So, welcome back. So, here is a situation which is what we call a fully developed flow down an inclined plane. So, what we have is as my highlighter is tracing right now and inclined plane inclined at an angle of theta with respect to the horizontal gravity is acting vertically downwards. The coordinates are chosen such that the x direction is along the plate and y direction is along the normal. And what is happening here is that a liquid film is flowing down the inclined plane and the liquid film is such that it has a thickness of h. So, y equal to 0 is the plane y is equal to h is the free surface of the liquid film. It is at the thickness of h and the free surface is exposed to a constant value of atmospheric pressure. So, that is the setting. Again here we are also going to look for a velocity field determination and under the assumptions that are listed here you will see that the velocity field will be only a velocity profile. In other words, there will be only one component of the velocity left and that one component will be a function of one coordinate. So, that rather than generating any general u as a function of x, y, z sort of a situation we will again come up with a solution that will say that u is only a function of y. So, let us see the specific solution though. We assume that it is a steady constant density flow. We assume that it is a 2D flow. Again it is a Cartesian system now. So, 2 dimensional will mean that there is no z component of the velocity and since it is an infinitely long z dimension. So, to say we will say that the z differentiation of any quantity will result to 0. So, there are no variations with respect to the z direction in any quantity. That is the idea. We will still stick to this fully developed flow situation which means that we will assume the flow to be such that the axial velocity will be independent of the axial direction which means that it is not going to be a function of x u velocity. That same procedure we start with continuity, simplified and immediately we realize that there is only v as a function of x the y velocity. Employ the boundary condition that at y equal to 0 which is our plate. Since it is assumed to be a solid impervious plate, the normal velocity component will be 0 which then forces us to conclude that this function of x is exactly equal to 0 and therefore, we again generate the same conclusion that there is no y component of velocity in this situation. So, it is again coming from the use of fully developed condition. Now we get on to the y momentum equation. If you go back to the problem statement or the problem setting I would say, y direction is along the normal direction with respect to the plane. So, what we need to realize here is that when we want to include the body forces. Now remember that this is a force, so this is a flow that is occurring under the action of gravity and the gravity is acting vertically downwards. However, with respect to the given coordinate system, there will be a component of gravity in the x direction and there will be a component of the gravity in the y direction. So, given the geometry, we will be in a position to include these two components appropriately in the y direction and x direction momentum. So, let us see how we can do that. So, we go to y momentum equation and we add this last term which my highlighter is now showing which is minus rho times the appropriate component of the body force which is g times cosine theta.  So, this is the inclined plane at an angle theta with the horizontal and if we are looking at the gravity, we resolve it parallely and perpendicularly. So, this is g and our coordinate system is x along the plate y normal to the plate. So, this is theta and therefore, from geometry you will realize that this is also theta here and therefore, the y component here is going to be g times cosine theta and the x component will come out as g sin g times sin theta and this y component is acting in the negative y direction and that is the reason we choose in our y momentum equation minus rho times g cosine theta. Everything else is as usual, so far we had not considered this body force terms in the problems that we have seen. This is the first problem that we are seeing it and that is why I wanted to point that out. Again, our assumptions are steady, constant density flow etc. So, writing the y momentum equation in the non-conservation form and then explicitly writing the convective derivative and the local derivative which has not been written because it is identically equal to 0 since the flow is steady. If you see the convective derivative because v function is identically equal to 0 everywhere that is the v velocity is identically equal to 0. The derivatives will simply go away and nothing is left on the left hand side. Similarly, the viscous terms will go away because v is identically 0. What you are left with is minus the pressure gradient in the y direction and minus this rho times g times cosine theta equal to 0. So, you rearrange this, integrate the resultant dp dy equation partially with respect to y. So, we obtain p as minus rho g cosine theta times y after you integrate it with respect to y partially and because it is a partial integration with respect to y, we do not have a constant of integration, but we have a function of integration which would be a function of x. So, the question is what should be this function of x? To do that, we go and employ a boundary condition for the pressure which is what? Which is at this free surface pressure is equal to a constant value p atmosphere. Where is the free surface? It is at y equal to h this precisely what has been written here pressure at y equal to h is equal to p atmosphere. So, substitute this in our general expression for pressure and you will realize that the function can be determined. It turns out to be p atmosphere whatever it is let us do it in fact and then we plug this back in our general expression for pressure sorry here and what we have is an expression for pressure. It turns out that the pressure is then simply p atmosphere plus rho g times cosine theta whole thing multiplied by h minus y, h is obviously the constant height of the film. So, as you can see from the determined pressure expressions that this is not a function of x at all. So, therefore, we realize that the x pressure gradient is equal to 0. So, this is a useful intermediate result. Finally, we go to the x momentum equation and simplify it by using our previous results including this x pressure gradient 0 v equal to 0 fully developed flow assumption as always as we have been doing and if you simplify it completely what you will realize is that the only two terms that will be left will be mu multiplied by d 2 u d y squared which now by the way this is going to be a total derivative second that is with respect to y of u. The reason is because right at the beginning as always when we said fully developed flow we concluded that u is not a function of x it can be a function of only y and the appropriate body force component in the momentum equation in the x direction is plus rho times g times sine theta and therefore, what we are left with is mu times d 2 u d y squared plus rho g sine theta equal to 0 you integrate this twice with respect to y and you will generate a profile for the velocity u as a function of y with the two integration constants in bit. So, we need to determine these two integration constants using appropriate boundary conditions. So, what are those one of them is very obvious which we have used before and that is at the solid inclined plane that is at y equal to 0 there will be no relative tangential velocity that is in the x direction because of the so called no slip condition which we have used several times now. So, that is what I am mentioning here u at y equal to 0 is 0 because of no slip on the other hand in this case the other boundary condition turns out to be at y equal to h and this boundary condition is essentially comes from a physical force balance if the interface between two fluids is flat we will say that the shear stress across them is continuous. So, what we have in this case is a y direction going from a liquid film to an air mass. So, there is an interface between the liquid mass and air mass. So, therefore, this is a free surface between a liquid and an air mass and it is essentially a one dimensional flow in the sense that we have already seen u being only a function of y therefore, the shear stress is simply using our one dimensional expression for the shear stress mu multiplied by du dy the continuity of shear stress across the liquid and air interface which is a physical boundary condition forces us to say that mu times du dy on the liquid side at y equal to h is equal to mu times du dy on the air side at y equal to h and let me go back to whiteboard and show you what we are going to argue. So, this is our boundary condition at y equal to h what we will do is we will come up with a simplified version of this boundary condition to do that we divide by the density of liquid throughout the equation and we actually transpose it to the right hand side and then look at this ratio the ratio of the density sorry the viscosity of air to the viscosity of liquid typically viscosity of any liquid will be much larger than the viscosity of air may be even 1000 times higher or and or so therefore, what we can say about this ratio is that this ratio is going to be very very small a small number divided by a large number and as a simplification we will simply say that this is so small remember this is just a simplification that this is identically equal to 0 and thereby we will come up with a simplified boundary condition which will be du dy that is the y derivative of the velocity u velocity on the liquid side as we are interested in finding the liquid side velocity profile is equal to 0 at y equal to h. So, this is our simplified boundary condition such simplifications are routinely done when the kinds of analytical solutions that we are looking at are evaluated again the idea is not to any time obtain an exact result clearly already there are so many assumptions built in that we are simplifying the governing equations to something very simple. So, clearly we are not really doing anything exact, but at least some idea of what sort of a flow field to be expected if you have roughly a situation where a liquid film is sliding down an inclined plane with the free surface exposed to constant atmospheric air can be obtained through an analysis such as this. So, that is precisely what I am writing here mu liquid will be much higher than mu air and therefore, we obtain a simplified boundary condition at y equal to h that the u velocity differentiated with respect to y will be equal to 0. So, we have the required two boundary conditions the no slip at y equal to 0 and a 0 gradient as we say at y equal to h plug it back in our profile and you obtain the solution here. So, as you can see here y for u velocity as a function of y will turn out to be again parabolic type profile. So, if you want to now look at the way it looks at y equal to 0 which is our plate it is going to be 0 because that is the boundary condition anyway. At y equal to h what can you see it is not 0 it is non-zero, but it will attain a maximum value equal to rho g sin theta over mu you just substitute y equal to h. So, you will see h square minus h squared over 2 which is simply h squared over 2. So, if you want to plot it let me go to the wide world. So, this is our inclined plane and this was our film thickness. So, this is y equal to h and usually the velocity profiles will be shown in this fashion. So, this is u as a function of y. So, it starts at 0 here and reaches a maximum value with a functionality of y square. Obviously, this is not going to be how it is in real life if you see a liquid film sliding down or a flat plate, but roughly speaking at least it can be close to a y square. If you want you can say that one can perform a far more detailed CFD analysis and I will find out what should be the profile exactly and that is perfectly fine. But the value of the analytical solution is that within a few minutes or may be half an hour you can actually get a reasonably good idea of what to expect in a real life situation. Many times in engineering most of the times in engineering I should say we are really not after any exact solution per se. We just need a reasonably good idea on how the flow field is behaving with that guideline normally we go ahead with our systems design that is at least as far as practical engineering is concerned. The idea of obtaining more and more correct solutions for the flow field is still restricted to research where we want to try to obtain more and more accurate solutions using our CFD type analysis. But many times you will see that in practice when based on some CFD type analysis a systems design is to be considered. People will go ahead with a scoping idea I mean roughly a reasonable idea of how the flow field is behaving is what they are looking at and anyway there will be several factors of safety built into the system with which they can proceed. So, this quest in some sense of finding more and more accurate solutions for problems and the eventual practical applications in some sense will go hand in hand one will drive the other and so on. So, please keep in mind that all these analytical solutions are to be interpreted from that perspective that they are giving us some reasonable idea as to how in a given situation the flow field is behaving. So, this was about this falling film of liquid on an inclined plane. This is the problem that I was talking to you about earlier. This is a problem which we are going to utilize as our benchmark problem for the lab that we will perform tomorrow afternoon. So, this is the transient flow between infinite parallel plates. So, it is the same setting as what we had for the plane Poiseuille flow and the Couette flow. What we have is two infinitely large parallel plates at y equal to 0 and y equal to h separated by a distance h filled with a viscous fluid in between x is along the plate y is normal to the plate. Now, this is not a steady flow situation. This will be treated as an unsteady flow situation will be still treated as a constant density flow and will neglect body forces. So, an unsteady problem will need in addition to the boundary conditions and initial conditions. So, the way this problem is set physically is that at time equal to 0 there are these two plates and the space between the two plates is filled with viscous fluid and everything is stationary at time equal to 0. So, that is what we will call an initial condition the third line here that everything I am writing only u velocity because we are going to realize that there is only u velocity present in this situation as we simplify our equations. So, the u velocity for all y locations would be 0 at time equal to 0. So, the second number 0 here denotes the time equal to 0. So, that is the initial condition. So, this is the initial condition with which we will begin the problem setting is such that at time equal to 0 then other side of 0 if you want the bottom plate is kept stationary all the time. However, the top plate is suddenly set into motion with a velocity of capital U. So, for all times greater than 0 the top plate will be considered to be moving in its own plane with a velocity of capital U. So, the idea is that we start from everything stationary let the top plate in motion with a velocity of capital U at time equal to 0 plus if you want other side of 0 and then see how the flow field develops as a function of time. So, as you can imagine many times it is worthwhile thinking about the problem a little bit and then carrying on with the analysis you can perhaps imagine that in this case we will obtain an axial velocity which will be not only a function of the y coordinate, but will also be a function of time because what is going to happen is that as you set the top plate in motion at time equal to 0 for small time ahead of time equal to 0. The bottom plate will really not know what has happened or the fluid near the bottom plate will not really know what has happened at the top. Only the fluid which is very close to the top plate will be set in motion because of the action of viscosity the viscosity will transmit this axial momentum from the top plate to the fluid that is close to the top plate and as time progresses more and more region in the fluid as you go in the negative y direction will be set in motion. So, therefore this u velocity the axial velocity will be a function of both y and time in this situation. We will still maintain our 2D assumption and the fully developed assumption which we have talked about now several times, but other than that the setting of the problem has been now explained. So, now see what we can do. As always we begin with the mass conservation equation there is no difference here it is a constant density flow transient or otherwise it does not matter it is still divergence of velocity equal to 0. Simplify that as usual this is exactly the same as what we have done before we will realize there is no y component of velocity v is 0. Then we go to the y momentum equation simplify again exactly the same manner realize that there is no y pressure gradient. So, this is exactly the same as before. So, I am not spending any more time on that right now. Now here when you go to the x momentum equation you will realize that we need to maintain this du dt term which is our unsteady momentum term because we said that in general we will u is going to be in this case a function of y and time we cannot get rid of this local acceleration term. On the other hand the convective acceleration is 0 because it is assumed to be a fully developed flow and v is equal to 0. So, what is left then after the simplification in the x momentum equation is that after dividing through by the constant density that is partial derivative of u with respect to time equal to minus 1 over rho times pressure gradient in the x direction. Now I am choosing to write it as total derivative the reason is because y momentum showed that dp dy is 0 p is not a function of y plus mu divided by rho will give me the kinematic viscosity and what is left is the second derivative of u with respect to y. But remember now I need to maintain this as a partial derivative because u is a function of y as well as t. Again what we will assume is that the imposed axial pressure gradient which by the way I did not perhaps explain the problem setting was that at time equal to 0 when you started this motion of the plate you also activate some axial pressure gradient you can imagine that. So, at time equal to 0 two things happened one was you set the top plate in motion with a velocity of capital U and maintain that velocity at all times after that. At time equal to 0 you also imposed an axial pressure gradient equal to dp dx and you maintain that axial pressure gradient. So, we assume that that known axial pressure gradient dp dx is maintained. So, that minus 1 over rho times dp dx will be considered as some known constant and I am simply calling that as s for the purpose of illustration. So, therefore what we are left with is a governing partial differential equation with a pair of boundary conditions and one initial condition. So, the governing partial differential equation that is left out to solve is at the bottom of the screen. Partial derivative with respect to u with respect to time of u equal to the kinematic viscosity multiplied by the second derivative of u with respect to y all partial plus this constant s subjected to u equal to 0 at y equal to 0 for all times which is our lower plate boundary condition u equal to capital U at all times at y equal to h which is our top plate boundary condition. And the initial condition is that u for all y and time equal to 0 is equal to 0 that means we start with a stationary fluid at time equal to 0 and let the flow develop in time. So far this was all setting of the problem in some sense in the sense that based on some problem setting physics that was explained and given we have simplified the governing equations to finally a reduced x momentum equation in the form that is at the bottom of the screen subjected to or to be solved subjected to these boundary conditions and initial conditions. So, from here onwards fortunately or unfortunately depending on how you want to look at it everything is mathematics. So, far it was all in a way of physics because we wanted to simplify terms based on some physical arguments. As many of you perhaps are aware of this is what we call a diffusion type equation and a diffusion equation which has a source term in the form of this constant s. It is going to now sort using the technique of one what is called as superposition and two what is called as a separation variable which is a very standard technique in the solution of partial differential. So, here I think from now onwards I presume that people with applied mathematics would be somewhat happy because this is right in their realm. We have a governing PDE as we say partial differential equation which is a diffusion type of equation with a source term and then there are boundary conditions and initial conditions. So, let me take a minute and then before we actually get on to the details say that I do not necessarily expect people to really know these mathematical techniques. I am just going to describe how the problem is solved and I will give you a solution which will come in the form of an infinite series because typically these separations of variable type techniques will result in infinite series solutions. We are going to utilize this solution as a benchmark problem when we solve in our lab tomorrow the same governing equation that is sitting on your screen right now using a finite difference approach as we call it. So, in that sense you do not have to get bothered too much if you are unable to really follow the technique of this superposition and the separations of variable. If you know it nothing like it is great if you do not know it do not worry about it right now you can always go back to some of those applied mathematics texts which I had which I had mentioned on day one and if you go through the partial differential equations chapter carefully of course you will be able to understand the techniques quite reasonably. So, having said that let me move on and the way this solution is obtained is that we are looking at a transient solution starting from time equal to 0, but eventually we know that in this situation as time goes very very large what is going to happen? We expect that the solution will reach a steady state solution and the steady state solution is something that we already know we have worked out what is the steady state solution? Here is the steady state solution here is the steady state solution which is essentially a steady problem where we have been assuming that this top plate has been moving steadily everything is steady and then finally we had obtained as our first example in this exact solutions techniques the solution for a steady problem. So, the steady problem solution is already known to us going back to how we are going to approach the present problem we then simply say that we expect the solution to be composed of a steady part and a so called unsteady part such that the unsteady part will simply go to 0 as time tends to infinity and then in the mathematical sense in reality the time dependent part can go to 0 very fast, but at least in terms of an argument to say that we are expecting a superposition of two solutions which will be a steady solution superposed with a transient solution with the expectation that the transient solution as time tends to a large value will simply tend to 0 there by automatically giving us the steady solution. So, this is actually a very standard technique which is called as the superposition technique if you want in applied mathematics many of the people I am sure those who have the applied mathematics background I should not be telling them this all this they will know this, but those who are perhaps unfamiliar can simply note it down that this is a very standard superposition type solution that we obtain. So, the idea is that the steady part which I am going to call as unsteady meaning that time dependence is not there the only dependence that the steady solution will have will be a u dependence. So, un will be a function of only y on the other hand the transient part will actually have both y and time dependence. So, that the transient part is what I am going to call u 2 as a function of both y and time. So, what is the steady part going to satisfy? Steady part will have its own governing equation and a set of boundary conditions. Let us just go back if you see if you are talking about a steady solution there will not be any time derivative of u in the steady governing equation at all.  So, the steady solution will actually satisfy the governing equation 0 on the left hand side equal to s plus nu times d 2 u d y square. And that is precisely what has been pointed out here the steady part will satisfy the governing equation nu times d 2 u and d y square plus s equal to 0 steady solution will carry the boundary conditions along with it which are at y equal to 0 u equal to 0 which is u 1 in this case because it is a no slip condition at the top we have the top plate moving at capital U. So, that is the second boundary condition solve it we already have the solution we already had the solution before. So, it is the same thing that I am repeating here from the earlier slides this is nothing different initially I just wrote it in terms of s, but then s we know is 1 minus 1 over rho dp dx etcetera. So, that is how we have obtained this. So, it is exactly the same solution that we had obtained for our first problem of the infinite parallel plates in a steady setting. Now, let us see how the transient part is going to satisfy. So, the transient part will satisfy a governing equation


Okay, so why are we here this week doing running training sessions? So you've got to look at the big picture. In our industry, software industry in general, you have programmers hacking code, writing tests, delivering things. And then you have R&D, you've got people writing like cryptographers, for example, with cryptocurrencies, and other kinds of, in a way, rather esoteric mathematics and science. And the problem, one of the problems we have in our industry is that, you know, the academic research and the hacking on the code, these kind of are completely different cultures and they live in different silos and the two groups don't understand each other and they don't talk to each other. That's kind of like the industry-wide default. Sometimes in most companies you don't even have any researchers anyway. And so it's very easy to see why there's this huge, huge gulf. But even if you look at large companies like Microsoft, they introduced an entire division, an entire Microsoft research, to try and bridge that gap between academia, all the great ideas are coming out of academia and they're armies of .NET developers or whatever. And so on a much smaller scale, obviously IOHK is a lot smaller than the company like Microsoft, but the same problem exists and you need to find a solution of how do you smoothly get the great ideas and research into development. So what we've done is, I guess, on the lines of Microsoft research, we have a small, but on a smaller scale, a team that sits in between the researchers and the engineers. And that's great, but that's not enough, right, because ultimately you're trying to get the communication going and having translators in between is a good step, but you need to go one more. And in particular, you need to get the people over here to understand this stuff in the middle and the people over here to understand this stuff in the middle. So what we're doing this week is we are working with our engineers and going over lots of material on how to understand some of the stuff in the middle, which is all about mathematical specifications. So in this context, it's how do we go from these intermediate specifications through to how do we understand them, what do they mean, how do we think about them, and then how do we relate them to code and go from there into code or into executable specifications and then into working programs, tests, et cetera. And actually, we need to do somewhat the same thing with the researchers. The researchers or the cryptographers and other people, they use their own notation, their own language for describing what they do. And we need to meet each other halfway. And so this week is about helping the engineers to meet halfway. And to some extent, we're going to have to do a similar exercise with teaching other people of, here's this notation that we use. Can you understand it? Can we all agree on something in between so that we can really have everybody understand the same thing, like what is the specification of the next version of Ouroboros or things like that. So one of the nice things this week has been that the engineers really want to understand all of this esoteric mathematical nonsense. There's a sort of stereotype in this industry that programmers, engineers, they just want to write code and they don't understand all this nonsense. But that's not really true. A lot of people really want to get into the more abstract mathematical ways of thinking about what they're doing. And so that's been actually very nice this week to get that kind of feedback and see that people really want to do this stuff. It's also been nice. We have John Hughes here teaching the team about QuickCheck, which is great because he was one of the people that invented QuickCheck and he's been running a company for years doing that in practice. So it's great to get that kind of stuff from real experts. And other colleagues of mine are here as well helping to run the teaching based on years of experience of teaching to students and to industry professionals. So it's been nice.


In the round-dodge city and in the territory on west, there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers, and that's with a U.S. Marshal and a smell of gun smoke. Gun smoke, starring William Conrad, the story of the violence that moved west with young America, and the story of a man who moved with it. I'm that man, Matt Dullin, United States Marshal. The first man they look for and the last they want to meet. It's a chancey job, and it makes a man watchful, and a little lonely. And the papers for Jake Worth? Uh-huh. I still don't see why you've got a ride, but he's not up here, just for him to sign them. Can't he do it next time he comes to town? Now these are land rides papers, just their government stuff. Jake's not doing me any favor by tying them. Well, how do I fix that? Not tomorrow evening, probably, unless Jake isn't at home when I get there, might take one day out of him. Thank you. By the way, there's something you can do while I'm gone, if you will. Yes, sir. What's that? A door up back, been off the hinges two winters now. Oh, it should be awful nice to have it fixed, wouldn't it? Well, it'd be awful hot for that kind of weather to do. Yeah, too hot in the summer, too cold in the winter, huh? I'll fix it, Mr. Jones. Good, Chester. And you might clean up out back a little too. Those cells look like we've been boarding cattle out there, not men. Yes, sir. Well, I'll see you in a couple of days. Bye, Mr. Jones. Have a nice trip. Some time, I think I might need to just go to San Francisco and get me a lobby and a rich millionaire gold beer. We'll live at a nice big hotel, not never wash up, nothing never.  I saw Matt riding out a minute ago. Yeah, he's weak. You know where he headed for? He went out into the country. Don't be back for a day or so. We left you here alone, huh? Well, now you kind of look that way, don't you? Must be an important mission. Well, he probably wants to travel alone, fast and light. That ain't it at all. He would have took me. He wants me to stay here and kind of keep an eye on things. Oh, you mean he wants to know how many killings took place? And how many times the bank was held up, huh? Things like that? Doc, I ain't quite as useless as you seem to think. I know, I know. I got more than doing ride around all over the country in an old buggy handing out sugar pills to defense this old lady. These are just walking up and down the plaza looking for somebody to gossip with. I don't need some old sob-bones to tell me what good I am or not. The cook at Del Monaco's told me they've got antelope stew today. I don't care what the... antelope stew? I was kind of looking for someone to eat with, uh, antelope stew. Are you hungry, by any chance? Come on, Doc. If we don't hurry, it'll be all gone. Sure, you don't want some more stew? Well, I know. Thank you, Doc. I just couldn't. You can't fly on one wing, you know. Well, maybe you're right. Do not get that little dab more, please. All right, sir, sir. There you are. Thank you. Do you know that fellow that just came in? Ah, no. Why? Well, are you sure looking at the funny? I'm Bryce Harp, Judge. What? I said my name's Bryce Harp. You remember me. Well, no, I'm sorry, don't I? You've got a convenient memory, Judge. Judge? What's this Judge doing? He ain't no Judge, mister. He's a lot more likely he'd be on the other side of the bank. You're in luck, I run in. Now, wait a minute, mister. I'm a doctor. I'm not a judge. What? A doctor, I said. Oh, he's a doctor, sure enough, mister. And if there's nothing wrong with your horse, he can...  Sure, that's it. You're hiding out. Wait a minute, my God. What in the world are you talking about? Judge Kennebrook, big man in Wyoming, horse doctor in Kansas. What happened, Judge? Did I tell you I was getting out? I haven't the slightest idea what you're talking about, my friend. I'm talking about seven years in state prison. Seven long years you sentenced me to, Judge. Seven years to think about what I'd do when I got out.   You're asking him, but they'll tell you. I'm just... I'm Doc Adams.  I've been waiting seven years to meet up with you again. And it ain't likely you and or anybody else can talk me out of killing me. Killings of earth? That's all I've been waiting for, Judge. And I don't much care how I can't eat. Now, look here, you can't go around threatening people like that. Don't tell me what I can do. I've had seven years of people telling me what I can do. Well, you're crazy. You're drunk. Well, I'll see you later, Judge. I'll be done, Doc. Well, I've been calling a lot of things in my life, but never a judge.  A judge for someone or other. You'll find out the truth soon enough. Oh, yeah, but he thinks you're just covering up with his doctor business. No, I think there's too much to worry about, Chester.  He was mighty pale for a prairie man, Doc. Prison power? Oh, Doc, I don't think you should take this so lightly. He'd be serious during you think. No, Chester, I know a thing or two about people. Harp's just a little off balance. I probably won't remember a thing about this by nightfall. Yeah. Maybe, but I ain't so sure. Oh, now look, he wasn't wearing a gun, was he? Oh, no, come and think already. He wasn't wearing a gun. Oh, you see, the man comes busting in here saying he's going to kill me. He's making threats and he isn't even armed. Now, just stop threatening me, you just do this. Oh, okay, Doc. Yes, you know. But I don't mind telling you, I sure will be easier when he leaves town. Or Mr. Dillon gets back. Why, Robert? He went out to Draco's place. Doc's been here, huh? Yeah, he's stopped in on his way home. Did Doc tell you about being mistook for a judge? Yeah, I'm having his life threatened. That man must be crazy. And that Doc says he's harmless. He don't even carry a gun. That's a good thing. Fancy Doc is a judge. I sure would hate to come up before him if he was. If he got his chewing on you, there wouldn't be enough left of him to jail. Oh, no, he's not that bad. You don't know him like I do. Give me a beer, Barty. You don't know him. That's my top right there. Well, he doesn't look like any tiger to me. Maybe not, but he's still kind of hard to figure out. Hey, you need that whole bar to drink that miserable glass of beer? You need the whole saloon to show off in? Huh? What's that? You heard me, Mr. Oh, believe it.  You're wearing a gun. And I'm going to use it to split your head in two. Hold it right there. Did you see that? He said he didn't have a gun. Now just take it easy, Mr. Get out of here. Fast. Sure. Sure, I'm bold. Well, for evermore. Well, I was sure wrong. That man's quite a tiger after all. By the way, he ran Bob Forrest out of here. Well, I guess he's as harmless as Doc thought. That man is a real man. So how's things if they matter to be back? Well, I'd say it. And from the looks of things, that may be too late. Sure might. You said Doc was on his way home when he came back here. Why? What are you going to do? Well, I better find him and tell him about all this. Maybe you'd better do more than that. Why, of course. I don't know, but if he's really after Doc, it's no joke. No, it's no joke. I know. You said you thought you could keep heart here for a while. Just keep an eye on him like that. Well, I could get him a drink or two in the house. Yeah. And I'll see you later. I'm going to order Doc's. You got a plan? Well, not yet, but I'll think of something. Come on in, Doc. As a matter of fact, I'm glad you came. I was looking over some unpaid bills. Your name is pretty popular. Never mind that. You've owed me way back. Doc, you need to live long and expected if you don't listen to me. Oh, all right. What are you talking about? It's Bryce Harp, Doc. I just seen human action. Or it's a long way. Inaction? Well, he didn't kill nobody, but he's got a gun, and he's awful professional with it. For him and Bob forced out of that flune like he was a schoolboy in a pumpkin pack. He ran that bully out. I'm sure he did. And Doc, I think he needs to come here and kill you and make no two ways about it.  That's the whole trouble, Doc. That man's just a plain gunman. It wouldn't be so bad, but he ain't. And right along, he's got a grudge against you, and, well, God, I can't just sit by and let him come murder you. Well, wait a minute, wait a minute. Now, you really think he means business? Now, I know he does, Doc. I know it sure as I'm breathing. I'll start carrying a gun. How long since you fired that old wreck of a gun? Well, I'm not too sure I ever fired it. Then you just be plain foolish to start toting it now. It'll probably blow up anyway. What do you want me to do? Look, Doc, were you going out any worse tonight? Well, I don't generally stay cooped up in here for very long. Well, you stay in tonight. Don't you budge out here. I got the idea, Doc, and it might maybe get worse if... I'll be back in a little bit. Anytime you keep that door locked tight, and don't you open it to nobody. Nobody's called. You hear? You'll mind what I say now. You lock this door, Doc. I'll be back after a bit. Whatever it is. He hasn't mind. I might as well go along. I'll say one thing now. Now he's got the bit in his teeth. You really want to stay? How are you, please? What you're climbing in my back window for in the middle of the night?  Well, I'm way here, and I've seen him. Try to come in the back way so he wouldn't see me. What's Harp doing down the street?  You know I've been thinking. If he was really out to kill me, he would have died before now. Yeah, but he didn't know you were leaving town for just a few minutes ago. Leaving town? Who? It's got to be now or never, the way he sees it. What are you talking about? Look, when I left here, I went back over at the Long Branch, and I kindly spread the word around that you were taking the early stage to see early things. What harps think you're up here packing? Oh, well, that's... Oh, fine. Yeah, that's just fine. If Harp really is serious about killing me, you've set me up like a bird in a turkey shoe. Who would you want to tell him a cool thing like that? Because I figured if he's going to try to kill you, it's better to know when and where he's going to try it. It's a lot better than just sitting around waiting for him to shoot you in the back. So you see him go for sure, you're up here and moving around. It's just trying to make sure I get my head blown off. If not, you can try to shoot you from down there and the feet would be too easy to me. Oh, that's a fine theory. Is your front door still locked? Yes, it is. It's hard to get in here if the door is locked. If he comes in that door, we're just as good as dead.  All right, Doc, but so is he. Maybe if you have a comfortable seat, we may have us a long way. Wait, wait, wait. So with a lamp out, you may think you've went to bed. Then we may not have such a long way. I hope you know what you're doing, Chester. So do I, Doc. So do I. Well, I hope. I guess all we can do now is just wait. Yeah. A beautiful reminder of times past. It seems with something else worth remembering. It's this. You're so right to stay regular with Kellogg's All-Brand. See, it's the normal natural way to youthful regularity. The whole brand content of Kellogg's All-Brand supplies your system with all the bulk-forming food that you need every day. There's only one All-Brand. It's Kellogg's All-Brand. So relieve a regularity from lack of bulk, as millions do, with a bowl full of Kellogg's All-Brand each morning. A-L-B-R-A-N. It's Kellogg's All-Brand. Doc, you weren't coming back till tomorrow. I ran into Jake Worth at the Benson Place. Save me a day's ride. Oh, yeah. But we can always find a drink for a good customer. That would help cut the dust, all right. Bear with me. Well, coffee, I think. We got some. Bring it up the table, will you, Sam? Sure, Miss T. You look tired. Bad day? Well, well, usual. Think about how rich you're getting. No, sir. You're very emotional. Did you stop by the office? No, I just rode in. Why? And you didn't see Chester? No. Am I something wrong?  Well, what fellow? I don't know. I mean, just rode into town. Have you seen him? Yeah, he was in here earlier this evening before he closed up. I'll say one thing. He's handy with the gum.  Oh, yeah. You know, Chester, kid, he gets the feeling his responsibility, if I'm a way, he sees something suspicious in a heavy shadow. Well, that may be, but as I get the story, this man thinks Doc is some judge up in Wyoming who put him in prison and is going to kill him. Where's Chester now? I haven't seen him in a couple of hours. Can he be this man that's after Doc? Do you know his name? Harp, Chester said it was. Bryce Harp. Bryce Harp. Kitty, I'll see you later. Harp still down there, Chester? Just standing there. Well, how long are you going to... Doc? He's coming. He's trying to stay here. Just stay tight now and don't make a sound. Chester, are you sure? He'll be here in a minute. Get that lamp lit. There's nothing you best do to him, Doc. Help me get him up there on the table, will you? It went on through. But they're not a clean wound. But the southern board. It's still there. It's got to come out. What do you think? Well, I don't know, Chester. Too soon, you know, just a barrel of air. You know, they don't give you a very good feeling to shoot a man. Even a bad man. He maybe is. Gangrene doesn't set him up. What's happened? Oh! Take a shot at me, Matt. Chester put a couple of bullets in him. I heard the shooting from the other end of town. It sounded like somebody was fighting a battle at Chickamauga Creek all over again. Chester got nicked in the body. You all right, Chester? Yes, sir. Now I can tell you one thing, Matt.  I swear I've aged a year since yesterday. Well, from the looks of things, you two got along pretty well without me. It's a terrible thing, man. A man getting shot up like that. I wouldn't feel too sorry for Bryce Harp, Doc. Will you know him? If Chester hadn't stopped him, Harp might have killed you. Who is he, Mr. Jones? I've never seen him before, but I know his reputation. I've never seen his picture. He killed three men in a gunfight in Wyoming. He got off with ten years and broke out after seven of them. Killed two guys. Nothing more I can do here. I think I'll go on home. Yeah, you do that. I'll go on too, Doc. Yeah, I've got work to do. You can get on. Yeah, see you tomorrow, Doc. Chester? Yeah? Yeah, Doc? I don't want to... I'd like to point out... This is George Walsh inviting you to join us again next week when CBS Radio presents another story on Gunsmokes.


Hello everybody, thanks so much for joining this session on Nodeless Knative just in time all the way. We're all here for Knative Con, so we don't need to be sold on why we shouldn't have always-on applications. It's about time to move from always-on apps to just-in-time apps. So treat apps as pets, not as pets but as cattle. Looking at the infra-backing serverless applications, Kubernetes gives you a lot of operational simplicity, so it's awesome to run your serverless applications on Kubernetes. Again, we're at Knative Con, so I don't have to tell you on that. But why stop at Kubernetes? Why not take the concept of just-in-time all the way down to Kubernetes in-fry itself? That is where Nodeless comes in. Nodeless basically looks at compute as commodity and not as pets. So the idea of Nodeless is to take your compute that's backing a Kubernetes cluster or a fleet of Kubernetes clusters and convert it from being hand-managed and treated as pets to commodity that comes up just in time and goes away when it is no longer needed. That's where Nodeless comes in. So Nodeless can work in two phases. At the first phase, if you think about a single Kubernetes cluster that's backing your Knative functions, you don't need to have any compute nodes backing your control plane at all. The moment a function starts up and its corresponding pod is started, just-in-time compute, that is bespoke and cost-efficient for the pod is provision just-in-time. It's a regular kubelet worker node, and it joins the control plane. Your pod is shipped to the just-in-time provision compute node, and once the pod is terminated, the underlying compute automatically goes away. The nice thing about Nodeless for a single control plane is that it will pull from the latest and greatest fleet of compute that's available in your Cloud environment. Whether it be ARM device shapes or on-demand spot, Fargate, or any kind of compute shape, that is available to your Kubernetes cluster account that will be used to source your just-in-time compute. So let's look at what are the options for using just-in-time compute for a single Kubernetes cluster. There is the default cluster auto-scaler, which does bin packing, which is packing of your pods into larger compute nodes. But there are also other options that do bin selection, which is basically provision a single compute node per pod, which suits really well for k-native functions because the form factor is pretty small for these pods, and there are economical compute shapes like ARM shapes and smaller size on-demand and spot instances that are really good fit from a resource footprint point of view to fit your function pods into the just-in-time provision compute. There is carpenter project from AWS, there's autopilot from GCP, and there's also Luna, which is a Cloud Vendor agnostic and control plane agnostic project. So let's look at how just-in-time compute would look for a single Kubernetes cluster. I hope the font size is large enough. If it is too small in the back rows, can you please let me know? It's okay. Cool. So out here, I have a single Kubernetes cluster that is running on AWS, on EKS, and it has two k-native services running Hello and Hello k-native con, and I'm looking at the pods in the environment and also the nodes in the environment. So this Kubernetes cluster is running Luna, which is one of the node list options for any public Cloud control plane. There are two compute nodes that are currently running, and these are running system resources, system pods, et cetera. Now if I go ahead and curl the k-native con endpoint, what we want to see is we want to see just-in-time pod come up, and it is in pending state. That's because the node list component looks at the pods resource footprint and it provisions just-in-time compute that is right sized and also the most cost effective for the pod. So for the first connection, this would take a while because in my current configuration, I don't have pre-warm nodes, but there is also a configuration knob that you can turn that will have pre-warm nodes so that you don't pay this cold start overhead. Once the compute node is provisioned, it should be available as ready in the bottom window, and once the node is available, the pod would be scheduled to the just-in-time provision node and your app should get a response. So for the first call, we might see a timeout, but from the second call onwards, and for auto-scaling, it should respond as soon as possible. So the kind of worker node that is provisioned just-in-time is a regular kubelet worker. It is nothing special. It has the regular kubelet worker stack running on it, and it pops up. It's the most cost effective compute node for the resource footprint for your application. For example, if you need one vCPU, one gigofram resources for your application pod, the compute node that's provisioned will be one vCPU, one gigofram, and it can be an on-demand instance. It could be a spot instance. It could be a Fargate launch type. Whatever launch types are available for your cloud account for that cluster, they will be used for sourcing the right size compute. And once the compute is available and ready, the pod will transition into pod creating, container creating state. There you go. So the pod has transitioned into container creating state, and once the container is up and running, we should see the response. So let me actually create another curl, my second endpoint, which is hello, and we should see the same workflow get repeated. So the second pod is in pending state, the first one is in running state, and we should see a fourth compute node pop up just in time. There are also norms that you can configure where compute nodes after the pod terminates, the compute node is still alive for a little while, so you have a pre-warm node if the traffic is spiking. So there's a lot of throttling that can be done on the compute node side, so you're not paying for cold start times. I'm going to pause here to see if this makes sense because we want to clarify that node. Let's make sense for a single cluster before moving to the multi-cluster scenario. Are there any questions? Nope. So with this, I guess with your deployment, is this assuming that you always have defined requests and limit types on each deployment? That's a really good question. So by default, it works off of the requests and limits, but if requests and limits are not set, a vertical pod autoscaler will right-size the requests and limits. So if the pod, for example, if you did not specify pod requests and limits, you notice will by default pick the smallest instance type, and vertical pod autoscaler will notice that it is using more CPU or more RAM than what is available, and it will adjust the requests and limits for the pod accordingly, so that the next iteration onwards, it is going to get larger compute shapes and not default super small compute shapes. Does that make sense? Yep, and what is a store that like inventory, like when it takes that snapshot and then recalibrates it essentially, where does it put that, like how does it know for the next instantiation that it must have more compute? Yeah, yeah, yeah. So that is vertical pod autoscaler that is typically used in conjunction with node list. So the way vertical pod autoscaler is a Kubernetes project. So it comes in three modes. The first mode is do not change the resource spec for the pod. The second is forcibly terminate the pod and restart it with the new updated resource recommendations. And the third one is only apply the updated resource recommendations when the operator restarts the pod. So based on how aggressive you want to be with adjusting your resource recommendations, you can pick one of the three. The most popularly used option is restart when the next, don't force restart, but apply it when the next time the pod is started by the operator. Does that make sense? Yeah. Are there any other questions on single, sorry, hold on one second. Can we get that on the recording? So just to clarify, you're running full Kubernetes node for this function. What's that? Are you running full Kubernetes node for this function? Yes, yeah. But are you worried about overhead, like Kubelet take resources, Docker take resources? Yeah, yeah. That's a really good question. So Nodeless actually does a cost benefit of whether it makes sense to have one compute node per function or stuff multiple functions into a single compute node. So it does make the cost benefit analysis of should we stuff multiple functions into a single worker node or does it make sense to have one function in one worker node? So it makes that call based on the resource footprint as well as the behavior patterns of how the pods were started and at what rate are they coming in? So it doesn't always do one compute node per pod. It does it when it makes sense from an economics point of view as well as the rate at which the pods are being provisioned and terminated point of view. Does that answer your question? Yeah, yeah. So it's not, it obviously doesn't make sense to have one compute node per pod if the resource footprint is super, super, super small. Any other questions on the single node? So we would eventually see the two nodes that were provisioned for the functions. This one, the 40.74 and 71.251, they should eventually go away when we don't have any more traffic coming in. So we'll revisit this window after a while. So taking it one step further, do we really even need control planes that are sitting always on? If you have, if you want to serve your functions on backed by hundreds of Kubernetes clusters, should we have these control planes that are always on? And why can't we take it one step further and have just-in-time control planes that are popping up if there is a workload that is scheduled to that control plane? And if no workloads are running on the control plane, why should we even maintain a control plane and why should it be on? So a node less when applied to a multi-cluster environment, it provisions just-in-time clusters. The control planes are provisioned in the right cloud provider in the right region. If a workload is scheduled to that control plane. Let's say your workload needs arm, device, shape, X or GPU shape, Y, and those shapes are only available in region A, in AWS and region B in GCP. The multi-cluster scheduler for just-in-time clusters would be smart enough to figure out, hey, this function needs these resource shapes and these are only available in these cloud providers in these regions. So I'm going to spin up just-in-time control planes in those regions and schedule my function pod to that particular control plane. And once no workloads are running in the control planes, the control planes themselves enter standby mode. So they won't be always on. So you're not incurring the overhead of maintaining control planes and figuring out, hey, which version, what are the security patches that are applied to all the compute nodes in this control plane, et cetera. So let's go ahead and see how this would work. The environment is slightly different from the cluster environment, from the AWS environment.  So here I have a federation of two clusters and these are both kind clusters running on my laptop. And you see that they both have ready set to false. So the control planes are not ready. They're simply in standby mode. Idle set to true, which means that there are zero workloads running on the control planes and they are on standby, which means that if a workload happens to be scheduled to this control plane, it'll come back up alive. So we also want to make sure that there are no workloads running on this federation of clusters. So we see that there are no pods running. Let's go ahead and create an application that's scheduled to, let me create nginx that is scheduled to this federated Kubernetes cluster. And what we want to see is that one of the clusters should get out of standby mode. Let me see where the pods are running. Okay, so the pod got for nginx deployment. The pod got scheduled to the first cluster. So it got scheduled to the first cluster. So if we look at the get clusters again, we see that the first cluster is now ready. It's gotten out of standby mode and it is now ready. And it is running the nginx deployment pods. So if we delete the nginx deployment, we should see that after a while, the first cluster should enter standby mode. So if we delete the nginx deployment, we make sure that the pods are terminated. What we want to see is let's watch. So after a while, we'll see that the cluster one, because it's not running any pods, it should transition to standby set to true. So we'll have just in time control planes that will come up and disappear based on the function lifecycle. And if the function happens to be scheduled to this control plane that has the resources that are needed to run the workload. I'm going to pause here to see if it makes sense and if there are any questions. So let's go back to takeaways. We'll revisit the slide in a bit. Always on apps, if possible, it's easier and simpler and more cost effective to move towards event-driven functions. And that's why we are here and backing your serverless functions by Kubernetes simplifies your operations quite a bit. And why stop with just in time stack there? Why not convert your Kubernetes cluster, each Kubernetes cluster into an old list mode? So you get just in time compute for your just in time function and taking it one step further, having just in time clusters themselves is actually making sure that you have a just in time stack and to end from your function all the way to your infra. So if you have zero parts running, zero apps running, zero functions running, your resource footprint and your infra footprint is zero. You're not maintaining fleet of clusters of compute nodes that are always on waiting to run your resources. Does that make sense? Yeah. So let's go back and revisit the two demo. So we see that it entered standby, the first cluster entered standby. So it takes two minutes for each state transition. So two minutes after it gets idle, it enters standby. And after that ready should get to be false pretty soon. And let's go back and look at the nodes on the single cluster. And we see that the two nodes that were provisioned for just in time function parts have been terminated. So we are back to our stable state of two worker nodes in your Kubernetes cluster. Let's watch until this thing transitions to false while I take on any more questions. I'll update the slide deck on SCAD. And I have a recorded version of both demo videos as well. So I'll make sure that I'll update it to SCAD as well. So you have a copy of it. Oh, I guess I have a question. So I don't have to run the mic to myself. So in this example, you're showing two different clusters and you used a cube control create to create a deployment that was gonna end up in one cluster. How does this work with Knative where the deployment will exist but it will be at zero replicas and there is some sort of ingress. Where does that ingress run? Yeah, so this one for the multi cluster demo, I did not use the Knative stack. I just wanted to illustrate how the scheduling works and all that. So for the multi cluster thing, we would have federated Knative stack running the deployment. The way multi cluster scheduling works is the main scheduler, which is called NOVA. It is simply an API server. So your Knative stack will be running there and it takes care of scheduling and federating your deployment. So the moment your deployment object is created and you're scaling the number of replicas, those objects get scheduled to the right workload cluster and it takes care of the networking component and setting up ingress components. So the objects are pushed down to the workload cluster. So there would be Envoy and activators running somewhere on one or more of those clusters? Yes, yeah. Yeah, and we are also looking into a Tanzu service mesh as well, trying to make sure it makes, to see if the global namespaces, all of those can be used because what the scheduler does is it simply schedules the compute object. So it has a smarts to figure out, hey, I want to schedule 80% of my workload to cluster A and 20% to cluster B, but it is not taking care of inter cluster networking. So we would need to integrate with something like Envoy or service mesh. Does it answer your question? I think so. I think you just said at the end, if you're Envoy, like your Istio ended up in one cluster and your K-Native activator ended up in another, you might not get activations working properly without extra work. Yes, yeah, that's correct, yeah. Yeah, so right now the first phase, we are scheduling the whole stack to a single cluster, but what we are looking to see is can we actually have a federation of K-Native stack that's running on the multiple control planes as well. That would actually make it a lot more highly available than scheduling the entire K-Native serving stack onto a single workload cluster. But first step, we are trying to do, schedule everything into a siloed control plane. Any other questions? Well, thanks so much. This was super valuable to hear your questions.


Hi everyone, Joe for Jaspy's CaseBreaks.com coming at you with 2021 Hip Raid Autographed Big Box Hobby Box Series 5 Random Letter Break Number 1. We're going to go by the first letter of their last name that appears on whatever item it is. So if it's killing Nimbope, it'll go to M. If it's Dominic Calvert-Lewin, it'll go to C. Carl Anthony Towns. Towns is actually his last name. Carl Anthony is his first name right there. So that will be for T. So on and so forth. Each year will go to I unless it's each year of Suzuki, then it'll go to S. That doesn't happen very often. But anyway, we'll cross that bridge when we get there. Big thanks to everybody here for getting it on the action. Appreciate it. There are the letters right there including the combo letters. Let's roll it. Let's randomize names and letters. Three and a four. Lucky seven times. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. Adam, what's going on? We've got Curtis with Last Spot Mojo on top and Oliver's here too. He's in the bottom spot. Three and a four. Seven times four of the letters. One, two, three, four, five, six. Seven and final time. After seven, we got S down to K. Curtis with S, Jim with A, Tom with R, SKS with J, Paul, PJ with the combo letters, Mike with F, Jeremy with G, Karen with B, Andrew with W and M, the upside down W. Douglas with H, Sean with P, PJ with L, Mike Tower with T. If we pull Mike Tower, that'll go right to you, Mike. Drew with D, Victor with C, Bennett with E, and Oliver with K. So let's sort this alphabetically. And we're going to pause the video. When we come back, we're going to maybe alleviate some letter anxiety for some people. We'll look up what you could possibly get and I'm going to go grab the box itself. Be right back. All right, welcome back everybody. There were no deals done and everyone was comfortable with their letters so that list that you saw on the previous screen is now printed out, official, hot off the presses. And thanks everyone for making it happen. All right, here it is. Let's see what we got. Let's grab the knife. Yeah, we can play some Who Am I. Favorite game. I gave you the clues. You maybe give me some answers. Some paper here. Here are our items. So here is, this item's really heavy back here. I don't know what that is. One, two, three. And five. Empty box, just a little more brown paper on the bottom. And a pen. There's a ballpoint pen inside that box too. When the hip-raid people were packing this up, they left a pen in there. All right, let's do this first. Do they have a name on here? No, we're just going to have to guess. Well, the name's on the bottom in there. Okay. Got it. Who Am I? Quick round of Who Am I? All right, Who Am I? I am a retired quarterback, 72 years old, right now. A fourth round pick, played for one NFL team my entire career, a Super Bowl champion, an MVP in the early 80s. That same year I was NFL offensive player of the year, an all pro, a Hall of Famer. I have 160 career touchdowns, over 25,000 passing yards. Also played in the CFL for a little bit with the Toronto Argonauts. Who Am I? Not Moon. This might give it away. I went to college in Notre Dame. And I was drafted in 1971, so think about your late 60s, early 70s, Notre Dame quarterbacks that played for one NFL team. Well, went to the CFL first, then played with one NFL team and won a Super Bowl. You know this person. This person's, I think you should know this person right away. Also, does a lot of broadcasting? What school, Notre Dame? Notre Dame quarterbacks from the late 60s, early 70s, went to the CFL first, and now has a broadcasting career, done a little acting, had a horrific leg injury. Joe Thysman. There you go. Ooh, that's pretty cool. So there is his autograph right there. That's a cool picture. And that's a cool picture because the background's in color, but he... Or black and white and he's in color. That's incredible. That's a cool shot. It's kind of, yeah. It's pretty clad. Imagine if it's like Labien Tomlinson or something like that in color and then like, you know, him torching the Raiders defense in the background right here. All right, there you go. So that is for Mike Tower with the letter T. And there's also a Dave and Adam's card inside here. You'll get that too. Tag this for Mike. Nice. On the back table right here. All right. The last thing is a jersey. Let's see if we've got a name on this jersey here. There's last names right there. Is that? Okay. There it is. All right. Who am I? I'm a retired basketball player, played for a lot of teams in my career, including some teams in the early 2000s in Sioux Falls, Tel Aviv, Los Angeles Stars, the Orange County, Maywood Buzz, the Phoenix Flame. I was an All-Star in the mid-90s and a NBA Slam Dunk contest champion in 1992. Who am I? Born in Maui, Hawaii, 6'7", 220. Went to high school out here in LA, Dominguez High in Compton. Went to college at Cal State Fullerton and was a second round pick by the Phoenix Sun, small forward. I think this is his son's jersey in here too. Who am I? A pretty recognizable player, I think. He played mostly with the Suns. I think he had some time with the Lakers too. Yeah, he had a few years with the Lakers in the mid to late 90s. Who's that person? Yeah, Oliver, you got it. I think you're right. I think he is battling the effects of COVID right now. It's Cedric Sabalos. Get well soon, Cedric. So it's a custom jersey, so I'm not going to pull it out of here, but it's definitely Suns colors. The custom jerseys don't have any of the official licensing on there. But there's his autograph. There's the Sabalos on the back right there. That's Victor with the letter C. Glad it's night doing the Monday night football. National anthem. No pips though. We've got another jersey in here. Let's see who this is. I still got it. All right. Who am I? Baseball player this time. Lefty, born in Cincinnati. Lifetime 279 batting average. 305 home runs. A little over a thousand runs batted and played for one, two, three, four teams in my entire career. Three-time All-Star, two-time World Series champion. One with the Braves and one with the Yankees. An NL Rookie of the Year, an ALCS MVP with the Yankees back in 2000. Two-time Silver Slugger. Who am I? I think he would be, I don't know, if a few different things went different ways in his life. I think he might have been, he's in the Hall of Very Good. Steve Burch, I think you're lagging behind Steve Burch saying Cedric right now. We've moved on to the next item already. But the Hall of Very Good, I want to say. Yep, Kevin, you got it. David Justice. I think I got the PSA sticker. David Justice is silvering autograph right in the middle there. Got the PSA card here. There you go. It's another custom jersey, so I won't have any of the official licensing and stuff like that, but pretty nice. Got the classic Braves colors and everything too. And that'll be for SKS. First letter, last name. Jay, Justice. Justice is being served to Stephen. That's right. Was he with Halle Berry? All right, two more items to go. This feels like a sports ball of some kind. David Justice was one of RTR's first players you ever collected. 1991, Topscore, Fleer, Donneress. Got the name right here. Okay. Who am I? We have an active player this time, an active football player. I think this guy has a pretty good story too. 5'10", 185 pound wide receiver. No, this is wrong. I was looking up someone else. He's not a wide receiver. He's a 6'2", 220 pound running back. A third round pick. Played for one team my entire career. And I want to say, let's see. What else can I say without giving it away too much? Went to high school in Georgia. Went to East Central College. And then Memphis for a couple years. Drafted in the third round in 2020. Think about your third round running backs in 2020. How did he do yesterday? Yesterday had 20 rushes for 90 yards. No TDs. Also caught a few passes for 18 yards. You can catch the ball a little bit. He's pretty solid. I think you have a really good ear. Joe Baxon's got it. It's Antonio Gibson. I like him as a running back. I think he's pretty solid. He's pretty solid. Looks like an autographed football. There it is. That's pretty cool. There's his bold silver ink autograph right there. There's his number 24. Nice football too. There's the Beckett Authenticity sticker right there. Pretty nice. We've got a Beckett card right back there too. Antonio G for Gibson. That is going to be for Jeremy Port. Oh, there's Steve Aoki. DJing. He's not ripping cards right now though. That would have been good for the hobby. Come on Steve. Alright, there you go Jeremy. Nice Antonio Gibson football. Autograph football. That stadium looks nice with all the people in there. This last item is interesting because it's quite heavy. What do we got in here? A brick? It's a brick. It's a brick, yeah. Hey, by the way, I think in last night they had Michael Buffer do the announcement. And then tonight for the Raiders, they had Bruce Buffer do it.  It's pretty fine. The brothers, they hate each other. Why? Bruce has a lot of UFC stuff. He stole the gimmick from Michael. Unbelievable. Oh boy. Let's go Raiders. Quiet Sean. Alright. We got a brick here. Who am I? Have a lifetime 262, a retired baseball player. Lifetime 262 batting average. 2,584 hits. 563 home runs. And 1,700 runs batted in. Who am I? Hall of Famer, 14-time All-Star, 5-time World Series Champion, AL MVP, 2-time World Series MVP, 2-time Silver Slugger, so on and so forth. Nanti, this is break 1, by the way. Who am I? An AL, RBI leader, 4-time AL home run leader. Someone's got to be able to get this. First ballot Hall of Famer, 93.6% of the vote in the early 90s. Yeah, there we go. Sport Ports got its Reggie Jackson. So it is a brick. So what did Reggie Jackson do with this brick here? Mariota in there. Ooh, nice Mariota. Oh, keep going, Mariota. Protect the ball, Mariota. No, it's fumbled. I think it was down already. So where did he sign this? Okay. So there's the autograph right on the brick. I don't know where this brick is from. But there's his autograph right there, right on the brick. And there's the authentication right here as well. Let's actually look this up. Let's go to mlb.com slash authentication. That's exactly what I'm doing, Oliver. Let's see. We're on the same page there. HZ551868. Letter J, that's another J, by the way, for Stephen Surrey. That's for you. Oh, it's a, I think it's a piece of, it says event Steiner Yankee brick. Brick from Palette EK33485. Here, I'll just switch right here. You'll see it right there. And, um, so that's the brick. And then I guess Dave and Adam's authentication, then Reggie Jackson signed it afterwards. So maybe it's the old, yeah, I think that's the case you might be right. Might be old stadium. Either way, really cool. There you go. That's it, ladies and gentlemen. That's number one. I'm Joe for Jasper's casebreaks.com. I'll see you next time for the next one. Bye-bye.


How to get fat boy calves calves are a problem muscle group for many people and most people find large calves desirable from an aesthetic standpoint not only that Most people need larger calves to balance the ratio between their upper and lower legs My general training philosophy is time under tension high volume short rest time moderate repetition tempo Taking the muscle to failure nearly every set. However, I do this with a light weight to isolate the muscle So the rep range is usually 15 to 20 for the lighter sets and 10 to 12 for the moderate weight sets for calves However, I frequently do sets of 30 even 50 reps The most important aspect being that you are feeling the muscle contraction during the movement If you want to work out your calves make sure you feel it in your calves not your ankles I started training when I was around 15 years old I'm 28 now, but I'd say the bulk of my calf growth was from when I was 18 to 22 as I haven't weight trained seriously Since 2016, but my calves have maintained most of their size The reason people can't grow their calves is the same reason They can't grow other muscle groups too much weight improper form improper tempo No mind muscle connection and most importantly not enough volume There can also be issues with people choosing popular exercises that are not actually that great for stimulating the muscle You don't even need to use weight to train your calves. You just need to be consistent Activate the muscle and take the muscle to failure This first exercise was a seated calf machine that is loaded with free weights I never put weight on this and even without weight It's usually too heavy for me to do more than 10 proper reps I was actually able to do 10 on the first set But then only five on the second So I did a drop set of just flexing my calves on the ground I am not really a fan of this machine So I only do one or two sets But that being said I do use this machine most of the time I decide to work out my calves As the only heavy calf work that I do The next is a seated calf machine And this can be really difficult to get the seating position correct Again using a very light weight maybe 20 or 30 pounds I messed around with my foot positioning as well Going narrow As well as wide to isolate different parts of the calf muscle This is probably the only machine I don't really use for calves As I am never able to take the muscle to failure effectively It overworks my tendons You guys can try this out I tend to gravitate towards this once every week or two just to try it again But it never works Now this is a standing calf race on a plate And I'm leaning on the mirror to balance myself No weight at all But really squeezing and flexing the muscle on every single rep You could literally stand and just do calf raises And you would eventually have large calves Adding the plate and creating distance to the floor allows the full stretch and contraction of the muscle I also like doing this on a hack squat machine In this case I was using an incline bench press You can really get a nice stretch off of any elevated platform Here I messed around with my feet positioning again Allowing myself to do more repetitions As well as take different parts of the muscle to failure And who doesn't want some asshole doing calf raises on their bench press I don't usually do leg press calf raises because the machine is often taken But sometimes I will I never use weight on this just the sled Initially I had my legs bent which allows me to flex the muscle more Then I straightened out my legs which makes the calves stretch more I also did a few reps flat footed on the sledge to really take the muscle to failure The routine I actually did every day I was in the gym was one or two sets of the free weight calf machine Then I would do standing calf raises on some type of elevated platform Whether it's a hack squat platform or even the back of a bench press Anywhere from four to six sets total for calves 20 to 30 reps each set average You know sometimes I would mess up and go too heavy. I'd be less than 20 Sometimes I would go too light and go up to like 40 or 50 If you did this routine properly several times per week You will have large calves in one to one and a half years Any longer than that and you should question the effectiveness of your workout routine There's a lot of diminishing returns here and you're going to achieve You know 70 80 percent of muscle capacity in a very short period of time If you're able to be very consistent So thank you guys for joining me. If you could please like the video subscribe Hit that bell icon share the video if you can you guys would like to support me further Definitely check out frankies free range meat providing you with the highest quality Nutrient dense animal foods at an affordable price You can also check out frankies naturals.com minimal ingredients minimally processed hygiene and cosmetic products If you guys would like to reach out to me for one-on-one consultations pertaining to health or fitness You can send me an email frank a to final at gmail.com. Everything is linked down in the comments guys


Everybody forced here ripping 21 22 NT basketball hobby 4 box case number 48 tiered random team style Check the results in a time of late sports cards.com. Let's go ahead and get started season Good luck y'all. Let's be a pretty quick break guys. Not gonna recap this one Still need to make up some time here It's up trash Yeah, congrats. Congrats trash. Congrats, dude. Who's that base look Mexico base load again? They got they got they got to capitalize They gotta do it Green parallel to a five Bama to bioheat and I'll appears a little brother Think so shady that seems like it. I Haven't really watched any this year Bamba bioheat to a five printing plate bulls No, that's Grizzlies wait, that's the wrong plate Grizzlies Desmond Bain that is Patrick Williams, right? Okay, I Don't know what to do with this I guess on the back of the card it says Grizzlies doesn't ban. I have to send a box over to the Grizzly spot So you get the right it's technically like a relic, right? So you got to get the right relic Yeah, that's the wrong plate. So we've got to get the Grizzlies a boxing wrapper here So you get the right plate. It's supposed to be a Desmond Bain get the box Jumbo Jersey James worthy to 99 for the Lakers Lakers, yeah, we go by the back of the car. There's Four color patch Lakers Russell Westbrook 18 at 25. That is a thunder patch. That is sick. It's game used Four color patch Lakers Russell Westbrook Davion Mitchell dual Jersey rookie Otto for the Kings to 99 very nice Davion Solid hit there for sure clutch factor Magic rookie Jersey Otto Jalen Suggs six of 49 You go Orlando magic Christopher L Orlando magic Rookie colossal Jersey Kai Jones for the Hornets to 99 Right, but by that logic JT then it's tough for the Grizzlies as well It literally says it's a Grizzlies card on the back of it. It's the wrong relic Rookie colossal Jersey Jason Preston Clippers to 99. I'll have to fix that later VP, but you can find the break It's just the wrong link, but you But you can find the break you're gonna drop the actual link Skylark job actually, but you can just go to live breaks and then football From there So JT right but by our rules we go by the back of the card you go by we go by what it says Jersey Otto Tim Hardaway Warriors to 99 And a Jason Richardson auto number to 25 for the Warriors And warriors Jason Richardson are y'all box to see a big true RPA now box feels heavier Van Vleet to 75 red for the Raptors printing plate Devon Booker Sons logo man printing plate my Mac That's the correct one Jersey Card Lakers Magic Johnson to 99 Kings Patch card to monica bonus at 25 Pacers game use patch with the Kings card Kyle's gonna love this one Lasting legacies Jersey Otto Magic Terrence Ross to 99 do the next one is actually freakin You got the throwback RPA Evan Mobley three out of ten Insane patch big card calves three colors partial logo Robert S That is ridiculous. Love the throwback design I think is that I don't even know what your venti that would be either way to Marta Rose 2010. Yeah, it's it's an older one It's it's like pre-2013 for sure. I think the Marta Rosen looks like this is Jersey Card Isaiah Stewart Pistons to 99 I'm gonna be 20 bucks and I'll think about it legal. It's only a good deal to me Jersey Card Clippers Montrez Harrell 27 and 99 Grizzlies Triple Relic Rookie Otto Santi Aldema to 99 Mark Aguirre auto NBA grades to 49 for the Pistons Sold Blake. It's weird having a bidding war for a car that isn't her sale. I've never I've never seen this 22 is the right number Mexico's last chance here. It feels like Yeah, we have one of those printing plate things on release day now that I think about it And you're rich said goes team on the back That's how we treat every card really Gordon Hayward to 99 for the Hornets Bulls Kobe white and Laurie marketing printing plate here.  All right Last box. I'll see an absolute monster here No true RPAs yet The sogs was clutch factor the we had like an Aldema triple Jersey auto We had the cominga triple Jersey auto redemption And then the throwback RPA mobile throwback mobly still huge No true yet. It's been a solid case. We need to be we need to be a great case here. That's what we need KPJ to 75 Rockets printing plate Lakers will distilled 2021 I'm at the standard. I'm an umbrella card. We'll distill Lakers Triple rookie Jersey Scotty Barnes and 99 Raptors Rookie patch card Jalen Green Rockets that looks like the S and Rockets, right the 25 I think it a checklist that for that one redemption here. I need a checklist for it be a Lakers redemption treasured signatures Emerald that'll be to five Shaquille O'Neal The awesome one should get that one in the hand Lakers again emerald to five treasured signatures Big shamrock This is emerald parallel and it's ain't Patrick's day. Mexico takes the lead a bottom of the seven RPA 75th anniversary for the Hornets Kai Jones 59 of 75 When it's Kai Jones three color patch RPA 75th anniversary Kings rookie Jersey Davion Mitchell to 99 Sent your materials Pelicans Brandon Ingram to 99. Oh, nice. Is that the Croatian nightmare? Signatures bulls Tony Kukos 22 of 25 or as Brad calls him the Croatian nightmare Brad's so good at remembering all the nicknames so well Croatian nightmare. There you go bulls Tony Kukos and A valid any marks to 25 Danny of Dio wizards on the back that'll do it everybody Thanks again. We are on to football