We're going to start the clinical informatics for varied electronic health record systems session now Where are we're going to have our first talk for the state of science and gaps sandy arison from partners health care? Thanks, I believe that Clinical informatics is going to be increasingly critical to the point of potentially becoming a roadblock to the adoption the proper use and ultimately the efficacy and overall impact of genetic medicine and It Compounding this making it more complex is the fact that clinical informatics is such a broad Field with many different components that have to evolve in order to properly support the use of genetics So what I'd like to do today Let's cover parts of clinical informatics that I think are most relevant to genetic medicine and share my views on Where those parts are in their evolution in terms of moving towards providing our community the support that we desire so the foundation of Clinical informatics is the movement and acquisition of structured data There are amazing things happening in the world of NLP But I think in order for us to build a durable foundation for the kinds of support that we're after We have to get more structured data moving through the clinical ecosystem And that's really hard in the field of genetics It's hard because we have providers often ordering from laboratories that are in different organizations Using systems from different vendors than the provider uses so we have to push increasingly structured information across these inter organizational boundaries and that in turn is hard because developing interfaces that are generalizable broadly Implementable and reproducible is in effect a multi-dimensional Problem we need interfaces that are capable of transmitting Data for many different types of genetic tests many different types of data about each of those tests Many different scopes of data Potentially that are relevant to transmit and that's just the content that needs to be transmitted mechanistically we need to establish technical Legal and regulatory security context need to establish Actual methods of data transfer and formats for data transfer and for fields that are particularly important to harmonize and structure Well, we need to define the ontologies and the codes that we will use so effectively We need to cover all of these different areas in order to develop a fully robust generalized interface between a laboratory and provider some in some cases for Situations where the lab and the provider are using it systems from the same vendor It is possible to cover many of those to the best of my knowledge No example where you can cover all of these bases for situations where the lab and the provider are using different Vendors as far as I'm aware there's no situation where even a majority of these different bases are covered Which means that what we have is a situation where those labs when they Establish these interfaces to the providers There's a cost associated with that which becomes a barrier Which means that not as much data moves through the ecosystem as we need to move in structured form Which in turn means that the whole rest of clinical informatics is less powerful than we need it to be that doesn't mean That there aren't examples where clinical informatics is currently protecting patients in great ways There are examples doesn't mean that as we move forward we won't have Increasing a number of use cases where that kind of support won't be provided it will But it does mean that the scope of the impact in terms of the number of people that we can assist the number of Communities that we can assist the number of clinical scenarios that we can assist the number of places that we can assist is severely limited By this lack of movement of structured data So progress in this area is potentially Valuable in a very generalizable way So once data moves from the laboratory to the EHR there really two different scenarios For how it can be managed and processed it can be placed directly into the EHR Probably in the most straightforward way to handle it the disadvantage though is you're limited to the structures and the EHR's ability to receive and understand And manage that genetic data alternative is to interject a Ancillary genetic system that actually receives the data from the laboratory Usually models it in a much more detailed way event just sends to the EHR the data that the EHR is capable of Managing well both of these in use today And you know can be implemented robustly It's also worth thinking about where Clinical interpretation of variants occurs at present it occurs in many different places Which leads to a scenario where it is difficult to ensure that The varying interpretations are maintained consistently across the ecosystem in Solving that problem requires the establishment of interfaces between the different sites where varying interpretations are maintained Multiple barriers to that technical barriers barriers in in terms of places wanting to keep data proprietary But where these interfaces have been stood up they prove and helpful So once data is moving it has to be displayed in the clinical environment again Multiple different ways to do that as Kelly mentioned You know baseline scenario you have a PDF or scan facts coming in getting placed into the EHR It's probably going to be placed in a generalized section of the EHR Maybe a pathology section, but not managed as you know as an independent genetic result if Structured payload is sent into the EHR then you can use whatever native Capabilities the EHR has for managing genetic data If an ancillary genetic system is involved then you have the ability to establish a single sign-on transfer patient context Interface which essentially allows you to project displays into the electronic health record That seamlessly integrate with that environment, and then you can version and improve those displays independent of having to version the EHR itself This point I did just want to mention that user interface design is an extremely difficult challenge throughout all of IT But in particular in the clinical realm it is very important It's important for ensuring that Screens that are presented are intuitive and that when data when people look at data in those screens They understand it properly, so they apply it properly, but it also is a multi-disciplinary Area and therefore it can be expensive to pull together the different disciplines that you need to in order to develop good user interface Designs, but I think it's something that in our area. We really have to focus on more Okay, so we're displaying the data now in order to do more complete forms of clinical decision support Ideally we federate data together across institutions through networks and repositories There are multiple different ways that that can be done There's the model that ClinBar uses that eMERGE is going to use to set up its Deidentified repository Multiple different entities sending data into a single repository. Maybe a public repository. Maybe a controlled repository Other alternative is peer-to-peer networking Both of these have advantages and disadvantages I think that both are necessary in order to build out the ideal ecosystem But in addition to the networking process, there's the question of the content that is shared I think we as a community are doing an increasingly good job of sharing genetic knowledge There are some examples where aggregate data independent of cases are being shared to assist clinicians But I think that the real holy grail here is to find ways to share Individual case data that can drive more complete forms of analysis and clinical decision support with an eMERGE Looking at ways of sharing genetic results phenotypes indications, but to truly get to what we want here We really want to get to outcomes and that becomes incredibly difficult for multiple different reasons one of which is the Deidentification and security context that you need to Set up in order to make sure that you're appropriately Securing and protecting the patients within that these these repositories This is an area where it will be incredibly exciting to see what comes out of the Precision medicine initiative and how that Helps the clinical informatics field in general So all of this is focused on leading to clinical decision support and really assisting The way that clinicians make decisions two different kinds of clinical decision support There's passive decision support where you're essentially augmenting displays that clinicians navigate to with more functionality a number of people here KC mark others have been real drivers of the creation of e resources info buttons that enable clinicians to drill down on from information in the EHR Often in patient context specific ways to get more information about the data that they're seeing it's possible to add annotations To screens in the EHR, which can be helpful different calculators can be hooked up to help with risk assessment dosing And an area that I think many folks here including myself are extremely excited about is population based analytics Potentially actually real-time population-based analytics that could be integrated into clinical displays Give information like if I was to run this genetic test on this patient What's the likelihood that I would find a variant that would be significant, you know How is creatinine likely to trend in this patient with or without intervention if I release this patient today? What's the likelihood that they'll be readmitted lots of amazing things that people are beginning to start to look at? doing in the EHR environment and then you have active Clinical decision support where you actually are going to proactively interrupt the clinicians workflow With information that you think is particularly important perhaps the lowest-hanging fruit in this area has been pharmacogenomic interventions These are being so digitizes working actively in this area a number of different places have these stood up and working today where Clinician orders a drug if there's no evidence that the clinician has ordered a needed Pharmacogenomic test before ordering that drug the system alerts them if there's evidence if the result from a pharmacogenomic test Contra indicates that drug order system also alerts them specific areas where where those are being stood up We've found knowledge update alerts to be extremely Useful so situations where a variant has previously been identified in a patient new Information is learned about that variant that could potentially be impactful to that patient's clinical care sending the clinician a proactive alert and Caesar and digitize the Caesar EHR Working group and digitize are working together to create an example of a risk-driven reminder So in this case working on identifying which patients have a genetic predisposition to Lynch syndrome and therefore You know should have reminders for colonoscopies go every two years as opposed to as opposed to every 10 So I think overall in this space We really are just at the beginning of the beginning and yet already material ways that clinical informatics is Helping patients. I'm helping to protect patients. So I think it's really exciting to think about where we can go In this space going forward. Thanks a lot Thank you, Sandy. Next we have Casey Overby from Johns Hopkins


The commons is a very old challenge for humanity. It's about those spaces where individual countries do not have responsibility for the global collective. It's also about those places within our countries where the systems or sites are not managed by any one particular group. It can be virtual and it can be physical, like the Antarctic or now like the cybersphere. It can be terrestrial, it can be the oceans and it can also be outer space. What we're trying to do is get our heads around the question of how do we manage these spaces as there are more and more of us in the world and increasingly our spillover impacts are greater. This is a very old economics problem. This is Port Meadow in Oxford which is an ancient common. A lot of the common spaces were enclosed in the 17th century. This privatisation led to private management of these spaces. But those that haven't been remain a collective responsibility. Many of them are shared by different countries. This is the Arles Sea shared by six countries. Each doing the right thing, drawing water to feed their people but collectively a disaster. So the question is how do we come together often against our short term self-interests to manage collective longer term challenges. They're tremendous successes. This is an image of the ozone layer that was closed through the Montreal Protocol. A collection of companies producing flora, chloro carbons. Small number of producers were able to come together in the Montreal Protocol and this, as Cameron will show, is now stabilised. But as they're more and more of us, as globalisation leads to tremendous opportunity and growth, 4 billion new middle class consumers over a period of about 25 years and more interconnectivity, our spillover effects become greater and greater. So this is a challenge of managing globalisation but managing the spillovers of our successes. For example, antibiotic resistance was not a problem 25 years ago. But now as we move from 500 million to 3 billion people taking antibiotics none of them are going to become effective. So we need stronger management the more we consume and the more interconnected we are. And this is the challenge that's getting greater and greater of Commons management. It's also the case that places which might be a world resource like the Amazon here for the country concerned might not make sense to preserve. It might make sense for Brazil to plant soy in the Amazon but for the world this is a global lung. So how do we have this trade-off between global needs of Commons and national interests? And there's some places like outer space which are totally ungoverned Commons. There's no one with responsibility for us. So satellites, weaponisation, space debris, these are issues which become a big challenge which no one now has responsibility for. These are like the internet emerging Commons challenges. So we need to think longer term. We need to take lessons and we'll come back to them from the Oxford Martin Commission of future generations. Many of these things are about trade-offs between short and long term and politics drive short-term decisions. Business is often driven to short-term decisions. So part of the question is how do we overcome these short-term challenges and ensure that we're able to make the decisions that would be in our collective interest. The market alone will not provide this response. This tuner was sold for 155 million yen. It will put the price up. There will be more high-tech ships going to chase the remaining tuner like the remaining Rhino and there will be extinction. So we need to think of other ways that are in conjunction with the market to manage these Commons failures. Go beyond the market and work with the market. 196 countries in the United Nations also have found that they are gridlocked. They are unable to meet this challenge because they have different interests and are unable to come together. So looking to global governance in the 21st century might be too little to too late. We need to think of new creative coalitions, new ways of working together, the ability to come together. Some things require all actors, like smallpox eradication or Ebola. One person in the world with it is a threat to the whole of humanity and we were able to do this with smallpox in the 1970s. But are we able now to bring all countries together? How do we involve the actors like failed states? And where can we draw the line? A small group of countries and a small number of places can achieve a huge amount. This image of New York symbolizes the fact that New York state produces more carbon emissions than the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. So if you can get the big actors in the room moving first, you often are able to achieve things that don't require all actors. Here in Divos we have a wonderful opportunity to create creative coalitions between businesses, between small numbers of governments and between like-minded civil society and other actors. And so the challenge I put to you is are we able to think of new ways between us of managing these global commons challenges? Thank you.


To people online, to our audience here, welcome to Post Cards from Saturn. I'm very pleased to have Linda Spilker today. My name is Brian Schmidt. I'm the Vice Chancellor and President of the Australian National University, but I am a cosmologist by training, helping be part of a team that discovered that the expansion rate of the universe was accelerating. So today we have the opportunity to see some of the most fantastic images ever taken in our solar system. This is the culmination of a series of programs that have gone out and put man-made machines out into the solar system. When I was a young kid, I got to see pioneer and then voyager go through and show us pictures of first Saturn, sorry, first Jupiter, Saturn, and then Uranus and Neptune. And these are the things that got me interested in becoming an astronomer. Linda has been there almost from the beginning, starting off in voyager. She did her degree at UCLA and straight out of getting her degree went to Caltech JPL. She has, as a physicist, someone who likes to study the dynamics of rings and if you're going to do that, there's no place better than Caltech JPL. So Linda, over to you. Give us some Post Cards from Saturn. Thank you very much, Brian, for that great introduction. Well, for 30 years, I've had the privilege to work on one of the grandest missions in the solar system, the Cassini mission to Saturn. And those 30 years of my life have intertwined with Cassini. And in fact, it's been just a remarkable journey and discovery. Cassini discovered two liquid oceans on the moons of Saturn. And those oceans might have life that exists there today. As I said, I've been with Cassini from the very beginning. And if you look at the picture in back of me, there's the Cassini spacecraft against Saturn and its rings. Now, I'm going to tell you about Cassini in the context of my own life story. And so during the 30 years I've worked on Cassini, my husband Tom and I race our two daughters. There's Jennifer in the middle and Jessica over on the left. And so that's been part of my life as well. Well, here's a very enthusiastic Cassini family. And it's a family, an international family of scientists and engineers from around the world, about 600 of them planning the science for Cassini and sharing in Cassini's discoveries. And one of the surprises we had is we also got to answer some of the questions, basic questions from humanity. Are we alone? Could there be life in our own solar system? And can we try and find it? And that's been part of Cassini's mission. Here are the eight planets in our solar system, starting out from the sun, the four rocky planets. Saturn is the sixth planet out from the sun and has magnificent rings and 62 moons. Now, Saturn is a gas giant. The atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium. And all we see are the cloud tops of Saturn. Now, to give you an idea of just how big Saturn is, here's the Earth and the moon to scale and the distance between them. And Saturn and its rings would just fit in between the Earth and the moon. Can you imagine a night sky with Saturn and the rings visible in that sky? Well, the idea for Cassini first came after the two Voyager flybys in the early 1980s. Voyager opened our eyes to incredible questions about Saturn and its moons and rings. And so he started to plan a mission to go back. And about the time the idea for Cassini was conceived, I had my first daughter, Jennifer. Three years later, I had Jessica. And it was during that time that I went back to school and got my PhD studying the complex interactions of ring particles at Saturn using Voyager data, part of the project I had worked on, as well. Well, in 1990, NASA selected instruments for the Cassini spacecraft shown over on the left, the Huygens probe in the center there. And if you look very carefully on your right, you can see the Huygens probe actually attached to the Cassini spacecraft. And during the seven years that it took to build Cassini, there were growing pains for Cassini, just as you'd have growing pains in a family. And what I really enjoyed is the opportunity to take my daughters to see Cassini as it was put together like a giant jigsaw puzzle. And here's my daughter, Jessica, and I were in the clean room at JPL standing in front of the Cassini spacecraft. We were also there for the launch as a family. Cassini launched in 1997. We stood there as the roar of the rockets could literally be felt in your bones, watching as the rocket lifted off the launch pad and started into space. Now, some people might say one of the greatest accomplishments of that day was successfully launching Cassini. But let me tell you, getting two teenage daughters up before dawn to go watch the launch was a great achievement in and of itself. Well, in the 13 years we were at Saturn, we got to watch the seasons change. And the seasons changed in my life as well. We arrived at Saturn in the summer. You could see the ring, where it was winter in the northern hemisphere. You could see the ring shadow in the north. At Equinox, you could just barely see the ring shadow at the equator. And in the end of the mission, it was winter in the southern hemisphere. Now, you can use the ring shadow, like a giant sundial at Saturn. By looking at Saturn, seeing the ring shadow, you know the seasons at Saturn. It takes Saturn 30 years to circle the sun a single time. So a season at Saturn is 7.5 years long. And so Cassini was there really only for just two seasons. And during those 13 years at Saturn, my daughters, Jennifer and Jessica, graduated from college with degrees in engineering. And they both got jobs, and they both got married. Here's a picture of the rings, one of my favorite pictures, Saturn's rings. Saturn is all the way over on the edge off the screen there. Let me take you on a walk through the rings.  Then the very bright B ring in the center. Saturn's rings range in size from tiny marbles to giant mountains. In between is the Cassini division, named after the astronomer who discovered this gap in Saturn's rings, and for which the Cassini mission is named as well. As you continue across, the darker grayish ring is the C ring. And finally, the very, very faint D ring, all the way over on the edge there. And now if we zoom in on this tiny dark line here, that's a gap in Saturn's ring. And if we zoom in, that gap is created by the gravity of a tiny moon, Daphnis. The Keeler gap is held open by the gravity of Daphnis. And you can see the Daphnis has created a beautiful wave of ring particles, much like the waves on a beach. Now you see other areas of brightness here. Let's zoom in on one of those with Cassini's cameras and see what those might be. Turns out those are giant waves propagating hundreds of kilometers through the rings. There's a gravitational interaction between a moon outside the rings and this place in the ring. And so the ring particles transmit like a wave. It's like the ringing of a bell as this structure propagates through the rings. And this was part of what I studied for my thesis. So I happen to think these are very, very beautiful pictures of Saturn and its rings.  It's larger than the planet Mercury. Had Titan formed anywhere else in the solar system, it would have been a planet. Titan has a thick, nitrogen-rich atmosphere, much like the Earth's atmosphere and also has methane. And methane is unique. Methane plays the role on Titan that water plays on the Earth. Methane can form clouds, methane can rain, methane carves river channels in the icy surface of Titan and fills the lakes and seas at the North Pole. And we wondered, could there be a very unique and different kind of life that could use liquid methane instead of liquid water there in the lakes on Titan? Now Titan also has a global liquid water ocean underneath its icy crust and perhaps life could exist there as well. Now to pierce through that haze that's a photochemical smog that methane gets broken apart by sunlight and forms a smog just like you'd find on a bad day in L.A. or Beijing. So we carried the Huygens probe provided by the European Space Agency to parachute through the atmosphere and land on the surface. And here's a movie from the Huygens probe, two and a half hour journey under a parachute to the surface of Titan. Cassini flew overhead as Huygens transmitted the data to Cassini. Huygens measured the composition of the atmosphere, the temperature, pressure and also took these wonderful images. We saw river channels. We saw mountains. We were seeing the surface of Titan for the very first time. And as we landed, we noticed rounded icy pebbles. Water flowing in rivers and streams on Earth, round the rocks on Earth and we knew here liquid had flowed on Titan. Huygens had landed in a dry riverbed and what a great introduction. We had radar also to pierce through the haze and make maps of the surface of this very interesting moon. This is of you another moon, Enceladus. Enceladus is only 500 kilometers across, about one tenth the size of Titan. But Enceladus was unusual because it was so bright and white and fresh and young looking and you can see places on Enceladus have no craters. What we discovered is that there were four long fractures. This is the south pole of Enceladus and coming out of those fractures were water vapor and water ice particles shooting out into space, geysers coming out of the south pole of Enceladus. We were so surprised. Many of the largest particles fall back to the surface just like the snow that we experienced earlier in the week here in Davos and that covers up and fills in the craters and gives Enceladus that bright, youthful appearance. Here's another view of the south pole. This is time backlit by the sun and you can see 30 individual jets going up into space. Cassini flew through those jets seven times, tasting and sampling the composition of this material. And we found that the liquid water ocean underneath Enceladus' icy crust was salty just like the Earth's ocean. It was filled with hydrocarbons. We also saw evidence of hydrothermal vents on the seafloor and so we wondered could this ocean on this tiny moon perhaps be a habitat for life. Now Cassini, we had no idea when we launched Cassini that we might find worlds that might contain life. So we didn't carry any instruments to look. So we'll take a mission to go back to Enceladus to answer that question. I'd like to be part of that mission if they go back. Now over 300 years ago a sculptor actually put together a different Enceladus and here at Enceladus shooting water upward. And here's a view, this is a picture that I took of a fountain in the gardens of Versailles and so you can see Enceladus out of his mouth is coming this jet of water going over 25 meters into the air. And how surprised the sculptor would be to realize that the real Enceladus is doing exactly that. This is one of my very favorite pictures. You can see tiny Enceladus here in the E-ring, the very tiniest particles actually go on and create this beautiful ring around Saturn. You can see Saturn with its halo of rings. Now it's not easy to get a picture like this. You have to have a solar eclipse. And in this case Saturn is covering up the sun so we can get this glorious view of Saturn and its rings. And there's actually something else in this picture. It turns out if you look carefully this tiny dot right here is the Earth and the Moon. So we're getting a picture of our own planet from 1.5 billion kilometers away. And this picture just makes me appreciate how precious this world is, the only world we know of that has life. And we now think that perhaps two other worlds, Enceladus and Titan, might be potential habitats for life. And this Cassini was running out of fuel that told us that we had to be careful once Cassini was out of fuel, not to allow her to run into either Enceladus or Titan. So our engineers found a way to go in between the gap between the rings and the planet. Twenty-two orbits we labeled the grand finale to get back incredible science and on the final orbit to end the mission. Now imagine yourself holding on tight to Cassini and I'm going to show you a little movie of one of those orbits. So here you go over the North Pole of Saturn, 120,000 kilometers per hour diving between the rings and the planet. And imagine the incredible detail and the knowledge we got about Saturn and its rings. Diving between 22 times until finally on the final orbit, the Cassini mission ends. And on September 15th of last year, that was Cassini's last day. We were all gathered at JPL and I was there with my family again. And this is Jennifer and Jessica. And this time my granddaughter Audrey was there as we watched the end of Cassini. And it was really a very bittersweet moment because we had such triumphs and such success with Cassini. And yet it was very hard to say goodbye to such a dear friend. And tears flowed and we hugged each other and went on and thought about what were the next possibilities. Well, I'd like to show you a video and this is about the wonders of Saturn. It's the pictures taken by Cassini set to music. Think of it as the picture postcards from Cassini to the people of Earth. Now to truly reveal the wonder of Saturn, we had to go there. And I personally would like to go back. You see missions like Cassini help us bring hope to a fractured world as together we experience the beauty and the grandeur beyond Earth. Thank you. Thank you Linda. Truly inspiring stuff for those of you, the audience of those in your online. If you'd like to ask a question, please go to weft.ch slash beta zone. You can enter your questions there. If you're in the room here, you can raise your hand. We will do it old fashioned ways. But you can also go through and upvote things. If you think someone else's question is one that you would like answered. So I'm going to start with the first question and then we'll go out and we'll get going. So Linda, seven years from the time you launched Cassini until it actually got to Saturn. What did you do in those seven years?  Do other PhDs? What happens? Well, it turns out we had a lot of planning to do. We hadn't written a lot of the software we needed to actually make the intricate measurements that we needed to do with Saturn. So we planned the software and the scientists decided let's plan the first four years of the prime mission and have that all done. So when we get there, then we can analyze the data and decide what we want to do next. And actually those seven years flew by. So we had a lot of hard work to do that we had waited until after launch to accomplish. Very good. I will take a question inside. You, sir. My question is a lot of the space exploration depends on NASA, which is then again funded by the government. And correct me if I'm wrong. Under the Bush administration, there was funding to the NASA, but the Obama administration actually virtually cut it off. Do you see that space exploration nowadays is limited by that? And then where do you see the private sector actually coming in and really taking off space exploration? Well, it turns out the current administration is very much in favor of NASA and exploration. And so that is continuing. I'm really encouraged by the private sector. I think that'll bring the cost down and allow more missions like this to happen. A mission like Cassini is really a very small part of the NASA overall budget because there's a large portion that goes to manned missions and other missions as well. But I think we have a very healthy and exciting program and in part that supported by the people that are very interested. We're also partnering with the European Space Agency, the Japanese Space Agency, because together we can launch more capable instruments and payloads. And hey, it's a lot of fun to work on an international mission as well. Very good. So we're going to take one from online. What was the biggest surprise for you of the Cassini mission? I think without a doubt the biggest surprise was finding active geysers on Enceladus. Everything we thought we knew about how moons would work, this tiny moon should have been frozen solid long ago. And we knew it got a little bit of energy from sort of a resonance with one of the other moons squeezing it, but we didn't think the squeezing was enough. So we're having to totally redo our paradigm, our ideas about these ocean worlds that we're finding within our own solar system. All right, we'll take another question in the room over to you, sir. Amazing images. So my question is, you said that Saturn tilts to generate the seasons like, right? So I would like to know if the rings tilt along with the planet or if they are stationary. Yes, the Saturn is tilted over. And so, yes, the rings do tilt with Saturn. So they open up more toward the sun. At equinox from the earth, the rings are just a thin line. And so it was nice to have Cassini there to look at the rings, look down at them during equinox. And we could actually see giant shadows from the largest objects in the rings. So, yeah, they tilt too. All right, again from online, what's the next big project? You get to design it. What do you want to do? What do you, what's your next big project if you get to choose it? If I could choose any project, I would want to go back to Saturn and finish up on what we've been doing with Enceladus, carry the instruments that perhaps could look for life, amino acids, fatty acids, and even bring a sample from the geysers back to the earth so we could use all the technology here to answer that question. Is there life in Enceladus' ocean? And if the answer is no, that's astonishing because the conditions appear right. Maybe it's hard to get life started. If the answer is yes, is that life like the earth? And that would be amazing. It's life, very unlike the life we have here. That would be amazing. So whatever the answer to that question will be amazed. Very good. Another question inside the room. You, sir, just wait for the microphone, please. Do I understand that the satellite was, or the Cassini was destroyed at the end of the mission? The question was, was Cassini destroyed at the end of the mission? And yes, we actually went into the atmosphere. And so why was that chosen as opposed to letting it continue like the voyagers or the pioneers? Well, we didn't, the question was, why didn't we continue like the voyagers or pioneers? We were trapped in Saturn's gravity well, and we decided to use all of our fuel to do exploration. And so we didn't have enough by the time we got to the end of the mission to break free. We could have crashed into another moon, but actually going in between Saturn and the rings gave scientists an incredibly rich new data set by going back close to the planet. Another question. How do you, how do you see work like this, you know, influencing how young people think about science, maybe young girls, and maybe you want to use your own life experience as an example? Well, I think missions like Cassini and NASA's exploration encourages young people to go into careers in science and technology and engineering. I know in the case of my own two daughters, they went into engineering and also in going out and talking to young girls, especially that middle-aged, you know, group to encourage them to keep taking math and science. And they're excited about what the potentials are to explore space. So I think it's a very good way. For me personally, I think watching, you know, humans walk on the moon, that just drew me in. And I know I really wanted to be a part of it. I had a telescope. I was looking at the planets. I knew I wanted to do something with space. Very good. So Frank asked, based on what you've learned here, how do you think differently about, for example, how life on Earth is compared to before this mission, maybe even think more broadly, life in the universe? I think before Cassini, you know, we were looking for planets around other stars. And in particular for those planets in the zone, like the Earth would be where you could have liquid water on the surface. And the big paradigm change with Cassini is that now, perhaps you should have a broader view. You could find these moons, these ocean worlds, where life might exist. So it's expanded our reach and our ideas of where life might exist. Very good. In the room, to you, find the microphone. Yes, coming back. I was just wondering when you mentioned about things that you didn't expect that were found, were there certain expectations or things that you thought might be there that weren't confirmed? A good example of something we expected and didn't find is we thought we knew the length of Saturn's day, that there was this radio signal that came out and measured by Voyager and we thought we had the length of the day. With Cassini, we got there and that periodic radio signal had changed. And we knew that Saturn couldn't speed up or slow down by that much. And so we're now back to thinking we don't really know what's the interior rotation for Saturn, because all you see are the cloud tops and different places rotate at different speeds. So here's the case, we had an expectation and now we've had to say, OK, now we have an open question instead. So there's a question about Europa, which is not around Saturn, but has another moon that seems to have possibly a liquid ocean. What do you think you might find around Europa? And how would you do a mission? Because it's got a lot of ice around it. Right. Well, there's a mission in the works from NASA called Europa Clipper. And Europa Clipper's goal is to go and try and characterize the ocean that we know is underneath Europa's icy crust. But there's a lot of radiation at Jupiter. So we have a mission. We have flybys rather than orbiting Europa. We have flybys to try and understand it. And we want to measure the thickness of that icy crust because a mission to go back or to land would want to know where are the best places to land. Are there geysers on Europa?  So we're going to look for geysers, look for places to land, figure out how thick the ice crust is and get ready for future missions. So someone online would like us to think really big and wants us to think about the Fermi, what's your take on the Fermi Paradox? For those who do not know what the Fermi Paradox is, let me briefly describe it. If you have a civilization that is advanced enough to travel between stars, that civilization would have had enough time to populate every star in the galaxy. And so the take message might be no civilization has ever done that. And maybe we should just quit even thinking about it. Your take. Yeah, very interesting question. I guess I personally think that given so many stars that there's a possibility of life and why we haven't been contacted yet, that's really a very intriguing question. So I guess we're just going to have to keep trying as always my bit. And you know what, it's always okay to be the first has been my experience. All right. Any other questions in the audience? Yes. Wait for the microphone, please. I think or we just left the microphone. Sorry. The technology has abandoned us. Right here. Just a second. Great presentation, really. What I would like to ask that you said you want to go back to Saturn. And what is the time frame for a project like that? I mean, from the time you start thinking about the new mission and to the time when you launch and then finish the project. Well, if we use Cassini as an example, we started thinking about a mission like Cassini in the early 1980s. 1990, we had funding and everything in place for the instruments and then seven more years to build Cassini. So it was almost two decades, a decade and a half from the idea to getting to Saturn. It's just that the outer planets are not easy to get to. And so it's a long journey. So Alex asks, should we be sending messages out or just listening? Oh, I think we're sending messages out whether we want to or not. All of our TV and radio signals are going out into space. And who knows who might be seeing reruns of I Love Lucy, you know, even now. So we are sending signals out into space. And in fact, we have two emissaries, the two Voyager spacecraft are leaving the solar system. They each carry a gold record. And on that record are the sights and sounds of Earth and even a map for how to find us. So if an alien civilization finds Voyager, they'll be able to get back to us. Yeah, and it's worthwhile knowing that if we, a sister civilization, existed, for example, on Proxima Centauri, where there is planet where that's possible, we could already detect our own airport radar right now. So the universe is closing in on us with our technology. All right, I think we will finish up with the question is, so if we're going to launch, I guess, how long are we talking about till we get these next missions to Saturn? I mean, it's there's a long time. Is there any way to speed this up? When can we expect the next post cards, as Carlos wants to know from Saturn? Well, we don't have any mission planned to go back to Saturn at this point in time. I'm really hopeful that with private industry and lowering the cost that perhaps there might be something, if not within NASA, within the private sector, we can go back and plan a mission and use the launch capabilities and the International Cooperation to go back a little bit sooner, but probably a decade, I'd say, at least. OK, very good. A final question for the audience. Yes. And again, wait for the microphone, please. More a comment than a question. NASA and the National Academy of Sciences in the United States has placed high priority on an orbiter for one of the gas, one of the ice giant planets, either Uranus or Neptune. Right now it looks like it's favoring Uranus, but we're looking at maybe a project start on that within the next decade. And how long does it take? I should say Tom is also from JPL, or at least used to be, right? How long does it take to get out there, to Uranus or Neptune? If you really put the pedal to the metal and you have a way that you can stop once you get there, even though you've had your pedal to the metal, you can get there in about 10 years. All right. Well, OK, I'm 50, so I have a chance still. Sounds great. All right. So time for us to wind up. I guess my take home message is these are amazing, beautiful worlds. One of the things that maybe not obvious is that you're also getting deep physical understanding the way that nature works, the way these very complex storms happen, the possibilities of life. These are big questions and they're big questions that unite humanity. And I think that's one of the things here in Davos is if you want to unite a fractured world, you have to have common purposes. And if we're going to make it through the coming century, we need to have common purposes through these international missions where we go out and be human rather than fight about being human. Thank you very much.


I skydive into every single one of the Denver Broncos home games and I land on the field before the kickoff of the game It's usually 15 minutes prior. We land on the field 70,000 people. It's truly amazing It's something I love to do now when we jump out at 5,000 feet We have to make sure that that timing is exactly correct if we were to exit too early if we were to jump out too early at At that point we would not make it to the stadium to be able to land in the field and on the field for the people If we were to jump out too late We would not make it and we would be landing in a parking lot We have to do it just right How does skydiving into a football game have anything to do with trading? Glad you asked the thing is is that what happens is? Too many people anticipate the trade the pivot and they get in early They're like, okay.  I know at some point I'm gonna be over the stadium and it's gonna be the correct time Why don't I just jump out right now? Well, the thing is is I'm gonna land in downtown Denver I'm gonna land maybe north of the city I'm not gonna be anywhere near the stadium and what that means is that I don't get the outcome I desired the outcome is for me to land on the field. So I can't anticipate the absolute Pivot or the jumping into the stadium. I can't go early. I have to go within that window, which is about six seconds Very similar to trading


Hey friends tonight. We are hanging out at the Magic Kingdom. There is a Mickey's not so scary Halloween party happening tonight So the park closes at six o'clock. It is four o'clock right now So we're gonna have two hours to see what we can get done. I hear they brought back the pumpkin spice latte So we might grab ourselves a nice pumpkin coffee hang out on Main Street ride some rides and just have a beautiful Magic Kingdom kind of day. Anyhoo, let's go do this It is precisely 4 p.m. Right now, so we have two hours to see what we can get done There's a sign on the outside that says Magic Kingdom will close promptly at 6 p.m And I'm just kind of excited to hang out for a little bit. I'm definitely excited to get a pumpkin spice latte Tonight's Mickey's not so scary Halloween party is sold out and this is a big thing to point out if you plan on coming to Disney World to vacation for either September or October Make sure you check the night that you come to Magic Kingdom You don't want to come on a party night if you're not coming to the party the park closes at six You don't get to do any of the fireworks or anything like that So make sure you schedule and plan accordingly today. I just kind of want to see what it's like before the party You know what I mean the beat that the the pre-party If there were tickets available for tonight's party, I would definitely stay in fact I think all of the nights are sold out all the way till October and I also heard that this year's party sold out The most amount of nights out of any other party. So that's pretty epic I'm really intrigued to see what the wait times for things are gonna be like since the park closes in just two hours But I'm just kind of happy to be here I really wanted to come hang out of Magic Kingdom and Everybody makes mistakes. So like I said plan accordingly me today. I didn't I actually was just like I want to go To Magic Kingdom today, and then I booked a reservation and I was like, oh, there's a party tonight So I'm like, you know what we're gonna make the best of it We're gonna get a pumpkin spice latte and we're gonna hang out at the Magic Kingdom and ride some rides There's just something different about pumpkin spice lattes here at the Magic Kingdom I don't know why I mean coffee on Main Street is just a thing on its own But I get super excited when it's the Halloween season Look at that. It's giving me all the fall feels Pumpkin cream cold brew pumpkin spice latte and apple crisp oatmeal macchiato everything. I love All right, this is so funny but on top of my pumpkin spice latte I wanted to get the Mickey pumpkin cupcake that they have but when I went up to order I said can I have the pumpkin muffin and I don't even know why I said that but then when I picked up my stuff They gave me a pumpkin muffin like an actual but I didn't even know Starbucks had a pumpkin muffin it's a pumpkin cream cheese muffin and Instead of saying hey, I wanted the cupcake. I decided why not? Let's just try this pumpkin cream muffin I feel like trying new things is fun It definitely didn't help that they actually gave me my pumpkin muffin in this little bag that says boo to you Nathan Like I can't turn that back. I gotta keep it. But look at here. It is. This is the pumpkin muffin It's got cream cheese on the inside so I'm not too sure how much I'm gonna like that But I like pumpkin stuff and then of course the pumpkin spice latte.  Just hanging out got the pumpkin spice latte the pumpkin muffin a Mickey pumpkin life is good We're hanging out in the hub area. I'm gonna try this little cupcake now though first. Let's take the little wrapper off here Look at this This looks really good. And like I said, it's cream cheese stuff. So there's cream cheese in the center here Or it's just on top. It looks like all right. Here we go a bite of pumpkin muffin and a sip of pumpkin spice latte That's where it's at And would you look at that I went for something I've never had before Hi, how are you? And I ended up loving it. It's really good the pumpkin Muffin is everything that I kind of like in a pumpkin muffin. I'm also teasing these ducks I shouldn't be doing that they think I'm gonna give them the food but I'm not I'm sorry I'm just showing it little guy. Sorry little ducky This is what I was talking about just coming to the park hanging out drinking some pumpkin spice lattes Having a cupcake but not a cupcake a muffin and just relaxing But this did cost a price. It was a there was a price to this experience and that was an hour It's been an hour. I came in I went to Starbucks and I came here and we lost an hour So that's half of our time. We're gonna have to make it up. It's not Starbucks I wasn't in Starbucks waiting, but I was talking to people just kind of hanging out enjoying the ambience and stuff like that and We lost an hour, but we're gonna make it up. We're gonna go We're gonna take our coffee and get moving along here. Gotta get a lot done We're gonna actually make our way into adventure land. I want to go check on Pirates of the Caribbean Maybe the enchanted tiki room. I think it would be fun either way But Pirates of the Caribbean is something I've been wanting to do for a while. So it might be a low wait time Funny thing is is during the party itself to have live actors on Pirates of the Caribbean I didn't get to do that the last time I was here because it was a rainy night You're very busy, but I'd love to see with the live actors again. I've done it in the past though It is really fun Looks like the wait time says 10 minutes 10 minutes not too bad at all waiting that all day long Look at that we're heading right on in Even if you were here for the party you want to want to ride right now because you would want to wait for the Live actors to come out Oh my lord though the AC feels so amazing. I can feel it from here. I need this. It's so hot much too hot This is where the live actors usually hang out at and they actually come down here And some of them go up top never seen the lights on up top here though That's so cool Who actually has a little event guide right there you can see that Looks like we got the back row all the cool kids sit in the back strike your feathers Pirates of the Caribbean was such a great idea I definitely needed that to cool off and now we're over in frontier land and I think I see the hold down happening So I'm gonna go check that out. It's a really fun kind of dance musical I don't even know it's a hold down down so much fun. I love it now I kind of want to see we can get on Splash Mountain a big Thunder Mountain. I'm really pressed for time here I'm running.  Oh No We literally got there and they put the rope up because of the storm of Rowan So no big Thunder Mountain and I think Splash Mountain is closed as well So I don't know if we can do any of these rides actually. Oh Yeah, looks like Splash Mountain is down too So no luck over here and we only have like 20 20 minutes left maybe 25. I Can actually hear the thunder rumbling over there So I guess a lot of all the outdoor rides are gonna be shutting down So that means all the indoor rides are gonna have increased wait times and we only have like I said 20 minutes left I kind of feel like this is turning into a fail vlog But I don't feel like it's a fail because I'm here, you know what I mean like so like the whole entire day Technically is but I'm still just kind of going for it. Hi. How are you?  Well, I didn't even think to check There was gonna be party tonight and then also on my muffin I accidentally ordered a muffin instead of a cupcake and then I go to run the rides or ride the rides and the thunder happens What's next we're gonna get caught in a rainstorm maybe Here is a look at the wait times right before the park actually closes Pirates of the Caribbean it says 25 minutes Buzz Lightyear 20 the people mover 20 space mountain 20 Seems like just about everything is like a 20 minute wait. That's actually not too bad Haunted mansion is only 15 minute wait, but a lot is closed You can see clothes clothes clothes clothes clothes temporary clothes clothes clothes temporary closed so a lot of stuff I Want to actually attempt maybe going on another ride, but I don't think we'd make it I don't want to push it to the very last minute before they start asking guests to leave I mean, I really do believe we could have probably done big Thunder Mountain and Splash Mountain if the Weather wasn't in like inclement, you know and I don't mind I'm just happy that I got to come out the Magic Kingdom today I mean, honestly, that's all I wanted to do and I felt like maybe if I try to get as much done in two hours I can put a reason to it, but you don't need a reason to come to Magic Kingdom. You just go I Suppose we'll just start making our way back out to Main Street and make our slow descent out of the park slow walk out of the park This video that I'm making today is kind of reminding me of like a vlog style kind of video where I'm just basically Documenting my day in the park, you know, no specific thing The only reason I really wanted to come out the Magic Kingdom today was to get a pumpkin spice latte And I didn't know if I was gonna make a video or not I do come to the parks a lot when I like not filming I just like being here You know what I mean and yeah I kind of felt like a vlog style day and I haven't been doing a lot of vlog style videos I don't know if you guys have noticed that I don't even know if I talked about it really But most of my videos like the past year have been all like basically a topic like it's a topic piece I come into the park with a basic understanding of what I want to do like what I want to do what I want to show You guys and then I proceed to basically do it and yeah today was kind of just like Whatever I kind of want to do, you know, it's just like on the whim and now I'm thinking to myself instead of Calling a night.  I Think I'm gonna actually walk over to the contemporary and Start looking around for dinner reservations. Maybe steakhouse 71 Maybe conic cafe, but I want to go over the contemporary so that way I can get on the monorail there I don't want to take the monorail here. There's a lot of people going on it now and Maybe hang out in the arcade. Maybe get a massage. Huh? I Love walking from Magic Kingdom to the contemporary you get to see so many wildlife right now We have a gigantic rapper rapper. We got a gigantic rabbit right here And I just saw a black snake actually slither in there. I wonder if I could see it if I get closer It's probably way gone Little oh don't want to scare the rabbit Snake is actually going that way, but I don't think that snake is any harm to the rabbit Also, I don't know if I mentioned how much I love the new spider-man shirt from Roosevelt's Look at this. It's one I've never wore before and I'm obsessed.  I always been a big fan of the contemporary just from its design. It just looks amazing All right, I think we got ourselves a reservation at steakhouse 71 So maybe we'll try that steakhouse 71 burger that everyone talks about But we have a little time in between so maybe we'll go and hang out around the contemporary Like I said, maybe go to the arcade sit down the massage chair a little bit do a little shopping and just kind of enjoy the resort It's kind of funny that I said that we're going to the arcade because right here This is the game station. They have like these massage chairs in there You can see that one video over there says the contemporary resort But if we're going to steakhouse 71 that used to be the arcade. So how funny is that? For some reason that the contemporary resort absolutely loves these massage chairs There are more massage chairs in the contemporary than probably combined at every other resort And I'm not even kidding about that right now We've got one massage chair Two massage chairs Three and four massage chairs I don't know why I'm channeling counteractual but wait, there's more And here is five and six massage chairs I decided to come back to the arcade and go to the one that was in the far back In the dark area in the dark area of the arcade, but this is relaxing. Yes, this is nice All right enough of the massage chair business now. Let's go shop around in the stores. I love coming to bvg This is one of my favorite little resort gift shops. Actually, I think it's like biggest one too I mean everything at the contemporary is just like extra extra space for some gift shopping and then also extra massage chairs This is actually really cool. I've never seen this before they have a main street electrical parade light up wall decor This lights up actually you hang it on your wall and I think I love it. Wait, I want to try to turn it on and That is really cool Honestly, I feel like I need to get this and also when did they start making a main street electrical Parade magic band, but I like this so much This is so I want to get this I think I'm getting that. I mean, I really want to hang that up on my house I don't know where I'm going to hang it up. Yeah, but I just love it. I like the fact that it lights up I think it's really really cool Also, if you guys didn't hear the sad news, they're going to be discontinuing the h2o product line So sadly all of my favorite resort soaps are going to be gone But I don't think this one's the same thing. I think this is this is gel or something Oh, yeah cooling, uh, aloe gel I feel like I need to get that to add to my collection before it's all gone But let me know in the comments. Are you guys going to be sad to lose h2o? I mean, I really love that product I wonder if Disney's still going to keep it and just name it something different or have someone like kind of make it You know what I mean? It was kind of a very big thing Also, I feel like they just keep on releasing new Vault collectibles like the things from the vault collection like I haven't seen this shirt before This is really cool. And I haven't seen this one with goofy on the pocket The only thing is I don't like this material because it looks too wrinkly You know what I mean? But I do like these I do like these Look at this. This is fancy right here That's some fancy shorts They also released the disney van series here and I love all of this. I love the hats. Look at this That is so awesome. And I love the little hoodie here That's cool. It's got it doesn't have all four parks on there. But what does that have? Oh, it's just the attractions. I don't know how much they're selling these for though $69 that's not too bad at all. And then even this one right here. Look at this That's a pretty awesome shirt the vans line. All of it is really awesome. I'm a big fan All right, now I think it's time we head down to steakhouse 71 I'm starting a little hungry and we're closer to our reservation time All right, it's time to head on in now. We're gonna be joining up with a friend too So I'm gonna wait for them to get here. Might as well hang out at one of these nifty little lounge areas over here I love the new contemporary lobby. I mean, I know it's been like this for a while But I didn't notice they got rid of the fancy pillows that used to be chained up over here They used to have pillows. I think there were monorail pillows and I knew I was like when I first saw them I was like someone's gonna try to steal those but then when I picked it up I noticed it was chained to the couch But now they're gone. So somebody probably cut those chains Somebody definitely cut the chains and took the pillows All right, we have made it into steakhouse 71 and Kristen is here right down main street cheers You're gonna get mac and cheese Mac and cheese to our video coming soon. All right. I'm excited. I end out the burger too, huh? Yes, I have a challenge for you You have to try a single noodle of my mac and cheese. I will try one noodle I Love coming to steakhouse 71 because I love their bread service number one But I also like all of the affordable entrees like the states here are anywhere from 29 to like 38 dollars And normal states at disney resorts would be like 59 50 60 dollars. So it's actually very affordable Before we get to our entrees, which I decided on going with the bone in pork chop because I never had it before They brought out some bread and look at this. I love this bread here It comes with that special 71 butter and it's like a polar part. This one's smaller than that one. Look it There's a size differential. It wasn't baked all the way You do don't you? Ah, all right. I'm taking this one It looks like a muffin I actually just enjoy pulling the bread apart though. Look at that. It's like a polar part bread This bread is so good. It's a potato brioche and it's very salty on the top And also I want to point out that it's not complimentary. It's not a free bread service It is something you would have to order and it's kind of strange because you would think it would come out But it is a step up though, you know, I mean they do have the fancy butters with it and you get two big pieces But I do I like it. I maybe next time I'll try the shrimp cocktail though as the appetizer All right, enough of the bread business. Here is the 14 ounce dry age bone-in pork chop and look at that That is a hefty chop right there And I decided to get the grilled asparagus with it and the chimichurri sauce because That's like a really good sauce. I don't like the other sausages. You can get a sampler And then Kristen got the mac And the burger Yeah, that's the burger but the mac and cheese we got to know the review. I'm excited All right Seriously, this pork chop looks phenomenal. It looks so big too. I think this is the biggest cut of meat You can actually get on the menu 14 ounces. But that is with the bone in it But still though, I'm very excited to try it I cannot wait to cut into this pork chop Look at this. It just glimmers It's literally glimmering here And we got medium. Oh, look at that That is too good Here we go first bite That's phenomenal. Wow. I'm going for a second bite already Here we go Kristen's going all in on that burger Look at that. So good. First bite right here They're so juicy. The toppings are perfect and the cheese. Oh my god. Look at it. It's so melty and there's so much Best burger in the world You can get the burger though out at the lounge. It is on the lounge menu And I think that's available all the time but here inside the restaurant It's only available on the lunch menu, but if you ask they'll always give it to you Back to the pork chop business. I have to say I'm not the biggest fan of the sauce that comes with it Uh, I mean, it's okay, but the pork chop itself. I feel like doesn't need any sauce I do want to try a little bit of this sauce with it and see how it goes, but this on its own Could just be on its own Just like all of the steaks you get a sauce with the pork chop and I want the chimichurri And that was the right move very good Kristen is telling me I need to try the mac and cheese if I said I will try a singular noodle There we go. That's the one I'm not the biggest fan of mac and cheese. I know that's crazy. You guys know this already, but I am going to give it a try I Nope Steakhouse 71 was definitely a good idea. I'm happy that we continued making this video today And it ended up being a really awesome day started off with something kind of not the way you would want things to go And it ended up being a perfect little fun night. So we're gonna head home see Gracie I also don't want to fill you guys in on the auction that I had but we'll do that once we get home Gotta go see Gracie first I'm looking for a Dalmatian named Gracie Where is she? What what? You excited? Gracie likes these treats too. So I'm gonna give her one of these that one and she's gone And with that, I think we are done here today Gracie liked her treat.  So you guys know I was having a props and memorabilia auction That I was doing on the whatnot app and all the profits were going to give kids a world village Let me tell you something. It was phenomenal. It was amazing. I could not fathom This ever happening like honestly, it kind of was just giving me chills the whole entire night And I was just blown away. There are some amazing people out there. So thank you to everyone that came out and bid it on items Also, thank you to anyone that actually just joined in the live stream and hung out I wish I was able to like read the chat a little bit more, but it was going by super super fast There was a lot of people in there on an app that I've never used before and I don't even live stream that much But it was so much fun and we raised a lot of money for give kids a world village like a lot of money I'm having whatnot is taking care of all of the the financial end of it So they're gonna be setting everything together. They're gonna be sending me all of the the results and the money and Everything the donation. So as soon as I get everything, I'm gonna actually send it I'm gonna post you probably on my instagram story. I'll show you guys everything, but Phenomenal. Thank you. You guys really it was amazing and honestly, like I said, I feel so like In touch with like give kids a world village because me actually going there as many times if I have And also like volunteering there. It's really something that you know, it pulls the heartstrings on me so I'm really happy to be able to do what I did and It's it's a great feeling and it I couldn't do it without you guys too. So Honestly, it really was it's an amazing thing. I'm very happy But like I said, I'll be posting stuff on instagram stories Also, if you guys want to learn about volunteering I give kids a world also going to be posting stuff along with a blank Um, link I'll put the link actually in description in case you weren't making it to the auction I'm going to put a link in the description where you could donate straight to give kids a world if you wanted to I set that up with them just a couple of days ago. So very cool. I'm very excited. I'm just very very happy We're definitely going to do more of the what not auctions in the future And thank you guys seriously. Thank you so much. So I hope you guys enjoyed the video I enjoyed making it We'll see you next time. Bye


What is up you guys, welcome back to another one. If you are new to the channel, I am Gold Pony. I do new car truck and SUV reviews on YouTube. And today we are in the new 2020 BMW X2 courtesy of Apple BMW in York PA for more information on their inventory. Please feel free to check out the link in the description box below. Wanted to take a spin in this one because this is a very good looking SUV slash crossover whichever you want to call it. And it's relatively affordable too. And there was actually one major change for the 2020 X2 this year as well. So what do you say? Let's just go ahead and jump right into it. And as always, let's start with pricing. And so there will be a few different trim levels for the 2020 X2. First one being the S drive 28i starting at $36,400. Then you have the X drive 28i starting at $38,400. And the M 35i starting at $46,450. And so having said that you can probably imagine there are two different engine options to go along with those trim levels. First engine option is going to belong to the two trim levels that have the 28i in them. And powering those two trims is going to be a two liter twin power turbocharged inline four cylinder 228 horsepower at 5,000 RPM, 258 pound feet of torque. They'll put around 1,450 RPM power either sent to the front wheels for the S drive or all wheels for the X drive. They're an eight speed automatic with paddle shifters only if you go with the M sport package for either of those two. So that's how you're going to get that. But nonetheless, zero to 60 time comes in at approximately 6.3 seconds with MPG numbers coming in at 24 in the city, 32 highway for the front wheel drive configuration, 24 city, 31 highway for the all wheel drive. So really you just drop one mile per gallon on the highway with the all wheel drive which makes me think everybody is going to buy the all wheel drive version of this one. But nonetheless, before we do any kind of acceleration in the X2, I did want to mention there are some drive modes that come standard on the X2. That drive mode button is located directly to the left of the shifter and they will include eco pro comfort and sport adjusting things like the shift points, the throttle response and the steering sensitivity. And so having said that, what do you guys say? Let's go ahead and put it in sport and it did immediately downshift for me. So it is going to hold the RPMs at a much higher level giving me more power on demand. So that's always a good thing especially when you're merging onto the highway but having said that, what do you guys say? Let's do a quick little acceleration here in the X2 and let's see how quickly we can get this one here up to speed. All right, here you guys get onto a straightaway kind of here and let's go. Okay, there it is. Oh my gosh. All right, definitely a little bit of turbo lag at the beginning, but after it kicks in, dang, it pulls hard. Definitely a very nice acceleration after you get past the little bit of turbo lag at the beginning at least.  To go along with that acceleration as always though, braking is equally important. So when it comes to braking on the X2, you will find four wheel ventilated disc brakes, which is all pretty standard, but really the impressive number when it comes to the X2 as far as braking goes is the 60 to zero stopping distance comes in at 111 feet, which is insanely impressive. For example, the X1 does it enough, like 122 feet. So this does it quite substantially quicker than that. So it's a very good number when it comes to 60 to zero stopping distance at least. And having said that, having to turn right there, there is no brake pedal delay or anything like that. So as you can imagine, braking feel is perfectly fine in the X2. Now touching on suspension and handling though, strut type front suspension, independent multi-link rear suspension, front and rear stabilizer bars, gas pressure eyes, shock absorbers, and let's touch on the M35i trim a little bit. That one's actually going to add an M Sport suspension, which is actually optional on the 28i. It goes for $400 if you wanted to still get that. M Sport steering as well, but having said that, if you put it in the sports steering mode on the 28i that we have here today, it still has a very nice weight to it, definitely on the heavier side of things, which is hard to find in SUVs these days. So I definitely appreciating the steering feel in the XDrive 28i that we have here today. So that's definitely nice. Ride quality, is it pretty much as expected? You can feel a little bit more of the road than let's say the X5, which I kind of recently got done reviewing here. But having said that, it is kind of a compact crossover SUV. So it's pretty much as expected. As far as the ride quality goes, cabin noise is kind of the same thing. You hear a little bit more of the road noise when you're on the highway. Not hearing much of it right now, because I'm in a residential neighborhood going kind of slow, but still. It is again, par for the chorus, I guess you could say. So really no issues there for me either. Touching on visibility, this is where it's, I gotta say, sub par for the chorus. Visibility is definitely not all that great, but that's because of the shape. It's a good looking crossover SUV. The roof line is tapered down at the back. So whenever that happens, you are not going to get as good a visibility as let's say the BMW X1. That is going to be more of a boxier shape. That's going to give you a little better visibility if you were comparing those two. But having said that, you still get rain sensing windshield wipers here on the X2, meaning when the X2 detects any kind of rainfall or mist, it's going to automatically turn on the windshield wipers. One less thing you have to worry about there. And there is a head up display. It actually comes with the premium package that gives you $1400, by the way, but that's going to project your speed and the speed limit up on your windshield to better help you keep your eyes on the road. So once again, that's going to assist with visibility as well. But that about rounds out the performance segment of this review. Let's now go ahead and take a look at the exterior of this brand new 2020 BMW X2. All right, here she is, you guys. The 2020 BMW X2 finished in mineral gray metallic. In case anybody was curious, that is a $550 option, by the way. But if you liked it, that's what the color is called. So let's go ahead and start up front on this one though. Up front in typical BMW fashion, you have that active kidney front grille, LED headlights to the sides with cornering lights. And of course, those headlights do come with the automatic feature, meaning when it starts to get dark out at night, they do turn on automatically for you. So one less thing you have to worry about there. LED daytime running lights, also standard LED fog lights as well. And did want to mention the front end is going to differ slightly, depending on what setup that you go with. You have matte black accents. If you go with any of the 28 eye trims that you are currently looking at right now or body colored accents. If you go with the M35i, however they are less apparent in this mineral gray metallic exterior, but I do want to mention that nonetheless. And make your way to the side on this one, satin aluminum window surrounds coming standard, black window surrounds coming with the M Sport X package, or the M35i rear privacy glass coming standard. Then when it comes to the side mirrors, they are body colored power adjustable side mirrors. They will come heated with integrated turn signals actually. All of that coming standard across the board. Taking a look down at the wheels setup, 18 inch Y spoke alloy wheels is the standard configuration for the 28 eye trims. 19 inch double five spoke wheels coming with the M35i as expected. But perhaps my favorite part about the X2 at least is the BMW logo found on the C pillar in the back there. Quite often you always find them in the front and the back of vehicles, but you almost never find them on the C pillar in the back. That's quite cool. It's definitely unique, something you don't see that often, which is why I particularly absolutely love it.  That's what we have right now. Body colored and gray accenting on the side skirts. If you go with the M35i or the M Sport X package, did want to also mention, if you were looking for roof rails on the X2, that is a $250 option. They are satin aluminum roof rails too, if you wanted to go that route. But now let's go ahead and make our way to the back on this one. Shark fin antenna coming standard of course, rear spoiler with an integrated brake light around back there. Rear window wiper as well. Of course to the sides you have LED tail lights as expected and just below it all, dual exhaust outlets with very bright chrome tips. You gotta love it. So you guys know what we have to do next. As always here is that exhaust clip. It's something else since we are around back when it comes to opening that rear liftgate, let me start by saying the cool way to do it is the BMW logo located on that rear hatch actually doubles as a way to open that rear hatch. And it is a power liftgate by the way, so you can use the key fob if you wanted to or you can simply just kind of press it in and it opens up itself. Kind of like Volkswagen's do, except you have to lift up on these and this is a power liftgate. So that's the difference I guess, but it's pretty cool. Nonetheless, once opened up cargo capacity is gonna come in at 21.6 cubic feet behind that second row. With that second row folded down that comes in at 50.1 cubic feet. So it's still more cubic feet-ness. I knew that's not a word than the Mercedes-Benz GLA but not quite as much as the BMW X1. So it depends on what you're looking for I guess. But nonetheless, you do have a 12 volt power outlet back there. There is some cargo lighting and some in-floor storage. All of that pretty much as expected for this. Then make your way to the rear leg room that is going to come in at 36.7 inches. So for reference, I'm an even six feet tall. This is how much space I had back there. There is also a rear seat center armrest back there. Rear ventilation, 12 volt power outlet for those rear passengers as well. And there's also rear ventilation back there and two phone charging ports actually as well if you wanted to use them. But make your way to the front seats. Eight-way power adjustable front seats come standard. They do come with memory settings. Two-way power adjustable driver seat bolsters as well. That is one of my favorite parts about really the BMW X1 and the X2. Those power side bolsters are absolutely amazing. They really hug you in place regardless of your body shape because they're completely adjustable. It's so amazing. Definitely holds you in place in the back roads if you wanted to have a little extra fun there. Heated front seats go for $550. It's a standalone option unless you get the premium package in which case they come with that. Heated steering wheel comes with that package as well. I'm gonna take a look at the steering wheel. It is tilt and telescoping. It is leather wrapped. You can get it heated like I just mentioned. That is optional. When it comes to the startup, let me first start by showing you guys the key here. You do have lock unlock. That button will pop the rear hatch. And by the way, the lock button is the BMW logo located in the middle of the key there in case anybody was curious. But you actually don't even need the key. Kinda do, just leave it in your pocket though. It is all keyless entry. So simply just walk up to the X2 here, put your front on the brake and press that engine start button located just by the driver's right knee there. It's simple once started up. When it comes to the gauges, you do have your speedometer on the left. Tachometer is on your right. You also have information like your outside temperature, how many miles you'll have left until you hit empty. And the drive modes will adjust some of that gauge display up there as well. And it'll let you know what drive mode you're in actually too. But so then when it comes to overall interior quality, anthracite headliner comes standard on the X2. Panoramic moonroof comes with the premium package, which we do have today. So I can show you that. That's pretty cool. Universal garage door opener also coming with the premium package is gonna be located on the rear view mirror for up to three different garage doors. And that's always a big plus because the alternative is that rattling garage door opener that you stick on the sun visor and that at highway speeds can rattle quite a bit and kind of get annoying. At least that's my personal experience on that. Wireless phone charger can be added for an additional $500. But perhaps my favorite part about the interior quality is the ambient lighting, which can be controlled using the tech display. But there's several different colors, orange, bronze, white, green, blue, lilac. And it just makes this thing look so much cooler at night. It's gonna be kind of hard to see here in this video because I'm shooting it at one in the afternoon so it's still daytime. But at night, this is gonna look absolutely freaking amazing. So ambient lighting is my favorite part about the interior quality. But of course you have soft touch materials everywhere.  Lecture mechanical parking brake. And as far as the center arm rescues, it's one of the cooler things. It is completely adjustable. It locks into place by like a million different settings I feel like so you can really set it higher or lower. That is one of the cool things that they wanna forget to mention because that definitely makes cruising in the X2 perhaps on the highway a lot more comfortable than it otherwise would have been. A lot of SUVs don't come with adjustable armrests like that so that's pretty cool. And you do have some storage in there, phone charger as well so that's definitely nice. But let's now go ahead and make our way to the tech display on the X2 here. 8.8 inch high resolution color touch screen display. Come standard, that is the major change for the 2020 X2 because previously the standard setup was actually a 6.5 inch color touch screen display in 2019. So now for 2020, you have the standard 8.8 inch color touch screen display. So that's pretty darn cool up there. You can control it through the touch screen like I said, it is controlled by voice activation as well there is a circular dial and buttons just behind the shifter. It's a bunch of different ways you can check out what's up there. Of course Bluetooth and audio streaming come standard Android Auto and Apple CarPlay meaning if you have a smartphone, hook your smartphone up to the X2, you have free navigation up there as well as the ability to like and dislike your Pandora songs. You can also check out the weather up there, factory navigation system actually comes standard. Again you can check out your ambient lighting settings up there, that's definitely a big plus. Drive modes are displayed up there when you switch them up next to the shifter there. Climate control information and your radio information and here's the fun part for me. Let's go ahead and test out the sound system. The standard sound system by the way comes with seven speakers, 205 watts. There is an optional Harman Kardon sound system that we don't have today, but I did just test out that same sound system in the X1. It was amazing ton of bass there. But we do have the standard seven speaker sound system here, so what do you say? Let's go ahead and turn on the radio and see what we've got playing today. And let's test out the clarity of this one. I did double check that it was in the Harman Kardon sound system because that was a ton of bass well more than I expected. That was actually pretty nice. Not quite as good as the Harman Kardon. Bowers and Wilkins is still my favorite sound system of all time, but that was a very nice sound system for the standard setup there. But the last thing I wanted to mention on that tech display at least is when you do put the X2 in reverse, you will find a rear view camera that comes standard across the board, letting you know who or what is behind you, which is always is going to lead us into safety. It's the first thing I wanted to mention when it comes to safety, the 2020 BMW X2 is an IIHS top safety pick, which basically says it all right there to start. Front side, side coronary bags come standard in the back of latch, AKA lower anchors and tethers for children for the rear car seats. Tire pressure monitoring system also comes standard, but there's actually a ton of advanced safety features that come standard on the X2 as well, including daytime pedestrian detection, frontal collision warning, city collision mitigation, lane departure warning, speed limit recognition, automatic high beans, and adaptive cruise control as well. And as I want to mention, there is a parking assistance package that goes for $200, essentially where the X2 parks itself. So that's out there for you too if you wanted it. And so when it comes to my final thoughts of the X2, a very good starting price point for a BMW especially, just like the BMW X1, very fun acceleration minus the slight bit of turbo lag, but I'm telling you, once that kicks in, you're freaking flying. There's absolutely no issues of merging onto the highway. That made it fun once it kicked in. Trade off with the X2 at least is probably gonna be the rear visibility. And I think everybody is going to agree with me there. If you wanted more visibility though, just simply go with the X1. You're still getting in a BMW at a relatively inexpensive price point, maybe not as good looking as the X2 in your opinion, but that's kind of the trade off. More of a swoopy roof line, less visibility, it's how it works. But all in all, a very solid pick here. Definitely enjoyed reviewing and driving this one. That is about it for this one you guys though. Feel free to follow me on social media at the bottom of the screen there. If you like, be sure to hit the subscribe and the bell notification button if you're into new car reviews. That is what we do here on this channel after all. Do appreciate you guys watching more than you know and I will see you guys all in the next video. Stay cool, I don't know what that was, sorry. Stay gold. ["Snowball"]


Okay. Although Roma are the largest ethnic minority in Europe, they still experience high level of racism and have to deal with many societal issues. Additionally, Roma are being represented in a very stereotypical way in the media and art world. The Roma theater has more than a century long past with active professional theater groups in many European countries, but unfortunately they are partly known. The Roma Heroes Theater Festival initiated by the Independent Theater Hungary is the only international Roma theater encounter in the world which have been organized in every year since 2017. Some of the present artists and their work are introduced in our series. And today my guest is Michael Collins, the performer and author of the play called, is it a cultural thing or is it? Hi Michael, how are you? Yes. Hello, how are you keeping? Good, good. So, Mike, first question. Yeah. Sorry, what was the first question? Hey, I didn't say it. I thought you want to say something first, but then okay. So my question. No, no, no. Okay, my first question. Could you please summarize very briefly what the play is about, what inspired you when you were writing it and also how is it to perform it for you? Yeah, well, I was born in the mid 60s. And before that, travelers were nomadic people and used to travel around the countryside. There were 10 Smiths, horse dealers, and seasonal workers. And then in the mid 60s, the social welfare came in, the tinware died out and people stopped buying cars and getting rid of the horses and wagons and buying trailers and moving to Dublin. And then the social welfare came in. And in order to get the social welfare, you have to have a permanent address. In order to have a permanent address, they forced all the travelers to move into big towns and cities. The play is actually about the history of travelers from the 1960s up to date through the eyes of a child. So I start off as another character. And then I go into the child character, telling the story to my youngest son. Sounds interesting. Do you have a favorite part or a very challenging part of the play? There's a couple of very strong scenes in it. One is trying to get into school. There was a big boy school and a girl school. And because they had their quota of travelers, they wouldn't allow us into the boy school. So we have to go to the girl school. But when I say it was a girl school, you had the national girl school and then on the back of that school, there was a wooden horse for travelers only. So you had maybe 40 odd travelers, young boys and girls, all different ages, and the majority of them came out not being able to read or write. So that was one of the first stories I remember as a child. And then there was other stories around the discrimination when I came to trying to play sports with the local settled people. If you won a trophy and they had it in a hall or in a pub upstairs, they wouldn't allow the travelers in. They would give the travelers their trophies outside of the door. So there's a very strong scene.  My poor mother has to drink a cup of tea outside in the rain. And now you, sir, want me to take trophies outside. And then it just goes silenced and the light goes down.  You mentioned discrimination, I would, I would be really interested. How is the situation for Roma travelers, gypsies, or the Roma community and people in there? Like, what are the societal issues they are facing? Or is there something that you know, like, do you see a development in these regards? There are more travelers involved now in, in standing up. There's more activists out there to stand up for Traverse rights and Traverse issues. There's more travel women involved in women's issues and travel women's issues. But the basic discrimination racism still happens on a daily basis. It's like walking through a shop, you would be followed and trying to get a travel appropriate accommodation, education, employment, like there's an awful lot of young men and women who be, maybe some of them would be employed in the building trade or in shopping centers and they could not say that they were members of the traveling community because if they did, they would lose their job, they'd be afraid to actually say who they are. So to keep all that inside them, our status is not very good for any young people because one of our biggest problems now in our society is the suicide rate in the traveling community. Even though we're in around 35, 4000 in a whole, which is less than 1% of the population, the suicide rate is seven times higher in the traveling community than it is in the settled community. So even though you can't pinpoint the reasons why people commit suicide or die by suicide, discrimination would be clearly one of those reasons. In our society. So on a daily basis, it's still out there very much so, but it's done a lot different than it used to be years ago. Years ago, they were very upfront and very blatant, they would say, we don't serve your kind here. No travelers allowed, but these days it's no regulars, you know, you're not a regular. So they kind of use different language, but it's still quite prominent out in the community. And an example would be just less than maybe three weeks ago. There was a traveler home, a house allocated for a travel family. And the county council spent over 250,000 buying this house and doing it up. And when the local residents found out that was for a trap the traveling family, they burnt it to the ground. So that's what travelers have to face on a daily basis. It's horrible. Just, yeah, going coming back a bit to art and the creation of art. I would ask you what do you think about. Yes, because you know these are very hard topics and of course it's happening unfortunately everywhere with Roma discrimination. Yes. But let's come back to art and the creation of art. What do you think about the representation of Roma in art? And also, yeah, go for it. Yeah, I would say the thing even though I'm kind of explaining this play that I wrote a cultural thing it's actually one of the first plays of money I've wrote about five or six. Some of them are one man shows some of them are two handers. And even though I'm explaining that because of the questions you're asking me, it's actually very, very funny show. It's, it's fully humor. It's full of drama.  And it's also, there's also issues in that people would say, yeah, even though the child is being fully on the stage to Irish he kind of wakes up and go maybe I shouldn't be laughing at that. So it is a very entertaining piece of work. And people who will look at it will see that for what it is. And I suppose it's, to me, the arts is a great platform. Let it be true drama, comedy, music, poetry, expression. You can do it in a way where you're not really baiting people over the head, the issues about traverse, and the way traverse get treated or the way that Roman a gypsies out through Europe get treated. You're doing it in a way that it's this comedy and it's singing and it's entertainment, but it's also a very strong message. So the platform is one of the most expressive ways and I've been doing it for the last 30 years. So it's a very strong platform. I would also ask you, what is your art creed? What are the principles that you follow when you are creating art or when you are performing? Well, one of the things that the reason why I write the way I write is to give people an insight into our community, but also give traverse themselves and insight into their own community. Because young travelers now, some of them wouldn't know as much about the travel community or the history of travelers or what travelers do actually contribute to society. And it's one way of expressing and writing in a certain way that people would enjoy the story, but also learn from the experience of the traveling community and seeing what it's like to be living as a member of the traveling community. And then that creates, you know, questions and people want to know what's going on and stuff like that. And what and who inspired or motivated you during your life and also in your career? Sorry, could you repeat? Yeah, of course. So what and who inspired you or motivated you during your life and also in your career? There would be an awful lot of people down through the years who would inspire me in different ways. I suppose that one of the people who would have inspired me would be traditional traveler storytellers because of the people who carried the stories around and they would tell stories. Some of the stories would be very funny, some would be very sad, but it was just around the whole idea of entertaining people and telling stories. So we had some members, all traditional members of the travel community. And then I had, I would have had an awful lot of professional actors in my life, like settle actors who would have been who I would have worked with. I mean, I'd done 12 years on a very high profile Irish television program, which was about rural Ireland and all those actors would have been huge names at the time. And they would have inspired me in certain ways. But I always trying to look to writers who rise about different communities like just said if there was a story about the Nigerian African group in Ireland, the Gypsy group in Ireland, or any kind of stories that were involved, said the Aborigines or the Native American Indians, I get inspired by all that type of stuff. So there would be a number of different people. Thank you. And what do you think about Roma theater in general? Do you think that Roma Gypsy travelers, do they need their own, is it necessary to have their own or our own institutions? Very much so. The very first time I heard about it in 2017. I was very, I was really excited about the idea. And it was such, it was such an inspiration for me as a Traveller actor and writer to me, other young Gypsy Roma and Traveller English Travellers, who are also in the entertainment business, and to do something like that and then share it with the rest of the world was very inspirational. And I think that it's an opportunity for a group of people to come together and get funding to encourage other young writers and actors who want to be writers and actors and entertainers. And I think there's many different platforms, as I said earlier on, like just poetry, singing, music and theater. So we need that. We need our own platform in order to tell our stories and get them out there for other people to listen to. Thank you. I would also ask, what's your future plan or goals now in your life and in your career? Well, I suppose the first thing to do is try and get back on stage with this COVID-19, as of, as it's all sitting at home. I suppose ambition is to get back on stage and to do the shows and to meet the audiences again. I'm releasing a film script, which is about a young Traveller woman who moves from Ireland to England and her life changes and that she has to come home to face her family because of a tragedy that happened in Ireland. So that's the main project I'm working on the moment. But I suppose my main ambition is to get back on stage and to entertain people and to keep telling the stories. Thank you. Is there anything else that you would add? I think those are my questions so far for you. I suppose, do you have anything I would like to say about young Gypsies and Travellers that there is an opportunity to get into the arts, if you want to get into the arts.  So get writing, get acting, get motivated, get back on stage. Thank you. Thank you also. Thank you very much for the conversation. You're more welcome. And now you can see the performance called is it a cultural thing or is it performed and written by Michael Collins. Enjoy the show. Thank you.