All right, so welcome back, everyone. We're very happy to have Kristin Wickelgren from Euclid University telling us about an arithmetic count of the lines meeting four lines in space, an introduction to A1 and relative geometry. Thank you very much. It's a pleasure to be here. The arithmetic count of lines meeting four lines in space was actually suggested by Leonardo Malaccia. So it's especially fun for me to get to talk to you about this here. And I am very grateful for the suggestion. It's an enrichment of this classical question, which is how many lines meet four general, meaning no two of them intersect, lines in P3? Although this question is classical, the part of this that's new in this portion of the talk, this is joined with Padma Vati, Srinivasan. The classical story goes like this, for example, in 3264. So answer. Let's take three of those lines. Here's P3. Let's give ourselves line one. And line two, not intersecting. And line three, not intersecting that. And let's first consider the lines which intersect lines one. Well, so let's first consider the lines which meet or intersect these three like so. So for any point P, for any P on line one, there's a unique line through P that meets both line two and line three. And we can see this by projecting away from P and looking at line two and line three in the P2 of the sky. And then they'll intersect a single point line through P intersecting line two and line three. So we look at the P2 in the sky of P and the projection from P of line two and the projection from P of line three. They have to meet at a certain point. It's something like from viewing from P, it's something like there and there on the line three. And then we have this unique line here, this line like that. So if you take the union of all the lines we get from this procedure, then they'll form a surface of the union of all the LP. And we can figure out that this is a degree two surface. A degree two surface. So the proof is that the surface contains L1, L2, and L3. And the dimension of degree two polynomials, so the dimension of H0, P3, O of 2 is we need to and split into four groups is 10. And so those are all the degree two polynomials. We need it to vanish on these folks. So that's the conditions ally. This is the P1, O of 2. And there are three polynomials of degree two on P1. So we get three conditions per line. What is three conditions per line? So there's a dimension one, dimension one space of degree two homogenous polynomials vanishing on L1, L2, and L3. So this, let's say, F is a generator of this one dimensional space, say F is a basis. So it's a degree two polynomial generating this one dimensional space. So the zero locus F equals 0, which we're going to claim is this union of all these lines. This contains three points of any LP. That means since it's degree two, that means, in fact, it has to contain all the LP. And since these two of these can't intersect, this containment has to be inequality because we can't have this break up into some sort of degree one piece. So LP does not intersect LP prime or P not equal to P prime or else L1, L2, L3 would lie on a plane. So then we get this equality. And we have this description of all of the lines meeting three of our lines. So we need to figure out which meet the fourth. And so which LP, those lines meeting three, also meet L4. And the answer is the intersection of Q with L4 or those meeting. And since there are two points of this intersection, the two lines in Q containing those two points are our answer. So by Bezuse theorem, Q intersect L4 is two points, giving us two lines. And this holds over C or over an algebraically closed. Or I guess L4 could be tangent to Q. OK. So let's relax the assumption that we're in an algebraically closed situation question over a field. And we'll take a general field K. And let's assume the characteristic of K isn't two. So I mean, what happens here? You can have the possibilities are two lines over K, a conjugate pair of lines over a quadratic extension of lines. K, a giant square root of A. Or L4, again, could be tangent to Q. We're going to package this information. In a way that'll give us one answer for the count, a way to get an invariant count that also generalizes to give a whole bunch of invariance of number of results over fields that aren't algebraically closed. So let's give another point of view on our two. So let's consider all the possible lines. So across monion 2, 4 is all the lines in P3 lines. And P3, for equivalently, dimension 2 sub-spaces, a four-dimensional space. Let's give our subspace a name. So W, it'll correspond to a point. And then we can view it as a subspace of its field of definition. So this would be a point of the gross monion valued in K and W. So let's choose a basis. Choose some basis E1 through E4 of, I guess, I'm going to put my line, my original line, over K. So let's do that. Such that L1, one of the lines in our configuration of four, is the span of E3, E4. And we'll let by 1, by 2, by 3, by 4 be the dual basis. Then we're going to consider some other line. It'll be span of some other basis. Hey, it may be not defined over K, but it'll be linearly independent for E3, E4, linearly independent. So the L1 and L will meet exactly when the, if we take these folks, these dual vectors, which cut out L1, wedge them together and evaluate them on E3 wedge E4, we get 0. So we can identify the lines L, meaning L1, as the zeros of, say, this equation, which is a section of a line bundle. So let's write down this equation. We have a tautological bundle over the Grasmanian, and what will the tautological bundle on the Grasmanian over the point corresponding to W, we can stick the fiber SW, is W. So there's a tautological bundle, and phi 1 wedge phi 2 is a section of S dual wedge S dual, which is the line bundle over the Grasmanian, whose fiber at W is a W dual wedge W dual. So we have a global section, phi 1, phi 2, and H0 of the Grasmanian, given by its value at W is phi 1 viewed as a polynomial, it's a polynomial on the entirety of the vector space, and we restrict it to W. So phi 1 by 2, its section W is the element of W dual given by phi 1 restricted to W wedge phi 2 restricted to W. So the zeros of this section tell us whether we meet the first line, and we can form an analogous section telling us whether we meet all four lines, form the analogous section sigma of four copies of the dual tautological wedge, the dual tautological. And then the lines meeting all of our lines are precisely the zeros of this section. Our points or L is the projectivization of our dimension two space, which is a zero of our section. And in particular, the number of lines meeting all four is the number of zeros of our section. And the Grasmanian is four dimensional. To make a line, we need to know which points it hits two different planes at. So that's two plus two is four. So we can see why we might expect this number to be finite. We have four dimensions of Grasmanian and four equations from our section of this rank four bundle. So we've reduced to counting the zeros of a section of a line bundle. So we've reduced to counting the zeros of a section for a four line bundle's direct sum of a vector bundle of a rank equal to the dimension. Over C, there's a tool from topology for this. It's the top turn class or the Euler number. So over C, this number of zeros of a section provided that section has simple zeros or you count with some multiplicity is the top turn class, which is a number because we're in the top dimension or equivalently the Euler number of the vector bundle. In particular, it's independent of this section here because we've lost it in the fact that topology gives us a top turn class. And then if we know the homology of two, four, we can compute the Euler class of this particular bundle is two. And what we'll do is generalize the Euler class to work over an arbitrary field. It's useful to think about what happens over R. So over R, we also have an Euler class for the real points and it becomes important to orient your vector bundle. So over R, there is an Euler number of a relatively oriented rank R vector bundle. And it counts the zeros of a section with a sign given by the orientation. So we have a degree map. If you have two spheres of the same dimension and a map between them, the homotopic class has an invariant called the degree. And if you had a section, let's call it sigma. So with an isolated zero, w, isolated zero of sigma, we can choose local coordinates and a local trivialization in a way respecting the orientation and local trivialization of v and then some sort of restriction of sigma to an open set looks like R to the R and if we take a small ball around our point w viewed in there, we can get a map from a sphere to a sphere. So this leads to a degree of a local degree of sigma at w as the degree applied to a map on the restriction of a small ball. And then the Euler number is the sum of these local degrees. And this is independent of the section because there's also a homological interpretation or construction of this Euler number. If we want to compute it with multivariable calculus, then for a simple zero, w, simple zero, we write out what our equations meant in local coordinates and then we can form a Jacobian as we have these sigma i. And if you've got coordinates xj, we can take this determinant and evaluate it at w. And if it's a simple zero, this Jacobian is non-zero. And if it's positive, it preserves orientation and the local degree is a 1. And if it's negative, it reverses orientation and the local degree is a minus 1. And we add all these up and we get the Euler class. A remark is that when you have a sum and of odd degree, so we did it in this case, we had a bunch of sum ends of degree 1, then changing one of the, changing the section to be minus on one of its coordinates. So we have this real vector bundle. This is relatively oriented. And if we change our section, which was sigma 1 through sigma 4 to some new section, which was minus sigma 1 to sigma 4, then one row of our Jacobian changes sign. So what we'll get is that E v sigma prime is minus E v sigma because all the local, because all the Jacobians changed sign. But since we know both of these equal E v, this implies that the real number here is 0 or is 2 torsion. But we have no 2 torsion because we're in top degree. So something similar is going to work over any field. We're k. And this is a field of characteristic, not 2. We have an a1 Euler number. This has, in fact, we have a1 Euler numbers with respect to many homology theories. This is part of a1 homotopy theory. We'll give credit to Roland Bavatsky explicitly. Morrell has a degree map, which for a whole bunch of theories, will give you this formula here. Has a degree map of maps from the sphere to the sphere to a group that contains more information often, or it contains at least the same information as the that we'll talk about. And the spheres, in question, are we conform a quotient of schemes? And this looks like the top cell of p to the r, which would be a 2r sphere over c, or an r sphere over r, and serves as a sphere, not any one homotopy theory. And the target is this growth in the group. And this is formal differences of quadratic forms. So this is a group of formal differences. Well, isomorphism classes, so the group completion or the growth in the group of isomorphism classes of non-degenerate or unimodular is the same over a field, symmetric bilinear forms. And over a field, all of these folks can be diagonalized. So we can present this group. It has one-dimensional generators. Let's call a one-dimensional form corresponding to the matrix A, this angle brackets A. So this corresponds to the form on the one-dimensional k vector space k, k plus k to k, which takes x, y to a, x, y. And if we change basis, multiplying 1 by some non-zero b, for non-degenerate, A needs to be in k star. We can change basis, multiplying by 1 over b or something, and have that. We've also got a multiplication for a tensor product, and we can do that. And this diagonal form is the same as this one, when A, B is not zero, and A plus B is not zero. This implies that there's a special hyperbolic form, 1 plus minus 1, which is also equal to A times 1 plus minus 1, for any of these angle brackets A, that. So some examples are the over-algebraically closed fields. All of these generators are the same, and so we get just the number of generators. So we can take the rank of a form or the dimension of the underlying vector space. We've been working over across monion, which is defined over z, with vector bundles defined over z. After group completing, the very interesting unimodular forms over z are no more data than the unimodular forms than the growth and dig thick group over r.  And a fun one is that a tall dimension 1 fields, like finite fields, are classified by their rank and their discriminant. We're about in the middle. So why don't we take a break here, and then we'll start adding up the local degrees to make a. Well, actually, sorry. I was going to, I was going to, sorry, let me tell you the Euler number over k, and then we'll break. OK, so we're going to need a transfer map or a trace map. So if we have a tall extension, for example, of fields, we have a transfer map from forms over l-valued forms to k-valued forms. And it post-composes with the trace from Galois or the sum of the Galois conjugate. So if we had a form on some vector space, v not having to do with our vector bundle, but it's just a vector space with l, we can send the class of that to viewing v as a k vector space and applying our form and then taking the sum of the Galois conjugates or the trace from Galois theory and the stays non-degenerate from the separability assumption. So we'll need that in statements. So we have this degree that's valued in GW of k, and we'll add up the local degrees to get an Euler class. So given v to x, our rank are relatively oriented vector bundle, they over k on a smooth, proper dimension. Our k-scheme will get this Euler number, which is the sum can be computed as the sum over the points w and x, such that a section with, let's say, the zeros are isolated. There's a conological definition of this as well. And the degree of a local degree at w of our section. And using the degree map valued in GW of k, we'll get an Euler number valued in GW of k. And the multivariable calculus way to compute this, so say, suppose sigma is a section with isolated zeros. And if the zeros are simple, we can compute that same Jacobian and just stick brackets around it. So where the degree for a simple zero is a transfer from k and w down to k of this Jacobian sigma of w. Before we forgot everything but the sign and just recorded, like taking the signature of this form. And here what we'll do is remember the value of the derivative itself. And here the Jacobian is the matrix of partials. So this is ixj, where sigma 1 through sigma r is after taking some at all coordinates and restricting to a small enough open set, you can make your section look like a map from part of AR to AR. So and this is, again, it's independent of the section. And this is a viewpoint with CAS on an Euler class that's due to Barge, Morrell, and Zell, and Morrell, Levine. This is a viewpoint with Jesse CAS. Deglesion and Kahn give a lot of great punctuality for this Euler class. OK, so now I would like to take a break. Thank you. OK, well, thank you very much.


Recently, one of my friends said that she unsubscribed from the newsletter of a well-known spiritual teacher because the emails were starting to get annoying, frankly speaking, and far from the usual deep presence and values of that spiritual teacher. Now, why is this happening? It's because the spiritual teacher had outsourced their marketing to someone else to do it. So let me ask you this question, and I apologize, I'm fixing this thing on the side. Do you think that marketing is a means to an end? Let me explain. Do you think that, gosh, if only someone can discover me and do my marketing for me, wouldn't that be wonderful? If someone else can do my marketing for me, then I can just focus my energy and time on doing the real work with my clients and my students and my customers. Do you think that sometimes? Well, let me explain. You have fallen into the trap of thinking of marketing as a means to an end when actually you are making more of an impact on more people through your marketing than who eventually sign up to work with you. Let me explain this again.  Do you think suddenly you're going to get a thousand inquiries to work with you? Well, then you don't understand statistics and marketing. If your video gets seen by a thousand people, maybe you'll get 10 inquiries, 1% conversion. If you're lucky, maybe you'll get 20 or 30 inquiries to work with you. What happened to the other 970 to 990 people who saw your video who didn't work with you? Their day was impacted by your video. If your video or your email newsletter or your article uses values that you don't stand for typically because you thought marketing as a means to an end, I just got to get them to sign up. I got to get them to use subject lines that are tricky or click bait. I got to get them to open my email and then once they open my email, I got to get them to do whatever I need to to click on that link. Once they get to my site, I got to do whatever I need to to get them to buy and then I can stop thinking about means to an end and just do my real work with my customers and clients. Because if you think that, then you'll just say, someone else, do my marketing for me. I don't care how you do it. I just want to get customers and clients. Then I'll make my impact in the world.  Most of the people, let me say this again. The more successful your marketing is, the more people you're going to touch who never work with you. Isn't that interesting? Think about this. The more successful your marketing is, the more people you will make a difference on their lives without ever them working with you or even contacting you. You won't ever know about these people. You have to understand that your marketing is a core part of your ministry. Please do not outsource your marketing. Do not outsource it to someone else. Let them do whatever copywriting they need to do. Let them do whatever messaging they need to do. No. You have got to put your authentic self into your marketing. Learn how to do it yourself so that marketing is the most effective way to find your calling. Marketing is the most effective way to discover your career purpose. Why is that? Because marketing, the effective way of doing marketing is by testing a lot of different things. You test how you show up. You have different ways within you. You have different personalities within you. You test all these different personalities. Do I show up in a loud way or in a soft way today? Do I show up in a funny way or more serious way? Do I show up with this aspect of myself or that aspect of myself? You're testing all these things in your marketing and you're also testing different messages. How do I talk about this experience in my life? Do I talk about this way or let me try it the different way next time? Testing all these things and then observing which of those tests makes the most impact on the audience. Positive impact. Guess what you're doing? That's the practice of finding your career purpose, your work purpose. That's the practice of finding your calling in life. You don't do it by journaling or you don't do it even with a purpose coach. A good purpose coach will teach you how to do the marketing so that you can discover that intersection between your explorations and the greatest impact the world gets from you. This is why we do our marketing. We do our marketing so that we can learn more about our purpose, so do it authentically. And in the process of learning about ourselves and making an impact on the world, knowing our marketing makes an impact on so many people who never worked with us. If we dedicate ourselves to that process of exploration and service, then the natural byproduct is that we get clients who align with our authenticity. Do you understand now? Marketing is not a means to an end. Why are you hating marketing? Because you didn't understand what it was really about, authentic marketing. So I hope this is helpful. I hope this inspires you to dedicate yourself to that practice. And one day as you do this well, your business grows and then you'll have the funds to outsource parts of your marketing that are repetitive. But you now know how it works and you can always make sure that your values and your presence is in every aspect of your impact making marketing. I wish you well. Thanks for joining me.


Today on The Journey, we'll be talking about how to define your company values for your business. So if you want your business to stand the test of time, it's more than just about your bottom line. We're not talking about a gimmick for the sake of public perception. We're talking about true core values and basically how you show up in the world. All right, so how do you define company values? It doesn't just come out of the air. You have to take a look inside your company's psyche. Yeah, and I think to getting started with those company values is understanding what makes you unique, what makes you as a core for your business unique versus the rest. And defining those will really help how you operate with your customers and with your employees. So what makes your company unique? When you started your business, maybe you started it before a specific reason. Maybe you're giving 20% of your proceeds to a nonprofit or you are just trying to go against the grain. You're not trying to be traditional. Think about the why you started. So now there's three questions I want you to ask yourself to better understand what makes you unique. The first being, how are you different from your competitors? Pretty standard question there. And then what do you offer that others can't? How can you use your uniqueness to formulate your values? So now let's define your mission. Now you've discussed your strengths. Now you want to see if they really tie into your overarching mission. Yeah, your mission is ultimately the why behind your business. It's why you got your business started in the first place. I am an avid WordPress fan and user. Their mission statement is to essentially democratize publishing, basically make anyone a publisher as easy as possible on the internet.  So this is an important part here because your core values are just more than just the bottom line. It has to be something that really drives you. I know a company that is in Philadelphia, my hometown that for every slice of pizza, they take some of that money and they put it aside so that it adds up when someone homeless comes in for something to eat, they can offer them something. That's super cool. And with your actual mission, are there things that you would take a stand for with your team versus your customers? We know the customer is always right, but we have to back our team sometimes too. And now your mission, it may not please everyone. It's okay to be polar. It's okay to pick a side of the fence. I think that's what makes businesses stand out in the world today versus just being too mainstream or too in the middle. So next, think about the type of positive impact you want to have. I love this exigler quote. He said, you can have everything in life you want if you'll just help enough other people get what they want. So Nilly, what kind of legacy do you want to leave behind? I want to be known for the best co-host of the journey. But in all seriousness, there's three questions I want you to ask yourself. Again, I know it's me asking you to ask yourself lots of questions. So to start off, what type of change is your business trying to make in the world? And then are you trying to disrupt business as usual and not just go with the flow? And then last, do you have any meaningful partnerships with other organizations in the world? A great example of this is with a company called Basecamp. They've been around 20 years and on their about page, they have a section called Give a Dam. And I want to make sure I get this right. So I'm going to get the exact verbiage here. We treat our customers as we'd want to be treated. We treat each other like family. We treat ourselves to a good day's work and a good night's sleep. Have fun. Do exceptional work. Build the best product in the business. Experiment. Pay attention to the details. Treat people right. Tell the truth.  Give back and keep learning. So yeah, I really love that because it shows that this company is really caring more about the people and it's not all about the bottom line. And of course, this does seem simple, but yes, they really do give a damn. Right. And they show up this way day after day after day following these core values with everything they do with their business. So choose values that actually define your day to day activities. Now, it's easy to say that you value creativity and innovation, but what does that look like? You want to make sure that you pick values that are actionable. Yeah. And they also need to be widely applicable to all facets of your business. When you're creating these, it shouldn't just focus on the CEO or the customer service or marketing. It needs to happen across the board and make sense to everyone. So a good example of this is Patagonia. They are 100% committed to sustainability. I live on their website and some of the content they create, they really speak to their mission, which is to seek not only to do less harm, but do more good. And that speaks volumes to what they represent. So next, embrace team collaboration to find your values. If you would ask five different employees what they believe the values are, sometimes you'll get a way different response. And you know us millennials are kind of picky. Seven out of 10 millennials actually look at a company's values before making a buying decision, which is a lot, especially if that's your target audience. One way to solve this is to actually get your employees involved in the company value creation process. And the way you do that is with more questions. So starting with asking them why they wanted to work for your company in the first place. That helps you understand what drew them to you. And then you can kind of figure out what are the common reasons and formulate the answers that way. The second way is to ask your managers basically what are the values they use when managing their teams. And the third way is moving up the chain to a company-wide level, whether it's hosting interviews or sending an email blast, asking for feedback on the company's values as they currently stand. Alright, so now you've looked internally, you've asked everyone what they think the company values are. Now look at your customers. If you have existing customers and potentially an email list, send out a survey and see what they think your company values are. Yeah, and we all know perception is reality. You might think your company's values are something entirely different than what your your customers actually think they are. So getting that feedback is definitely insightful and you may be surprised. So if you've gone through everything that we've just discussed, you more than likely have pages of great information. But as far as your company values, you want to keep them concise and simple, easily to be remembered by your employees and your customers.  That just doesn't make sense. So keeping it short and simple, something easy to digest, maybe a paragraph or two like the one we talked about earlier is all you need. And then if you want to and kind of embellish and like live it in different ways and on your website, you can absolutely do that. Those mission statements and those values have to be short and simple. So here are some tips. One, you want to combine any overlapping values to make a list of 10 and go through there and see which ones your company just can't live without. And then three, get rid of any bland values that really don't excite people to want to live them out. Yeah, and then once you have all these values, it's time to extend them to your organization with how you think, how you operate, how you act, literally everything.  All right, so that's a wrap. You just learned how to define your company core values. Make sure that you like and comment on this video and subscribe to this channel and ring that bell so you can see these episodes first. This is The Journey. We'll see you next time.


He describes himself as a Swiss army knife on the defensive line, and Danico Autry might be his football idol. This week's Epic Western Genuine Titan meets DeMarcus Walker. DeMarcus, are you having the best year of your career? Statistically, yes, correct. This has been a blessing so far to have a lot of success. It's been surreal, because I'm a hard worker. Just to see the fruits of your labor pay off, start to pay off, it's surreal. Why did it come at age 28? Trust me, I wanted it to happen at 25, 23, 24. Simple answer, I just wasn't ready. I had a lot more things to work on, a lot more things to see for myself. I found there is definitely a bit of why I'm here, and every year I felt I just got back up and attacked harder than all season. I read that you had a stutter when you were a young man, and so you like to encourage kids who have a stutter to not be ashamed, to keep working through it, and to understand there's nothing wrong with someone who stutters. Absolutely. No one's perfect. In Denver, I started my own foundation for speech impediment kids, and sometimes I might have that situation where I might get caught up on my words. Through the grace of God, I was able to overcome that situation and be able to control my stomach and use my words, and be able to talk into any platform or any situation without feeling too much pressure. Still to this day, I haven't really got a chance to home in and find some kids that have or struggle with that problem, but still to this day, I'm there and willing to help anyone who has a speech impediment because I've been there, I've overcame so many emotions, depression, that's something that people really struggle with that, man. Not being able to say what you want to say, imagine if you're in trouble, imagine if you're just mad or sad, you're not able to get your words out. Now what's that kid one day? Being able to have a strong stomach and be able to use my words correctly, I'm so thankful for it. You sit down with DeMarcus Walker, you cannot help but really enjoy the guy. Yeah, very engaging, he's polarizing, and again, his hard work, he comes to work every day with a great attitude, willingness to learn and work and get better and improve, and he knows there's so many things that he can continue to improve on.  That's why we made him the genuine type. That's exactly right. Well done. Good choice. All right.


So, hello people interested in an exciting topic of software identification. So the question that should be waking you up now is, what software do I have on that machine? What software do I have on my laptop? What software is running in my containers? And for me, the answer is sort of clear, I am clear with you and I know everything, right? Except not always because I may be running some containers from some images that I don't know it from, well, Docker knows where. And I might be running some scripts that I just clone from some computer. So who is asking the question, right? That might be sort of interesting. When I am to troubleshoot or debug a problem, I might be interested in the particular versions of libraries, whether they are available or whether they are installed or not. I might be scanning for vulnerabilities, so I might be looking for a fix for a particular or I might not necessarily be interested in the list of RPG packages or the packages on the lowest level because if my goal is to just charge a customer for running my product in some cloud somewhere for two hours, the fact that it's the product, whatever the product is, might be the important part. So RPM-Q might not be enough, unfortunately, I mean our lives would be much easier, but there are people and systems or there are people using systems that use different packaging formats even on Linux. There are people who deploy their applications just by dropping a zip file somewhere and their application server will just by managing start to do something. And of course we might want to or need to be able to account for something on higher level than just packages. So when things don't seem to be easy and you have multiple standards, what you do, well you come up with another standard. So it stands for software identification and it's ISO standard and we'll be talking about the one which has 2015 in the name. You might see 2009 mentioned somewhere that was an older version, not compatible, and I sort of don't care about that. So if you came specifically because what makes you up at night is that you have something to do with 2009 standard, I probably won't be helpful at all. So it's an ISO standard so you cannot read it unless you pay, but you're not missing much because what the text of the standard mostly does is describe an XML schema definition. So SWIT is all about XML files within or in a bunch of XML main space. The definition of the main space is this one, so people who are primarily with XML, where will you go to look for the schema definition if I tell you that this is the main space. But you might have experienced that when you look at something looks like URL, you go there and there might be something there or there is not. And especially when it has that extension it looks like there should be something there and there is. So it is good because on the URL there is schema definition but it's for a completely different main space. This is a new standard so you need to be prepared and this is like the entrance level of your ability to do SWIT at all. So when you want to see the definition of the schema you have to append the current to URL to actually get the definition for the main space that we've been talking about. And it's a nice main space definition. It has documentation in it and the documentation in this XML which defines the other XML files that we'll be talking about is sort of mirroring what is in the standard text. So that's why my feeling is that you don't need to pay ISO. So this is the way how you sort of tell the XML tools that even if the first one looks like URL, when it is interested about schema definition it should go to the other URL to fetch it. So the object that we are interested in is a SWIT tag and SWIT tag is nothing but a XML file with root elements of the identity in the XML name space of the SWIT. Well, that the SWIT defines. By the way if you have any questions and you're feeling lost try to shout or get my attention because the more you are lost the happier you will be and that's not my intention. So don't hold your questions until the end. So the primary goal or purpose of the SWIT tag is to describe install software. It might also describe relationship between software product packages components and it might also be used to describe like installation media so if you have some distribution ISO. But primarily it is about what software is installed on this particular machine. So you would like to see a SWIT tag, right? So I have a good news. So if you have a Fedora 29, let's try it here Fedora 29. In user-leap SWIT tag, Fedora project org, we have a SWIT tag actually. Is it big enough for you or do you want the font bigger? I can show off to make it bigger. So it's an XML, it's in the name space I promise, it has the root element that I promise and you know when when you start to look at XML you might not necessarily immediately see what is important. So one of the important things is the tag ID which should be uniquely or generally universally unique identifier of the SWIT tag. The standard sort of assumes that you might be using your ID but I like to look at a string and have some clue about what it's about. So SWIT tags that I create have some meaning even if you are not supposed to parse that string. You are not supposed to like you know write tools that will split the tag ID itself and say well this is Fedora. You are supposed to look at the other attributes in the SWIT tag. Another interesting or important thing in and you have things like name and version in the SWIT tag but a fairly important thing is a entity tag creator and software creator. So you might be creating SWIT tags, identifying software for software that you did not write or ship. You are just creating SWIT tags for something that maybe you found laying around on your system. So there's a way to either identify that Fedora project might be both creating and creating the software and tag or there might be multiple entities that that do that. And there's a bunch of other interesting entries here. So one thing that you might notice is that there's nothing about files in this or about content right. So if we look at another example let me make this a little bit smaller so that I can make it a little bit bigger so you see the bottom. So this might be an example SWIT tag for for bash and I gave it this tag ID. So you see a pattern it's like the Fedora project or just reversed and then dot and then never out of the RPM package and it has some some information general information I can say that Fedora project created both the package and the tag and there can be an evidence of what was maybe found on the disk with a list of files and directories and checksums. So now we are getting somewhere right now we are describing not just all this is bash but the content of the package is something of an interest. So what are the XML namespaces you might encounter when you look at SWIT tags? Obviously checksums there is also an extension for the NIST internal report 8060 which is sort of a guideline for implementing SWIT. So if you want to read some piece of literature I might recommend the internal report from NIST. Obviously NIST is down because of shutdown so this page loads but the links to the actual PDF date no longer load so you'll need to fiddle with archive.org or something or ask me because I have the PDF downloaded right because I'm coming prepared. So it talks about well the guidelines talk about creating tags creating authoritative and non-authoritative tags how links should work so what how how you are supposed to maybe link things among other and so on. So the next thing that you might encounter are XML signatures so the standard sort of comes and assumes that the content of the SWIT tag will be signed when needed. If you look at the XML SWIT tag you might be disappointed to not find any signature there and but if you look at beta that I have here as well in user lips with tag and now where would you expect the next path it would be redhead.com right because it's not Fedora. You might find a file which at the bottom has an XML signature and the certificate chain. So we shipped a SWIT tag identifying distribution for both Fedora unsigned and rather a 0 signed. So if you want to look at some examples of SWIT tags that's that's where you might want to start but what if you want to create some SWIT tag like for yourself. So we have a tool in a copper repo copper enable an auto SWIT yes and if this takes too long I have another container where it is already installed so I'm coming prepared. I've called it RPM to SWIT tag so you see I've started this RPM because if you ask me what I've been told my machine it's RPM-Q right. So I started with RPM just to oh it's already installed sorry I need to go to this one to have the experience for you fully. Fully matching what you will see and then it'll probably take a little while. So we have a tool called RPM to SWIT tag which can take either installed RPM in RPM database or RPM file a package and generate a SWIT tag for you. So which okay let's let's make it let's live on the edge. For which of these packages would you like would you like me to create a SWIT tag for you? Sorry oh hit this one got it RPM to SWIT tag so we have something it has a tag ID as I said it's fairly important. We have entity where I'm saying well I have no idea who created the SWIT tag so the standard or the NIST internal airport 8060 I'm not sure says that's invalid unavailable is what we probably want there and we have a list of directories and files and the checksums so this is pretty cool right. There's another SWIT tag creeping here so but we'll come to it later. So we can also look at the SWIT tags that we have on our system so if you've installed RPM to SWIT tag it also comes with SWIT Q it will only find two SWIT tags because that's what we have and it's interesting I didn't tell you that I have the second one here because well I don't need to tell you everything right away but we have many more packages installed on in that container right so if I run the NF RPM to SWIT tag regenerate what I should get is a list of SWIT tags for all the packages I have so and it will store it in one of the SWIT tag whatever pass. You can also generate SWIT tags for if you have a YAM repository if you just created one using create people you can also generate that and then the DNF plugin can pull it from from the repository for you so if you don't fancy looking at XML it is also possible to so we now have many of them and I can say this RPM what was the name SQL light lights I don't know the name I'm doing something wrong what happened somebody what happened yes the name of the package is frozen out so with this I I can display the content of the SWIT tag in a more readable form and I can also I think I also have dump which dumps it because if when you are working with new standard you come up with a new format right as well so this is my my way of displaying XML but you can also say I say XML so one of the things that you might know notice is that there might be multiple SWIT tags for a package and it's because you can describe links or relationships and one of the relationships is supplemental so you can have a sweet which comes afterwards and says well I know there is already a sweet that this time for example Fedora but I'm telling you that this Fedora also has a component SQL light leads or something like that and the sweet tag dash I will display it so if I look at Fedora right now so what SWITQ does it doesn't just display things you know in text text format but it also resolves the supplemental tags and the value that came from this marker or the marker is plus and if you're interested in what the differences we can talk about it about it later so basically to know everything about a particular sweet tag you need to look at all of them resolve the supplemental tags and only then you know like what the content of the of the sweet that actually is for for a given set of installed packages or software products on a system there are some other interesting things about sweet tag well the standard is very lax the 8060 next report is more specific sometimes it's not very exact and it does not touch some of the issues that or some of the situations that you might encounter so for example you probably want to have a way to encode architecture right for for your package you want to know whether it is x86 for x86 64 or whether it's no arc so we used the arc attribute which the standard allows but the validation to provide it by or that the schema allows because basically any but the validation to that miss provides does not accept so that there are a little confusions in there so when you want let's say that you have a system let's say you have sweet how do you find a sweet like what was the location of a sweet tax the standard seems to assume that you basically scan the whole day and then when you find a sweet tag what is next to it is is the package that you're looking for to be reasonably efficient we came up with a plan so we are men with span and in sweet sweet tax dash D we propose similar to basically locations that hold sweet tax so that for maybe fedora or rather than placement of the way and the standard allows us to do it a standard allows us to define a vendor specific or platform specific way of finding sweet tax so it would be the same links in this directory things can be time so and I have an option in our PMP to sweet tax to call XMO sex line the guidelines around signatures are a little bit confusing they expect trust it understand but they don't really say how the chain of trust should should work so we just ignore that part so what's what's the plans I want to be able to finalize the XML namespace used in the DNF repository because sweet tax defines namespace for a single pair for a collection of tax that I want to basically produce for young repository and then make available I want to basically create a report which would serve as a place for people to for basically me and us are publishing what our recommendations or best practices or decisions design decisions have been and for other people to maybe comment on it via poor request issues or so we hope that next would serve as that place or tech world would serve as you know that that place for people to show what they have and maybe discuss what their next step should be but it did not happen so I'll create a report there my biggest problem is that I don't know what the name of the report should be so you know naming is hard and I made a decision about the tech IDs using never but for this one it needs a little bit of time we have a DNF plug-in I need to write a little DNF plug-in because apparently having well you need to implement things twice in DNF world I'd like to get the tools that you just thought to Fedora 30 and I probably need to add signature validation and having a way to show not just the tree of supplemental text but also you know other relationships like components but the problem is that to show you components of Fedora I first need to resolve the supplemental text to find the final information about what the components of Fedora actually are so it's like multi multi-stage process and I also want to make it possible to update sweet-text from the YANA repository if you already have the packages installed not just during installation we welcome people who have any opinion about this because you know we try to read the standard we try to read the documentation we try to implement something but you know other people I have other use cases if you feel like coding or you have a student who feels like coding definitely adding something like depth to sweet-text or zip to sweet-text or directly to sweet-text might be useful I might get to doing it eventually anyway but I'll be happy to review a page here's a list of some of the places you might want to check out and we don't have time for any questions but I take three so yes it seems to be used mostly in a supply chain scenario where you deal with trusted data it has been used with untrusted material such as for purposes of category I don't know viruses malware oh well if you don't care about trusted you don't sign it so if it's not signed if you you are okay about the evidence you can generate the sweet-text on the machine not have it signed by the lander by redhead of the project or anybody and you can use it by other tools that might want to look at that information life or form like and you can counter-sign yourself the tabs you care about in your environment and have your own application so you have a lot of options for going down that out goes because you want or if you just hear about having a label you don't have to have any sign at all depending on what you're going to use it for you don't need to have anything hard to get something out of it so that came in as two questions so the survey was one are there any plans for having a profaned IPI or the modules, detection and computational specs? we're hoping that the OpenSCAP team will be implementing basically processing of sweet-text because the SCAP of R3 sort of either requires or asks or strongly asks them to do so okay thank you I'll be around if you have any more questions but I don't want to hold you up


This paper proposes a systematic approach to guide the system architecture design of IoT-based smart cities. It begins with a feature-driven domain analysis to model smart city requirements followed by the design of a reference architecture for IoT-based smart cities. The architecture is modeled using selected architectural views while considering key stakeholders and their concerns. Additionally, this paper provides valuable insights into lessons learned and challenges encountered during the process of creating IoT-based smart cities. These insights can assist practitioners in developing such smart cities and pave the way for future research in this field. By following this proposed approach, smart city architects can design a robust and adaptable system architecture that can meet the evolving needs of smart city services. This article was authored by Bedur Tekinertigan, Omer Coxle, and Turgay Selik.


Well, good morning everyone. It's my great pleasure to open this first edition of the World Policy Conference Health. And I will do it first by reminding the context of the World Policy Conference. The World Policy Conference since its inception in 2008 aimed at improving the global governance. Well, what does it mean? It means that since the world is more and more interdependent and compared to the past, it is a materialism. It's a qualitative change, at least as much as a quantitative change. It is absolutely essential to strengthen a regulatory mechanism. You can call that a control mechanism in physics. It is probably the word you would use so that whenever there is a shock, the system is not totally destabilized and subject to a butterfly effect. In fact, since 2008, that is the beginning of the WPC, we had many such shocks and a number of serious butterfly effects. I just mentioned some of them. The first one was during the first WPC in Avion in October 2008. That was the financial subprime shock. And then we had in 2011, we had the so-called Arab Spring, which was a terrible butterfly shock and were still living through its consequences. We had a number of such shocks within the European Union framework. We had also the financial crisis. We had Brexit and we had migration shocks. And the list is not over. And now, of course, we are living the most important of all shocks since the beginning of the WPC, which is the COVID-19 shock, which is probably the highest category of conceivable shocks. So we have to introduce health as a fundamental subject in all discussions, all reflection about the future of global governance. Let me remind a few classical aspects of global governance. Usually, everybody talks of multilateralism, and we speak of rescuing multilateralism after Trump and so forth and so on. In fact, multilateralism is not a very clearly defined concept. When we think of multilateralism, we think first of the UN system. The UN system is, in principle, legitimate, but it is relatively inefficient. And I say, in principle, legitimate because it is, in fact, less and less legitimate because the UN system, as it exists today, was formed after World War II and the balance of power has considerably changed since 1945. And this is why you have more and more questions about the legitimacy of the P5, for instance, that is the permanent members of the Security Council. This is only one of the aspects. So within the multilateral system, you have a number of institutions of which the WHO is part, but all these institutions are also questioned about both their legitimacy and their efficiency. And I think that such was the case, in particular, the WHO just mentioned with the COVID-19 crisis. But multilateralism, as defined, is only one aspect of governance. Political scientists speak more and more of plurilateralism. Plurilateralism means something like a cooperation, but not with all the members of the UN system, but with some of them. For instance, the G20 is a plurilateralism institution. We have weak plurilateralism and strong plurilateralism. The OSCE, for instance, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, is a weak plurilateralism organization. Now, the European Union itself can be interpreted as a very strong plurilateralism organization. And in fact, in my own judgment, the European Union is the best model for multilateralism in the future. That is, when a set of countries are more and more integrated, cooperation becomes more and more efficient, even if it has to go through painful stages, as we see in the process of the construction of the European Union. And then you have a third category, which is mini-lateralism. Mini-lateralism in the extreme is bilateralism. For instance, the best example I can give is during the Cold War, arms control. Arms control was a mini-lateralism concept. And it was very efficient. It was starting to be very efficient between the United States and the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War. And it created actually a number of very interesting developments. I'm talking of arms control, such as developing a common language between the two competitors, such as giving each of the countries a direct regard that is a legal and efficient framework for each country to look carefully at what was happening in the other country. And of course, you had such systems at the so-called red telephone, which allowed easy communication in times of crisis. And if I insist on this mini-lateralism or bilateralism aspect of multilateralism, it is because I really think that in the field of health, something like that might be requested. And that is a system that would allow major countries to look within other countries, especially to understand when a major crisis occurs, such as a pandemic, to be able to watch what is happening inside other countries at the very early stage, which is something that does not exist at all today. Now, as I said, the WPC Health is a new concept within the WPC system. We thought of it very early. Actually, we had already the idea of doing that before the pandemic started, but with the pandemic, it is becoming a real obligation. So let me now say very briefly, tell you a few key aspects I see in this global governance issue in the health sanitary framework, a few issues that we will have to develop not only today for this first edition of the WPC Health, but for the future. I will make actually four brief points. The first one is, I will start with the economic aspects of the issue because nothing can be done if we do not have a clear understanding of the economic stakes in this problem. My first remark, it should be a very simple one for anyone who have been trained in economics is that, of course, human life has no price, but it has a cost, and that's the difficulty. Human life has a cost. And when you say that, you immediately raise the ethical problem, of course, and here I would like to challenge the view that vaccine, for instance, should be perceived as public good, global public good. For me, the concept as a former economic, as a former mathematical economist, I dare say that the concept of global public good is empty. There is no such thing as a global public good, because what is a public good? A public good is something, a good, which is non private. Non private, for instance, if I drink a glass of water, somebody else cannot drink the same water at the same time. It is impossible. Now, if I take a drug, a pill, nobody can swallow the same pill at the same time. So it is absurd to say that medicine, for instance, is non private. Of course, it is very private in that sense. Now, another, the other side of the definition of a public good is to be non excludable or non exclusive. What does it mean? It means that I cannot, for instance, if I'm working in a public garden, I cannot exclude the other people working in the same public garden to enjoy it at the same time. But again, in this field of medicine, of drugs, pharmaceutical products and so forth and so on, it is possible to exclude others from consuming the same goods. So I think the concept of global public good, we could develop that at length, but the concept of global public good is misleading. What actually we are really talking about is the issue of how to cooperate at a global level to make medicine, for instance, more accessible. But then you are back to the issue of cost, and you are back there for the issue of how to share cost, who should pay for what. And this again leads to the ethical problem immediately. So we should not have a naive approach to this problem, to this economic dimension of health, of health care. That's my first remark. My second remark is that there are other kinds of dependencies. For instance, if you look at the Fukushima tragedy in 2011, one of the first consequences of Fukushima was about value chains, about the location of industries. And I think in 2011 already, many people had identified this problem of vulnerability of globalization, which was related to this localization issue. And of course, we had exactly the same difficulty this year with the pandemic, and everyone identified this problem of localization or de-localization of pharmaceutical industry among others. So this is partially an economic problem and partially a security problem. And should I remind everyone that when one speaks of multilateralism, one thinks first and foremost about security issues. So we have a huge, serious security problem that is now clearly identified. The third dimension that I want to stress is the technological dimension. The technological revolution is the most fundamental aspect of globalization. It will continue, not only does it continue, but it's accelerating. And therefore, to explore all the facets of the technological revolution as far as health care, global health is concerned, is certainly and should be one of the most important missions of this WPC health endeavor. And here too, we find the interdependence problem and the vulnerabilities associated with it, typically 5G. Whoever controls 5G controls the world in some significant aspect. And the fourth aspect is the one I already mentioned several times, but I want to put it in a special category that is the ethical dimension. The ethical dimension is an extremely important one in every situation where complexity is involved, that is in any situation where it is not easy to say what is good and what is not good. And you have to exert a judgment which is partially philosophical and in the same time extremely human because we are all in our lives privately and collectively confronted with difficult choices. But again, as far as health is concerned, as far as issues of life and death are concerned, these ethical issues are absolutely at the forefront. It should be at the forefront of any discussion. So let me now conclude in two steps. The first one is to tell you, to remind you what is the context, the global context of global governance, including health in the coming years. This global context is clearly the rivalry between the United States and China. That is going to be the most fundamental aspect of international relations in the foreseeable future. And it is not an easy issue because the two superpowers of the 21st century are bound to cooperate in a number of dimensions because they are much more related to each other than where, for instance, the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. But at the same time, the competition is very tough just because the stakes is who will be the number one power in the world sometime in the next two or three decades. And I cannot imagine the United States to accept becoming the second power in 2049, for instance, why 2049 because it will be the 100th anniversary of the victory of Mao Zedong in China. And my friend and friend of WPC, Joe Nye, talks, likes now to talk about cooperative rivalry. Well, cooperative rivalry is a nice concept, but that could work perhaps in the next few years for a number of reasons, but certainly not in my judgment in the longer term. So the issue is how to develop and strengthen global governance mechanisms in a context where you have both a major rivalry between two major powers and at the same time increasing interdependence. That's that's the big, that's the big challenge. And I think it will make the contradiction between the two aspects will make everything extremely difficult, including in the health issue. And I invite all of you today, but all the WPC friends in the future, the main WPC next February in Abu Dhabi and other sessions later on, I invite everybody to speak about these issues in a non naive way. It's too easy to be naive. That's why I challenge the concept of global public good. Dr. Tedros in a minute will mention also the the force in my general concept of global public goods. So let us pay more serious careful attention to such concepts. Now the organization of this WPC session in this in a minute we're going to hear Dr. Tedros, the director general of the WHO and I thank him very much for having accepted to speak for us at the beginning of this first edition of the WPC health. And then we will have the first session, which is called the lessons of the COVID-19, such as we can see them today. And this will be followed by a session, a second session, which takes the issues of technology, economics or the economic aspects of health and ethics as coherent whole as a coherent framework. And this afternoon after the very good lunch that we will share together, we will have a shorter session on a more specific subject, which is on mental health and addiction, which is a subject which I think in the future will have to receive more and more attention. And when we thought of introducing this subject, it was not, it seemed to be relatively marginal compared to COVID-19 etc. But in fact, even with COVID-19, we are realizing that these issues of mental health are in fact at the core of the consequences of the pandemic. And that will be it for today's first edition. And now it is my pleasure and honor to give the floor to the director general of the WHO, of the World Health Organization.


Hey everybody Michael Stoops here again in the McGuire's training garage To bring you another episode of shop talk, and I've got a very special guest with me today Blake Beamish. Hello. Welcome Thanks for joining us. Thank you Blake is one of our product developers And in fact he was the lead of the development team for the product that we're going to talk about today And that is the hybrid ceramic wash and wax Yes Hybrid ceramic wash and wax let's be really clear on that because I know when this product was being developed and as we've launched it several of us here at McGuire's had a chance to play with this and kind of get to know it a little bit and In conjunction with this the the wash mitt that we have with this This is kind of the closest thing that we have now to a magic trick I Think it's really cool stuff. Okay, so kudos to you guys, but I know everybody out here is thinking Ceramic wash and wax. What are you out of your mind? Come on? What can it possibly do? I'm telling you it can do It's crazy what it does But I want you Blake to explain a little you're probably not going to tell us exactly how it does No, it's proprietary information and all that kind of stuff But what was the thought behind this why a ceramic wash and wax and what does it actually do for? Yeah, so with the launch of the hybrid ceramic wax We knew that a great product to coincide with that would be a wash But how do you get that hybrid ceramic technology that hybrid ceramic water beating protection in a wash? That's the water beating That's right that you've come to just really love and appreciate that that incredible water beating with the super high contact angles when you're Using the hybrid ceramic spray wax the hydrogen liquid wax the detailer you get that crazy water beating And you don't really want to put something on top of that that may mask or kind of knock that down And you won't remove the protection, but you'll mask the beating exactly so your Plan here was a wash that would help to make a compliment. Yes to compliment the product to keep that water beating Going at its highest contact angle, but also if you haven't used our hybrid ceramic products It's gonna lay down that hybrid ceramic foundation for the other products to then have something to bond to And just continue to work even better and better. Okay, so that Blake's talking about Using a wash mm-hmm to lay down some of that hybrid ceramic Foundation, yes, you that water beating and if you think that sounds a little Okay, sure Think about the hybrid ceramic spray wax you literally spray onto a wet surface and then pretty vigorously rinse I mean you can use a pressure washer even mm-hmm and all of a sudden your water beating just goes through the roof And when that first came out there were people thinking wait I'm gonna spray this on my car and then pressure wash it off. I just pressure wash it off What's it gonna do for me? And then there's that crazy water beating so Some of that kind of concept or idea actually works with this exactly so with with the hybrid ceramic wax and Asking you the consumer to use it in a different way than normal that you spray it on And then to rinse it off as you wax we knew that we could kind of push what we could do We what we could ask you to do with a wash and as you can see with this packaging It does have two separate liquids, so we knew that we could ask the consumer. Hey, this is gonna be a little bit different We're gonna make this as easy for you as possible However, the water beating that you're gonna get it it is that hybrid ceramic promise of intense water beating action so Two different components in the wash. Yes. Why can't you just mix them in together and just let these fine folks Just pour it into the bucket and go It doesn't work like that the the two products They don't want to mix in the bottle together. However, once you mix them in the bucket They work in tandem together to give you this incredible washing and waxing experience And this experience of Blake is talking about it. I have to tell you we're using The mitt that's really designed to go with this. Let's let's Hold off on that for just a second. Yes We're getting into you know what? Technology advances technology changes all the time Which is why we could do something like the hybrid ceramic spray wax that you can pressure wash off without actually pressure washing it off Right. I mean ceramic coatings themselves technology is advancing pretty rapidly here and what we'll get into the mitt because this is really a big part of the Magic trick that we're talking about but the shampoo and the SIO to booster can we call it SIO to boost? Yes. I owe to boost. Okay Okay So Blake a bit of a unique experience when it comes to to washing and I think you'll find that more as you're actually using it But let's talk a little bit here about how we dispense this into the bucket. Okay, so we're talking about Really what we want you to have is a bucket that'll hold three gallons of water. Okay, so three five gallon bucket, whatever And for three gallons of water. Yes, you want three ounces of the shampoo the wash Yes, and then a half an ounce of the SIO to boost correct and when you do that To three gallons of water and you use three ounces of the wash and a half an ounce of the SIO to boost You'll run out of both at the same exactly. Okay, not only that but you also get optimum performance Yes out of the package now We've got this mixed up in the bucket and now we're recommending the use of the hybrid wash. Yes What what is this hybrid wash? Yeah hybrid everything now even a wash. Yes going on that so The the chemist that was working on this product. He came to us with this dual-sided wash mitt and With it you as soon as you use it it feels like a magic trick is the best way I can describe it. Yes Yes, this this is this is this is where The user experience really changes from any other wash you've ever used with this And it's also where like you just said the magic kind of yeah comes into play because this this is pretty tricky So one side of the wash mitt is designed to hold on to the soapy suds of the wash That's this and it yes the orange side was the orange side color-coded it to make it as simple as possible It feels like a normal wash as you you go through holds on to the suds nice and smooth Then once you flip it over to the waxing side the gray side. There's a little magic It becomes a completely different experience the the asset grabs on to the si o2 boost and it just lays it on This is truly. This is where the magic kind of thing comes into play because you know, we've talked for years about how microfiber Not all microfibers create an equal people ask us all the time You know are all microfiber towels the same and absolutely not nothing in life is all the same Right. So we talk about how microfiber is a it's an engineered fiber. We make the fiber the way we want it to be And when we do that We can create all kinds of different characteristics with that and for anybody who's ever doubted that This this is so bizarre that when you're washing with the wash side like you said Blake It feels like you're washing your car when you flip over to this side You have not gone back to the bucket or anything You just flip over to this side and continue wiping on the paint if you've got a dark car You may even see yes To where it looks like you're laying down wax through water which kind of in a weird way is what you're doing Yes, except it's not actually wax. It's this si o2 boost. Yes, it is the paint protection So the term wax kind of gets used But you will literally see and feel a difference from one side to the other and don't don't let it Spook your freak you out if you see a little bit of streaking because when you do then rinse the car like you do when you're washing it It rinses away. It is really a Surprising and it's kind of fun. I mean you probably spend more time washing your car than you need to exactly Just because you almost can't wrap your head around the fact that it does change Yes, noticeably going from one side of the minute Yes, and that is because of the technology of microfiber that we've been talking about for years This is kind of proof in the wash. Yes, so it's a really really cool This this two-part hybrid it's it's it's it's really and for anybody that thought Ceramic and a wash you've got to be crazy. Mm-hmm, and I know a lot of you did a lot of us did You pulled it off. Yes. This is really cool. Thank you But let's talk about because we know you guys like to experiment Okay, and sometimes as we're developing product right here, I like to try to break stuff Yep, and I tried to break this. Yep, and what I did was did I coined the term over boost? Yes Yes, he did. Well, I tried to over boost it like like more more pressure with the turbo Don't do that for a couple of reasons One if you're using more boost if you don't follow that you're gonna run out of boost before you run out of Exactly, and we don't sell the boost. Correct Secondly you will find if you really overload with the boost You'll start to get this hydrophobic effect on your hands and It just gets heavier. It's just don't do it. Okay, a lot of times we tell people look if you want to experiment That's fine.  Yes, you will not run out at the same time. Correct Your experience with it won't be as positive and you will gain literally nothing correct. Yes all downside If you try to over boost. Yes. Okay. Yes So the actual act then of washing the car kind of like the rest of our shampoos pretty pretty normal Yes, and and with that we knew that we were asking asking you to to do a little something different with the application with the two separate liquids So we wanted to make it as simple as possible That's why we have the measuring cup with the lines on there to help you Fill up the bucket and get the right dilution ratio and then once you start using the product It's a simple bucket wash. It's like any other other than flipping the mitt. Yes You want cool surface in the shade all the same kind of things that we've always told you It's just that initially wash with the wash side on it flip over wax and then rinse it Work around the car dry it off and enjoy it. Okay, so Blake. We've talked a lot about this this hybrid wash mitt Is it really necessary to use this? It's not absolutely necessary You can use whichever microfiber wash mitt you enjoy using now This one will give you the best user experience and the fact that you do get that washing flip waxing experience with it because you guys actually Went with chose engineered. I don't know how deep in the development. He's probably not even gonna bother telling us, but It is very specific to the wash side and the way this side de-haves with the SiO to yes So any other microfiber that may be on the market? We don't know what that composition is and exactly how it's gonna perform with this and we we tested a lot of different microfiber wash mitts They all perform very well. They all did the washing and the waxing This is just gonna give you the maximum performance out of this two liquid system. Okay, great The water beading that you're gonna see how long Can someone expect that that beating to remain or yes, or should you even be expecting that to be your your? Metric for gauging how long your beating there shouldn't that be from your primary protection exactly So while this is it is able to give you wax protection Mm-hmm, and it's fairly durable wax protection, but it doesn't substitute for a proper full exactly It does not substitute a dedicated wax or a hybrid ceramic wax or yes But it is a great product to boost or enhance the wax that's on there Also, if your car is completely flat you will get instant water beating protection on the surface And then that's laying down a really nice foundation to then put your hybrid ceramic spray wax on Without having to do the foundational layer application that we recommend pretty fantastic, too Yes, that's that's cool. I like that and because of the high contact angles of the beads This is a great maintenance product for any coating. Yes, maybe on the market already applied to your vehicle, right? awesome Where can they get this? You can find this at your favorite auto parts store and from comms So all the places if you've been shopping for it online You're probably gonna find it. Yes place online as well. Okay Blake look man. Thank you so much for first of all working with the team to come up with something that I know a lot of people out There probably thought could never actually happen, but I'm telling you this is this really is that magic trick That that I've been telling people for years. Nothing in our bottles is magic I mean I have to check it's not actually magic. It's it's science. Yes. It is science. Absolutely science Thank you for for the product and for hanging out with me a little bit here Of course and thank you for joining us for another episode of shop talk We're gonna be back again sometime in the not too distant future But between now and then when you've gone out and you've picked up a bottle of your hybrid ceramic wash and wax If you have any questions get a hold of our solutions hub phone numbers on the back of the bottle You can check us on Instagram on Facebook on our form at McGuire's online calm Of course on YouTube where you're probably watching this right now We're here to help as always. Thanks again. We'll catch you next time


We have already talked about what inductive effect is and what are the nitty gritties related to it. In today's video, we will be talking about inductive effect and the stability of intermediates. Well, what do we really know about the intermediates? The intermediates are formed within a reaction and they get used up within a reaction, right? And, talking about the intermediates, what are the common intermediates that we usually find in a reaction mechanism? They are carbocation, carbonion and a free radical. If we dive a little deeper, we see how in a carbocation, the carbon atom has six electrons around it. Each bond has two electrons, right? What about the carbon ion? Well, here, each bond again has two electrons and two electrons make up the negative charge. So, the carbon atom has eight electrons around it. And in case of a free radical, there are seven electrons around the carbon atom. What does it really tell me? The species whose octet isn't complete is actually an electron deficient species. So, the carbocation and the free radical are electron deficient. While the carbon ion has a negative charge, it has a lot of electron density. It is an electron-rich species. We also know how the rate of a reaction depends on the stability of these intermediates. The more stable the intermediates, the faster they are formed and the faster the reaction takes place. So, if I really need to stabilize the carbocation and the free radical, I would want to attach them to electron donating groups, right? Why exactly? Because everything really wants to be neutral, to be stable. So, in order to stabilize them, I would need someone to push electron density towards them as opposed to what's needed by a carbon ion. A carbon ion has a lot of electron density. It really wants to shed it away to stabilize itself. So, it would need someone to take away this electron density. So, it needs an electron withdrawing group with it. How do I really relate it to the inductive effect? Well, the groups that tend to donate electron density via sigma bonds, that is, the groups depicting plus i effect, would stabilize the carbocation and the free radical? While the groups that withdraw electron density via sigma bonds, that is the minus i groups, would stabilize a carbon ion. Let's just go through a few problems to understand this better. If we look at this question, it asks us to identify the most stable carbocation. A carbocation is an electron deficient species. It needs someone who could donate electron density to it, right? So, here, if I write these ions in a more elaborative way, I can see how there's a methyl group present in each case. What do I know about the methyl group? In the methyl group, the carbon atom is attached to three hydrogen atoms. Carbon being more electronegative will pull the electron density of the bond towards itself. Oh, it became electron dense now. What would it do? It would try and push it out to the next attached group. So, a methyl group tends to donate electron density through sigma bonds. It is an electron donating group. Inductive effect, really, is a distance dependent effect, right? The farther away the donating or the withdrawing group is, the lesser is its effect. This is what we have already studied. So, let's just apply it here. The farther the methyl group is from the carbocation, the lesser help will it be able to provide, right? So, it's the closest in the third case. And therefore, it would provide the maximum support in the third case. It would help stabilize the carbocation, the best in the third case. So, the most stable carbocation would be the third one. Let's move on to another question, shall we? Here, we need to identify the most stable free radical. Free radicals are electron deficient species as well. So, what do I see here in the options? There's a methyl group on the left-hand side of the radical in each case. Methyl groups are electron donating groups. They donate electron density through sigma bonds and therefore, a plus i effect. So, that's the case in either case. How do I compare? Let's look at the right-hand side of the radical. In the first case, the carbon directly attached to this radical is also attached to three other methyl groups. Methyl groups are electron donating. So, this carbon is receiving electron density from three methyl groups. And if I try and compare it to the other two, in the second case, there are two methyl groups attached to the carbon that is directly attached to the free radical. It is also electron donating. But would it donate as much electron density through sigma bonds as the one in the first case? Not really because it has lesser donating groups attached to itself. What about the third one? In the third case, the carbon directly attached to the free radical is attached to just one methyl group. Of course, it will also donate electron density. It will push electron density through sigma bonds. But it wouldn't be as great as the first one. So, the first one is the most donating one and therefore, will help stabilize the free radical the most and thus, the most stable radical would be the first one. Identify the most stable carboxylate ion. It's an anion. Why don't you try this problem yourself and then we'll do it together. So, what's common in each case? This part, right? Okay, what do I know here? The carbonyl group directly attached to this negatively charged oxygen atom is actually an electron withdrawing group. Wait, how? Well, the carbon here is attached to a more electronegative oxygen atom. It has a partial positive charge. It's electron deficient. It would want to pull electron density through sigma bonds so it shows a minus i effect, right? But that's going to happen in either case. Yes, it will. What else do I see here? Hey, I see the methyl group attached to a carbon which is also attached to a hydrogen atom. I see some electron donating power here. The methyl group would donate electron density to the adjacent carbon but then push it to the next carbon and so on. So, this group essentially would donate electron density but that's also the case in each case. So, what we really need to focus on, it's the groups that are not similar in each case. They would decide which one of the following would be the most stable. Let's dive a little deeper and see if these groups are electron withdrawing groups or electron donating groups. In each case, the carbon is directly attached to a nitrogen atom. Well, nitrogen is more electronegative so it will be pulling electron density in each case. So, each of them will have a minus i effect. Okay, what else? How do I compare their minus i effects? If I look at third one, the nitrogen atom has a positive charge and electronegative atom having a positive charge. Would it really like it? No. You know, what does it really make it? It really makes it more electronegative. Wait, how? Well, it had an electronegative character, right? It had the tendency to pull the shared pair of electrons towards itself already. Now it has a positive charge. This would really help it pull more electron density towards itself. So it would pull the shared pair of electrons towards itself in a much stronger manner and therefore it has a strong minus i effect. What about the middle one? The nitrogen atom here is attached to a more electronegative oxygen atom. The electron density of this bond would be pulled by oxygen. This nitrogen gets a partial positive charge and what would this partial positive charge make this nitrogen do? Well, pull electron density and therefore it would have a stronger minus i effect as compared to the first case because in that case the nitrogen atom is attached to a less electronegative atom. So yes, it would pull electron density from carbon as well but not as strongly as compared to the other two. So the minus i effect looks something like this and therefore this group here has the highest tendency to pull electron density towards itself through sigma bonds. So it would help stabilize this negatively charged ion the best, right? So the most stable carboxylate ion would be the third one.