Dr. R. R. Giddhi, working in Computer Science and Engineering Department of Valshan Institute of Technology, Sholapur, today's topic is data warehouse from the subject data warehousing and mining. The learning outcome of today's video, at the end of this video student will be able to comprehend the concept of data warehouse, then they will be able to use data warehouse for data mining and knowledge discovery. The contents of today's topic are, we will see what is data warehouse, the definition of data warehouse, then the various features of data warehouse, there are four features, then we will see or we will enlighten the architecture of the data warehouse. Let us see what is data warehouse, as we know that data mining database is nothing but it is a collection of data in one particular database, it may be database may be structured query language or no SQL or access. But what is data warehouse, data is a collection of corporate information and data derived from operational systems and external data sources, it means that it is collection of various databases, means it may be collection of SQL, it may be collection, it may contain no SQL, access, ingress and so many databases and through various sources. So collection of all those databases in one data, in one data that is called as a or that part is called as a data warehouse. Now it is the features of database, there are four features, the first feature is subject oriented, then second is integrated, third is time variant and the fourth one is non volatile. And all those features are used to make the decisions, it contains information data which are used to support other functions such as planning and forecasting. Let us see the features one by one, the first one subject oriented, data are organized according to subject not according to applications. Now subject may be you may consider customer, then the data is stored related to customer, then product the database is stored related to product only, sales the data will be stored related to sales only. It mainly focuses on modeling of the data and analysis of the data and all those modeling and analysis can be used for the decision makers or we can draw some inference. It provides simple and concise view of the subject by removing the noise or by removing the not use by removing the not useful data so that we can make use in a decision support system or we can make some decisions. The second key feature is integrated, as we know that data is collected from heterogeneous places or various data sources, it may be relational databases or it may be simple file or flat files or it may be data that is collected online transactional records. So all this data is collected, then the process called as a cleaning is applied and integration is applied on that particular collected data. Cleaning is nothing but to remove the noises from the data and integration is nothing but putting all those various databases into one format. It also ensures consistency in naming conventions when data is collected from various sources. So we should see that it should maintain the consistency in naming, it should maintain the consistency in encoding the structures, attribute measures, for example the naming may be hotel price, currency, tax, brick pass, covered, etc. The third is time variant. The time horizon for the data variance is significantly longer than the operational system. It means that whatever the data we are going to keep in data warehouse that will be kept for a long term, for a long time. What is operational system or operational database? The current value of the data and such data can be stored maybe it is historical for the historical perspective say maybe 5 to 10 years data is stored in a data warehouse. Then the next one is every key structure in the data warehouse contains an element of time explicitly or implicitly. The fourth one is non-olatile. No updates are allowed. Once the data is stored we cannot change the data. It cannot be removed from the data warehouse. The data in a warehouse represents the history of the company. It does not require transactional processing or recovery and concurrency control mechanism. It requires only two operations that is initial loading of the data is required and accessing of the data is required. This is the feature of non-olatile. Then let us see what is the process design process. Now there are two approaches one is called as a top-down and the second one is called as a bottom-up. In the bottom-up we see the overall design and planning and bottom-up it will start the data from experiments or the data is collected from the experiments or the prototypes. Now the top-down approach it is very similar to that of software engineering in a waterfall method in which structured and systematic analysis of each step before proceeding to the next and in spiral rapid generation of increasing functional system short-turn around time and quick-turn around time. Typically data warehouse design process contain business process grain dimensions of the records and the count of the record. Now the next bit is architecture of the data warehouse. Now this is three-tier architecture. This is bottom-tier, this is a middle-tier and this is a top-tier. Now let us see in bottom-tier we have a data warehouse. This data warehouse fetches the data from operational databases that are collected from the various databases or various sources and on that data the various processes that is cleaning, integration, transformation, loading and refreshing of the data is carried out. Then metadata is nothing but data about data warehouse is maintained over here and monitoring is done and integration of those databases are carried out over here. And this data is fetched given to the next tier that is middle tier OLAP server. Here the various techniques of data mining are selected and on that we generate some models or some patterns so that that pattern can be used for getting some inference or drawing some conclusion which will be useful for making the decisions. And in the last that is in the top-tier analysis is carried out then query will be fired and reports will be generated. This is all about architecture. Now let us take a question. What are the steps involved before the data is stored in the data warehouse? Take a pause over here and try to answer this particular question. The answer is data cleaning, data integration, transformation of data, loading of the data and refreshing of the data. Data let us see what are the data various models. There are three models. The first model is enterprise model. It collects all information about the entire organization means data collected from entire organization or maintaining of the entire organization is enterprise warehouse. Then data mart, data mart is subset of a particular specific group of users or from the corporate wild data or it may be selected groups of marketing data. It is independent versus dependent directly from warehouse data mart. In virtual warehouse a set of views over operational databases only some of the possible summary views may be materialized. These are the references. I hope you understood. Thank you very much.


This is another in the adventures of America's fabulous freelance insurance investigator, Johnny Duller. At insurance investigation, he's only an expert.  Expense account, submitted by Special Investigator Johnny Duller. To Home Office, the Nutmeg State Liability Underwriters, Hartford, Connecticut. The following is an accounting of my expenditures during my investigation of the disappearance of 12 Apex cabs. Or who took the taxis for a ride. Expense account, item 1. $3.10. Train fare, Hartford to New York. Item 2, $1.10. Dinner en route. Item 3, $18. Club car. Expense account, item 4. $1.30. Cab fare from station to garage and offices of Apex Taxi Company. I naturally waited for an Apex cab, but could have saved my time. The driver told me nothing. Except that the man who came rushing out of the Apex office when we pulled up was the big boss, Mr. Gordon McKessick. Thanks, driver. He's just the man I'm looking for here. Thank you, sir. Hey, McKessick! Wait a minute, wait a minute, will you? I'm Johnny Duller from the insurance company. Oh, oh good. That's different. Just in time. Come along. Where are we going? Come on. Tell you in the car. Just had a call from the police. Another one of my cabs had been stolen. They found the driver slugged and unconscious and I got to get out of there. I tell you now, I'm going crazy. This is going to stop. It's not only driving me out of business, it's driving me out of my mind. The police have done their best and Lord knows I have too, but I'm about ready to give up. This makes 12 of my taxi cabs disappear off the face of the earth. It's fantastic. I can't believe it. Hold it, McKessick. Do us both a favor, will you? Huh? Play cucumber for a few seconds. Oh, remember, the insurance company I represent has plenty to scream about, too. What I need is some facts. I haven't got any facts. And if this keeps up, I won't have any taxis. They're gone, that's all. 12 of them, that's all there is to it. Any idea of a motive? Some new kind of car theft? That's what the cops say. Okay, what's your idea? Robbing the drivers? You don't have to steal a cab to rob a driver. It's ridiculous. All right, then. What else could it be? Competition? Sabotage? That's my guess. Competition. So far it's only a guess. I'd give anything to know. So would the insurance company. Anything. They'd even give up my happy young life. 13th and East River. And there's the crowd. Humanity's strongest magnets. Blood. Stand back. Officer. Officer. Look, here's my ID. This man is McKessick, the victim's boss. How about getting us through that crowd? Well, all right, but I don't know. The right side of his face don't feel much like talking. It's caved in. Stand aside now. Come on. Move, move. Come on, dollar, let's move in. Okay. Okay, Mr. Dollar, here you are. Hey, are they all right? Is this one of your men, McKessick? Yeah, George Brandon. Been with me four years. All right, good. Brandon. Brandon, listen to me. Who did it? Do you know who did it? Try hard, will you? I never saw him before. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, Brandon, only one. What did he look like?  Hey, little guy. Talk funny. He talked funny? How, Brandon? How? An accent? Hey, hey, come on, boy. Well, that's it. Clear the way for the ambulance. The ambulance. The ambulance turns out to be the wrong kind of a wagon. Spence account, item five, $28. Transportation the following day visiting hospitals in the homes of the other 11 Apex drivers who had lost their cabs. During the course of this, I contracted a severe case of what GIs used to refer to as Jeep seat. Out of 11 interviews, I got three clues. One, that up until last night's killing, the cab nappers had worked as a team. The little dark guy with an accent as described by the dead driver, Brandon, and a 300 pound accomplice wearing a seersucker suit, a Panama hat, and a complexion akin to a perspiring blob of leaf lard. This heavier of the two heavies, it seemed, never actively participated in any of the rough stuff, merely assuming the role of director of operations. Clue number two, that in each instance, the driver's uniform camp was also stolen, which indicated to me merely that the getaway driver was very much interested in looking like a cab driver. Finally, clue number three, from the most disgruntled of the driver's interviews, the fact that the fleet owner, McKissick, had spent three years bootlegging another four bookmaking and had spent some very short vacations getting away from it all in prison, which naturally led me back to McKissick's Apex garage and office. I'll tell you, McKissick. So far, I have just hit the ABCs. Later on, I'll get to the XYZs. Look, darling, I'm getting fed up with double talk. What I want to talk about is a double life. Yours. What? I once broke a leg jumping to a conclusion, so don't get me wrong, that's not what I'm doing. But a less experienced investigator might immediately assume that a man like you, an ex-bootlegger, ex-bookmaker, ex-jailbird, just might be stealing his own calves for the insurance money. Now, wait a minute. Don't get that way, or I might also get the idea that you have a killer instinct. My record's my own business. It was okay with the hack bureau. It was okay when that company sold me the insurance, so it'll have to be okay with you because you're stuck with it. Nobody's calling you guilty. Okay! Okay, all I'm telling you is this.  That's big talk, little man. When the day shift comes in at 430, tell them to park their calves in the garage. And you can tell your dispatcher the night shift isn't working tonight. Bad enough to have my competition running me out of business. Now the little helper from the insurance company shows up to finish the job, huh? I'm not trying to put you out of business. I'm trying to keep you in. Well, it don't sound like it. No cooperation from you, no insurance. I'll have it canceled as fast as I can get to my phone. How about it? Okay, dollar. I can't do anything about it.  Some of them play rough. You can always depend on a cab driver for being on time when it's time to knock off work.  By 530, it was devoid of humanity. And a night watchman I'd met before stood guard outside the lock gate. At 6 o'clock, a visitor dropped in on him, followed almost immediately by me. Senor, it is so important that I find it. It contains everything I have in the world, almost. Oh, my money, even my personal... What's this, Fenny? Oh, Mr. Dollar. Yeah, yeah. Well, a young lady claims she lost my purse, Senor. I hired one of your taxicabs this afternoon and left my purse in it. It's so important that I get it. Yeah, I told her to call lost and found in the morning. But, Senor, what will I do tonight? Why were trying to figure that out? Did you join me in a drink? Why would I like that? Her name was Marita Guastella. She was a dark type. So I took her around the corner to a dark salon. On the way in, we passed four grumbling apex cab drivers shooting hot looks at me over cold beers. I arranged her in a booth so I could keep an eye on them, in case their intentions were no good. And an ear on her story, which I knew wasn't. This is my first trip to America. I came from Spain two weeks ago. This afternoon, I was shopping on Fifth Avenue, and that is when I took the cab from 49th Street to the Sherry Netherlands Hotel. 49th, Sherry Netherlands. What time did you take the cab? I'm not sure exactly. With help. It was exactly ten minutes after four. I remember now I looked at a clock. And what time did you arrive at the hotel, Marita? Why are you writing all this down? Just trying to help you find your purse. But I do not want to put you to any trouble. I am perfectly willing to search for the taxes myself. Honey, the city of New York has gone to a lot of trouble to save you that trouble. Every driver has to keep a record of every trip. Where he picks up his passengers, where he drops them, and when. He puts it on a big card. So all we have to do is find out which card has your trip listed on, then we'll know which cab. Then we'll go to the little cab, and probably find your little purse. All right? It is very good of you, Senor. If you would not mind the trouble. Sometimes bothering with this kind of trouble I wanted a martini. Expense account, item six. Four dollars, bar tab. Tip to waiter, one dollar. And here's a tip to young ladies who are pretending that they just came from Spain two weeks ago. Don't want to bird bath martinis and put them away in one gulp. The drinking taste of Spanish ladies is more the sherry type. And martinis are hard enough to get used to in two years, let alone two weeks. Oh, who knows? Maybe she was just in a hurry to get to the Spanish olives. One thing was fairly apparent, though. She seemed to be in a hurry to get something out of one of those cabs and not by way of the lost and found department. The least I could do, both as a gentleman and an insurance investigator, was to accept her phony-sounding story and take her back to the garage. I arm and arm the sometimes-Senorita around the block, passing the time in a conversation not exactly based on her mother's favorite recipe for a Rosa con pollo. As we passed the office portion of the apex cab building, I gave up looking into her eyes and saw something that was open even wider, the garage gate. What is it? The watchman. He's gone. Perhaps he just stepped inside. Uh-uh. Look at the stains on the sidewalk. Blood. Bridewell. Just believe me. Bridewell? Who's Bridewell? I do not know. Who's Bridewell? Please let me go. Marita had twisted away and was high-tailing it up the street. I went stamping up the ramp in the direction of the source of the screen. On the way up, I hit the light switch. In this racket, even big boys should be afraid of the dark. The first portal, I slowed my run into a pussy-foot pace and edged around the corner, sliding my back along the dispatcher's counter. I got halfway down. The corner of my right eye picked off a pair of high black shoes, night watchman type. Heels on the floor, toes pointed up, sticking out from behind the end of the counter. I didn't have time to get a look at the rest of them. Something so round, so firm and so fully loaded gave me a cold steel kiss under the left ear. Pray to yourself to favor, sir, the remaining absolutely still. Now, now you may turn around. Would this be Mr. Bridewell? Good indeed, sir. What about the night watchman? I have no fears for him. I am fortunately accomplished in the administration of First Aid. But a good deal of practice. I've seen to it that he's resting comfortably. I'll bet. Well, Victor, my boy, I trust your search was successful. Successful? Eh, somebody feed us to it. All in cabs has been searched. Nonsense, my boy. How can you tell in so short a time?  You couldn't possibly have picked over all of them. Proceed to the search quickly. In the meantime, perhaps our friend here is the proprietor of the search that preceded us. In this case, practically anything could happen. Yes, any could. Knowing that should encourage you to mind your menace. Now, sir, will you accompany me to my hotel where we can discuss this further? With you holding that thirty-eight caliber steel-engraved invitation in your hand, I'd be a perfect cad to refuse. In just a moment, we'll return to the second act of yours truly, Johnny Duller. But first, your armed forces are constantly searching for new methods and devices for national security and better peacetime living. Today's serviceman is a skilled professional who works with advanced techniques and equipment. If you're interested in science and technical subjects, your armed forces offers you a great opportunity now. Find out how you can join the world's greatest scientific enterprise, the Armed Forces of the United States. Now, with our star, Charles Russell, we return to the second act of yours truly, Johnny Duller. And tonight's story, who took the taxis for a ride?  Not wishing to make this a permanent effect, I put my mind to work and the fruits of its labor went something like this. Whoever had been stealing those cabs, and I figured I was face-to-face with one of them now, had not been stealing the apex rolling stock for the cabs themselves, but for something evidently hidden in one of them. From here on in, there was only one way to play it, by ear. And it was easy because the pasty-faced 300-pounder draped in a double-breasted seersucker tent was doing all the talking. Back in 1912, when I was expelled from Oxford University as a result of an unfortunate association with an unscrupulous proctor, I arrived at this decision, sir. It's sometimes not profitable to be on the apparently right side. I make myself clear. Well, in a roundabout way, I think so. Now then, I am thus fully acquainted with my position in regard to this matter of the Scarlet Madonna. But you, where do you stand? I'm running a one-man escort service for Marita Guastella. Marita? So? The lovely but unwise Marita has taken under herself an accomplice, has she? Well, as long as you're allied with her, you and I must meet across purposes. Well, I'm open to suggestion. Good. The girl is nothing more than a penniless adventurer, as a common thief. But I, sir, may be able to tempt your trenchant loyalties with some very fetching turf. Well, Victor? This is our man, all right. I knocked it out of that night watchman when he came, too. This is him. That's got to work. Now, here, here, Victor, this is not the time for violence. The gentlemen and I are about to discuss terms of mutual profit. Oh, we're not, sir. You were discussing. I was listening. You'll find that I can be concise when the situation demands that I be. Shall we start with a figure of, say, $5,000? I got nuts. Let me work him over. Victor, you can't remember that I deplore violence. Well, young man, what do you say? Nuts to your $5,000, Mr. Bridewell. Good heavens, man. Have you lost your mind? What do you think the Scarlet Madonna is worth to you? Well, so far, it's been worth one man's life, 12 taxicabs. On a used car lot, that comes to more than $5,000. $7,500 there. Keep coming. I'll see you here now. There's not only a limit to my generosity, there's a limit to my patience. How else do you expect to realize such a heads of profit? I haven't made up my mind. Perhaps I can help you. Here are the problems you face. The Scarlet Madonna is no ordinary gem to be disposed of through the ordinary channels. You serve the pharise notion of the importance of the jewel. I've got a hunch I can retire for life, huh? In a very short life it might be. To be a pity if your blood were mixed with that already shed through the centuries over the Scarlet Madonna...  We haven't got all week. My purpose in this repetitious recitation is bona fide. The bloody history may convince our friend, the no one since the year 1256 has been able to share for any appreciable length of time the company of the Scarlet Madonna. Hey, hey, hey, tell him about the pirate. Well, that was the year it was fashioned. We won the vestments of John V. Sensen. In March 20 of that year, he was ordered by Alexander IV to hasten to the province of Tuscany to aid in the routing of the heretics. The pirate. There, John was murdered and robbed of this jewel. And since that date, it has never ceased its bloody journey through history, England, France, and Spain.  Thank you, Vic. For your helpful interest. Indeed, it is true. During one of its bloodier experiences, it was woven into the beard of an Alsatian pirate, from which it fell when his head tumbled into the basket beneath a guillotine.  You see, mister?  I'm trying not to. Like Bridewell, if this rock is so hot, how come you're willing to risk your pudgy little neck for it? Victor and I are only the temporary middlemen for this infamous death. You aren't yet. Am I to understand that you refuse? Well, I must say, you tell a very good story. But the answer is still nothing doing.  You were wasting your breath on the sky! Oh! Well, Victor, that's enough. You know, get up, young man. Keep that monkey over here. I'll yell the roof off this joint. Yes, no, that won't be necessary. Now, put your hands up, please. Now, Victor, look through his pockets. Not that anyone would be foolish enough to carry the scarlet Madonna. Okay, now. It's not easy. Oh, you'll trick your teeth. Don't try it. Come on. You know what, we got here. Insurance stick. No, Victor, one gun is enough. Not for me, it ain't. You must be from the company and sure on the rock. Oh, no, Victor. I am thoroughly familiar with the policies covering the scarlet Madonna. What's the gentleman's name? Johnny Dollar, from Hartford, Connecticut. And right now, thinking there's no place like home. I'm leaving. No, not alive, you ain't. We can't let him out of here. He's right Hartford. Put down your weapon, Victor. He's been trouble enough. Hunter, now you don't. Oh, yes, I do. Back off, buster. Now, Victor, I must insist. Let him get away. Oh, you fuffer! Let go of him! Insurance is best together, whatever. If he knows where the jewel is, he's more good towards the lives of dead, more valuable than needed. The elevators weren't fast enough. I hit every fourth step down eight flights of stairs to the lobby and out into the street. Johnny, Johnny, I must see you. Marita, well, it saves me looking for you. You just tag right along. Taxi! Yes, sir. After you, lady of Spain. Thank you, Johnny. You're welcome. Johnny, what did they do to you? A gentleman named Victor hung a right hand on me, complete with signet rain. Oh, Johnny. Oh, never mind that hanky. I'm not in the mood to be dabbed at. I'm so sorry. Johnny, what did they tell you? Oh, no, you don't. First, I want to hear what you have to tell me. Then we'll compare your stories. Wait. There's not much to tell. This scarlet Madonna is rightfully and legally mine. My only crime was to bring it into this country illegally for customs. I met Bridewell and that horrible Victor on the ship. When I got to New York, I realized that they were following me. I was terrified. Is that all believed? I was in a taxi cab, and they followed me in another. It forced us to occur. But I hid the jewel in the upholstery of the taxi, and I jumped on him flat for my life. Oh, I remember that it was an apex cab. I've been trying to find the exact one ever since. So apparently, are they? How'd they find out? They run after me that night. They searched me and all of my belongings. Then when I started my search, they realized what I was doing. Looks like anybody can catch the brass ring on this merry-go-round. Please, Johnny, tell me that you will help me to recover the Madonna. Look, gorgeous. All I'm trying to catch up with is a dozen stolen taxi cabs. But you are not just going to leave me flat. With that figure? Impossible. I took Marina to a small hotel, got her a room, and, uh, while she was taking a bath, I stole her clothes and left her, locked in that strongest of midtown prisons, nudity. The first joker I went looking for back at the apex garage was the unfortunate night watchman. I found him sitting up and taking nourishment out of a bottle, and nursing an egg on his head that would have hatched an ostrich. Yeah. I tell you, I've been worried about you. Yeah, yeah. Thank heavens you're all right. Well, thanks to you. No. What do you mean, sir?  Well, I didn't mention you, sir. I told him it was the boss. McKissick. Huh? Yeah, yeah. McKissick? Where is he now, do you know? He just came by. I believe he's next door in his office. Thanks. Yeah, yeah. Oh, McKissick. This case is developing more suspects than a garlic breath and a crowded elevator. Oh, that's funny. First you. All right, you had your chance. Now we're on the rate of money. The rate of money in it. We had started. I found the scarlet Madonna clutched in McKissick's dead hand. For a scarlet Madonna, it was mighty green. It was an emerald about the size of a pack of cigarettes that's been flattened out in your pocket. A Madonna figure was carved in bar relief on one surface. As I stood over the body of McKissick looking down at the green gem in my hand, I realized where it got its crimson name. For on the floor, out lying in my hand was a spreading pool of scarlet blood. Well, sir, we meet again. Yeah, so it seems. May I offer you my congratulations at the same time request that you hand over the scarlet Madonna? Being unarmed, as you are, you're not welcome to it. Well, perhaps I have something more persuasive than a weapon. I'll look at them if you'll back up against the wall. Very well. Authorizing me to the legal possession of his infamous, his hateful, incursive instrument of greed. I'll explain that it's been my odious duty to retrieve it for its rightful owner, the Stilwell Museum in London, from which it was stolen by Victor and his first-file lady in waiting, the exotic marita. Insurance investigator. You, where do you come from? What's your outfit? Yes, I thought I'd let you back on your heels. I'm from London. Pity we didn't have each other's interests classified earlier. We might very well have, shall we say, collaborated in this matter. Yeah. I'm sure there's an unvoiced question lurking on the tip of your tongue. My association with the best of Victor. Well, at this point, I didn't want to insult you. I think nothing of it, my boy. Due to a fortunate similarity in voice and physique for your recovery sector, Mr. Sidney Greenstreet, I find myself automatically listed as undoubtedly the villain of peace. In this case, as many others during my fantastically successful career as an insurance investigator, I was able to align myself with the basic source of the villainy environment. Further, I pray that you will not accuse me of being associated with any of the physical violence which have punctuated this case. In short, this Victor fellow occasionally slips through my finger. Well, all I'm trying to find is 12 lousy taxi cabs. Well then, your troubles are at an end, my boy. I shall write out an address. Fine. And there you shall find them on harm in the warehouse, hard by the East River. OK. You'll forgive me, I'm sure, if I tell you that in this case it is but another small milestone in the glorious path my strewn with superior accomplishments in solving those minor mysteries evolved by the niggardly minds of the sniveling criminals who would offend the sanctity of that guardian of the peace of the public mind. Insurance company. Amen. Expense account, item seven. A $1.95, one evening gown which was hard enough to find but would probably be even harder to wear at that price, purchased in an all night salonda mode on 136th Street. This dress I gave to Mr. Bridewell to take with him when he went calling on Senorita Marita Guastella prior to turning her over to the police. Expense account, item eight. Six dollars and ten cents. One bottle of, you know what, with which to gargle a half good, half bad taste left by this case out of my mouth. Expense account, item nine. Transportation. No, come to think of it. You can forget this item for a while. I think I'd better stay here in Manhattan and rest up a bit. Expense account, item nine. Uh, four hundred dollars. Advance. Entertainment and things while resting on my laurels or possibly Mr. Bridewell's laurels. But anyway, resting. Expense account total, eleven hundred dollars. You fill in the sense. Yours truly, Johnny Dollar. Truly, Johnny Dollar is produced and directed by Norman McDonnell and stars Charles Russell with script by Paul Dudley and Gil Dowd. Featured in the cast were Herb Butterfield as Mr. Bridewell with Paul Dubov, Lillian Bayef, Lou Krugman, Junius Matthews, Jan Arvin and Jack Prussian. The special music is written and conducted by Leith Stevens. Be sure to be with us again this week when another most unusual expense account is handed in by yours truly, Johnny Dollar. The great hit tunes of early 1939, Deep Purple, Penny Serenade, I Cried for You. How many more can you remember dancing to, romancing to? You'll hear them in smart new 1949 arrangements when your hit parade on parade comes along immediately over all of the same CBS station. Alan Boxer speaking. This is CBS, The Columbia Broadcasting System.


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Bitcoin or ETH okay so $50 winner I'm tagging so and I'm gonna screenshot you so you can't be forgotten there okay wolf trader 9 okay here we go let's keep going who's good at trivia I'm gonna switch up the trivia let's this move away from music trivia for a second give me a second what should we what should we switch to I'm gonna do science because I didn't get to science trivia I'm giving away a lot of money on speakeasy app so okay let's go what are we doing science trivia do-do-do what category should I do by the way over to speakeasy app if you want to win I'm gonna give away over a thousand bucks it's super easy to go there you just go to get speakeasy.com and it'll give you it's in the app store both app stores Android iPhone this is an app that I built it's live shows so I'm doing a show I'm doing a game show basically not really a game show but you know I mean a trivia show so here I'm just gonna do let's do food and drink trivia who knows a lot about alcohol and food everybody loves food this one's too easy let's let's go another 50 bucks these are too easy too easy give me something good here oh this one's tough okay I got one for you all right you can use Google but you might be slow if you don't know it here we go this is some food trivia how many varieties by the way get over to get speakeasy the app we got 297 people eligible to win on the show how many of our varieties of avocados are there yes speakeasy live it's a purple app let me pin it how many varieties of avocados this one I had no idea how many varieties of I'm pinning it get speakeasy.com who knows the first one I see this one won't be the first person the answer it okay Zulma you win you weren't the first but I was sometimes I'll do first it's 500 so another $50 winner that's insane that there's 500 Zulma Venmoing you are sending you 50 bucks you can take it in crypto or Venmo or whatever I'm not gonna do wiring $50 the fees are too high the banking system has insane fees all right let's switch to a different let's go with history who's good at history let's go to 75 bucks let's go to $75 okay okay here we go this is a good history one 75 bucks first one I see not necessarily the first person but the first person I see it's too hard because you get like a hundred damn comments at a time so in a millisecond head over to get speakeasy.com download the app you'll see my show this is my live trivia daily show I'm gonna be giving away a lot of money so if you need some money for the holidays I got one of my assistants is gonna full-time say here he's got to go in from yesterday we did almost three thousand dollars we gave away I went a little wild because it was like one in the morning so I didn't realize how much I gave away but it's good get gets speakeasy app speakeasy live it's a free speech app it's a new social media it's built around shows you can do your own show too you can do a podcast do a fitness show can do your own trivia doesn't have to be a trivia show who likes this app cilia 52 says I like this app people on the app 1 to 10 who are on speakeasy right now just be honest to I'm not gonna penalize you what can we improve let me bring some other let me bring a few guests on here just so we have some more people give me a second here I'll bring a few people on give me a second to add some people didn't Wolf Trader 9 didn't you win yesterday there's a lot of people on here is 409 okay this thing blowing up this trivia giveaway turn your notifications on because it's better to get in here early okay $75 trivia question history is the category winner will be selected on get speakeasy.com it's an app you download for free it's a show app who is the first wife of Henry the 8th who was the first wife of Henry the 8th who knows this I'm just reading the autobiography it's insane of cat of Henry the 8th there we go first person I see is BT auto spa so 50 75 sorry you are correct you didn't spell it right but I'm not gonna be picky on that Catherine of Aragon was the winner alright let's keep going let's do another 75 Ambulin was not his first wife come on let's get here let's get some geography who knows who's traveled the world and knows geography the capital of some places okay let's do some capitals or some other geographical trivia for 75 bucks okay here's one not too hard not too hard but an interesting one okay head over to cap head over to Catherine of Aragon head over to speakeasy app get speakeasy.com okay by the way let me make it's all I'm gonna make you a get some more guests okay here we go turn your camera on if you don't mind as a guest it's all I'm gonna make you a host with me if you don't mind okay here we go 75 dollars what small country is located between the borders of France and Spain what small country is located between the borders of France and Spain Portugal no first one I see somebody said Denmark definitely not okay we got a winner Dan caps it's and Dora and Dora so another 75 so I'm giving away 350 all right I'm gonna up to Annie let's go to 90 bucks let's go to let's go to 90 bucks all right what trivia question by the way download get speakeasy so you can win because I'm gonna with crazy giveaways like giving away cars giving away you know a crazy number I haven't totally decided but I've given away between today and yesterday I think I'm almost at $5,000 cash or crypto you choose cash or crypto if you want the crypto will DM you get speakeasy speakeasy app has a DM inbox so you'll get one from me don't respond to ones from other people okay you unless it's a verified and anyway don't respond to anybody who asks if you win don't respond to anybody asking you for money because that doesn't make sense you will get paid from us not the other way around I don't know how people fall for that you know what I'm saying it's like you're oh you win something and then they say send me money first okay let's do movie trivia who here knows Hollywood pretty well about 475 people playing the show right now 477 okay movies so this is something that was inside a movie that you got a guess oh this one's too easy consola one's gonna be too easy I want to do a hard one 90 bucks oh here's a tough one all right you guys are getting this and ladies getting this way too fast I got a harder one of course Google will help you but 90 bucks first one I see which movie franchise character holds family as the most important thing in the world actually this one's easy well I'm gonna talk about this is an easy one you got to say his name it's not Vin Diesel it's a movie character name who movie character name not Liam Neeson somebody put I'm looking for the full name full name first one with the full name you all are given his nickname there we go Mo Jack Dominic Toretto family's the most important $90 for you Dominic let me screenshot it just to double-check you get paid Dominic Toretto that's from the Fast and the Furious series okay let's up the ante let's go to 100 bucks if you're on TikTok YouTube or Instagram watching switch over to the app that I built it's called speakeasy live it's in the app store or you can just go to get speakeasy.com it's free to download there's no tricks it's in the app store it's got good reviews let's get this sucker that's this up into 100 bucks actually I want to up it a little bit yeah up at a hundred bucks let's go by the way it's a cool app if you're an influencer you should switch over to speakeasy because we you can get tips and you can get paid right on the app we have a currency right in the apps called speakeasy silver somebody can just tip you silver and when you get the silver you can withdraw it and make money we're adding the withdrawal feature right now I'm gonna Venmo you but it'll be up in very shortly all right let's switch here to we did music let's do science all right who's a good scientist right now who thinks they know a lot about science science trivia here we go this is a easy hundred bucks for somebody I don't get if you like science easy that was too hard that was too easy all right here's a hard one no that one's way too hard okay here's one this is a combination of science and history combination for a hundred bucks which astronomer in history had a metal nose his nose was metal I think he lost it I forget what he lost his nose from which astronomer scientist in history had a metal nose a metal nose for a hundred bucks all right first person I saw was be Howard 167 sending you a hundred bucks be Howard is the winner it's taiko brahi there you go be Howard 167 congratulations let's do another hundred somebody said Frankenstein is Frankenstein a scientist I'm worried about the modern school system here Frankenstein was not a scientist he actually was not an actual real person so it'd be tough for him let's do technology so who here loves tech crypto AI all right let's go here bandwidth issues who does anybody have an issues hearing right now are we breaking the app with so many people okay no everybody's saying they can hear just fine all right head over if you're on Instagram tick tock or YouTube and you want to be winning some of this thousand dollars you want a chance at it get speakeasy.com that'll take you to the app download right one it's speakeasy live it's a live show app I'm doing one let's okay I want to do I said what did I say we're gonna do another hundred bucks technology trivia let's go why is it not moving to that okay technology trivia then I'm gonna do sports after that I feel like a lot of people know sports okay here's our technology um technology oh this one's tough no that no one's gonna know that one everybody I don't want ones that people just have to Google I want something that somebody might know all right here's one that's tough but I'll be impressed if somebody gets this if somebody knows this you're a real tech nerd if you know this one I'm gonna be very impressed hundred dollars on speakeasy app for the first person who answers this tech trivia question which is a hard is the hardest one we've done how many cores does the Intel i7-6950x have how many cores does the Intel i7-6950x have somebody said eight no alright first one I see Vic3409 you got it ten hundred dollar winner alright how much have I given away can somebody add up what it's been and I gotta get I gotta go to a meeting shortly um let's go how many what how it's my giveaway what am I at am I at a thousand already James had said I'm at 575 who remembers what I'm at let me look at the screenshots hold on give me a second I am at a hundred plus a 200 290 365 so we'll call it 400 okay I'm at only at 450 so I need to up the ante here I'm up this ante let's do uh let's do 200 200 bucks I might do another show today so be ready because I may do another show I might do a quick 500 giveaway make sure you're on get speak easy by the way if you turn the notifications on and you see that I started the show get in early because it's better to be at early there'll be less competition for you so when you download speak easy make sure you do okay let's do a sports 200 bucks these some of these are too easy good God let's get a hard one here for 200 bucks in cash or crypto some of these are dumb good no one will know that one either alright here's a great one for $200 $200 okay head over to get speak easy app if you want this one by the way don't if you get all weird comments they're gonna remove you from the show okay it's all in here she's moderating so she can boot people out boot people out of there we're not a censoring app but you can't be insane how about that we're not going to censor you for like political stuff you know what I'm saying okay here we go we're not this is not the first when is this many people in the show it's not the first it's just a random one trust me I'm not picking people I just go whatever my eyes he's first $200 what football team was formerly known as the Frankfurt yellow jackets what football team was formerly known as the Frankfurt yellow jackets man I don't see anybody getting it here we go alright I saw somebody HM Koi 912 welcome you got $200 it's the Philadelphia Eagles it's the Eagles so we got our first one I saw was HM CCO I 912 I commented here alright I got it go so this is the final one this is $300 $300 finalists and the final question is I'm gonna give everybody one second to move over if you're on Facebook or sorry if you're on Instagram TikTok or YouTube go to the app store and download speakly easy live speak easy live go to get speak easy calm and download this because I'm giving away 300 bucks I hope you know I holidays are coming up for people you can use the money for Christmas it's blessed to give it's better to give than to receive isn't that how the saying goes it's more blessed to give than receive so I'm trying to give and you can pay this forward if you win some of this thousand dollars I might pop in on another show today so be ready it depends on my travel I may have to if I don't have to jump on this plane okay so and yes you need to be you I'm gonna get you a one of my staff that's verified will be reaching out asking all the winners from yesterday and today blue check mark on speak easy alright so don't fall for it and and she's gonna be asking you for either your crypto wallet or your Venmo okay so don't don't send your money oh is my audio bed how about now is my audio better hello hello hello what happened hold on well I know what happened okay I don't know why this can you hear me now testing one two three alright we're giving people time more blessed to give than receive I hope you give the charity every day no matter what happens in this world at least you can leave a legacy of giving to people helping people you know I mean nothing's guaranteed in this world life we don't know what's the last day of our life it's a weird world it's a complicated world and I've tried many things in life you know I've been poor I've been rich I've been in between I've been I've had good parts of my childhood I've had horrible parts of childhood I've had amazingly up days of my life where like everything seems to be working and I've had amazingly catastrophic days when it feels like why go on living I've had literally all of that which I'm sure each of you have to you know try to be kind as much as you can strive but don't strive for too much be ambitious but not overly ambitious find what makes you fulfilled the one thing that you got to remember in this world people have a different formula for fulfillment somebody some people are fulfilled by being in nature away from people and some people are fulfilled by being in a big city you got to know your formula Sigmund Freud in his book civilization is discontent said you know there's seven things there's seven things that makes humans happy and but it's in different formula some people like art some people like love you know there's no one thing that works but you have to know your formula and that's a I wish school system had like five years and all that five years was was literally you figuring out your formula for happiness so that you could go into life actually pursuing what would make you happy versus not everybody Elon Musk says he's not really a happy guy he says he wouldn't recommend what he's doing he did a video yesterday and he's like I'm working 16 hours a day I wouldn't recommend what I do and so I wish this you know if you're a parent it's like focus on figuring out your child's formula and it's not that complicated for example some people really love business and love money let that kid run after business not money but business some people want to be an actor I always think it's insane that parents don't want their kids to be actors or artists why not you want your kid to be a dentist but they hate medical like being in medicine that's just an insane world we live in where parents would and I understand I don't fault the parents because parents want what they feel like is important for their kids which is money but like Alan Watt said you know it's better to live a short life full of meaning than a long life that you hate so for my kids I rather they're an artist and they're struggling artist you know I'll tell you this story and then I'll get to this final $300 thing hopefully I'm not too distracting I know it's a trivia show but I usually share one little thing growing up so my mom was a single mom she got remarried wasn't a very happy marriage step parents are very complicated some good things came out of it my brothers I have three brothers from my mom's second marriage that we're all pretty close that's a great nothing more important loyal family and friends but there was this family the only family that I grew up around mostly single broken homes you could say because my mom had a broken home so all of her friends were broken home right and so there was one family in our church they were named with the daily owns there was a Filipino guy and an Irish woman got married and had these four kids and they were the coolest family at our church because they homeschooled their kids and they lived in a they lived in a RV that's it and man they didn't chase money at Manny De Leon rest in peace he died last year such a sad thing I wish I had spent more time with them he was probably my first father figure mentor in many ways and they weren't divorced it's only like every one of my friends was divorced family everyone except this one family so they were like a rock it was like a real family you know the original mom the original dad and the kids and they lived in a van and he didn't believe in money he was kind of he had lived in a commune when he was in this 1970s he was hippie before he had kids and so he believed that you share with everybody it was insane way he lived he literally lived every single day there was a like a homeless person living with them and I was like where you know and they're like dad will just pick up people and feed them and they stay at the house for a week a month it was crazy he did that eventually they got a house and not just the care event not just this RV but sometimes I look back and I was like that was the happiest family they used to go play golf every day they would park their RV at SeaWorld my friends would go play at SeaWorld every day they did a couple hours of school math one became a pro soccer player one became a pro skater skateboarding and one became like a pro surfer all of them and the youngest daughter was one of the top basketball players in California history so and they're all and I was just thinking my god they had it all you know he knew what his formula was so you got to know your fulfillment formula that's what I would say you do need money if you know what I'm saying you do need money you're you're not gonna survive in the model world unless you're not a grow your own food okay let's go back to the trivia if you are on get speakeasy you got a chance for this $300 I'm gonna do I like animals there's 8 billion people officially on the world in the world today so you know it's kind of cool hopefully they'll still be animals for our grandchildren and not just humans here we go for $300 this is a this is an interesting one in a way it's hard and it's easy for $300 what is the only mammal that can't jump what is the only mammal that cannot jump in the air who knows there we go somebody got it fast vanity an elephant cannot jump $300 winner all right pot stay on the show I'm going to do another show today I'm actually gonna leave the show going with it's all it's all if you want to bring some guests up talk about whatever you want to talk about life Zach maybe you can bring up talk a little business talk a little strategy if any one wants to join let me bring up Zach Ross he talk about some real estate if you want to come okay I'm gonna jump off mama keep the show going keep your notifications on because I may do another show a little bit later today if not I'll pop in


Hello, this is Nick from Laptop Media and today we will show you how to open the Intel version of the Lenovo ThinkPad L15 Gen 4. To access the laptop's internals, you have to undo 10 Philips head screws. This screw is captive, so it'll slightly lift the panel up so you can easily start popping the bottom plate. You also need to eject the SIM card tray before prying the bottom plate with a plastic tool. Please remember, it would be of great help to us if you just hit the like button and subscribe to our channel. That would motivate us to make even more and better videos for you. The battery here is the optional 57 watt hour model. The base version is a 46.5 watt hour unit. And the top variant has a capacity of 63 watt hours. To take out the battery, pull out the connector from the main board and then undo the four Philips head screws that keep the unit fixed to the chassis. The optional unit has enough juice for 8 hours and 20 minutes of web browsing, or 6 hours and 15 minutes of video playback. For future memory upgrades, there are two Sodims for up to 64GB of DDR4, 3200 MHz RAM. Next to the two Sodims is positioned the W1 slot for optional 4G connectivity. Storage wise, there is just one M.2 slot for 2242 Gen4 SSDs. The pre-installed NVMe is protected by a metal plate that has a thin thermal pad on the inside. Another pad is placed on the motherboard right below the SSD. The cooling isn't massive, but it looks sufficient for a laptop with an IGPU, one fan, a pair of heat pipes, one heat sink, and a heat spreader.


Hello, hello writers! I'm Christine Kiefer, author of fantasy fiction and creative writing resources, and you are listening to the Well-Sturried podcast, where I share insights, encouragement and actionable advice designed to help you craft sensational novels and build your best writing life. Always in 30 minutes or less, so you can get back to writing, of course. Ready for the show? Let's get talking! Come on in! Welcome once again friends, and thank you for joining me for today's episode of the podcast. Today is May 15th, 2019, and having somewhat recently acquired a new microphone for recording and really upping the quality of the podcast here, I decided that it was time that I went back through some of the blog archives and updated some of the old episodes. All of these episodes of the podcast are also available as articles on the Well-Sturried blog, and my articles are largely evergreen, meaning that they can be discovered and accessed and the information is still quality and is still relevant at any time. So it's important to me that the podcast episodes also reflect the quality of the articles so that when the articles are discovered, so the podcast episodes are too, so they're really great for you guys and the best that they can be. So today we are diving back into the very first episode of the Well-Sturried podcast titled Ten Ways to Care for Yourself as a Writer. You can find the article that also serves as the episode transcript at www.well-sturried.com slash self-care. Now let's dive in. Ten Ways to Care for Yourself as a Writer. Back in the summer of 2016, I wrote a very personal article for the blog. In it I revealed that I battled depression and shared tips on how to write while living with a mental illness. I never could have imagined how much of an impact that article would have. It's one of the biggest reasons why I want to talk more about writer-leaf self-care on the blog today. As writers, our work is often so mentally and emotionally draining. It's not hard to fall into periods of burnout or extreme doubt, which, being so difficult to overcome, can prolong our writing ruts even further and leave us feeling defeated. This is not a pattern I want you guys to fall into, which is exactly why I want to share ten ways that you can learn to care for yourself as a writer today on the blog and on the podcast. Tip number one, call yourself what you are. A writer. If you're writing, you are a writer. It truly is as simple as that. It's not publishing or reaching a certain skill level that validates you as a writer. The fact that you're actively and consistently creating new stories is all the proof you need to take up the title and start proclaiming your writerhood to the world. So what are you waiting for? Go own your status. Tip number two, accept that you'll always have room to grow. I don't think I'm good enough to be a writer. This phrase most often stems from a place of doubt, but it's also extremely problematic. It implies there's a certain skill level you need to reach before you can even call yourself a writer, which, as we talked about in tip number one, simply isn't true. It also reinforces the idea that writing is pure talent, which is also false. Does a bit of talent help a writer along? Sure, but good storytelling is a craft that can be learned by anyone with a love for stories, an open imagination, and the willingness to work hard for what they want. Your skills as a writer and storyteller may not be where you'd like them to be today, but there's nothing stopping you from getting there. You are truly as good a writer as you work to be. Tip number three, give yourself time to write. If you struggle with the first two self-care items on our list, you may also experience writer's guilt. Again, this guilt usually stems from a place of doubt. Why write when you aren't that great or when you could be spending time with friends or family members, putting in overtime at work, or doing something else you consider more productive or worthwhile? Writer, you should never feel guilty for doing what you love. If stories are your passion, make time to write them, guilt-free. Nurturing your passion is what brings you joy in life, and as a bonus, it's also the quickest way to improve your writing skills. So give yourself time to write freely and willingly. You won't regret it. Tip number four, create an elevator pitch. Has someone ever asked you what your book's about? Only for you to awkwardly stumble through an answer? Me too. One thing we certainly don't want to equate our writing with is embarrassment. That's why it's so helpful to have an elevator pitch ready to go. I prefer to keep things sweet and simple. In most cases, the person you're talking to isn't expecting a seamless three-paragraph book blurb. They're simply curious about what you write. Need an example? Here's what I usually tell people about my two novel projects, The Dark Between and Lady Legacy. Oh, it's the first book in a fantasy series. It has multiple main characters and lots of intrigue. Kind of like Game of Thrones, but for a younger audience. And it's about a woman named Kleana. She's a talented healer, but she has crazy ambitions that often get her into trouble. She's like Christina Yang from Grey's Anatomy, but in a medieval fantasy world. You don't have to include pop culture references in your own elevator pitch, but I personally find that doing so helps move the conversation forward. It gives the person you're speaking with something to relate your book to. Tip number five, stop caring about what others think. There are going to be people in your life who think writing is a waste of time. It's not a profitable career. It's too time consuming a happy. It's a silly pursuit. I'm sure you've heard it all, but that doesn't mean those statements are true. Not in the slightest. There will also be people who doubt you as a writer or think the genre of stories you tell are silly, sappy, cheesy, whatever. The key is to simply stop caring what other people think. I know it's easier said than done. I'm a recovering people pleaser myself, so I hear you. But you have to accept that you're never going to please everyone. And that goes for readers, agents, and critics too. Instead, focus on creating amazing stories for people who share your interests. Because there are people out there who love the same types of stories as you, and they're just waiting to devour everything you have to share. Tip number six, set up an automatic backup system. If you've ever lost work due to a crashed computer or a failed save, you know just how frustrating and heartbreaking it can be. But don't spend your days worrying about backing up your work. Instead, switch over to an automatic backup system. My favorite automatic backup system is Dropbox. It's free and setup is simple. All you have to do is head over to Dropbox.com, sign up for an account, and download the free app. The app then appears on your folder, on your computer as a folder. House your projects inside this folder, and every time you press save, your files will update automatically in your Dropbox cloud. Even if your computer crashes, you'll be able to access all of your files simply by logging into your Dropbox.com account. Pretty awesome, right? I'm not affiliated with them in any way, by the way. I just really love the service. Here's a pro tip. Write your novel inscrivener, and you won't even have to remember or worry about pressing save. Your entire project will automatically save itself every time you stop typing for two seconds, so you can write completely worry-free. Alright, tip number seven. Organize your notes and project files. Nothing is worse than rifling through dozens of project files and notebooks, trying to find that one cool line you wrote while waiting for your triple venti caramel macchiato at Starbucks. It's time to admit that you cannot work this way, which also means it's time to get organized. Even if finding an organization system that works for you turns out to be more time-consuming than you expected. You may need to try out multiple systems and reorganize a lot of work before you find the perfect setup. But getting organized is worth it when you can sit down to write, knowing exactly where all your notes and files are housed. I personally enjoy using Scrivener to get the job done. On to tip number eight we go, and that is to find a community. Writing is most often lonely work. It's no wonder that doubts often creep up and disrupt our groove. That's why finding a writing community is so important. If you're lucky enough to have a writing group in your area and it's a good one, I can't recommend getting involved enough. Being able to meet up with fellow writers in person is an amazing opportunity. But if you don't have a writing group nearby, or if yours wasn't the right fit for you, don't stress. There are plenty of ways to get involved in the writing community online. In fact, I currently facilitate two different communities for writers that I would love for you to join. The first is Your Write Dream, which is a thriving Facebook group where writers can seek support and encouragement in their writing journeys. I also host StorySocial, which is the weekly writers chat I host on Twitter. So click on the links in today's episode transcript at well-dashdroid.com slash self-care to learn how to get involved. On to tip number nine we go, and that is to take breaks from your writing. The surest way to avoid writing burnout? Don't work so hard and fast that you get burned out. That may seem like pretty obvious advice, but so many writers still work themselves into the dirt. I've learned over years of falling into writing ruts, my most recent laugh sting over two months, that you can't just take a break when you have no other choice. You have to take preemptive breaks, too. Simply by taking a day each week or a few days each month to rest and recharge is huge. You don't even have to stop working altogether, though that's perfectly okay too. Instead, simply have a little writing-related fun. You can create a Pinterest storyboard, write some bad poetry, read up on your favorite research topic, or just play around with a new story idea. On to tip number 10, write what you love. The key to caring for yourself as a writer truly lies in writing what you love. In feeding your passion and giving your love for storytelling the room to grow and thrive. So many writers spend their days worrying about how they'll find an agent, how marketable their story will be, or whether or not their readers will enjoy it. And while those things are important, they shouldn't be your main concern. After all, if you aren't writing something you love, why are you writing it in the first place? If you're passionate about a story, I promise you there will be readers who will love it, too. No matter how weird, sappy, literary, gory, or so on you make it. You are not alone in what you love. So don't settle for writing anything less than what makes you happy. Thank you for listening to today's episode of The Podcast Writer. I hope you found it helpful to your writing journey. If so, make sure to subscribe to the podcast so you never miss a new episode and to give the podcast a quick rating and review. Doing so goes a long way toward helping the podcast reach new writers and lets me know that you're enjoying what I'm creating. You can also give me a shout out directly on Twitter at christen underscore keeper. For additional guidance as you work to craft sensational novels and build your best writing life, be sure to head on over to www.well-storied.com where I share blog posts, workbooks, e-courses, and other helpful resources for writers. Again, that's w-e-l-l-s-t-o-r-i-e-d dot com. Thank you again for tuning in to today's episode, my friend. Until next time, happy writing!


Now, we have the words that we needed in order to describe our DNA. Now we need to know, okay, when does all those stuff happen? And we can use the DNA. It's going to give us clues and hints. Every cell goes through a cell cycle. And the amount of time they spend in the different stages of the cell cycle depends on the kind of cell it is, and probably on the stage of the critter's life cycle, like overall life cycle. So you can imagine our 100 trillion cells are all in various stages of the cell cycle. There are two main parts, and the main parts of the cell cycle are, I'm going to write this out even though it's on this little diagram that I have here. The two main parts are interphase, and I'm going to say M, but I'm saying M because that's like nuclear division, and it can like be mitosis or meiosis, all cells. If you got in and you grabbed some of your cells, every single one is in one part of the cell cycle. Pick out a cell and go, oh, that one is in the S phase of the cell cycle. Pick out another one. Oh, gee, it's in the first gap. We call that G1. Pick out another one. Oh my gosh, this one's in mitosis. It's going through one of the stages of mitosis. Oh, there's one. It's in G2, the gap, the second gap. We'll talk about what each one of those stages is, but the thing that I want you to, the big picture I want you to hang on to is that every cell just is constantly in one of these stages, and the stages lead to the next one, and then you go to the next one. Most of the time a cell spends, okay, most cells spend most of their lives in G1. Most of the time is here in G1. G1 is a cell living its best life. It's doing its thing. If it's a muscle cell, it's contracting. If it's a brain cell, it's firing messages. If it's an endocrine cell, it's making hormones. It's just doing its job and living its life. Some cells stay in G1 forever. In fact, they have a name for G1 if you never leave it.  Most cells, even neurons, brain cells, do divide. They do go through this ultimate cell cycle, and at the end of it here, at the end of mitosis, we have two cells. So we start out with one cell. It goes through the process. When it gets to the end, we have two cells that are then going to go through the cell cycle, both of them. So it's kind of like this constant process. The cell's doing its thing in G1 somehow. This is chemistry, which is amazing. Somehow, at some point, for some reason, a cell might get a message that it's time to divide. So it's not okay for that cell to stay one. It needs to become two. Maybe you're working out, and so the cell is like, dude, we need to get bigger. So we need more. That's a really bad example because the cells don't actually, muscle cells don't increase in number. They actually increase in size, but not in numbers. So that was a bad example. Sorry. But adipose tissue cells, those increase themselves. Bone tissue cells, whatever, we've got lots of cells that reproduce themselves. Okay. So we get the message to divide. The cell that was in G1 is now going to move to S. Guess what S stands for? Synthesis of what DNA? During the S phase, all the DNA is replicated. So the whole genome goes through DNA replication. Who's the hero? Who's making that happen? DNA polymerase. You already know this stuff. So synthesis, DNA polymerase gets their moment in the sun and goes through the S phase and doubles all the DNA. Now I'm just going to show you a picture. I'm going to draw one chromosome. The fact is that during interphase, all DNA is in loose chromatin form. During the whole time, all of interphase, which if you stay in G1 for a long time, that's a long time that you have chromatin, that you don't even ever condense into those cute little chromosomes that are buried over here. You don't ever get to this stage most of the time. But it's a mess. Can you imagine where we had 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs? We now have 46 chromosomes, each one with twice as much DNA. So the chromosome that started out looking like this, if we condensed it, after S, that same chromosome has a copy, an identical copy, they stay attached. So this is something that we didn't really do in our chromosome anatomy piece because I wanted to make sure that you knew when this replication happens. These two butterfly wings are called sister chromatids. They are still connected at the centromere. So here's one chromosome because there's one centromere. Here's one chromosome because there's one centromere. But the second chromosome has sister chromatids twice as much DNA. Too much DNA. You don't want to leave that like that. But, oh my gosh, if I had two things of DNA or four things of yarn DNA in this pile, would you be able to tell the difference? Dude, it's a tangle. It's a tangle that got a little more dense because there's more tangles in there. But now we have sister chromatids and the identical copies are attached to each other. They stay connected even though it's a mad tangle. They stay connected. This is important. Once they get through the S phase, all the DNA is replicated and that takes between eight to 10 hours in a human for all the DNA to get replicated. Then the cell goes into G2. In G2, we're replicating everything else. It's not just DNA that we're going to need two copies of if we're going to divide our cell. We're also going to need two copies of the ribosomes and two copies of all the mitochondria and two copies of all double the cytoplasm. Okay, two copies is a bad example, but we want to double all the stuff so that we have enough stuff for both cells to have an equal amount and all that doubling happens in G2. That's the end of interphase. G2, when we get to the end of G2, we head into mitosis. Mitosis has, I don't like it. I always learned it that it has five phases, but they've started adding a sixth phase. There's four phases that I learned and they started adding a fifth one. That's cool. We're going to go through each one of the phases of mitosis, big picture. We divide the DNA, that crazy doubled tangle. We're going to divide it up and I'm going to walk you through each of these phases. We're going to talk about prophase and prometaphase together. Then we're going to talk about metaphase, then anaphase, and then telophase. And cytokinesis, telophase is the last stage of mitosis. Cytokinesis is division of the cytoplasm. Cytokinesis happens in order to end up with two cells. We're going to talk about each one of those parts and list out the things that we will see. The other thing that we're going to do, and this is interesting, we can actually look at slides of roots, root tips, onion root tips, that are going through mitosis. A root, think about what the roots are doing. They're growing. They're growing out to get more nutrients and more water and we can ask our botanist hero to tell us more about root dynamics if we want to learn more about that. But you can take a slide of the root and you can see mitosis, all the stages of mitosis you can find. We're going to look at a root and see what the different stages look like in the actual microscope. Okay, let's get started with prophase and prometaphase.


Ie yn gweithio y byd o'r llwyf yn Llywodraeth i'r Exxamliad Caelodon a yw'r Llywodraeth gyda'r army Jacobite yma yn Llywodraeth? Ie yn lle hwnnw, mae'n 5 oes o Bwng Nes, mae'n Llywodraeth Mewyr, y cyfweld y gweithio'r llwyf yn Llywodraeth Bryt. Y Llywodraeth Ryf yn 1745 wedi'u cyfrifiad ar hyn yn gwyllfa'r llwyffyng. Gweithio'r Llywodraeth unifod yma yn y banydd o'r Fylywodraeth Ysgwrt, y Llywodraeth Bryt. The Jacobites were led by Charles Edward Stewart, also known as the young pretender or Bonnie Prince Charlie, where as the British forces were led by William Augustus, known as the Duke of Cumberland, who ate all the pies, eh? The son of King George II of Britain and Ireland. So just for context as we move through this video, at the battlefield today the red flags represent where the British forces under Cumberland lined up and the blue flags represent the Jacobite position. But how did we get here? What events led to this battlefield and why was so much blood shed? Well the story starts with King Billy in Game of Thrones style family connections. The glorious revolution of 1688 to 1889 set off a political earthquake in these aisles that reverberated for over half a century. It started when Charles's grandfather, James II, also known as James VII, a Catholic King from the House of Stewart, who ruled as the King of Scotland, England and Ireland since 1685, was overthrown in the glorious revolution of 1688 to 1889 by his daughter Mary II of England and her husband William of Orange, who was actually Mary's first cousin, which was quite common amongst royalty at different times through history, a Protestant prince from the Netherlands. The revolution took place shortly after the birth of James Francis Edward Stewart in 1688. The son, in therefore male heir, from King James's second marriage with Mary of Medina. Thus Mary II of England's path to the throne was threatened by the birth of James Francis Edward Stewart, who would later go on to have a son of his own, Charles or Bonnie Prince Charlie. Various factors, including other internal pressures against James II, led to him being overthrown and fleeing to France. Mary and William of Orange took the British throne in 1689 and co-rained until Mary's death five years later, with William of Orange going on to solely reign until his death in 1702. After William's death, Mary's sister Anne reigned as queen until 1714, when the throne was passed to King George I of the House of Hanover. Now I know that's a lot of family politics, but it's crucial to understand in the Jacobite Revolution. There were numerous factors that led to the rise of the Jacobites, but they unified under the banner of restoring the exiled House of Stewart to the British throne. The 45 rising was not the first one either, as there had been previous Jacobite risings, including the failed 1715 rising. Also importantly to note is that there were numerous undercurrents around this time, including that Scotland and England had only merged into a political union in 1707, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Against this backdrop, Bonnie Prince Charlie, believing there was support for a Stewart restoration in both Scotland and England, landed in Scotland in July 1745, quickly raising an army of Jacobite supporters. He had taken Edinburgh by September and defeated a British government force at Preston Pans, emboldened the Jacobites then invaded England, reaching as far as Derby. The British government had to recall 12,000 troops from the continent to deal with the rising, many who had been fighting in the War of Austrian Succession. The Jacobites soon turned back to Scotland, however, having attracted relatively few English recruits and without a French landing, as they had hoped for. The Jacobites, with limited French military support, attempted to consolidate their control of Scotland, whereby early 1746 they were opposed by a substantial government army. After a somewhat hollow Jacobite victory at Falkirk, the Jacobite leadership were left with few other options than to stand and fight. The two armies eventually met at Culloden, on terrain that gave Cumberland's larger, well-rested force the advantage. These references to France, however, speaks to an important point. How Scottish were the Jacobites who fought at Culloden? Very quickly, if you value these videos and you want me to continue to make them, please consider supporting me on Patreon. Thanks to everyone who does support me and thanks to everyone who voted in the recent poll of what videos you wanted to see. The Battle of Culloden was on that list, and I'm also going to make videos on the truth about Hadrian's Wall, part two, and also on the Pictish Standing Stones, but for exclusive benefits and to support this work in general, as after all, I'm not taxpayer funded like the BBC. Please check out the link, top link in the video description below, and sign up to become a member of my Patreon page for as little as a pound or two per month. Thank you, and now on with the video. Well, there was of course a significant Scottish presence amongst the Jacobite ranks, but there were also different nationalities involved. The Battle of Culloden speaks to the geopolitics of the time. If you were looking for an ally against English in the British, who would you turn to? The French of course. The Stewards had lived in exile in France amongst other places, and the French provided military equipment, supplies and some troops to the Jacobites, although at times French support wasn't as strong as the Jacobites hoped for. As well as of course large numbers of Scots, the Jacobite army at the Battle of Culloden included some English, French and Irish troops. In fact, two units attached to the French royal army itself fought at Culloden. The Irish Brigades and the Royal Scots, or Royal Ecocay, who were largely made up of Irish and Scottish exiles. I am going to do a follow-up video on which clans fought at Culloden also. The opposing side as well wasn't simply made up of English troops either. The reality was that Scots fought on both sides in the Battle of Culloden. One unit that fought on Cumberland's side was the Campbell orgyll Militia, formed in 1745 to resist the Jacobite rising by the chief of clan Campbell, John Campbell, fourth Duke of Urgyll. It was made up of Highlanders and it speaks to the history of the independent Highland companies in general, which were a regular militias that were formed by the order of the British government and were made up of Highlanders, with this practice dating back to as far back as the early 17th century. In the lead-up to the Battle of Culloden, the British army practised a new bayonet drill to combat the Highland charge, so, unfortunately, I forgot my bayonet in the car, so I have to improvise. Instead of simply stabbing straight in front, the British army were trained to stab to the right-hand side, basically to get around the shield of the Jacobites to stabbing to the right. How effective this actually was in battle is unknown and it is interesting detail to note. Around 1pm on 16 April 1746, the two sides met. The Jacobites had attempted to launch a surprise night attack before, but this failed as they never reached Cumberland's camp before daybreak and had to retreat back to Culloden Muir. The Highland army mustered up only around 5,000-6,000 men at Culloden. Its mounted arm was very weak and the motley collection of 12 cannon available was of different calibres and poorly served. They stood against Cumberland's well-trained army of around 9,000 men, made up of a well-balanced force of horse and foots, supported by 10 three-pound cannon and six mortars. The battlefield as well was ill-chosen, as it afforded a clear field of fire to Cumberland's artillery. Even today visiting the battlefield, although it might be slightly different and vegetation may have grown more, it immediately strikes you how open the battlefield is and also how uneven the ground is of the battlefield. One of the Jacobites main weapons would have been the Highland charge, but to run at any speed over this terrain must have proved extremely difficult. The Highlanders were cannon-aided for nearly half an hour without effective reply, orders to attack passed slowly down the Highland army's chaotic chain of command, but eventually the Highlanders were unleashed. They charged across the 350 yards of ground separating them from the enemy. On the left, the McDonalds never reached the British line, but the large Highland regiment on the right, Clan Chattin, smashed into Barrow's 4th and Mumnall's 37th foot with great force. They were repulsed after fierce hand-in combat, only a few Highlanders fighting their way through to make an unavailing attack on Cumberland's 2nd line. At this point, the British cavalry began to work their way around the Highlanders flanks, converting defeat into a rout. The pursuit itself extended all the way to Inverness. The actual fighting had lasted less than an hour. Between 1000 and 1500, Jacobites were killed. Few were wounded. The casualties on Cumberland's side were significantly lower. Around 50 dead and 259 wounded. Yes, that's 50, 5-0. In the weeks following the battle, over 1000 Highlanders were killed after being hunted down by British troops. The brutality shown after the battle earned the Duke of Cumberland the nickname the Butcher. Many Highlanders that fought on the Jacobite side or supported the Jacobite cause were made an example out of. One of the most famous examples was Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovett, the chief of clan Fraser of Lovett, who was convicted of treason and beheaded on Tower Hill London in 1747. Despite being hunted by troops and spies, Charles wandered over Scotland for five months before escaping to France in final exile. The Battle of Culloden marked the end of any serious attempt by the Jacobites to restore the Stewart dynasty to the British throne. Within 10 years of the battle, Highlanders were being recruited into the British army in large numbers to fight in Germany and North America. The Battle of Culloden remains the last-pitch battle on British soil. Also in the aftermath of the battle, the British government imposed restrictive laws aimed at destroying the clans hold over the Highlands and the Gaelic culture that underpinned it. Most famous is probably the 1747 Act of Prescription, the latest version of numerous laws previously passed to disarm the Highlands, and this time Highlandress was banned, with tartan quotes banned other than for soldiers and officers and his Majesty's forces. Any Highlander wearing Highlandress was to be imprisoned, and repeat offenders were to be transported to any of his Majesty's plantations beyond the seas, there to remain for a space of seven years. The government also cleared the way for outsiders to acquire land in the Highlands and to weaken the clan system in general. The Highland clearances soon followed, the final nail in the Scottish clan system, but what is the truth about the Highland clearances and how impactful were they? To find out, please click here. Thanks for watching, please subscribe and hit the bell and tell your friends and family about this channel. If you would like to support this channel through Patreon and other means, it will all be in the description below. And thanks for all your support, it really does make a difference. Thanks again for watching and I'll see you next time.