for that. So today you have Nico Trixovich of ARC, that all of you here should know him, and Scott Barron, the two of the four scholars who are working here. Jose Capriolets was also a co-director of my project, he gets around as Jose, and Colomiro Santoro of Arrica, Chile. So I guess all of their, what part of the college I guess is what the university is called. So many, many people involved, and they have been working now for some time on the north post of the Oshama, down there in the northern Chilean area, and this proved to be a good project. As you know, Nico works here in the ARC, he's a professional archaeologist, and this is just his most recent research that he's been involved in. They just got out of the field weeks ago, especially since it's hot off the hot, dry environment, and Scott Barron has been an affiliate associate in criminal business here with ARC for many years. He has his own consulting firm, though, and this equipment you see before you is kind of his baby, and his company, if you wanted to look it up, and what it's involved in, is called Feature Survey. So it's all about walking across the landscape and finding out what's underneath it. So the two of them, I guess, are team talking today, and presenting this field research that is, well, you'll tell us the dates, but recently, very recently. So welcome, Scott, and thank you, Nico. Yeah, so, it's a pleasure to talk about this exciting new work we're doing with this Chilean team in the Anacoma Desert. So first, I'm going to introduce the work we've been doing, the overview. We've kind of jumped in and made a long running project, so we'd have the pleasure of having a lot of material to show you. So first off, I'm going to show you some of the artifacts that we've been finding in this area, and then I'll talk about the time you told me, and Scott will talk about it right away about it, that we recently participated or conducted down in the Anacoma. So, as I mentioned, this project has been going on for some years. A lot of us in Peru, in particular, a Chilean archaeologist who was here in 2016 speaking about this area, has been working there for some decades now, and they've located many terminal places to see the science in this area that was previously thought of as unhappable. And so, his project has recently gone in grant to this organization, this subgroup of the Chilean, it's the Technology and Science Institute of Chilean Government, kind of like the area itself. They have a program on the Corrupulación Internacional, so they've been working with them for longer than they do in the past, and that's supported this work. Other international scholars who have worked with them, we've been through both the issue of the audience and we've been through today, and it's been great to be able to work with these scholars who are real experts in these different domains that they're bringing to this work. It also includes Claudio Sampo-Latorre, who's an expert in tibial oncology and predestruction. So, this area has, one thing that's really exciting about this is these early sites, right, these terminal places, these sites are right in the early policy, but then there's very little impact in the area because this hyperedity of the island called the desert has led to near total vanity until recent times. There's a few windows when people were in there, but you have these very shallow old sites right on the surface. So, these can help us to understand more about the people in South America and how this may have occurred. We know that the coastal route has been really popular, and this is not exactly how it comes, but it's near the coast, and it perhaps helps us to understand how people could have gotten there as far as Monteverde Act, like 18,000 or earlier now, research is showing, years before present. So, what you see is a lot of coastal sites are becoming recognized, but none of them lie in the middle of this kind of laser route. None of them lie in the Atacama Corp here. So, this area that we're speaking about today, come out of a knee, is right here. A lot of the coast is not in the highlands. It lies in this area that's known as the hyper-arid core of the Atacama, and it's hyper-arid because it has, here's a, well, zoom in on that area, it has a coastal range separating it from the Pacific Ocean, and it also has the pre-Cordillera, the Indies here, the Western Cordillera, the Indies, and so you have these rich resources like the Pacific Ocean here, and the Humboldt Current sweeps up the Pacific Coast here, so the fisheries are terrific, and then you have the Tuna with the Makiura and the other big game out here, but in the middle, it's extremely arid today, but research is showing that, while it was, it wasn't vegetating heavily around these areas, there were oases that connected the coastal with the highlands, and so it wasn't as unwelcome as it was in the start. So, there's another view of this hyper-arid core, and research that's occurred has been focusing on this area that's known as the Humboldt and Tamagungal, which is this tree that can be, this is pre-Atacama vegetation that can survive, and tapping to the water that's down underneath that runs off of the Sierra here. It's not that the, this is extremely arid because you have these coastal fogs that come up off the ocean, right, in some parts of the Pacific, including California, right, the coastal green layer, but that's blocked by this coastal courier, so it's a rain shower from here, and it's especially a rain shower coming from the predominant direction, which is from the Anzol, so it's a double dry. But what you see is that there's evidence of previously vegetated areas. There's a lot of fossil wood that's found in some of these areas that are still present because of the humidity, it's preserving things very well, and carbon makes that have to run on some of these vegetation shows that it's sort of episodic that you have these periods of vegetative growth, and there's another one here, which is pretty recent, but the things we're talking about today are right at the end of the Pleistocene, around 11,000 to 12,000 years, calorie years can be. So that's one source of information about the paleoecology comes from this vegetation that's present. Another major source is chinchilla rapids, which is sort of the South American version of the pack rapids, and many of us are familiar with this type of work from the Great Basin, but to summarize, basically these runs go out and gather vegetative material from about 50 meters from their nests, from the ability to nest, and if they're under a little roof or somehow protected in this arid climate, they bring back this vegetative material, smell rocks, animal dung, and they build these middens in the organic, and it preserves, and it's called amber grout. It locks it in, it's like a time capsule. It can last up to 50,000 years, and researchers like Claudio Motore cracked an open in studying the plant material in these layers, and we can actually interact with these layers in a pretty good sense of what was growing in that area. And the third source of information about the paleoecology is from lake cores that have been placed in the highlands in these lakes that are up on the Puna in Bolivia today. And these lake cores show that there was the paleo lakes, like the paleo-like cowherd, and there was a later period of cluvial invigilage that occurred, and when these lakes were to fall, all this precipitation was occurring, especially in January, as you can see up here, that elevated the water table below. You actually have activated streams coming down into that dry icon allowing those oases to occur. So here you can see this profile here is represented there in the profile, and then basically the water's accumulated in here. Nothing really grows much below 2,300 meters, and then this pump is at about 1,000 meters above sea level. And what the archeology is showing is that the second episode of cluvial invigilage is when most of the sites are clustered below. So here's another view of the profile with... You can see how the water basically goes underground and there's vegetation that takes advantage of that. So we have... They've found a number of sites, dozens of sites in this area that gave to that later cluvial vent, which is essentially a cluvial vent of K2. That's about 13,000 or 10,000 years ago. And I'm going to show you some material excavated here at Kibreda, where we need 12. I put this map up here again so you can see it's... We're talking about QM and Kibreda, so we're right in this area now. And we did this work about 10 years ago, and it was published in 2013. So I'll show you some artifacts from this site, but the project we're talking about today is primarily from QM35. The Pan-American highways are here, and there's a lot of sites clustered in there, but all of these are leading to that K2 cluvial vent. So this is at Q of 12 off to the east. They found a... You see it's relatively shallow, but they found a heart, a very clay heart. It is 12.8,000 feet long to be.  We find a megafaunal surface over at Q of 35, but all the animal bone that's been directly associated with human sites are chameleon and no megafaunal. It doesn't seem to have a heart like that.  So there's a number of other material found in this site. They have... Let's check quickly some slides. These are marine gastropods, and it's about 85 kilometers to the west. So they're traiding or traveling to the coast to bring back marine material. This is the end of an Apollo. And some other material, everything preserves very nicely that chameleon fiber thread. So they could have been spinning, you know, up on the communion wall. This is before the apocas and chameleons were investigated. And then some relatively large lithics, some truly projectile point styles for the area, and more distinctive projectile point styles. So these are from the Ramaditas area. Those last ones are from up here. So these are the styles there. So now I'm going to turn to the site where we worked out most recently just on the underground. So here's a view of the Cabrata in my need 35. You have a... We're now out in the flats of the Anacoma complex, and you can see that there's these kind of low bridges. And then this light area is today the lowest in the terrain, but it's not that much lower. So we're talking about a meter of relief and maybe a little more a meter and a half. And then here's one of the giant ground sloths sitting on the surface. And we've got some fun, great material in these. Unfortunately, no collagen is preserved in these bones, so they have to get up to re-neocarbonate or HVNA or the... But potentially, there's some that's found in better preservation that we could be studying further. Another feature of this area is that this paleo-wetting is... There's a black mat or dead material that extends under these layers. And it's got some cut through about the black mat we're working with in the bottom of the graveyard. Another thing you see at the Cabrata buddy 35 is tree stoves out in this area. It doesn't look very welcoming to trees. These are cut because they sample from those... So these are the types of things we might be looking for or running into with geophysical methods. We might be encountering density changes because of education and taking some pictures of this giant ground sloth. You can see these low rises. Most of the archaeological material is found on these low rises, these ridges. Then there's this concentration of rocks. I brought the magnetometer, the bartintin radiometer, to help me trip with us as well as one of the radar inscriptions for another GSSI radar. One of the motivations for bringing the magnetometer was the hopes that if these rocks contained enough ferrous material that it would have stayed out from the serility of the material and would be able to identify rock concentrations like this, perhaps other parts. We didn't know that. So these are the types of projectile points that could run on the N35. These are definitely early styles in the region. It'll just breeze over some of the maps. You can see the pan of vegetation, some animal bone, artifacts on the surface. They've put in almost a dozen past two minutes like this. They generally did it two by two because it's so sandy that it just collapses in. You can see that this is getting down to sterile but there's a quantity of material on the top portion of this thing. In the latest paintings, they haven't found anything quite as intact as in 2012. They have animal bone on the surface. Here's a heart. They've got some antestates from that. They're very shallow to them. We were trying to avoid stepping deeply into this desert pavement. They have two skirts, this salty material but it's pretty soft in some areas. So we've got these overboots and blue foam sort of like sand shoes. Sand shoes for sand. They helped, but you can see, one reason I included this photo is you can see this little riser. This is the ridge that we're talking about. We're most in the archaeological material that's found. They've hired right before we worked in Spanish where the drone came out and she's a geospatial specialist and they've got her to fly the area right before we work which is actually sort of coincidence that it happened like that but it's very good because we then showed up with our geophysical material and it just been documented nicely like lots of high-resolution photographs performing an active geophysics and then she produced this D.D. Atman photograph from this Phantom III drone with a 4000K camera and you can see that this is, I'm showing here the lipix the red are the diagnostics which I'll put on because the black triangles are non-diagnostic lipix and I won't explain because I have concentrations but they're very much concentrated on the ridge. You can see here that on the D.D.M. even though it's subtle, it's only a meter or seven meters it really pops out about the screen time. So the following materials you can see the breakdown here aren't so much concentrated on the ridge there's a lot associated with the wetland but again they're not necessarily occurring with the human modification some of these could be much older places in the area in fact maybe in America maybe in the American horse there's a horse here maybe a theory that was right there and the other mega theory I'm going to show you is here and then there's also the stumps and the stumps do occur here around that black mat so here's the geophysical blocks that we were able to analyze in a period we were there which was in this site for three days we were at another site for a little tour of two, three and a half weeks and the blue is my magnum tree work and Scott has the red blocks out of a jar and he did a number of transects with the radar that were just walking kind of long exploratory transects as well so we were down there in early December and this magnetometer this is a two pole magnetometer and radiometer so there's a sensor, it's a fluctuated magnetometer that has a sensor on the top at the bottom of each pole and the data there is that you can get the magnetic signal from the top pole from the bottom from the signal from the bottom pole basically eliminate any magnetism and get the focus on the difference so if you pass over a highly magnetic feature some ferrous material or some other hot areas potentially concentration of ferrous rocks you could pick up the difference and show up well and illuminate some of the environmental things and get the distance that you can walk so there's two of them which means you can walk, you can come across the much crowded so if I walked on the first date we did 30 by 30 meter blocks you'd walk up, you'd walk back and you'd walk again, it wasn't able to do the zigzag just because they were rushing together well look at the VEF, you can see truck tracks this is what it really has so here's the magnetometry work of the 30 by 30 meter grid and I'll flip back and forth, you can see that this so I'll mention now that speaking when I was going on this build D trip a few weeks ago, they pointed out that there's pretty strong evidence that these are actually stream channels we'll go back to the larger picture there that this is actually the inverted stream channel that is, when long ago this was a during the first pluvial perhaps this area was scoured out and incised by these activated streams that were carving down to the Andes and they would have carved down this channel that then heavier sediments were precipitating in this channel these were this is basically denser than the surrounding area right, so they over the last over the millennia this surrounding area was scoured by elevated processing that is wind transport moved a lot of the lighter material away and what remains is this old stream channel and today it's a ridge because it's more resistant than the stuff around it so what we assumed was a ridge next to the paleo the paleo channels that are most evident for geomorphologists this looks like an ancient stream that has since is remnant and anything else was carried away so we kind of had an inverted thinking and this does look like a braided channel coming down and when I look into the and when I look at the magnetometry data I saw these sort of curing features and I didn't know what to make of it but when you look at the DEA behind it there in fact these curing so much channel like features there's a block to the west and again we have these sort of seamless features and in the magnetometry we have you know there are some um there are some anomalous looking features in the magnetometry what you look for in magnetometry data is often a dipole that is a strong positive and a strong negative and the feature of interest would be right between the two that's what's causing the strong positive and negative so we investigated these further with the radar and that's what the red block is showing there's another magnetic block to the west of that and we went over these at the radar and it wasn't particularly convincing so we're we're still in the process of interpreting those data but at this point I guess I'll end up with Scott and he's going to reflect on the radar work so we have both the radar and magnetometry operating out there the magnetometry covers so much more ground because it doesn't need to make direct contact with the ground surface like the radar is in this case but the radar gives us really three dimensions we're able to see the depth or variability at various depths within the site if it's possible radar is generally more informative in certain types of sites though the magnetometer is going to work much better in this case the radar shows a lot more detail to see what the radar grid looks like though you can see that the some of the smaller pebbles and in some cases lithics that the guard backs from the desert pavement get sort of pushed into the dust beneath the surface now over time those are likely going to emerge again but it may be 10 years we don't really know so that's a potential impact that we're concerned about so we didn't cover as much area with the radar grid we tended to focus on previously surface collected areas and truck track and foot traffic areas as well but that turned out to be well enough of a sample for us to identify several features and then I'll go through that process of how we identified those and the concern which were likely GMORPID which ones are potentially cultural features but let me give you a quick run down on how the GPR works here's Professor Sinceri himself doing GPR with two different instruments this is a 900 megahertz antenna with a tow handle this is the CPU the actual GPR unit this is our 3000 we're here with the 400 megahertz antenna on our cart and both these antennas were employed at the Acona project you'll see throughout the presentation these transect profiles in grayscale which are basically like the wall of an excavation unit in concept it's basically the single GPR transect the radar data in terms of information of radar energy bounced back to the receiving antenna and so in this case there's a horizon at this maybe 40 centimeter depth out here at the faculty club and we think it's common green foundations from cottages that were there before the faculty club was built this is the transect profile crossing a slice map so this is an amplitude slice map of that particular depth where those features are located so we'll look at slice maps in color at various depths and then the transect profiles which are generated as the instrument moves across the ground surface in the buried object often shows as a hyperbola single object because the radar first picks it up when it's farther away and then it's closer and then it's farther away again as it moves across the object planar surfaces look a lot like planar surfaces in a regular tumor profile how to get into all the details of the technique but one thing I do want to emphasize is that we're often limited by salt and soils so beaches are fine in the upper portion that's rinsed by fresh water but when you get down towards the salt water intrusion you don't really get data because the salt crystals continue into the radar signal the energy doesn't come back so that's been a limitation for previous GPR projects in the out-of-comic desert based on not ones that I've done but based on my communication with better coloniers and Peter Leach who's done GPR projects down there we were really fortunate though at QN35 we got great results and I think actually the other sites that we visited as well so I think there's a lot of potential at least for sites that are above the alkaline dehydration zone another way of conceptualizing the slice maps coming from an individual profile so back to the grids here I'll just go through the process I number grids sequentially I'll talk about how we started doing grids in individual transects and started to make sense of our findings this crimp one was located up on that ridge kind of at the northern edge of it where it went along what we thought was the paleo channel below to the north and the slice maps at different depths showing this 20 meter long grid 20 by 6 meters at 7 meters show some really interesting patterns here which we interpreted as potentially the bank of the channel that was inside us I could think of megafauna game trails or other types of erosion that might have caused this sort of a pattern here this arc shape to the edge of this varied surface of some kind now the profiles they showed multiple straight up these profiles were going parallel to the ridge so they didn't show any other details or some interesting disruptions to the planar phenomena over here in the east the second grid we did just not too many meters to maybe 100 meters or 80 meters to the south showed a really distinct feature in an otherwise again you know ridge parallel stacked straight up beneath the lust or dust that forms the basis of the desert cave and this is where most of the artifacts are but if you wanted to understand this feature here it's zoomed in on this profile it appears to be a pit feature and so that one's actually undergoing excavation the first one to be excavated it's the heat of summer right now so they're going to resume excavations here when it cools down in spring or in May another grid we placed on this area where two trucks were where multiple vehicles had driven through just because it was an area we weren't concerned about part of that integrity on the surface this means grid three this also revealed potentially significant feature out here this grid is longer and also a narrow one you can see it in the multiple slice maps from the feature that I mean from for this grid at different depths this feature is pretty distinct here in the top three and then it disappears so it's got it's got vertical integrity as well as its perimeter being in that shape potentially one of those megatherium features it could be represented here it could be an area of a large hearth I think though that because it's off the ridge there's a chance that it predates the cultural occupation but I do think it's an area that will be doing some excavation we also worked in a previously surface collected area here I think four by four meters five by five and in the center of that there appears to be a high amplitude reflection here I don't show the colors in this case but the red is high amplitude yellow also high green is in the middle and blue and black or low amplitude reflections so I have potentially a hearth area here or it differs from the surrounding sediments and then grid five I don't have a picture of the surface but really interesting patterns in this if I've been looking at a formative period in sight looking at this as a potential house pit for example these are these grids this is seven by five meters I believe and so there's a really interesting arch shaped feature here by the time we got to grid five we knew something was going on here we don't think that there are house pits although there's always a possibility that there's some sort of a structure there so I started to look into the literature on this and one of the features we thought this might match up with is a yardang these erosional features that are really deflationary so we thought potentially we have these and bush yardangs can occur with tree trunks located and this could be the trunk here and this is an area that was held together by the roots of the tree during some sort of erosion like megaponic trampoline or movial erosion but that was just the hypothesis that we held for a while and as Eiko mentioned we were thinking more in terms of the inverted channel idea appears to be a small channel this is also off the ridge but it could have been the base of a deeper incision that was contemporaneous with the channel and it runs across here again it's maybe four by seven meters in the grid area I think and there's a traced profile of a crossing one of the transects crossing this channel feature and that's located out here that grid and the long grid for the featuring is over here but here we have these distinctive features showing up in this ridge system or what we're calling a ridge system which actually isn't a true ridge after we met with Bill Dietrich and Ron Hansen we basically went back to the drawing board on our interpretations of what these features might be these geomorphic features one of the things we get is to look at some of our profiles that cross the ridge which again is a very distinctive ridge when you're standing on it you can't really see it very clearly but it's definitely higher than in the area to the north the deflation plane here and an area to the south with a little bit more rough slope on the north but here we have and I've traced them in red multiple channel cuts that run the length of the ridge so these are cross sections of this channel so basically we do have a paleo channel that forms this ridge with more data to support that with occasional small channels off to the side braided channels that wouldn't be entered around in some cases we do find as that grid 61 example is shown with things associated with these smaller channels off to the side but now it's a matter of understanding the landscape that people are living in at the time where they actually living here while it was a stream flowing through or did they somehow come back to this area because it's higher ground subsequent to that and my guess is given that these channels don't represent the entire width that this is probably the alluvial corridor that was vegetated that people lived in and that the channel at any one time would have meandered through but not taken up the entire ridge stop so that the cultural material that's on the surface of the ridge from 12,000 years ago likely represents use of this small river valley as it flowed through from the Andes towards the the evaporative place to the west and then many of the features that we're looking at here then are likely more than features related to the channel itself rather than more features we don't have to explain this massive heart shape feature as a cultural structure but some of the features that are present smaller pit features and some of the smaller circular features that we've identified are still worthy of excavation as potential cultural features but they may or may not be given that there are some of the other phenomenon determining what's on the landscape here so cultural features are not yet confirmed in any of the GPR findings or documentary findings but there's still some potential for that so to get back to so this is the ridge area again the wetland down here was another place that we were able to use radar effectively and one of the ways we did it was to identify exposures of black mat on the surface which you can see where these arrows are pointing there's no scale here but maybe it's 80 meters across and this is one of the GPR timestamps transects but basically tracing out the black mat from where it was identified in an outcrop and then following it below the surface shows it very distinctively this organic horizon and in some cases it's actually broken which is kind of interesting I don't really know if these are stumps or places where megafauna would have traveled through the wetland but it's definitely a phenomenon we can trace out with the radar in different directions so we did some of that preliminarily but we didn't do that systematically so we don't know the full extent of it but I was able to trace for example black mat in this direction and then it disappeared before I got to the megatherium and there's really no in the vicinity of the megatherium fossil that was near the black mat there's no organic paleo-wetland underneath the megatherium so we can basically in terms of time markers the megatherium most likely predates the black mat also interestingly we were able to find it I was tracing the horizon coming back from the west and following it to where it actually outcropped in this looser sand you could actually see a dark stain to the sand here that wasn't identified as that paleo-wetland but because we were able to trace it from a known exposure continuously and see it outcropped here we were able to confirm that this is actually the primer of it and there are lithics in the sediments on the surface here so we can actually use the dated paleo-wetland to bracket the chronology of the lithics around these regions okay see this is the general area of the black mat this is the inverte channel ridge system that was the bolivial corridor that has stumps in it potentially cultural features and abundant lithic materials and then the megafa are outside and there are stumps also that are outside considerably older than the cultural occupation but basically we've been able to use radar and magnetometry to some degree as well as this excellent drum data along with the lithics and the surface sampling of botanical remains and radiocarbon dating to begin to reconstruct the landscape at the time that the site was occupied Q35 is approximately 12,000 years old and even though walking across the landscape it looks like a fairly simple scenario with lithics deflated apparently onto the surface in reality there's a lot of complexity to this landscape and the reconstruction is really just getting started but I do feel that GPR, potentially magnetometry have a lot to offer at this site and we've also seen at several other sites in the Alicama Desert that there's a lot of potential for using this type of remote sensing to research stratigraphy and features and cultural deposits in the Alicama. Sorry, I was just going to conclude by saying that these are going back to our original introduction that these are important sites for understanding how people first came to live in the Highlands as well as the coast and the threat of a new year represents one of these lakes to the Highlands and it pushes where we see a lot of fluorescence in Indian past so thank you. But I just have a point of clarification about the introduction so when you're looking at the not so negative but so negative channel that you guys are traveling what was the relationship that you think between the black mat and the bridge? We're still a little uncertain. We have been able to trace the black mat under some ridges that don't seem to have the channel as possible. So there are some sand dunes on the periphery of it and the vagatherium is higher than the black mat so it seems to have been a basin with a perimeter to hold it in place and the channel spilled into it or we're not really certain there's not good radio carbon on the inverted channel deposits so it's not going to go into your bridge? Well there was a date of the black mat that came back a thousand years younger than a thousand years ago in 5 or 11 which is interesting so it looks like that was a lower area we were wondering why is this what's now a ridge in most of the archaeological materials was it a ridge when people lived there or was it a channel that people just offered for the new channel? Let's take a step back let's bring it in a seasonal channel but the fact that the black mat is dated and lower suggests that it was maybe a ridge when you told me it's less than a thousand years then you got the bulimia and then you got the channelization distillation now it's younger you're saying it's the first thing or your or a ridge or a ridge like 10,000 no it's the sample it's vegetation is it just a bulk sample of the mat? it's got twigs and weeds and things and so what's your rate of harvest samples in this study? those are from there's a lot of asks on that you harvest them I mean a thousand years difference isn't very much can you consider that the trees could have been around hello this is amazing work by the way this is really really fascinating I just kept thinking about the comparisons between what we're trying to deal with the paleo wetlands and desert environments they know have the same problems as you guys have in terms of by the end of the season we've troubled around the perimeter of the site and driven a forward park truck in and out every day there are some areas where we just can't drive we have to change our path constantly because the silt gets blown up even with a very small amount of wind makes it challenging to work even within a short time period and so it always makes me think in order to challenge just trying to date the wetland deposits the occupation of the site and surrounding terraces and link those all together in meaningful ways where we have such a dynamic shift between wetlands, perma wetlands seasonal wetlands dry, arid periods that are fluctuating and so I wanted to ask actually how many dates come from some of those off-site terraces like over some days or anything like that I don't know to add a little bit to it what do you mean by off-site I guess from so we have the ridge where you found most of the material in this black mat so in this surrounding area is the terraces that are now at least coming from the specific deposits well the terraces these channels are connected to dry of the lake beds that are 15 to 10,000 years or lakes 10 or 15,000 years ago and so there's a lot of deflation there but also there's small places of less accumulation and the less permitted to accumulate around 20,000 years ago and the rates of less accumulation dropped quite rapidly during the whole listing that they're still accumulating so there's lots of deflation going on with local pockets of dust accumulation so it's all sort of a post-LGM sort of that's going everywhere but basically there's a this is just part of a big regional picture of the whole Atacama Desert was rejuvenated fluently during the Lake Pleistocene and lots of dry lake beds all over the desert were lakes and marshes and everything the concept even 15 years ago that the Atacama Desert was an archeological desert or there was nothing there is really I think completely one thing I didn't mention is that this is one area where these rivers are not going to be cut so in terms of downcut these are kind of flattening out into these lakes that we're reaching right here whereas here this is continuing to downcut and that's maybe why we're getting all this rain going on salt pans here it's a really unusual spot in the area there's lots of archeology that's not even these guys don't even have there I mean you can walk around all these dry lake beds and find oodles and oodles of stuff Bill and I have been out there it's just we have contests to see who can get out of the car and find archeology first in this room there's no shortage of material out there that's amazing you find these big cores right on the surface that would have been reused by later people and almost any other place here because it got drier and wasn't the best to do do you have any sense of these salaris that you have a 1, 2, 3 on this mount when they went from being a lake to a salar mean when did they finally, when did the water finally evaporate meaning they should have been there when you're a folk born living there we have dates on all of those what it be then like around 10,000 years ago 15 or 10 well that's key whether it's 15 or 10 well it spanned most of that time so they were drying, drying, drying well no drying in this way well we don't have that we have episodes of shelves and carbonate and plants and all sorts of things that get a range of periods when there's water or certain points of time when there's water what's after that any more questions one more, did the drone work find any jubelis people work here would they make any jubelis beautiful jubelis, very close to here but they're all formative people it's believe there's actually farmy and as we were talking about earlier if you run out of a knee it needs peanut puny and there's farmy in this area that probably dates to perhaps if you ever have peanuts in the food we type the closure and we go about possibly using GDRs and we map some of the jubelis that are partially buried by dunes for example too


In theoretical physics, especially in the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, we will regularly encounter symmetric and anti-symmetric tensors. A symmetric tensor Tij remains the same if we swap its indices. Specifically, swapping the indices of the second level tensor as a matrix means that the matrix remains the same if we transpose it, in other words, if we mirror the rows and columns on the diagonal. This symmetry property of tensors is very useful and simplifies calculations in computer physics enormously. Moreover, this property is crucial in quantum mechanics, because symmetric matrices have real eigenvalues. They therefore represent physical quantities, we call them observables, that we can measure in an experiment.  The Kronecker delta, for example, is an example of a simple symmetric tensor. We have considered a second order tensor. What if the tensor is of a higher order? What about its symmetry property then? For example, if the tensor has four indices and it remains equal when we swap the first two indices, then we are talking about a symmetric tensor in the indices m and k. However, we will also encounter tensors that are anti-symmetric. An anti-symmetric tensor changes sign when we swap its indices. If the anti-symmetric tensor is represented as a matrix, then it is equal to its negative transpose. Unfortunately, most tensors are neither symmetric nor anti-symmetric. But the great thing is, mathematically, we can split every tensor T into a symmetric and an anti-symmetric part. T is equal to s plus a. Let's take a look at how we practically split a general second level tensor T into its two parts. The symmetric part s of the tensor T is one and a half times t ij plus tji. In the second term, we have swapped the two indices. Then we added the two tensors together. The factor of one and a half is important because we have counted the tensor twice here. The anti-symmetric part a of the tensor T is one and a half times t ij minus tji. Here we have swapped the two indices, which gives the swapped tensor a minus sign. The factor of one and a half must not be missing here either. We then add the symmetric and anti-symmetric parts together to obtain the total tensor. The first summand is the symmetric part of the tensor tij. And the second summand is the anti-symmetric part.


The makers of Wrigley's Spearman chewing gum invite you to enjoy life. Life with Luigi, a new comedy show created by Cy Howard and starring that celebrated actor, Mr. J. Carol Ash with Alan Reed is for Squalid. Wrigley's Spearman chewing gum is a typically American product that appeals to people of all ages and nationalities in all parts of our country. And the Wrigley people feel that Life with Luigi is a typically American radio program. A friendly, enjoyable show that sort of symbolizes the American spirit of tolerance and goodwill. So the makers of refreshing, delicious Wrigley's Spearman gum are glad to bring you Life with Luigi each week and have you join them in this pleasant half-hours entertainment. Usually we find Luigi writing a letter to his mother but now we find him reading one from his mother in Italy. Dear son Luigi, I thought maybe you like to know what's to happen when a u-letter comes from America to me. Well, first of all, Martucci, the mailman, is collecting the United States stamps. So when he's given me a u-letter every week, the envelopes are coming naked. But sometimes I'm not letting them take off the stamps because I know reason you paste so many on is because you like to see your mom as a name between a Washington and a Lincoln.  Remember, Luigi, when you were having trouble with a gas company? How we were to suffer for you. Even Uncle Pietro's a goat. He's a feeler, so bad, he's an old giver, milker for three days. And remember that letter you wrote to how you was lonely? Oh, Luigi, you made us feel so lonely, nobody is leaving the house for 24 hours. But, honestly, Luigi, we're going to see what is your biggest problem. Vascuality is a fact of the Russian. And every time I'm worried about her, I'm going to get the headaches. Last night we were all talking about you and the Russian and we all decided, good way to like a Russian is to forget that she's away 250 pounds. Make a believer she's only 200. We think a Russian could be a good way for you because like Uncle Pietro is always to say, you plow the field quicker when you got a bigger ox. But, another Luigi, I'm going to stop and my headache is coming back. So good night to my son, keep her healthy, take care of yourself and anybody else you have to, you're loving the mama. Poor mama, what am I going to do for her? If only some little voice would come and whisper in my ear some advice. Luigi, my love! Hello, Luigi, hello, hello. Superstrile! Didn't know I was ahead, didn't you? Uh, peek-a-boo. Superstrile, you were the reason I left her behind my back.  I was looking over your shoulder. Mama's not feeling it so well, eh, Luigi? Yeah, and I'm very worried.  After all, a fellow's only got to warn a mama. Does a headache, sir? They're bad for her, especially if they're not a headache, if they're really a heartache. Heartache, sir? Hey, Pascuala, what are you talking about? Luigi, it's obvious. According to professors, a pain never shows up where it's supposed to.   I gotta explain to you. I explain to you like I explain to you how to play canazza. Sit down.  Yeah, but, Pascuala, who I should have my mama have a heartache.  All right, I'll give you a plan.  Yeah, but do you think of my mama's got a headache, sir, because she ain't the grandmama? I don't think, I know. My own skull almost cracks every time I look at a rosa.   Luigi, there's no doubts about it. Just figure it out for yourself. What's the biggest ambition a woman can have? To get her married. Right, and why does she want to get her married? Because she's gonna stop working. Luigi, that's only in the older country. In America, a woman gets a marriage and still keeps on working.  So she finds a husband, has a few bambini, the bambini grow up and get her married, and a mama has a new ambition. Oh, she wants it to become a grandmama? Right, and how can she do this? If her son gets married. Luigi, I accept your proposal. No, no, no, no. It's my way. Oh, you're lucky, pups, you. Now, if you excuse me, Luigi, I gotta make three important phone calls. See? Yeah, I want to the florist, to the bridal of bouquet. I want to the printer, to the print-up of the wedding invitations. I want to the church to keep open this Sunday. Oh, that's too nice. And to make a fort to call up her squalor. Sure, Luigi, to who? To the airfield. I'm leaving for Mexico. Don't be smart, Luigi. You want your mama to keep on having her headaches.  Mr. Pasquale, I'm gonna think that she's got a headache for me. Well, then, for me? Luigi, look at this letter again. What do you read between the lines? Nothing. The mama is always a pusher the words are closer to them. Oh, Luigi, don't play dumb, Belle. Just look at the letter. Like Uncle Pietro says, you plow the field quicker when you've got a big ox. That ain't no advertisement for a bulldozer. Mr.   Not that I don't, Mr. Pasquale. I'm more likely she'll be your bigger ox than my bigger ox. All right, Mr. Wise Guy. See, I gotta get her tougher with you and your mama, Mia. What are you talking about, Mr. Pasquale? I'm talking about a plenty. Waiting to see. But wait, Mr. Pasquale, wait. I had a foolin' around. Rosa, perky-legged. Grab a pencil and a paper. Why? I'm a stop eatin'. Nibbley. Your nibbles could have feed a family of ten. Now write this letter to Luigi's mama. Dear mama... No, no, no, no, wait. Make that a dear Mrs. Pasquale. Mrs. Pasquale. Yeah, I'd say like in a business letter she should have know I'm in a business. Now just to write, thank you for all the nice compliments you've paid to my daughter and you'll ask the letter.  If not, you're gonna have a permanent guest in your house, your son, Luigi. And Rosa, after that, to put a big expectation in point. I mean, expectation, because that's what's gonna happen to him.  Right to now... Right to now, she's still in her 20s. Who's asking you? Look at the department stores. If they want to sell something for $30, they charge a $29.99. Why? Because it don't sound like it's in the 30s. Rosa, as long as you're 29 and 99 and 100 years old, you're still in your 20s.  Rosa's still a 20. She's still a very beautiful. Papa. I'm away ahead of you, Rosa. I know. I'm gonna send her some baby pictures here. Easy to what I always carry into my wallet. You want a bear rug? Oh, look at that a pitch. I should've known then what was gonna happen. Only four weeks old already, you covered up the whole rug. I put that in an envelope and I had this. So, Mrs. Basko, if you know Sandy, you, Luigi, I mail a letter by the end of the week to say an Amira Rosa, back, he's going on the next boat. All right, Papa.  Maybe you're gonna name her the first one after me, eh? The first one, Papa.  Hello, Mr. Basko. You haven't been paying attention to class all evening. Don't you feel well? Miss Pauling, I'm gonna feel well but my mama, she's got a headache. That makes Luigi sick by proxy. Luigi, what's the matter with your mama? Something serious? Well, my mama wants me to get her married so much she's got a headache. Aha, now I see it. She wants you to get married and you should get the headache.  Him or daddy in headaches, that's the DDT. Oh, stop, pixels. You are not helping Luigi. Born my old, go with that kind of talk. Luigi, after all, you only got one mama and that's fine. Oh, Mr. Harwitz, I don't think his mother necessarily wants him to marry Rosa. I'm sure another fine girl would make Mrs. Basko very happy. It would make Mr. Basko overjoyed. I'm sure it's too Miss Pauling but I'm gonna think it's too late. That's why I don't have something to mean to scare my mama, I'm sure. Luigi, if you got married to another girl, then Pascal, he could do nothing. Yeah, but what am I gonna find another girl? That's easy, Luigi. Ask any married man, he'll give you a hand. Mr. Schultz, you're not helping Mr. Basko one bit. Luigi, I got a wonderful idea. I got a friend who met a beautiful girl through a marriage broker. Marriage broker, what's that? Your mother-in-law is our office. Ah, Luigi Schmal, I'm only fooling.  Then what's the happen? Well, if they hit it off, they get married. Yeah, then they get married and they hit each other. Schultz, I don't think that's such good advice when Luigi is desperate looking for a solution. Luigi, I think going to a marriage broker would be real good for you. And so do I, Mr. Basko. The man is a made-up of friends. Is it good for my mom? Is it good for me? Not sure, Luigi, go ahead. Go to the marriage broker. What can happen? Can you get married and lose your independence?  Can you be afraid to keep a penny in your own pocket or your wife will claim you're a schrinler? Schultz, can that happen? I don't know, Luigi. Just because it happened to me doesn't mean it's gonna happen to you. Before we return to life with Luigi, I'd like to suggest an easy, inexpensive way to make your daily work more pleasant.    Helps keep you feeling alert and on your toes. So always keep a package of refreshing wriggly spearmint gum handy at your job and enjoy some pleasant chewing while you work. Get a few packages of wriggly spearmint chewing gum tonight or tomorrow morning. And now let's return to Luigi as he writes his letter to his mama basco in it. And so, mama, if it's gonna make you feel better, I'm gonna find myself a wife.  I hope my friends will give me a card to the broker who's bringing younger people together. I'm gonna ask this marriage broker, he should have find me a nice wife or a good kid, so we're gonna be married and you're gonna become a grand-mama at the same time. All of a sudden, mama's here, so basco, I shouldn't have gotten married and do something wrong. I'm gonna slide the marriage broker's card under his door. I know he's not gonna use it enough, but when he finds out I'm gonna get to the marriage, and I'm gonna bring a rosa there to find a husband. But there's no answer from Luigi's mama and the man. Mama! Please, stop crying, rosa. I've got a big idea. I've got two ways to get a Luigi.  What are you gonna do? The marriage broker slipped the card under my door today. We're gonna get down there and we're gonna find a husband. And if a double protection, the marriage is a mama cable. A cable?  Then both the husbands are gonna be on your birthday. If the cable comes, you can pick out who you want. You happy, my little girl? Whoo-hoo-hoo! Mr. Pasquale, will you please go into that office where Mr. Fuller will talk to you? Young lady, will you wait in this little ante-room? I'm gonna go talk to the parents first. Certainly! Well, how do you do, sir? Come right in.  They say marriage is a maiden heaven. Well, if they are, then I must be St. Peter. Ha-ha-ha! Look, Mr. Peter, what... What can you do for my daughter? In due time. In due time, first a few things I'd like to know confidentially. How attractive is she? Uh... There's a $5,000 that comes with her. Oh, very nice. Of course, you realize in these inflationary times $5,000 isn't as good-looking as it once was. Eh... To me, it's always a look of pretty. Ha-ha-ha! Well put, well put. Now, how much does she weigh? You have to ask that a question. Well, if I don't, the prospective groom will. How much does she weigh? Uh... Make that a $10,000. What a beautiful figure. Suppose we call your daughter in, huh? Sure, sure. Rosa! Rosa! Rosa! This is your daughter. Uh-huh. You better make it $15,000. Ha-ha-ha! I'll make it anything. Rosa, Mr. Fuller's the man who's going to marry you. I mean, Miss Rosa, I'm going to find some... Oh, good. Yes, yes, yes. The gentleman who called you some time ago and made an appointment. He may have somebody for you. This party seems to be in a hurry.  All right, all right, but make it as cheap as possible. I hope $15,000 will be enough of a reward. I mean, a dowry. Oh, come in. Hello, hello. How do you do? I'm Luigi Basco. You're Luigi Basco? Yes, sir. I think I can do it for $10,000. Nothing, nothing. Now, um... Huh? You want a wife, I take it. I'm an Ogata. How are you going to take it? Ha-ha-ha! I might be able to swing this for $5,000. Mr. Basco, how much money do you have? Well, uh, are you making it right now in my pocket? Well, I mean, your savings, real estate, stocks, bonds, securities. All together? Yes. How much are you worth all together? Wait, I'm looking in my pocket. Oh, you're kidding. Ha-ha-ha! I'm a nothing. Well, Mr. Basco, I hope you realize that finding a wife may be difficult for you. Well, that's the bigger problem. Yes, but... Well, I'm realizing... Yes, but it so happens that you may have come at an extremely fortunate time. Tell me, do you have any particular type of girl in mind? Well, uh... Well, no particular type, but I'm like a nice girl. Who's a citizen? Looking a cooker? Dancing a garden? Helping me take care of my shopper? Have a nice education? And a pleasure, Mr. I'm a hopper. After she's looking nice. Yes, well, of course. Now, tell me, um... Do you like a girl who's overweight? Well, overweight, uh... Well, what do you think is, uh, is overweight? I asked you first. What do you think is overweight? Well, never mind by a remarkable coincidence, my friend. Someone came in who was looking for just somebody like you. Now, I'll open the door. You may come in now. She sounds like opera singer, but I can't get it out of her way. I'll listen, Luigi. Luigi! You got a Mararosa because that's the one your mama wants. Is that right, sir? Is that a right to my son? My mama's never told me I'm a Mararosa. What? That's the right. You're going to get a cable if she says a Mararosa, will you? But, mama, what to say that? If she does, they'll remember her headaches. But only if she's sending me such a cable. Good, Luigi. That's a bargain. Invite all your friends into the party. If the cable comes, I'll make the announcement. If not, we'll forget it. What do you say, my son? All right, the party. Party. Barsqually, you deserve credit. When you make a boy-day party, you make a boy-day party. Tonight, the sky is the limit, a hurry. Champagne is flowing like a beer. Yeah, and it tastes the same. Are you satisfied, Mr. Delicatessenman? Can't you take a choke, Barsqually? Congratulations on your daughter's birthday. All right, thank you, Schultz. But who knows, maybe you'll be able to congratulate her on something else. Something else? What's that? You find out. Well, I got to go in a mingler. When I hear him laugh like that, I know he's got something up his sleeve. And I'm afraid it's a marriage license. Oh, look at Luigi. He is acting. Oh, hello, everybody. Oh, no, Luigi, you're just kidding. Give us this as a party. Well, you don't believe me. You got that, Jolly. All right, all right. Luigi, did you go to that place the other day? You know where? I'm a winter, Horowitz. And did they find you a you-know-what? That's right. And the you-know-what is the you-know-who. Wow! Well, it can't be. Himmel, it is. Here's the longest story. So I went to the marriage in Broca, so I shouldn't have married her. But a Basquale's a went there at Tarrosa, so she shouldn't have married me. So when I'm open up at the door, I have to come to Russia and I'm her husband. Oh, that scheming Basquale, has he got you for Schimels? No, no, Schultz. Here's the nut. I'm only agreed to one thing. That's it. For my mom is to send me a cable here tonight to marry Rossa, then I'm a do it. Otherwise, no. But what are we waiting for? Let's rush the party. Hey, Basquale, and let's con-de-cage! Come on, con-de-cage! Hey, I'm glad I did not so fast. First, I gotta make a speech. Tonight, my little Rossa goes from one station to another station. And before she makes it a step from the one station to the other station, I'm...  Nobody's asking you, Schultz. As I look under three candles at a cake, I wonder if you peoples know what this means. I'm sure you are too cheap to buy more. Oh, why? I'm Mr. Delicatessen, a man. Papa, shall I blow out the candles? Yeah, that's a good idea here. I like them. Come back, everybody. Last year, she blew everybody out of the store. Schultz, I had enough of you. I had enough from you. You're just trying to stall everything, so maybe a cable should come. Well, it ain't coming, see? Pardon me, is there a Mr. Basquale here? There's some Mr. Basquale here. Will you sign here, please? A cable from Italy. So it's enough, huh? Well, who's the laugh from the other side of their noses now? All right, Luigi, open the cable. Read the good news. All right, Mr. Basquale. If I don't have a mama, I don't care if I don't watch it. Mr. Basquale, your plan is out. I'm gonna have to marry Rosa. What? That cable couldn't be from your mama? She would do anything not to have you deported. All right, here it is. Read it yourself. What are you talking about? Let me see. Hey, look. It says, dear son of Luigi, stop. Marry Rosa. Oh, no, Basquale, I'm gonna read it for you. Dear son of Luigi, stop, Marry Rosa. That's just what I'm gonna do. Stop. Luigi, my son. Goodbye, Papa. I'm glad you sent that cable in a time. Now that I'm gonna receive the order, let her see how Basquale is trying to scare you, I'm gonna say, Mama mia, don't worry about the Basquale. I'm not gonna get married at all. Basquale says that I must get married. I'm gonna say I don't think it's so good. Of course, the marriage isn't nice, but I'm gonna take a lesson from my country. If this country could stay free, so can you're a Luigi.  Folks, the makers of Brigley's Spearman Chewing Gum hope you've enjoyed tonight's episode of Life with Luigi, and they'd like to remind you that Brigley's Spearman Gum is just about the perfect taste tree to enjoy between your meals. It isn't rich. It isn't heavy. Yet it does satisfy that little hankering you get for something good to chew on. A stick of Brigley's Spearman Gum is chock-full of delicious, long-lasting, real spearmint flavor. And you can chew and enjoy it for as long as you want. So keep Brigley's Spearman Chewing Gum handy all the time. Enjoy it often between meals. The makers of Brigley's Spearman Chewing Gum invite you to listen next week at this time when Luigi Basquale writes another letter to his mama Basquale in Italy. Life with Luigi is a Psy Howard production and is directed by Mr. Howard. Mack Benhoff writes the script with Lou Derman. J. Carrol-Mash is starred as Luigi Basquale with Alan Redis-Basquale, Hans Conrida-Schultz, Mary Schiff as Miss Balding, Joe Forte as Horowitz, and Ken Peters-Holtz. Music is under the direction of Love Club, Bob Stephenson speaking. It would be tough enough to be a child in Europe or Asia today if all you had to contend with was the battle to find a place to live among the ruins or to locate your missing family. But if, on top of all of this, you were cold and hungry as well, well then the battle wouldn't seem worth the effort. Pardon me. Thousands of children today are trying to survive under these conditions. Food has become the most important thing in their lives. It's hard to keep going when you're hungry, and low-cost care food packages are known throughout Europe and Asia. The biggest thrill in the life of a child or of a family is to receive a care food package from some kind friend in America. Care standard food package for $10 contains 24 pounds of high protein foods so necessary to supplement the austerity diets overseas. Care's baby food package is filled with the essential food and equipment for young children, and that also is only $10. On all care packages, delivery is guaranteed. So order a care package today from CARE, C-A-R-E that's CARE. Los Angles or CARE New York. This is CBS The Columbia Broadcasting System.


on optical fiber by bending loss here. So, we have seen the previous the transmission characteristics before three videos. So, in which we have seen the details of how the attenuation is been calculated due to the absorptions and the scattering losses here. So, these are the learning outcomes at end of this session students will be able to estimate the losses due to the bending of a optical fiber here. So, up till now what we have seen is the losses due to the absorption in the ultraviolet region and the infrared region and in which we have seen the eccentric and the eccentric losses and the scattering losses in the linear and the non-linear scattering losses here. In the linear we have seen the Rayleigh and the My scattering and we have seen how to calculate the Rayleigh scattering here. And one more thing we have studied is that is the non-linear scattering in which we have seen the stimulated romance scattering as well as the Iberomium scattering here. So, before starting to this lecture, so just recall, so what is the difference between the single mode fiber and the multi mode fiber here? Because while solving this the bending loss for the optical fiber we should know that the difference between the single mode and the multi mode here. So, the single mode is nothing but only the fundamental mode is going to be transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver side and in the multi mode that is one more than one fundamental modes are being transmitted here. So, that is known as the multi mode here. So, for how you can understand that is the core diameter of the single mode is about 2 micrometers to 6 micrometers or 10 micrometers only. For a multi mode the core diameter is that is 25 micrometers, 50 micrometers, 62 micrometers as well as the 125 micrometers means it is a larger in core diameter here. That is why, so we should understand this. So, now we will start with the bending losses that is depending on the radius of the bend there are the two types of bends here that is a micro bend and the micro bending. So, the micro bend as shown in this figure it is the imperfections of the layer as overlapping of the core and plading will be there there is some micro bends will be there. You know that that whenever the light is going to be transmitted into the core. So, it should follow the total internal reaction that light should not get transmitted to the cladding because otherwise the data will be lost here. So, due to the micro bend here the light at the hit at this micro bend will come out from the into the cladding here and the data will be lost here. So, such type of thing is known as the micro bend. If you want to completely remove these losses here then we have to be manufacturing the optical fiber that is the core and cladding should be made once again there. In the micro bend that is we have seen that it is the bend because due to the radius of curvature is larger than the core radius here that is the core diameter here. So, such type of thing is known as the micro bend here. So, as shown in this figure you know that the light is timely inside this core here. So, it is incident here and it comes out to be in the cladding here. So, that is why there is a loss of data here. Some light may pass through it, but all light should follow the total internal reflection here. So, that is a slightly different between the micro bend and the micro bend here now. So, if you want to calculate the bending losses for the multi mode and the single mode then there is a different formula used for that that is RCM that is known as a 3N1 square into lambda that is lambda is the operating wavelength and 4 pi into N1 minus N2 square that is the refractive index difference raise to 3 by 2. And the second one is the critical radius for the curvature that is the RCS that is for the single mode fiber which is given as 20 lambda by N1 upon N2 3 by 2 that is 2.7 into 48 minus 0.996 lambda by lambda c that is the operating wavelength as well as the cutoff wavelength is there and raise to minus 3 here. So, now we will solve one example on the bending losses how we calculate the critical radius for the single mode as well as the multi mode here now. So, as shown in this example there is a step index is given here. Step index is nothing but the core of the step index is uniform refractive index is uniform and the graded index that is not uniform here. So, for example we have taken the two step index fiber and there are two cases that is case A and case B for multi mode fiber the refractive index is 1.5 that is core refractive index means N1 that is 1.5 it is given and the relative refractive index difference is given that is the 3 percent here means they have not given N2 here. So, we have to calculate that and the operating wavelength is 0.82 micrometer and in the second case we have seen that 8 micrometer core diameter that is the single mode fiber with the core refractive index same as and this means N1 is taken as 1.5 and the relative difference refractive index that is the delta which is given as 0.3 percent here and operating wavelength is given as 1.55 micrometer here. So, we have to estimate the critical radius for the curvature which is large bending loss occurs in the both the cases in the large bending losses here. So, for RCM we should know that it is calculated N1 square lambda that is 4 pi N1 square minus N2 square 3 by 2. So, now we will put all these values into this equation and we will see that how much comes to when critical radius for the RCM. So, before that we should know that how to calculate an N2. So, the refractive index of an N2 is calculated in various manner as now they have given the relative refractive index as a 3 percent less and N1 is given as 1.55. So, for that we need to understand how to it is calculated. So, it is calculated that is delta N1 square upon N2 square 2 N1 square here. So, we will substitute all the values 1.5 and N2 square upon 2 into 1.5 square that is 3 percent that is an delta here. So, now if you calculate this it comes to when N1 square 2 delta N1 square here. So, which comes to when 2.5 0 6 into 2.25 that is 2.1 1 5. So, we substitute these values into RCM that is 3 N1 square into lambda 4 pi N1 square 3.2. So, we will substitute 3 into 2.25 percent to 0.82 and this 2 6 that is micrometer 4 pi. If you calculate N1 square minus N2 square it comes to be 0.135 half. So, which comes to be 9 micrometer which comes to be 9. So, for the critical radius for the multi mode comes to be 9 micrometer here. So, we have substituted the values and directly we have solved for this here. So, the case 1 has been solved here it comes to be an RCM comes to be 9 micrometer here. So, now for the case B. So, which is the core refractive index is taken as the same that is 1 and the delta refractive index is 0.3 percent and difference is there and operating well. In the same manner we have to calculate for the N2. So, we need to calculate for this. So, for case B. So, we solve this. So, which comes to be N2.250 into 0.006 into 2.250 which comes to be N2.237. So, now there is one more thing that is the cutoff wavelength has to be calculated that is cutoff wavelength for the single mode fiber that is lambda C which is calculated 2 pi A N12 delta half upon 2.4 because for single mode it should be less than 2.405 A is the refractive means A N1 is the refractive index and A is the core radius. So, that is why it is given as an 8 micrometer core diameter it is given here. So, we will calculate that is it is diameter. So, we have to take as an half into 1.5 refractive index related to is given as 3 percent 0.3 percent which comes to be 0.06 upon 2.45. So, it comes to be 1.24 micrometer. So, this value has to be substituted in the equation in equation of RCS. So, for RCS which is given now we will solve on next page. So, which is given as an R C equals to 20 lambda N1 minus N2 3 by 2 that is 2.748 minus 0.996 lambda upon lambda C we have just now calculated this as 2 minus 3. So, we will substitute this 2 into 1.55 micrometers that is 10 raise to minus 6 here 0.043 half 2.48 minus 0.96 into 1.5 into minus 6 upon 1.24 which is being 34 millimeter. So, this is my for a single more it is 9 micrometer for RCS 34 millimeter here. So, from this example so, we can understand that the critical radius for the curvature for guided modes can be made extremely small that is guided mode for it can be 9 micrometers it can be made and although this may be a conflict with the preferred design and the operational characteristics. So, in this manner we are going to calculate the RCS and RCM here. So, these are my references. Thank you.


Frontier have today released some tentative details about the first of the new ships that are coming to Elite Dangerous this year, the python mark 2 and I have to say there are some surprises in there. In this video we are going over everything we know and will give you our thoughts on what we think it all might mean. A quick recap then, on last months Frontier unlocked live stream fdev announced that this year would see the release of at least 4 new ships into the game. They also announced that the much maligned and frankly largely ignored powerplay system would be getting a complete overhaul. With that update expected sometime in the summer there is also a brand new feature coming to the game this year that fdev aren't yet talking about. The first of the new ships which are all variants of existing ships in name at least is going to be the python mark 2. Frontier of today released some work in progress footage of the sleek new ship variant shown in game for the first time which you can see on screen now. From the details supplied to us by Frontier I can tell you that the new python variant will have an extra 2 utility slots over the current popular workhorse mark 1 python and an extra hardpoint bringing it to 6 utility slots and 6 hardpoints in total. Fdev haven't yet released any more details about the interior layout of the vessel or the hardpoint sizes specifically but looking closely at the exterior of the top side of the ship you can clearly see the regular hardpoint layout of the python mark 1 replicated but with an extra hardpoint apparent between the two midsection class 3 hardpoints. That extra hardpoint appears to be the same size physically at least as those two class 3's either side of it. If we assume that the rest of the python's hardpoint layout is the same and that the additional hardpoint is indeed an extra class 3 then that will give the new ship 3 class 3's on the top, 1 class 3 in the chin position and 2 class 2's positioned either side of the cockpit. Aesthetically Frontier have let it be known that the ship has taken inspiration from modern day 5th generation stealth fighters. They said that they wanted to project the impression of a fast and manoeuvrable combat vessel. They've also stated that the sleeker, smoother and more refined look of the ship marks a development in the existing Delacy aesthetic that has allowed them to make use of advances in concepting, modelling and rendering. This new Falcon Delacy design philosophy will be used moving forward with any potential future ships from the brand implying that at least one of the other 3 ships due this year could also be from the Falcon Delacy shipyards. Frontier also let it be known to us that the cleaner look to the python mark 2 will make the important features of thrusters and hardpoints stand out more. It also provides a larger canvas for paint job and ship kit customization of the vessel. Obviously not a surprise but it confirms at least that Fdev are definitely developing ship kits and paint jobs for the new python. Whilst all of this is interesting for anyone planning a potential build of one of the new pythons there were a few other details that are way more telling about what Fdev have planned for the ship and perhaps even for the game in the new powerplay era ahead of us. In their release to the content creators program Frontier makes specific note that the python mark 2 has been deliberately created with the intention of being able to compete with some of the best current PVP ships in the game mentioning specifically the Mamba and the further Lance. Fdev did say that players will undoubtedly find other uses for the mark 2 but that the design focus was definitely focused towards PVP. They also mentioned that they will be giving commanders in their words quote more reasons to engage in PVP with powerplay 2.0 end quote and that the python mark 2 will enhance that experience. There is also yet another capability of the python mark 2 but Frontier are not ready to reveal what that capability is just yet. Whilst we've obviously had combat specific vessels released into the game before this marks the first time that I'm aware of that Fdev have mentioned that a new ship has been specifically designed to compete in the PVP arena against what are generally considered to be the current meta ships. Couple this with a mention that they plan to give commanders more reasons to engage with PVP with a launch of powerplay 2.0 and that the python mark 2 is being built with the direct intention of enhancing that experience then it does seem that Frontier are hinting that open play and PVP are going to be important in the new age of powerplay when it releases later this year. This leads me to believe then that perhaps Frontier are attempting to give the PVP community the feature that they've been crying out for for such a long time that being truly meaningful PVP. At the same time as revamping the powerplay experience this would also give the powerplay community what they have also been asking for an effective way to counter actions that happen in private groups or in solo. At the very least incentivizing commanders to play an open when performing powerplay actions would afford those supporting opposing factions an opportunity to stop them. Which brings me to the currently secret capability of the python mark 2 that Fdev aren't yet ready to talk about. If we assume then that Fdev are looking to nudge more commanders into PVP situations with a new ship variant it follows that the new capability of the mark 2 also directly serves that goal. In Fdev's description of the mark 2 design aesthetic they specifically mentioned the much cleaner lines of the python and how they wanted to reflect the look of modern 21st century stealth fighters. The python mark 2 could in fact then be mirroring aircraft like the f22 and the f35 in more than appearance perhaps we could be looking at the first next generation stealth capable starship to enter Elite Dangerous. This then makes me question what could stealth look like in the Elite Dangerous universe? Currently in order to stop another players actions in Elite Dangerous you've got to be able to engage them directly and bring weapons to bear in normal space. That is usually achieved with use of an interdiction tether pulling the targeted ship out of super crews. If however a ship is very hard to spot in super crews through use of a stealth mechanism or perhaps the interdiction tether is much harder to maintain then you would have a distinct advantage in such a ship. It strikes me that the implementation of mechanics like this would go a long way to supporting those commanders that have until now been uncomfortable playing in open or are not as combat capable as a hardened PVP and allow them to still participate in powerplay. I would guess then that the python in such circumstances would have to be dialed back in other areas smaller cargo space perhaps or slower in normal space or something similar. We'll have to wait until fdev lets some more details go to know for sure but either way it's an intriguing proposition and if true a very bold move for Frontier. What are your thoughts on encouraging more commanders to powerplay in open? What would you like to see from powerplay 2.0 and do you think the python mark 2 is a stealth ship? Let us know in the comments below. If you've enjoyed this video be sure to like and subscribe so youtube shows you all our content and if you'd like to support our work here at the burp pit you can also join our patreon links to that and everything we've talked about in this video you'll find below. That's it for now thanks very much for watching we very much look forward to seeing you next time.


What's up everybody, Jason here for jazbyskatesbricks.com, another new release here, 2022 Panini Select Football 6-Bots Hobby Half-Caser. Number 4 and it is another Wax Party Break 2 and again, Picker Team number 4 here. So again, Adam Coverman getting Picker Team Last Bomb, Mojo Broncos and Cardinals again and then there's everybody else in the break there. So good, good luck. This is number 4, did they print out or no? They didn't print out? Oh no, it's still good. I just don't want to double print out or triple print out. Alright guys, so this is the second half. Number 4, we didn't see any Zebras or any Zebra at all in the first half so should be some hiding here in the second half and did hit a couple greens in the first half but feel like quarterback autograph-wise didn't hit anything pretty much in the first half. More skill or defensive players so definitely expect better here. Is that number 3? Yeah. Is that 3? Yeah. You're on 4 right? Yeah. That's number 444. Tram McBride to 199, little RPA, that's right, maybe play more or not because Zebras is there. Well Zebras won't be there for that long. Romeo Doves, and then we got a little Kenny Gainwalt of 35, Eagles is Nick, and then Cardinals last spot module, Cupperman, and we got Keonti Ingram at a 99, T-Law, Cam Taylor Britt at a 75, O'Kong Wolfe, John Pacheo, and then we got I Kim to 149, I feel like that box was probably one of the worst boxes in this case. Not much good autos, craziness at least, and colors weren't the craziest, so I definitely expect a big bang in a couple of these boxes here. Either that or this case has just been a little bit of a dud. Nice Bailey Zappie though, that's from the Patriots, wrong with that one, 44. Reggie Wayne, patch autograph for the Colts, Indianapolis Colts going to Zach, there we go. How about a Malik Willis, that is a gold. Field level gold, now of course his stuff has kind of dropped just because we don't know what's happening in Tennessee, and I don't even think they know what's happening yet, but that is a nice field level gold Malik Willis though, definitely rooting for the guy, and that's going to go to EA in the Titans. We got a nice DeMar Hamlin to 99, we got a nice color Herber match, 73 out of 149 for the Chargers, Chargers is Ed, and how about Malik Willis to 25, what a box, gold field level and then an autograph tie tie, nice break for the Titans already, and that's 7 out of 25, is that Jersey number, is he number 7, might be Jersey number, Denzel Ward, number to 75, George Kittle to 99, we got Drake Lund to the silver, much better second box, that's for sure, two boxes, Cooper Cuck, Kobe Dean, I'm going to have a big roll for my Eagles this year, and I do see a Zebra here guys, and it is Brian Burns, Zebra, Carolina Panthers EA with that one, Aiden Hutchinson, and a Chris Olavi tie-dye, that's a 3 out of 25, Chris Olavi, and that's a Saints going to Matt Smith, very awesome there, Tyree Kill to 25, nice patch autograph, tie-dye as well, that's for the Miami Dolphins going to Adam Klupperman, Redemption, Marquis Brown out of 75, Najee Harris, that's a cool little field level, nice imagery there, 23 out of 25, one off the Jersey number, and a Kenny Picket to 10 rookie swatches, gold, and that is Steelers Michael Galucci, Jaylen Waddle, and how about a Kenneth Walker that is so sick, snapshots, and I believe that is a one of one as well, very nice, so kind of similar to field level, but I think that's just a snapshot, but one of one though, there you go, well it kind of looks like a field level, but it's a snapshot right there, Seahawks going to Attalia, there you go, Carl Loftus, yeah, tell them what we were talking about yesterday, see if you would do that, Emmanuel Sanders, they're definitely cleaning out that cup tonight, or from last night, where do you think they went out, I don't know, it looked like they were definitely at a big club, so I don't know if they went to like Hockison or something like that, but they were somewhere, they looked really big wherever they were at, Herbert color, was it packed with just them, I'm pretty sure, probably family, friends, and then I'm sure whoever is in town, you could probably buy tickets to that, right, people are clubbing at 2 a.m., or on a Tuesday, yeah, you got to get this stuff, all right, here we go, let's continue on, Carl Hamilton of 49, patch autograph, Ravens Aaron, he would drink that, that's even more freaker, I thought he was going to drink the fluids out of there, we got Billy Zappi, Russell Wilson, first name Russell, last name Wilson, I was just remembering actually, Alec Martinez, when he won the Stanley Cup of the Kings, he won the game winner, he was on Jimmy Kimmel, and him and Jimmy Kimmel and Guillermo, they made a Margarita rim around the Stanley Cup, that was cool, made out of silver, I guess, right, yeah, so they feel like salt, they feel like salt on the rim, just a few big bendy straws, yeah, yeah, yeah, it's exactly what it was like, little Jackson, I don't know, your Cubs did it, didn't they Rex, didn't they beat the Rays a couple of games in a row, I think that the Cubs could do it, I'm sure the Ace Count, all right, Jumbo rookie signature swatches tie-dye prism, card number 24, Trayvon Walker, that should be at a 25 for the Jacksonville Jaguars, and that is the number one overall pick right there, hopefully definitely has a much better season, so the Jaguars is really, really big rate, that's going to be interesting, right, last two boxes here guys, so the second half definitely has been so much better, all right, here we go guys, last two boxes, we got a redemption there, we got a David Najoku, 149, and then we got a Drew Pearson franchise numbers auto, Dallas Cowboys, Patty Mahomes color, to 199, Tom Brady, Tyler Murray, nice tie-dye right there, covering it with the Cardinals, last one module, 4 out of 25, Visionaries, and that is a gold 6 out of 10 Brock Purdy, man, what a second half, Sean Mattig with the 49ers, beautiful, Derek Carr, Christian Watson in 99, Dylan Tolver at a 99, what a nice box, let's end it off with a nice redemption now, rookie signature prison, car number 14, nice Breeze Hall for the Jets, Wayne with that one, all right you guys, officially the last box of the case guys, Pash Hall out of 75, Aiden Hutchinson in the 75, nice jumbo patch, Tom Brady, and we got to 60 Breeze Hall, autograph there for the Jets, that's 55 out of 60, another one for Wayne, whoa, Starr Kane, these are like super short prints right, Justin Herbert, that was awesome, Charger's going to add, and select got some beautiful inserts this year, we got a Cam Jordan out of 249, Otis Anderson, Marlon Humphries out of 99, Crystal Lave Silver, Michael Parsons, Carlotis out of 149, nice, what an end to the case, that was awesome, and there you go folks, so again this second half definitely had a lot of nicer inserts, charter print cards, still managed to get some 1-0-1s as well, but again 1-0-1 Kenneth Walker, we got a picket patch to 10, we got our Zebra, and we got a lot of nice inserts, 1-0-1 Kenneth Walker, we got a picket patch to 10, we got our Zebra, Crystal Lave, and we got a Malik, Zappy, Gold Malik, and then over here our Starr Cave, and a Visionaries Brock Hardy, very very nice case, so appreciate it folks, this was select hobby football picket sheet number four, now let's switch scenes and do the giveaway, which someone's gonna win a wax party promo invite, roll it, it is a 2-3-5 times, one, two, three, four, boom, boom, boom, and there you go, nice, you had also a really nice break with the C-Ox, they did that 1-0-1, there you go congratulations, and boom, congratulations, so again more select is in the store guys, obviously number five is about to break soon, 10 left there, then 20 and 22, and there might be some other breaks sold out potentially, but like I said Joe will take over in a few minutes, thank you guys.