Ableton On Air is sponsored by Green Mountain Support Services, empowering people with disabilities to be home in the community. Washington County Mental Health, where hope and support comes together. Media sponsors for Ableton On Air include Park Chester Times, Muslim Community Report, WWW, this is the Bronx.info, Associated Press Media Editors, New York Parrot Online Newspaper, U.S. Press Corps, Domestic and International, Anchor FM, and Spotify. Partners with Ableton On Air include Yachad New York and New England, where everyone belongs, the Orthodox Union, and the Vermont Division for the Blind and Visually Impaired. Ableton On Air has been seen in the following publications, Park Chester Times, New York Parrot Online Newspaper, Muslim Community Report, WWW, this is the Bronx.info, and www.h.com. Ableton On Air is a member of the National Academy for Television Arts and Sciences, Boston, New England Chapter. Welcome to this edition of Ableton On Air, the one and only program that focuses on the needs, concerns, and achievements of the differently able. I've always been your host, Lauren Seiler. Arlene's here today. Hi, Arlene. Okay. On this edition, we will focus on, now, let me just, before we get to what we're focusing on today, we would like to say we're sponsored by Washington County Mental Health, Green Mountain Support Services, Muslim Media Corporation, which includes Park Chester Times, New York Parrot Online Newspaper, and the Muslim Community Report. And we are also thankful that we are members of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Boston, New England Chapter, the Boston Emmys, and many, many, many, many other people that support us, including the Vermont Division for the Blind and Visionary Impair. Thank you very much for joining us on this edition of Ableton On Air. Our guest today is Andrew Berson, a Manhattan historian, as well as a former employee of the New York City Housing Authority. Welcome, Andy, to Ableton On Air. Okay. On today's edition, this week, I had the pleasure of going, over the next couple of weeks, I will be having the pleasure of having a hearing aid. So while we are talking about that, I figured we would talk about the inventions of the telephone, and which includes Alexander Graham Bell, who was deaf, as well as Thomas Alva Edison, if that's the correct name. And we will talk about his inventions. So, Andy, why don't you start with Thomas Edison's inventions? Let's pull him up. So, he was born, I'm sorry for interrupting you, Thomas Alva Edison was born February 11th, 1847, and he died October 15, 1931. He was an American inventor, businessman, who had been dedicated and described as the greatest American inventor. He developed many advices such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures.  Okay, Thomas Edison, with a different style, close to the air, is dangerous. Okay. Ignites from the air. So, what are some of his inventions that, while talking about sound, he created a phonograph, correct? Stock ticker. What exactly, for those that don't know, what is his stock ticker? In quotations from this. Okay. And also, go ahead. And it's also enclosed in a bell jar. Also, we're embedded the first, okay, no, in camera, moving picture camera. In terms, well, in terms of receivers and transmitters and all this situation. In 1876, Edison began work to improve the microphone for telephones that at the time was called a transmitter by developing the carbon microphone, which consists of two metal plates separated by granules of carbon that would change resistance with the pressure of some waves. A steady direct current is passed between two plates through the granules that varying resistance results in modulation of the current, which creating electric current that reproduces and varying pressure of the sound wave. Up to this point, microphones, such as the ones developed by John Philip Race and Alexander Graham Bell worked by generating a weak current. The carbon microphone works by modulating the direct current and subsequently using the transmitter to transfer the signal generated by the telephone line. Edison was one of the many inventors working on the problem of creating a usable microphone for the telephone to modulate electrical current passed through it. His work was concurrent with Emil, his name was Emil Bernleiners, loose contact carbon transmitter who lost a later patent against Edison over the carbon transmitter invention. David Edwards Hughes studied in the published paper on the physics of loose contact carbon transmitters which Hughes did not bother with the patent. Edison used the carbon microphone concept of 1877 to improve the telephone for Western Union, hence Western Union. In 1876, Edison found a way to improve the bell telephone microphone which included which of loose contact ground carbon which is discovery and that worked for better of the carbon was roasted. This type was put into use in 1890 and was used by telephones along the bell receiver in 18 until the 1980s.  Andy, you want to add to that? Go ahead, take your time. Thomas Edison, Victoria Cole, the Wizard of Mendel Park which he invented the incandescent light bulb which we all use today. We're better for worse. Another life-saving invention. As a matter of fact here, we might run it for a couple of seconds. There's an actual voice clip of the phonograph invention and Thomas Edison's voice. When he created the phonograph his first words were Mary had a little lamb. Let's roll that clip for two seconds. There you go. That was his actual voice. When hearing aids and everything, as a matter of fact, let's look this up quickly. As a matter of fact, I'm going to find it. The first person who created the hearing aid was Miller Reese Hutchinson who invented the first hearing aid. The first electric hearing aid was invented in 1898 by Miller Reese Hutchinson. He used electric current to amplify sounds. The design itself was a carbon transmitter allowing the device to be portable. In what year? In what year? In any year. In any year. In what year? In what year? In what year? 1898, Miller Reese Hutchinson. H-u-t-c-h-i-s-o-n. Go ahead, Andy, about keep continuing, please. Andy? Yep. Go ahead. All right. So let's go on to Alexander Graham Bell. Since we are talking about him, Alexander Graham Bell. All right. Alexander Graham Bell was born March 3rd, 1847 and died August 2nd, 1922 with Scottish born inventor and engineer who created in the inventing and patent the first practical telephone and he also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company 18 and T in 1885. Bell's father and grandfather and brother had been associated on the work of of Elocution and Speech and both his mother and wife would death profoundly influencing Bell's life work, life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to the experiment of hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell's in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone on March 7th, 1876. Bell considered the invention and intrusion of his of his real work as a scientist and refused to have the telephone in his study. Many other inventions marked in Bell's life including the groundbreaking work of optical telecommunications, hydrofoils and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a strong influence on the magazine while serving as second president on January 7th, 1898 until 1903. Beyond his scientific work he had a deep interest in emerging science and emerging science of heredity. Interesting. Let's you want to know the price of the first telephone which is ridiculous but yeah price of the first telephone was three thousand something. I remember that time was um how much did the telephone cost in the 1900s? Okay each phone had a separate line the cost of telephone service was three dollars for businesses oh no wait and $1.50 for residential customers these prices did not change until 1919. The first let's see 1800s. The first long distance call in 1876 was nine dollars and had about 30 minutes of actual talk time and the in the whole machine the whole telephone machine cost three thousand nine hundred ninety five dollars at that time there was a lot of money because his business was struggling in 1876 Bell offered to sell the patent to Western Union for a hundred thousand dollars but remember we're talking about 1876 and at that time there was a lot of money so he was a rich man. The first telephone sold the first oh wait when was the first telephone sold the first telephone sold while in while an Italian innovator Antonio Magucci was was credited inventing the first basic phone in 1849 the Frenchman Charles Berlesoul devised the phone in 1854 Alexander Graham Bell won the first US patent of the device in 1876 so it was international first and then then anything you want to say or anything about that yeah that's something but but was Bell Atlantic name after the Alexander Graham Bell yeah yep yeah I knew it yeah because we used to have baby villains you know the first rotary phones yeah I remember those okay so yeah I had that um this house run for it in December the December 28th 1871 Antonio Magucci files patent the patent number was 33 53 a notice of intent to invent but not a formal patent not a former not a formal patent at the US Patent Office for his device he named the sound telegraph in 1872 in 1872 Elisha Gray establishes Western Electric Manufacturing Company Western Union so the history of sound has a good history pretty much um now in terms of the hearing aid let's go back to that the first hearing aid patent okay who who invented the first hearing aid oh let's go back to Miller Reese Hudson's the first electric hearing aid was invented in 1898 by Miller Reese Hudson in his design was the electric current that amplified weak signals in 1913 the the world was introduced to the first commercially manufactured hearing aids the history of hearing aid systems okay how much do the hearing aid cost back then I can find that out hearing loss is not and we have um Zach we might go over that's okay okay um hearing loss is not a new condition people have suffered from it for centuries until the 16th century it was commonly accepted by individuals with hearing loss who have suffered from multiple disabilities this led them to being heavily discriminated it is not until a Spanish monk named Pedro Ponce taught a nobleman's deaf son to to read write and do math now we'll go to the first hearing device okay hold on the first hearing device not hearing aid but the first hearing device was invented it was called an ear trumpet it was invented in the 17th century and confident and considered the first device that helped the hearing impaired these trumpets came in a number of shapes and sizes and were made of everything from sheet iron to animal horns the next advancement did not appear until the 18th century with the invention of the collapsible ear trumpet Frederick C. Reign was the first to commercially produce these trumpets in 1800s in order to make the devices less noticeable Reign created acoustic headbands which hid the devices within the user's hair now let's look at the price okay so for more information on hearing aids or the history of hearing aids you can go to www.hearingsystemsinc.com that's www.hearingsystemsinc.com or you can call if you would like to find out more information about cochlear implants hearing aids hearing loss or or anything of that nature you can call 1-281-855-8916 this is a this is a hearing aid consortium if you would like to find out about hearing aids you can go to www.hearingaid hold on www.hearingsystems.hearingsystemsinc.com okay so let's really quick before we end let's go to the amount of money that hearing aids cost first hearing aid cost okay hearing aids are oh here we go currently currently if you need a hearing aid the FDA regulated medical devices that are worn in or behind the ear which cannot which people cannot easily afford them hearing aids are very expensive on average a set of hearing aids may cost anywhere from a thousand to five thousand dollars or more so yeah the first one cost let's see doesn't say that hearing aid prices here we go in 1920 the Williams Acculator hold on in 1920 the the original price for hearing aids in real dollars at the time was converted to a value representing its cost and was so and and it was sold in the year of 2000 of constant dollars okay a carbon hearing aid model 100 in the year 2000 was $1034 so but here there is a chart it really doesn't say the earliest oh the first date sold oh here we go the first vacuum tube for the hearing aid was 1953 the transistor was 1961 and the first carbon hearing aid was 1939 the earliest was 1908 but it really does not say the price so they go anywhere between a thousand and five thousand dollars so i'm assuming way back when now there are organizations if you cannot afford a hearing aid you can go to like um the lions club and places like that but um andy i would like to thank you for joining us on this edition of ableton on air thank you so much for joining us hello thank you thank you folks okay um well uh this puts an end now actually before we end let's um find out where in vermont you can get a hearing aid before we um okay um actually if you would like to find out in vermont where you can get a hearing aid you can go to um oh yeah here we go um you can go to vermont audiology which is 81 river street um uh and also you can go to the uvm medical center at the family allen uh complex in uh colchester but i would like to say this if you would like to find out more about hearing aids i suggest that you contact your insurance and your provider and they will give you um more information about that because we don't want to send anyone to the wrong place um in terms of getting a hearing aid um please make sure before you purchase a hearing aid that you go to your primary care doctor and your provider uh in the state of vermont or anywhere that you might see this program um we don't want to give out the wrong information but we would like to um thank um andrew burson for joining us on this edition of abledon on air andy you're still there i'm here okay thank you for joining me on this edition of abledon on air um we are sponsored by washington care and mental health green mountain support services um uh muslim uh muslim community report new york parrot online newspaper and um purchase the times as well as many many many others and we would also like to thank the um the um vermont division of um blind and visually impaired for uh supporting us for with abledon on air and it's many other um situations with the show and um again i'm lauren syler i'm lauren syler see you see you next see you next time abledon on air is sponsored by green mountain support services empowering people with disabilities to be home in the community washington county mental health where hope and support comes together media sponsors for abledon on air include park chester times muslim community report w w w this is the bronx dot info associated press media editors new york parrot online newspaper us press corps domestic and international anchor fm and spotify partners with abledon on air include yehad new york and new england where everyone belongs the orthodox union and the vermont division for the blind and visually impaired abledon on air has been seen in the following publications park chester times new york parrot online newspaper muslim community report w w w this is the bronx dot info and w w w dot h dot com abledon on air is a member of the national academy for television arts and sciences boston new england chapter


I am very deeply honored and delighted to share this momentous occasion with you today, an event which honors the memory of a towering figure of our national history, Sa Amadou Bailou, the Sadhana of Sokoto. I wish to thank the organizing committee for your kind invitation. I also bring you the very warm greetings and good wishes of President Muhammad Abu Hari. Let me also commend the guest speaker, Isra'a Hainaz, the Honorable Justice Sidi Baghe retired, for that informative, insightful, historical, and contemporary review of law and policy on the role of northern traditional institutions in the peace and security framework. And for his far-reaching proposals and suggestions. And I must say that we are all expectantly waiting for the proposals that have gone to the National Assembly, the committee of which he was chair, prepared that proposal as we've been told by Governor Simon Lalong, and we hope that the National Assembly will approve those proposals for purposes of constitutional amendment. I must also commend the Sa Amadou Bailou Foundation for sustaining this very important platform for constant introspection and action on national development, and importantly ensuring that we remember the inspiring and exemplary legacy of the great patriot and statesman, Sa Amadou Bailou, the Sadhana of Sokoto. A legacy of unifying the peoples of the North around a common purpose and the visionary pursuit of the actualization of their individual and collective potential. For me and I know for very many, it's impossible to imagine the multiple possibilities that Northern Nigeria represents for the country and Africa at large without the contributions of the Sadhana, as manifested in the institutions that laid the foundation for the regional development from the illustrious Sa Amadou Bailou University to the Northern Nigeria Development Company to his pioneering commitment to girl child education, that birthed the Queen Elizabeth School in Eloring in 1956, a school that in turn produced outstanding Nigerian women across Nigeria, such as Yonbu Fatih Lamea Bubaka, the former First Lady who went on to become the Chief Judge of Niger State, the first female engineer in the North, engineer Yelwa Tella, Mrs. Sarah Jubrill, Nigeria's first female presidential candidate, the first female vice chancellor of the University of Abuja, Dr. Gambo Larabab-Dulai, the first female veterinary doctor in West Africa, and this first female doctor in West Africa incidentally come from Abu State but attended the school which of course was founded by the Sadhana, Dr. Mrs. Fabumi, amongst others. Such an extensive impact spanning every facet of human development and life lies at the core of Sadhana's enduring presence in our collective memory. That and the excellent personal attributes of the Sadhana that to this day resonate in the minds of those privileged to have known him in person and those of us and many who are here, students of his life and work, his love for the talakawa, his humility, his punctuality, his generous disposition to all. His open, his open and inclusive approach to governance earning him the title of Gamji Dankwari. Sadhana was a man of peace and courage and a believer in and a natural of traditional institutions and I think that most of what we remember about him today is such an important lesson for those of us who hold public office or who hold any type of leadership position because he demonstrated that it is possible to lead with conscience and as the Sultan has said with fairness and justice. Our theme today speaks to the revival of the northern traditional institutions as an urgently needed arbiter for peace and security. The Emirate system of northern Nigeria was a well-structured institution with a network of community leaders who helped sustain peace and security throughout their domains, the Galadimas, the Waziris, the Madawakis, the Sarking Fadas, the Maggages, the Family Heads, the Ward Heads, the Village Heads, the District Heads. When conflicts arose, the revered traditional rulers, custodians of communal beliefs of values and traditions were at hand for conflict management and resolution, but beforehand they worked tirelessly in the area of conflict prevention. Their legitimacy was not necessarily dependent on the symbols of authority which have been introduced by modernization. They enjoyed the respect and obedience of people and were held in high regard because they were responsible and responsive to the earnings of their people. They were effective in governance, mainly as a result of the multi-stakeholder approach that they applied to leadership. In today's world, the continued existence of these traditional institutions and communal sensibilities side by side with the machinery of our modern democracy gives us an advantage that we must invoke. The moral and legal frameworks of this entrenched structural duality which we have allows us to be able to tackle problems like insecurity holistically. There is a moral orbit of trust that traditional leaders who live in closest proximity to the people possess that the law in a strict sense does not possess. It is this social consensus secured at the community level that makes our larger political consensus tenable. The extensive influence within the existing northern traditional leadership is urgently needed today more than ever before. The soul of the north and of Nigeria by extension is being contested by some of the most evil and destructive forces in contemporary history. And there are modern examples of the overwhelming human carnage that can result if we do not put up tough collaborative resistance. And we say collaborative resistance because we speak also of the resistance that must come from the traditional institutions against these forces of evil. Neither the glorious legacies of the past, nor the future of our children, or the future that our children will inherit will be immune if we do not check this onslaught. Mr. President has on numerous occasions reiterated the view that our peace and security architecture must recognize that traditional institutions are our first line of defense against the forces of anarchy. This explains why the federal government has deepened its partnership with the traditional institutions on several fronts. Given their familiarity with the local environment, traditional institutions are integrals to our nationwide program of community policing and can deliver valuable intelligence to state authorities. In many communities, the military and law enforcement agencies are partnering with the local age-grade groups, hunters and various associations under the sanction of traditional leadership. On its part, the government has remained resolute in the fight against terrorists and insurgents. Recent efforts have focused on deploying technology for surveillance, intelligence gathering, and also attack. And we'll also continue to encourage collaboration between the Federal Ministry of Justice and their state counterparts and law enforcement to ensure that those who have been apprehended for terrorism and violent crimes are effectively and speedily prosecuted. This is a fight. This is a fight, an existential fight for this nation. And we are determined to win. And we know that by the grace of God, all of these evil forces will be completely exterminated from this nation. Traditional institutions have been a key part of the conception and execution of our social investment programs. The school feeding program, the trade and money program, the market money program, the enterprise programs, all of the programs that we've had, our national livestock transformation program, addressing conflicts between farmers and herders, and also in the implementation of the at-risk children's program at P, an initiative that addresses vulnerable children who lack social protection and basic formal education. In the discussions on peace and security, it's important that we recognize that the crisis of human insecurity, inherent in having millions of out-of-school children condemned to a life of destitution, roaming our streets, is one that is very dear and stuck. This is why the partnership between the government at the federal and state level and traditional rulers is critical. When traditional institutions throw their moral weight behind progressive causes, whether it is educating the girl child and getting out of school children into schools or championing the conversation of our environment and combating the ravages of drug abuse, positive things happen. There are all areas, and several of these areas are areas of concern for our administration, and there is no doubt that we can prevail in these challenges if we work together. Policy and legislation are good ways to drive change, but the impact of these methods is very dramatically amplified when they are backed by the moral heft of sentinels of tradition at the communal level. The cross-migration and co-mingling of our peoples over decades and centuries means that there are no longer any ethnically or religiously homogeneous spaces in Nigeria. Our communities are diverse. They are host and home to people from all corners of the country. The composition of our community spaces a burden on leadership to promote peaceful coexistence, neutrality and tolerance. This task is as incumbent on traditional rulers in their domains as it is on elected leaders and on all chairs of government. Royal fathers have to be fathers of all in word and in deed. Our collective vision must be of an environment of peace where the righteous aspire and to actualize a supported irrespective of religion, gender or cultural identity. There is no place for exclusion or nativism. This understanding is at the heart of the consensus upon which we will anchor a peaceful and prosperous country. The Sadhana in his lifetime had grasped the imperatives that still face us today. As a prince of Sokoto and a seon of the traditional institution, he embodied the nexus between the ancient and the modern. He was a traditionalist with a strong, farsighted, modernizing instinct who understood that the key to the future lay in blending ancient values with progressive truths. As a premier of the then Northern region, he understood the necessity of inclusive governance in a plural environment. He was a servant leader, always on the ground amongst his people, a pragmatic unifier who stood for the principles that he held dear while respecting the diverse views of others. We must rediscover the bridge-building roles of our forebears and speak up for the values that have held us together thus far. We have the moral responsibility of raising a standard for our young people. This includes speaking up consistently for peace and justice and also listening patiently to their grievances. Our traditional institutions possess all the emotional channels that penetrate far deeper than the most sophisticated surveillance equipment can. They hear what the government does not hear. They see what the government does not see. They understand the language of the people's frustrations and they can provide valuable intelligence that can de-escalate potential problems before they have a chance to spark. We cannot afford to allow political experiences to taint the sanctity of our traditional institutions. So, reviving traditional institutions also requires that we build and rebuild the connecting tissues of trust between political leaders, traditional institutions, and the people. There's an entire world out there calling out the potential of young men and women not just in the north but all across Nigeria. And we owe it to them to see that they have ample opportunity to take their place in this modern world. We have the duty to remind them of the values that define us. The virtues of work, of faith, of tolerance, of brotherliness. We owe our young people a duty to prepare them for a competitive world through knowledge acquisition and moral development. To your Royal Majesty's here present and across the north, I thank you again for your contributions especially in tackling insecurity in the region and your enormous efforts at conflict resolution and peace building in your respective domains. Your patriotic roles will not be forgotten and your patriotic roles and all of what you have done and what you are still doing will not just be remembered by this administration or by this group of people but by generations to come. Once again, I thank the foundation for the very kind invitation to me and I thank you all very much for listening.


Have you seen a combo this clean? Hit it by the- I can let my clone go first, it'll hit the trips. That's fine, I'm gonna ult, and if I hit one, you can TP back. I hit two, I hit two, they're both done. Yo, the combo, it worked.


With football on the Sportsmax zone another edition of the Africa Cup of Nations set to kick off on Saturday in the Ivory Coast and of course your home of champions will be bringing you all the action from the biggest football tournament on the continent and with us to break down what is lining up to be another special tournament is our football ace analyst, Ligé Williams. Ligé let's first run through the sixth. Wait did you write this segment? Hold on, Lance is that an upgrade? That wasn't the problem. It's not the first time that I'm calling him or football ace. Lance really likes it. It's the first time I'm hearing it. I'm hearing it. Is that an upgrade? You have promoted Mr Williams. It's not an upgrade because I've been labelling him that for several months now. So for several months now you have given him a promotion, an upgrade. If you want to take it that way, yeah. Did it come with pay? Well... Why are they contesting my return that I used to present? If I'm being honest... I was only asking a question. And if I'm being honest I know Ligé was the producer for this segment so I wasn't looking up. I was actually making down some notes. I didn't write that. Sir Lance is very appreciative of the quality. He's really been batting for you in the meeting. Yeah, of course. Which is right. Sir Lance doesn't make much runs. I didn't make a lot of runs the last cricket match I played but it's okay. Ricardo, let's leave that one there. Let's have a look at the groups now, Ligé. Yes, because Africa Cup of Nations football is always very, very exciting. And for the last decade or so we've had a different winner. It's every two years we've had a different winner during the two seasons. Seventy-seven consecutively. Yes, we've had different winners. So group A has the hosts, Equatorial Guinea Bissal and Nigeria who are multiple champions, three-time champions. How is this group looking? I think how the African Cup of Nations is set up. It's very rare that you're going to see any of the big guns really fall out early because of the 24 contesting teams, 16 go through to the knockout stages. So I think it should be safe sailing for Ivory Coast and Nigeria and maybe a third place from this group as well. But I highlighted Ivory Coast and I highlighted Nigeria because there are two teams that are seen as really big kinds of African football, especially if you think about it from a European sense looking on. But as of late we haven't seen either of them really live up to those expectations. The mid-2000s, we saw Ivory Coast being labeled as the favourites year on year but it was really Egypt, a team that we'll get onto that really won all of those trophies. Nigeria, they're a team that has their attack is ridiculous to be honest. But I think they'll be pegged back a bit because they'll be without their key midfielder and Wilfred Ndidi and one of their leading strikers, Victor Boniface, he will be out of the competition as well. So it will be all up to Ossiman, let's see what he can produce and if Nigeria are going to win this competition it will be through his goals. Let's look at Group B now and see how the teams are stacking up there. Cape Verde, there is Egypt who have been hugely successful, the most successful team in the Africa Cup of Nations, seven-time champions. They were back to back to back winners in the 2000s decade. Ghana, who have been tremendously successful in FIFA age group like on the 17 competitions but not so much at the senior level and Mozambique. Yeah and the two middle countries there highlighted Egypt and Ghana. You mentioned that Egypt have been wildly successful, the most successful team in the African Cup of Nations history. The first winners, the only team to win three consecutive titles as well and you know they've gotten to two of the last three finals without being successful. So I think if there is pressure on any team, any player to deliver something in this tournament I think it would be on Egypt and Mohamed Salah I think for his reputation especially seeing that Sadio Mane got his first triumph, Senegal's first triumph in the Cup of Nations, I think Egypt to really say that they're the top guns of African football and Mohamed Salah to really put a case forward as one of the best African players of all time. He has to deliver in this tournament. Alright, let's look at group C now for the Afghan, the African Cup of Nations, Cameroon. Only Egypt are more successful than they have been in the history of this tournament but they have got Gambia, Guinea and the reigning champions to face. Yeah and it's going to be, I think this is the toughest group. Guinea and Gambia are not pushovers by any stretch of the imagination. Cameroon, they had a relatively successful tournament last time coming third. They had the top goals, Kora Victor, Abubakar, Vincent Abubakar, eight goals that's a stunning return in any international tournament. He'll be returning, a lot of Cameroon's players are aged in a bit. Same with Senegal really but I'm sure they'll be on a high. No team has recorded back-to-back Afghan victories since Egypt in the mid-2000s. I think it was 2008, 2010 so they'll be looking to really break that curse and try and see if they can push through and get the victory this time. Yeah, of course we remind you that there's live commentary on Sports Max 2 on the opening day coming up on Saturday as we continue to look at the groups involved here in the Africa Cup of Nations. Rupi, Algeria Angola, Burkina Faso and Mauritania. I think they should be a pretty straightforward group for Algeria. I think Avdem is one of the favourites. They won the tournament before the last one. They have retained a lot of their better players.  Ismail, Benazir, Algeria has a lot of really good players. They'll be looking to make a dent in this tournament. I just can't have them as the favourites anymore but they're definitely one of the favourites. Burkina Faso are very usually a very solid unit. Yeah, so Algeria are looking comfortably here in Group D. Yeah, I think so. How about Group E? How are we looking for that? Yeah, you know, this is a group that could go several different ways. You know, you have Tunisia who are a team that's usually very solid. They have gone to the knockout stages in the last ten editions of the tournament. South Africa, they're always a team looking to do well as well. Namibia, I'm not quite sure how they'll fare in this group. And Mali, they have one of the best young cores, especially he spoke about how Africans can really produce at the unders level. Mali went to the under-17 World Cup this year and played third. A lot of, you know, I'm not quite sure. They didn't pick so many of players from that squad. You know, Ibrahim Dair, I think he's one of the brightest young players in world football. He wasn't selected. So I'm not quite sure what was the rationale behind that, but Mali are a team that can make some waves in this tournament. And finally, Group F. And the team stacking up there. And I think the... Morocco, Tanzania and Jambia. Yeah, and I think this is a group that has the favourite for most people. Morocco, you know, Morocco, they went to the semifinals of the World Cup. They're a team that, you know, really captured the hearts of everyone who was watching on and they still retain all of that quality when you speak about from the back to the front, Bono in goal, Agar at the back, Amrabat and Oani in the midfield. And then Ziek, who isn't coming into the competition in a lot of form. But then a lot of the creative burden is taken off him because of Abdeh, who's really emerging at Real Betis and not to mention Yusef El-Nesiri as well. So on paper, I forgot to even mention Afrafa Kimi. So on paper, this Morocco team is the quality team. But when you think about it, I always say I'm a betting man. I don't bet against the trends. And Northern African teams always struggle to translate when they're forced to play or they're playing the African tournament in other parts of Africa. And this competition is in the Ivory Coast. I'm not one to bet against it. So although Morocco do seem like they're coming in as favourites, I wouldn't be surprised if one of the Western African teams really emerged this time around and get the victory. Yeah, and Leger, you know the bookmakers, they have already put out their teams because we're getting ready for a big day tomorrow. They have said that Senegal, they're betting on Senegal to of course retain their title. Do you agree with that narrative? And if not, who's your team to take it all? That's a tough one. I just said that I can't go against the trends and the trend is that it's the last seven competitions, there's been seven new winners. So I can't go and say that a team is going to know, retain, especially when you think about their talisman, Sadio Mane, how influential he was in the last tournament. For him now to be outside of European football, same as Edward Mende, the best goalkeeper in the tournament. For them to be outside of European football, I'm not quite sure of the motivation or how sharp they are coming into the tournament. So I'm not quite sure if they will get it done. I was banking on Nigeria a lot, but I think the recent losses of Boniface and indeed I think we'll hamper them a bit. So right now I'm not quite sure. I know I'm usually the guru. Well, not usually, I am the guru. But I'm not going to put out on my eggs in one basket right now because of the uncertainties around the squad. I don't bet blindly, that's not what guru is doing. I'm just wondering where Ricardo is juggling. Oh dear, I just said oh dear. I mean... Anyway, in addition to following AFKON, you'll also be an analyst for the Issa Schoolboy Football, Scholastic and All-Star Exhibition Games on Saturday. What can we expect from that? Yeah, I think we'll expect some good football. You know, some of the best youth players across the island, you know, playing in the respective games. You know, the Scholastic game is players that may have missed out a bit on being named to the All-Star team, but they're being recognised because they've managed to couple their good football play with good schoolwork as well, which is a difficult thing to do. You know, Ricardo was a former student athlete yourself, Sir Lance, and you as well, Ricardo. You know, Ricardo is so successful in his things in sports at the high school level, so he would know how difficult it can be. And look at him now, he's here, he's brilliant, you know. Are you trying to get a raise? No, not right now. But, you know, I think it can be a really good opportunity to showcase. I'm sure there'll be a lot of scouts around, and they won't only be around for the All-Star game, but there'll be a lot of scouting versus All-Dakasta. You know, that's going to be a good one, I think. It usually is, usually is full of goals, and I'm looking forward to covering it on Saturday. Yeah, and a good lead to put on a schoolboy football season, that was tremendous. Yeah, there was so much quality in the schoolboy football season. As I always say, year on year, you know, I've been following schoolboy football for basically as long as I can remember watching football. And I think year on year, we're seeing how the improvement of football in Europe, especially, has filtered down into the coaches here, and it's led to a lot of quality, tactical approaches, a lot of quality players as well, shining through. So, it was definitely a very good year of schoolboy football, and I'm expecting it to get even better in upcoming years. Yeah. All right, Lige, always great having you live sitting on the set with us here on the Sportsmax zone. We look forward to your coverage of the All-Star Scholastic Games on Saturday. Fly from the national stadium on the home of champions and as we said earlier in the segment, presenting to you on the home of champions, the Africa Cup of Nations for the next few weeks, live exclusively on Sportsmax and Sportsmax 2. We go to break, back with more on the zone after this. Thank you.


So we need a couple volunteers, I think six or four volunteers, hands, hands, okay. So if you could find David and tell him you want to sign up for Hacker Jeopardy, he was here a second ago, I think you can sign up online.  Where did you go? Come on. Okay, there's still room for a couple more teams at Hacker Jeopardy, so please see David, please enjoy Hacker Jeopardy, because if there's not enough team, it'll probably get all left up. What? Do it. Do it. So, up next we've got David, Brian, aka Video Man, who is returning to Torcon yet again to speak with us. I think the reason he does come back to Torcon is actually because it's a whole lot warmer than Minnesota.  He establishes tools and processes for doing, for his clients to do pen testing, and part of tools and processes sometimes means taking hard to use tools and making them easy to use tools.  Thanks. Thank you. So a couple of shout outs first to the Torcon crew. Thank you for putting this conference on. Super important.  What we're going to talk about, a little intro about me. Talk about some of the history of access controls, access cards that are out there. And talk about some of the current systems, as well as some of the issues with some of those systems. And then do a little demo. So hopefully the demo works and the demo gods won't fail me today. I volunteer for a lot of things. I probably shouldn't, but I do. Thoughtcon is a conference I help run in Chicago. It's a good conference. If you're in or near Chicago, you should come by or maybe even plan to come. We have VIP tickets, which basically gets you free booze all day. So it's kind of like this, but we also have some sponsors. But they don't get any say in the conference. They only get say in the after party, which is great. I've been a goon for 21 years now. It's been fun. It's been a lot of def cons, a lot of craziness. But basically if you sit in your hotel room and watch any of the talks, that's because my team, we've got a team of about seven of us that come out every year and set up the video. And yeah, it's great. Also tour camp is coming up. Right. Tour camp 2018 was a lot of fun. So tour camp is coming up. I help support that. Also get involved in your local DEF CON groups, DC communities, DEF CON communities, or 2600 to some degree. Some of them are not so great. Some of them are much better. But the DEF CON groups tend to be more computer security focused, rather than criminals. I mean, I also really dislike large ISPs to the point that I started my own Pico ISP in my neighborhood. I've got about, I think, 50 clients or so that I serve us. And then I'm a pen tester with IBM. So external customers. I recently was in Japan testing ATMs, right? So all sorts of stuff like that. All right. So tour camp is awesome. You should register. If you haven't registered, why haven't you? Bring a modem. Oh yeah, bring a modem. Okay. So I've just been informed to bring a modem. Somebody will have a BBS.  They run a twisted pair to everybody's camp with a form in triplicate to request your stuff.  Anyway, access control. Why? Right? Everybody has a building. Everybody has something that they need to protect. And in order to have protections, you have access control systems, access control mechanisms. Physical keys are great from the perspective that, you know, you have to have a physical key supposedly, right? Locks can be picked. Not everybody knows how to pick locks. But you have to have a key. So in order to facilitate that, you might have a master key and you might have subkeys. The master key systems make your locks even more vulnerable to attack. And now you can't watch who's actually entered your building unless you've got a lock that, you know, essentially part of the key stays in the lock and then you can go and interrogate the lock. Those are extremely expensive, hard to maintain, hard to manage, all sorts of stuff that is just wrong with them. And the biggest problem is what happens when an employee loses their key?  Probably not, right? Especially if you've got a large number of locks on your building. So come in the next phase, electronic access control, right? Because you want to be able to remove their code or remove the user immediately if they lose their card or maybe they're terminated, right, from an employee's perspective. So really, it's a savior, right? It's the way to make it so it's easy for someone to come in and revoke credentials, change out credentials, maybe put restrictions on when a user can actually enter the building because you can't really do that with a physical key. A physical key, someone's going to come in anytime, right, 24-7. So I say it's a savior and a blight and it's a blight from the perspective that a lot of the manufacturers have basically used security through obscurity to protect your building, right? The obscurity is the card manufacturers, or the obscurity is the protocol, right, the protocol on the back end. So there's basically a UL, so underwriter laboratories, has a scale that works, I think it's the Loa-Locksmith Union, there's a scale for how long it takes to maintain access to a safe. It's like TTL 15, right, which is tools, torches, and time of 15, right? You want to make sure that whatever you're trying to get into has the appropriate amount of controls, right? So a safe 15 minutes to get in if you don't have the combination, probably reasonable, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, whatever it is, right? An access door, that's totally not reasonable. You should be able to probably drill the core to get into it if you lose the key, right, at the least, and you're going to see that someone is up at your door drilling it, destroying it, whatever it might be. So access cards and access control has to have appropriate controls, I guess is what I'm trying to say.  All right, so this is what's called a Wegan card, right? So the reason, well, I'll get to the reason why I'm presenting this in just a moment, but this is one of the original access cards, and you can see down here, we've actually got little bits of wire that are embedded in this card, and what happens is this card passes over a read head, there's a magnet that drops a charge on the wire and then drops it on the read head, and there's two lines of these little wires. One is a zero line, and one is a one line. As those drop on, the reader on the back end goes, oh, that's a, you know, one, that's a zero, okay, now we know what card number it is, essentially, right? And that's a physical card. This is a proximity card, which is magnetically coupled. So the coil, in this case, in the card, enters into the reader's field, and the reader clamps down, or not the card, sorry, the card clamps down on the field, and then the reader goes, oh, okay, that's a one, oh, that's a zero, oh, that's a one, right? It does this at a frequency, a resonant frequency of 125 kilohertz. There's a manufacturer that basically sold these cards with facility codes, right? So if you knew that you wanted a secure site, you would buy one of the cards that had a very specific facility code for your building, or for your site, right? It's a neat idea of security, and it's security through obscurity, right, especially when we start to talk about the Proxmark stuff. There's also a mode inside of the Proxmark where you can tell it a facility code, and it'll just go through and brute-force all the combinations, right? That's super, super useful. So RFID is a little different from the perspective that you are actually energizing the tag at 13.56 megahertz, and then the device is sending data back to you at exactly half the frequency, right? So it's an active device. You can do a lot more with RFID stuff than you can with the 125 kilohertz stuff. For example, passports, right? Your passport is encrypted with a bunch of the stuff at the bottom of the text that's inside your passport. You can store, like, there's a photo, and there's all the passport data that's on your passport stored in the RFID chip inside of your passport. Encrypted cards, they do exist. However, in a lot of implementations, they don't change the key, right? So you have an encrypted card or a card that has some sort of encryption on it. Encryption, I say that with air quotes to some degree, because it really depends on the implementation. But the readers will all have the same key that's deployed out, and it's probably a default key, right? Which is a little crazy. Myfairclassic obviously is broken. Myfairdesfire, for the moment we know, works pretty well. It uses a challenge mechanism where it sends some data to the card. The card then has to send data back, right? And that data back, if the key is the same, the data should be correct, right? There's a chance that if you had access to the physical reader, you could still do some side-channel attacks to recover that key. So I just think about that. Like if a reader goes missing on your building, maybe it's time to change the keys, hopefully, if someone knows how to do that. That's the hardest part. All right, so the reason I mentioned the original weekend protocol with the wires is because that's what all these readers use on the back end, just a one and a zero line to transmit the data to the access control unit. And then the access control unit is the thing that has the relay that energizes the door strike, right? It's not encrypted. Very rarely will someone actually hook up the tamper lines, right? Because that's an extra step. It involves two pieces of electronic components that need to go in at the door strike or at the reader. Basically, it's called a monitored input, right? They actually have that technology in a lot of the modern systems to monitor that reader input, that one and zero line. And if it gets clipped, it then sends an alarm. Most people don't use that. So there's a couple of people. Zach Franken and Major Melfunction, they put together in 2008 a PIC controller called GECO that you could basically insert in between the Wigan line, pick it up. I think one of their versions had Bluetooth, but by default it would just wait for one of their cards, and when it saw one of their cards, it would then replay the last card that was seen from the device. Last known good read, because it also tracked the LED, so if the LED flashed green, oh yeah, that's a valid card, so let's store that in our memory. And now there is actually this tool. I found this out recently, ESP RFID tool. I think you can interrogate it with Bluetooth as well. It's just an ESP chip. I thought it was pretty ingenious that they made this little tiny board. So when you're talking about, okay, we've got all these fun security things up front that use these cards. The back end is still weak-hand, and you're not monitoring your inputs and you're not monitoring your tamper, you're still going to have this problem where your stuff is going to be tampered with, or at least replayed, very easily replayed. I think one of the last things is putting the reader behind glass is actually not a bad idea.  Maybe we've got some camera footage of it. We can go back and try to figure out if they actually stole the reader so they could get the keys. Or if they implanted a device, for example. All right. So now let's go on to card cloning. So this is the worst card cloner in the world. It goes through and actually will write a pin. A lot of these will write a pin to the card, so you can only reprogram it using this card. The Proxmark actually has a function built into it that you can go through and try and brute force the pin on these cards. The reprogrammable cards are TI 5577 cards. That's the model number. So let's talk a little bit about the evolution because I think it's important to see where some of this stuff has come from. I think this is a knockoff of a Proxmark. I mean, it's all open source hardware, right? But the first version started out fairly big, fairly bulky, not exactly easy to use with all the connectors. And we had another version. Proxmark 3, RDV. We're now into RDV4. Well, now it's RDV4. So this is the RDV4, which is the size of a pack of cigarettes, kind of, you know, pretty small, right? So the idea is that if I was an evil asshole, I would come up and surreptitiously read your badge from your bag, right? Run the wire up my arm, on my sleeve. And actually, the guys who created this have now come out with a module that's Bluetooth enabled and has a battery on it. So, yeah, you don't even need the wire anymore. Now just bloop. Pretty cool stuff. Yeah, I was actually very happy about this module. The other modules are very bulky. Like, you would know that somebody is carrying a giant PCB and wants to touch your card. So back about February or so, I was like, hey, I really want one of these. This card badge printer, because, like, you know, I think it would be fun to play with. I think it would be fun to have. It could be definitely useful in a bunch of our pen test engagements, right? So I went to marketing and said, hey, buy me one of these printers. And they said, okay, make me a demo. So for Black Hat, I put together a demo, a couple of demos, where we had some stations where people would come up. We'd take a picture of them. They'd get a badge printed out. The default badge could allow them to go and make coffee. So at the Black Hat booth, in order to make coffee, you had to have a badge. It was hilarious, because people didn't understand it. They're like, what? I have to have a badge? Yes. But then there was also a part where I had a badge on my person. They could walk up to me. I'd walk over and we would surreptitiously have them read my badge, right? And then write it to their badge. And then they could go over to this prize wall, which was, you know, 3x3 cube of all sorts of little trinkets. And if they'd scanned or cloned my badge, they could scan it there and one of the doors would open up. Sweet. But I had to make sure that this was idiot-proof, right? The last thing I want is someone sitting at a command line. What do I type? Yeah. L-F-Space-R-E-A-D. Oh, no. No. That's not going to work. That is totally not going to work. So I came up with a web interface. And the idea is that you can walk up. Someone can hit read my card. And then they can hit clone that card. Done. Super simple. Super easy. And then last week I did a talk in Tokyo, this talk. And I was like, I think I want to add some functionality to this. Because this could be a really nasty tool. So I basically put in a database and then added the ability to clone any of the cards that are in the database back to a new blank card or simulate it. All right. So now we're going to do a demo and hope it doesn't fail. Oh, yeah. So I'm also doing, I brought my card printer with. So I will be doing that demo tomorrow. So if you, I don't know where I'm going to set it up, but I have the card printer. I have the badge cloner. I have all the stations. We'll set it up somewhere and people can come by and take pictures and clone cards. It should be pretty fun. All right. Let's see here. Nope. I don't want that. What are you doing? All right. So this is the web interface. Let's see. I got a card here. I can hold it up to my thing and go read card. Yeah. That'd be awesome. And hopefully it reads it. Yes, it did. Look at that. We've got to read. So I'm going to decode 42-1337. And also, I can do this on my phone. Uh-oh. There we go. So I should be able to say read card. I don't know if we'll be able to see it here easily enough. Oh, I wonder. So I've got to connect to it first. So I created a basically a Bluetooth pan on this device in my pocket, which is a Raspberry Pi Zero.  Connect to it over IP. Pop it into a web browser. I can say, all right, let's read that card. All right. So there we go. 42-1337. I can now go to all the cards that I've read. Red. Prior. And go through and say, all right, let's simulate. Right. And so now the Proxmark goes into simulate mode. And then just push the button. Stop simulating. Pretty simple, pretty easy. Oh, I also translated it into Japanese. So because I figure if I'm going to Japan, I might as well make the interface easy for people to read. But that also means that we could translate whatever language we want. So it was a lot of work, but it was a lot of fun. Yeah, so come on over and play. I have probably 300 cards that I brought with. So if anybody wants their picture on some sort of fun card, I think by default I've got this template going. But if you've got another template, we might be able to put it on there. And the code I pushed to GitHub, I don't know if it works on anything else, but I mean, at least pull it down and try to work with it. It only works with the RDV4, which is the latest version. And the way that the Proxmarks work is it's not just a serial connection directly to the Proxmark. There's actually a binary that runs that then talks to the Proxmark to get it to do the things. So you have to have the right code set for the Proxmark 3 RDV4. If you don't and you try and flash it, you will brick it. I bricked mine and then had to pull out my JTAG, a bus pirate basically, the bus pirate, to talk to it over JTAG to re-upload firmware.  So anyway, I think that's about all I have. Two minutes left and thank you. Okay, thanks very much. If you have any questions, we're going to shuffle outside in just a few minutes. We have a short break between now and whatever's next. Lightning talks. So yeah, we have lightning talks coming up here in just a couple minutes. So take a quick break, but in about three minutes or so, we'll have Aaron Browning talking about token up, keeping hands out of the cookie jar. So see you back in a couple minutes.