Going on everyone Sam here with late in sports cards have been 23 pin any prism football hobby 3 box break number 22 random team style Look again at your random results as always find these all on the website under the results tab as well as the Lincoln chat Got Luke asked with the Browns Kayla bar with the Vikings up top David M with the Broncos and Steven W with the bangles on the bottom So good luck here everybody. Hello, Jayce Thumbs down up boy Resalt orange Darnell Washington to 249 CJ Stroud and Ty J Spears Poeple coming up silver Tyree Wilson Purple Shaq Thompson to 125 Julie Palotsu and John's mega it is It is Jayce pretty fire Prismatic Jameer Gibbs redemption is Kendre Miller rookie patch autograph purple power for the Saints congrats on that Nola to 49 That's when they're at New Orleans Kendra Miller Skoransky and and Johnson you get a Michael picking up a couple of spots flawless collegiates and NTV Silver Will Anderson throwback rookie That is cam acres to 60 for the Vikings Bryce young rookie and Jane and Rita. Yes, sir B Doug is right after this actually right after this perfect time He dug What up perfect time and B Doug somebody silver height Drake London red wave Christian Wilkins to 149 My lunch break I got an Oregon jackpot for a cool 1500. Damn. There goes shorts. Let's go shorts Hell yeah, got another RPA. Wow Two RPAs in one box technically silver George Kittle. It is Jonathan mingo to 49 for the Panthers 18 of 49 Congrats Carolina Nice one there Panthers That'd be dope Gonzalez and Charbonne. That'd be awesome on is Jonathan Taylor blue or not blue red wave drew blood So two 149 Rishi rice and Dalton Kincaid rookies Hyper of Trayvon digs the 175 Geez say flowers in body chain because it's Lord man Nathan's on one. That's pretty funny.  You're gonna if you're gonna get banned I would I respect them. I respect when people do it in a funny way. That's pretty funny.  I would I respect them Yeah Talk talk talk Yeah, you are right now Pull up and say it. Yeah talk talk talk Take some hill Tyree Wilson to 60 That's funny Thorian Williams and Sharon Hall God Hey, there's a silver Josh Jacobs Josh Downs the 175 and dudes Vaughan That's funny silver Jima Purple ice to 225 Shema's IP Ryan Chalen Carter and Sean Clifford opposite. Yeah, I'll see that one. Yeah promise you that one So thank you for making me laugh Jalen waddle to 225. I needed that voice. It's good maker and no one's Grats on that one there There you go, there's DJ Morta 249 there's Deontay banks and on TV on wicks Do do So a father a cat okay, what up power Kurt Warner 49 Nice one there Rams J. I said rookie and take big B my home silver to 249 Jordan Addison shite Three boxes with Jordan Addison caller today I swim there fight Sam LaPorta and Devin witherspoon because I actually noticed the same thing you did sharp There's not a lot of ads in color hard to hit Jordan Addison stuff Yeah, hard to hit Jordan out of stuff. Yeah warriors got smoked, dude Silver Jamo purple Patrick Queen 125 for the Ravens and Tom Harrison and B John rookie is Justin Herbert Another redemption this time at Stetson Bennett rookie patch off the craft prism silvers the fourth RPA in the last six boxes kind of insane congrats Rams. Nice one there They are Los Angeles Tyree Wilson Cedric Tillman CJ Stroud prismatic to 125 penny Sewell Harrison cam Smith Silver rookie Quentin Johnson to 175 Calvin Austin Israel Abinaconda is Brock Purdy on the throwback Alvin Kamar to 199 Haya and Immanuel Wilson do another RPA No, that's a fourth one of this break. Everything's been an RPA so far. I think yeah Silver at Minka that is Zach Sharper day tonight nine. There you go. Mr. Shipe with the Seahawks rats on that one buddy Zach Sharper a rookie Jersey odd for Seattle Van Nesson collage. I can't see I know no more Nick Saban. It's weird dude It's really gonna be weird with no Nick Saban prismatic silver Kelsey Cam Jordan's I had enough of that dude Zach Evans Charlie Jones you at least have a legitimate reason to see That was man, whatever, but I just so tired. Yeah always being good. Yeah Jordan Lover juju Brents to 199 149 Tyree kill J. Caner and channel to is a bot Lobby Stinks still haven't made our channel to I know I've not made our channel to song Channel to diss track. Yeah, it's gonna be straight fire No, we're not gonna we're not gonna get John. No, there's no reason to get Jim Harbaugh Go with who we've got silver is Pollard late in van der Esch to 60 Just right regus jr. And to Juan Johnson to 149 Kyle Trask Roshan Johnson key on white silver burrow DTR nice one there silver rookie auto for the Browns Falcons would be good Horton and will levis my guess is he's got everybody wants the Chargers job right now I would say the Chargers job is probably the most attractive. Oh, yeah Silver Luke schoonmaker to 199 no offense Brian branch and Broderick judge. Yeah, I saw that I saw that stroud Red wave Christian Curth to 149 Our new young and Darnell, right Silver Carl Aftis orange harder Renfrow to at 249. Hello strife I'm Marvin Mims. Hello, mr. Strife strife Yeah, I would say yeah the GM hotspot is gonna be Washington for sure silver max Crosby and a Mario Cooper to 225 You are dead right on that shirt. Yeah, then you're interested in visual art one more time channel to is a pot lobby full steamers Josh Downs purple ice to 225 There's Davis Thoran Williams No, exactly. It's got a lot of talent on both sides of the ball That is by far. I would say the most attractive head coaching job silver is dk orange to 249 Daniel Jones just in shorter and Jordan Addison rookie Full steamers Freakin steaks silver Lamar Jackson brian breezy silver rookie auto going to the Saints jaren hall and Luke schoonmaker Tomorrow chase Blue ice is DJ more. I know I saw that shrive. That was huge dude Masi Smith and tana mckay Yeah, that's everyone though. No Everybody's dependent on their stars being healthy Yeah, like the dolphins. Yeah, we're screwed silver. Josh Allen Brett farve to 60 whole defenses down Yeah, Nolan Smith and cj stroud With recap here everybody It's time for carol to step down. It was tired of him chewing gum The 99s dj more to 60 farve van der ash irie wilson cam acres to 49 kurt warner autos brian breezy dtr Charbonne mingo to 49 That is kentry miller and it's that's embedded do it for the break everybody. Thanks again for the fill up next is panini one


And so now even though they have both the switching still between the account and the view and the business view, there's not a big difference between the two. And it looks to me like now they've gone back to the accountant view being the default. So that's what we're going to use. We're going to assume that's going to be what they're going to do going forward. Because it looks like that's where they are going. That's why we update the course from time to time because that's one of the things that will change. They'll change the look and feel of the website. The other view was fine. You could find all the same stuff was in it. They just they just formatted a little differently and tried to make it, you know, casual language, which might actually make it more difficult in some ways. You would think because the formal language often has a reason that it's formal because it's it's trying to really identify what exactly you're doing, but in any case. So we're going to be in the accountant view. We're not going to be switching back to the business view too much because it looks like the accountant view is basically the default that they're going back to at this point in time. Now, quick review on the basic screen formatting. You have the center of the screen here, which is this display screen. So the first time we open the QuickBooks, this display screen will be the dashboard oftentimes and it's kind of funny because the dashboard is like the least used thing oftentimes. You're probably not going to use maybe the dashboard to go to a lot of places in part because they keep changing the dashboard. So so we don't really know what's going to pop up here. It's kind of a mystery. It's kind of like a surprise every time you open up QuickBooks to see what their dashboard is going to look like. So what you typically will use for navigations are going to be the new button up top, the navigation that are side drops, what you might call them the bar on the left hand side. And then this icon up top for the cog and possibly your icon over here, but mainly the cog item and then the thing that you go into will be displayed in the middle. Now, because this is an online software, we can also adjust the screen by zooming in. If I'm on, I'm on a Windows machine here. The easiest way to do it here is to go hold down control, scroll up on your mouse wheel and you can see that the size of the screen changes. So this is 200% of the screen. So that is great because if you want to get larger text or anything like that, you can easily zoom into the screen because it's a web based software. However, it also causes problems. This screen being dynamic like this changing as you zoom in because that means the icons will actually change. You can see this icons have changed up top because now I have zoomed in. Therefore, if you're working on a on a non standard size screen, then it's likely that your icons will be slightly different due to the web page trying to maximize the screen size for for optimal use given your interface, right? So so if you don't see all the icons that I see, you might scroll out of the screen to see if you can see it. So for example, all web based softwares are designed to work on tablets now and phones. Tablets and phones are going to have a different size screen and therefore the layout of the screen is going to look a little bit different and you can and you can fix that or you can possibly find what is there by zooming in and out of the screen, which will typically give you less options when you zoom in. There's going to be less things up top and more in like a drop down format. And then when you zoom out, it's going to give you more options in terms of the headers up top is the general idea. Also note that if you're zooming into a form, if you open like an invoice and you zoom into the form, it works pretty pretty well. There's different formats of the invoice now and we'll talk about that more as well. But if you zoom into the invoice, then then that's nice because because it gives you more detail. But when you start to populate the invoice and then add it sometimes being too zoomed in could have a problem or or cause issues with the data input. Therefore, if that happens, you just zoom back out zoom back out again to a hundred percent and then do the data input again. QuickBooks has gotten a lot better at that. So if you are entering a data input form while zoomed in, it usually works pretty well right now, but if for whatever reason it glitches up, it might be because you're zoomed in too far and that caused an issue with the with the website. So just stop it, cancel possibly go back in and then enter it at one hundred percent. The next thing to note is that you might want to have multiple windows open such as the reports. You might want to have your reports. We will do this every time we'll open up the balance sheet in the income statement, not until we actually have something in them. But once we start to build the balance sheet in the income statement, we will open them up every time in another tab so that we can have three things open. We can look at the data input. We can see the reports. There's a couple of ways that you can open new tabs. What you can do is you could actually right click oftentimes on the link you want to open and then open link in a new tab like this. That's great because and then you could see it populating in the new tab up top or you can right click on the tab up top and duplicate the tab. I'm not going to add a new tab. I'm going to duplicate the tab and then possibly look for whatever you want to open within it, such as the reports on the left-hand side and then the profit and loss in this case otherwise known as the income statement. Now so that can take a little bit getting used to if you're used to web-based software. I'm sorry desktop software like a QuickBooks desktop and part of the thing that needs to be getting used to is that you'd have to make sure you refresh or run the report every time you do data input because although this is on one website, if you do the data input over here, invoices, checks and so on, then this side of the screen, this other tab might not pick it up until you actually run the report again. So you have to remember every time you go from one tab to the other, run the report and if that doesn't work, you refresh the entire screen up top. But typically if you're looking at reports, which is usually what we use this for, you can just refresh the report and it will work and you don't have to refresh the entire page here. Let's go back to the first tab. Now when we do the actual data input, then the general layout is going to be if I'm working on something that is a data-data transaction, meaning these are things that happen on a cyclical basis. They're normal transactions. Normally they will be up here in the plus button. The accounting system is cyclical, right? It repeats typically on a month-by-month basis and within this accounting cycle, there are smaller cycles or different timing cycles that repeat such and we can break them down into the customer or you can call it sales cycle, revenue cycle, accounts receivable cycle, vendor cycle. Otherwise known as expense cycle, purchases cycles. You can call it or a payable cycle and then employee cycle, otherwise known as like the payroll cycle and these three cycles will be more or less complex depending on the type of industry you are in. The industry often requiring more advanced or less advanced things such as an accrual basis on the customer side, invoices and bills versus a cash basis being on the customer side. You would have the sales receipts or possibly using a deposit form versus on the vendor side, you would be a cash base using expense or check forms and payroll is an accrual thing if you're running it within QuickBooks. If you have payroll outside of QuickBooks by a third-party vendor, you might be able to use more of a cash-based system. We'll talk more about that in a future presentation. So that's the general idea there. Now, once you do the data input of these forms, then you also have to track your communication with the people we're doing business with as a bookkeeper, meaning


It's a hot one out there today. Woo! I need to roll down the windows a bit. Harrisonburg, Virginia. Weather is nice here. What you doing, Diesel? Enjoying the nice weather? It's nice down here, isn't it? What are you looking at? You see a ghost or something? Come here, bud. Come here. This weather is so nice here in Virginia. We're an hour away from where my friends most of the clean live. I think we're about an hour away. I'm not sure exactly where they live. Close by here, anyways. And they always talk about how the weather is so nice and they weren't lying. This is summer weather still. Look, we've got green leaves on the trees here. That's amazing. Really jealous of their weather. It didn't work out to meet up this time coming past here, though. I'm on a very tight schedule. The loads are already late. It's supposed to be, you know, they were expecting it down there a couple of days ago already, but since the truck broke down, I'm trying to push myself to get down there as fast as possible. I want them there, or I want to be there tomorrow. So hopefully we'll get to meet up next time.  Right, Diesel? Next time. So I still have 1,180 kilometers to go. I can't quite make it all the way there today on my 11 hours, that's for sure. We're going to make it as close as possible and we'll do the rest tomorrow. They should be waiting for me there. And now I have a reload scheduled out of Palmetto, Georgia, I think. It's just a trailer switch. There's a load of trailer that are waiting for me, and that's going to take me home. So everything is working out. I'm looking forward to being able to start pointing my nose home soon, as soon as tomorrow. We need to take our half hour break here, about halfway through our day. Not quite halfway. We've still got a long way to go. 883 kilometers, yeah, that's about 9 hours of driving. We're not going to, like I said, not going to quite make it there tonight. We're going to be there tomorrow afternoon. I've called them. They know I'm coming. But tomorrow, and then I go and just switch trailers and head home as fast as this girl will take me, right, Diesel? To do at home, you got to chase Chevy around the yard. What kind of gunk in your eyes again, man? Here you go. Oh, such a handsome man. Look at you. Pull back into me. These pumps are sort of on the uphill here, and if he releases his breaks and isn't careful, he's going to roll right back into me. I left quite a bit of space there, but the lineups are pretty long. There's people behind me as well, because we'll see what happens. Well, hopefully he'll, hopefully he'll be careful. It's T-shirt weather out here. Look at this. These leaves still up here. I don't know. Every time I come here, it never gets old. It's still summer down here. It's amazing. Let's put a few trucks here. This is what I mean in this part of the country. You sort of have to build everything into the hills. So you got one level of parking up there, one level of parking down here. It's always interesting. Must be a little more expensive to, to build things here than out on the prairies, where it's just flat land. That sun goes down quick. Went in there to grab coffee and some of these tornado things, or tornado, whatever you guys call them. Delicious is what I call them. Looks like the rest of the day is going to be at night. That's okay. At least the weather is nice down here. I think it's about 19 Celsius when I left the truck. Not bad for November 4th. Are we on or are we on? No, we're on November 5th now, right? Not bad. I will soak in all of this nice weather while I can. I have a feeling when I get home, it's going to be a lot colder than when we left. Then again, when we left Manitoba, there was snow on the ground. And I think since then all the snow has melted.  There's more coming. You have seven hours and 39 minutes of remaining drive time. All right. And we're going to try to use up every single one of those minutes. Let's see how far we get. Where are we now? We just got into North Carolina. We just came down that hill where you're overlooking the valley. Where's my phone? Where's one of my pocket? I had my phone with me the whole time. That's good. It's good. Usually I forget it. Let's see. We are just south of Fancy Gap. That's what they call it. Fancy Gap. Try to get the address here. Okay, if I click on the loves that I'm at, what does the town say? It says I got like four bars of LTE service here, but it acts like I'm on dial-up. Piper's Gap Road, Lambsburg, Virginia. Lam, like sheep. Lambsburg, Virginia. Everything's a burg out here. You notice that? This burg, that burg, lots of burgs. I'm hoping to find some parking here. Not too sure what truck stop this is. It was on Trucker Path App. A little sketchy, but not too bad. There's plenty of parking here. Not as good because everything else is full. It's 1.30 in the morning. I'll take it. Diesel, we found a spot here. Plenty of parking. Again, thank God for the Trucker Path App. Not an ad. I'm just twice in a, two nights in a row now that it's found me a parking spot. Plenty of parking here at this place. I mean, it's not a flying J or a pilot, that's for sure. Doesn't look very fancy. This is something like what I'm used to. So I'm flying parking here. So I just got to make sure that I'm straight. I don't really feel like I'm straight. I don't know if you can see it or not. I feel like I'm kind of pointed that way a little bit. I got to get out here and take a look. See how straight we are. I'm going to do the walk around anyways. I had to straighten out a little bit. I was crooked. I was actually pretty crooked, like very crooked. And when I park, I have to be straight. Otherwise, I won't get any sleep. I'll be thinking about it all night. I'm so crooked. So I straighten myself out. But it smells like Georgia out here, you know?  I'll tell you I'm in British Columbia because of the smell.  It's the same thing with Georgia, except Georgia has that Georgia pine smell. You could blindfold me, take me in a helicopter, spin me in circles and drop me in the middle of Georgia. I'll take one sniff. Those are Georgia pines. It smells like Georgia. What do you think? Really, buddy. So that's that. Sayfini. El Completo. We'll see you tomorrow.


All right Darius. Hey there. Hey, how's it going? Going well. Thank you. Thanks for having me on. It's been too long Sure. It's good to see you Good to see you and and the other Participants so well, let's see I Guess my thing is Kind of more of a statement, but I think I could there's a question in it, too And it's I'll start by just saying I've been really enjoying the theme you've introduced sometime earlier this year about moral authority and Unfortunately, you had you've had to introduce it in the context of Elizabeth Warren and more recently this retina Yeah, I think I started with a OC too Yes Yes, yes Thank you. So maybe it goes back before this year and and I I mean it's such an important theme and I'll just say in my it resonates with me because in my Profession as you and some others know I'm a financial advisor and I'm the chief investment officer of our wealth management firm and you know, I can kind of stand on my head and show people kind of analytical analysis of historical data but ultimately, you know, I You know, you can't how do you extrapolate that into the future at some point, you know You have to stand on your moral authority either people who kind of take me as having integrity honesty objectivity and And and want to listen to my advice or they don't want to yep It just really comes down to that at the end and so I you know, so that so my question then is So besides those three who you spoke about where moral authority has been strong for them Who can you point to on the positive side besides yourself? And if I may add my little anecdote about myself a moment ago, you know, who can you point to on the positive side? We'll really be size objectivists. Who can you point to on the positive side that you think does? Apply this power of moral authority in their approach Well, I mean I think Almost all successful bad guys do right because that's how they become successful and that's how they convince people And it says not all of them, but but but most of them they Particularly, you know, those are better. We have an ideology that they're trying to project So certainly religion religious leaders project a small authority very well again in the in the service of bad ideas but but but do it well and and half throughout history when I When I talked about Greta, I talked about Joan of Arc and you know Joan of Arc's a good example in history and people I think thought that I view Joan of Arc as a positive Person and therefore when I compared it to Greta, they thought I was talking positively about Greta And no, I view Joan of Arc as a as a mystic widow. I mean she was nuts, right? And and and Joan of Arc was was was was horrible and I don't I can't I can't remember enough history to know if There were good guys and bad guys in the war between the English and French But knowing the English and knowing the French and knowing a lit about a bit about ancient that period in European history My suspicions strong suspicion is no, there are no good guys there. They're all bad guys and who cares who won that war So I So I think all of those You know Churchill and as a positive example think of Churchill Think of think of kind of the moral authority that he exhibited the kind of the certainty that we are the good guys They are the bad guys. We will win. We just need to stay determined and kind of a confidence self esteem But a certainty about the virtue of the fight and the and the value of what they were fighting for So that would be a good positive example I mean so I'm moving up, I mean I start rock Reagan to some extent, right? You know, mr. Gorbachev tear down this wall is certainly an example of a certain And calling the Soviet Union an evil empire now. I think he undercuts himself in other issues But I think at least in some of his speeches He certainly exhibit that kind of moral authority moral certainty moral courage To stand up to evil. I Mean the the sad state of affairs today is there not many people like that, right? On the on the good guy side, right? There's some objectivist there's some free market people But I just don't see that many people stand up for good stuff for good ideas and Using kind of a moral platform to do it on and you know, so using morality in in that way I'm just trying to think I mean business leaders, I mean, it's sad imagine if Imagine if Zuckerberg I mentioned this day of the day if he stood up in front of Congress and I don't accept your authority to ask me These stupid questions and walked out that would have been exhibiting kind of moral courage and moral certainty in But he really didn't do that right? He did the opposite. He cowered before them I Mean I'm sure in business you see it a lot right to your example is a good example and I'm sure in the context of I think Steve Jobs did Steve Jobs had this ability to say I stand behind this and and this is going to be good and I'm certain of it So he conveyed it with a with a certain self-esteem and a confidence and everything that I think people people bought the product because Steve Jobs said and put his whole Persona behind it and people bought into it and I think a lot of that was about his moral certainty in the righteousness of what he was doing And I think most business leaders to be very successful in business have to Convey that to they cut to their employees their customers their clients to the to the people around them, you know We have integrity we're honest and we know what we're doing, you know, we're confident in what we're doing and and so You know, I'm trying to think if there are any other examples out there On on the good guy side. I just don't see that many that much of it I mean among intellectuals, you see it. You see people standing up to the status standing up to socialists, but Just not a not a huge number. Nobody super influential. Thank you You know Yeah, I mean any anybody I mean, I'm thinking Jordan Peterson. I mean Jordan Peterson is very successful and part of that success comes from his Sense of certainty about certain things and and sense of you know, he believes in right or wrong and he has this he conveys this now I don't agree with him on how you define right or wrong, but some of at least what he says. I mean, he conveys in a way that that is Gives it a certain moral weight That comes through when you debate Socialists and a lot of these other people is they dither you actually come out sounding very very solid Yeah, no, absolutely. I think I think that's right. I think that the socialists particularly they sent to me They tend to change their positions. They tend to move because they they don't have a solid ground They don't have a clear idea. They're very few on They're very few that really get it morally Yeah, you know, this is why I think AOC and Greta are Unique because I think they they have the ability to frame issues in terms of morality And not just in terms of well, this will work better than that. I mean if my socialist pal You know that my socialist opponent and my capitalism socialism debate had framed it from more More perspective, I think he would have done better because he would have appealed to the audience Altruism which is already there and indeed when he gave them soft stories when he talked about oh people You know don't have health care and the poor people and you know that's when he got a positive response So, you know, the right way is not to talk about oh socialism could be successful because of this so that the right way If I was a socialist and I was doing this I would talk about the altruistic duty to help to help the poor and socialism You know, maybe doesn't work, but it's the right thing to do and it's the right mechanism by which to do it. So Yeah, I mean that differentiates that the ones who are good at it and the ones are not so good at it now There are many philosophies that would offer that to an individual. Oh, yes There are religions that offer it. There are forms of government that offer it. How does not forms of government? That's politics. That's a different branch That comes later Well, yes, but Governments in some areas in some instances would define for you choices or Dictate to you how to live your life. Yeah But I'll retract governments and just say religions are philosophies. How does objectivism differ? From the philosophies that many of us have been exposed to in our youths philosophies based upon religions theologians dogmatists very first difference Objectivism tells you that it is not right It is not proper to man to take anything on faith Religion is a matter of faith You accept a religion emotionally or because you were born to it. You have not chosen it rationally What objectivism will tell you is that reason? Man's reason is his basic means of survival That is the most important faculty which he has and He has to guide his life and make his choices by means of his Rational faculty. He has to make his own choices, but he has to know how to make them It is immoral for him to act on his emotions to be guided by the whim of the moment that Objectivism holds as very wrong very immoral and Morality in fact consists of following your reason to the best of your ability So the rationality is the basic virtue from which all the others proceed using the super chat And I noticed yesterday when I appealed for support for the show many of you step forward and actually Supported the show for the first time. So I'll do it again. Maybe we'll get some more today If you like what you're hearing if you appreciate what I'm doing then I appreciate your support Those of you who don't yet support the show, please take this opportunity go to Iran book show calm slash support or go to subscribe star calm your own book show and And and make a kind of a monthly contribution to keep this to keep this going. I'm not sure when the next


see our screen presentation effectively? Yes, you see it. Okay, very good. So, yeah, so I'm Jason and I have been working in Vietnam since 2006 in collaboration with friends at Canto University. I have worked there on a range of different basically saw-related projects, but firstly with ACR there on a rice shrimp project looking at sustainability of the rice shrimp system and then that led on to what we call the focus project, which is farmer options for crops under saline conditions. And with me, I have Brooke, who is postdoc on that project. Hi everyone. I also have worked in Vietnam for a while, but started in 2015 as part of my undergraduate and I have progressed through after getting my PhD and now work full-time on this focus project and interested in soil, plant, sort of microbial interactions. So it's a great, great space to explore this. Right, yeah, so, yeah, the project is funded by ACR and it's led in Australia by us at Charleston University and our in-country lead is Canto University. So, just as a brief intro, of course the Delta in Vietnam is hugely important to the country. It's about 12% of the area, a very flat area and so it is all pretty much less than four metres above sea level except for a few hills or what the locals call mountains. But yeah, so a lot of it's even less than two metres above sea level. Agriculture is hugely important to the economy in the Delta with 80% of the jobs associated with agriculture in some way. And the Delta produces over 50% of the country's rice production and a lot of that is exported as well. So the economic value is quite large. So the food bowl of Vietnam is the Delta. However, over the recent years, there's been competition for the water that's coming down through the Mekong River. So with upstream water use and damming, we've had, due to climate change, drought is a lot more regular now and even the rainfall patterns have been disrupted. So 10 years ago, the dry and wet season were very set whereas now they're quite variable and unpredictable, which causes problems of course to the farming, the cropping systems. Seed level rise is an issue being close to the equator and so the seawater rise has been recorded as being about 12 to 14 millimetres per year. And of course, as the seawater rises, the salt water starts coming up through the canal and river system. And so in this diagram in the map here, you can see that there's lines that show the extent of salinity coming through into the Delta inland upstream up canals and salinising the land. And so you can kind of see there in 2010, there's around the coastal areas or pericostal areas, 2016 was a rather large drought effect and salinity really started to impact rice crops and farmers were in a lot of trouble because they never experienced this before in some areas because it had moved so far inland. And you can see there in 2020 it happened again and even further in some areas. And so you literally have a situation where people who have been able to farm a certain way for decades all of a sudden were starting to be impacted by this seawater rise and the salt water intrusion coming up the canal system. And of course, their response once that happened was okay, I can't irrigate from the river anymore because it's saline so I'll ground water pump instead. And of course, removing water from a Delta system makes the land subsidence worse. And so whilst the seawater rise is that 12 to 14 millimeters per year, land subsidence is around 40 millimeters per year. And so the net effect of that of course is around 50 millimeters a year in a system where you are two meters above sea level. So that's like that's pretty, that's a bad situation. And that's the situation that we're working in. And of course, the problem is that that salinity and the effect of the drought basically have hundreds of thousands of hectares impacted by salt and by lack of water. And you have all that loss of production, loss of farm income and impact on communities, rural communities. So that's our problem. And of course, the worst of this situation, the worst of the salt water intrusion and the drought occurs in the dry season. So in a lot of areas through the Delta, they'll grow three crops a rise a year. And our problem is largely in this early dry season situation. And so it's this third rice crop that gets often will get killed by the salinity. But even in areas where they grow two rice crops, they stretch that out such that that second rice crop is still susceptible in some years to impacts by salt. So what we're looking at is alternatives to rice in this dry season period. And the farmers that we work with and the darts of the Department of Agricultural and Rural Development, government agencies that we work with, they all say you can teach us to grow new crops, we can use new soil techniques. But the crop has to be valuable. It has to have a stronger market value than rice because we can grow more rice and the farmers will still be poor. So the alternative has to be a marketable, profitable crop. And so we focus on that as well. So in looking at these alternative crops, we look at the crop, but also the soil management and the agricultural management of the field to be able to grow those crops. So we've kind of got the biophysical, the crop, the selection of the crop species and also variety, and then the soil management that supports that crop. And that sort of thing, Brooke, we'll go into more detail, but we're talking about raised beds to minimize the effects of water logging, mulches to minimize evaporation and decrease the effects of salinity, for example. And then of course, there's nutrition on top of that. We are looking at the socioeconomic value chain sort of market analysis. So if we grow these crops, is there a market for them? What are those markets? What are the barriers to adoption of those crops within the supply chain? So we're examining those within the project. We need to have a really good understanding of how salinity of the soil and the waterways changes through time and space. And so if you look through the literature and online, you'll see maps of the delta that change, that shows salinity, but often they're created by monitoring points in the waterways and not actually measuring salt in soil or salinity in soil. And so we're looking at doing that by a range of different mechanisms. And so we have a team of people who actually measure salinity in soil and also the waterways, but we also are doing it with remote sensing as well, because we have a really strong GIS team that's capable of doing that sort of stuff for us. And so the value of doing that is we can understand what can we grow? Where can we grow it and under what conditions? And then with that spatial temporal mapping, we actually can match up where you're going to get a large enough scale of land to support those new crops to maybe then inform government to say, look, you can support private industry here or change policy to create incentives for businesses to come in and fill this niche part of the supply chain to enable uptake of this alternative crop and give it a value. And then the fourth part is we're looking at the role of gender in the whole process from knowledge creation in the research team through to the extension to growers, the uptake on farm, and also within supply chains as well. Understanding that it's a really rapidly moving space and often that impacts genders differently. And so we need to just understand what we're dealing with there and how can we help offset some of the changes that are going to be occurring. So for the purpose of this presentation, we'll focus on the biophysical aspect of the project. And that comes down to looking at alternative crops to rice to suit this dry season period. So when we first started out, we had to make a criteria that we could identify crops that could be suitable. To start with, it was saline tolerant crops. So obviously, towards the end of the dry season, the saline intrusion is really gets quite high and soil salinisation is the worst during that later reproductive phase. So salt tolerant crops that can grow and reproduce and then create a profitable yield was the criteria we looked at. Water use efficient crops or crops that used lower amounts of water to complete their life cycle was something that was really important. You can get crops that are salt tolerant, but use a lot of water and in a system where there's fresh water scarcity, it's just not suitable. There's a risk, there's a higher risk of failure. We also needed crops that could fit the climate of the Mekong Delta in that dry season. The temperatures can get to 35 degrees. We get these variable, very low rainfall patterns, you're relying on irrigation. So these sort of crops that fit there, not a crop that's a cold tolerant sort of crop. They had to be able to work in with the available labour that exists in these small holder farms. There are some crops that can fit both the salt tolerant and water use efficient criteria, but require great amounts of manual labour and that just doesn't work in the system. So finding something that we can adapt with the available mechanisation and tools available to farmers. And most of all, as Jason said, it had to be something that is profitable at the end of the day for the farmers because they need a yield to sell at market, otherwise there's no point in investing in this. So we sort of based our crop selection off these criteria, came up with a few different species to test and understanding that there will always be more species. We can't test them all, but we can look at the adoption protocols and practices of how that occurs. So we did a range of glasshouse and greenhouse trials both in Australia and Vietnam. And these helped us sort of work out the salinity and drought or water use screening of different species, as well as once we identified species, the varieties available in Vietnam that could be best suited to those perhaps different spatial areas. There may be areas that are saline affected, but has lots of water. And there are varieties that suit that. Alternatively, there are areas of the delta that have less saline intrusion, but water is an issue. So you sort of suit varieties to those areas. We also, yes, did water use efficiency sort of screening. And through all of those, we did things like measuring plants or parameters, lots of different leaf indexes, proleins, yields, biomasses, roots, nodules, all those sorts of things. From here, the range of trials that we did, it helped us establish what we could use in the field. And so some of the crops we've trialled, cowpea, there's a legume, beetroot, watermelon, maize, quinoa, we've done a range of different crops. And we utilize the information from the glasshouse and greenhouse trials and to work out where they are best suited in the delta. We have trials across, as a transect across the delta, starting in Sok Trang, which is quite close to the coast, where saline intrusion is the worst, all the way up to Aang Yang, where it's a broader scale cropping systems. Freshwater scarcity is more of an issue rather than saline intrusion. So there's an adoption of different species there. We have these dry season trials, and then it goes back into rice cropping after we're finished. And we are looking at both the performance of our alternative species and then things like the impacts of that on rice afterwards, as well as, you know, different varieties, where they suit, where they're best located. So with those field trials, we've got the species that we've selected. But we've also looked at different management practices that we can use to enhance and optimize the growth of these alternative crops. We use a soil monitoring moisture device called chameleon soil moisture sensors. And these are Australian made, and I'll go into detail in the next slide. But we help farmers understand irrigation schedules. They're familiar with growing rice, which is obviously flood irrigation. These upland crops, different water requirements, we can make more efficient water decisions. And so we're using these tools to test those thresholds there. Rice straw mulching, different mulching trials. We're doing rate trials, combinations with things like compost and biochar chameleon, so monitoring irrigation with mulch. So it's just integrating these different management practices in things like raised beds, as you can see in one of the pictures up the top there. So chameleons are a pretty cool device. They are developed originally by CSI Roe in Australia, and now they're sold through the Virtual Irrigation Company Academy, which is a non-for-profit organization. They measure soil moisture through soil tension, and the beauty about this is rather than interpreting something that could be complex to a farmer, is in reading in kilopascals, it comes up with a traffic light system to indicate the level of soil moisture that's there. And this makes it really easy to use. It provides real-time data back to the farmer, and it's relatively cheap compared to things like tensiometers. They are, however, limited by quite high levels of salinity, and we're working to see where those sort of thresholds exist and how they fit in with our system. So the traffic light system, just very quickly, blue, it's been calibrated to mean you've got a soil tension between zero and minus 22 kilopascals, so your soil is essentially wet, you don't need to irrigate it. Green is moist, and once a farmer sees the red lights come up, they know they have to irrigate. You can have multiple different layers, so that each light corresponds to its own sensor, and that sensor can be put at different depths, so you could have zero to five, five to 10, 10 to 15 centimetres, or we use them spatially because we've got shallow, rooted species. We might use them between treatments to determine what irrigation is happening there. So it's a really useful tool for farmer engagement and is an educational tool, but also a research tool for us. So there is a chameleon card version, which is a cheaper method of it, but it doesn't log data like the Wi-Fi one does. So you can see a farmer here in Vietnam, I think the video will play the lights flashing, so he attaches the wire and then it will indicate, I think, a green light there, so hopefully he doesn't go and irrigate that crop, but yeah, super, super easy to use. So that's what we're sort of utilising in our field trials. Yeah, and without that intervention, the farmer behaviour that's been observed is they irrigate every day because they think they have to, and they've got no other information to say that they, that's not a good idea, but we've used the chameleons to show, to demonstrate that actually you don't need to irrigate every day. Yeah, so when, this is just an example of sort of a field trial experiment we've got set up, and we have what we call the farmer practice, which is that irrigating every day or whatever they perceive as their ideal irrigation, and what we've found is it follows something along the lines of what they would do with rice, and then we compare that to our treatments of a chameleon with no straw and then various rates of straw mulch to see what water savings we can get. And it's been, we've done this over a few years now, and the results are really consistent and exciting. We have found, and so we'll report beetroot or red beets, whatever you'd like to call it. This is just some from a recent trial that we did. And along the y-axis, you can see the water applied, so that's how much water over the growing season that this trial used. And we used farmers in this, so we're engaging the farmers in the field trials and getting sort of buy-in there. We can see your first column is a chameleon with no mulch.  The next one is the same, it's chameleon, but you've got seven tonnes of rustraw there, and that's then compared to a farmer's irrigation with 10 tonnes of mulch. So more mulch than the chameleon one. Yeah, so our seven tonne was something that we came up with with our experiment, sort of demonstrated that seven tonnes was the optimal, optimal rate for rustraw mulch, whereas the farmers were doing 10 tonnes their standard practice. So that's why that, that's why that rate is different. Bit of a comparison. We're trying to also show there's efficiencies, hopefully through less labour and straw and use like that. And this was, this was really cool because we had, here's our beetroot yield in tonnes per hectare. And you can see mulching makes a huge difference. So chameleon, no mulch, it's significantly less yield. But the chameleon with seven tonnes per hectare and then the farmer irrigation with 10 tonnes, there was no yield difference. So the take home message is that you can use less water and less straw if you use a chameleon and you get the same yield. And we've had this, not just across with beetroot, we've had it with maize, watermelon. We're extending that now into you know, cowpea and quinoa. So it's exciting to show the farmers these benefits. They don't have to water every day. You don't have to put on as much straw, but you still get, you know, the same yields that you would if you used that much water and that much mulch. So, so this is, this is really, it's just a feel good moment when you see this data. So what we know from, from where we are at this point in the project is that we have found alternative crops work.  Have you tried that? We're not there to find the one crop that will save everything. It's the principle of how we implement and adopt new crops and the criteria that we need to focus on and how we can work that into a system that's been predominantly rice based for many, many years. So we've grown these crops, novel crops in areas that have not seen alternative crops and they work, which is good to know. And they're profitable. Profitable. Yeah. Yeah. Be true. I don't have the quote here, but we interviewed this farmer in the picture and he made, I think, 27 million dong per 1000 meter squared compared to rice, which was two or 3000. So significant increases in farm income, which is fantastic. And I think the next point you get that water saving, if you combine some management practices to help optimise those crops, there will be, there's many other things that you can do, but these are two achievable and accessible tools for farmers. They have rice straw, chameleons are relatively cheap. We're looking at ways we can, you know, get more of these tools out to farmers or increase your awareness of irrigation. The seven ton mulch seems to be the magic number consistently throughout our trials. 10 tons, it either, you know, it doesn't improve yield or improve anything. So that's a good threshold to know. And we sort of work from that now. It's better than two and a half tons, but seven tons is no better than 10. So that's, that's some useful to know. And we have found that 25% saving in labour, and that would be through irrigation, like not having to irrigate daily. You can get that back to a household and we have interviews where farmers have said that they now have more time to take their grandchildren to school and things like that. So there's social benefits as well, as well as 25% savings in fuel. And that's from running pumps and things like that. So there are all these sort of other benefits to the alternative crops and the management practices that we're looking at. However, there are still, of course, things that we still need to know and need to find these out. And these are research questions of interest.  So the finding those sowing windows where we avoid abiotic stresses like temperature, the saline intrusion, those sort of water limitations, they are really important into fitting with the cropping calendar of rice that's already there. And that's a really big challenge because one of the effects of the climate change is the unpredictable weather. So in our journey working there in the last few years, we've had the early storm events that have flooded sites and we've had the heat wave effects that kill seedlings, whereas the year before that didn't happen. And when you talk to the farmers, has it been this hot before and they've never seen it this hot before? So things are changing and so that unpredictability is a real issue for us trying to fit these new crops into the system. Yeah. And then, as Jason said, it's fitting them into the system and then fitting them into their cultural practices. So Vietnam has a big holiday in our new year, but it's Tet. And when you speak to farmers or researchers, they say no one will grow crops over that period because they require irrigation daily and everyone takes two weeks off or 10 days. So it's working out, we might have the scientific answer, but it's how that fits into a socio sort of family household dynamic practice and the implications of changing something like that. We have to sort of look into that as well. And then on top of that, it's then optimizing once we've sort of got the timing right and it fits into a cycle that works for the farmers. How can we optimize those plants, alternative crops? Is it fertilizer? Is it, you know, we're looking at soil constraints, those sorts of things. The soil has been growing rice for many years. There's probably micronutrient research, macronutrient. There's a whole gamut of optimization that could go into that to further, in a way, that's low import and high productivity, high profitability for farmers. Those are the sort of questions that we're looking at in the future. And of course, those alternative crops, if they have benefit to the subsequent rice crop, that means that you can wind back the fertilizer inputs, then you change the risk profile because now you don't have so much capital invested in fertilizer, for example. And so if the crop fails, the losses aren't as great. So there's those sort of things to take account of as well. Yeah. So with that, that's a nice little wrap up of our project and our team and fantastic team members in Vietnam who really do a great job of pulling all these field trials and research questions together for us. So it's a great place to work and explore these these big, big picture questions. Thanks for the opportunity to present. Thank you very, very much for this wonderful presentation. I enjoyed it a lot and have a few questions myself, but I will give the floor first to others. Questions, please. Also comments are welcome. Suggestions and Stefan is first. Yeah, no, great presentation and a lot of learning for us in the Asia Mega Delta Initiative. So linking up is really, really useful, valuable, and hope we can do this further going forward together. That's just one comment. But my question is a little bit around the choices that you made, that the initial crops that you tested, did you do some sort of market analysis before? Because you sort of didn't talk about that, that's fine. But just to know, did you do a market? It has been through the market out there, there's a potential there or for the melon or whatever it may be, quinoa, etc. Over? Yes, so we did it as far as we knew that we couldn't do every single crop. And so we grouped them into sort of, you know, cereal types or grain crops, vegetables and did it that way. But what I've learned out of that process is that the scale of operation matters a lot. And so there are some small farms where perhaps some more labor intensive niche, like beetroot or something like that, which they can sell locally at a high price, works for that small farm. Whereas if that was done on a bigger farm, the higher labor requirement, more labor units, all of a sudden that's not economical anymore. Whereas if you move somewhere to a larger scale, then mechanization becomes super important and something like quinoa is viable.  And so so whilst we're doing those, we are doing those supply chain studies, we started with the agronomic to get the ball rolling in that. And now we can refine and probably chase the winners a little bit better, if that makes sense. Yep. And I think matching up existing small markets, household, you know, the growth of vegetables sold on the side of the road, you understand there's a familiar that rarity there. And it's just, as Jason said, matching that to where those smaller communities might exist or if it's broader scale, and you can get harvesters in. Yeah. Thanks. I, my question is actually very similar. So I use my current power to jump the line a bit. Sorry, Mike.  I mean, you showed the requirements and kind of the general framework that they should meet. But there's probably still, I mean, dozens of options available. Did you sit down and brainstorm or did you have like a process for that? Did you ask experts come to university? What was the So we, so we had, we had the literature, we had, you know, what's possible from the literature. We worked very closely and it's my mistake. I have not got that on my final slide there in terms of who's in the team. But the DAB, the Department of Agricultural Rural Development, we actually worked really strongly with the field staff there to hear what they wanted, what they are interested in or what their farmers are interested in. And so, so we, like, I guess, Kiwa we bought, bought in as like that didn't come from Vietnam as an idea. But, but everything else is pretty much that the farmers were interested or the DAB staff have seen it grown somewhere else and wondered, is that possible? And so, so, yeah, it was ground up a lot of the cases. But we had the literature there to sort of feel in, well, this should work and that should work. Or when we didn't want to, we didn't want to reinvent the wheel. So if, you know, people have grown tomatoes, then fine, we already know you can do that. And, and just a quick follow up was that, is it general, generally crops that are grown in the Mekong Delta already? Because sometimes you also mentioned new crops. So what's the, the mix between crops that maybe not those farmers, but that were kind of common in the Mekong Delta and completely new ideas? Yeah, the beets roots new and king last new. So, yeah, so they're out there on newbies. But yeah, the, the, how P we were really keen to get a legume in the system. Soybean was recommended from Dard. And we, with our sort of knowledge of the literature, we tested soybean, but knowing that it's only moderate salt tolerance and consequently it failed. So looking, then they're interested in the legume. What can we find that fits that growing calendar? And it's, you know, shorter duration was also a big requirement trying to get something that can get through its reproductive phases and avoid those abiotic stresses. So cow pee was, was great because it's a multi-purpose crop and finding crops that have beyond one benefit, whether it's because it's a legume or it could be used as a forage crop, or it could be harvested as a bean consumed as a vegetable, those sorts of things became appealing. And then the farmers really got on board with that, which is great. So it's sort of a, yeah, you know, suggestions are passed in and we try and optimize what crops might suit that. And if it's some, if there's longer term legacy effects as well, through nitrogen fixation, I mean, what a win for the system. Okay. So, so it's a, it's a mixed methods approach. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. Mike, you've been very patient. Yeah. Thanks very much. And thank you for a very interesting presentation. My angle comes from the aquatic side, the, the fishy side rather than crops, but of course, recognizing that the, the integrated systems rice fish and other crops fish are of course interesting for Delta environments today. And on another one CG program called ASEAN, we're looking at, among other things, regenerative agriculture, which involves soil health. And sometime back, James Quilty, who you know, from ACIR, asked me and others to evaluate a rice shrimp project, which I think you were also involved with. And that work promoted a Bayesian belief network probability app. So my first question is, is that application still in use and are farmers finding it useful? So I'm not, I'm not sure on the, the uptake of, of the BBN app. I know they were, they were interested. I know they wanted it. It was one of the things that we need this, but I'm not sure how far that got developed after that project ended. But we had it set up. We got it to a point where we had the structure there. It functioned, but like any, any decision support system, it's, it's value improves with data going into it. And so I'm not sure how much has happened since the project ended. Okay. Thank you. And the next question part of the question is, have you come across something called a bio funk tool? It measures soil health by gathering a range of soil properties to give a prediction about soil health. Short answer, no. But so one of the things that we've, we work with the farmers, because we initially started with training programs to train the farmers about salinity as a, as a, because it's such a high risk factor for cropping. And what came out of that was actually they need just soil, soil health training. And so it was amazing what the farmers could tell you about their soil. Just from their observations, like we keep growing rice and the yields keep going down. We keep putting more fertilizer on, but the yields keep going down. But when we grow these alternative crops, everything changes and the next, you know, the next rice crops better. And so they, they put it together and they realize that soil health is really important, but they don't know much about it. And so we've changed our training from salinity training to soil training, soil constraint training. And, and that's, we've done it and you'll have to forgive us for just being Australian people working with Australian farmers and understanding what that's like. We've used the models that we know work with our farmers and took them to Vietnam and the Vietnamese team, like, oh, this isn't going to work. Like no one's interested in this stuff. You won't get farmers engaged in this. We have to, look, trust me, it works. Farmers love this stuff. And we did it.  They, they understand the soil. They understand, like they want to know more about it. If they don't know, they want to learn. And so, so that was, that I don't know the biofund tool. I'm not familiar with it, but anything that it links soil fertility or soil health to a farmer is, is going to work, I think. Yeah. As long as it's hands on. Okay. Two, two quick extra questions. The chameleon tool, what's its lifespan? Good question. It depends where and in what conditions it's being used. The creator of the chameleon is, is called Richard Sturzaker. He's wonderful in, he continues to develop the product and tags feedback from, from a whole world, like range of developing countries that are utilizing the chameleon. He's had chameleon sensors last one cropping season. He's had them last five cropping seasons. So it's, it's finding what parameters affect those and why they would disintegrate quicker. He has work on extra durable sensors that are thicker and he's working on coatings and different things like that to, you know, expand their longevity. We've got to use that. Yeah. But the, the actual scent, the, the computer part of the sensor will, you know, will last for a very long time. It's just the actual sensors that go in the ground that may need replacing and they're, they're very cheap. So. One last question. Have you looked at genetically modified crops for, for, for, for saline resistance? We haven't. No. And, and there would be, you would have to do a bit of work with finding policies and how that matches in the systems. Okay. Yeah. Great. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. How much are these chameleon sensors, by the way? Can I ask roughly? Yeah. So the card, the chameleon card is about $50 Australian with, that comes with three sensors already. And the Wi-Fi is $150, $200. But looking at, so they're actually produced in Africa, which is where Richard started a lot of his work in Tanzania and countries like that, trying to solve water crisis issues there, which is, there's some great work that he's doing and developed a factory there. So there's, they're working on trying to get them the price lower each time and more accessible for farmers. Yeah. So those cards are our go-to for the farmers because it's, it's, you know, economically viable for them. Yeah. Yeah. I just see a question in the chat from Stefan, I think, about natural inoculum of the cowpea. There is no current available, viable inoculum that's commercial in the Delta, but we have found nodulation and we're doing work on identifying and looking at salt tolerant rhizobium. So there's a space there, which is exciting and it's great that the cowpea that we sowed had nodules when we, when we looked at them, which is, which is great, a great sign. Thanks. There's also another question in the chat and that's also a question I had regarding the salinity levels in the different sites that you had, you mentioned four provinces. So it's, it's probably, it's, it's a gradient because it's up upstream to coast. Did you, I mean, target the crops to the different levels and what would, what's your, how, how did you do that and what are the levels? That's me answer questions. Yeah. So in Socran, the, Oh, they can get up to, so the Vietnamese use grams per litre. So the canal, the sluice gates will shut at four grams per litre of, of the water, irrigation water. So that was the basis that we used in determining if a crop would be suitable, understanding that soil salinization over the, the, you know, course of the dry season, that can get a lot worse and solute potentials and things like that. So if, if a crop can't handle that, it's sort of out of the equation, but we were finding canal EC up to, I think there's been 14, 15 desi seamans recorded. We've got data that sort of says eight and nine in, in those areas of the peak dry season. And then that sort of trend follows slower in the lag with the soil. Yeah. And so, and so using mulch and, and irrigating, we can, we can minimize the solute potential, even though there's salt present, we can minimize the effect of the solute potential. So we can still get the plants to grow without that mulch there, of course, you get the evaporation and salts concentrate and the solute potential will kill the plant. But the other thing is our, because of the nature of the problem, it's quite normal to grow these plants when there is no salinity, but the salinity comes as they grow. So it's the end of the, you know, it's like Brooks says, the reproductive phase, if you get the salinity, that's the problem. And so the, the duration of that, that crop becomes really important because you can, with the right short duration, you can miss the salinity risk. You can actually have your crop harvested before the salinity comes in.  So that's in provinces where there are sluice gate protection. We've got other provinces where the sluice gates are so effective that you don't get salinity coming in, but you've, you've effectively got a trap to water source. And so water scarcity becomes an issue. So salinity, even though our project is, was focused on salinity, is, it's actually in some provinces, it's water scarcity is the problem. So these alternative crops are still better than rice because it's a different risk profile, different water use. And so it's still much more sensible to grow an alternative crop than it is to try to grow rice in the dry season when you've got a limited amount of fresh water available to you. And then that, that's why the chameleons are so important because you, you optimize that water use efficiency. So you're not wasting water. And then there's more water to, to go around within those trapped enclosed systems. Maybe you can come in here, Ola. Yes, go ahead. Yes. So I also would like to acknowledge this very nice presentation, Brooke and Jason, as what I really liked was that you always had explanations also, you made it an overview and you had always examples. So that was really nice.  So I'm really valuing this in your presentation. And I was quite triggered by one that one of you said that it's very important, principles of how to implement and adopt. And then I thought, yeah, is this something one should go further with as it's really this type of thinking of what is needed, why we are doing this, why not that coming to this point of, yes, irrigation every day that is maybe common practice, but it's not a best practice. And so this working with, with people in this food system, more looking into the principles of how doing things. So how thinking it's true. So not coming up to solution saying, okay, now use beetroot and then so many days before or after but more go into this way of doing things. Yeah, thank you. Yeah. And it's interesting, like and I'm limited off only really worked in Vietnam, as my international experience, but the farmers there, they'll see something work and just pick up and go with it. And so the willingness, you know, you go from literally going from, hey, let's consider growing alternative crop instead of rice because rice is risky. And then they see it. And now let's grow two alternative crops. And it's like, whoa, just calm down, like maybe we just get one right first, but they're wanting to keep going faster and faster. And so, you know, being there to be able to support that interest and that enthusiasm, but also protect people from perhaps the risks that come with changing so rapidly. But so there's a balance there with dealing with the individual, the individuals, right? I think that's the key to it. Like you've got to tap into that enthusiasm and it might be their age and stage and who's there to farm with them or what their goals are become really important. And we, you talk about learning, which we've spoken about a little bit, there's so much learning involved in it, but of course, but when we see the farmers around our field trial and their neighbours then want to get involved and they start expanding out, then you start, because if they're not going to grow that alternative crop and they want to grow rice, we now have a hydrology conflict, you know, because some people want to have flooded fields next to something that needs to be drained. And so those issues become important. Yeah, and maybe even other things like you have less rice, but you need the rice as a mark. And if you use the rice as a mark, what are you not doing with rice that you may have done before? So then there are always a lot of things to be looked into, whether with one that is very good, you're causing something else, where maybe something is missing at the end. So that this is really these discussions about trade-offs, what we are using and in what way? Yeah. In one of the projects, we've quite interestingly had a profitability analysis combined with a risk analysis. And then you can also see, okay, some cropping systems may have higher profit, but also have a higher risk. And that's, I mean, important to balance. We're running out of time. I would like to still ask you what's your, what are your next steps? What's coming next? Are you going for a second phase? How long is the project running? Do you have a scaling strategy? What is next in your vision? So we're roughly halfway through. And we started in the COVID period. So it was a pretty rough start, but luckily the team at Kanto Yeni did a lot of work, good work that got the project loaded off in the right direction early. So that was good. We're about halfway through. And so what we are looking at doing now is our struggle, like Brooke said in her presentation, that fitting timing into a cropping calendar is very crucial. And so we want to do more work around timing, timing of sewing and timing of these land management practices and preparation. And I think we need to probably start factoring in some, like modeling climatic conditions into that and factoring that into the outcomes and sort of using our field trials to validate those models. So we need to do that. We need to, at the moment, all of our fertility is based on what is common practice in the area, which is largely coming off what people do if they grow maize. And so there's a fair bit of optimization to be had in that space. But yes, moving forward, so this project ends in mid 2025. And so we are looking at developing a new project that still looks at using alternative crops, developing further on what we've been doing, like Brooke says, focusing on legumes a little bit more. And of course, Vietnam, like every other country in the world, soil, carbon, greenhouse gas emissions have to be factored into that. And so looking at the benefits that our improved systems with these alternative crops that deliver benefits for the farmers, but also benefits for the system and quantifying some of those as well, so that that can be used. So it's quantified, it's known that if farmers change to this practice, then these are the benefits that come from it, social as well as, you know, musical. Very interesting. Thank you. I'm sure you'll get that work funded. I also hope that we keep on engaging and maybe even try and formalize a collaboration in more detail in the future. For now, thank you very much for the presentation. It was very enjoyable. And the next Delta talks, I'm not exactly sure if we have a date already. We have in about four weeks, the International Rice Congress coming up and the whole world, of course, is very busy with that and focuses on that. So I'm not sure if that is maybe in the way and we need to find an alternative date. We will announce that ASAP. So thanks everybody for participating. Thanks for the opportunity. It was great to see you again, too. Thank you. Okay. Thank you. Bye. Thank you. Bye. Bye. Thank you. Bye. Bye.


Hey guys, are you thinking about losing weight? We'll check out my honest review of the Fat Destinator system and stay tuned to the end to get my special discount link. All right, what is going on everybody, so I'm gonna do a official review of West Virgin's Fat Destinator program. So let's take a look here. I'm currently here on the checkout page. And Let's take a look. So we can join the official Facebook group. Um, as well as here is the download for the Fat Destinator system and we have a free rub on relief fast-acting cream, some fat burning ice cream right here called Fit Freeze and then here are official bonuses, which is the fastest weight loss week action plan. 100 great tasting green tea smoothie or green smoothie fat loss recipes, powerful sex foods and stimulants report, and then the three minute belly shrinker video. So let's go dive into each of these bonuses before we dive into the Fat Destinator program itself. Alrighty, so let's take a look at the fastest week. So here is the camp itself. It looks like it gives us a seven-day plan and outlines all of our meals for us. So our first meal would be a ham and cheese breakfast melt, a snack, a turkey wrap, hummus, deviled eggs, and then dinner. Keeping us in that 1480 calorie zone, which is great because that is, depending on how much you weigh, putting you in a caloric deficit, which will help you lose weight. So this is kind of like a quick start for seven days. It's pretty good.  Cool. Let's take a look at our next bonus, which is the green smoothie recipes. So as we go here kind of like in the first page, 100 great tasting green smoothie fat loss recipes by Liz Swann Miller at CNN Amazon. Cool. Let's take a look at the table of contents. We see that there's several smoothies for your needs. The first one's a glowing complexion green smoothie, a rash green smoothie, easiest ever green smoothie, ultimate de-stressed smoothies. So a whole lot of smoothies for us to try whatever floats our boat. So I'll keep scrolling down. Let's take a look at some of the recipes here. Here, berry natural green smoothie. It's half a cup of blueberries, half a cup of raspberries, an apple, four dates, spinach kale. So I think this PDF or e-book is designed to help you replace your meals with smoothies and they give you a whole bunch of choices in itself. All right. Next one we have here is the powerful sex foods and stimulants. Improve your sex health without powerful side effects or outrageous costs. Okay, so it looks like here is kind of like some lesser meals, lesser known food stimulants, impotence remedies, herbal remedies, 10 natural resources for nutrients. So let's take a look at food used externally. So here is kind of some foods you can use for stimulants and remedies. Definitely interesting. And then I guess a interesting add-on for this as well. I guess you're fixing your whole body in itself. Okay, and then the last one here is the three-minute deletion cream videos. Okay, cool.  So I guess they're giving us exercises on how to get those six-pack abs or get that lean belly and it's pretty cool. They give us instructional videos, which is pretty helpful. Wow, yeah, so don't forget guys, abs are made in the kitchen and not in the gym, but I know once you lean out, that's when you start seeing the abs. So your diet's the most important, but then these exercises are what will help you get the core you really want. Okay, so now we're gonna go dive into the program itself, which is the fat decimator system. So let's open that.  So here's some legal disclaimers by Mr. Kyle Cooper. Cool. Looks like it's, here's an introduction from them, but let's take a look at the table contents. Here's the introduction. Three weeks to one day to make a habit. As you guys are seeing that, they say you can lose 21 pounds in three weeks, which is about a pound a day. Here is information about the truth, about weight loss, fruits and vegetables of the miracle fiber, reducing calories the right way, starvation mode, exercise, which is gonna be a big thing, and then stubborn belly fat. So I want to look at, let's take a look at 21 days to make a habit. Yeah. So talking about eating healthy and going to the gym, implementing fitness as a lifestyle. Pretty cool, pretty cool. What else do we have here? And then let's take a look at metabolism. So I guess here choose an anabolism and catabolism, your basal metabolism, physical movement, and how metabolism can affect your weight loss cycle. So, yeah. Looks like it gives us some of the foods as well that we should be eating in order to lose these, in order to lose the weight, which is great. And then let's go look into this exercise.  So one cool thing here is exercise when fasting. So I've been hearing a lot about how exercise when you are in a fasted state helps burn more fat. I've definitely actually exercised on the fastest date. And I felt I've had more energy as well as I felt much better when working out. And I felt like I lost the most weight when fasted, but definitely if you definitely try it out and consult a physician, I guess if you're thinking about doing so. Cool. So this is the fat estimator program. Here's a good summary of everything. Very excited to try this program out. If you guys are interested in too, just know that I have a link in the bottom below of this video that we can purchase the program. It is an affiliate link as well. So it definitely helps out my channel. So just know that I do get a commission if you purchase it from there. But I do know if you use that link, it's the best price you can get for this program. And definitely if you have any questions, feel free to leave me a comment. As well as leave a like button and press subscribe because it definitely helps out my channel. I'm more than happy to help you guys. And thank you so much for checking out the fat estimator system official review. All right, you guys have a great day.


It's its own master, the soul, and it's a matter of tuning into the soul and not confusing the impulse of the soul with push of the ego. So let's say you for example, if you're pansexual. Pansexual means go with everything, right? So then at least you don't have a pre-choice which is imposed on the soul, I mean. Then you just stare and you ask, you bend and surrender. Mara is your name, right?  You get a yes, so you get a no. That's the freedom.


As low-wage markets opened up in the late 70s, 80s, and more so in the 90s, offshoring became a very common practice of American firms, where they would take an activity that was performed in the United States and move the activity to say China or other low-wage locations. Reshoring is taking an activity that has been performed in those low-wage locations and returning it to the United States. Onshoring, another term commonly used, really refers to performing the activity in the United States, whether it was ever offshored or not. In the global economy a couple of a lot of things are happening. One big thing is costs in China and other emerging markets have been going up at a very high rate now from a very low baseline, but they've been going up at a high rate. In addition, the Chinese currency has been strengthening, which makes goods imported from China more expensive. So those are some couple of macroeconomic factors. Other things is companies that have made offshoring decisions in the past, maybe based primarily on price differentials, are realizing some of these hidden costs are real and they've experienced them. Things like the Thai flooding in the past year, which has led to some severe disruptions of long supply chains, issues with IP loss, some quality issues, and simply monitoring, contracting, renegotiating contracts. All of those things can be more expensive when you're doing them in an offshore location. And also there's been some, there might have been a herd mentality to offshore, maybe in the 90s. There might be an emerging kind of herd mentality to bring things back on. I don't think it's there yet, but with the Super Bowl ads by GE and Chrysler talking up Made in America, GE even showing plants, manufacturing products in the USA. There might be some increased kind of movement to make products in America. In addition, Apple's recent bad press for the issues with their supply chain or their supplier in China. Again, more and more, it seems like more and more press attention is being paid to issues with manufacturing offshore and benefits of manufacturing onshore. It's hard to say exactly which sectors. Let's talk about the characteristics of an activity that might make reshoring more attractive. Some common ones are relatively low labor contents, the labor costs being a relatively low percentage of the total cost of ownership, especially when again total costs have to consider several factors that we discussed earlier. High need for collaboration between personnel in the domestic market and personnel in the manufacturing operation, relatively high shipping costs, high risk of IP loss or high concern for IP loss. Those are some of the factors that might matter. So some of the sectors that we talk about being good candidates for reshoring, much of which the activity already is onshore, would be aerospace, medical devices, auto parts, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, those types of activities, although Frisbees have been brought back onshore in the last few years. So there's certainly a wide range of potential candidates. Managers making sourcing decisions should be considering the total costs of ownership of the activity. Total costs of performing the activity offshore versus the total costs of performing the activity onshore or domestically. And when considering total cost, if you fail to consider total costs, this is akin to buying a car with looking only at the sticker price, but not considering other factors such as mileage, reliability, whether the car will break down when you're on your way to an important meeting, impact on the environment, etc. So there's various ways to consider total costs. A simple tool created by Harry Moser of the Reshoring Initiative is called the Total Cost of Ownership Estimator, and that ensures you capture factors such as IP risk, quality risk, logistics costs, etc. And more advanced tools exist where you can compare the two choices in a net present value calculation, incorporating uncertainties with Monte Carlo simulation or other tools. But the main thing is factoring in total costs in the decision.