning across It's just gonna look like the blue values are going up and down which is exactly what we want It's a lot like okay, so there it is and you can see that that is now going kind of crazy Which might be what you're going for but I want it to be a little bit more subtle than that So in order to change that we're going to go into our panor and instead of having a speed of one Which is far too much. We're going to have 0.001 I believe 0.001 and Then we'll let that update and was should see a more gradual changing of the blue values Okay, so that's now updating and I can see that the blue values are changing But I don't think they're really changing quickly enough for me So I'm going to experiment with the numbers until I find something I like Okay, so with a bit of experimentation I've put in values of 0.007 into the speed x and the speed y and I'm happier with the way that these values are changing. I think that's going to look quite good when we put it all together Okay, so I want to do now we can see that this is all going into here And I want to see how that's going to look and I'll give you a hint It's gonna look wrong, but I'll explain why so what I'm going to do is go to this multiply node and I'm going to start previewing that node which should Put that value up here and you can see what's happening is that instead of just raising or lowering The intensity of that emissive value. It's just mixing the colors. So we're getting reds blues greens It doesn't look very good. I don't like it So the reason for that is because we're mixing all three channels and all we want is are the values from the blue channel So instead of going from this value here this output We're going to go to the blue one and put that in B instead and then when that updates and we see up here What you should see is that we just starting to get that flickering effect So the strength of it may not be right yet But the effect is actually happening. So what we'll do now is just stop previewing this and We're going to put this now into the emissive color to replace what we had connected before and This will then show us What it's going to look like as a finished material Okay, so we can now see that that's happening But we need to go into the level and see how well that's happening if it's something that we want or if we need to tweak it a Little bit So let's save that and then we'll go out into the level and see what it looks like Okay, so I'm just gonna dock this window up here Zoom out a little bit to see if this effect is strong enough It's actually not bad. I might want to just dial it up a little bit, but overall I'm quite happy That's not a bad a bad outcome really is it so I think what I'm going to do Is this multiply here? I'm actually going to tone this down Because I don't want it to be really bright all the time. So I'm gonna bring this down to about five and That means that now this emissive effects not gonna be very strong at all But we're going to supercharge this side of the equation here So I'm gonna put in a new multiply multiply and So the result of that's going to go into B and Our blue value is going to go into a of this new multiply and then what we're going to do is Multiply this by about 12 and I might come back and change this value. We'll go with 12 for now And then we'll see how that comes out Okay, so it's definitely doing something. Let's go save it back out to the level and see if we prefer this outcome to the previous one I Do so I think what it's done now is it's made it brighter overall and that means up here We can see that that value is dropping up and down which gives the effect Hopefully that there's some kind of fire burning in there and that will work with that the smoke coming out of the chimney So that brings us to the end of this first step. It's very exciting getting back into this project So there are Two maybe three more of these steps that we'll do and then I'm going to leave this Cabin project alone and we'll move on to something completely different which will be exciting So thanks for sticking with me for this one and I will see you very soon for another one Bizes thanks for watching if you really want to take your learning further than I can cover in this series Then I highly recommend checking out plural site They have loads of really detailed video courses covering game art and game development using Unreal Engine 4 When I learned how to use unreal a couple of years ago This is where I went and I look in regularly to take a new course and improve my skills I recommend checking out the introduction to Unreal Engine 4 course by Joshua Kinney This is really good and offers a good overview of what you can do in unreal You can get a free 10-day trial by using my link in the video description And you get full access to all of their courses for that time at the end of your 10 days You can either subscribe for more or cancel totally up to you. It's got to be worth a free trial though, right? I'd like to say a massive. Thank you to my patrons Your support helps me to keep making videos like this one and I really appreciate each and every one of you It really blows my mind that people will support my channel and my work by pledging their money through patreon So again, thank you all so so much if you aren't already a patron and you'd like to offer your support Then please go to patreon.com forward slash Shane Whittington


Item number SCP-015 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures SCP-015 is impossible to move, and is contained on-site. A gap of at least 2 meters or 6 feet needs to be maintained around the entire structure containing SCP-015 at all times, and no structures of any kind are to make contact with SCP-015's current containment structure. Exploration is permissible, but only in teams of three, with full safety lines and GPS tracking. Any protrusions from SCP-015 must be capped and sealed immediately, with the new site recorded and logged. No aggressive action is to be made within SCP-015. No hand or power tools are allowed anywhere inside SCP-015. No repairs or maintenance are to be made anywhere on SCP-015. Description SCP-015 is a mass of pipes, vents, boilers and other various plumbing apparatus completely filling a warehouse in ██████. The pipes appear to grow when not under observation, attempting to connect the nearby structures via sewer systems and underground plumbing. SCP-015 contains, at current estimate, over 190 km or 120 miles of pipes, ranging in diameter from 2.5 cm to over 1 m. Some pipes appear new, while others are rusted and leaking. Pipes have been reported as being made of bone, wood, steel, pressed ash, human flesh, glass and granite. No pipes composed of lead, PVC plastic, copper or any other traditional material for the production of pipes have been found. SCP-015 reacts to tools and aggression. Any personnel acting violently, carrying tools or attempting to damage or repair SCP-015 in any way will trigger a reaction. Any pipes near the subject will burst, spraying on the subject for several seconds before the flow suddenly stops. Pipes have been reported containing oil, mercury, rats, a species of insect not yet identified, ground glass, seawater, entrails and molten iron. Pipes will continue to burst around the subject until death or retreat. SCP-0115 was cut back to its current structure after attaching to 11 other structures in the area. Currently, 11 personnel have been killed, and 20 more are still missing. Reports have been made of banging and screaming coming from within SCP-015.   Agent-2 looked around slowly, letting its flashlight play over the walls. One of the only items the agents were allowed to carry inside SCP-015. Agent-6 and Lawn were standing just behind him, doing the same. The idle chatter and joking had died off about 30 seconds ago. Each agent slowly realized that this was no simple little milk run. Go in, find the observation unit, pull the data and recover the unit. Cake. They'd laugh, Lawn asking if she should find a Mario hat to wear, them being plumbers now and all. Now however, seeing the dim, cramped tunnel yawning before them, the only joke was them being there at all. Agent-2 stepped forward, slowly, fixing its flashlight on the ground. It was a hard mat of pipes, more or less level with the floor. A few small tubes stuck up here and there, snaking around like tree roots, or suddenly turning up in the middle of the floor like a pillar. The walls, the ceiling, every inch of the original structure was coated in pipes. Some researcher who led them up to the main door said that there wasn't anything left of the old warehouse, really, except for the outer shell. He pushed away that whole line of thought, pointedly following the pre-mapped cores they had to memorize, stepping around a pillar of tightly woven hair, the glossy surface steaming gently. Six plotted along, taking the rear and keeping a close eye on 2 and Lawn. Skittish kids. Lawn was jumping at every sound, and 2 looked like he would ready to drop and run if he saw so much of the mouse. Kids.  They needed a good military hand to lead them, but damned as Six was going to Molly Cottle grown adults who were going to jump at shadows.   They were just a charity blanket for eggheads and blakes.  He wanted out of this dripping nightmare, he was going to get this mission done with or without them. Lawn tiptoed over a thick, thorny mass of pipe, the surface like braided thistles trying not to whimper. She kept close to 2, keeping the light at her feet until she wouldn't step on anything nasty.   She was the tech, 6 and 2 were the safety. All she had to do was stick by them, pull the data cards out of the MRV, and then leave. She tried hard not to look back at the sealed doors in the distance behind them. Only a couple of turns to the MRV, a little work, and then out. In and out, simple as pie. She ignored a softly throbbing pipe of leathery flesh near her arm, with a focus that was almost physical. She found an MRV after what felt like an hour of walking. It was hard to keep your bearings. The rampant growth of the pipes had cramped some areas down to crawlways, and snarled others into random claustrophobic mazes. Six had nearly got stuck twice, and had looked like he was about to murder Lawn when she made a comment relating to Winnie the Pooh. Lawn was talking again at least, but it was brittle, whistle in front of the graveyard chatter. Two kept trying to follow the directions, but even with them being less than a week old, they were little more than a guideline. When they finally found the MRV, it'd been a monetary relief. At least they were at the halfway point. Then they looked at it in the light. It had been speared for lack of a better term. Pinned against a pipe of some kind of dense fabric, a smooth black pipe had docked itself to the camera lens of the observation vehicle. It wasn't smashed or damaged, it just… connected, as if it was made for it. It had lifted the little shredded robot nearly a foot off the ground, and it looked like other smaller pipes had started to connect to other open spaces on the vehicle. It just sat there, the wheels slowly turning as the battery died, like a bug on a nest of pins. Some clear, foul-smelling fluid was dripping softly from the camera housing. Well… Two's voice echoed in the dark, a monument to pointless speech. They all stood for a few moments, then Lawn started to, carefully, look over the MRV. She was looking around with an increasing restlessness, starting to mutter quietly. Lawn was reaching for the data cards, before stopping and looking over at two. Um, two? To just grow it into the MRV, do you think it… counts? What do you mean counts? Two kept the light on her and the machine, a hiss of steam behind him making him flinch. I mean as damaging 015, if I take out the data cards, do you think it will… react? Two looked around slowly, shining his light along the floor. I piped as wide as the car and seemingly made of a compacted lint.  Both agents turned to stare at six. He stepped up to the MRV, flexing his hands and reaching into his coat with one hand. The other pushed Lawn away none too softly.  It's a bunch of weird pipes beginning and end, there.  I'm grabbing his goddamn thing and we're getting out of here. As he spoke, he stepped forward, flipping open the data port cover. More of the clear, scummy liquid had pulled inside. The other two agents froze, staring in shock a moment and a building seemed to do so as well. The whispered sounds of venting steam, sliding materials, and soft pinging had all stopped. The heartbeat of Lawn's ears sounded like gunshots. Two started forward, reaching for six.  Six ignored him, slipping out the thin data cards. It felt like old, nasty water over them, bad, but they were built to resist it. He slipped them out, then put the bundle in his pocket. He prodded around the edge of the camera lens, shifting the MRV a bit, trying to see if it would work free as two and Lawn backed away. Slowly, the sounds around him seemed to crush inward. Six gave up, turning away from the helplessly trapped MRV and shining his light on the two white-faced agents.  The pipe under him opened with the soft sound of tearing felt. Two and Lawn didn't even have time to react before he slid into the widening gap up to his armpits and started screaming horribly. Six's flashlight went tumbling away as the two agents, galvanized by the big man's wretched screaming, ran to help him. He was submerged in a massive thickly flowing molten glass. His clothes had already started to smolder and burn, the stench of seared flesh almost more overpowering than the reverberating screams. They pulled and dragged up half of a man, with the ruined seared mass of flesh and cloth where its lower body should have been. They panted, trying to drag him, Lawn starting to scream along with Six, two's eyes wide and fixed on some point far away from there, though the horrible swell of sound rising all around them, pinging, hissing, clicking, cracking, a pipe to their side bulging alarmingly and causing them to nearly fall. They regained their footing just as the wooden pipe above them burst open in a spray of splinters and clear stinging dust. Two and Lawn spun away, gagging and choking. Two spinning out a sudden mass of blood, glass. It was powdered glass. It poured over Six, muffling his screams, shifting as he struggled a few moments, then stopped. The glass quickly covered in the body and spreading. Lawn blinked, eyes red and puffy, looking over at two. He nodded and they bolted down a hall, trying to ignore the rising cacophony of sound, sounding like an approaching subway train.  They ran, keeping just ahead of whatever it was, hearing splintering explosions and shivering cracks all around them. They finally came to a snarled crawlway, barely a few feet wide. That was the only way forward. Two dived in, doing a low crawl, trying to will himself forward like a snake, knowing the passage was about fifteen feet long. Easy, wouldn't take any time. Lawn hesitated, that tiny black gap looking like a mouth, before a sudden burst of steam behind her sent her shrieking forward, sobbing as she started to crawl, calling after two. Two ignored a growing vibration all around him, the creaking ping near his head and slid free of the opening. He turned and saw nothing. No Lawn, no sudden bursting, just an empty hole. He looked around, hands twitching, thinking, then slid back inside, trying to find Lawn and physically drag her out. He could hear her, muffled, probably behind the next turn.  That was it, he was sure of it. The tunnel was right here, and then he heard the pitiful scream behind him. Lawn begging, pleading, screaming for him. Two stared, eyes wide, then slammed his flashlight against the pipe. It burst, sending a reeking corrosive slime over his hand, making him reel back down the crawlway, screaming as it ate into his flesh. He stood outside the opening, holding his steaming hand away from him, trying not to look at the exposed bone.  He bolted down the hall, his flashing steaming the dim in time to the rising sound. Lawn panted, screaming for two, hearing the hard bang on the other side of the pipe and a sudden shrieking retreat. She sobbed, her whole body shaking and slowly started to work her way backward, crawling on her belly, crying as she muttered some half-remembered prayer. When her feet pushed against a solid wall pipe, she couldn't even muster a fresh scream. She was trapped, the space not much bigger than a coffin, helpless. She sobbed, face on the ground of warring fuzzy pipes and nose to silence. Aside from her cries, there was nothing, no pinging, no cracks or explosions, nothing. She raised her head and the barely illuminated dark, looking around. She was alive, it was calming down, they'd come for her, two would get help. She was getting out of here, she fought back her growing claustrophobia, looking along the walls. She nosed a small gap at the ceiling and started shifting to get a better look, twisting back and finding only the open end of a pipe. Dawn sagged back, closing her eyes, tears looking down her face. The first sticky drips she simply assumed were the same tears, then one fell on her mouth and it was sweet. She opened her eyes and saw a thick, quivering mass of amber goose splattered from the mouth of the pipe, coating her and the floors it surged out. She coughed, shifting back, it was honey, honey or something like that. At least it wasn't molten lead or acid, then she saw the level rising. It wasn't draining, the pipes were packed too close. She looked around her tiny chamber with horror rising much faster than the honey oozing up her sides. Lawened beat on the walls, the floor, the ceiling, trying to block the pipe with her hands, heedless of provoking the thing more as the honey rose and rose, as clowing sweet as a school-age lover.  Two ran, totally lost now. His flashlight dimming by the moment, the sound of cracking and bursting pipes starting to trail off. Maybe it was done, finally. Zero-one-five was protective, but it didn't seem vengeful. People had gotten hurt before and gotten out fine. It happened. They'd find a way to get Lawen out too. She might even be out already, just found another way to get around the blockage. That was probably it.  Six were the shame, but why had that lunatic opened the case?  He was still musing on this when he tripped over an unseen pipe in the dark around his feet. He pitched forward, yelping a half-surprised, half-terrified bark as he went sprawling. Or he should have went sprawling. Instead he fell past the floor into a yawning, open pit of a pipe. The slick, oozing sides plunging down at a sharp angle. He screamed, trying to grab something to stop or slow himself, but the walls were oozing and thick, his downward slide getting speed. His dimming flashlight showing a seemingly endless tunnel stretching off below him. He slid and slid, a scum of stinking, smooth ooze sticking to his clothes and skin. The tube twisted, banging him against the walls he followed it. His flashlight jittering and starting to flicker. Panics slammed down like a fist, two grabbing the light and trying to keep it still, pleading with it. Staring at the lamp bulb is a dim more and more. It surged a moment, then flickered out. The darkness pressing to his eyes like cloth, the agents slipping down faster and faster, screaming until he was hoarse, screaming until his throat bled, screaming even as he passed well beyond the physical boundaries of the tangled web of pipes. Days later, when his skin started to shred off, it was almost welcome. SCP-015 Recovery Report Agent 2, MIA Agent 6, MIA Agent Lawn, MIA MRV-889236 Status, Unrecovered The same non-vital and light-of-law staff, SCP-015 classification level review suggested.


It's one of those most basic self-development things is you set goals for yourself. That's like everybody says that. Never registered for me. It never felt right for me to be setting precise goals about what I was intending to do. But now looking back, I can't really see a good reason for that. Seems like I just wanted to go with the flow of life and see where life would take me. It seemed like setting goals was restricting me by sort of assuming I'm going to do a certain thing instead of being open to the whole wide world of what life can be. Even as I say these things, I mean these reasonings do not sound very strong. So I don't know why I avoided it. Some people say that people avoid goals because when you have a defined goal you now have failure conditions. You now have, if you don't achieve it, you have failed. Whereas if you don't have defined goals, then you can technically never actually fail because you never actually set any conditions for success for yourself. So maybe that's it. Maybe I've been too passive in my approach to life. I know that in many ways I have had more of that kind of contemplative, creative, philosophical kind of floating down the river of life, observing the universe kind of an outlook versus the people that are just like charging like a bull towards your defined objectives. But it never felt quite right. So these are my guesses to why I have simply never set defined goals. Now over the past year or two my goals became, I did have defined goals in the sense of my personal management, gaining control, removing some bad habits, getting control of self-discipline. That has been my biggest work of the last couple years. But now I have some basic good habits. I have some basic self-discipline. I have the ability to actually do something useful with my time and my energy. So I have lots of ideas. But there's something about putting a defined goal, writing out, defining in words, as awkward as it is to formulate into words, making a defined goal, specific goal that this is what I want to do. And so I've just started doing that this week. And already I can feel a sense of focus. There's something about setting goals that are specific that helps to become a focus for energy. So my earlier phase was simply do anything that's good. Okay you have time, spend your time and energy doing anything that's good rather than anything that's bad. And I think that can be a useful approach too. But now I think it's time to get more specific, more focused on achieving actual things outside myself. And so one of my main goals now is to be able to do work that I consider to be meaningful. And of course that's in the name of this project and this project is that for me. So building this project into something that I can dedicate my full-time work into, that is now one of my goals. So there's lifetime goals and then a one-year goal, I now have a one-year goal for 2020 that I want to significantly help somebody with my work at some point in the year. Somehow through something I do I want to significantly help somebody. Simple goal, but there's something about saying it. Rather than having this kind of unformed idea inside, there's something about saying it in actual words that helps to make it more real. And now that I'm saying it publicly to the internet right now it feels even more like I am declaring this. So I'd be curious to hear from you what are your goals? What are you working on? And there's something about even answering that question that already gets things moving.


Hello and welcome to lecture 9 of this lecture series on introduction to aerospace propulsion. So, in the last few lectures what we have been discussing was on some of the basic concepts of thermodynamics. And in the last lecture that was lecture 8, we discussed about the first law of thermodynamics applied to closed systems that is those systems where there is no mass interaction between the system and the surroundings. So, in this lecture what we are going to discuss about is first law of thermodynamics applied to open systems that is how do you apply first law of thermodynamics to a system which has mass as well as energy interaction with the surroundings. And so in this lecture what we are going to discuss are basically the following. So, we shall be discussing about first law of thermodynamics as applied to open systems, but before we actually define it for open systems we need to look at what are meant by flow work and the energy associated with a flowing fluid. This is basically applied only for those systems where there is a mass interaction as well between the system and the surroundings. We shall then define what is meant by total energy of a flowing fluid. We shall subsequently define energy transport by mass and then we shall carry out energy analysis of steady flow systems. We shall also define what are steady flow systems and then we shall take up some examples of some steady flow engineering devices, some commonly observed engineering devices and we shall derive the steady flow energy equation for such devices. Now, before we look into the first law of thermodynamics as applied to open systems we need to understand that there are two ways or two methods in which you can approach a particular problem. One is known as the Lagrangian approach and the other is known as the Eulerian approach. And so depending upon how you would like to analyze a particular system you can use either of these approaches. So, in the case of Lagrangian approach or system approach as it is called the usual practice is that you would track a particular particle and then see what are the changes that this particular particle or a fluid element undergoes as it moves within the system boundaries. And whereas in the case of the second approach that is the Eulerian approach or it is also known as the control volume approach. We only look at the system boundaries as a whole. We are not really interested about what is actually happening to certain fluid element or a group of particles. And so we are going to use the Eulerian approach for a majority of discussions that we are going to have during this course. But in some problems we may also look at the Lagrangian approach as it might simplify the analysis in some sense. Now, so this is regarding the different approaches that you can have for analyzing a particular system. Now, besides this a particular flow process could also be steady or it could be unsteady that is the system that you are looking at may have a certain steady flow process that is being undergone by the system or it might have an unsteady flow process. So, we shall look at what we mean by steady and unsteady flow processes. So, as I mentioned we are going to talk about we are going to discuss control volume approach for majority of the discussion. And then there are two types of processes steady and unsteady. Now, in a steady flow process the rates of flow of mass and energy are constant across the system boundary. And some examples of steady flow processes are turbines, compressors, heat exchangers and so on. And we shall take up detailed analysis of some of these systems when we explicitly state the steady flow energy equation or the first law of thermodynamics as applied to these systems little later on in this particular lecture. Now, a process could also be unsteady if the rates of mass energy are not constant across the system boundaries. Some examples are like charging and discharging processes like if you are charging a tank with compressed air or some other compressed gas or you are charging a tank from a pipeline which carries a certain compressed air or certain fluid. It is basically an unsteady flow process because the rates of mass or energy are not constant across the system boundaries. So, we will not really be covering any unsteady flow process in this particular course as it is beyond the scope of the syllabus that we have. But we shall definitely be analyzing the steady flow processes and steady flow process systems in this lecture because majority of the processes that we are interested as aerospace engineers can be approximated to be a steady flow process. And that is the reason why we shall not really go into details of the unsteady flow process in this course. And so, before we take up the first law of thermodynamics for open systems, we need to understand a very fundamental law of nature known as the conservation of mass principle. If you recollect, we had already discussed about the first law of thermodynamics for closed systems wherein we stated that it is basically the conservation of energy principles stated in a different way. Well, to define the first law of thermodynamics for open systems, we also need to understand what is meant by conservation of mass. Basically conservation of mass law states that the total mass of a particular system will be equal to the difference between the total mass entering the system minus the total mass leaving the system. So, that will be equal to the net change in mass within the system. So, this is what basically the conservation of mass principle states that the total mass which enters the system minus the total mass that leaves the system should be equal to the net change in mass within the system. That means that there is no creation or generation of mass within the system boundaries and it is basically the mass contained in the system is the net difference of the mass that is entering the system and the mass leaving the system. So, stated in equation we would have m subscript in minus m subscript out should be equal to delta m C v where C v stands for the control volume. So, the mass in minus mass out is equal to delta m that is net change in mass of the control volume or in rate form rate of mass flow in minus rate of mass flow out is equal to d m C v by d t. And therefore, you can calculate the total mass within the control volume m C v as the integral of rho times d v by rho is density and v is the volume. And in the rate form the rate of change of mass within the control volume is d m C v by d t which is d by d t of rho d v. Now, this is for a control volume. So, basically the conservation of mass states that there is a certain if there is a change in the mass of the system that is attributed to the mass that is coming in and the mass that is going out. Now, to understand the flow process we also need to understand or we should be familiar with the concept of what is known as the flow work or flow energy. Now, if you are looking at a certain flow process that there is a certain mass entering a system and a certain mass leaving the system then it means that there is certain amount of work that is required to push a certain mass into a control volume or out of the control volume. And this mass or this work that is required to either push in the mass or push out the mass of a control volume is known as the flow work or flow energy. And this is the major difference between a closed system and an open system and that makes a lot of difference in the analysis of closed and open systems. That is because of the certain amount of work that is required for pushing in a certain mass of fluid into a system or pushing out a certain mass out of the system. So, there is a certain work required. Now, to define or to understand this better let us consider a certain system which has a certain volume v let us say and the pressure acting on that particular control volume or particular fluid volume is p through an area a. So, we know that the work done for any particular process is equal to force times the distance. And to understand this better let us consider that there is an imaginary piston which is pushing this mass flow into the control volume. And so the piston moves by let us say a distance of L and so this requires a certain force which is let us say f. So, f times L will give you the work required and we also know that force is nothing but the pressure times the area. And since we already know the pressure or we have defined the pressure as p and area is a. So, p times a will give you the force acting on the piston multiplied by L will be equal to work. And so f into a into L will be the work. And since a times L is volume we get the net work done as equal to p times the volume p v. So, basically the flow energy will come out to be the product of the pressure times the volume. This was some way obvious to you as well because in the last lecture or in the two lectures before today's lecture we had discussed about work and heat transfer. And one of the major forms of work was displacement work. So, this is basically displacement work but we are defining it in a different way here. And that is basically known as the flow work or flow energy. So, if you want to look at it in a different way if you are as I mentioned we consider a certain fluid element of volume v. And if the fluid pressure acting is p through a cross sectional area a and L let us say is the distance through which an imaginary piston must move moved. So, the work required or work done in pushing this fluid element across the system boundary would be f times L where f is pressure times the area. And therefore, it is p a times L and therefore, it is equal to p v. So, work done during this process is p v. So, I have illustrated this in a small example here. So, what I was mentioning is about this fluid element which you can see here has a certain volume v pressure acting is p and a mass m. And this is the control volume which has been indicated by dotted lines. And the piston that is shown here is an imaginary piston. This is just to indicate that there is a certain force which has to be acted upon this fluid element to push it into the control volume. So, this is the force acting f it is acting through an area a and as the piston moves by a distance of L this much amount of fluid which has a volume of v pressure p and mass m goes into the control volume. And similarly, there is a certain amount of mass flow leaving the system. So, the work done for this process is this force acting on the imaginary piston multiplied by the distance L through which it was displaced. So, force times L and the force is pressure times area. So, p a into L and a into L is volume area times the length is volume. So, therefore, the work done for this process or the flow energy or the flow work is equal to p times v pressure times the volume. Now, we shall now look at what is the total energy. Now, that you have understood what is flow energy. We will now look at what is the total energy that is associated with a fluid that is flowing that is either let us say entering a system or leaving a control volume. So, it has a certain amount of additional energy. If you recall we had defined total energy for closed systems as the sum of internal energy plus kinetic energy plus the potential energy. Now, in the case of fluid which is flowing there is an additional work or energy associated with it and that is given by the flow work or flow energy which is the product of pressure times the volume. So, the total energy of a fluid which is flowing will be the sum of the internal energy u plus the kinetic energy plus the potential energy and the flow energy that is p v. So, the total energy which we normally represent for flow processes by theta will be equal to u plus k plus p plus p v which is the flow energy. Now, in one of the earlier lectures I had defined a term which is known as a combination property as enthalpy and enthalpy we had defined as the sum of internal energy u and the flow energy p v. So, the total energy is now equal to the sum of the enthalpy, the kinetic energy and the potential energy. So, for a flowing fluid there are the total energy consists of 4 different terms it is the sum of internal energy u, kinetic energy, potential energy and the flow energy. Whereas, for closed system the total energy consists of 3 terms which is just the internal energy, kinetic energy and the potential energy. So, there is no flow energy associated with closed systems and so it makes sense to define this term combination property as enthalpy because you enthalpy actually takes care of the internal energy as well as the flow energy. So, you do not have to worry about these 2 terms separately and enthalpy has already taken into account for the internal energy and the flow energy. So, that is the convenience of defining this combination property of enthalpy. So, the total energy of an open system or a flow process will be the sum of enthalpy which is in turn equal to u plus p v and enthalpy plus kinetic energy plus the potential energy p e. So, the total energy associated with the flowing fluid is normally associated as h plus k e plus p e and so if you were to define it in terms of an equation the total energy of a flowing fluid is e is equal to non flowing fluid rather total energy associated with the non flowing fluid is u plus k e plus p e and which is in turn equal to u plus v square by 2 that is kinetic energy per unit mass plus g time z which is the potential energy per unit mass. For a flowing fluid on the other hand theta is equal to theta is the total energy is equal to h plus k e plus p e and which is in turn equal to u plus p v which is equal to h plus v square by 2 plus g z. So, you can see that the total energy consists of 3 parts for a non flowing fluid and for a flowing fluid the total energy consists of 4 components or 4 terms and so that is the basic difference between a flowing fluid and a non flowing fluid. Now, I mentioned that for a mass for a process which involves a fluid element which is crossing the system boundary or if there is a certain flow that is taking place then we can define or the total energy per unit mass is actually equal to is equal to the mass which is of the flowing fluid multiplied by the energy itself. Therefore, the energy transport associated with the mass will be equal to m times of theta that is mass times the total energy. So, we have already defined total energy for the flowing process which was the sum of h plus kinetic energy plus potential energy. So, the amount of energy transport let us say e subscript mass is equal to mass times theta and where theta is the flow energy equal to h plus v square plus g z and if you were to look at this in the rate form the rate of energy transport e dot mass is equal to m dot times theta where m dot is the mass flow rate. So, the amount of energy transport e mass is in kilo joules and the rate of energy transport will be in kilo watts because you are looking at mass flow rate and so you would get kilo joules per second which is equal to kilo watts. So, the amount of energy transport here will be the product of the mass and the total energy associated with this particular process and the amount of or the rate of energy transport will be equal to the product of the mass flow rate times the total energy. So, you would get m dot multiplied by h plus v square by 2 plus g z where h is the enthalpy for the process v square by 2 is the kinetic energy and g z is the potential energy per unit mass and so this multiplied by the mass flow rate would give you the total energy associated or energy transport associated with that mass in kilo watts and so the amount of energy that a certain fluid flow process carries depends on as we discussed four terms which consists of internal energy which is you the flow work or flow energy which is p v the kinetic energy and the potential energy. So, this is the total energy associated with a flow process this multiplied by the mass will give you the total energy transport associated with this particular mass flow process. So, it is important for us to understand these flow processes because many of the engineering systems that we shall be discussing soon are basically involving flow processes and a certain mass associated with these flow processes and so we need to understand the importance of flow processes and also how do you apply the first law of thermodynamics to different flow processes and we will take up some examples towards the end of this lecture on how you can derive first law of thermodynamics or so the so called energy equation for different steady flow processes like turbines and nozzles etcetera which we will take up towards the end of the lecture. And I mentioned in the beginning of this lecture that the flow process can be of different types and one of them is known as a steady flow process and the other is an unsteady flow process and I mentioned that steady flow processes are those wherein the mass and energy do not change across the system boundaries. So, what is the importance of understanding or analyzing steady flow processes well there is a lot of importance in understanding steady flow processes because several engineering devices or systems can be approximated can be well approximated as steady flow systems some examples are turbine compressors nozzles etcetera. And so during a steady flow process the basic assumption is that no intensive or extensive property within a control volume change with time. So, that the element of time does not really appear in a steady flow process that is if there is a d by d t term in the steady flow equation well in the energy equation that will become 0 because rate of change of any of these properties any intensive property or any extensive property the rate of change of that with time will be equal to 0. And so that is the basic definition of a steady flow process and so as I mentioned there are many engineering devices which we can approximate the many engineering devices which we can approximate as steady flow devices like turbines compressors nozzles etcetera. And during a steady flow process we may discuss that the none of these properties like extensive or an intensive properties were actually change with time. And therefore, the boundary work associated with a steady flow system will be 0 because the volume of the control volume is fixed or constant and so boundary work associated with this process will be 0. And the other property with the steady flow system is that the total mass or energy entering the control volume must be equal to the total mass or energy leaving the control volume. So, there is no accumulation of mass or energy within the control volume if that were the case it would become an unsteady flow process. And I mentioned that we are not going to discuss about unsteady flow process in this lecture we shall be talking only about steady flow processes during this lecture. So, what are the properties of steady flow process well the basic properties of a steady flow process is that or that none of the properties whether they are extensive properties or intensive properties they do not change within the control volume with time. Of course, the properties can change within the control volume itself, but not within there is no rate of change of the control the properties within the control volume with time. And it is also a fact that no properties will actually change at the boundaries of the control volume with time. And that the rate of change of mass or energy with time is or across the control surface is actually a constant if the process is to be approximated as a steady flow process. And the different thermodynamic properties like pressure, temperature etcetera these have fixed values at a particular location and they do not change with time. That is if you look at a system and if it has to be approximated as a steady flow system or a steady flow process then the different thermodynamic properties of the system will have fixed values at different locations within the system and they do not change with time. So, these are some basic properties that need to be satisfied if a particular process has to be approximated or if a process has to qualify as a steady flow device or a steady flow process. And we shall very shortly define the first law of thermodynamics for steady flow devices and then we shall apply the first law for some examples of steady flow engineering devices. So, we need to keep these properties in mind if we are going to approximate a particular process or a system as a steady flow process. So, this is an example of just an illustration of showing what are the properties associated with steady flow systems. For a steady flow system which has certain mass entering and a certain mass leaving the system the net mass of the control volume is a constant. The net energy associated with this control volume is also a constant. Now, this is the first on the left hand side what you see is an example of a single entry and single exit system. You could also have a system which has multiple entries and multiple exits. The basic definition remains the same that the net mass within the control volume if it is constant and the net energy of the control volume if it remains a constant then we can approximate this process as a steady flow process. So, under steady flow conditions the fluid properties at the inlet or exit remain a constant and they do not change with time. So, the element of time in the steady flow energy equation would be the particular term would become equal to 0 because we are assuming that the properties do not change with time. So, let us now look at how we can derive the energy equation for a steady flow process. So, for steady flow system the amount of energy entering a control volume in all its forms that it could be energy transfer by heat, it could be energy transfer by work or it could be energy transfer by virtue of the mass flow itself. So, whatever energy is entering a control volume should be equal to the energy leaving the control volume because we have seen that energy of a control volume whether it is single entry or if it is multi entry the net energy of the system within the control volume is a constant. So, the total energy entering in all its forms heat work or mass because these are the three modes of energy interactions which a system can have with the surroundings. So, the net energy entering in all these forms should be equal to the net energy leaving the system. So, energy balance for a steady flow system would be equal to energy in minus energy out the net is equal to rate of change of energy of a system, but in the case of steady flow processes the rate of change of energy is equal to 0 because it is a steady flow process and therefore, energy in will be equal to energy out that is E in is equal to the rate of change of energy leaving the control volume. Now, the energy in as I mentioned could be in different forms it could be in the form of heat work or mass and, but whatever be the form of energy interaction which the system has with the surroundings the net rate of change of energy transfer by heat mass or work should be equal to rate of change of energy transfer out of the system by heat work or mass. And this is basically the energy balance or the energy equation for a steady flow process. We can write this more explicitly and if you look at the steady flow process the energy equation in expressed in more explicit form is as I mentioned energy transfer can take place in three modes heat work and flow or mass flow and. So, those are the three modes which have been written here. So, q in dot which is rate of input of heat minus w dot in which is rate of work input plus the mass flow input which is equal to sigma in m dot theta and the sigma is for accounting the different multi input flow rates into the system. And since E in is equal to E out this should be equal to q dot out which is rate of heat transfer out of the system minus w out dot which is rate of work out of the system plus or work output of the system plus sigma out of m dot theta. And this third term as we just now discussed is the total energy associated with the flow process. And so that should be equal to q in dot which is heat transfer in minus w in dot which is work input plus sigma in times mass flow rate multiplied by the enthalpy the sum of enthalpy plus kinetic energy plus the potential energy. And this is applicable for each inlet this should be equal to q dot out which is heat transfer out of the system minus w dot out which is work done by a system plus m dot out multiplied by the flow energy which is h plus v square by 2 plus g z. So, this defines the general energy equation for steady flow processes which consists of three terms. Therefore, in a steady flow energy equation you have three distinct terms one is the heat transfer term the work done term and the flow work term. So, q in minus w in plus mass flow rate times the flow work or flow energy should be equal to the same terms leaving out of the system. And if the system consists of multiple entries and multiple exits that will affect the third term that is the flow energy term you have to calculate the flow energy for each of these entries and each of this exits from the system. So, steady flow energy equation in general will consist of these three different terms which have to be applied at the entry as well as the exit. You can now compare this steady flow energy equation with the energy equation which we had discussed in the last lecture which was applicable for closed systems or closed processes. So, you might recall that we did not have this flow energy term in the first law of thermodynamics as applied to closed systems. So, for the first law as applied to closed systems was q minus w is equal to delta e or delta u and so there was no flow energy in a closed system or closed process. So, energy equation we can write the generalized form of energy equation which can be expressed as q dot minus w dot is equal to the some difference between the mass flows entering out of the system while mass flows leaving the system or the flow energy associated with the mass leaving the system minus the energy associated with mass entering the system. And so q dot here would refer to the net heat transfer into the system and w dot would refer to the net work transfer from the system.  And here q dot refers to the net heat input into the system and w dot is the net work output of from the system. This again is an assumption as I mentioned in the last lecture that we normally assume that for a given process there is heat input into the system and work output from the system. And if after our any calculation that you are carrying out these numbers come out to be negative it just means that the net heat was not input, but there was a net heat output from a system or if w comes out to be negative it means that there was net work done on the system. Because we normally have systems which generate work and which require heat input and which is why it is a common practice to assume net heat input to the system and net work output from the system. Now, if you look at this particular equation for a single entry system which is how most of the engineering devices would be that you might for example, a turbine or a compressor or nozzles and diffusers these are all devices which have single entry and single exit. The system becomes well the equation energy equation becomes simpler in the sense that you have only one particular term for the flow work. And so the energy equation gets modified as q minus w is equal to the difference in the enthalpies at the exit and the entry plus the difference in the kinetic energies plus the difference in potential energies at the inlet and exit.    So, this is the general energy equation for steady flow processes in some text books you might see that this equation is referred to as the steady flow energy equation.  We shall now discuss about some common steady flow devices which we see in daily life some of these commonly used steady flow energy devices are nozzles and diffusers or compressors and turbines, throttling devices, mixing chambers, heat exchangers etcetera. So, we shall now derive the steady flow energy equation for some of these engineering devices which are commonly used. And we shall see how the steady flow energy equation the general form of steady flow energy equation can be used by applying appropriate boundary conditions for these devices like nozzles diffusers or compressors turbines or certain mixing chambers throttling devices etcetera. So, the first such device which we shall discuss are nozzles and diffusers. So, a nozzle is a device which increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of pressure and diffuser on the other hand is a device which increases the pressure of a fluid by slowing it down. So, a nozzle and a diffuser in some sense are devices which are opposite to that of each other in terms of their basic function. And so the cross sectional area of a nozzle decreases in the flow direction for subsonic flows and it increases for supersonic flows. Well you might wonder what are subsonic and supersonic flows at the moment we will just define them as those flows which have a Mach number less than 1 are known as subsonic flows and those flows which have a Mach number greater than 1 are known as supersonic flows. And I think we will define this little later on in the course when we discuss about compressible flows. And so nozzle in a subsonic flow and nozzle has decreasing area in the direction of the flow and increasing area in direction of the flow in supersonic flows. Reverse of this is true for diffuser because I mentioned that nozzles and diffusers are two devices which have opposite functions and so their geometry also in some sense will be opposite to that of each other. So, we will derive the energy equation for or we will simplify the energy basic energy equation for let us say a nozzle. It will be very similar to that for a diffuser as well with appropriate boundary conditions applied. Now, we know that in the case of an energy equation we have three different terms the heat transfer work and the mass on the flow energy term. Some of these terms will become 0 as you apply it for different engineering devices. So, in this particular example we are discussing that is for nozzle and diffuser. I mentioned that a nozzle is a device which has increase in velocity along the flow direction for subsonic flows. So, v 1 let us say is the velocity at the inlet v 2 is the velocity at outlet. So, nozzle increases the velocity at the expense of pressure and therefore v 2 is usually greater than v 1.  You can also notice that a nozzle and diffuser have opposite shapes that is a nozzle in the reverse way would look like a diffuser. So, nozzles and diffusers are those devices which can cause large changes in fluid velocities and therefore there is a large change in the kinetic energy of the fluid as they pass through a nozzle and a diffuser. So, the energy equation the general form of energy equation was E in is equal to E out for steady flow systems and in the case of nozzle and diffuser there is no net change in heat transfer. Therefore, q dot can be approximated to be 0 there is no work done by a nozzle or a diffuser. Therefore, w dot is 0 and we can also approximate the change in potential energy to be 0 as long as the nozzle is horizontal or the diffuser is horizontal even if they are not the nozzles and diffusers do not have a long length and in that sense the net change in potential energy across the nozzle or diffuser can also be assumed to be 0. So, if you apply all these boundary conditions on the energy equation applying energy net a heat transfer as 0 work done as 0 and delta p is equal to 0 then the energy equation reduces to m dot into h 1 plus v 1 square by 2 is equal to m dot times h 2 plus v 2 square by 2. Since mass entering in and mass entering leaving the system as the same m dot will get cancelled out. Therefore, the energy equation for a nozzle or a diffuser would be h 2 is equal to h 1 minus v 2 square by minus v 1 square by 2. So, or you could also write it as delta h is equal to the delta k e across the system. So, net change in the enthalpy is equal to in some sense the net change in kinetic energy there is no net change in potential energy heat transfer is 0 work done is also 0. So, this would be the basic energy equation for nozzles and diffusers. Let us now look at the second set of devices turbines and compressors and I think you probably are already aware that pumps compressors and fans are devices which are used to increase the pressure of a fluid and therefore, they require work input turbines on the other hand generate work. And so, pumps and turbines in some sense are like nozzles and diffusers they are opposite in function in some way or the other. And in the case of if you look at the energy equation the heat transfer kinetic energy potential energy may or may not be 0 it depends upon the type of device that you are looking at, but usually it is a practice to assume heat transfer across the system boundary to be 0. If you consider that the turbine boundaries or casing is well insulated or compressor boundaries are insulated then the process can be considered as adiabatic. And so, heat transfer is 0 kinetic energy and potential energy may or may not be 0 kinetic energy is usually not really assumed to be 0, because there is a change in velocities across the system boundary. So, they may or may not be 0 potential energy again depending upon the type of system we may assume it to be 0 or it sometimes is not taken as 0. And we shall in fact when we solve some example problems later on in a later lecture we will see how much is the error that is introduced if you were to neglect kinetic energies and potential energies for such systems. So, if you look at the energy equation for let us say turbine which is what we are going to derive today. In the case of turbine we are going to assume that the changes in kinetic energy and potential energy are close to equal to 0 and so is q equal to 0, because we are going to assume that the process is adiabatic in some sense. So, let us look at a turbine a schematic of a turbine here sketch what you see here is a turbine which has a certain insulation which means that there is no heat transfer across the system boundaries across the control surface. And the turbine generates a network output and there is a certain mass flow entering the system mass flow leaving the system. And so the turbine generates a network across the system boundaries.  Now, if you assume kinetic energy and potential energy to be negligible then the network output is equal to m dot times h 1 minus h 2 that is work output from the turbine is mass flow times the difference in enthalpies. So, difference between the enthalpy times the mass flow will give you what is the work output that this particular turbine is giving. You can modify the same equation the general energy equation for a compressor as well and depending upon whether you neglect kinetic energy and potential energy you can derive a very similar expression of work input required for compressors or pumps or fans. So, the equation will be similar to this, but just that the signs of h 1 and h 2 would be different because the enthalpy leaving a compressor or a fan or a pump would be higher than the enthalpy coming in because there is work done on the system. So, you can modify the equation appropriately for compressors or pumps. The equation for compressor and pump obviously will be the same because they are thermodynamically same devices. The next device that we are going to discuss about is a throttling device. Well a throttling device is one which basically these are devices which cause flow restrictions leading to significant pressure drop in the fluid. Some examples are capillary tubes valves or porous plug etcetera and unlike turbines wherein you there is a pressure drop across a turbine, but also a work output. In the case of throttling devices they produce a pressure drop without involving any work and this pressure drop is often accompanied by a large drop in temperature as well. And this is the reason why throttling devices are very commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems wherein throttling device forms one of the components of refrigeration cycle. So, throttling devices do not generate any work output and they obviously do not have any heat transfer as well and we will derive the energy equation for throttling devices. So, some examples of throttling devices are shown here. One example is a valve as you adjust the valve there is a large change in pressure across the valve and so it is that is considered to be a throttling device. A porous plug is one wherein you have a porous substance within a pipe and as mass flow flows through the porous plug that leads to significant drop in pressure. Capillary tube is another example of a throttling device thermodynamically all the three devices are the same. So, for throttling devices the net heat transfer is 0 can be assumed to be 0 there is no work output therefore, W is 0 kinetic energy and potential energy can again be assumed to be close to 0. Therefore, the energy equation will basically reduce to H 2 is equal to H 1 that is the enthalpy across a throttling device is the same. This means that throttling processes are isenthalpic processes that is these are processes with wherein enthalpy is a constant. Now, since H 2 is equal to H 1 we can also write them in terms of their components that is internal energy and flow energy.  Now, this means that you can have different values of internal energy at the inlet and exit, but that is compensated by a corresponding change in the flow energy. Let us say you have a drop in internal energy across the throttling device this has to be compensated by an increase in the flow energy term across the throttling device. This is required because the net change in enthalpy across a throttling device will be the same that is H 2 will be equal to H 1 and therefore, the sum total of u 1 plus p 1 should be conserved. And so across a throttling device the change in internal energy plus the p 1 v 1 should be compensated by corresponding changes in internal energy and the flow energy after the throttling device.  So, that there is H 1 equal to H 2 conserved. Therefore, this also means that if flow energy increases the temperature has to decrease because u is a function of temperature and the reverse is also true that is if flow energy decreases you may also have increase in internal energy and therefore, temperature. Now, for an ideal gas enthalpy is only a function of temperature and therefore, for an ideal gas or for a system which involves only ideal gases the enthalpy well the temperature has to remain a constant during a throttling process because for an ideal gas enthalpy is only a function of temperature. So, for ideal gases enthalpy is only a function of temperature which means that enthalpy has to be a constant and therefore, temperature also has to remain a constant across a throttling device. Just an example here as I mentioned if across this device let us say at the inlet of the device you had u 1 is equal to 87.  So, that the net enthalpy is the same. So, during a throttling process enthalpy of a fluid has to remain constant, but internal energy and flow energies are inter convertible. So, you can convert internal energy into flow energy partially and so on and vice versa across a throttling device. The last device that we are going to discuss is a mixing chamber. Mixing chamber is a section wherein there is a mixing process taking place. One some examples are the mixing of hot and cold water at a T junction of a shower for example. So, here you have two different masses coming in M 1 and M 2 and leaving out as M 3. For energy equation therefore, will reduce to M 1 H 1 plus M 2 H 2 is equal to M 3 H v. Since we assume again that heat transfer is 0 work is 0 changes in kinetic energy and potential energy are 0. So, if we combine the energy and mass balances because M 3 is equal to M 1 plus M 2 energy equation reduces to M 1 dot H 1 plus M 2 dot H 2 is equal to M 1 dot plus M 2 dot times H 3. So, this would be the energy equation for a mixing chamber process that is the net enthalpy leading the system is equal to sum of the enthalpies entering the system. Now, so that brings us to the end of this lecture wherein we discussed about the first law as applied to flow processes. So, let us take a look at what we had discussed during this lecture. We discussed about the first law of thermodynamics applied for open systems or flow processes. We then discussed about flow work and the energy associated with a flowing fluid and then what is the total energy that is available for a flowing fluid. Then as a consequence of mass flow rate what is the energy associated with mass flow process. We then discussed the energy equation for steady flow processes. We derived the energy equation for steady flow processes and also we discussed about application of these energy equation, the basic energy equation for certain steady flow devices like nozzles and diffusers, turbines and compressors, then mixing chambers or heat exchangers and also we discussed about how we can apply energy equation for throttling processes. So, the idea was to help you in understanding what is the process involved in making certain justifiable assumptions and applying first law thermodynamics for different flow processes. So, if you come across a different type of flow processes based on what we had discussed here you could probably be able to extend or simplify the general energy equation to any other open system or any other flow processes. Now, in the next lecture what we are going to discuss about our second law of thermodynamics. We shall define what are known as thermal energy reservoirs. We shall then state the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics. We shall subsequently discuss about refrigerators and heat pumps and as a consequence what is the Clausius statement of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics. We shall then prove that the Kelvin-Planck statement of second law and the Clausius statement of second law are equivalent and towards the end of the next lecture we shall again discuss about certain devices which violate the second law of thermodynamics which are known as perpetual motion machines of the second kind. We had already discussed this for the first law which were known as perpetual motion machines of the first kind. Those devices which violate second law are known as perpetual motion machines of the second kind. So, that is something we shall discuss during the next lecture.