Good morning, everyone. Let's pray and begin our session for today. I'll just say a word of prayer. Heavenly Father, we thank and praise You, Lord, for this time. We thank You for all that we are learning. Lord, even this morning we pray that You will open up to us the truth of Your Word so that we can walk in victory, that we can live an overcoming life. We surrender, submit ourselves. Lord, every single student, Father God, on each platform. And Lord, we believe, God, that You are equipping each one and that, Father, You are causing each one, Lord, to arise in You and, Father, filling their hearts with dreams and visions of God. We submit and bless every single student. In Jesus' name we pray. Amen.  And in the last class we said that there are certain practices, certain rituals, certain things that people can do which will make us sort of, or rather the spirit world to engage with the natural world. That's what we said. Now, this can be both ways, the practices that we looked at like some rituals, dedication, sacrifices, all these things, either if you do it from the biblical perspective or when people do it, unknowingly they do it from a different perspective. Even then, engaging the spirit world is something that happens. And so we must be aware of this. Now, let us move on from there. So in our notes we saw that, we saw about disciplines, dedications, sacrifices, rituals. And today let's just go to this section that talks about the spirit world recognizing authority. When we think about God, how is God like, what kind of a being is God? What kind of a being is God? Any spirit? Spirit being, sister. Yes, sister. Please come again. Spirit being, sister. So spirit being, God is a spirit. God is a spirit and therefore Jesus taught us that when we pray, we worship Him, we must worship Him in spirit and in truth. So God is a spirit being. A few more things for us to recognize is that there are two kingdoms. I already mentioned there is a kingdom of light and there is a kingdom of darkness.  But when you look at the kingdom of darkness, who is the one who is leading or heading up the kingdom of darkness? Satan. Now we will understand a few things about these kingdoms. When we call these two separate, if you want to call it communities or something like that. When you say kingdom, what comes to your mind? Kingdom, what comes to our mind? Kingdom. When we think about a kingdom, there is a kingdom. What comes to our minds? A place of authority. A place of authority. Kingdom as the term would say kingdom. So there is a king and there is a way that king rules. So when we say kingdom of light, kingdom of darkness, there is a rulership on both sides. Whether it is kingdom of light or kingdom of darkness. And we have already said God is the ruler of the kingdom of light. Satan is the ruler of the kingdom of darkness. Now thinking about these two kingdoms, the scripture also tells us that every human being belongs to either one of the kingdoms. Okay, now there is no person who is in between. Whom we can say that I am not part of God's kingdom, but I am not part of Satan's kingdom. That can't happen. Every human being is either part of God's kingdom or part of Satan's kingdom. So if you are not part of God's kingdom, automatically after the boundary line, you fall into Satan's kingdom. Okay, so that is the reality of the spiritual world. There are scriptures, there are many verses I am not reading through, but it's all there in our notes. Ephesians 5-8, you could go to that scripture and understand that God, you know, in this world, there are two kingdoms and Jesus Christ is the ruler of the kingdom of light. Satan is the ruler of kingdom of darkness. Every human being either belongs to this kingdom or the other kingdom. Next, when we are in a kingdom, we are very much part of that kingdom and we as citizens of that kingdom are people who can be ambassadors. Okay, ambassadors or agents. So what does it mean? Now ambassador is somebody who is sent. We have ambassadors of other countries who are there in our country. They represent their own country. So ambassadors are people who are sent. Similarly, whichever kingdom we belong to, we can be ambassadors. Meaning we can be people who are agents or those who carry authority of our own kingdom and, you know, function outside. So if I'm from the kingdom of light, then I'm an ambassador of the kingdom of light. So wherever I go, I can release the power of the kingdom of light. If somebody is an ambassador of the kingdom of darkness, wherever they go, they can also release the power of the kingdom of darkness. That's how it works. Okay, so we saw two things. Now let's move on. In the spiritual kingdom, citizenship is recognized. Okay, citizenship is recognized. So what does it mean? It simply means that when we are part of a certain kingdom, scriptures tell us. In fact, 2 Timothy 219, it says, the Lord knows who are His. Okay, so God already knows which are the people who are part of the kingdom of light. Similarly, even the kingdom of darkness knows who's in the kingdom of light. Can you recall any incident in the Bible where demons are able to recognize people depending on which kingdom they belong to? Just think and tell me. Anywhere? Yes? Yes, Shani? I was thinking about that scripture when I forgot what I say. Jesus, I guess he said, I don't remember the scripture. Yeah, you're right, Shani. So in Acts chapter 19 and verse 15, there is an incident where some people, they tried to imitate Paul. Paul was casting out demons in the name of Jesus. So these people thought, we can use it like a formula. Just go use the name of Jesus, cast out demons spirits. So they tried doing it, the seven sons of Scewa. When they did that, you know what the demons said? They said, Jesus, we know. Paul, we know. Why you? Because what they were trying to do is they were part of the kingdom of darkness, but they were trying to use some principles from the kingdom of light. But the demons immediately recognized. So same way, when you and I, right? We are ministering, we are serving or we are just going about our daily lives. Demons will know, oh, this person, they're not from our kingdom. They are from the kingdom of light. So they know that we are carrying authority of the kingdom of light. So we don't have to be afraid. We can be very bold. Even the demons will recognize us. Okay, don't become too happy because of that. But I'm just trying to say that there is awareness. There is awareness, whichever kingdom we belong to, there is awareness. Okay, so that too is something for us to understand. Now, the next important thing is a person who belongs to the kingdom of light has authority over the works of darkness. So this is the ultimate truth about the two kingdoms. Yes, there are two kingdoms. We can be representatives of the two kingdoms. We are recognized for which kingdom we belong to. But the most important thing is when we are part of the kingdom of light, we are able to overcome. Right, we are able to overcome the kingdom of darkness. That's always the case. The kingdom of light will overcome the darkness. Think about this room. Maybe in the night, it will be pitch dark. One of you may walk into the room, switch on the light. You may put a light which has very little power. Even then, what happens? The light will just cut through the darkness. Yes or no? And light never takes permission. You may ask, please, can I come? Please, will you go? Put the light. What happens to the darkness? It runs away. It's gone. Has to go. No other option. So it's the same thing when we talk about us as believers, as people in the kingdom of light. When we go, darkness has to run away. That's how it is. That's how it will be. Always remember, though there are two kingdoms and we are understanding how these kingdoms are working, the kingdom of light always overcomes the kingdom of darkness. So that must really encourage our hearts. So we can exercise our spiritual authority. There's another small section here about sovereignty of God and responsibility of man. I know we have touched upon this briefly in the faith chapter, but I'll quickly go over this section as well where we know that God can do anything. But the way he has created the world. We talked about complete delegation. Complete means when he puts somebody in charge, he doesn't interfere. So, though we are expecting God to intervene at times, and we ask God the question, God, why did this happen? Why did that happen? Why didn't you do this? Why didn't you do that? We also have a responsibility. It's not like fully we put the responsibility on God because right now we have been deputized. We have been delegated. We have been given the authority on the earth. And so we have to undertake our responsibilities. All the delegated responsibilities that God has given us, we have to take it up. And that's how we will see the fulfillment of the purposes of God. Now if we all sit down and we all just take a rest, I know the truth of the word of God thoroughly, but I'm not going to do anything. God's purposes will not be fulfilled. That's why when the children of Israel cried out to God, they were under slavery, isn't it? They cried out to God, what did God do? Whom did he send? Moses. He sent a human being. And he said, okay, come on, take responsibility. I'll guide you, you guide the people. You do your part and God will do his part. So human beings have to take up their responsibility. Can God do? Yes, God can do. But that's not how it will work because certain things are set in place. So you and I have to take our responsibility to see God's purposes fulfilled. Then other ways in which we can release that authority. You know, every Sunday we talk about speaking our faith. If we believe, we need to speak it. And so the power of the tongue, life and death is in the power of the tongue. When I want to enforce authority, one of the things that I have to do is speak. How did God create the heavens and the earth? Yeah, release authority through the words. So today we are talking about believers authority. And we want to release the authority. One of the ways in which we are going to release authority is through what we speak. If we are speaking a line to the word of God, power will be released. But if we are speaking opposite to the word of God, we are allowing Satan to sort of come in, take charge. So we must be aware of that the power of the tongue and scriptures tell us life and death is in the power of the tongue. Speak life. Speak life. Impossible situations. Speak God's intervention and God's goodness in that impossible situation. What are you doing by speaking that way? Releasing authority. Releasing power. So the power of the tongue and exercise of faith. We've already discussed this in the faith course where we said that though God can do anything unless man employs faith, things won't move. So that's why we've got to take our mustard seed faith. Speak to the mountain. Use that faith. Jesus when he looked at people he said according to your faith let it be done for you. Let it be done for you as you have desired. Why? Great is your faith. When there was unbelief God did not do anything. So the operation of faith is also necessary for the authority of God to be released in situations. So it's our responsibility as people. Take the responsibility and the law of sowing and reaping. It's amazing if you have a piece of land or just a space in your home, a garden space and you never sow a seed. Never sow a seed for let's say three years. You never sowed any seed and at the end of three years you're expecting roses and jasmine and tomatoes and potatoes. I think there'll be nothing because we didn't sow anything. Similarly, if we sow something.  Tomatoes. So everything according to its own kind. So there are certain laws and principles in the word of God where we are taught that we must sow the seed of God's word. If we don't sow, we won't reap anything. But if we sow, we will reap according to its own kind. Now whose responsibility is it for the promises of God to be sort of planted in our hearts and for them to be nurtured? Our responsibility. We can't tell God that why isn't it happening God? Why am I not blessed in my finances? Why am I not blessed in some other area? The simple reason may be that we are not holding on to the promises. We never sowed the seed and we are not taking time to believe in it. And therefore it's not growing. It's not producing anything. So sow the seed of God's word. These are all ways in which we can see the power of God manifest. We can see the authority of God released. So I'll just quickly go over these points again to utilize our delegated responsibility to employ the power of the tongue to exercise our faith and sow and reap. The principle of sowing and reaping. So now let's come to the concepts of power and authority. There are two different topics for us to look at. Power and authority. We will look at a particular passage and then begin to explain what these two terms mean. We've already seen elaborately on the subject of authority. And we said authority is something that is given to someone for influence. Okay. That we've understood. Now let's look at it from the scriptural point of view further. Let's turn in our Bibles to Matthew 10 and verse one. Could somebody pick that up and read it please. Matthew 10 verse one. Can I read it sister? Okay sister Gattu please go ahead. Matthew 10 was one and when he had called his 12 disciples to him he gave them power over unclean spirits to cast them out and to heal all kinds of sickness and all kinds of disease. So here in this passage it says that when the Lord Jesus was sending out his disciples he gave them power over unclean spirits. The English word used there is power. Now if you want to understand what the actual meaning of that word is which language should we look up? Greek. Okay in this case Greek because this text was written in Greek. So we have to go back to the text in its original language and see what was written either in Greek or Hebrew or Aramaic and then compare that with the English language because sometimes we don't have those words in the English language so the translators have used any word that they felt appropriate. So here we read that Jesus gave power over unclean spirits. Power over unclean spirits and we should look up the Greek. When we look up the Greek we get the word exosia. Okay exosia. Now the actual meaning of that word exosia is authority. It's authority. The way we discussed it earlier authority, influence, right? Influence, privilege, rights. He gave them power over unclean spirits. He gave them authority over unclean spirits. So before Jesus sent out his disciples he gave them the authority. So they did not have to be afraid. They knew if we come across unclean spirits we will be able to cast them out. You don't have to be afraid, right? So he gave them authority and we could also say that this is delegated authority. We'll come to understanding these topics later. But what is delegated authority? Deligated authority simply means that instead of Jesus himself going physically and casting out those spirits he's sending his representatives. So today you and I carry delegated authority. Jesus is not here physically but when we go what do we do? We go in the name of Jesus. What does that mean? We are going with delegated authority. So these disciples they went with delegated authority and they were able to cast out demons. So authority everyone understood? What is the Greek word for authority here? Exosia, correct. So Greek word for authority is exosia and Jesus said I give you exosia over unclean spirits. Okay, we are clear with that. Now let's move on. Let's talk about power. Luke chapter 4 and verse 14. Put somebody please turn to that scripture and read it. Luke chapter 4 verse 14. And Jesus returned in the power of the spirit to Galilee. Okay. Yeah, that's fine. So Jesus returned in the power of the spirit to Galilee. And from then on we read that Jesus did many miracles. Jesus released this power. Jesus returned with power. Now we want to understand this word power earlier. We tried understanding that word power and it turned out to be exosia. Right? So now we want to understand this word power. What should we do? Yeah, exactly. So look up the original text. Again, this is Greek. Right? So look at the Greek text there and it says, Dunamis. All of you are thinking of youth missions. But dunamis means power. Right? Earlier exosia that we talked about meant authority. Now exosia, sorry, this power is dunamis. Okay. And dunamis is power. Yes, but it's more like ability, strength, might. Okay. The ability of God, the ability of God, the power of God is released. We say that, right? What does that mean? It means that the ability of God is released. Sometimes we say the miraculous power of God. Things couldn't happen in the natural. When the miraculous power of God was released, it happened. Meaning the miraculous ability of God, it took over. Got it. So power here means ability, strength. And just think about it, you know, mighty power. When mighty power is released and something takes place. Sometimes we talk about all these, you know, like scientific energy terms and how nuclear power is created, it's generated. Like the kind of power there is, that can do some work. So when you create something with power in it, why are people even making those things? Because you can utilize that power hopefully for something constructive. But unfortunately, sometimes people utilize it for evil things. But there is power. And when that power is released, it's actually ability and might. It does a work that cannot be done otherwise. So the word dunamis is ability. It's power, but it means ability or it means strength. Now the Lord Jesus, He gave us both of these things. He gave us both of these things and He wanted us to exercise both of these things. Let's quickly turn to Luke chapter 10 and verse 19. Luke 10 and verse 19. Luke 10 verse 19. I have given you authority to trade on serpents and scorpions and over all the power to the enemy and nothing shall hurt you. Correct. So notice that both these words are used. I give you authority to trample on serpents and scorpions and all the power of the enemy and nothing shall by any means hurt you. Both these terms authority, exosia, dunamis, you know power, both are used. And so there is a difference between the two. But in this particular passage, we are told that yes, does Satan have some power? What does it look like? Does he have? Does our enemy have any power? What does it say? Overall the power of the enemy. So there is some power that demonic spirits exercise. But what did Jesus tell his disciples? This was not even like Jesus' last message to the disciples. He was sending out, you know, a fewer number of disciples to go and do the ministry. To them, he said, I give you authority over all the power of the enemy. Nothing by any means shall hurt you. Nothing with me. Jesus gave them authority and power. He gave them authority looking at the scripture. He gave them authority before he was crucified, right? Before he died, before he was hung on the cross. Now after he was hung on the cross, what happened? What did he tell his disciples? He gave us the great commission. Correct. He gave us the great commission. And in that, what did he say? All authority on heaven and earth belongs to me. And you go now. Like I give it to you. You go, make disciples of all nations. So when he was, when he gave authority to his disciples, even before the work of redemption, they came back with good reports. And they told Jesus, Jesus, we're able to do all these miracles. Demons are running away. So how much more we, now that Jesus has finished the work and he gave us all authority. So we carry all authority now. And we can exercise it. And what did he tell them in Acts 1-8? You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you. And you shall be my witnesses. Right? So he gave us all authority and he also said you are going to receive power. All exosia and dunamis. Both. So if you are a believer in the Lord Jesus, or you know, you and I as believers in the Lord Jesus, this is something to settle in our hearts. That we carry delegated authority given by Jesus. We carry power. Right? And so we can win over the kingdom of darkness. We can win over the kingdom of darkness. I'm going to pause right now to just give us an opportunity to share things that you may have in your hearts or maybe even ask questions before we proceed to the next chapter here. About authority, about power. Are there any questions? Sister, I have a question. Yes, Sister Getrud? Yeah, how can we exercise this authority by speaking the word? Yeah, so I just listed out a few things earlier in the previous section. You are right. We can exercise it through what we speak. We can exercise it by our faith. Right? So these are all ways in which we can exercise our authority. Is that okay? Yes, Sister. Yeah, sure. Sister Getrud and Shani, you want to ask something? Yeah, I know you said earlier, did you say that demons, people who are the kingdom of light with God, that demons can even recognize that demons know that we are part of the kingdom of God and the kingdom of darkness that demons know that people who are part of the kingdom of darkness, is that what you said? Yes, I said that. Okay, because I'm kind of confused because I was trying to understand, I know that that verse that I said about Paul, I know Jesus, I know, but who are you? I know you were saying that they were saying that because the demons didn't recognize them because they work part of the kingdom of God. They're trying to imitate. But wouldn't they also recognize them too? Because they're not part of the kingdom of God. They're also part of the kingdom of darkness when they also would have known me. Recognize them. That's what I was trying to understand. Yes, I think so. I think so. They would be able to recognize both kingdoms, representatives of both kingdoms. Okay, so in that instance, I guess they said they didn't know them because they weren't part of the kingdom of God is in terms of in that scripture. Sorry, please come again, Shani. So in that scripture, because I know you said that, you know, demons can recognize people who are part of the kingdom of God but also their own kingdom and that scripture when they said, Jesus, I know, Paul, and I know who are you. You were saying that demons were saying that because those people were trying to imitate, I guess, the kingdom of, you know, kingdom of God. And that's why you didn't recognize them. But I was saying couldn't they just also recognize them also because they're not part of the kingdom of God. They're a part of the kingdom of darkness. That's what I was saying. Yes. Yes. So I'm agreeing. I'm agreeing with what you're saying that they can recognize representatives of their own kingdom. And if we just go back. I'm thinking maybe it's Matthew 12 where we read about, you know, Jesus, people accuse Jesus and they say he's casting out demons by Beelzebub. But then, you know, in that place, there's this explanation where Jesus says that if a kingdom is divided, it won't stand. Right? Like why would Satan, like he do things against himself. So when you read about things like that, even that gives us an idea that demonic powers would recognize their own. Okay. So yeah, you could just think about it. I know it's a little sort of a roundabout explanation. But yeah. So demons can recognize their own kind. Okay. So that is about when they say Paul, no, Jesus, no. But who are you? They still recognize that person was part of the kingdom of darkness then. Yes. Okay. And then I also want to make sure you said that in terms of exercise your authority, the power of the tongue, the exercise of faith, you have to do all of those or just do one of them or two of them or three of them in order to exercise your authority. Are you asking, sorry, Shani, I'm probably not able to hear you very clearly. Let me see if I can increase my volume. I don't know what I can do. Sorry to have you repeat your, please give me a moment. Let me see what I can do to make this faster. Yes, please. Can you, can you go ahead now? Okay. Yeah. So I know you said, I know I'm going to ask the question, how do you exercise authority? And you said the power of the tongue, the exercise of faith, the law of sewing, you have to do all those or can you just do one of them in order to exercise your authority? Do you have to do all three? Okay. So you could do either one that applies to that situation. Okay, it's not necessary that you apply the whole bag every single time. You can pick and choose led by the spirit. So I hope that answers your question. Yes, it does. Thank you. Okay. Thank you. Coming back to the chat section here, where Sanjay is saying, could you share a ministry related experience where you exercise the power which God has given us in a way the disciples experienced when they saw demons flee or healing and deliverance. Okay. So when I saw exercise the power which God has given us, I think the one that comes to my mind right away is the one that I probably shared with all of us sometime back about that tumor or that swelling. And today we talked about the release of authority through the words that we speak. And so in one particular incident for those of us who were not part of the previous course, what happened was there was somebody who came with a growth near their elbow, which was suspected to be malignant and, you know, so they were still in the process of sort of identifying it and all of that. But when they came for prayer, I just had a sense to rebuke it. And I went ahead with what the spirit of God was leading me to do and rebuked it. Okay. So rebuked that tumor or that growth and said, you will disintegrate. You disappear in the name of Jesus. And the beautiful thing is it had been there for from what the person shared something like weeks to months and it had become really hard like a like a stone. But from that point onwards from the day that we spoke to it, it gradually sort of disappeared. So I praise God for that. And I feel like the power of God would have been released when we rebuked it. And then, you know, God did his work in healing that person. So, yeah, that's one thing, Brother Sanjay. But we will discuss, especially with regard to deliverance. I'll share with you my personal experiences as we go forward. Is that okay for now? Brother Sanjay? Does it? All right. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you so much. Yes. Any other questions? Any other queries? Yes. Yes, Nelson. When God met Adam and Eve, he blessed them on the garden. Did he give them the power and authority also or just kept them? Yes. So our understanding is, yes, they had. When he created them, he created them perfect. We read about, you know, dominion being given to them. Genesis chapter one versus 26, 27 to rule and reign here on the earth. So I believe they carried authority and they carried power. I believe so. Yeah. So, right. And any follow-up questions? So how Eve could not realize that serpent was Satan? So why couldn't they recognize that the serpent was trying to deceive them? Satan was receiving the Eve. How she could not see that the serpent is actually Satan? Yeah. That's a good question. See when God created man and woman, he gave them dominion but he also gave them free will. So it was their choice. It was their choice. Now I am looking at it, you know, two things that I can think of. One is we say Satan is a deceiver. He deceived Eve. Okay. Eve got deceived. That tells us deception is what you look. You look like the good option but you're not. Okay. So he in that sense was a good deceiver. He was able to subtly convince Eve. So that's from Satan's side. From Adam and Eve's side, I think probably they had an idea that they shouldn't do it but it was a choice. Disobedience. That's what we talk about. They disobeyed God. So maybe they were able to sense it and discern it. They may have known that this is not the option we must pick but they made a decision to do it and then things happened. So I don't think that they couldn't discern. I think they would have discerned but they went ahead anyway. So does that answer your question? Fine. So disobedience would be my answer. Any other? Yes. Okay. So why does it take so much time even when we are using our authority? So we'll come to it. You're asking specifically with regard to deliverance. Yeah. Deliverance. When we look at the experience of Jesus, again, they were all one step. When He commanded, the demons came out. That is the standard. Now in our case, we could say that we are still building faith. We are still gaining revelation about these matters and so in our experience, every time it's not one step. As you rightly stated, it could be hours, sometimes days, that you have to work with someone for the demon to be cast out. But we have to move towards the standard that Jesus said. At some point, we could come to that place where we are able to do it very fast, quickly. So I hope that answers your question. Thank you. Good question. Okay. No questions. All right. Anyway, we are out of time. There is something. Okay. So let's do this. Let's go ahead and take a break. We'll come back in 10 minutes and then we will continue with our discussion. Sister Lucy will take up your comment at that time. Thank you. God bless you soon.


The 10 central trade unions and last month given a nationwide call to observe one day general strike on November 26. The call came in the wake of a spate of protests raging across the country. This includes the farmers who are out on the streets against the agriculture reforms along with various section of workers who have been voicing their concerns against the labour code. Significantly, the protests against the policy decisions of the Narendra Modi-led central government have also seen participation by the government employees belonging to different sectors with their own sets of grievances. Resultantly, numerous union bodies representing these employees in the public sector enterprises have extended their support to the November 26 strike action. One of them being the employees bodies at DSNL, Bharat Sanchanigam Limited, which is the state-owned telecom service provider in the country. To discuss more about it, we have with us today Mr. P. Abhimanyu, General Secretary of the DSNL Employees Union. So Mr. Abhimanyu, thank you for taking out the time from your schedule for the interview and let us begin here with today's headline. Eight unions and associations of DSNL, including the one with which you are associated, have decided to join the forthcoming general strike on 26th of this month. The press statement released yesterday carries some serious accusations against the central government along with a 10-point chart of demands. We shall come back to the accusations a bit later, but explain it to our viewers. First, what has led the DSNL employees to partake in the strike action? DSNL Employees Union has decided to go on one-way strike in the month of November, even before the strike decision was taken by the central trade unions. In September this year, we conducted our central executive committee meeting, wherein we felt the need to go on a strike in November after conducting campaign in the months of September and October. The reason is that the hurdles being created by the government in DSNL's 4G launching. You know, the government has announced a revival package as a part of which they have told they have allotted 4G spectrum to DSNL, but without the equipments, we cannot start the service. DSNL floated a tender in the month of March to procure 50,000 BTSS based transceivers, 4G BTSS, and all of a sudden, the government told that it should be cancelled because it has violated the norms of making India policy and indigenous manufacturers, 4G equipment manufacturers, vendors, are not given with an opportunity to participate in the tender because tender conditions did not allow them. So they told us to cancel and the tender was cancelled somewhere I think in the month of June. Thereafter, it is already four or five months. Government of India or for that matter, the devotee is not able to tell BSNL, advise BSNL, which is the indigenous 4G manufacturer from whom BSNL can procure the equipments. They are not able to tell because fact remains that no indigenous company, desi company, is having the capability of supplying 4G equipments to BSNL. I don't mean to say that they have not perfected the 4G technology, but BSNL is a company with very big network, vast network. It is not a small company operating in one or two states. It is from Kashmir to Kanyakumari, it is operating. So no Indian company is there, which is capable of supplying these 4G equipments and thereafter to save their skin. I should say, I should use the word to save their skin. What the devotee has done? The devotee formed a committee, their own internal committee consisting of experts from IITs, etc. We came to here and that committee has now recommended. What is the recommendation? BSNL should roll out in 4G network through a system integrator. What is a system integrator? System integrator is a company which will procure components of the 4G equipments, software from one company, hardware from another company and other components from some other companies and they will assemble. They will do the assembling for BSNL. See, this is very horrible because the system integrator itself is an agency and he will take its own margin, which is going to increase the cost of rolling out 4G network and more than that technical glitches will be there. This is the opinion of experts. Let us come in the media. Technical glitches will be there because of this system integrator model. I am sorry to interject you over here. This is just for our viewers to know that whatever Mr. Abhimanyu has just said has been the episode of this year itself. Just to put this in perspective, the 4G services in India were first launched as early as in the year 2012, if I am not wrong, by a private service provider and it is also important to know that the system integrator is not in 2012. Recommendation. Okay. Now this system integrator, it is important to know that no private telecom service provider in India has rolled out its services through system integrator. Now Mr. Abhimanyu, if that is the case and the system integrator model as you have previously alleged that it is costly and it is susceptible to technical glitches, why do you think that DOT is pressing too much for the BSNL to go about for it? Yeah. Exactly. Exactly. Exactly. That is the reason because, see, I don't mean words. It is a conspiracy to weaken BSNL, to deny BSNL of its 4G technology. It is a conspiracy. The letter written by one industry body called TEPC and immediately the commerce ministry very hastily considering it taking decision and then informing DOT, all these things are a clear cut part of the conspiracy to weaken BSNL. Sir, it is not a new thing. From 2007 to 2012, this is what exactly done by the Congress led UPA government. They did not allow BSNL to procure mobile equipment during that period. For five, six years, strike after strike we conducted and then only we succeeded in 2013 and thereafter BSNL started getting equipment but damage is done from 2007 up to 2012. This is the period when the mobile services grew exponentially in India. Unfortunately, BSNL was not able to take the benefit out of it and BSNL has gone into loss only because of this. Now, again, that same game plan is being enacted and the government does not want BSNL to launch its 4G service. I want to tell statistics. See, every month, TRY is releasing the figures which company has provided, how many new connections. In the month of April, both Vodafone, IDIA and Airtel have lost 37 lakh customers, both the companies. Their customers have migrated to Geo whereas BSNL added 2 lakh new mobile customers even in the month of April. Now, coming to July, Vodafone IDIA lost 37 lakh customers and Airtel narrowly escaped. It did not lose much customers but in the month of July, BSNL has provided 38000 new mobile connections. What it shows? Without 4G and only with 2G and 4G, BSNL is able to put up such a competition to Geo. Geo is a juggernaut. See, it completely all the small, medium-sized companies are demolished. Even Airtel and Vodafone IDIA are not able to face the competition from Geo. They have gone into loss whereas BSNL is the only company capable of putting up a fight because it is a government company and it has got the backing of the people of this country. People believe BSNL does not do cheating in metering. BSNL does not do cheating in billing. So, people have faith on BSNL. People want BSNL to become a vibrant telecom service provider in this country. So, people support. So, together with the people support, if BSNL gets 4G technology also, certainly the overzealous ambition of Mukesh Ambani to monopolize this entire telecom industry will not happen. And exactly that is the reason why BSNL is being weakened from within because the government is the owner of this company and the government itself is weakening. Whatever done by Congress Party, Congress-led UPA government from 2007 to 2012, exactly the same thing is being done by the BJP-led NDA government. They are not allowing BSNL to adopt higher technology. This is the matter, a factor of the matter. Mr Abhimanyu, the numbers that you have shared just now are very interesting because it also connects to what we are next to discuss. I wanted you to shed some light on the financial condition of the state-owned telecom company that is BSNL while comparing it with the private players. And I ask you, because many media reports have suggested choppy conditions for the telecom sector as a whole that has spared none, especially ever since September 2016 when geo-services, reliances geo-services were made publicly available. However, it seems that whenever it comes to financial unviability, BSNL is unfairly targeted, an argument that you have yourself made it just now. Now, please explain it to our viewers how bad the financial situation is as far as BSNL is concerned and what is its current position in the telecom sector? Yeah, before coming to BSNL's financial position, I should tell the game plan of Reliance Geo. Reliance Geo started its service in September 2016. Right from day one, it is practicing predatory pricing. Predatory pricing means selling a commodity at a lesser price than its cost of production. So, they are giving 1 GB data free, everyday 2 GB data free, unlimited free voice call. All these things are, this is predatory pricing, this is being made only to close down the shops of its competitors. And it has worked, Videocon, Aircel, TeleNor, Tata TeleServices, Reliance Infocom, belonging to, belonging to Anil Ambani, all these companies, small and medium sized companies have been closed down because of the onslaught of this predatory pricing unleashed by Geo. Coming to Airtel and Vodafone Idea, they are giants, behemoths. But even Airtel and Vodafone Idea have gone into loss and they are not able to come out of it. Because of these, BSNL is also affected. In fact, I told that from the year 2013 onwards, BSNL was able to procure equipments, expand its network because of our struggles. So, from 2014-15 onwards, BSNL started earning operating profit, 14-15, 15-16 and 16-17, 3 years continuously BSNL because it has already started coming out of the rate. But when Geo launched its service in September 2016 and because of this predatory pricing, once again BSNL's revenue collections slumped. It went down drastically and because of that BSNL went into a financial crisis, I can say, not able to pay salary to the employees, not able to pay rent, not able to pay even electricity connections and all these things happen. Okay, then the government told the employees' strength is very high. So, we want to implement VRS. They implemented 79,500 employees have gone home taking the VRS. 50% of the workforce, it is reduced through VRS. But even then thereafter, still our employees are not getting salary every month and even our medical bills are not paid on and these problems are continuing. And more importantly, BSNL is not able to pay money to its vendors, to Nokia, to Huawei, ZT, BSNL is having outstanding amount to be paid. In fact, even before we could procure 4G equipments with the existing equipments, BSNL could have launched the 4G service. Around 49,300 BTSS based transceivers, they are 3G BTSS, but 4G compatible. I should praise Mr. Anupam Srivastava, who was our erstwhile CMD, Chairman and Managing Director. He had the farsightedness to procure 3G BTSS, which are 4G compatible. With slight upgradation, all the BTSS could be converted into 4G. 49,300 such equipment BTSS BSNL is having, even without floating tender, without procuring new equipments with these equipments, BSNL could have launched its 4G service, could not be done. Why?  The outstanding amount came only to 1,200 crore to Nokia and ZTE. Had BSNL paid that 1,200 crore, definitely those 49,300 BTSS could have been upgraded. And even without waiting for new tender, BSNL could have started the service. So, 1,200 rupees BSNL is not able to pay. We have seen demonstration of being conducted in BSNL corporate office by various vendors, contractors from nearby states. So, this is the condition of BSNL. BSNL has not come out of its financial crisis, because, see, the company has to increase its revenue. It has to increase its revenue. Now, if we go to the customers and customers are, do you provide 4G? We say no. Then naturally, they opt for private operators only. So, without launching our 4G service, we cannot expect that BSNL's financial position can be improved. This is one thing. Another area, certain other areas are also there. In the fiber service, fiber service, BSNL is doing extremely well. Even, I can proudly say that BSNL has defeated, this is one area where BSNL has defeated GEO. GEO started their own fiber service, GEO fiber. No, it did not take up. Even today, even especially during this lockdown period, people prefer only BSNL's FTTH connection because of our vast optic fiber network. Its length is 7.5 lakh root kilometer, the length of BSNL's optic fiber network. So, we are able to reach every nook and corner of the country through our optic fiber. And this is what things make it very clear. If BSNL is given the technology, we will defeat GEO also. And as of now, our financial condition is very bad. Even now, at this moment, contract workers are not paid wages for almost one year. Regular employees are not getting salary. Similar many problems are there. You have made two different points here. On one hand, you are saying that there have been sectors, there have been areas where BSNL has done very well and it has got its assets and it has got its strengths in the telecom sector. But to be sure, last year for the first time, over 1.68 employees who were then on the company's role did not receive their salaries for months. And again, as you mentioned that contract employees have not been getting their payments since 10 to 12 months. In that context, if I ask you what are the significance of the revival of BSNL as being demanded by the employees is important for the whole telecom sector because in your answers, you are clearly accusing one private player to be engaging in, as you say, predatory pricing, which is hurting all the players in the sector. So what is the significance for the demands of the employees for the whole telecom sector if I ask you? I will say it is BSNL which is playing the role of regulator. Try is the regulator, but it is hand in glove with the geo. I will say it is not at all doing the job of the regulator. What is the job of the regulator when some player plays a foul game? He should be controlled. See providing predatory service, predatory pricing, it is violation of the game. In fact, the erstwhile secretary telecom, senior IAS officer J.S. Deepak openly wrote a letter to the tri chairman pointing out that you are allowing this predatory pricing and immediately overnight he was shunted out of a devotee. You know that. I can even tell why I am accusing that try is hand in glove with geo. It is not only predatory pricing, government has taken many steps. Try has taken many steps to facilitate geo. For example, the you must be knowing about IUC, inter usage connectivity charge. That is if a call originates from BSNL network and it terminates in Airtel's network, then BSNL has to pay a charge to Airtel because the network is shared. This is in IUC. This IUC charge was reduced to the extent of 57%. 57% IUC charge was reduced somewhere in 2000, October 2017, only to facilitate geo. Because at that time geo's number of customers is lesser and the customers of other companies is more. So geo was paying a huge IUC charge to other players to help that try cut down the IUC charge by 57% immediately because I think for 15 or 17 months after starting the service, geo was running into loss. Immediately after this step, it came into in the next quarter itself, geo came into profit. So many such steps are taken that the try regulator is facilitating geo to capture the market, I will say. But BSNL is playing the role of regulator because just imagine if BSNL is not there, what will happen?  They are not able to do because only because of the existence of BSNL. Even if they raise, recently call charges were raised by geo, Airtel, what-of-one. BSNL did not raise. It raised very slightly. So for the fear that BSNL is existing, these private companies, they are not able to flee money. This is what I'm telling. This is where BSNL comes to the service of the people. So BSNL, the health of BSNL, well-being of BSNL is very important to the society in large. Now let's come to the revival plan over here. A year has been passed since a relief package worth Rs. 69,000 crores was announced by the Union Minister of Communications, Ravi Shankar Prasad. The package included, among others, reducing wage bills that restructuring by raising bonds, monetization of companies' assets and importantly, allotment of 4G spectrum. Now in the press statement that was released yesterday, Mr. Abhimanyu, the unions have reiterated that the revival of BSNL remains a distant dream since the government is not taking sincere steps for the same. Why do the employees think so? Why is it, why do you think the center is being insincere about it? See, first and foremost reason is, without start launching our 4G, we cannot even imagine of BSNL's revival. That has not happened. One thing, yes, it is true that 79,000 employees have been sent home under VRS but that will not improve the financial health of the company in any way according to our trade union is concerned because in the year 2004-5, BSNL earned a net profit of Rs. 10,000 crores. You know, nobody can say that there was no competition in the year 2004-5. There was a stiff competition but in spite of that BSNL earned a net profit of Rs. 10,000 crores. At that time, BSNL was having at least 100,000 employees more on its role compared to December 2019. I am not talking about the company's workforce now. It is reduced but even before VRS was implemented, even if you compare that strength of the workforce with the strength workforce of the 2004-5, BSNL was having so with 100,000 more employees, BSNL was able to earn Rs. 10,000 crores net profit and now after that, 1,000,000 employees have gone home on superannuation and thereafter 79,000 employees have gone home under VRS. Still, BSNL is not able to come out of the loss because BSNL is not able to increase its revenue. Sir, it is not sufficient that if you cut down the cost, yes, cost has to be cut down but more than that, you have to think about ways and means for shoring up your revenue. BSNL has not taken any step to increase its revenue. So, revenue has not increased. Naturally, revival is not happening. Another thing, BSNL is having very severe cash crunch. It needs money, cash liquidity it requires. What exactly we demanded? Yes, government has given sovereign guarantee to raise money through by issuing bonds for providing an efficient service. For example, FTTH is a hot cake. We require a lot of investment but we have no money. So, what BSNL was compelled to do? BSNL has entered into contract with cable operators, TV cable operators. So, the TV cable operators are providing the last mile link to the customers and they are taking away 50% of the revenue. This is what I am telling. Not only 4G, even for the existing services BSNL is not having the cash flow to improve the quality of service efficiency of service. This is one point. So, actually what we demanded? We demanded that BSNL should be provided with soft loan. We do not want even a single Naya Paisa as charity arms from the government. We demanded because government of India has given soft loan to 93 countries. 93 countries and it comes to around 1,96,000 crore to increase friendship with these countries. This is a very important point to raise because you are suggesting that the government is not coming on board to support the BSNL revival. But before I conclude this interview, I would like you to ask about the other demands that the BSNL employees are trying to raise by striking work on November 26. And I want you to be brief on that. The unions have been demanding, the unions have been taking up the 7-point demand charter of the central trade bodies, which is pressing the center to transfer 7,500 per month to all non-income tax pay family. Why do you think it is crucial for public sector employees such as those of BSNL to carry these demands? See, BSNL employees for that matter, the trade union movement of BSNL, we cannot only worry about our demands, our well-being. Because BSNL employees union and for that matter BSNL workers are part and parcel of the Indian working class. After the lockdown was promulgated, 14 crore migrant workers were left high and dry. No job, no food, no place to reside. What happened? You have seen what happened in Delhi and Mumbai? They became beggars. They started walking hundreds of miles. And it is our demand. And when we talk about households, non-income tax pay, how income tax paying out holds, a bulk of the migrant workers and unorganized sector workers come into that. Because of this lockdown, because of this COVID-19, because of this pandemic situation, their financial position is badly affected. See, I am telling shortly, even now government is going to announce one revival, I mean, what you call stimulus package. All economies are telling. Without increasing demand, the economy of the country cannot improve. For improving the demand, money has to go into the hands of the people, into the hands of the working people. In fact, if this is 7,500 rupees, cash transfer to these families every month, if this is done, it will go a long way in reviving the economy of the country. So that way BSNL Employees Union is a patriotic organization. So we don't worry only about our demands. And we worry about the well-being of the general working class. And this is the most affected section of the working class. So we fully support that demand. And we, in fact, we have accepted it as one of our demands. Mr. Abhimanyu, thank you so much for taking out your time. That was a very positive note of her on which I would like to end this interview. Best of luck to you and the BSNL unions who will be participating in the general strike that is coming up on November 26th, as well as the campaign programs that are leading up to it. Thank you so much, Mr. Abhimanyu. Thank you.


So, embedded systems, they are everywhere, okay. In fact, it is hard to see something which is not an embedded systems anymore, right. Previously, we used to say, okay, sort of what are embedded systems, but you face them everywhere. You face them in the ATMs that you use for your bank transactions. One of the most impressive examples of an embedded system actually is this, right. It is quite amazing, the kind of technology that goes into this kind of thing, into a mobile phone. It is much more impressive than space technology. What you are able to achieve in a very limited footprint with battery power which you make last for about 8 hours and the amount of processing which is going on here, what used to be occupying an entire room full of computers about a couple of decades ago is there in your pocket, you know, right. And that is the amazing thing about this, especially with the new chipsets like the ARM9 chipsets which are there in the higher-end phones like the Sony RX910i and listen that, okay.  I had a slide on that which gives the detail of where all these things are, right. Can you give me examples of where you would find embedded systems? Consumer electronics, whereas industrial automation, military applications, medical applications, aircraft, aerospace. Incidentally, a car actually contains technology which is from the aerospace industry, right. The same kind of systems that you had in aircraft come down at a fraction of the cost into automobiles. Like for instance, ABS, anti-skid braking, anti-lock braking which is there in higher end automobiles now was actually designed for aircraft, right. But now you find it in cars also. Air by wire is there in aircraft, now it is there in cars also, right. So in order to predict what is there in the automobile of tomorrow, you just have to look at the aerospace industry, right. And not only that, it is not a coincidence then that aerospace people, many of them are actually building cars, companies like Volvo, Saab and all that in Europe. And companies which are building cars in India are starting to get into the aerospace industry like Mahindra and Mahindra and various other people like this, okay. The skills are very complementary skills, right, engineering and design skills. So essentially embedded systems are everywhere and we presume that you will be wanting to play a role in actually building these embedded systems, okay. Typically in the past we used to say that embedded systems are usually single functional in the sense that they can do only one thing, right. That used to be the case in the old days with pagers and mobile phones and things like that. But increasingly now, right, a phone can be many, many things as you know, right. It can be a gateway to computing resources, it can be a modem for your laptop, it can be having lots of applications on it, MP3 players, video players and what have you, right. So what a phone is becoming is morphing at a terrific speed nowadays, okay. What it seems to be turning into is a gateway into larger computer resources, increasingly, right. Nokia has that as part of its future vision that a phone is going to be a gateway into computing resources. So you should look at it as a different kind of entity than the way we do at the moment. Typically embedded systems are tightly constrained, right unlike a traditional software system where if the software system is not running fast enough, the designer will say or put a memory Daldo, right or he will say put a bigger processor, we will solve the problem like that. In an embedded system you do not have the luxury because typically cost is the constraint that means you cannot have a higher end processor than what you have, right. Size is a constraint, the footprint of the processor has to be a given footprint like for instance I was talking to guys who had designed the onboard control systems of the gun stabilization controls in the Arjun tank, right. They had been told by the DRDO guys that it na jaga melega, this corner this board has to fit, right. So given that constraint they have to design the board with all its cooling requirements and footprint and everything to fit there, right. If they cannot do it they do not get the job, right. So it can be done and performance, right. Performance is very important. In a digital camera for instance, are you willing to wait 10 seconds after you click the button for your camera to store the image, no you are not willing to, right. You expect certain kind of speed at which this thing should work, okay. Even phones, right you become very impatient now with your address books on the phone because it is not fast enough, right. A few years ago you would have been grateful that there is an address book and you can store more than about 100 numbers on the phone. Things have changed, perceptions changed, power. You are tightly constrained in the amount of power that you have available to you. Like in a phone example, typically the amount of power which is there in the battery you got to make the most of that, right. You would not buy a mobile phone in which the battery lasts half an hour, right. So there are all sorts of very exciting tricks, interesting tricks that these guys use in order to prolong battery life. Like turning off parts of the circuit board and stuff like that, okay. Or more optimizing, more optimized algorithms, right. You never ever thought that the way you write a program, right, actually affects the physics of some processor somewhere. If you write a very inefficient program, it consumes a lot of energy. If you write a very tight, clever program, it consumes much less energy, okay. Because the amount of energy a program consumes, right, is totally dependent on the size of the program, right. And the number of instructions that you execute, right, per second or what have you. Because each instruction that you execute, actually what is happening is that it is causing some physical disturbance on a chip, right, gates are being operated and stuff like that. And to operate gates you need energy. So the more gates you operate and more often you operate them, the more energy you dissipate, right. So you never thought that the way you write your program can actually sort of have an implication on the power that you dissipate, okay. The other issues which come up in building of embedded systems are real time issues, right. So how this is to build reactive systems like the cruise controller of a car which has to respond to the environment around it to other vehicles and things like that. Traditionally cruise control used to be just you set a speed and it maintains that speed on the road, right.  The new adaptive cruise control systems nowadays that you get in automobiles have a system of radars or detectors around the automobile.  So real time means, right, reactive means that delay in computation can lead to the failure of a system, right. Your environment is actually setting the deadlines or the frequency with which you should react to events, right. If a missile is going at a certain speed, you have to match that speed or be faster in order to bring it down, right. So the environment sets the constraints and you have to design to those constraints basically, okay. So the plan here will be, we will swap these two parts, first our intro and then we will get into real time systems support for embedded software, that is what I mean by ESW. And then we will go into new paradigms, we will just touch a little bit about a language called Lava and then we will talk about handle C, right. Which is an interesting language in which you can have cycle level accuracy of building hardware systems and building parallel hardware systems. So to continue the exploration of embedded systems, you have three aspects to it, right. Hardware software and the architecture that you choose to use, right. You can build an embedded system in a variety of ways. You can just write raw programs, right, which can go and you can compile it into the gates which denote the chip essentially if you like or what you can do is that you can write a program that denotes, so you layer it into two parts. One is a program and an operating system, which you can put onto the chip. And the OS would typically be a real time operating system, right, because it is an embedded, it is an reactive system, where you can layer the problem in two parts. One is you can think of an application that you might want to build and the other is the RTOS that you want to deploy, right. And the way we work is that we take a traditional off the shelf real time operating system like RT AI or RT Linux or something like this. And depending on the application that we have, we can throw out various parts of the operating system.  So software I think is not a very important part, it is increasingly becoming the most important part of the system design nowadays, right. And hardware is becoming more and more a commodity item. So to bring out this difference into how embedded software is different from traditional software and why you just cannot say that it is software on small computers, right. Is that typically it is dedicated, right. Typically you are interacting with the physical processes of various kinds, right. So you have sensors and actuators and various processes being controlled, right. Whether it is a mobile phone where you got to sort of talk to the antenna, the RF electronics. So you have to talk to the battery controller or what have you or whether it is the automobile systems, right. There are lots and lots of embedded systems in the automobile, right. So critical properties in an embedded system are not all functional properties. There are lots of time related issues like real-time issues, fault recovery, right. In the case of an error, right, how do you cope with it? Especially in a safety critical piece of software or a system, like for instance if you have a pacemaker, right and it fails. You cannot say oh dear, how sad, never mind. It is a bug, let us fix the bug, you know, right. You cannot do those kind of things. So how do you sort of design a system so you do not have to get to this situation? And what becomes increasingly important and there is not enough experience in this area is how do you verify and validate these kind of systems? Formal verification becomes extremely important, right. That means you need mathematical tools and people with mathematical skills who can prove to you given a program that it will never reach those dangerous states that you want to avoid. That is extremely important. In fact, we are setting up advanced automobile R and D lab here in which much of the energy of the lab will be spent in verification and validation of the embedded systems in automobiles, right. Power, security, robustness as I mentioned are important, heterogeneity, right. Typically you are given legacy hardware and you are meant to build software for it or you are given software which has to be ported on to new hardware and also mixed architectures might be there. I saw a little company in Bangalore which was grappling with the problem in the sense that it had an old HP device and they wanted to port all the software which existed on this tablet based kind of hardware which was meant for industrial applications, data collection and all that. To a new device that they had and sadly there was very little documentation, right. So, these are the kind of challenges that this industry is faced with. Then you have concurrency issues, right interaction with multiple processes, right all of them operating at the speed of the environment and so on. And typically once you have been through this whole embedded system space you realize that you do not know what is hardware and what is software anymore, right. If you look at it even the electronics even the micro electronics engineers when they build hardware they are actually working with software they are working in VHDL, right. So, VHDL is essentially a high level circuit description language, right. But it is a program which then some tools take and compile into something which can turn into hardware, right. And the language that we will be looking at handle C will be able to let you do the same thing. It lets you take a program which is very C like in its look and convert that into hardware and you do not need to know about electronics. You do not need to know about gates and flip flops and this that and the other, right.  The program has some has a slightly different model in which you have to think. But then to take this one step further I have a PhD student here who is working on a thesis where he can take a C program and convert it into hardware, right.  But this is for hardware, right where you compile any language that you want into this intermediate code and from this intermediate code he can map your design on to any architecture you want. Whether it is a processor or whether it is FPGA or whether it is some hardware that you have and so on. So, increasingly what is happening is that you are being invited to do your system designing at a higher level of abstraction in a very programming kind of environment. And then the tools will take this program and give you the actual deployment of the system on hardware. And typically the hardware is becoming generic whether it is an FPGA or nowadays even the processors have become so powerful that you do not need to build specialized hardware, right. These new processors can do all that you want to do basically. So, our definition of embedded software now is it is software that is directly in contact with or significantly affected by the hardware it executes on, right or can directly influence the behavior of that hardware this kind of definition we are kind of reasonably comfortable with. So, it is software which is kind of married to hardware in some way and again, right it is useful to know as a part of the definition what embedded software is not, right. It is like Nethi Nethi in Hindu philosophy, right not this not that, right. So, it is not things like application software which is totally generic and which can be recompiled and executed on any number of hardware platforms, right, where your typical application software is defined by vertical market segments, right. Application domain like banking and retail and this and that, okay. Typical application software has well established methodologies and architectures around written things like that and their hardware platform independent typically and they are portable. You take your C code, run it on some other machine, you can run it on a sun or you can run it on a Windows C device or you know a Linux system or what have you, right. You just recompile the software so it is not any software which has no relationship with hardware, right. This is, it tries to flesh this out but again you know once you start getting deeper into this space the way embedded system software is moving is that it is trying to become independent of the hardware as time goes on, right. So even our definitions will have to keep evolving, right. So do not, so take all definitions that you encounter with a pinch of salt, right and exercise your own judgment as you go along. And the kind of challenges that we are working with, right in this hardware space, right is useful to review, right. So designers main tasks are converting from processor integration to performance analysis. Increasingly what you are having is higher and higher level tools where you can at a very high level of abstraction at your program level itself find out what the system is going to behave like. Like for instance you can do a simulation of once you deploy the system what is heat requirements will be and its power consumption will be. What are the hot spots on the circuit board which will develop, right. Which components of your system will heat up the boards and stuff like this. In fact you can have, once you have done your board level design and all that it will give you all the hot spots on the board. This gets extremely important when you have high bandwidth, high power applications like in radar processing, right and target identification. In say the missile systems, right where you have a very narrow kind of body, right and you have your boards populating the body inside, right. And you have some chips which are doing a very heavy processing job. Heat dissipation becomes a major problem, right. So there are all sorts of technologies with which you can actually draw out the heat and spread it and what they typically do is that they extract the heat and they absorb it onto the chassis of the artifact, you know a missile or what have you, right. And how do you draw out the heat, how do you ventilate this thing and lots of kind of detailed issues like that. And you have more and more simulation tools which at the program level itself can give you a fair amount of idea as to how this device will behave once it is built. I will give you another example. This is a more generic kind of a phenomenon which is not only restricted to embedded systems. The way an automobile company designs cars nowadays is another example, okay. There is more and more work going on at the modeling and simulation end of the design, right. For instance, if a car company Mahindra or Tatas or whatever are coming up with a car design, right, they take the initial design of the car like say of the body, right or the chassis or the engine or whatever and build a finite element model and they do a lot of simulation tests on the model itself. So you do not have to actually build the body to see what its crash, the characteristics and all that will be, right. The model itself will tell you how it will behave, right, which are the stress points in the body, where it might give way in certain kinds of crashes and things like this. And even an engine design, right, it will give you a lot of information of your engine which does not necessitate you actually building the engine to see how it will behave, right or your chassis or what have you and you can do noise vibration analysis which is extremely important for cars, right by just giving it the finite element model of your automobile and it does the analysis of what might be the sources of noise, right and what the harmonics of the various parts might be and things like that which has caused a tremendous improvement in the time to market, okay. So the concentration on architectural exploration and performance analysis has become paramount nowadays that you should do as much as possible in the, right in the beginning in the design phase of your building of the system. So essentially what this boils down to is early validation of your system and solution correctness, right before you actually go to hardware because hardware is a bit more expensive place to do all this testing, right and parallel hardware and software development where you have teams where you do not do it sequentially where first you build the software then you build the hardware or first you build the hardware and then okay fine build the software for it these things are actually happening in parallel nowadays. So you need increasingly tools which can help these two teams keep in sync, okay more effective use of previous work, right companies like L&T, right and others are increasingly reusing their work, right by using proper software engineering technology and skills and things like that and typically you can reuse up to about 10 to 15 percent ideally of work that you have done in the past. So each time you solve a problem you do not design the solution from scratch, right. So what this encourages you to do is things like the things that you do not like to do things like good documentation and you know clean and simple design and all these kind of things make your IP if you like reusable and when you can reuse IP others can also use it and you can actually reduce the amount of work that you have to do to build a system and this is increasingly happening in the embedded systems domain, okay and this 10 percent saving that you have due to reuse, right boils down to your bottom line basically 10 percent improvement in your margins straight away, okay and more efficient and fast working, okay. So faster ways to build new elements of a solution is a challenge and ways to test more effectively efficiently quickly and so on we will talk about this, right. So just a quick slide here where software guys can learn from hardware experts hardware guys have been reusing their designs for many many years, right because it is easier for them because their interfaces are much simpler than for software guys unfortunately because software guys can pass around very complex data structures and things like that defining interfaces becomes very difficult while hardware guys have been used to very simple interfaces, right it is called a wire, right. So connecting things up on a bus or on a wire is much easier than sort of generalizing the idea of a data structure of various kinds and things like that. So there has been a lot of reuse that the hardware guys have been doing in the past there are things like synchrony abstraction and event driven modeling which they do of actually simulating the circuits like with VHDL and things like that, reusability cell libraries, right the design of a chip, right many things can be reused, right multiplexers and flip flops and all these kind of things and even a higher level kind of modules like signal processing per subsystems and things like this and they have been able to get high amounts of reusability as a result of that, right. So what I will illustrate here, right is the design process which typically we can abstract about how an embedded system is typically built, okay. So what we say is that the first person comes up with an idea that this is the system that I want to build, right and then they devolve that idea into a number of components, right like in a mobile phone you will have your RF module, you will have your screen controlling module and you will have various other modules that you have here and you would put them down as a blob here basically, right F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 and all that these are the various functional modules that you identified in your system and you put it down like that and then you put arrows, right to indicate which modules talk to which one in this case and so on and you got some idea in your mind as to what is the bandwidth of communication which is required for each of these parts of communication and things like that, okay. Then here is a hardware it might be a given, it might not be a given, if it is not a given then you can design it the way you want, typically you are given the hardware. So in this case you have something like a generalized PC box, right it can be a PC on a board or what have you and you can have some specialized hardware which might be linked on a bus like that like so, right and these are your various hardware modules and these could be connected to each other in some ways. Your PC has got your hardware interface, it has got the real-time operating system and the drivers and all that here and these are the silos in which you can run your various process threads, okay. So now it is up to you to figure out how this kind of system can be planted onto this kind of hardware that you have been given, okay. So you will figure out that okay fine, I need some high-speed processing here, high-speed communication in this case, right between F1 and F3. So I could put that down here and slightly slower speed communication which I need could be on the PC itself, right. So you put it down here and you need direct very high-band with communication like two modules which are doing some video processing, right. You do not want to wait for the bus, you want to just dump it onto another processor fast. You might put it actually between these two hardware units here, okay. And then you would want to migrate the actual modules that you have, the processes which are actually doing the work to various other bits of the hardware like F3 would come to hardware, this specialized piece of hardware, F4 would come onto this specialized piece of hardware. F2 does not require that fast processing speeds and neither does F5 and anyway you have the communication here. So you can put F2 and F5 here, right which could be more say the control part of your system, right which does not need very, very high speed. If you have things like video processing and graphic processing and all that it will go on to the specialized hardware here, right.  So here is a little slide which gives the difference between what is happening in today's embedded world versus the traditional embedded world. Traditional world never small enough, never fast enough, right character based, right many of you do not remember that also maybe but a few years ago, right most of the embedded systems would only talk in terms of characters, boot and run from ROM and low level programming model that means everybody from the past who talks about embedded systems, talks about assembly level programming, right very few people nowadays do that because it consumes too much time, right they use typically Java or C or various flavors of C to build the embedded systems and the application is tied to a particular piece of hardware. Now obviously it is never functional enough always connected, right high integration tip chips like A6 applications specific integrated circuits and systems on chip and things like that. There is an architectural diversity common of the shelf components and custom hardware working together you have EEPROM flash and rotating media which can work in your embedded system like the older iPods, right had hard disks inside it very compact hard disk. The newer ones obviously have a flash ram kind of technology in it, newer embedded world is software intensive, right lots of web interfaces here because they might all be connected on the web. In fact the new internet which you will see more and more in the future IPv6 is designed for high bandwidth communication between embedded devices, right so increasingly these things will be on the net and if you look at the kind of applications which are coming up very exciting applications, sensor networks, right where you have sensors which are on the network and kind of they are distributed and things like this these could very well be on the internet itself, right and fantastic applications like in telematics, right and agricultural applications, right. Telematics is a very exciting space in India, right where you can do so many things with it. Telematics is software which is related to vehicles which can guide them in various ways and things like that. You have lots of products on the market which are actually used by trucking companies and fleet management companies which monitor the trucks and vehicles their day to day traffic and stuff like this and more and more Java applications, okay. So something will be repeating again and again, right. What is driving the entire industry is this innocuous phrase called time to market, right. The time to market has come down from years in the past to things like months. Often the time to market pressures here are so high they are about three months or four months and things like that. In that time you have to conceptualize and push out an application and especially with things like in the mobile phone industry the times to market have become very small apart from designing of the phone itself to the applications on the phone, right. Like if you have a UFR cup which is happening now, right. Tech Mahindra has done has got a big contract from UFR to build the football download, the video downloading software applications on the phone in Europe, right. They can't say that okay fine I will take a year to do it because it is happening in three months time and they have to be out there fast. So these kind of pressures you have and this is a short way that there is a tremendous shortage as you know of embedded software engineers, right. If you just look at microelectronics engineers, right, which are the bedrock for building chips and highly advanced circuits and stuff like this. India is turning out about 225 of them every year and it is not growing at a very fast speed at the moment. You can't build an industry out of 225 microelectronics engineers a year, right. So the whole purpose of courses like this, right is to take a software guy sensitize him in the right way, right and deploy them in the embedded systems space. It is time for some vocabulary here, okay. So design metrics of embedded systems, right. Non-recurring engineering cost is very important. Non-recurring engineering cost is essentially the one-time cost which you incur when you choose a technology. Like for instance the non-recurring engineering cost of building a design on a chip, a system on a chip is extremely high because to just build the masks of a high-end chip nowadays costs almost a quarter of a million dollars, right. That means that if you want to deploy something as a chip, your startup costs before you even built one piece of the product is about almost a million dollars, right. So that might not be the best way to kind of actually build it and I will give some more idea of the thinking in this space, right. While if you just build it using an off the shelf processor your non-recurring engineering cost is nil, right. You just take it and build it. I will come to that. So, network cost is a common design metric, size in bytes and gates, right. Power, right. You want your battery to last, right, ok. Flexibility, the ability to change functionality. You have software radios now where you can change the hardware. You might have some reconfigurable hardware or processors inside your mobile phone which can go from GSM to 802.11 and stuff like this. There are many different protocols by remapping the protocol processing inside your phone and things like that. Time to prototype has become very important. Time to market has become most important, right, which is what is driving all this changes in this industry. Nobody has time to write assembly code now, right. They want to build at a very high level of abstraction. Maintainability, which means reuse, right. One poor sword is going to maintain your code after you have written it. So, you better sort of design it properly. Correctness has become important. Safety, right, the possibility that a system won't cause harm. So, here are some key ideas I will leave you with. One is time to market the design metric, right. You can look at the window of opportunity that you have in building an embedded system or deploying a product as it is actually a bell shaped opportunity where the demand rises slowly then fast and then peaks and then goes down like a new mobile phone or a new device of some kind or whatever, right. You can abstract it as a triangle, right. It rises then it drops where here you have W, here you have length 2W, okay.  And the area under this triangle where you have revenues on the Y axis and time on the X axis, the area under the triangle is your revenue that you got out of the market, right.  You rise again at the same speed and then you fall at this speed, right. So as you can see the difference between the on time and delayed triangle areas is essentially opportunity loss, right. And because we are talking about an area, right.  That is why the race that you saw between the Sony PlayStation and the Xbox deployment and things like that, just a delay of a few days could cause millions of dollars loss. Average time to market today is anything between 3 to 6 to 8 months really depending on the complexity of a product. And this is to answer the question about non-recurring engineering costs, right. You might have, you typically have the choice between three different technologies or more, right, depending on the product, right. So if you take this example where you have technology A where a non-recurring engineering cost is about $2,000 and unit cost here is $100, typically like if you just take an off the shelf processor and you use it, okay or you can use FPGAs which are non-recurring is 30,000 unit cost is 30, that means it is a little bit less than this. And technology C where non-recurring engineering cost like say you are building an ASIC or something like that is pretty high but your unit cost comes down dramatically. This is why the early releases of your CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs and all that, your DVD devices are so expensive because they are using off the shelf components, right, where the costs are high. But once they can get a much larger volume in the market, they can build millions of these chips and the cost dramatically comes down because they integrate a lot of components onto one chip and the cost dramatically comes down. So it comes down from say $100 to $2. That is how the cost of these devices comes down from 20,000 rupees when it comes into the market to about 1000 rupees after about a couple of years or one year, okay. So what you are encouraged to consider is that whereas if you use technology A, right, your just its non-recurring cost is very low and it is constrained by the cost of the device. So your price in volumes will rise like that where your total amount spent, your total cost versus the number of units here, okay. If you use technology B, your initial non-recurring costs are higher but you have this kind of slope, right, it is less steep than this, okay. And your third technology like if you do ASIC fabrication, right, it starts at a very high non-recurring cost and then it stays flat. So what you typically want to do is that you would choose your technologies to minimize the area under this, right. So you would start off with deploying with off the shelf components, right. So you have suboptimal in terms of cost design. Then when you reach this point here you would take this technology and move with it, right. And when you reach these kind of volumes here, right, then you choose this other technology and go with it here, okay. Typically that is how you would want to deploy an embedded system design and this speaks in the same way. This is number of units. So this is per product cost against the number of units that you build, right. Again you would want to run along this path, right. You start per product cost, you start with technology A, then migrate to B, right to keep the cost down. And then in the long term you would switch to technology C when your numbers really increase, right. Yeah, in this you must also keep in mind your time to market. That is much more important than anything else, right. You might, your technology C, right could give you the right kind of results if you start out but it will require much more design cycles to get it right. Like for instance, I was consulting with one network chip company in Bangalore, right. They had deployed a very high end sonnet networking chipset and they found after some time there are some bugs which means that once it is deployed in the field, right. Under certain situations it kind of, it freezes up and the, and it is throughput drops and stuff like that. That is because of the design had some bugs. They pushed too fast into the market and it did not do enough verification and validation and just imagine you spend so much money and then what do you do, right. Once it is out there fossilized in silicon, right. Which is all the more reason why you need to be able to do a lot of verification and validation beforehand before you actually go into the deployment, right. This is, just gives you the working as to how you derive the formula for working out how much you lose by delayed entry in the market space. As you know Mohr's law says that your transistor capacity on your integrated circuit doubles every 18 months, right. And in 1981 leading edge chips had 10,000 transistors, 2002 150 million transistors, right. 2007 you have a billion transistors at least, right on your chip and this is using 19 nanometer technology and if you read the press you already reached 45 nanometer technology now, right. And what is happening is that the, as you make it smaller and smaller it consumes less and less power but the noise on the chip increases because the wires have become so slim that you have all sorts of interference and capacitive effects happening on the chip as you shrunk it down and then you have to do very sophisticated kind of means to kind of reduce the interference of signals and things like that. But that is very exciting what this means is that you are able to compress more and more power onto these new chips which will occupy less of a silicon footprint, take up less power and things like that, okay. And designer productivity has improved due to better tools, right. Synthesis tools, IP libraries which are available, test and verification tools, standards and so on, right. So one more aspect of this which you should read in a book called the mythical man month which is almost about 30 years old but extremely relevant even now by Fred Brooks who is an IBM engineer, right. If you put more designers onto a team your productivity drops, right. What happens is that more and more time is spent in communication between the designers and that reduces the productivity. Like for instance I will give you an example here. Say a designer has productivity of 5K transistors a month. Each extra designer means there is a decrease of 100 transistors a month productivity, right. So one designer is you take 1 million gates, right or 1 million transistors divided by 5000 you get in 200 months you will be able to do the job, 10 designers, right. So you reduce the productivity by 900, right. That 9 extra guys each one is 100 productivity less. So 1 million divided by this you take so many months, 25 designers will take this many months and here as you start increasing the number of designers you actually time taken to build the chip goes up rather than down, right. Moral of the story always work with small teams, right where your communication overheads are less. This is what happens in a large organization also the bigger it becomes the more inefficient and fat it becomes, right because most of the time is being spent in meetings, right to keep everybody going in the same direction, okay. So you need what this means is that you need new design technology to shrink the design gap that means that you need to program at a higher and higher level of abstraction. That means you have to write fewer lines of code if you like to deliver the result that you want, okay. So our new understanding is that we have simultaneous optimizations in an embedded system of competing design metrics of speed, size, power, cost, complexity and all these kind of things. So we need a new kind of engineer, right who is acquainted with a more holistic view of the design process. We call it a renaissance engineer, okay with a holistic view of the design process and comfortable with technologies ranging from hardware and software and formal methods and things like that increasingly, okay. And what is happening is that the maturation of behavioral synthesis tools and other tools has allowed us to have this kind of an approach to building a system. There are just two instances, right. There are other interesting tools like a language which we teach here called Estrel for building control systems or a tool called Polis which comes out of Berkeley, right where you can build the combined hardware and software as one project basically and you are free to migrate the boundary between hardware and software at any point, right. So you can say that please give me a system where you have this much hardware and this much software. So it will put this as a program and on a processor and the rest as say it builds an FPGA for it, right or you can say give me most of it in hardware and only this much in software and it kind of delivers you a system like that, right. So what is happening is that design efforts are focusing now at higher levels of abstraction, right. Where abstract specifications are just refined into programs and built into gates of logic. So there is much more automation of your design process. Like if you are writing VHDL code maybe you do not need to write VHDL code also you just program at a much more abstract level. In fact one more example of this is the way you see a control system designer building say a control system in the past he do it through a program and assembly code and stuff like that. Today you would use MATLAB or SyLab and is not it wonderful that you do not have to write a piece of code, right. A control system designer does not have to depend on electronics engineers he does not have to depend on programmers and all that. He conceptualizes his control system and does it through the simulink visual interface on the computer gets and checks that all the properties that it conforms to are correct, right. Then he presses a button, right and it gives him a program which can run on a given processor, right. Or it gives him VHDL code through which he can reconfigure hardware and FPGN and things like this. So this is increasingly where embedded system design is going today, right. So there is no time to put in place all the paraphernalia of you know taking this design tossing it over the fence to someone who is a programmer, right because I cannot program so he will program, right. So he is programming and then after that he takes it and tosses it over the fence to a guy who is doing the hardware design and stuff like that. It is not happening like this anymore, right. So we are actually building at a high level of abstraction a design in an application specific design language if you like, like MATLAB or simulink or what have you, right.  So most of your energy is spent in actually solving the problem rather than doing all the Ghodagiri which is involved with building an embedded system. And increasingly as you go in the space you will realize that there is very little difference between what hardware can do and what software can do, right. Traditionally there used to be this divide because hardware was not very powerful in the old days. So you are forced to write in assembly or build specialized hardware.