Welcome to civil speedia the current of S digital library powered by Shankar IAS Academy. As part of today's discussion we will be looking at ease of doing Agri business index, Nila Vembu Kudineer, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005. And as part of main discussion we look at the article from the Hindu newspaper titled wrong on the Rohingya. First let us discuss the ease of doing Agri business index. This ease of doing Agri business index is at present is to be launched in this year by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers welfare. As of now the ministry has sent a concept note to various states and union territories in India to obtain various suggestions or comments related to this index. This index will be launched on various grounds so that so as to create a spirit of competitiveness among the states so as to promote or push for reforms in agriculture sector so as to push for reforms in agriculture sector so that it will add for the benefits of farmers particularly in income augmentation of farmers. And we could see in the concept note that there is a stark disparity between various states in India in particular relevance to per capita income of farmers. State wise per capita income of farmers from of agriculture sector is low comparing to industry and service and also there is wide disparity between states. And this index is also to be considered to be launched so as to consider farming not just as you know with the target of production oriented activity but also as a business oriented activity where a farmer will be considered as an entrepreneur. And here there will be this farming or this agriculture sector will be will help the farmer to realize more income through remunerative prices and through cutting down or providing subsidy to so as to reduce the input costs or the cultivation costs and providing remunerative prices for the producers that the farmer has produced. And looking into the parameters of the index it is the index will be based on a score of 100, 0 means no reform, 100 means complete reform and various parameters are marketing reforms here they have considered very how many states are you know the states that have adopted to the various modifications based on model, agriculture, produce and livelihood and livestock marketing act of 2017 the model act how many states have implemented those reforms in the state, state acts will be given marks for this marketing reforms and for reducing cost of inputs they have considered this organic farming and about you know reforms related to micro irrigation and these things have been considered in reducing cost of inputs and for governance and land reforms particularly land leasing and also the contract farming have been considered under this and in risk mitigation they have clearly talked about crop insurance and also about the livestock insurance schemes how many states have started reforms in these insurance programs and for increasing production or productivity here how many states are enforcing the seed act are providing quality seeds to the farmers and for investment in and for agriculture it is based on providing investments in agriculture through MNRE GA scheme and also providing investment in rural road infrastructure these are all some of the various sub parameters of this main parameters of this index if launched it will you know help to realize all these objectives and to resolve these issues with this we come to the end of this discussion about this agree ease of doing agree business index next we look into before going to next topic we will discuss this agricultural marketing and farm friendly reform index this index was launched for the first time in the year 2016 by Nithya Yog all right it was based on three parameters one agricultural market reforms it was based on agricultural market agricultural produce and market committee act model agriculture produce and market committee act of 2017 and land lease land lease reforms and also reforms related to forestry on private landing that means giving the farmers farmers the freedom to fell and transit the trees which were made to fell from their land so as to diversify the farm revenue all right with this we come to the end of this indices next we will discuss about this nila wembu kudineer all right kudineer means drinking water and nila wembu is a medicinal plant with a scientific name and photograph is paniculata all right and although the name consists of this nila wembu kudineer it is not just the herbal extract from this nila wembu or this andrograph is paniculata medicinal plant alone rather it is a combination of nine medicinal plants extracts from ingredients from nine medicinal plants are taken one among them is this nila wembu therefore it is a poly herbal formulation widely used in siddha medicine all right so siddha formulation to combat various fevers particularly dengue and chicken gunia all right and recently it was in news in the hindu newspaper wherein a team of researchers led by a researcher from this international center for genetic engineering and biotechnology located in new delhi have found various findings related to this nila wembu kudineer let us look up look about this organization this icgeb is an inter governmental organization consisting of 64 member countries india is also a member country and it initially started in the year it was launched in the year 1983 however due to lack of funds in the year 1987 it became a special program under this united nation industrial development organization in the year 1987 and at that time it was funded by the government of italy and government of india the government of italy had the in italy we can see the headquarters of this inter international center for genetic engineering and biotechnology and in the year 1994 it became an autonomous organization later in the year 2007 it had one another host country the south africa particularly in the in the town of called us cape town right the headquarters is in italy it has three host countries italy india and south africa all three are member countries along with 61 other countries all right and the research has found that this nila wembu kudineer is having antiviral property with related to in relation to dengu and in relation to chicken gunia it does not have antiviral property rather it has immunomodulatory responses from the host cell that means it it could not kill the virus chicken gunia rather it can create immune immune immune it can strengthen the immune system of the individual against chicken gunia that's what we mean by immunomodulatory right rather it can kill dengu virus this nila wembu kudineer according to the research carried out by researchers of this international center for genetic engineering and biotechnology and we know that both this dengu and chicken gunia are caused by this aides egypti and according to world health world health organization we could find aiders egypti and aiders albopictus both these mosquitoes are responsible carriers of chicken gunia right with this we come to the end of this discussion next we'll talk about this mahatma gandhi national rural employment guarantee act or the scheme we will look into particularly the entitlements in this discussion it's a scheme coming under department of rural development coming at a ministry of rural development and let us and it has an exception wherein you know the the the area where population are totally urban then the scheme would not be there and that is the only exception and the entitlements first every the scheme is was enacted to provide or to enhance livelihood security of rural households where the adults in those households are willing to volunteer for unskilled manual work and those volunteers those adult volunteers will be having the right to get a job card in this job card they will be writing various works that have been done by the particular individual and also the also about the wages various benefits given to the person and every individual also has the right to demand and receive work within 15 days they can demand for right or through application to various program officers of this scheme and they they have to receive the work within 15 days from the application for the job under the scheme if that is if the job is not given within 15 days since the date of application then everyone will be entitled to daily basis on daily basis unemployment allowance has to be given right that is also right and right to plan and prepare a shelf of projects this right was given to gram shaba the gram panchayat will be responsible for implementing these projects based on the priorities set or recommended by gram shaba or what shaba next one is the right to obtain work within the radius of five kilometer every volunteer every adult volunteer belonging to the rural household has to be given a work within the distance of five kilometer from his or her place of residence if not if it goes beyond that then the person has to be given travel allowance but necessarily the person has to be given work within the block all right next right to worksite facilities it means providing creature facilities shade for children creature facilities for children less than five years of age drinking water medical aid and first aid these come under okay worksite facilities and central government will notify the wage rate and these volunteers these adult volunteers of rural household has the right to receive wages within 15 days from the completion of the work mostly their their wages will be paid daily wages will be paid on a weekly basis right and finally they have the right to time-bound redress of grievances this time is 15 days and right to conduct concurrent social audits and social audits of all Mahatma Gandhi narega expenditure this right to conduct social audit was for gram shaba all right these are the various entitlements under this scheme next we'll discuss thus we come to the end of this narega program next we'll discuss this article from the Hindu newspaper titled wrong on the Rohiniya the Rohiniya's were enduring or have been facing persecution from the country of Myanmar according to United Nations reports and according to British Broadcasting Corporation and various other international agencies and in the year 2012 around several Rohiniya refugees who came to India last year in the month of October seven refugees were deported to the state of Myanmar again by the Indian government and therefore there were a lot of issues a lot of criticisms and a lot of even support for India came but this article talks that what the the way that India deported to Myanmar constitutes an unlawful position internationally and also nationally because of the provision suggested by the author and also it falls in the moral respect first the author highlighted this united nation convention related to the status of refugees 1951 and the 1967 protocol we should know that India is not a signatory to this convention and this convention talks about this principle of non-refoulement in article 33 subsection one this principle of refoulement the word refoulement means returning a person or a refugee back to the state where he or she faced persecution or trouble non-refoulement means not sending the person back to the place where he or she faced persecution rather providing safeguards or you know various amenities for the safe livelihood within the country where they sought asylum or refugee status and this is about this is the principle of non-refoulement and the author was saying although India is not a signatory to this convention of 1951 under section 15 of this advisory opinion on the extraterritorial application of the non-refoulement obligations under this convention passed by the UNHCR United Nation High Commission for Refugees in the year 2007 every country although not a signatory is responsible for adhering to this non-refoulement obligations all right therefore the author is saying that although India is not a signatory India should not have sent the Rohinias back to the country where they have faced persecution and the author also says under article 14 of universal declaration of human rights every person who whoever faces persecution in his own country or whoever is stateless could seek asylum in another country for their safe livelihood and right to life and this can be extended to a person only for non-political crimes for example this cannot be extended for cannot be extended for non-political crimes for example like if the person is accused of say if in an economic offense or sexual offense or murder the person cannot seek asylum in another country rather if it is a political offense or if the person is persecuted in foreign country for other reasons other than non-political reasons the person could seek asylum under article 14 of UDHR the author says India should have considered this article at least because under article 51 of Indian constitution the India says that India should endeavor to promote international peace and security and particularly in section article 51 subsection C where it says that India should respect or foster respect to the international law and also to various treaty and the author says various provisions have been violated by the Indian government related to this issue and article 14 and 21 of Indian constitution account is available not only for the citizens of the country but also for any human being who comes into Indian territory and therefore the author says right to life and right to equality should have been granted to them at least and this have been reinstated by the judgment from supreme court in the case law of national human rights commission versus state law of state of Arunachal Pradesh in the year 1996 these are the various articles and sections used by the author to substantiate his claim that India has fallen on these grounds particularly to the deportation of Rohiniya refugees and the author is saying that this foreigners act of 1946 has provisions of deportation but has very stringent provisions because central government can issue order so that these refugees who come to seek asylum from the border could be immediately deported without any form of assistance given to them and one another contention of the author and it was mostly criticized from all circles is that even the present government tried to bring in an amendment in the city for the citizenship act through citizenship amendment bill of 2016 in 2016 and that bill was not passed and again in the present year it has brought this citizenship amendment bill of 2019 which was recently passed in Lokshaba where it grants citizenship or it says those people belonging to minority communities from the governments of Afghanistan you know Pakistan and Bangladesh belonging to Hindus Sikhs Buddhists Christians Parsis and Jains are not illegal migrants except Muslims any Muslim coming from this country will be treated as an illegal immigrant but not these religions not the person from these religions therefore the author says this violates right to equality and also the secularism therefore it violates the basic structure of the constitution and finally the author quotes the saying of Ronald Dawkin the American philosopher that international law is a part of greater morality therefore author says the action carried out by India in the month of October 2018 falls also short of moral responsibility although the author takes this view over this issue of deportation of Rohini issue this experts several experts support this and also stand against these provisions because government of India is not a signatory to 1951 convention because it is not to the sovereignty and to the interest of India the refugee convention was rather India demanded various provisions to the to be included so that it could become a signatory which was not at all considered by the by the countries international forums and this humanitarian assistance could be given by any country not just India just because our neighborhood is in turmoil it's not a responsibility that the neighborhood country should take the responsibility we have advanced nations we have united nation it could it could direct any international advanced nation to take up the issue and to support the refugee crisis even for example based on common but differentiated responsibilities moreover these countries have you know colonized various nations in the world and have accumulated wealth from these countries and India stands at the verge of population explosion next to China and these are all various provisions and we should consider India should move into the move internationally that to bring in some amendment to the provisions of the convention of 1951 so that a group of nations could bring a coalition or an alliance so as to support particularly the refugees whenever an ethnic ethnic cleansing or they face prosecution in their home country or whenever they were made stateless with this we come to the end of today's discussion on civil speedia we request you to like our video comment our video and also to subscribe to our Shankaray's academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil services preparation


The Kraft Foods Company, makers of superfined craft oil, presents Willard Waterman as the Great Gilded Sleeve. The Great Gilded Sleeve is brought to you partially transcribed by the Kraft Foods Company. When I tell you that wonderful new craft oil is a superfined oil, here's what that means. Craft oil has been refined to the highest degree of purity and lightness. And that's just why it's a better oil for your homemade salad dressings and baking. Superfining gives craft oil lighter body to blend faster and better with other ingredients. Next time you're shopping, get superfined craft oil for finer baking and delicious homemade salad dressings. Every year along about this time, Christmas preparations get into high gear. On his way to and from the office every day now, the Great Gilded Sleeve has noticed the traffic getting heavier. Mail pouches are getting heavier too, and every morning the water commissioner's mailbox is stuffed. By George, I feel sorry for the mailman. I can currently carry what he left here. Let's see now. Rock, Morton, The Gilded Sleeve. Commissioner, Gilded Sleeve. Me, me, me, me. Leroy? Leroy! Yeah? You have some mail. Me, me, me. Birdie? Yes, sir? You have a letter? Yes, ma'am. Who's this from? What is it? Well, it's a card from the BGU Theater. It says Special Kitty Show Saturday morning. Oh, for corn's sake, I haven't been a kid for over a year. Well, give it to me. I may go myself. Oh, brother. Birdie got something there, you say? You bet. Here you are, Birdie. Thank you, sir.  Don't get carried away, Birdie. It may be for the Kitty Show. It looks like it's from the bank. Yes, sir. This is my Christmas saving club. You belong to a club? This is the best kind of club, Leroy. This club pays you. Yeah? Of course, you've got to pay them first. Oh. You pay in so much a week, Leroy. And just before Christmas, they send you what you've saved. Mine might. This pretty. 25 dollars. Gosh. Yes, sir. 25 dollars to spend anyway Birdie wants to. Birdie's loaded. Oh. Gosh, I wish I had that kind of dough. Well, if you save a few pennies every week, next year you'll have extra money. I can't buy this year's presents on next year's money. I know. I'll get a job after school, okay, uncle? Capital idea. Glad to see you're so ambitious. That's me, ambitious. Now, where do I get a job where I don't have to work too hard? Yes, yes. I know. I'll ask Mr. Peavey for a job delivering prescriptions. No, Leroy, I'd rather you didn't ask my friends. Mr. Peavey's my friend, too. You might feel obligated to hire you, whether he needs you or not. Yeah. Oh, what a load. I don't want to discourage Leroy about getting a job for the holidays. But I think I should let Peavey know I don't expect him to hire the boy. Hello, Peavey. Hello, Mr. Jonas, ma'am. What can I do for you today? You don't need anybody to deliver prescriptions, do you? Running a little short of Christmas money, are you? No, Peavey. Well, I guess I can use you if you can ride a motor scooter and ring a doorbell. Peavey, I'm not interested. Then why do you come in and ask? I came in to inform you that Leroy's interested in a part-time job. He is? But I don't want you to feel obligated to give him one. I don't need a delivery boy, but I could use a good salesman during the Christmas crash. Leroy couldn't handle that. Still, I hate to turn Leroy down. Well, how about offering him a job on a commission basis? Leroy's smart enough to know he wouldn't make any money that way. Telling on a commission basis was very discouraging to me as a young man. You've tried it? I'm here to tell you. My first job was peddling potato peavers. I demonstrated those things from morning to night. He didn't make any money, huh? No, but I peeled more potatoes than any ten soldiers on KP. Yeah. Hi, Mr. Peavey. Well, hello, Leroy. Hi, honk. Hello, my boy. What can I do for you, Leroy? Mr. Peavey, I've got a business proposition I want you to make me. You don't pay. How about an after-school job? Well... I work hard. I imagine you work, but... And I wouldn't hang around the fountain and eat up all the profits. Strictly business. Well... Well, you don't give me a chance at anything. Oh, sorry.  Let Mr. Peavey explain things to you. Oh, I forgot. Mr. Peavey, I don't want you to give me the job just because Uncle and I are good friends of yours. And good customers. Well, if he'd plainly, Leroy, what I could use best here is an experienced salesman. Yeah? About the only way you could work for Mr. Peavey, my boy, is on a commission basis. How much money's that? Oh, don't depend. You don't make anything unless you sell something. Oh. Peavey tried it once, Leroy. How'd you do, Mr. Peavey? Not very well. And I have two dozen potato peelers to prove it. Pretty discouraging proposition, Leroy. Nothing coming in unless you get lucky and happen to sell something. Well, on the other hand, the more you sell, the more money you make, huh? Yeah, yeah. I'll take the job. Oh, birdie. Leroy's going to work for Mr. Peavey. That's good. How much is he going to make? He's working strictly on commission. Uh-oh. That's bad. Peavey and I tried to discourage him, but you know how Leroy is. Yes, sir. There are plenty of jobs he can get around town where they'll pay him regularly. Yes, sir. And birdie, why don't you talk to Leroy? I'll do that. I'll catch him while he's in the kitchen shying his shoes. All right. Good luck, birdie. Uh, Leroy. Yeah? You also tell me you're going to work for Mr. Peavey. Yeah, keen, huh, birdie? Well, there ain't no use going to work just to be working. How much money are you going to make? Five percent on everything I sell.  How much is five percent or nothing? What do you mean, nothing? I'm going to sell like crazy. I hope so, but you're just a boy. What do you know about selling people when they come to a store? Oh, there's nothing to it. They ask for something, you wrap it up, take their money and put it in the cash register. Bing! Hey, Mr. Peavey gives me my cut. That's the rosy side. But Mr. Peavey's drugstore ain't the busiest place in town. And if you're on commission, you've got to sell a lot of people. Oh, I've got angles. Birdie, what would you do if I told you somebody was going to surprise you with a real nice Christmas present? I'd be very happy. Yeah, yeah, but what would you do about it if you knew who was giving you the present? Actually, I'd have to get that something nice, too. Oh, boy, it's going to work. See you later, Birdie. Okay. Let's figure this out now. If he sells somebody a present to give me and tells me about it so I can buy a present to give them, then he gets 5% on both presents. Hmm, that ain't bad. Mr. Birdie? Yes, Mr. Guilty? Did you convince Leroy he'd be a silly boy to take the job? No, sir. Oh? He convinced me he's the smartest silly boy I ever saw. What's going on here? All right, what have you been up to? Just writing some business announcements. That's all. Announcing my business connection with you. Listen to this. Dear Mayor Terwilliger. You're writing to the mayor? Well, sure, he knows me. Besides, he's Uncle Boss. Yeah. I say, Your Honor, this is to inform you that I have a job at Mr. P.V. through the holidays. Since you're so popular and probably will get presents from all your city commissioners this year, I would like to have your business when you buy presents for them, which you no doubt will do. Are they all giving the mayor a present? Well, I'm pretty sure they're going to. That would be nice. All right, you don't mind this P.S. to you. What did you say? When you come in the store, please buy it from me. I'm on commission.  Well, I'll put Christmas seals on them and mail them right out. I'm glad to see you use Christmas seals, Leroy. They brighten up a letter and brighten up a lot of lives at the same time. Yeah. Here's your uncle. Let me wait on him. Hello, P.V. Mr. Younger, P.V. I see your new salesman is on the job. Yes, he is. Good evening, sir. May I show you something? I just came in to see how you're getting along, Leroy. You mean you're not going to buy anything? No, no. You know I've done my Christmas shopping. Leroy, if you'll watch the front of the store, I'll go back and make some prescriptions. Sure. Make yourself at home, Mr. Gelderstein. Thanks, P.V. Hey, Younger, let's walk up front way. Mr. P.V. can't hear us. Oh, aren't things going well? What's on your mind? Uncle, if you heard somebody might give you something nice for Christmas, would you buy something for them? Well, of course I'd be embarrassed not to reciprocate. That means you'd buy it, huh? Certainly. I'd be delighted to know about it. Well, I'm delighted to tell you, you might get a box of cigars for Mr. P.V. this year. Really? You better be prepared for it. Well, thanks for the tip, my boy. That's okay. What are you going to pick out for him? Well, any suggestions? Sure. He needs a new fountain pen. His is all clogged up. Who? Now, I've got a bargain here for $3.99. Look, it writes in three colors.  Sure. And put it on my bill. Wouldn't you like to pay cash? Why cash? Well, I don't want to wait until you pay your bill to get my commission. Oh, I see.  I'll get your change. Make a tail, did you, Leroy? Yeah! Just buying the cigar, P.V. Give me a cigar so he won't get wise. Sure, I got 5% on them, too. Another tail, did you, Leroy? You said it! Yes, yes. Now, here's your brand and here's your change. Anything else? No, I think I'd better get out of here. So long, P.V. Good bye, Mr. Go-to-be. See you around, now! Boy, I've missed a P.V. You asked, Leroy? You heard the cash register ring twice. Yes, I did. And it was a very merry sound. Aren't you curious about what uncle bought besides the cigar? Did he buy it? I can't tell you. You can? But I think you ought to know you're getting a pretty nice gift from somebody. Did somebody just leave here? How did you know? I guess I'm psychic. Well, it's nice of Mr. Gillis to leave to remember me. I'll have to think of something for him. He smokes cigars. By the box. Well, I don't know of anything that would make him happier than a box of cigars. Yeah, shall I wrap him for you? You might as well, I guess. Good. That'll be $360. Oh, wait. A minute, Leroy. What? I'm not in the habit of paying in this store. Oh. Oh, but since I made the sale, I get the 5%, don't I? Yeah, that's logical. Wouldn't me and commission was our great idea, huh, Mr. P.V.? No, I wouldn't say that. The Great Gilded Sleeve will be right back. Now, from the famous craft kitchens comes an easier way to make a fruitcake. It's fruitcake made with craft oil. And with craft special new recipe, fruitcake is almost as easy to make as an everyday cake. In a moment, I'll tell you where to send for this new recipe. 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And tomorrow, get the most wonderful oil ever created for baking and homemade salad dressings. Get superfined craft oil. Well, since Leroy took a part-time job at Peavey's Pharmacy through the holidays, he's become quite a businessman. He's up bright and early this Saturday morning, anxious to finish breakfast and be on his way. More hotcakes, Leroy? No, thanks, Bertie. I gotta get down to my office. Your office? Well, that's what I call Mr. Peavey's desk where I check my mail. You getting mail down there? Well, sure. I sent out a lot of business letters. I'm getting results, too.  Yeah. Chief Gates and Floyd the Barber are exchanging gifts, and that's never happened before. Of course, you didn't put them up to it. Well, I encouraged them a little.  The minute they know they're gonna get a present from them. Well, my boy, you were up early this morning. Yeah. Hi, Aunt. Hi. Good morning, Bertie. Morning, Mr. Gillsleeve. I'll go get you breakfast. Thank you, Bertie. Would you excuse me, Aunt? I've gotta get downtown. Well, I suppose so. You couldn't wait and have breakfast with your old uncle? Oh, I'm in business. I gotta be on the ball. I'm not working for the city like you. Where's the paper? Here, I've read it already. Oh, what happened to Dr. Tracy? Search me. I just checked the financial page. Financial page? Oh, my goodness. See you at dinner, Aunt. All right, my boy. So long, Bertie. If I hurry, I can be there by the time Mr. P. V. opens and starts selling stuff. Hello, Leroy. Hi, Mr. Cooley. You're bringing eggs early this morning. You're out early, too. Yeah. I didn't think anybody got up before the chickens, except the egg man. Well, I'm working on Mr. P. V. Yeah. See you later. You'll have to wait till I get down to the store to sell something. Mr. Cooley! Yes, Leroy. I was just thinking. Does Uncle have your home address? He did have. Why? Well, Christmas is coming, you know. This is the time of year. Everybody's supposed to give everybody a present. Oh, Mr. Gildersleeve shouldn't do that. Oh, he may not. But he always has something for the mailman and the milkman. Why should he forget the egg man? He shouldn't. Thanks for telling me, Leroy. It's okay. I'm glad I ran into you. I'm glad I ran into you, too. Look at the money in this cash register, Leroy. Yeah. Business has been good today. Counting your money? Oh, Mr. Gildersleeve. Hi, Aunt. Thanks, Leroy. I'm about to make a special trip to the bank with a bag of money. Good. Leroy, we better be thinking of a little something for the egg man. Yeah? After you left this morning, he came in trying to find out what I'd like. No kidding.  Yeah. Seems to think a lot of me. Fellow doesn't know how many friends he has until Christmas time. That kid being. Seems everybody I know is giving me something. And I've never felt so generous toward everybody. You know, a lot of people have come in here feeling that way. Yeah, it's working like a charm. What? I mean, the way everybody's got the holiday spirit. Yeah, well, it's contagious. By the way, Leroy, I haven't bought a gift for Miss Tuttle. You don't want to forget your girlfriend. How is Miss Tuttle? Lovely. I'm on my way up there now. There's some day at school. I wonder if you can find out what kind of perfume she uses. Oh, sure. I'll find out the scent for five percent. Well, I'd hint around myself, but she's a school teacher and might see through me. Yes, I'd better get on up there. So long, honk. Well, Mr. Juggersneave, if you're going my way, you can help me carry the sack of money to the bank. Oh, be careful with it. Five percent of it's mine. Don't worry, Leroy. Yes, he is. So he's got to give her perfume. Wonder how much I'll make on that. Better look at a bottle. $25 an ounce? Why wait until I get to school to swap this sale? Hello? Miss Tuttle? Yes? This is Leroy Forrester. Oh, hello, Leroy. I've been trying to call you. I'm afraid my line's been busy. Well, I want to ask you something before your steady gets there. My steady? Yeah. Well, Leroy, that's hardly the proper term you use. Your uncle and I are just good friends. Well, you must be... Why do you say that? Like the more subtle sense? Name one. Well, distant stars, nice. Your uncle really shouldn't give me anything. He wants to. What a wonderful gift. Of course. This was supposed to be a surprise, Miss Tuttle. Oh, really? Oh, excuse me, Leroy. Someone's at the door. Yeah, I heard... Fabulous gift. I'm glad Leroy let me know. I have to get something for Mr. Gilder's sleeve. Miss Tuttle! Oh, uh, just a moment, Throckmorton. Oh, I never called him that before. Let me straighten this coffee table. Go, Throckmorton. Well, Miss Tuttle, you look great here. Must be because I'm excited. You are? Come in. Thank you. Grace. Well, I knew it. I just didn't know if I should say it. Please do. Thank you. Grace. Here, let me take your hat and coat. Can I fix you some tea? Tea? Why don't you take this big comfortable chair? Oh, thank you. Mind if I smoke? Grace, no, I love your cigars. Let me light it for you. Would you? Here's a match. Oh, you don't have a lighter, Throckmorton? No, just a book of matches. I lost my lighter. Oh. Puff now. Well, I'm... I'm puffing. You should have a cigar lighter. Well, you're the best cigar lighter I know. Well, Grace, what do we do this afternoon? Look, you mind taking me downtown? Oh, not at all. I thought I'd finished my Christmas shopping, but I find I haven't. Well, let's go. We might stop by Peabies. Leroy's working there. I know. Oh? Here, let me help you with your coat. Thank you. Eddie Perfume. About Perfume, Throckmorton. If you ever have occasion to buy it, please be practical. Practical? Don't buy too large a bottle at $25 an ounce. $25. I haven't been so busy, and I haven't had time to ring up all the sales. Yeah, we've been very busy, but I don't get it. All of a sudden, my customers are coming in, and they won't let me wait on them. Well, they're sort of confidential sales. Oh, my gosh. Hello, Mr. Peavey. Hello, Mr. Cooley. Oh, boy, the Eggman again. Hi, Mr. Cooley. What can I do for you? If you don't mind, I think I'd like Mr. Peavey to wait on me this time. Hello, Leroy. Well, I'll be happy to help you. Do you mind stepping up to the front of the store? You're the customer. How do you like that? I lost another one. Hello, Mr. Peavey. Hello, Mr. Cuddle. Can you help me? And Cooley, what are you doing here? Oh, just helping out Santa Claus. Hello, Mr. Cuddle. Hello, Mr. Cooley. I'll be with you in a moment. Hey, I'll take care of them. Hi, Yuck. Hi, Mr. Cuddle. Thank you, Leroy, but this is something I have to see Mr. Peavey about. You, too. What am I supposed to do? Leroy, you might go to the back room and open some of the packing cases. Me? Open packing cases? Go ahead. Mind your employer, Leroy. I'm not employed. I'm on commission. Now, Mr. Cuddle. Gosh, a minute ago I was at the top making money hand over fist. Now I'm at the bottom open in packing cases. Where is that crowbar? What's the matter, my boy? I had a good thing going, but nobody lets me wait on him anymore.  Yeah? Peavey tells me that's what the Eggman is doing. And all your friends. You mean they're all giving me presents? Yep, they appreciate the little tips you gave them. Hey, that was pretty slick, huh? Slick? Letting everybody know they were getting presents so they'd buy something for the other fellow. So that's what you've been up to? Yeah. Well, I guess it hasn't hurt anything. Everybody seems happy. Especially me. I got all my commission money and a lot of presents besides. I'm afraid you won't end up with much money, Leroy. I won't? Now you have to buy presents for everybody who's giving something to you. The Great Gilderslee will be back in just 30 seconds. When you buy an oil for baking or homemade salad dressings, don't settle for anything less than craft oil. Only craft oil is super fine, and that gives it lighter body to blend better with other ingredients. Takes you only a minute or two to make perfect French dressings. As for your baking, you'll be proud of your moist, airy cakes. Pie crusts that are crisp and flaky. Tomorrow, get the most wonderful oil ever created for homemade salad dressings and baking. Lighter-bodied craft oil. Are you glad you took this job with Mr. Peavey? Sure. He's sold a lot of merchandise. Yeah, I made a lot of commissions. But I'll end up with nothing by the time I buy presents for all my friends. I'm not the big shot businessman I thought I was. Yeah, well, Leroy, I'm going to help you out a little. Yeah. Here's five dollars. Five dollars? Gee, thanks, honk. But what's it for? Well, Miss Tuttle has never been more cordial to me. I appreciate your phoning her about the perfume. You're swell, honk. And so are you, Mr. Peavey. I'm going to buy all my presents in your store. I might. That'll be nice. Oh, by the way, Mr. Peavey, I understand the employees at Hogan Brothers get 10% off. You don't care. Yeah. You're not going to let Hogan Brothers get ahead of you, are you? No, I'm not. Keen, that's 10% I'll make. Very well. And then if I sell everything to myself, my commission is 5%. That's a total of 15%. Hey, I'm doing all right again.  Good night, folks. Great Gilda Sleeve is played by Willard Waterman. The show is written by John Elliott and Andy White. And is partially transcribed. Included in the cast are Walter Tetley, Lillian Randolph, Mary Ship, Bud Steffen, and Dick LeGrand. Physical compositions by Jack Meakin. This is John Heaston saying good night for the Kraft Foods Company, makers of the famous line of Kraft quality food products. Be sure to listen in next week and every week for the further adventures of The Great Gilda Sleeve. One of the most important jobs we Americans have is telling people behind the iron curtain the truth about the free world. And there's a way that you can take a personal part in this campaign. That's by supporting the Crusade for Freedom. When you contribute to the Crusade for Freedom, you're helping expand Radio Free Europe and Radio Free Asia. There are two citizen-sponsored organizations that are daily smashing the iron curtain with messages of freedom and hope. Keep these important organizations alive by joining the Crusade for Freedom in your community.


Hello and welcome to lecture 5 of the second module of this course on Accelerator Physics. Today, we learn about the accelerating structures, we learn about the pillbox cavity and the drift tube liniac. In the last lecture, we studied about the behavior of electromagnetic waves inside waveguides and cavities. In particular, we studied about the rectangular waveguide, the cylindrical waveguide and also the rectangular and cylindrical cavities. So we saw that in a waveguide, the wave forms a standing wave in the direction in which there are conducting boundaries in order to satisfy the boundary condition at these boundaries. In the direction in which there are no boundaries because the waveguide is open in one direction. So in that direction, it is still a travelling wave. In a waveguide, any frequency above the cutoff frequency is propagated. If the frequency of the electromagnetic wave in free space is below the cutoff frequency of the waveguide, then it will be attenuated. The wave propagates in the waveguide in the field pattern of the modes that are allowed. So several modes are allowed. So for example, in the waveguide, we saw rectangular waveguide, we saw the TE10 mode, the TM11 mode. So different modes correspond to different frequencies and different field patterns. So the wave, the electromagnetic wave, when it enters the waveguide, so it will propagate in the field pattern of the modes that are allowed. So in a cavity, since there are conducting boundaries in all the three directions, so the cavity is now closed at P, closed in all the directions. So the electromagnetic wave here is a standing wave in all the three directions. There is no propagating wave and the standing wave is formed in all three directions. So here now, unlike the waveguide where if the frequency of the electromagnetic wave was above the cutoff frequency, the wave could propagate, here only discrete frequencies are allowed in a cavity. So only discrete frequencies, only at discrete frequencies of the modes, the wave will enter the cavity and it will form the standing wave pattern corresponding to that mode. Any other frequencies reflected well. So today we will study about the modes or the field patterns in a pillbox cavity. So a pillbox cavity is simply a simple cylindrical cavity that is made up of conducting material of length L and radius Rc. So it is a simple cylinder, it is closed in all directions and the length is L and the radius of the cavity is Rc. So as you know electromagnetic waves, when they enter inside the cavity, they will set up in TM or TE standing modes in order to satisfy the boundary condition. So TEM mode as we have seen is not possible either in a waveguide or a cavity. Once it enters the cavity, the electromagnetic wave will be either a TM mode or a TE mode. And I also mentioned in the last lecture that in a cavity, the TM or TE here the transverse refers to transverse with respect to the z direction because there is no propagation. So it is transverse now with respect to the z direction. For TM modes, the magnetic field component is perpendicular to the z direction. So you have for the TM mode the magnetic field which is in this direction. So you will have an EZ field, okay. Similarly for TE mode, the electric field component is perpendicular to the z direction and you have EZ is equal to 0. Now in the pillbox cavity, the electric and magnetic fields everywhere, it should satisfy the boundary conditions. The boundary conditions as we have seen, they are the tangential component of the electric field is 0 at the boundary and the normal component of magnetic field is 0 at the boundary. So this means that, so these are the cavity walls and this is the side wall. These are here the side walls of the cavity. So in order to satisfy the boundary condition, EZ is equal to 0 at the cavity walls. Now when you have EZ, so at this cavity wall here, EZ is the tangential component. So it should be equal to 0, okay. Similarly E theta is equal to 0 at the cavity wall. So E theta will again be like this. So again it will be tangential component. So E theta will be tangential component at this boundary. So it should be 0. ER is equal to 0 at the side wall. So if you have ER, it will be in this direction, okay. Now at this boundary, it is the normal component, so it need not be 0. However at this boundary, at the end wall boundary, it is the tangential component. So it should be equal to 0. Similarly for magnetic fields, BZ is equal to 0 at the side wall. So BZ is this component. So for the cavity walls here, it is the tangential component and tangential component of magnetic field need not be 0. The normal component of magnetic field is 0. So however at the end walls, at the two end walls, it is a normal component and it has to be 0. B theta is allowed at all the walls because at the cavity walls, B theta is the tangential component. Also at the end walls, it is the tangential component and by boundary condition it is allowed. BR is equal to 0 at the cavity wall. BR is in this direction. So at this boundary here, it is the normal component and normal component of magnetic field is not allowed. So BR is equal to 0 at the cavity wall. So with this understanding of the boundary conditions in a pillbox cavity, let us see the different modes of the cavity. So as we discussed in the last lecture, for the TM mode, BZ is equal to 0. So EZ will exist. Now EZ if you see in the radial direction, it has a Bessel function dependence whereas in the theta and Z direction, it has a cosine dependence and being a, it is a standing wave. So there is no propagation in any direction, okay. So here the frequency of the mode is given by this formula. So here as we discussed in the last lecture, the x square, xmn is the nth 0 of the Bessel function jm, okay. And now here m, so in the rectangular, in the rectangular coordinates m, n and p, they simply denoted number of half period variations in that direction. However, in the cylindrical coordinates, the definition is slightly different. Here m, which can take values from 0, 1, 2, so on, it is the number of full period variations in theta of the field components. That means you take any field component and you plot it in theta from 0 to 2 pi, okay, any field component E or B. So how many full period variations you have? If there is no variation from 0 to 2 pi, it is 0. If there is one full period variation, it is 1 and so on. n is the number of zeros of the axial field components in the radial direction in the range 0 to RC excluding at, excluding at r is equal to 0. So in the r direction, so it is the number of zeros of the axial field component. So here you have to take EZ, the axial field component is EZ. The axial field component is EZ, it is along the axis. So the number of zeros of the axial field component in the radial direction. So how many times this field goes to 0? Now in the radial direction, the dependence is of the form of Pessel function. So if n is equal to 0, it will be J0 for something like this. This corresponds to n is equal to 1 or if n is equal to 2, it could be something like this and so on. P is the number of half period variations in the Z of the field. So for P, you could take any fields E or B and see its variation in the Z direction from 0 to n. So if there is no variation, P is equal to 0. If there is one full period variation, then P is equal to 1 and so on. Sorry, one half period variation P is equal to 1 and so on. So these are the Bessel functions. So we have seen this already, these are the variation of the Bessel function. So this is J0, this is J1, J2 and so on. And the values of these zeros can be found out from the table. This is the differential of the Bessel function and again these values can be found from the table. Now let us try to understand this again. So M as I have already explained, M is equal to, it is the number of full period variations in theta of the field component. So you take any field component, it could be E, R, E theta, B, R, B theta, any field component and you vary it in theta direction keeping R and Z fixed from 0 to 2 pi. If there is no variation, if the field is constant, then it means that M is equal to 0. If there is one full period variation, then M is equal to 1 and so on. Now N is the number of zeros of the axial field component in the radial direction in the range 0 to Rc, Rc is the radius of the cavity excluding the 0 at R is equal to 0. Now if you see the form of EZ, it is like this and notice that whenever it is a TM mode in the cavity and you have an EZ field, it will always be 0 at, so EZ will always be 0 at R is equal to Rc in order to satisfy the boundary condition. So this and the variation is of the form of Bessel function. So it depends upon the value of M, which Bessel function variation will be there. If M is equal to 0, then it is J0, if M is equal to 1, then it is J1. So here now you can see here that this is the variation in the R direction. So here M is equal to 0, so we are seeing the variation of J0 and here it is going to 0 once at R is equal to Rc. So this denotes N is equal to 1. Similarly here now if J0, so here again M is equal to 0 and so we see the variation of J0 and J0 goes to 0 2 times or in other words EZ goes to 0 2 times in from 0 to Rc. So here N is equal to 2. Now here in this case M is equal to 1, so we see the variation of J1. So J1 goes to 0 twice, but by definition we should not count the 0 at R is equal to 0. So this is still N is equal to 1, it is the number of half period variations in the Z of the field. So you take again any field component and you see the variation in the Z direction from 0 to L, if there is no variation it is P is equal to 0, if there is one half period variation P is equal to 1 and so on. So for seeing the values of M and P we can use any field components, however for seeing the value of N we have to see the EZ component of the field only. Here are some of the fields, some of the modes in a cylindrical cavity, some of the TM modes. So the most fundamental mode in a pillbox cavity is the TM010 mode. So here M is equal to 0, N is equal to 1 and P is equal to 0. So this figure shows the magnetic field and this figure shows the electric field. So M is equal to 0. So if we see, if at some fixed R, let's say at this R and this Z, if we see the variation of the magnetic field, so there is this B theta component here which is shown here. So we see that there is no variation in going from 0 to 2 pi. So if you plot B theta with theta from 0 to 2 pi, there is no variation in the field. So here M is equal to 0. Now N is equal to 1 and also M is equal to 0. So we have to see the variation of J0 for EZ with R. So we plot the variation of EZ with R. So J0 at R is equal to 0 is maximum here and then the field falls to 0. It has to go to 0 at R is equal to R0. So you can see the fields here, the electric field here. It is maximum at R is equal to 0 and then it goes to 0 at R is equal to R0. So N takes the value 1 here, P is equal to 0. That means there is no variation in the field in the Z direction. So if I see the EZ field along the Z direction, I see that at fixed R and theta, there is no variation in the field. So EZ is constant from 0 to L. So that is why M is equal to 0, N is equal to 1, P is equal to 0. Now the next mode is TM011 mode. So here now P is equal to 1, the other fields remain the same, P is equal to 1. So as again, if you see the variation of the field in the theta direction B theta, there is no variation. So M is equal to 0. If you see the variation of the field at a fixed Z and theta, so if you see the variation of EZ with R, okay, so you will see that it is maximum at the center and then it goes to 0 at R is equal to RC. So N is equal to 1 and now P is equal to 1. So you have one half period variation in the field in the Z direction. So EZ, if you see EZ here, it is in one direction, okay, in between EZ goes to 0. See there is no component of EZ here, this is the radial component at the center. So there is this EZ component here, it goes to 0 here and then it is in the opposite direction. See here it is maximum in one direction, goes to 0 at the center and then maximum in the opposite direction. Now the next mode is TM110 mode. So now here M is equal to 1. So that means there is one full period variation in the field in the theta direction. So if you see the theta direction here, so if you plot B theta, because it is the most convenient thing to plot here, so let's start from here, B theta is 0 here. So you can see here there is just the R radial component here, okay, it goes to maximum somewhere in the center. Now see this is all in the direction, theta direction here, the field here and then again it goes to 0 here and then again maximum in the opposite direction and comes back to 0. So if this is 0.1, this is 0.2, this is 0.3 and 4. So this corresponds to 1, 2, 3, 4 and coming back to 1. So you have one full period variations in the field in the theta direction, okay. Now here M is equal to 1 and M is equal to 1. So we have to plot J1 versus R, EZ will have a variation of the form of J1 here because M is equal to 1. So J1 if you see from the graph it is 0 at the center and then it goes to 0 here at R is equal to RZ. So again this corresponds to N is equal to 1 because the 0 at R is equal to 0 is not counted. So if you see the field EZ with R, okay, so if you see the field, so here it is 0, you can see here it is 0 and then it goes to maximum and then again to 0 here because it has to satisfy the boundary condition. So this is how the field looks like. Again if you see the EZ field along Z there is no variation. So this corresponds to P is equal to 0, okay. Now the next mode is TM111 mode. So it is similar to the mode above except that now P is equal to 1. So now you have one half period variation in the field in the Z direction which you can see from here. Let's take it at this. Let's see the variation of EZ. Let's see the variation of EZ with Z at this point at this R and Theta. So we see that the field is in one direction, EZ it goes to 0 here and then it is in the opposite direction. So it is like this. Now similarly if you have a TM210 mode. So now M is equal to 2 here. So you have two full period variations of the field in the Theta direction. So you see this is the Theta direction. So we can start from here. This corresponds to if you plot B Theta, this corresponds to 0 value of B Theta. So here the field is all radial and then it goes to a maximum here again 0 here. Again goes to a maximum in the opposite direction and goes to 0 here. Then again changes sign and goes to a maximum here and then 0 here and then again another maximum and finally to a 0. So you have two full period variations of the field in the Theta direction for a fixed RNZ. Okay and now if you see the variation of EZ. So here N is equal to 1 and M is equal to 2. So you have to see the variation of J2, you have to see the variation of the Bessel function J2. J2 is again 0 at the center and then increases like this and then goes to 0 here. So again it goes to 0 at this point. This corresponds to N is equal to 1 because this 0 is not counted. P is equal to 0. So there is no variation in the field in the Z direction. The next mode is TM012. In this mode again there is if you plot B Theta with Theta. So if you plot B Theta with Theta there is no variation in the field. So it is constant N is equal to 0. Now since M is equal to 0, you see the variation of J0 for EZ. So here N is equal to 1. So the first 0, so you see that the field is maximum at the center. EZ field is maximum at the center and then going to 0 here. P is equal to 2. So now we have two half period variations of the field in the Z direction. So you can see from here the field is maximum here in one direction, here it is 0 because there is no EZ component, there is only ER component. Again it is going to maximum in the opposite direction, going to 0 here and then again changing sign and become maximum here. So this corresponds to P is equal to 2. So in this way you can understand the meaning of these indexes M, N and P. Now similarly for the TE mode, so the definitions of M and P are almost similar. So here EZ is equal to 0 and you have the BZ field. And in the cavity remember when you have the BZ field, unlike the EZ field the BZ does not go to 0 at R is equal to RC. So here BZ is the tangential component which by boundary condition is allowed. So it will not be 0 here at R is equal to RC. So it will have some finite value at R is equal to RC. So here again M is the number of full period variations in theta of the field components. This is same as before, N is the number of zeros of the actual field components in the radial directions in the range this. So same definition with there are some exceptions which I will explain. P is equal to now P takes value 1, 2, 3 so on it is the number of half period variations in Z of the fields. Now the difference here is from the TM mode that P does not take value 0 which we will see in a moment. So P cannot be equal to 0. So here M is equal to 0, 1, 2 it is the number of full period variations in theta of the field components. So M is equal to 0 means any field component you take no variation in the theta direction. M is equal to 1 means 1 full period variations and so on. N takes value 1, 2, 3 so on it is the number of zeros of the actual field component in the radial direction. So here as I was saying BZ will not be 0 at R is equal to RC. It will have a finite value at R is equal to RC. And again which Bessel function to C depends upon the value of M. So in this case for example we are seeing the value of J0 here J1. P takes value 1, 2 so on it is the number of half period variations in Z of the field. So P is equal to 0 is not possible. In other words a TEMN0 mode cannot exist inside the cavity. So P is equal to 1 means 1 half period variation, P is equal to 2 means 2 half period variations and so on. Okay, so now let us see why P is equal to 0 is not possible. Let us imagine for a moment that P is equal to 0 is possible. So it is a TE mode so you have BZ field okay, BZ is equal to 0 you have a BZ field. So you have a BZ field and P is equal to 0, P is equal to 0 means what? It means that there is no variation in the, in the, in any of the field components or there is no variation in BZ along the Z direction okay. Now at these boundaries, at the end walls it is, this is a conductor at these walls if you see BZ it is the normal component, BZ is the normal component and by boundary condition it is not allowed. So BZ has to go to 0 at Z is equal to 0 and Z is equal to L. So if BZ is to be constant along Z so here it is 0 and here it is 0 and it is to be if P is equal to 0 it has to be constant along Z so that means BZ will be 0. So now for TE mode EZ is already equal to 0 and if P is equal to 0 BZ also goes to 0. So now you know that ERE theta, BRB theta they depend upon the values of EZ and BZ. So all fields will go to 0 in other words there is no mode for P is equal to 0. So hence that is why TE MN0 mode cannot exist in a pillbox cavity or a cylindrical cavity. Now again very quickly let us see the modes in the T some TE modes in the cylindrical cavity. So we have TE 111. So if we see so here N is equal to 1 so that means 1 full period variations in the field in the theta direction. So if you see the electric field here and if I plot ER so this is an ER with theta from 0 to 2 pi okay so ER is 0 at this point okay here it is 0 at this point ER is in one direction and some maximum value again going to 0 here and then again it is maximum here in the opposite direction and then going to 0. So you see that it has one full period variation in going from 0 to 2 pi okay. So this means that M is equal to 1. Now since M is equal to 1 for seeing the value of N we have to see the variation of J1. So if you plot J1 is 0 at r is equal to 0 and it need not be 0 here at r is equal to rc because by boundary condition it is the tangential component of magnetic field and it is allowed. So the variation is like this okay. Now so this is an exception that to the rule there that it is the number of zeros N is the number of zeros from 0 to rc excluding the zero at this because now N here cannot take value 0. N is the it is the nth root of the Bessel function Jm. So it cannot take a value 0. So N is equal to 1 here. Now P is equal to 1 means if you see the magnetic field here in this case in the z direction okay so you will see so you will see here that it is equal to 0 here and it is equal to 0 here. So there is no component of Bz here okay because Bz is not allowed at this boundary at these boundaries Bz is not allowed. So here there is Br component then going to Bz and so if you see the variation of Bz with z from 0 to L you have one half period variation. Similarly Te211 mode so here you have two full period variations in Er in going from 0 to 2 pi. So you can see from here in Er so it is 0 here, 0 here, 0 here, 0 here okay. So you have two full period variations in. So here M is equal to 2 so you have to see the variation of Bessel function J2 and N is equal to 1 here again P is equal to 1 here same as before. So if you see the Te211 mode so no variation in the field in the theta direction and now you have to see the variation of because M is equal to 0 so you have to see the variation of J0 so from 0 to Rc so you see that it is maximum here going to 0 here and then again maximum in the opposite direction so which you can see from here it is maximum at R is equal to 0 going to 0 and then in the opposite direction here and P is equal to 1 so you have one half period variation in the z direction. Then similarly you can also have a Te211 mode so you have three full period variations in the theta direction now you have to see the variation of J3 with R and P is equal to 1 a Te112 mode so again here one full period variations in theta and in the z direction there is two half period variations in the field a Te212 mode so here you have two full period variations you see the variation of J2 and here one two half period variations in the z direction as above so this is how you understand the modes in the cavity so depending on the values of M, N and P different types of modes are possible in the cavity.


Pentecon papers had also another fallout that it led to Nixon and Kissinger, you have quoted Kissinger on his being called the most dangerous man in the world, that they thought that they also knew about nuclear weapons and the possible use of nuclear weapons as had been planned by the United States in against Vietnam. In fact, Nixon had threatened a number of times using nuclear weapons against Vietnam in the war in order to bring them to the table as a threat but also as a real possibility. So they were worried that might leak out and that could explain the kind of paranoid reaction that Nixon had against him because it led to a forming of a group of people, a bunch of people who actually barred, burgled his psychiatrist office because they didn't discover anything they could blacken him with but they left the trail and this is the one which later on is the group which also does the Watergate break-in.