Welcome everyone, I'm here with Professor David Clarke from Oxford University and from NHS England who's just given a talk here at the IAT Connect 19 conference. You gave a kind of whistle stop overview of IAT since the original idea in 2005 and since it began in 2008 and you also gave some kind of really interesting, more recent data. Give us in a nutshell what you think you've achieved so far with IAT and what you think you still need to achieve in the coming 5 or 10 years. Well, I think that one of the biggest achievements in IAT, which goes beyond IAT, is that it's changed the way people think about commissioning mental health services. Up until IAT, I think thought was all focused on input variables. How many people would you see in a particular service? How long they would wait? There was nothing about whether patients actually get better. IAT has introduced a sort of outcome monitoring system where you now collect data on how much people's symptoms change and how much their disability changes because you're measuring it each session and we can get data on, essentially everyone, 99% of people are treated and we publish that data. So it means that commissioners can now actually think about, well, how can we ensure that we commission services that are also effective in terms of the outcomes that they get with patients? And also because of the public transparency, it means we can learn an enormous amount about how to better deliver therapy. And so one of the slides I showed today was showing how the sort of outcomes of IAT have improved really quite dramatically over the last 10 years from round about less than 40% of people recovering in the services. Obviously there's more people get some benefit but about 40% are recovering. And now we've gone up to maybe 53% of that and almost 70% of people showing worthwhile improvement. And that's because we've learned from all of the outcome data. And I think that's a message that is really being picked up in many other countries. And there are services now being developed in many European countries and North American areas which are now focusing not just on what we provide but whether it really helps. And we're learning so much more from that. So I think that's in a sense the biggest contribution of IAT to mental health. Looking at the data over the last decade, one of the groups that haven't recovered as well from IAT services are people from BAME backgrounds. And you were talking about some recent data saying that there have been some improvements in that group. Tell us about that. Yes, so I mean the outcomes of the BAME group have gone up dramatically over this period of time. But they've tended to be a bit below the sort of average outcome. So at the moment the recovery is 52% for people in general. And if you're from the BAME community it's 14.9%. So only a small difference but one we'd like to completely remove. But it was much larger a few years ago. And I think because we published data on outcomes by different groups it allows people to then focus on those problems which you wouldn't be aware of if you didn't publish the data. So there is a very good practice guide for delivering treatment in an effective way in the BAME community which has just been published by people in IATs who work in the BAME community. And that I think will help even further. But it's only because of the public transparency that people get to do these initiatives and improve things. Andrew Beck from the BABCP was tweeting just as you were talking about the guide so we shared a link to it. Wonderful. And it was made available yesterday. And Andrew was one of the key authors of it. So wonderful. Great. What about people who don't get into IAT services or people who wait a long time or people who get in and then leave quite quickly. So you're talking about recovery rates within the service. What about the people that don't get on well with that? The first thing to say in terms of the outcome data is that the outcome data is on everyone who's seen it at least twice. So there'd be quite a number of people in that data setter you might say didn't have a full course of treatment but were still reporting their outcomes so that's really critical. So it isn't just the people who got on incredibly well and have many, many sessions that were reported on. It's more or less the whole treated cohort. But there is a problem that because IAT is such a big programme and in general so successful it tends to be the case that people with a whole range of mental health problems which may be different from what IAT was created for get referred in. And that's not really great for them because they get an assessment and then tell this isn't really the right thing for you and it's a frustration for them. But it's also not good for the services because of course it means that more time is taken up by doing this sort of triage rather than focusing on delivering treatments and reducing waiting times. So this is an area where things need to improve and there are two bits to that. I think IAT needs to help people understand much more what happens in the services and what are the things that IAT can really help people with and what are the things that somewhere else might be more appropriate for. And I think there's the London services that are now trying to develop a sort of digital triage programme where people online can find out much more about what would happen if you came into it and what were the treatments available. You can see is this the sort of thing that I think would help me or not and what are the sort of problems that it can help. And also do probably some of the screening you can do in the privacy of your own home in the digital thing and we hope that will help quite a lot. The other thing of course that we hope will help is quite a lot of the plans in the NHS long-term plan for mental health because it's not just IAT that is expanding at the moment. There are strong commitments to expand many other mental health services including creating a new mental health service for homeless people and these are all part of the tapestry that's required. If only IAT is expanding and we're not really getting expansion in other areas psychosis services and things like that, obviously we're going to have a problem that people with these other conditions are not getting help and tend to be steered in the wrong direction. You said in your talk IAT is not just a CBT service. That's correct. And that's certainly something that is often perceived. Tell us a bit about and we had a tweet actually during your talk from somebody who said what about people with personality disorder diagnoses. Tell us a bit about how IAT supports people with more severe difficulties what the high intensity options are that are available. Yes, so the first thing to say is that IAT really is defined as something which tries to deliver nice guidance and what it delivers will change as nice guidance changes because that's the defining feature of the services and nice recommends quite a number of different high intensity therapies for depression. CBT is one of them but also interpersonal psychotherapy. Couples therapy if you are depressed in the context of a relationship issue and your partner is still willing to work in therapy with you and try and help and also brief psychodynamic therapy and for those people who've got recurrent depression also mindfulness can be a good way of building resilience once you've got a lot of the recovery from your current episode. So these are all things that we support in IAT and we really ask all services to give patients who are depressed who are going for the high intensity treatment a choice of therapies and that is generally what's happening. So the latest data shows that 93% of all of the IAT services give patients a choice between at least two different therapies, high intensity therapies and depression. The most common one is between CBT or counselling for depression but many of the other therapies are coming in but in a smaller number of services and we think this is important because we think it gives people autonomy and is likely to improve outcomes if we can give choice because we know in the psychotherapy research that if someone sees a treatment as credible making sense to them they're more likely to respond to it and some therapies may seem more credible to people than others. So that's the sort of things that are available. You're asking about severity. It is a common misunderstanding of IAMS that it's only for mild to moderate problems and I think it is true that some of NHS's publicity about the programme described it that way. But the data has never borne that out. So if you look at say depression, the measure of severity is the PHQ-9 and NICE says the sort of cut off between mild to moderate and moderate to severe depression is 17. The average intake PHQ score in IAMS for depression cases is 17.8. So actually over half of the people we see are in the moderate to severe range and we still get very good outcomes with them. You had a question about personality disorders. Well for those who do some personality screening with SAPAs we find quite a lot of people who are treated in IAMS do also have a personality disorder and we're still getting good outcomes. But there is a distinction I think clinically between someone where you might say everyone agrees including the client that it is a sort of more general personality issue that requires treatment rather than someone who has personality issues and is also currently very depressed or disabled by anxiety and we can focus more on that and open things up for them. So it isn't a service that is aiming to deliver the sort of nice recommended long term therapies for personality disorders. There are things that we want to be made more widely available in the NHS but it's not part of IAMS. But there are a lot of people who also have personality difficulties who are benefiting a lot from IAM treatment. What's your long term vision for IAMS in terms of this question about triage and treatment choice? If you listen to the geneticists and the data scientists they'll say that it won't be too long before we can offer very personalised treatments and recommend to people which antidepressant is likely to help them more based on their personal setting, personal situation. How do you think IAMS will develop in that sort of sense? Well, there are several things you can say about that. The first is of course the IAMS data said is enormous and we can learn quite a lot from that about those people who are responding well. Those are not responding so well. Rob Sonders at UCL has done a very good project where he's created a number of what you call different late profiles and identified a subset of people who really don't do well at the moment. I know some of the services and how taking up that work and thinking how can we change the treatment somewhat to deal with those people. One of the features of these people that are interesting is that they tend to score very high on the phobia measures, particularly angrophobia and things, and that hasn't been picked up on them. They also have other social complications and problems and people tend to focus on that. But we think actually some of their phobias are really seriously under treated. So I know in some services they're actually looking at that particular subset of people and trying to evolve the treatment they offer them and see whether that helps. So I think that's one exciting development. The other thing is really to ensure that we use all of the complex features of the different high-intensity therapies that we use. So if we take CBT, for example, people talk about it as there is some sort of standardised thing as Thor record, activity schedule and things, that's not good CBT. Good CBT is really focusing on what's the very individual thoughts that cause distress to that particular person and how do those thoughts interlock with different changes in behaviour and emotion. And you get very different interlocking patterns for different patients. And actually really good CBT personalises the intervention to deal with that interlock. And so really ensuring that the therapists are trained to do that very personalised intervention. It's critical. But also that our new digital programmes do the same. So if you look at different online therapy programmes you find some of them are very much the same intervention for every patient. It might be CBT, but it's the same CBT. Others are incredibly personalised. So you will fill in some questioners about what are your particular fears, your particular depressing thoughts or fearful thoughts, and it would take you down a completely different set of modules depending on those particular thoughts. So in a programme that we did up for social anxiety we recently did a randomised controlled trial there and we have about 100 patients in that trial no two patients have the same intervention in the internet programme because the modules that they were led to depending on their thoughts were different and the sequencing was different. And so I think it's not just using the data in clever ways and doing digital phenotyping or genetic phenotyping it's also using some of the sophistication that we already know around these therapies to ensure that they're really properly individualised. The way the most skilled psychotherapists have always done. Our opening remarks from Pookie were all about giving therapists the space and the time and the skills to connect with patients and to gain trust and to communicate well. What do you think we can do to improve the current situation for IAT staff so that they're able to do that more? Well so Pookie made some very good points I think one of which is to say go beyond the diagnosis find out what it is that someone is individually fearful of that is of course a central strength of cognitive therapy which focuses on the particular thoughts that people have rather than their diagnosis and it's very important that people go with those strengths because it's very important for patients. But of course it's easier for people to do that if they feel that they have the resources to think about their work and the time to do it and so one of the big challenges for IAT is to ensure that as it tries to see more patients it also dramatically increases the size of its workforce and we've had some problems with that. The programme when it started would give PCTs at the time the full salary costs of the IAT trainees they might be working three days a week in the service and then two days a week in the university but the PCTs didn't have to pay for any of those five days and it was only when someone had qualified that the PCT would then have to take up the salary and the deal was if you accept a trainee you will give them a permanent job when they start as a trainee so if they pass the course you will commit to funding them and they've got a secure job. That was a system which worked incredibly well and almost everyone who came on as an IAT trainee ended up working in IAT services and so we were able to grow the workforce quickly. Then there was a sort of change and at one point it was said the CCGs need to cover the salary costs of the trainees as well but the announcement about this came out after CCGs had already made their budget allocations and said there was a big drop in numbers of trainees and so we have under-trained in the last few years and so we have a capacity problem in the way that the NHS has tried to address this to go back closely to where we started from so now NHS England has said it will cover 60% of the salary costs of all trainees on condition that the CCG guarantees that the trainee will then have a job afterwards because if you're going on a detailed one-year training course you want to know that you've got a job at the end of it and we also want to not waste training resources on people who end up doing the job so that's a very positive development but it's just happened and I don't think all CCGs are quite caught onto this and we do need them to respond to that and grow the workforce because otherwise it's just getting too stressful of course it's not just a matter of having enough people there it's also having the right climate in services and it is undoubtedly the case that there are some services where the management structure is really driving people towards certain targets rather than focusing on the overall aims you want to achieve for the service and the wellbeing of the staff in it and that needs to change and the IAP manual has quite a lot on that there's a section on don't get obsessed with targets realise that there's something more important that you're trying to gain and achieve with your patients just achieving a couple of metrics there's a proxies for something more broader and you need to focus on the broader thing but it's also the case that if we're spending a lot of time thinking about the wellbeing of our clients we also have to spend the same amount of attention thinking about the wellbeing of our own staff and this is morally the right thing to do but it's also helps a service and people are much more productive when they are enjoying their work and feeling they have space to do it properly so outcomes for services improve as well at that point so we've been very clear in the manual that we'd like all services to get together the staff and the clinical leads to develop their own in-house wellbeing programmes that are co-produced by the staff and the clinical leads just in the same way that therapy should be co-produced by the patients and the therapists we need to apply the same skills within our services as we apply with our clients As always, really interesting talking to you thanks very much for taking the time


If you deliver online trainings and you still use screen sharing for your PowerPoint presentations, it's time to upgrade your game. Let me show you how. When you are in an online meeting such as Zoom and you want to share some content, you will typically click on the share screen button. Let's say I want to share this PowerPoint presentation. So I click on it and from here you may start your slideshow. You will immediately notice that you have lost all track of the meeting. You cannot see the participants. You cannot see the chat window and your video is a small thumbnail in the corner of the window. There are several things we can do in Zoom itself to fix this to make it easier for you and the participants, but I'm going to show you a better way of presentation. The first option is to use a feature available in Zoom itself called PowerPoint as a virtual background. To use this feature, click on share screen. From here, choose advanced, PowerPoint as virtual background and click on share. Navigate to the folder that has the PowerPoint presentation. Click on the right presentation, click open. The difference with this method is that we can see the participants, we can see the chat, we can see all the meeting controls and most importantly, I can resize my image to be bigger or smaller. You can easily navigate through the presentation by using this navigation keys to move forward or to move back. The first issue you will notice with this method is the camera. If there are movements in the camera, it looks very odd. However, if this is your only issue, it can be easily solved. Zoom uses the virtual background feature to create this scene. If you stand behind a blank wall or place a cloth, especially a green one, then this odd movements can be easily corrected by Zoom. Let me show you. As you can see, I have placed a green screen behind me. I can now go to video settings by clicking on this arrow sign, video settings, select backgrounds and filters and click I have a green screen. Click close. If I share the PowerPoint presentation now by clicking on share screen, PowerPoint as virtual background, you will see now that it looks very smooth. As we navigate through the slides, my video remains nice and consistent. If all you want to do is share PowerPoint presentations, this is a perfectly acceptable option. There are several limitations with this method. First of all, if your PowerPoint has any animations, they will not work because what Zoom does is it converts all the slides into images and strips all the animations from the slides. Secondly, this method only works for Zoom. If you have to give a training in Microsoft Teams or Google Meet, you are out of luck. And finally, if you want to share anything other than PowerPoint, such as a PDF file, you will have to resort to screen sharing. The solution that I use for my online training is OBS Studio. OBS Studio is a completely free software available for Windows, Mac and even Linux. OBS Studio is very easy to use. There are plenty of YouTube tutorials on how to set up and configure the software on your PC, including videos on my own channel. The link is in the video description. If you want a software that is more user friendly, you could consider something like Manicam. However, Manicam is a paid software. That is something you need to consider when you are choosing between the various options. As for me, the choice is very clear. It's OBS Studio. It's free and it has all the features that I need for my training. Software such as OBS Studio or Manicam have the ability to combine audio and video elements to create a virtual camera. This virtual camera is available on your computer and by default to Zoom or to Microsoft Teams or to Google Meet as a web camera. In Zoom, you can switch your camera by selecting this arrow key and choosing from one of the available cameras. I created this video tutorial, link in the video description that shows you how you can combine PowerPoint and camera to create a more personalized presentation for the audience. Or this video where I combine video, images, text and a timing device to create a beautiful countdown timer. And how about this cool transparent whiteboard that allows you to write text in front of the camera image. With all these options available to create rich and engaging content that you can interact with your audience, there is no reason for you to hit that share screen button anymore in Zoom or in Microsoft Teams or any online platform. If you are an online trainer, please leave a comment explaining how you deliver your online training and if there is any kind of tutorial that you would like me to create on Zoom or on OBS. I hope you found this video useful and I wish you all the best in your online training.


I just got some new PEs for my sneaker collection, and not only did I get one pair, I actually ended up getting two. So as you can see right here, the boxes are the same. That's because the shoe is the exact same. So I'm gonna open up one, and I'm gonna show you guys what I got. Right here, these are the Michigan Air Jordan 9 PEs. That's some better lighting for you guys. So as you can see, you got the yellow outsole, all these different things, and I love adding PEs to my collection. But not only did I get one, I got two pairs, and the second pair is for my dad. So if you open this box up right here, you can see he has a pair as well. Bam, one, two. Now my dad is a size 14, and I'm a size 13. I was at Untied LA, and I saw that they had a pair of my size, and I was like, bro, I need them. But then I saw another pair sitting right next to him, and a size 14, and I was like, you know what? I think it's time we get my dad some PEs in his collection. So for those that don't know, my dad is a huge sneaker head as well, and partially one of the reasons why I'm a sneaker head. And it's only right, I gotta pay it forward. My mom and my dad used to have me laced in kicks growing up as a kid, so I gotta make sure that they're laced as well. And you know my dad, he's always a character on this channel. And I love having him on different episodes. People say, you guys gotta bring him back more often. Well, today is the time. So I'm about to go meet him. I know he's out working right now. I'm about to pull up, showing my new shoes like I always do. But he's gonna be very surprised by this one. He's not gonna expect this at all, because it's a P.E., like there's no way he's gonna know that I got him up here as well.  But a P.E., like this, worth $1,500. I don't know if he's gonna believe it. Hey, cut the music. Cut the music. Uh-oh. I got some shoes. Uh-oh, what we got here? He ain't had time to come and check out my shoes. He been busy working. So I was like, I'm gonna just bring my shoes to you so you can see them. All right. So I got these last week, and I was like, oh, I was gonna do a review. I was gonna have you do the review with me. Uh-huh. But he was taking forever. So I was like, we'll just do it right now. This is fire.  So these are the Michigan Nines. Oh my, hold on.  Oh my God. Here, set this down. These are straight feet right here. I'll let you give him the comprehensive review for me. I got a two nine on there. All right. So go ahead. This is my shoe. We were supposed to do this at my house. This was the video I was talking about. Let's shoot the video together because people wanted you on the channel. Oh God. This one, I deserve to be on this one right here.  I was like, we should get you on the PE review. This is heat right here. Is this sweat? Oh my God. Yeah, it made me sweat. I wasn't sweating at first. Oh my God. What is this, 29th there? Nah, it's for the football team. Oh, the number player. Whoa, they're telling on somebody.  So, this was made for the team. And yeah, go ahead and tell them your thoughts of the shoe. This is a... You gotta say more than, oh my gosh. No, this is 11 out of 10. 11 out of 10. This is crazy. This shoe right here? I got a lot of PE's in my collection. What do you rate these right here? I put this in like, well you got over 10, so I gotta put this in the top 10.  No, this shoe is dope, DJ. So, I'll say for the PE's that I know of, I'll put it in the top eight. Top eight? Out of all my PE's.  These are fire, huh? The yellow just popped.  I think a lot of people are sleeping. What do you think the value of these is? 3,500? 1,500. 1,500? Yeah. They should be higher. That's what I said. That's why I bought them. It's a really good, I thought it was a really good value shoe. Yeah. I don't know though. Somebody's sleeping on these. Is that a Michigan? What's the M? What do you think? Man, let me tell you. Now you know, I'm a Midwest guy. All the stuff I got is Michigan stuff. Well, I just got these. You don't got these. I just got these from my collection that was made for the team. You did? Yeah. I need those. I was gonna have them do the review for me. Can I have those? 1,500. 1,500? You ought to be appreciative sometimes. No, I'm Uncle Calvin. That's not a sad thing. Did you say you sent you those? I got, I picked them up from one of my friends. Who's in here working? I got 750. 750, that's it. You're half way there? I don't know. I don't know how to do any other push ups. No, these is dope. Like I said, I put them in the top eight. Top eight? I put them in the top eight. That's crazy. Because like I see a lot of these. Let's go inside, let's go inside real quick. I see a lot of these, you know what I'm saying? I do simple colors and the simple colorway is killing it. Would you buy this shoe? I would buy this shoe for no, with no problem. With no problem. I'd buy this shoe. You would buy it for how much? Hold on. Well, well, the problem would be is I'll buy it for like a thousand dollars. Okay. So I offered you a pair of $1,000. You would buy them for a thousand dollars. Hold on, hold on, hold on, hold on. Let's be honest. I will buy them for a thousand bucks. No, no, let's be honest. I got a thousand one. You got a thousand one. All right, see, look at what we already got. You don't even wear a 14. What is it? I got a thousand. How do you know what I wear? Hold on a minute. Let me see what I got in my pocket. I got at least two thousand right there. What is it on my side? I got a little something. What? So okay, so if you're on the market for a pair, thousand dollars is what you're offering. No problem. No problem. I got a thousand one. Thousand one. How do you go start on the same way? If I get a size 14. Hold on, okay, wait. If you get a size 14, what? If I get a size 14, I'll pay a thousand bucks for no problem. I'll pay a thousand one. Thousand one, no problem. Okay, he said if he gets a size 14, if he can find a size 14, he'll buy them for a thousand dollars, no problem. No problem. All right, you guys, so. No, no, why are you still focusing on him when I said a thousand one? But you don't even wear a 14. You don't know what I wear. I know you don't wear no 14. I'm a big man. All right, so. Go ahead and tell them people have a 14. At a 14, you got a thousand dollars. Hey, if somebody can get me this in a size 14, a thousand bucks, hey, I'll do it all day. All day. Tell me how. I need a thousand dollars. I need a 13. I want these bad. Man, that's crazy. That is so crazy. You gonna have to cough up that thousand dollars. 14 right here. I have to run even as much. Bro. Really? Hold on a minute. That's for free. Look, I'll pay up. And you get that thousand dollars. That's a thousand dollars. Bro. Hey, he was willing to pay the thousand. Oh yeah, I'll pay it. Cause I got a thousand one. I need some gas money for the test. Y'all don't even know. Like I'm geeked again. This is crazy. Man. Hey, hey, everybody know I love my son. He's a shoe hookup. Y'all know this. I didn't think I was getting that.  Crazy. How's it feel? I didn't appeal to the collection. The only thing is I might wear one day. Y'all gonna see me after. Hold on, hold on. Let me switch the camera back too for that. There's rules to this shoe. Now, hey, if you were to pay the thousand, you can do what you want. But because they were free. No cuts to grass. No cuts to grass, I don't know. I don't want to see y'all here. I'm just, I'm just stunned. I'm just stunned. He had some 14s for you. I'll pull them up. Lift up, get ready. Hey, I was at the store. I was like, I saw them in my size and there was a, your pair was sitting. I already knew they were your pair. When I see them in the box. I was like, size 14 sitting right above my size. I was like, just give me both. They ran me a good deal. I was like, I just need them both. Ready. This is dope. So what you should do is shout out to Untied because they hooked me up. I got a good deal on that. Untied, I told y'all, Untied got the best. Man, Untied got all the shoes. If y'all need some, y'all need to go to Untied. I keep telling y'all that. Every time, when we get the most shoes, they end up from there. Yep. Oh my God. Where they located at? Oh, in LA. In LA. It's worth the trip. I'm telling you, if like you, if you in the shoes, it's worth the trip to go down there and see what they got. Because they got everything. You just get back from Untied? Yep. How many pairs of shoes did you buy? I got some more at Decree, you know what I'm saying? That's for another video. You got a 13? Oh my God. You know, me, I'm a 13, man. I got mine. Oh, no. You got drugs. That should be mine. I got some P.E.s. Ah! Oh, yeah. All right, so tell the people to subscribe. Like, share, subscribe. Get on my channel. That part too. No. Use the discount code DNASHOW for checkouts. Use the discount code for DNASHOW, percentages off-home, shoe boxes, shoes, shoe cleaners, everything else. You guys got to figure that out. The links are down below. But I'll tell you this. I got mine. Ah! Nice. Oh my God. Nice. No, I would have paid $1,000. What's all about that? You keep talking about it. Let's get to it, right? I got an outfit that I can wear tomorrow with these. It's your team. It's Saturday. Oh, Saturday. No, we're going to the concert tomorrow. Oh, well. Oh, what concert? Kendrick Lamar. Oh my God. And it's black and yellow. Oh, I got a lot of tickets. I got this brand new top of these black jeans to go with this. And the top is black and yellow. How did you know? Like, ah! Now we can get you out of the press, though. Ah, look at this. Let me see that top. Meep, bro. Bawse, bawse, bawse, I like these. Yo, if you enjoyed this video and want to grow your collection or make extra money on the side, I built a VIP mastermind that will teach you everything that I've learned about growing my sneaker collection over the past 15 years. This will also give you access to the DNA fam in my VIP community, where we talk about investing outside of sneakers. And don't worry. If you don't plan on joining the VIP community, it's okay. I'll also set up a private DNA fam community that gives you access to all the behind the scenes looks from the studio and multiple chances to win free sneakers and gear from weekly and monthly challenges. So all you need to do is click on the link down below in the description or the first link pinned in the comment section. That will get you set up and into the community. I'm excited to see you guys on the inside.


Level 1 isn't actually as safe as it seems and it's because of what's lurking beneath it in its sub-levels. Hey everyone, I'm Broogly and today I'm going to be talking about Backroom's Level 1's hidden areas and sub-levels that you definitely did not know existed, but they've been under your feet this whole time. Let's get into it, shall we? Also, if you want to see a more personal side of me, go check out my vlog channel. It'll be the top link in the description below. Thank you. So first up for the video is level 1.1, or as this nicknamed, lurking danger. That's not always fun. The area is classified as a class variable difficulty and is for a good reason. The level itself looks sort of like its parent level, the main level 1, but the biggest difference is found in the infinite portions of the sub-level. Parts of this zone look like an empty, unfinished office space with carpeted floors that haven't fully been completed yet, which kind of gives it this industrial appearance, almost like a mix of level 1 and 2, but the actual sizes of the office halls and rooms is where it gets pretty strange because they can range in size from being big and behemoth-sized to being very cramped and claustrophobic. The floors in some of the parts of this sub-level actually aren't even carpet anymore and instead they're just natural things like grass and sand or even asphalt in some parts, which is obviously weird because there's no sun here, so how does grass grow? Now just like the main part of level 1, there are actually resources here too, but the ones here are far more dangerous. For example, it's been found some of these resources have been laced with liquid paint. Wow, that's scary actually. So going past these office hallways and rooms, there's also another section of the sub-level that looks like self-storage units. These units actually have supplies in them, you just got to break in and see, you might find something useful. But they look pretty creepy and also we don't know why they're here. On top of this, there's a small chance that entities might spawn in the darker areas of the sub-level and they can be any of the main entities like Smilers and Wretches and that kind of thing. You also might stumble into a giant anethica, which are these huge black void-like entities that can mess with your mind and they're just scary. So my tip to avoid them is to stay in the areas with light. Don't go into the dark. To enter this sub-level, you have to take a series of sharp turns in level ones hallways to be sent here and to exit, you can find a fire escape that leads down to stairs, go down them and you'll be sent to the next level, level two. But next up for this video is level 1.42 or a view of the cosmos. This sub-level is very different from the parent level and the other sub-levels I'm going over and you might actually like to stay here.  And the level itself looks like a neighborhood in the middle of the night with fields and meadows mixed throughout all surrounding this road and all that is surrounding this one road that cuts through it all. Now even though the level seems to take place at midnight, the sky isn't actually completely dark because the stars and the galaxies and the cosmos above illuminate everything and it's just this beautiful purple hue of light. The houses here in this neighborhood look like regular ones that you'd expect to see from real life, but it all just feels empty and alone, but calming at the same time. The level is also most likely infinite, which just makes it more relaxing to me at least because no one's found a border, but that's not for sure. Calm rain showers are also a pretty common thing on this level and it seems that the rain is actually purple in color, just like most other things here are also purple. Off in the distance of the road, you can just faintly see a mountain and if you follow towards that mountain, it's likely that you'll be taken to a telescope and if you find this telescope, you can use it to get a better view of the sky or view off of the distance or that kind of thing.  There's also a weird pink lake thing that's been found that's deep into the caves, which is cool as well, but back up to the surface of the level, some of the houses have been found to have almond water in them, which is cool, and others have beds and sheets that you can sleep in and overall, this is probably one of the safest sub-levels of all time and you might just want to stay here forever. I mean, I might. To enter it, you have to find an exit door in the parking garage of level one and go through it and to exit this sub-level, you can find a moon in the sky with the telescope and then stare at it for a long period of time and you'll be sent to level 24, which is a huge jump because if you want to skip levels two through 23, come to this sub-level and you can. I think that would actually be a pretty good method to help speedrun the back rooms. Let me know what you think below. The last sub-level for the video isn't so safe, sadly, but it's sub-level 1.5 or decadophobia or decidophobia, which is pretty much the phobia of making decisions. It's classified as a class variable and it gets more dangerous the longer and the further that you're here, so that's no fun. But the level looks like a series of winding corridors and staircases that connect. The entire level is made out of cement, which is just plain and not broken really, it's just ugly looking concrete and any attempt to break the concrete has failed. There are thought to be around 10 floors and corridors to this sub-level and when you get here, you'll be on the top one. The goal is to work your way down the different staircases to get to the bottom for the exit, but that's gonna be pretty hard to do considering if you go down one staircase, it might lead to like 10 other options and you could pick the wrong one, so you better be careful. And behind some of the doors on this level are just other staircases, so it can get really confusing if you don't know where you're going, but there is a pretty decent map of the level on the article, which is in the description below, go check it out if you want to see that. Just note that most of the staircases are terrifying to go down to. Entities can also spawn here, shocker, in the darker spots and they hide around in these staircase corners and below just out of the light reach and they normally use surprise attack methods to attack the prey, which is you in this case, you're the prey. But my tip for surviving this is to just use a flashlight to try to shine down every dark corridor you go down, so you don't get taken by surprise. But to be honest we have no idea what all is lurking in the corridors, so good luck trying to escape with a maze of stairs. Thank you all for watching the video, that is it and I appreciate you so much for watching to the end. I haven't done a comment thing in a while, but I want to keep you all in your toes and I will heart every one of the comments that I see. Thank you so much for interacting with the content and watching. I love and appreciate all of you and you know, I hope you're having a great day. I really do and hope you're having a great year so far. This year's gonna be crazy for the Broogly Channel. I'm excited. I want to hit a million subscribers by the end of the year, so if you want to help me with that I would really appreciate it by you know, telling your friends, family and uncle dog cat fish about me. I would really appreciate it. Thank you so much for everything and I will see you in the next video. Peace.


The title, yeah, it's a little grand, but I think the intention was a little sarcastic because I really don't think it's new. It's been very, very old. It's been there since many, many years and I think everyone, it's not just making a big deal out of it, but I think now people are really doing it the right way. And that's really the difference. And so let's just, the whole intention of this today's talk is really to give you a brief overview of not what Microsoft is doing. To me, there is nothing in this that's going to be Microsoft. The whole idea is I wanted to make it academic. I've based a lot of my talk on Berkeley's paper that is above the clouds. I hope you folks have read it. It's a brilliant paper and it's not that dated, but I think it's a little bit way back in 2009. So it's a very general talk giving you an idea of what we're doing. So this is what we're gonna talk about. We're just gonna give you a brief overview of what you mean by the cloud and then go on and see the economics and what is the driving force behind why people are really following this, why companies are really putting billions of dollars and really investing in that technology. And then let's, I've just kept a couple of scenarios that are real today, that one of them is still in research. We're working with a few partners, including one of my customers like Eric represents TCS here, we're doing some work with them in that space as well. So I'll just delve something on that and just to give you some food for thought that what you folks can really think about in your research projects is ever you want to go and do work in this, right? So let's just, I mean, looking at what cloud computing very, very simply put is nothing but applications over the internet, which we typically term as SaaS software as a service. And the second bit is really utility computing, which is really the all end and all end umbrella of where we really do computing on. So SaaS is typically based and utilizes the utility computing infrastructure space, which is nothing else but pay as you go for the hardware and for the software that we give you. The interesting part was that nowadays there's some three new aspects that we believe have been introduced in the area of cloud computing. One is the whole illusion of having infinite amount of resources, okay? The whole point is that if you have a private data center in a company or in your organization or whatever, you know that there is some finite amount of resources, you want another server, you need to have a requisition and get those servers filled in, installed in whatever and configured. But in our space and in the cloud computing space, the whole illusion that the end user has is that I have any amount of computing power that I would want. All I need to do is go and provision it and a matter of minutes and hours, depending on which technology you're using and which vendor you're dealing with, you really have that technology at a disposal. The second one literally what comes in is very, very interesting and I think this is one of the most important drivers of the adoption of cloud computing today in the commercial space, is the elimination of no upfront commitment. If you ever get into working with enterprise customers in your careers later on, you will realize that there is a lot of hesitation, a lot of apprehension when I say that I need to get, install a big, huge data center which costs huge amount of money. And literally I don't know what the demand is gonna be like. So it's a lot of commitment, it's a lot of money that gets spent on this infrastructure and we attempt to take this away onto the cloud, de-risking you from that investment and that's really one of the driving factors. And the third is literally to have the ability to pay for computing as and when you need it. It's like eating food and paying for the food when you're hungry. It's as simple as that and that really is changing the game now, it's really getting the demand going on. Like I said, personally I believe that economies of large scale or what drives the, it's a compelling need for people to move. By no way, if anybody says I'm gonna move everything to the cloud, it's gonna be possible. It's not realistic as of right now, there are a lot of issues and we'll be looking at some obstacles later on which prevent that from happening. But there are definitely some workloads that we are using and moving to the cloud today and some customers, right? So some things like, for example, what really drives them? Like for example, Microsoft, the kind of data centers we have. We put it right next to where electricity is cheap. If I put a data center in Bombay for Azure, it's not going to be serving the purpose because it's not cheap power, right? So there are some locations in the US and in Europe and wherever that we put data centers, the power is cheap. It's next to hydroelectric power. It's next to the internet pipes that are going out. So the internet, the network bandwidth is cheap, okay? You have automated systems that provision and manage those systems which make it very economical because you don't need people to manage those data centers. For example, we have an average of two people to manage 96,000 servers in the container data centers, right? So it's a lot of servers and it's very few amount of people because that's all automation that's been built in. And that's where we are doing cloud computing and I think everybody, all the companies that we're talking about, we Google, we at Amazon, they're all doing it in a very different way. Even though cloud computing is an old concept, but the way we're implementing it right now is very innovative, right? So that's really how we do it. And the most important part also on the second part for cloud computing which we call as platform as a service, right? Where we give you a platform, you can create applications on top of that platform and really go and do stuff. They have some three different app models that we have today. I put a fourth box there because personally, I believe that there is a lot of innovation going on. So I don't know who will come with some crazy idea, probably one of you guys, right? And we create another app model. So the first app model that you see is, it's like a spectrum. One end is a very low level app model wherein you have closer to the steel virtual machines that are running. And we give you access to those virtual machines. You have everything that you need to do full control of those virtual machines. And on the other end of the spectrum, you have this high level abstraction. And typically, a Google App Engine is a very good example of that. A very, very robust internet application-based platform which gives you a platform to develop internet apps. And you have to write it in Python. If you know Python, it's good. And if you know the Google API, it's extremely good. And it's very, very robust. It gives you a very good scale when it comes to the constraints that are there in place. So the important thing is, more the constraints, more the automation, more the availability, because you cannot fool around that much with that environment. And on the left-hand side, the constraints are very less. You're doing everything. The only thing that will provide you is basically a platform for VMs and provisioning and so on and so forth. So it's more flexible, but it's less automated, right? So you remember that. More constraint, more automation, and no control. And there are reverse also. Now, where do we play? Now, this is a very, very niche segment. So the Azure platform from Microsoft really comes in between. I'm not talking about Azure because I want to, but it's really very important that these different app models should be very clearly articulated to you folks. So what we do is the platform will give you access to .NET to be support PHP, MySQL, everything, Python, and so on and so forth. We give you that model, and you are not that constrained, but you are not very free as well. So it's really in the middle where we tell you, here is an XML file. You put your constraints in this XML file, and then we'll do auto provisioning, auto scaling, and so on and so forth for you. So these are the three app models that are coming, and the fourth one, let's see if there are anybody else who's doing any innovation in the space, because there are a lot of people who are doing a lot of work. Now, what really drives this? So very, very simple things. If there is demand that is varying over time, it makes people very uncomfortable. I deal with a lot of enterprise customers. I manage Tata Group as an account for Microsoft. There's a lot of group companies in Tata Group. I talk to a lot of people. There is a lot of investment that goes into these data centers when you talk about workloads. Now typically, a workload is very seasonal. You don't know when it's going to spike up. And when you don't know when it's going to spike up, you really don't know how much money to put in the bag. And the second point is you really don't know when, what is the amount of demand you're looking at. You can just get a spike, and you are not provisioning your data center, and then everything goes down. That's a typical example. When you're in for a startup, you're starting up a new company, and it's a web-based startup. You have this beautiful site. Imagine Facebook starting up, and suddenly it gets so many users, and it doesn't know what to do because it has its own data center. So it could not anticipate demand. And does it mean that you should not be successful? That's the question. So the point is for you to be successful, and technology not limiting you, it's a very good platform for you to move to the cloud because it's cheap. Not cheap in the sense cheap. It's cheap because you will pay as you go, and you will not commit a lot of capital expenditure beforehand. Now this example is from the Berkeley paper. And I typically like this example a lot. And my slide was based on that. In the way back days, when we used to be making chips, a lot of innovation was going into making circuitry. You needed integrated circuit foundries to really process that and get that thing into production. It used to cost a lot of money. And as and when the chip starts becoming smaller and smaller and smaller with a lot of innovation, these foundries started costing more than $1 billion. And only companies like Intel and the likes would really be able to afford such foundries. So what people started doing, and we saw a lot of change in the way these things were getting done. The people who owned these fabrication units started taking work from outside. So there were a lot of innovative designing companies that started coming up into being. Like a very good example is NVIDIA. NVIDIA doesn't do their own fab. They use existing fab units because it's very expensive. So NVIDIA is very good in designing the chips and they design the chips and they take it into the foundry, get it done, and then take it to market. That's exactly what happened to cloud computing. And utility computing is really coming into being for that. There's a lot of money that goes into building these data centers. And why should you, when you have companies who are already having them? And believe me, at least in our case, we had these humongous data centers that we built for our own internet IT and for our life services and so on. This is actually a manifestation saying, you know what, we have these data centers. Why don't we do this? And this is what has happened with many companies. So it's very easy for you to then take your technology up there and use somebody else's platform. Well, this is just a brief on how really a SaaS and a utility computing collaborates together. So literally a SaaS user, for example, if I'm using a technology online, I'm going to be based on using somebody else's platform or application, which is ultimately being host on a utility computing platform. And that's really the relationship between these things. So utility computing basically gives you that flexibility. This, I thought it was a very good example of why it breaks a lot of sense. So this is an article that had come way back in 2007. And I thought I'll get some slide out on that. So if you see, it's very clear that, so the server cost is a line in the blue. You have a line in the deep red, which is the annual infrastructure and energy cost. And if you see in this graph what is happening that in 2001 onwards, the annual infrastructure and energy cost started becoming more than server cost. The reason I'm giving you this slide is in giving you this information is because if you understand that the cost of infrastructure itself started exceeding the cost of servers way in 2004, I think so. Yeah, that's right. So after that, it really didn't make sense because even the cost of energy started overshooting cost of servers. Now these are some things that really make you think that how feasible it is for me to have an on-premise data center for the kind of stuff I do. Well, it's not really true for all companies or for all organizations, but there are situations in which you will make, you will decide to kind of go to the cloud. So these are some things I was talking about. We have a data center in Idaho. So for example, Quincy. Now Quincy, we have a data center there. Literally, it's all middle desert. There's nothing there. The most important thing is that it's next to the river. So we get free, very cheap hydroelectric power. So that's the reason we base the data center there. And these are the driving forces for which we decide which location and everything we're going to base our data centers on. In fact, if you go and search on YouTube, you'll find a video on the Microsoft data centers. It's a very interesting one. Our architects are talking to you about how and why they chose the location and what are the driving forces behind that. So I encourage you to go look at it. So this is just an example. In Idaho, you have some 3.6 cents for power. And then if you see in California, it's 10 cents. You know why? Because the grid really goes all the way. So it costs money to take it there. And Hawaii, literally power is generated by using the energy that has been shipped on board a ship literally, because they don't have any generation there. So it takes a lot of money to really do that shipping of raw material to burn power. So that's the reason why you will not find anything in Hawaii. I mean, you only vacation in Hawaii. So the point is that you need a data center. We already have one. And then you use the data center of existing large companies to get things done. I want to quickly jump into the economics part of it. This literally, why I put this is basically some compelling reasons why companies started going and becoming cloud providers. So if you ever want to start your own venture, and if you have a lot of venture capital funding, you can probably think about these things. There's a lot of money involved. It's a good business to be in. This is the application model I was talking about. So I'll just give you a quick overview of this. So like I said, the less constraint and the more constraint, the more constraint will have more automation, because it's very easy for us to know. It's very predictable.  Now, the question which one model will dominate, it's very difficult to say. A very good parallel that we can take from earlier days is if you're a C++ programmer, and if you're right now using Ruby or you're using ASP.NET or whatever, C++ you can do a lot of good things. And personally, that's all our favorite, because in school we used to all write code in C++. But the point is, if you want to write a website in C++, how difficult is that? It's really a lot of work. You will typically use a Ruby on Rails and give you that infrastructure to really develop a very fast, nice-looking, attractive website. So the point is everything has its place today. And what I believe is that all these app models are going to thrive. There is a place for everything. You have Amazon which is doing amazingly well. And I believe personally they are the leaders in cloud computing. They came up with it first way back and they're doing a great job with that. But it's a different app model completely. They're on the left-hand side of the spectrum. So there's a lot of space for innovation and let's wait and watch what's gonna come. This is the favorite section literally because everything is about money when you talk about the cloud. The technology is fantabulous. I mean it's very good for us to work on the technology, but there is a lot of compelling reasons to drive those things. So we'll just look at those reasons out here and then try to figure it out. So in the cloud it's very easy for you to get a resource whenever you want it and that's what. So in here, if you have a peak, you would generally provision for peak. When you have a data center, you will provision for peak for that particular load. And this graph will show you that these are the things in gray. You know this color is not showing, but it's gray. So these things between the troughs, those are wasted capacity. That is the time when the data center was idle for so much time. It's a lot of money and a lot of energy, a lot of infrastructure, a lot of people getting wasted. Now that's really the problem that you can solve by going to cloud computing. So it's a simple example. You're assuming that your service is, you need a peak of some 500 servers, you're averaging about 300 servers of compute power. Now what would you do when your actual utilization will really be 300 into 24 hours, which is going to give you 7,200 server hours per day. Now normally you would end up provisioning some 12,000 hours. And a lot of those hours will go wasted when you're not really utilizing the data center. So in a pay as you go model, the break even point with reach, if the cost of your server computing hours is not more than 1.667 that cost, right? So it's a very simple equation. You know that you can provision 7,000 and grow as and when you need the capacity rather than having that huge data center and provisioning for 12,000 hours when you don't need it. So it's, even though the pay as you go hourly rate, if you would find on Amazon or Microsoft or Google the leading technology, cloud technology providers is a little higher than what you would generally incur inside. But still it makes a lot of sense when you look at the economics over a long period of time. So it's a economies of large scale game and it's not saying that why should I pay that X amount of dollars per hour or whatever to get my cloud computing done. And you will figure it out. So there are a lot of these examples, very important examples, seasonal demands. You know recently in the Super Bowl, there's a Super Bowl event that happens in the US, right? Of American football, what they did, what Domino's did, they put the entire website on Azure. Because a lot of pizzas that get ordered during that time. So the site didn't go down and they could provision, they could scale. Now imagine if they have their own data center, they have to put so much of money just to provision during the Super Bowl and the rest of the year, the demand is absolutely flat. That's really one of the scenarios where things will happen. Now second one, the risks of under provisioning. Now if you see what happens if you under provision, the area on top of the red line, that will be the time when people will not get access to your website. And what will happen as a result of that, you will basically end up losing business. You see this? The graph will really go down because people will start going away from the website. Because they could not get access to the website. So you don't really want to get into the situation. This is a very good scenario again for me moving into the cloud. There's a couple of examples I thought will make sense. Now both of these examples is on AWS. It's none on Microsoft, none on Google. I think AWS has some amazing examples. So Animoto and target.com, everybody knew what happened to target.com and Amazon during the time when it was Black Friday. These were the only two sites which were up. Because of the thought leadership and saying that I'm gonna host it on AWS and whatever and I'm gonna get the economies of large scale and the infinite amount of resources that I need. So very simple, this equation is literally what you will end up getting to when you decide when you want to move to the cloud. And we look at this equation in a minute. So it's very simple. It's basically the amount of revenue that you would make for the cost of the cloud that you're going to take for hosting it. And how much are the user hours that you're going to use on that cloud? This value should always be greater than the right hand side which is literally hosting it in your own data center. Now the reason it will always be greater is because the cost of the data center is one but the bottom part, the utilization, divided by the utilization, the percentage utilization that you're having over a period of time. And believe me, the amount of revenue that you would end up losing because of doing this is going to be much more. So the compelling reason will definitely be the left hand side which is the cost of running it into the cloud is definitely greater, is definitely lesser and the revenue is definitely greater than the right hand side which is hosting it in your own data center. It may not be true for everybody but it may be it's very relevant to some businesses and to some organizations. So this is another thing. Now this is based on Jim Gray. I assume everybody who knows who Jim Gray is. He was a great researcher and very unfortunate that he got lost and lost his life and when he was sailing out in the sea he was part of the Microsoft research group and very respected person. And he did this research way back in 2003, very simple analysis, saying that what was the cost of things way back in 2003 and after that what I've done in this slide deck is literally saying that what was it costing for network, for storage and for CPU in 2003, what's costing in 2008 and what is the cost performance improvement? So if you see in short, the cost performance improvement for a van is 2.7X for CPU hours is 16X and for disk storage is 10X. Now the point is that how much did it take to rent for a one dollar in way back in 2008? That's the rate that you see down. And the slide deck is gonna be up so you can analyze later, we don't have time now. But the point is that the cost, if you compare it by running it into your own data center the cost of renting it in the cloud seems to be, it seems to be a bad deal. It seems to be expensive at the first look but you go down, dig deep and you'll find that we have not accounted for these costs. There's a lot of additional costs that you incur in your on-premise data centers especially when you're running huge ones. Now when you add up all these costs, believe me, pay as you go model makes a lot of sense and you can do the math later on. So that's really the premise of cloud computing the compelling reason why enterprises are thinking about it and that's really why I spent so much time in the economic section because for you to articulate applications now what I would look at you folks as students people who are doing research saying what new things can we come out with what new scenarios can we come up with to help India for example. There's a lot of scope that we can do and help governments using the cloud technologies. If you ever get a chance please view go to the professional developers conference website that Microsoft hosts every year and Vivek Kundra who's the CIO of the US federal government. He has a brief speech on what the cloud can do for the US and they've already started doing it. You know hosting NASA data on the cloud and stuff like that, right? So it's very important that we can do the same stuff for India and make our country much more with technology and helping it. So these are some workload patterns. I just thought I'll put this for you. Some analysis reasons why you would want to go to the cloud and get things done. There's some obstacles and some opportunities very common sensical things but these are some basic things that we're still trying to answer. A lot of people are doing a lot of work. It is both technical as well as policy and there's a lot of bureaucracy involved as well. For example data location, how can I have data located in some other country if I'm a bank, a lot of these issues. I mean you have some data lock in then you have consideration like we have a very nasty thing of being a platform lock in company.  Well that's true, you are locked in. You don't have a choice, right? The same with Google and the same with Amazon. That's the way it's going to be because they cannot give you flexibility to an extent and then make sure that the app is always up. It's not going to work. So there has to be some level of proprietary that's going to be built into that. And people are working on a common ground to say that we expose the APIs as REST services and so on and so forth. That's the Microsoft part. I'm not going to delve deeply into that. We don't have too much time but these are some case studies that you can see how we have sort of Domino's one that I was talking about is here and we just don't do Azure. We have a host of SaaS services that are online as well and Coca-Cola for example is running completely on Microsoft online on the cloud. All of Coca-Cola including mail, communication, everything, right? These are some fast facts on what we have done. There's what investments, some numbers into how many years we've been in the cloud and what services we have online. You can refer to it later, okay? And these are all the services that we do on the cloud, okay? And this is literally really how we view the cloud. So from Microsoft perspective, we say that we believe in giving you power of choice. So if you want to have a combination of on premise and on the cloud, you are free to do that because we have an identity management and syncing framework that we can make sure that the application can actually stretch across your private cloud onto the public cloud using and without losing your identity of the corporate security that you generally do. So this really is the view of our view of the cloud and you can read more on that later on. And you can see that there is a power of choice on every hand, so you don't really have to stuck to the web model or go only on the cloud completely. I would like to take you to this and this is why I'm jumping the slides. Now these are some things that are very interesting and I'm giving you these examples because it's about the environment. Now we have come up with some energy-based projects. Microsoft Home is one such project which is basically a web service-based system and it literally, it gives you this whole online portal wherein you can log in and you can create the profile of the house you live in, okay? And it works only in the US right now because the data that has been generated is for the US and they are going to extend it to the rest of the world. So you can fill in the data for your house and it uses some statistical models and the model that it uses basically is the DOE model and it uses the one, we have licensed the analytics model from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory which is the best model existing in the world today for this, okay? And it's a lot of number crunching. So if you say that I have two doors, four windows, you know, my carpet is of this quality, my air conditioning of this voltage, whatever, this algorithm needs to compute a census data over a period of many, many years and tell you how you can save electricity. And it's front table is go to microsofthome.com you will realize that it can really help a lot of environment related issues, okay? It will actually tell you how to save power. So why are we running this on Azure? The reason is because the computation that is required to generate that kind of reports without even visiting your house requires a lot of compute power, okay? So we spawn up so many instances of the application and this compute and make sure that you get a data done. Similarly, Amazon has a lovely case study when Hillary Clinton was the freedom of speech, the freedom of information act was exercised. Her history of the first lady of the US needed to be publicized onto the website. So they need to convert a lot of PDF documents into searchable text documents. You know what they did? They spawned 200 instances of EC2, okay? And they process this PDF documents into searchable text. It's a brilliant and very simple example of why cloud makes sense. You can find it on the Amazon website. So this is the whole market of electronic vehicles. We have fuel-based vehicles today. A lot of companies are thinking about electronic vehicles and there's a lot of complexity involved in this. There's a billions of amount of transactions per day and a lot of records getting stored. This is why we're using Azure to really take it up saying we're working with Nissan and we're working with the BMWs of the world saying that how we can use this model saying if you fill in the battery, how far more do you have to go before you find the next battery station, okay? These are the things which really make sense for the cloud and not just taking some application for the heck of it and putting on the cloud. You need to have scenarios that makes a lot of sense and that's where we look up to you folks to come up with new ideas, okay? I'm going fast because we're kind of done with this and what I would like you to see is the takeaways basically that cloud computing and the apps delivered, the economics are changing. There's a lot of economical belief that is driving this particular initiative and there are many obstacles to cloud but it's going to become ubiquitous as we go. There are a lot of people doing a lot of work, okay? What I would like to close my talk with is there is tremendous potential. This is not a new phenomenon, okay? This is an old phenomenon but with a new flavor. There are a lot of people doing a lot of work now which making a lot of sense and we're taking a lot of strides in the world today and I would just like to show you a brief video which will give you an idea of what really the kind of investment that companies are making in this whole initiative. These are some references, all the stuff in my presentation is from here, okay? The thoughts are very suboptimally original, okay? I've taken a lot of stuff from Berkeley because I believe they are a great paper and a lot of talks from Jim Gray who's written a lot of papers also and you should read, I just put this last night, you know, Microsoft on cloud computing, Steve Burmer gave a speech yesterday at the University of Washington. Please watch that. It's a great speech and it talks about how we are doing a lot of work on the cloud. It's a lot to learn from him, yeah? So I'll just play the video so that we can give you a perspective of what I was talking about. Thank you so much.


T.L.O. what's up? We are on Twitch, we are not live, but you can leave a like, comment, subscribe, turn on your post notification bells. Let's continue to grow the family from Chicago to the UK. If we do go live, are you having to miss it right up here? This channel is where the live will be to all the highlights. Don't forget we do that to Patreon, this is where we watch stuff that we cannot watch on YouTube. This lease needs to be updated, there's a few new movies, there's three new shows about to start. Patreon man, it's a great vibe over there. Don't forget we also got the Discord man, you can go over there and drop your suggestions off. Let's get into this though man, this is... I've been seeing this on DigTuck and I've been scrolling past it because I was debating if I wanted to do it, but y'all seem to like it, so I'm going to watch it. Blueface vs. Ed Matthews face to face. Kingpin Boxing, Ed Matthews was on... What was that show? The Hot Seat Heading Up with Sharon? With my future wife Sharon? I forgot the name, just to show. Anyway, let's get into it man. Ed Matthews, if what I can remember is right, he's like a blonde. Like that saying that blonde, like he's kind of ditzy. I know they're going to fight, I know Blueface is going to win. We are just five days away from the Kingpin Torment Commencing. April 22nd at the Ovo Arena in Wembley and tonight we're going to... Blueface. I've been seeing your English accent all week. Very good, very good. All gentlemen, welcome. Just five days away from you both clashing inside the Kingpin ring at Wembley Ovo Arena Saturday, April 22nd. This is the first time I think you guys are coming face to face. First time, first time. So Blueface, let me ask you first of all, this is the man you're going to fight five days time. Now you see him in person. Look at him, cute, isn't he? Cute lad.  He looks nice looking boy, looks like a boy. Teenager, right? How old are you? 19, 20. When's your birthday? August, right in 2002. I ain't lying about my age. How old are you? I'm 26. I'm a big man. What's the most pricey one? Probably this one. Let's just talk about that for a second. So there was a bet made recently online. You said, hey look, if I... King-Ping ain't giving me a win bonus. So if I win, I got one of them. Now we're together. Let's really iron this thing out. Don't try to breeze past not paying him a bonus for winning. You're not going to win, but I've seen Blueface fight. You can actually, you know, throw them. So I don't see it, but... Blueface out. You want one of those change and you seem to agree. If you knock me out. Let's show him real laughter. Let's just get these hands out. Which one of these... That's the most pricey one. Like this one? What we talking about? I don't really like it, but...  Why are you not fitting in that?  Blueface got like a... Hey Arnold neck. You know what I'm saying? How much is that one worth? I think it will fit your neck too small. How much is that one worth? 200. Oh, that's a nice win bonus. How much is this one worth? This one. You made a good choice. So if you knock out Blueface, you're going to get potentially 200 grand. Yeah. Because you did say on another social post that you're going to knock him out in the first round. Yeah, we'll see. He doesn't believe that. No, I do. I do. I'm not going to lie. Ed, let me ask you the same question I just asked. Blueface, you're sitting here first time you're seeing Blueface. Is that prediction changing? Or do you still believe you have what it takes to spark this? No, I ain't lying. I think I could knock you out in the first round. That's all it takes is one punch. I mean boxing's boxing. He doesn't even sound like he... Honestly, like Blueface said, it doesn't even sound like he had believed himself. It doesn't even sound... I'm here because this is what I'm supposed to be here. I'm supposed to be here. I gotta say what sounds good. It's like all it takes is one punch first round. Obviously I'm not that 50 year old. It's a difference fighting Blue. Why would he even bring that up? That's an ill comment I knocked out in the 50 year old. We don't need to know that. He was 50. He's a geriatric patient. He's a better fighter, way better. I knocked out a 50 year old, too. I knocked out a 50 year old, too. Can you talk about Blueface? I mean he talked about Crescent's death. Let's talk about your fight records for a minute. Of course, you've both got one victory inside there. How have your preparations gone with this? Ed, I know you posted some pad work recently. You look good. What kind of shape are you in? To be fair, I'm in some good shape. But late call out, two weeks notice. There's only so much you can do. You know what I'm saying? I was stoning every day, bunting bad zoop. I was bunting bad zoop before this. I'm making excuses now. You know about the fight before I did? No, I didn't. Probably like two days before that was it. I was stoning. If you look at my memories now, I could back them up right now. I was bunting four zoops a day. No, I didn't. I didn't expect to fight you. You called me up? Yeah, but I got a little hint, you know what I'm saying? It's not like he knew he was fighting me. I got a hint. I didn't know if he'd come through or not. Wishing on a star. What's happening now? Dreaming. Manifesting. Ed said he only had two weeks notice on this and that he was bunning. My guys know. People watch me know a bun zoo. Do you think he's in shape or do you think he's not in shape? What? I just noticed that they put a cup of tea in front of Ed. This looks... Ed looked very UK right now. Tea, tracky, calm over. Nine o'clock shadow beer. Blueface looks very neighborhood right now. Neighborhood, California. Rolling. No, I don't think he's in shape. Do you think that's why he said he was bunning the first round? Do you think this goes past the first maybe into the second, third? Do you think that puts Ed in danger? I think he in danger first round. The real confidence came out when he said he was burning beer zoots. Bunning beer zoots. Like, you just gave yourself a way out. I think he already has an excuse. Nah, you're out drinking. I see that. He doesn't know the fight that he asked for or that he called for. I've known about this fight for time. Before I did, you did. How would I know about it before you? Because you asked for it. Yeah, but you didn't accept it though. So how would I know? Yeah, but you'd only know at the same time as me if you accepted it. He sounds dumb. You asked for it so you knew about it before him. You knew you wanted this fight before he knew that he was going to get into a fight. So you should have been prepared without people. How long have you known about this fight? Just because I could ask to fight anyone. Don't mean I'm getting it. You got it, didn't you? Yeah, I did. I literally knew at the same time as you. I knew about the fight two weeks ago. Let's say we both know you had two weeks of preparation. You said that you were partying a lot before two weeks training. I've been following you on social media. You've been all over the place. You've just been in Thailand, you've come over here. How about your preparations? What kind of shape are you in? I'm ready to fight tonight. I don't even think you could beat me tonight if I was drunk. 20 shots. I couldn't even barely walk or see. I don't think you could beat me. See in the ring. Have you been training? I've been training. I had a feeling I would get a fight this year. So I've been training not like seriously, I've been training every other day and work pads and stuff like that. Not real training for an opponent. Do you follow Blueface on social media? No, no, no. For like four years ago, I can't lie. I used to watch your music and I did write it, but it's slightly fallen off if I'm being honest. I ain't no other tune in a sec. Your girl's barrel of it right now. That's probably what I've heard about you. You had some comments about that as well. I don't know what the girl has anything to do with the boxing. Let's hear the commentary on the relationship. I think it's a bit mad why you want to be with a girl that cheats. I see a video of you saying she cheated 10 times. That don't interest me to have a wifey. I can't lie. My wifey don't cheat. I've got things there still. I know you do it on your fans. You sound delusional. You think about it. Hit your girl right now. Your girl hasn't cheated yet is the right terminology. Oh, no. Be realistic. I'm being realistic, bro. What's your girl's instinct? What's your girl's instinct? What was it? It's a good way to do it. It's a good way to do it. What's her instinct? Spell it. E-O-S-A Hold on. Spell it. E-O-S-A-R-A-E Spell it. E-O-S-A E-O-S-A S-E-L-S-A A-R-A-E R-A-E E-Dot-X You can DM her right now. You are going to get nothing, bro. Elsa Ray 42.6 K 32 followers. Let's see if blue face is one of them If blue faces on here, I'm gonna That would have been emotional distressing See how she look anyway. What's these links to she is she only fans? She got only fans she cheat every time she upload what you talking about look she already pop over here Follow you You know he wouldn't let his girl follow me I'm witnessing the slide of my girls the slide Be on that color lady. He's a girl. You think your girl is letting her man. Be honest 100% Send the dim we gotta have a chat you send the dim my child Okay How would you see what it goes like? Oh, I'm sending her a blue heart. Ah, I Would have to respond. I would have to disagree it. I'm sorry Christian look better than your girl So you got okay, you gotta let us know y'all gotta look past the tooth Like imagine Christian with a tooth Well, it's a little better than social slaves Let's talk about this cuz you so he's now he's now slid into your girls. No, that is funny Is that her calling? That was quick Wow, the guy's got game watch yourself any for I'll tell you Wow She's quick, um Let's talk about you. Yeah, you did used to listen to blue face I know you said as well that you liked his music it's drop back in the day And the only reason you're sort of relevant now is because of your girl because she's she's scatty in it I see she's rowdy, bro. That's not to me. That is not offensive like okay I'm relevant because of my girl, but I put my girl in this position to be relevant You know I'm saying so I carried the torch Handed it off now she can carry it. You know I'm saying and we're a team. That's how they work. What is that? You know, I made her right y'all know Brightons for that. I can't lie. You say I'm relevant because her she was because of me was the fact But she's only relevant for being a dog really They came quick cook fries they cook and have the Look for my point of view there's a lot of similarities between you two you're both no Slapped on camera and didn't do anything about it.  I was like no look it up You with home after you got slept. I just lay down He right I could never do I could never ever my mental capacity wouldn't let me get slapped and walk away It's not happening Get the emotion. I was drunk man. Tell me how you really felt after that video.   Yeah, how does that make you feel? It's kind of a clout thing for him, you know just saying something to get his his ratings up You know she makes me relevant so I guess he wants he wants a little bit of a little taste of it But his girls already calling. That's already it's already done my god. I already locked my god. I'm cheat My girl don't cheat. He sounds unbelievable I'm surprised he even got a girl from what I heard Oh Well, we're gonna well there's an opportunity now being put in front of her. Well, yeah, we'll follow this story Look Ed again, we did say that used to you used to follow this guy listen to his music when you were young say a lot of followed him So what does it mean to you Somebody you looked up to It's quite mad I can't lie because I come I come from two years ago from nothing like obviously No clout nothing just dropping game and it's it's mad in it. Just shows manifestation is quite real Just like yeah, it's mad. That's lit. Yeah, imagine how that feels. Yeah, it's mad. How did you come up?  I'm sorry. No, it's serious ratings is big name in the game.  It means nothing. I wouldn't get a it wouldn't be anything for me That's a fact blue faces take the real chance Like if Ed wins this fight, he'll be like way more It's way more lucrative not even in the money sense, but it's just clout Notariety name everywhere like then what are you doing see the stakes? Science proves your best sleep is vital to your mental just for fun I fought a lot for free man. So Why not fight for some money? I don't care who it is. It could be it could be you. It's definitely not gonna be me I'll tell you that right now Anybody, you know, let's talk about the kingpin tournament, right? So you guys are the wild card bout your your feature attraction on this carpet and you know the tournament We've got three events. We're gonna crown a winner at kingpin. What do you guys make of that tournament? Let me start with you. Would you would you've raised the opportunity to be in that tournament? Well, do you know the tournament don't really interest me? I like I like Who I'm fighting. They wouldn't be in the tournament Anyone in that tournament. I can't lie. I just think they're washed. You think you'd beat anyone in that tournament I just think they're washed They don't post content no more How could you call yourself an influencer boxer if you don't even post content?  Definitely put in the promo on my back at least That tournament you look at the fighters in there. We'll see the American They check the American cells to the UK cells. Yeah, can they jet that? Interesting to see the blue face. You see the torment if if that was offered to you Oh, I would love to I wish I would have been in there. I would want all the money everything Do you think you could anyone in that tournament? I think you can beat I think there's nobody with more fight experience Outside doing the meat. Yeah, but that's different a fight experience outering and I know but let me finish you going to us But now that I'm got the fundamentals down Why you just a little boy? I got there since a different dog, you know These guys they get hit one or two times too hard. It's like Should I start stop? That's a fact because real life's fights That's how you test your jaw. Like if your jaw is really strong The real punches and real fights you get like think about it. Like I've been hit with a glass bottle Here I've been hit here with a glass bottle and on my chin like I've been I've been stumped I've been I've been punched like put me in a ring And I already got some boxing experience for when I was a shorty That's why they had to do all that to me but like Get me back Trained what what it's gonna be real hard to knock me out And I know it only takes seven pounds of pressure and anybody can get knocked out or didn't give a moment, but come on now You better hit me before I hit you.  Did you just try to see if it was Wow, that's a bit mad. Watch out for that fight. That could get very very awkward So would you say it turns me on? Would you say let's say someone gets injured in this tournament and can't come in you'd go into yeah Who'd you love to fight in that tournament? Anybody I this you know me.  I'm a rapper already anybody I fight. It's if I would if I win I Don't really win other than the payment, you know, if I lose it's like oh my gosh head line I've been looking at you again. You've been in Thailand. I know you've been working.   I got my trainer here After our party I trained and you know, it's just early early celebration I know this man. What is the host expecting to be in a gym like Floyd Mayweather Javante Davis Ryan Garcia like Chacor like what what are you what what? He's fighting Ed Matthews. I'm not trying to downplay Ed Matthews, but like he's Yeah, baby, can I just tell you one thing you went to an adult club the other night and you had a thousand pounds in notes That's not legal currency. That's what I was one. That's what I heard I'd have a word. We have you bought those one-pound notes off batter. That's a different How do you see this fight ending really now you're looking at me Is it still a first? It's still a knockout. Well, I just like I've manifested in me Why can't I manifest a knockout everything in my life has gone into gone to plan so whiteness and that's just how I view everything How do you see this one ending now you know you're with him? Oh, if Ed Matthews wins this fight, I will cut off my beard. I see me out boxing I don't think he has as much experience to even know what to do when he's like deep in the waters And he's not getting a knockout that he's looking for I think he's honestly just gonna like fold into the pressure What's the one thing about you? Is it the extra five or six years you've gotten him the experience to hide? What what is it gonna be the difference maker for you with the streets? Oh, it's gonna just be it's gonna be me teaching a young boy. How to you know How to how to fight really?  You think that is a danger that you're gonna look for the knockout and you're not gonna be able to get it He might even see all his stamina energy searching for that nugs on the first round We'll see we'll see but guys we we put out Some questions on social media earlier. Let me just ask some questions that the the fans I Say fans have been sending in. Let me just go can't ask that one Definitely can't ask that one What that it's Okay, this one hasn't got any swear words in a question for Ed smash or pass Christian, what does that mean?  What would you do? I don't know man I don't know but you might have something like a disease. You know what I'm saying.   It's getting fucked.  What do you think you all girls and you take looking at this like it's cool when they do it It's a problem when I do it Okay Oh, you can't even compare him bro. I literally I see your team We're of that most them girls are below eights.  We're in your own lane worried about yourself and not looking at the next person Okay, I'm very good at that. I don't look at the next one. I don't care I'm out here doing me. I'm living a buck by almost best life. It could be a little better You know I'm saying financially, but you know that is what it is. I don't think I thought do y'all think I'm rich I'll be on the bus Look at the collar on my shirt.  How it's glued to his neck. That's a rich man shirt Look at this. This is look I fried this yesterday in the pan Put it in the microwave this morning and it's Salty bacon You know those make my things right? This is a business. I'm running.  Why what why'd you hire fours them because no higher force? Yeah, you got bare fours. It's not it's not a looking competition. Yeah, it is because that's what makes about what's on the inside He's subscribing to a four It's not about what's it's not about what's on the inside. It's not like you don't know if you got only So what you talking about there?   I don't know how for you don't even know what you're talking about already. No, you're things at that thought my Over there you over there Looking bad for you might as well just be quiet at this point you talking about I'm a pimp You got a whole girlfriend.  No, that's Who's your high who's your best-paid team? All of them. I put them all in one house 13 teams one house my house We film and record it put it only fans. I make a million dollars. I can't live I just wouldn't sub to them. I'm so dead. I mean, it's not safe. Yeah Yeah, it's not sex. You got to think about it.  It's a business. You put 13 different 13 different people in one house It's my CTV Especially if they females especially if it's blue phase, you know, he got the reputation already I'm not selling sex man. No, no selling reality drama, you know, yeah, life You just thinking what you did cuz you're just young but I get it. I used to be like that too.  Yeah, you really trust your money back. I'm completely honest with you Who's gonna link more birds after the fight? Who's gonna pick up more bird?  He's fighting.  Yes Yes, and Ed, you know that don't cap out right now You know that that name doesn't know the variety. That's why you did it. That's partially why you did it range my market I'm not no American chicks on my land, but they will be there you go So you think even if you spark ed on Saturday night, that his stock goes up when it comes to women regardless. He wins Regardless, he ed Matthews wins. You're getting less things if you get dropped for sure Definitely, it's a lose-lose for me regardless you win definitely get more that should tell you something Definitely branching into my market for sure. Let's tell you about me though. I have everything to lose and nothing again Nobody knows who you are. No, no, what you do on America? No That's no one to me Facts I have a clue who Ed Matthews was until grilling. I'm almost sure a lot of y'all did neither, but You get it Of course, you know who you are after this. I'm gonna make you famous. That's for sure. You make you famous for sure You can be a real famous.  Yeah, not for the right reason either way I mean either way. I mean either way is gonna be famous. I'm doing him a favor. It's charity work There's nothing for me, literally Is another question from the social he's not lying just the bag It's just only the bag is in it when I see I didn't even know that was fighting until I seen that child was watching this Like I was I seen it and it said the lit ones follows The lit ones viewers watch this I was like, oh Let me watch it there We saw you get up close with Deji the the launch party seven weeks ago question here from one of the fans Does the winner get Deji if you win this Deji you want to get next or if that's if he wants me, bro I can't lie. I'm not I'm not gonna start like anyone can get it. That's a good fight. Add Matthews and Deji Me personally, I don't think that you can fight. I mean blue face if you win footwork is terrible It's just a lot of bad stuff.  I don't know I don't know any of these guys Actually, I see I see you calling out. I see you calling that KSI Tommy fury and that's you must know Deji's guys brother in there I was one of those call that Tommy fury. Oh, I see fight on this card Yeah, I see you call that Tommy fury as well that had to do with Deji because that's like same sort of scene in it There's Deji Deji and KSI Deji's case. I brother. I'll get if you get your missus to DM the link now Oh That's the first funny thing I seem to her pulse say everybody help Yeah, I think Anything let's just check let's just check don't even cap. No show the camera bro Anything is it being read at least Keep it clear. He'll just he'll just wonder. He'll just lay in bed at night. Just wondering he'll go ask her. I Like that. That's cop So now we've been here. We've been face-to-face What your emotions going to be from the go babe? Hey Don't you honestly don't even cuz she might not even see it now It's a blue check next to his name. She see it. It's at the top of her list this fight. I'm excited Love I've been excited nice. I love I love the energy when I walk out there I'll take it all in that's what I feel of it. I mean And of course you headlined the first kingpin card Do you feel if you can come here and and take out?   Can't lie You think the pressure is gonna get to Ed who do you fight first? So I really don't really feel pressure. I already got it happened. I already know it was this face already happened I already got it. It's a boy That's a young young boy. How do you feel when he calls your boy? To him. I'm a kid in it. Yeah So I don't really care brother. We'll see you in the ring in it.   Look, this is your yeah, I'll just like that chamber. I can't lie. I'll just Lookin looking now. You've seen him. This is your hometown. Are you the fans are gonna be here? Yeah, they know you the hometown. Yeah, she's Now you stay seen him you see the size of him.  That's been a bit tight with my knockout bonus, but that's a lot nicer Well gentlemen, thank you very much Fight week is officially underway do this you you can come and join us at the Wembley. Oh I got blue phase 100% I'll shave off my beard put the money up. I'll shave my beard


Dear students, let me give you an example of how we compute probabilities in the case of a continuous random variable. Let's take the simple case that our continuous random variable x goes from 0 to 1 and f of x is equal to 1. Yani, we are talking about the uniform distribution or the rectangular distribution defined on the interval 0 to 1. Now, in this scenario, if we are interested in computing the probability of x lying between A and B or any probability on that interval, how do we do that? Let's take an example. Notice that we want to find the probability that x is less than 1 by 8 or x is greater than 7 by 8. Yani, we are interested in that either 1 over 8 is less than x value or 7 by 8. So, students, it is not at all difficult. All we have to do is to apply the addition theorem for mutually exclusive events and also to apply the simple calculus and integrate our small f of x. As you can see on the screen, the probability of x being less than 1 by 8 or x being greater than 7 by 8, which is denoted as the union of those two events, that will be equal to the integral from 0 to 1 by 8 of our f of x plus the integral from 7 by 8 to 1 of our f of x. Now, because our f of x, that itself is equal to 1 in this interval 0 to 1, that is 1. So, one kind of integral, the indefinite integral, as you know, it is x, so it will be equal to the integral of 1 from 0 to 1 by 8, yani x with the limits 0 to 1 by 8 plus the integral of 1 from 7 by 8 to 1, yani plus x with the limits 7 by 8 to 1. So, now, let us apply the limits on the first x, 1 by 8, upper limit minus 0, the lower limit plus the upper limit minus 7 by 8, the lower limit, solve this 1 by 8 plus 1 by 8, that is 2 by 8, that is 1 by 4. So, this is the required probability. Isi tari kese, even if they are relatively complicated probability density functions, we can always attempt to compute the desired probabilities through the application of the appropriate mathematical things that we can do on them. In this case, the addition theorem we had to apply because of the union and the integral, of course, we have to take always in order to find the area in that interval. That is how we do it.