It's still 2021, but we're getting you ready for 2022. Look at the matchups on opening day and look at the important days through the baseball season in 2022. Go Brewers.


And we are live. What's up, guys? Welcome back to another episode. And today's special guest is Ty Walker, a little quick buy of his. He started mining Bitcoin in 2010 to 2011 on a single Nivea GeForce GTX 260 and mine somewhere around 200 Bitcoin before his computer died and he had to wipe the machine. He may have backed up the wallet dot that file. But then in late 2011, his machine, for some reason, failed while trying to write the rate array where the wallet file might have been and got corrupted. But then a day he doesn't have that anymore. He took a break from crypto until about 2015 when he left his job to study data science and started getting back into crypto space, spent some time as a mediocre day trader, then started mining again in 2016 and has been doing ever since. And he's currently a self-employed and mining is his full time job. Ty, welcome to show. Thank you for having me. It's my pleasure. The reason why you and I connected is you tweeted the other day talking about the NiceHash hack, and that's a pretty big deal. I want to get a little bit more information since you have some experience using it. Kind of like I just want to dive into it like, A, what is NiceHash? Be your experience and what happened? Sure. So NiceHash is or was, I guess it depends on when, if they come back or not. But NiceHash, we'll just say is for the time being the largest reseller of hash rate for crypto mining on the internet. There are a couple of other places you can rent hash rate from, but NiceHash sort of like cemented themselves in the marketplace by providing a really easy way for anyone with a GPU or ASIC or whatever hardware to mine cryptocurrency. If you ran Windows, it's just a simple executable that you run and it basically just benchmarks your machine, determines what your machine is good at mining, and then it just automatically mines whatever is most profitable at any time. And so, you know, basically the price that miners get paid through NiceHash is sort of like the market price. So like whatever people are willing to pay, so like people like me as well as other people who rent hash rate, whatever the people are willing to pay at any given time to mine on a specific algorithm, NiceHash pays that to the miners basically. So it's like kind of averaged, you know, you take like, you know, there's an order book of prices of what people are paying by order. And then NiceHash kind of averages that out and just pays the miners that average rate. And so it fluctuates over time. So like if you were mining on your machine on NiceHash, you would probably notice in the given day that it would switch algorithms, you know, two, three, four, five, six times or more, depending on on fluctuations of that day. And a lot of that goes into, you know, what the market price of the given cryptocurrency is on a given day and what algorithms those currencies are associated with, as well as just whatever people are willing to pay. And so basically that's kind of how it works as far as the hack goes. So NiceHash typically does payouts every week. And so they offer two ways of being paid out. Either you can specify, if you're a miner, you can specify a Bitcoin address that's that might be an external wallet. So something you would have on like a ledger or a digital bitbox or something of that nature, or maybe even your Bitrex account.  They're also getting DDoS attacked as we speak. Right. You want to control your your your private keys whenever possible, right? So you can specify an external wallet address, though they only pay out to external wallet addresses when they when you hit point oh one DTC mined. And so if you're a smaller miner, that only has maybe like one or two or three GPUs that might take you. Let's say if you're using a 1080 TI, it might take you, you know, 12 or two 1080 TI might take you like 12 days to get to that point. Oh, one DTC depending on the rate at which mining happens. And so they incentivized keeping your they incentivize basically keeping the money in a NiceHash wallet. So like a Bitcoin address that was NiceHashes on NiceHashes and essentially and they incentivize this incentivize this in two ways. One, the payouts are much quicker. So like I think it was point oh, oh, yeah, point oh, oh, one DTC with the was the the minimum before it would transfer it into your NiceHash wallet and then you could either transfer it out or you could use it to rent. And also the fee structure was was lower in terms of in terms of like keeping your money on there. It was you were basically financially incentivized to keep your money with NiceHash. So that's from the minor perspective. And then from the rent things perspective, it's pretty simple. You can't rent anything unless you had Bitcoin in your NiceHash wallet, right? Like you have to it's like having money on exchange. You can't go on to Bittrex and make a trade saying like, well, I'll send my Bitcoin as soon as this trade executes. Like your money has to be there like sitting at a poker table or anything else. You can't bet with something that's off the table. And so essentially there were NiceHash is the was a custodian of a bunch of Bitcoin. And we know that 4700 and change BTC was was hacked and sent from a NiceHash wallet, which it was a single wallet that contained all those funds to a hacker's Bitcoin address and I'll tweet the Bitcoin address of the hacker so people can can look and see. I definitely will be monitoring it every day to see where that money goes. But so essentially it's unknown as of this time whether that was all of them, all of the customer funds that NiceHash was holding. Maybe it was just the funds that were to be paid out to external Bitcoin addresses. So maybe the internal NiceHash wallet was safe. It's unknown at this time what percentage of funds that was. And it's also unknown if NiceHash has any sort of insurance or vault of Bitcoin that they hadn't kind of had for emergencies like this to maybe do what Coinbase did when that Ethereum flash crash happened and they reimbursed a bunch of margin trading customers who kind of had all their positions liquidated like in an instance when Coinbase went down and that happened. So we don't know yet exactly what's going to happen. From my perspective, I like NiceHash a lot. I think that they filled a need that no one else really filled. I mean, for me as a person who loves mining, it's really upsetting just because well, number one, I lost some Bitcoin. That's upsetting in and of itself, but also it was a really good and easy way for people who maybe they just had a home theater PC with the single video card in it, but they could just run that NiceHash.exe and maybe pay off their machine in six months or seven months or eight months. And so for me, it's annoying because it was like a really easy avenue to get people into mining and cryptocurrency is going to continue to grow at the rate at which it's growing. Assuming we have these altcoin networks that require hashing power in addition to the Bitcoin network, of course, we're going to need new miners. You know, there's going to be demand for it moving forward. And so I hope that they come back, but what happens? Who publicly stated the hack? Was it them? Yeah, so there was a rumor and then the rumor became a, you know, it was a Wiki something, it was a tech blog that posted that they had spoken with NiceHash and, you know, the quote that was saying like, and we're working with authorities, which, you know, was indicative that something nefarious had happened. And then they came out with a public statement on Reddit and then they posted that public statement to their website as well. So you can go to nicehash.com right now and assuming it's still down, which it is, you know, my question is like, I read the statements. Anyway, sorry, go ahead. Let me ask you this. So they lost 4,000 something of Bitcoin. Why don't they just keep that offline? And when the time comes to reimburse, they just put it back online. Yeah. So this, you know, it gets into their internal management of funds and you know, yeah, I mean, it's pretty standard operating procedure for a pool operator. So we think about pools such as, you know, you know, mining pool hub or, you know, Supernova or Z pool or Litecoin pool or any of these pools, it's common for them to have cold storage to prevent something like this from happening. So I'm not sure, I'm not sure what happened. I don't know if this was their standard operating procedure and they've had this one address. I haven't looked at the historical deposits of the address that the money was pulled from. But, you know, it's possible that this was just their poor operating procedures. It's also possible that the money was in the process of being moved out from, you know, maybe, you know, this address had only some of the nice hash funds and it was being split before it was going somewhere else or going to cold storage for all. I know I'm not sure, but yeah, we, you know, we don't really know. It's all speculation at this point exactly what their procedures were and why and how this happened.  So you said something interesting before yesterday. Was it like 50% of the hashing rate dropped off after the hack? Yes. So I noticed, you know, because I have some of my own hardware as well. And so, you know, I noticed nice hash went down when my API, like all my API code failed. And then I also noticed that my miner was not my machine wasn't mining anymore and that my balance was zero, which was concerning. And so I ended up, you know, essentially. Switching it up and mining to a pool directly rather than mining for nice hash with my hardware, which I do periodically anyway. And through monitoring the hash rates on the pool I was on, yeah, I noticed that a lot of the network hash rates for a variety of different coins had dropped substantially. I don't know the average across all of them, but one coin, in particular, a vert coin, which I think just had a having. So that could be part of why the hash rate dropped, but its hash rate was far lower than normal. And I believe that's true for a variety of coins. And this makes sense, right? So you go from being the largest marketplace for renting hash rate in the world and then all of a sudden you go down and there's a lot of people out there who, A, don't necessarily have the skill set to know that they can just throw their machine at a pool using a miner that they can get off GitHub or people are away from their machines. And nice hash was pretty reliable. So people might have been away from their machines and just didn't get wind of the hack and the fact that nice hash was down until later on in the day. And so, yeah, the hash rate of a lot of networks drops pretty substantially, I would say, for a while. I didn't get a chance to check this morning, but I do know that mining with my machine, it was about twice as profitable mining yesterday directly than it would normally be. Actually, a little bit more than that, probably 2.3 or so times as profitable as normal. So it definitely had an effect. Could minors have been involved in this hack? Or I don't know, there definitely could have been incentive to disrupt network hash rates to take advantage of it both on the mining end but also in terms of just stealing the Bitcoin. But that's just purely me just coming up with what may border on conspiracy theory. So I don't know for sure who did it, but it did have a network effect for some time. Moving forward, do you think we're going to see more competition come out of this? Do you think a nice hash will survive this? What's your, let's say, predictive analysis for the future when it comes to crowd mining like this? So yeah, I'm not sure if nice hash will survive it. $60 million in Bitcoin is a lot of money. $4,700 in change in Bitcoin is a lot of Bitcoin. And so if they don't have any ability to pay back their customers, then the question becomes, well, who's really going to trust mining for them? And more than that, who's going to trust putting Bitcoin on their platform to rent?  So your risk profile is reasonably low.  So I don't know if they'll come back. There are other providers out there, miningrigrentals.com is a provider. They might see an increase in business. They operate a little differently than nice hash. It's a little less user-friendly than nice hash is on the renting side. But who knows? Maybe this will be an opportunity for them to grab a bigger chunk of the market share. I know that there are going to be people out there that are going to want to run their rigs on a platform like nice hash because it's just simply a lot easier from a workflow perspective to do that versus writing your own custom scripts to the algorithm switch based on profitability. It's a lot easier to have a provider just do all that for you. So it's possible we'll see a competitor, a new competitor nice hash emerge. It's also possible. My game plan? I don't know, honestly. I mean, we're still early. It's only been roughly 24 hours since I kind of learned about what happened. I think that I just haven't really figured it out yet in terms of exactly what I'm going to do. I'm still kind of just like in shock. I mean, that was a big chunk of my budget for mining that I lost somewhere in the neighborhood of 0.22 to 0.29 Bitcoin, which maybe doesn't seem like a lot to people, but I'm a self-employed at home magic internet money miner. So that's a lot of money to me. That was a lot of my budget. And so it just kind of has me thinking, is this really the direction that I want to be going? That's well over a month's worth of profit for me. So at my current stage, anyway. So yeah, I'm just still kind of like in shock, I think, in terms of existential life crisis. Maybe I don't know just like. I think we're going to see many more different variations of this. I wouldn't be surprised if some of the big exchanges get hacked. There's a lot of issues going on with that. Those are the weak points in the crypto space, the centralized servers that are holding countless of bitcoins and cryptos and tokens online. And should be told, if you look at history majority of time, and I would say 50% of the time is some kind of insider information. Doesn't have to be insider information. Sorry, it doesn't have to be insider person, but it can be somebody who gave information that's happening inside. And I think that. Yeah, it could have been anything like that. Who knows?  I'm sure the people you've interviewed have said this, but never trust third parties. Never trust, hold your private keys whenever possible. I know this. I tell people this all the time, when people are asking me about buying Bitcoin and holding it, or whatever, or any crypto. It's like, keep it on exchanges for as little time as possible. I have multiple of these. Ledger, Trezor, whatever. I prefer this one, the UX.  Yeah, it can save you at least 0.2 to 0.9 Bitcoin. Yeah, I mean, it's true. I mean, unfortunately, in this case, I didn't really have a recourse. You got to have money on there in order to rent, and I rent on a pretty regular basis, daily basis. And so you get into the cost-benefit analysis of risk versus paying a transaction fee every time I send a small amount of Bitcoin to run a mining job. And so for me, it could have been a lot worse. I certainly have had way more than that amount of Bitcoin on NiceHash when I was running a large quantity orders over the course of a few weeks, or a month. And so it could have been much worse. But yeah, I mean, maybe it has me reviewing my security. Interesting to see what you said, where everyone knows where the address is and how much is on there. What did you say it was? It was like $40 million? It's $60 million US dollars as of yesterday, but today Bitcoin price shot up again. So, you know, probably if it does move, if it does move, it might move over an OTC counter. Yeah, I think that that would be, yeah, I don't, I mean, I think that NiceHash will have been able to say, you know, to exchanges, hey, look, anything, you know, this is the address that hacked us and anything downstream from this address, like don't accept deposits from it. And, you know, they may agree to that. The more reputable exchanges would probably agree to it. Whether, you know, like Chinese and Eastern Europeans exchanges would or wouldn't, I don't know, but, you know, in all likelihood, yeah, if the hacker doesn't wanna get caught, they're gonna just basically sell it for far less than market price for some sort of fiat over the counter. So, yeah. So if people wanna get, like in touch with you, I know you're pretty prolific on Twitter. What's your Twitter handle? It's at, sorry, drinking water here. It's at Yorktronic, Y-O-R-K-T-R-O-N-I-C. Cool, I'll leave a link below this video and Ty, thanks so much for coming on and telling us this story and I'll talk to you soon. Absolutely, happy to be on, thank you. Thanks, peace. Bye.


Ladies and gentlemen, the story you were about to hear is true. The names have been changed to protect the innocent. Detective Sergeant, you're assigned a robbery detail.  He's escaped into the crowded streets of your city. Your job? Get him. Sin cooperation with the Los Angeles police travels step by step on the side of the law through an actual case transcribed from official police files. From beginning to end, from crime to punishment, Dragnet is the story of your police force in action. It was Tuesday, February 8th. It was cold in Los Angeles. We were working the day to watch out a robbery detail. My partner's Frank Smith, the boss of Chief of Detective Stad Brown. My name's Frank. I was on my way back from communications and it was 12, 10 p.m. when I got to room 27A. Robbery. Yeah, I should have an answer this afternoon. It doesn't come in, we better call him. Yeah. You want to get something to eat? Yeah, it's about that time. Where do you want to go? You know how about the steakhouse. Good. I could use a couple of inches a lot. Get your hat. You want a tag and skipper before we leave? No, he's not in. I saw him go out with Chief Brown. We can talk to him when we get back, huh? Right. Let's go. That's a hot one. I'll get it.  Big score? He'd buy a group of enchiladas. Huh? $80,000 worth. The man left the city hall and drove over to the address we'd gotten on the hotshot phone. It was a large office building on Hope Street. From the lobby register, we found that the victim of Mr. George Mars occupied Suite 318. We checked with the uniformed officers who answered the call and then we went upstairs to talk with Mars. Well, I tell you, officer, there wasn't anything about him that would make a person think he was a hold of me. Mm-hmm. Nothing. You want to tell us exactly what happened? Well, sure. There's not much to talk about. I was sitting here looking at the papers checking the sales. What's that? Dollar a day. I figured maybe I could get a good buy on some suits. I've been needing them. I figured maybe I could pick up a couple and say it. Uh... Not for a dollar, you know, but on sale. Yeah, sure. Go ahead. I was just sitting here reading the paper and all of a sudden the door opens and here comes his father. Mm-hmm. Nice looking. Sure no reason to think there was anything wrong. Yeah. Told me he wanted to see some diamonds on set. Mm-hmm. You say why he wanted to see them? Something about opening a store up in the valley someplace around Sacramento. Oh, yeah. I felt kind of good. You know, to think a man had come all the way down here to look at the stones I've got. You say why he did that? No, I didn't ask. Lots of times that happens. Been in business quite a while. Word gets around. Mm-hmm. Anyway, the man said he wanted to see some stones. I went back to the safe to get them. Yeah. Picked up several trays and brought them out here. When I took another look, he was sitting right there. There. Holding a gun. Mm-hmm. Just as calm as can be, pointing the old gun right at me. You saying anything to him? Told me to put the diamonds on the counter. Not to make any noise. Said if I played it smart, I wouldn't get hurt. Yeah. I wish you could have seen this, fella. Just as calm as could be, he reached in his pocket, took out a pair of gloves, put them on, and he scooped all the diamonds into a little bag he was carrying and told me to get into the back room. Yeah. Made me lay down on the floor, and then he locked the door. Told me not to make any noise. Said to count to a hundred by once before I tried to yell. Mm-hmm. After he locked the door, I heard him leave the office. I started counting. All right, Mr. Morris. Can you give us a description of the man? Outside of the fact he had the gun, I can't tell you anything about him. I've been trying to pull a picture out of my head, but there just isn't anything. Well, maybe we can help you. Go ahead. I don't think it'll do any good. All right, let's start with his age. How old was he? Mm-hmm. I don't know. Medium, I guess. Thirty? Thirty-five? Older? Younger? I don't know. How tall was he? Oh, I guess he'd say he was... I don't know. Well, when you looked at him, did he seem to be larger or smaller than yourself? About the same. When he'd be about, what, five, ten, eleven? I guess so. I don't remember. What about his face? Can you tell us anything about that? Nope. Do you have a mustache? Might have. But you aren't sure? No. Where are glasses? I don't remember. Well, now, think real carefully. Is there anything at all that you can remember about him? Yeah, but it's kind of silly. Well, what is it? When I came back with the diamonds and he was holding the gun, I noticed his hands. Yeah? His fingernails were manicured. Yeah? Yeah, real clean and with some kind of polish on him. You know what I mean? Yeah, I think so. Like that? Mm-hmm. I'll check with the fellas outside, Joe. Maybe they came up with something. Okay. Mr. Smith? Yes, sir? I'm sure sorry about this not being able to help more. Well, don't worry about it, Mr. Mars. I'm sure sorry. I'll be right back, Joe. All right. You have a cigarette, Mr. Friday? Yeah. Here you go. Thank you. Here's a light. This kind of thing happened to you often? How do you mean? Oh, where somebody's robbed and can't remember what the whole-up man looked like? What's in a while? Well, what do you do about it? Try to find another way. You usually find one? Most of the time. Joe? Yeah. See you, man. Yeah. What do you got? Well, I checked with the men on the radio unit. They got a guy downstairs. We'd better talk to him. Suspect? No, eyewitness. I met with the uniformed officers who'd answered the call. They introduced us to Stanley Markin. Markin said he'd seen the whole-up man. And I did. Saw him playing his anything. When was that, sir? Yeah. Must have been right after he held up old Mars. Where'd you see him? All right, outside the office, right in front of the door, practically. Mm-hmm. On the way to my place, and this man come out of Mars. And you roar it. Mm-hmm. Yeah. Throw you open the door, and bam, right into me. Like to knock me down. Really roar it. Mm-hmm.  Mm-hmm. Yeah. Well, yeah. Had a death grip on him. Well, did you get a good look at the man? Close enough of an amp to you and right into me. Thought sure I was going to end up on the floor. Yeah. Can you give us a description? Sure. What do you want to know? What do you look like? Well, look, seen one, seen them all. Okay. How old was he? Oh, guess about 28, maybe 30. You're round in there. How tall? Like you. Maybe about six feet. Well, that's what you are? Yes, they're pretty close. Yeah. How was he built? Medium. Didn't seem to have a lot of beef, just average. Mm-hmm. How was he dressed? Had a gray suit on, dark gray. Little red pattern going through it. Single or double breasted? Single. What color shirt? White. Blue tie. One of them new ones, you know. Little thin guy, you know. Little bitty knot. Had one of them bar things through the collar. Little thin, you know. Mm-hmm. Square ends. What's that? On the bar. Square ends, not round like most of them. Square. I see. Was he wearing a hat? Yeah. New Humber, dark. Had a kind down over one eye. Looked real rakeish, like a spy. Mm-hmm. Was he clean shaven? Yeah. How do you mean? Do you have a mistake? No, we didn't. Was he wearing glasses? Not that I saw him. I might have had him, but he wasn't wearing them. Did he say anything to you? Out of peep, he just wham, and then he took off. Made me real mad. Guy almost knocked you down, then doesn't even say he's sorry. Mm-hmm. He took off, and when I thought about it, I went after him. Did you see if he was carrying a gun? I just told you I went after him. Yes, sir. I'm not a coward, but I ain't no fool either. I just seen a gun, and I wouldn't have gone near it. Yes, sir. Guy didn't even wait for the elevators. Just went off of the stairs. Fire exit, you know? Yeah. Down three stories. All the way by stairs. Tell you it almost got me, but I was so sore about being run into it, then no apology. Just nothing. I went after him. Yes. I got to the lobby, and he went out on the street. Thought I had him sure there. The place was all crowded.  Yeah, we know. Didn't think he'd be able to run far with all them people. Mm-hmm. He didn't. What's that? He didn't run very far. Owned it to the curb, and he jumped in the taxi. Yeah. Cab took off. I tried to get there before it left, but it didn't make it. Too many crowds. Mm-hmm. I got the number the cab he took, got it written down in my office. Can we go up and get it? Sure. Scientific's come out yet? What's that? Scientific's, you know? Think Prince Noel? They come yet? No, not yet. Well, they get here, and it'll be too-too-too to him. Them guys and their machine, just a matter of dropping a few cards in some gadget, and ping! There's the name. Yes, sir. Well, it'll be a little more in there. Yeah, that's what you think. Soon as Scientific's get here, have him come and see me first thing. You bet. Give him something to really work on. What do you mean? Yeah. Good start on who the fella is. What's that? When he bumped him to the upstairs, he dropped his hat. Right off his head. I didn't stop to pick it up. I got it. It's a good one. Got his name in it. 12.32 p.m. The crew from the crime lab arrived and started their investigation of the office where the robbery had taken place. Frank and I got the description of the thief out, and then we started to check on the cab number. The suspect's hat was turned over to the crime lab. When Frank and I looked at it, we found the initials TR on the inner band and the name of a men's store in Las Vegas, Nevada. Lieutenant Lee Jones said they'd run a check on it for us. The stats office started a run on the MO and the description. Both the victim and Stanley Markin were taken to the city hall to look through the mug books for a possible identification. At 1.26 p.m., we obtained the name of the cab driver who'd picked up the suspect. The company told us that his regular stand was the corner of 6th and Broadway. When we got there, the driver was out on a call. We waited until 2.14 p.m. when he returned. Yeah, I remember him. Picking up in front of the Jerry's building. That's right. We took him. Not right off. It should be on the way, Bill, though. Would you check for us? Sure. Just a minute. I'll get it. Have a nice break if he's got it. Yeah. Yeah, here it is. I picked him up at 1.206 and dropped him at the Tattle Inn Bar over on Fig. Did he go in the place? Yeah, I was making out the log I saw him. He say anything to you on the way over? No, nothing special. Seemed kind of nervous, kept looking back. I figured there was something wrong, but you get so many crackpots in this business, you can't take time to worry about all of it. So what do you do? Feel a little better if we talk to him about that. Yeah, sure. What do you think he said might help you out? What's that? Well, he wanted to know where he could get an airline schedule. Yeah. Said he was anxious to get out of town. The cab driver verified the description of the suspect. We put in a call to the airport detail and gave them the suspect's description. The bus depots and railroad terminals were also alerted. 2.47 p.m., we drove over to the Tattle Inn Bar. Hi, what'll it be? Police officers want to ask you a couple of questions? What's wrong, is there? I'd like you to tell us. Look around, you won't find nothing out of line. It's a clean place. Who's been in here this morning? How many people have been here? Just a couple, it's kind of slow, why? We're looking for a man about 28 or 30, 6 feet tall, medium build, wearing a dark gray suit. When we got it, he was in here about 12, 15, 12, 30. Today? That's right. What's he done? Was he here? I don't want any trouble. You're saying it the wrong way. Now, was the man in here? Yeah. Who is he? I don't know. Do you want us to buy that? That's the way it is. If you don't like the color, shove on. No, you don't mean that, do you? Look, cop, the door was open when you came in. It was locked. Same way when he was here. Came in, had a drink, that's it. You try to build anymore, you're going to find out you lost the paddle. Get your coat. Huh? You heard me. Move. What are you going to take me downtown? That's it. Got to get somebody to watch your place. We'll wait. Look, it doesn't seem very fair. How do you mean that? I didn't have part of the action. Well, why don't you tell us? The guy came in, he ordered bourbon and milk. He sat there and drank it, had a couple more and left. It doesn't mean anything to me. And why you stand in front of him? I don't know. The place is clean, I like to keep it that way. Who is he? Look, I tell you the truth, I can't pull up a name. Well, now suppose you try. Tom's something. So you're in here often? A couple of times a week. What's the attraction? Look, why don't you tell me what it's all about? Maybe we can make a deal. We don't need you on our side. Why does he come in? To see Alex. Who is she? Waitress. What's her last name? Cold bar. Does she go with this fella? I don't know if it's serious. They've been out a couple of times, dinner and a show. Where do we find her? I guess she's home. She don't come to work before 30. You got her address? It's in the book. Get it. No other way? Get it. Okay. Does Tom make a phone call while he was here? No. What do you have to say to you? He told me he just wound up a deal. He did pretty good on it. Said he was going home. You live in town? Not regular. He's from, I don't know, Nevada, I think.  Well, he mentioned some small town, a Boulder city, I think. It's not a street or anything there. You want to get the girl's address? Yeah. I hope you understand about before. What do you mean? Why I wouldn't go with you from the front. Tell us. Well, it's Alex. Yeah. She'd be in real trouble if it got out she was seeing Tom. Why? I don't think her husband would go for it. We called the name and description of the waitress into R and I, but we found there was no record on her. Frank and I left the bar and went over to her home. It was a rundown apartment building on Court Street. We checked with a manager and she told us that the girl's husband left about 9.30 that morning. She went on to say that Alice Colbar seldom left the place before 3.30, and that as far as she knew, she was still at home. Frank and I went up to talk to her. Probably asleep, huh? Miss Colbar. Yeah, here. Miss Colbar? Fill the light over there, Frank, in the corner near the bed. I'll call an ambulance. Yeah. Tell them to step on it. How'd she look? Like she's dead. When the appearance of the room had been a fight, furniture was overturned, lamps were broken, several bottles had apparently been smashed against the walls. The body of Alice Colbar was lying on the floor near the bed.  An ambulance crew arrived and she was removed to Georgia Street receiving hospital for treatment. A thorough search of the room failed to turn up anything to lead to the identity of the person who'd beaten her. We talked to the landlady again and we found that Irvin Colbar, the victim's husband, was employed at a golf driving range out in the valley. We checked the name and description through the record section. We found that he had one arrest for drunk driving. He'd been fined and placed on probation. 4.26 p.m. Frank and I drove out to talk to him. I knew he'd be here. Is that right? How's Alice? Pretty rough. I don't know, just all of a sudden it was a beef and I hit her. With what? My hands. What started the argument? Tom. Who's he? Kind of Alice's. You know his last name? No, I never even met him. All right, tell us about it, will you? What do you don't know already? Everybody else does. Go ahead. We've been going together for a couple of months. Alice works at a bar. Tom came in all the time. I guess it got pretty serious. Yeah. I went by the place last night, going to pick her up after work. She was gone. Bartender there told me she left with his fellow Tom. I got pretty sore, you can figure what it's like, find your wife running around with another man. Yeah. I had a couple of drinks. I turned to think what to do. Right then I wanted to kill both of them. A couple of guys in the bar tried to calm me down. I guess I got pretty loaded. One of them took me to his place. I spent the night there. Woke up this morning, went home. You gotta believe me, I wasn't real sore anymore. I'm mad, yeah, but not so as I was gonna do anything. Alice was asleep when I got there. I woke her up, told her I knew all about her and Tom. Yeah. Kind of thought she'd be sorry, you know, say she was wrong, something like that. Uh-huh. She wasn't. Told me how her and Tom were in love and that she wanted to divorce so they could get married. Tried to talk to her, tell her how I loved her. Didn't do any good. She said we were all through for me to pack my things and get out. I guess that's when I hit her, I don't know. All of a sudden I wanted to smash her. That's all there is. You ever met this Tom? No. How about the other guys in the bar, they know him? I talked to him, I think that's about it. Any idea where he lived? No. Tried to find out last night. Then the people around the place know him. I had to find out how to kill him. All right, you better get your coat. Yeah. What are you gonna do to me? That's not up to us.  She's told me critical condition. Guess it doesn't make a difference anyway. We only been married a couple of years. Won't be much without her. Never figured it'd end up like this. I really loved her. Done anything in the world to make her happy. How do you answer it? What's that? Why she did it? I wouldn't know. I asked if she wouldn't tell me, just said it was over. She wouldn't give me one reason. All right, come on, let's go. Can I see her? Go check on it. I want to ask her to find out why. Maybe she'll tell me now. Yeah, she can hear you. When Colbar was taken to the main jail and booked in on charges of suspicion of violation of section 245-PC assault with a deadly weapon. We put in the call to George's Street receiving hospital and we found that the Colbar woman had been removed to the county hospital. She was still unconscious. We made arrangements to be called in the event she was able to be questioned. 645 p.m. We talked to Lieutenant Lee Jones. He told us that the lab had been unable to come up with any useful information at the scene of the crime. He said that they'd identified the manufacturer of the hat that the suspect had worn and they gave us their local address. He went on to say, however, that hairs found in the landing of the hat would act as corroborative evidence if the suspect were apprehended. We put in a call to the hat company but we found that their offices were closed. We contacted the Las Vegas Police Department and asked them to check on the store who'd sold the garment. We gave them a complete description of the suspect and the initials TR were the possible first name of Tom. They said they'd call back the next morning with whatever information they could obtain. Wednesday, February 9th, we got word from county hospital that Mrs. Alice Colbar had died in her sleep without regaining consciousness. The case was turned over to homicide officers for completion. Additional teams of men were sent out to the bar where she was employed in an effort to find some trace of the missing suspect, 11.15 a.m. Barber Smith. Yeah. Yeah, I'm the one who talked to you. Mm-hmm. Now, what'd they say? Yeah. How many? Looks pretty good, huh? 18, 64. 54. Right. Yeah, I got it. Yeah. We'll let you know. Thanks for the help. Bye. Las Vegas. What do you got? Let me check with the clothing store where the hat was bought. Mm-hmm. It's a new model, only been out a couple of months. They remember the guy who bought it? Yeah. Description didn't mean anything, but the initials did. Clerk said the hat was bought by a Thomas Roark. Vegas got anything on him? Yeah, a couple of arrests for robbery. Do any big time? No, the cases wouldn't hold. They know where he is? They got an idea. Yeah. He's supposed to live out in Covina. Frank and I checked the name Thomas Roark through R9, and we found one assault arrest on a man answering his description. The mug shots were pulled and shown to the robbery victim and the witness. Both of them gave us positive identifications. We contacted the Covina police department and told them what had happened. They assured us a complete cooperation. Along with officers JJ O'Donnell and Sergeant Jim Austin, Frank and I left the office to take the suspect into custody. We met with officers from the Covina PD, and we drove to 1854 Eldred Avenue. It was a small redwood house set well back on the lot. In the driveway was a late model Plymouth Coupe. From the street, there was no sign of life. The shades were drawn, and the front porch was covered with advertising newspapers. While O'Donnell and Austin covered the rear of the house, Frank and I went up the front door. No trouble, sir, please. No trouble. Keep those hands right and see them. Yes, sir. Just like you said. Now turn around. Hands on the wall. Quick. Yes, sir. Come on, move. You won't find anything. Haven't done anything wrong. You got the wrong man. Yes, sir. I'm telling you the truth, sir. I wouldn't lie. All right. Come on, let's go. Yes, sir. I get a coat. Point it out. What's this all about, sir? You don't need a picture. I'm afraid I do. I don't know why you're doing this. That's your car in the driveway? Yes, sir. You live here alone? No, sir. This is my sister's house. Where's she? Working, sir. Can I get a hat? Don't bother. Huh? We got one little picture. The suspect was taken to the city hall in question. For an hour, he maintained that he didn't know anything about the diamond robbery. While Frank and I were talking to him, the other officers were making a thorough search of his sister's house and her grounds. 3.15 p.m. We got word that the diamonds have been found in the backyard of the place. When he was confronted with this information, the suspect made a full confession. 6.08 p.m. He just finished giving us a statement. This is a true statement, is it? Yes, sir. You make it without promises of reward or immunity. There's been no force exerted on you. You give this statement of your own free will, right? Yeah. Nice kid. Got too serious, though. Is that so? Yeah. Yeah, I talked all the time about how she was going to leave her husband while we were going to get married. Sign all copies, fellow. Yeah. You missed one here. Get this one here. She knew I was going back to Nevada. Wanted me to take... Yeah. Nothing between us. A little flirtation.  She didn't mean anything to me, nothing at all. You want to give me that, Pam? Yeah. I wouldn't have married her on a bet. I'll tell you that for true. Mm-hmm. She didn't mean a thing to me. You ought to believe it. Look, fellow, you don't have to convince us. Huh? We'll let you talk to her husband. The story you just heard is true. The names were changed to protect the innocent. On June 9th, trial was held in Department 98, Superior Court of the State of California, in and for the County of Los Angeles. First degree and received sentence as prescribed by law. Robbery in the first degree is punishable by imprisonment in the state penitentiary for a period of not less than five years. Irvin Franklin Colbar was tried and convicted of murder in the second degree and was sentenced to the state penitentiary for a period of from five years to life.


We've done a lot of work in Drupal. How do I hear about the grant opportunity? I heard about it by being told by other contributors that, hey, if you can't afford to go, there's this outreach program from the Drupal Association that you can apply to. And you've done so much, you should apply. You'll get it easy. And you're like, oh, do I deserve it? Should I apply? I don't know. I was lucky, fortunate, I think, for Drupal Component to receive my first grant to come to a Drupal Component.


Good morning and welcome everybody. Thank you for joining this early morning session at the World Economic Forum 2023 It's great to have you here in the room and thanks and warm welcome for everybody who is following the stream and following this session live This year's Davos annual meeting marks the world's leader's biggest post-pandemic gathering it was three years ago when in January 2020 the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency of international Concern and despite many efforts to learn from the pandemic during these three years and some of the world leaders declaring the end of it It still represents a big risk and surely does not seem like it is over During this session we will evaluate the state of the pandemic the increase in cases globally as well as the Consequences and impact on the healthcare system worldwide It's my great honor to introduce the speakers of the session here with me. We have Maria Lipton president European research council set Berkeley chief executive officer gavi the vaccine Alliance Stefan Bansal chief executive officer at Moderna and Michelle Williams the Dean of the faculty Harvard Chan School of Public Health by the end of the session We're gonna also hear the closing remarks about Shyam Bishan had Shaping the future of health and healthcare member of executive committee at the world economic forum My name is Sasha Vakulina with your renews, and I'm gonna be moderating this session by the end of it We're gonna have the possibility to get some questions from the audience So get ready you're gonna just need to raise your hand if you want to get in touch if you're with us Online you had used you can use the hashtag WAF 23 and the team will be able to to get to your view and comments on that Without further ado, let's just jump straight to the discussion and Michelle. I would like to start with you, please Let's set the scene here and let's try to evaluate the current state of the pandemic globally and the risks of these Rather premature claims that the pandemic is over. Yeah, sure. Thank you Sasha Good morning, everyone, and I'm really delighted to see this room full because it means that you know COVID fatigue has not fully set in and that people are still interested and eager and Committed to appreciating that this pandemic is not over far from it actually and I would say that We have to also be grateful that You know advances in therapeutics and vaccines Have really allowed us to reopen our society And I think part of the enthusiasm comes from the fact that we are able to have gatherings like this again After a long period of disruption So setting the context We still in the United States have five hundred and twenty six deaths per year From today per day. Sorry per day from Kobe and and that's up since November October where we were in the four hundred Now what's really disappointing is nine out of ten of those deaths could be averted if we took our vaccines and boosters and practice the other behavioral aspects Ventilation mask wearing when appropriate distance and so on and so for me as a as a public health person Knowing that we could have hurt nine out of ten of those deaths Reminds me of the fact that we have to avoid Prematurely talking about this pandemic being over. I also think that the context in when we talk about context We must also discuss the more chronic Implications of this pandemic we must discuss the fact that there's in the US alone over seven a hundred and seventy four thousand COVID infants Will have a life life course that's impacted by this pandemic we also have to consider the fact that that long COVID is a reality and It's not only going to be impacting individuals and families, but the economic impact of long COVID as Quantified by Larry Summers and and David Cutler both of Harvard is that it's going to cost us $3.7 trillion And that's going to have financial impacts. So my bottom line is this pandemic is far from over Thanks to therapeutics and diagnostics and vaccines. We are able to reclaim You know much of a civil society and our economy and our educational system Our health care system is still under stress and what I hope people will understand is the vaccine not only protects individuals from transmission and Severity, but it protects our health systems We're able to have a functional or almost functional health system Because we don't have the kinds of severe disease that we were facing in 2020 And we need to also recognize that our health systems have to recover as well we have burnout from our health care workers and We have case mixes of chronic diseases that are worse now and require more intensive Medical intervention than before so the impact and the context is diverse and wide wide spread and Also, we have to think about the chronic implications on our health systems and our financial systems work for us Absolutely, and we're gonna discuss that a little later to go into more details Because as you said such an important aspect with the total if I may say calling it the burnout of the whole of the health system generally, let's Let's talk a little about vaccination and I want to Go for the next question to Seth Berkeley Let's assess the results of the COVID-19 vaccine delivery partnership because this is the initiative from Garvey the vaccine Alliance UNICEF the World Health Organization to support and accelerate Vaccine delivery in low and middle income countries. This is such an important issue. Let's try to To see where we are there with with this program for Seth So, thanks Sasha and let me start first of all, it's great to be back in person Three years ago. We sat here in Davos and we didn't know where this was gonna go There were some political leaders saying, you know, it's going nowhere But Stefan was part of the conversation and Richard Hatchett and I sat down and said the last pandemic with flu The developing world got no vaccines. They were all brought up by wealthy countries So we knew that was what was gonna happen if this turned into a global pandemic And so we started this concept of covax Which we brought lots of other people into and the idea was to try to solve that problem First of all, the science was amazing. I'm sure Stefan will talk about that 327 days if you had asked us we had thought maybe we could get there 18 months two years So extraordinary, you know advancements in in the science But on the policy side as well We we did our first dose in the developing world 39 days after the first dose was done in a wealthy country Of course, it should be the same day, but that's you know a record and what we were able to do then was to bring Doses to the developing world now. It wasn't smooth. It didn't go well But in the first year, we had put a goal together of 950 million doses because that's what we thought we could get for for a low and lower middle income countries and we ended up with about 930 million doses. So we came close to that today The lower income countries the half of the countries that are lower income have a coverage rate of 53% of primary vaccination as opposed to a global total of 64 percent So absolutely not equity and particularly in the elderly a 66 percent coverage should be way higher Health workers better 81 percent coverage But to answer your question on on we realize that given the disparities were still there at the beginning of 2022 there were 34 countries with less than 10 percent coverage and we intensified a program Both providing finance and technical assistance and today there are seven countries with less than 10 percent coverage And and as you can imagine six of those are quite fragile countries with fragile health systems So one of the challenges is how to take a system that we you know We at Gavi provide vaccines for about half of the world's children But those are mostly pediatric vaccines We do campaigns for yellow fever and and epidemic diseases in in older populations But for routine there is no routine system for adults So what countries had to do is adapt their systems use their health workers. It's one of the reasons there's burnout Of course, there were also a lot of health worker deaths and and these are challenges that we should talk about The problem we have right now is since the beginning of 2022 We've had enough vaccines to provide whatever countries want The challenge has been getting the demand part of it as the world says, you know We're done with with with COVID of course the virus is not done with us as Michelle said And what we really need to do is make sure that policy makers understand that, you know We're continuing to see new variants and we've been lucky that we haven't had one with very severe disease or one that can Escape existing immunity, but there's no reason to think that that may not happen So the best thing we can do is use the preventive methods, but also make sure we vaccinate our high-risk populations So they're protected against severe disease and death Let's go more a little bit into the new variants and sub variants and I'm gonna go with the staff and ban So let's talk about vaccine development because we've heard how it happened obviously with COVID-19 starting from 2022 And how extraordinary the process was also in terms of the speed How is development adoption and scaling of vaccine going on when it comes for different variants and sub variants because this is one of the big concerns As we as we're all here now and we're discussing when we understand the context and this is a great deal Sure. Good morning and thank you for having me on the panel So the great news versus 2020 where we are today is we have manufacturing capacity as Seth knows When the pandemic happened More than I had made 100,000 doors in 2019 for the whole year And I remember walking after Davos into the office of my other manufacturing and I say how we make a billion doors next year And you look at me a bit funny. Say what I say, I wouldn't make a billion doors next year. There's gonna be a pandemic And so where we are now is you know, we have plants in the US and in Switzerland We've shown this summer that we're able to adapt to variants very quickly If you think about it, you know in the US Peter Marx told us on June 28, we want for the US to be a five Omicron Booster and By early September on label the week and he was in US pharmacies Which kind of 60 days which kind of in the old world of vaccines Would I be yours? Yeah, I'm thinking ball And I was just saying Seth before this discussion that I'm very excited that over Christmas More than about a Japanese company That has developed a new technology and new science from Tokyo University to shrink by two more weeks The time to get from deciding the sequence to having products ready So he will not be ready for this summer for the booster that we're gonna need in the fall of 23 But potentially by the fall of 24 he might be ready And so we keep on working on technologies to improve that there appears that we are working on or so Because Seth and I had many many discussions over the last three years as you can imagine Is how do we? Build manufacturing capacity around the world, you know, we had a lot of export restriction during the pandemic Which was really painful for a lot of obvious reasons Even from countries who say we will not limit exports. Trust me. They were And so We're very excited now that we are building a factory in Canada. We already brought ground in the fall We're building a factory in Australia We are going to start a factory this quarter in the UK and we're also going to start being a factor in Kenya We're talking to a couple more countries because I would really like on every continent to have MRA capacity Because the amazing thing about MRA is you can use the same facility the same plant the same machines to Make any vaccine you want. For example, you know last night we announced we have positive data on our RSV vaccine for phase 3 With a very high 84 percent in efficacy on the vaccine as many of you know There's no vaccine against RSV and too many people get sick and and die every every year of RSV Both in the elderly and also it's a big problem for toddlers And so we can use exactly the same machines in the same plant to make the other vaccine So the flexibility is what I think also give me hopes not only for the variants that nature might throw at us But also for all the vaccines Well, it's interesting how you say that you know three years ago some of this speed and some of those days and how you say this And now we can speed it up even more something like that was not even possible or thinkable to be discussed three years ago Even when we went into COVID, right? But Maria, let's I want to bring it to a little bit of a different aspect with you here because COVID-19 pandemic illustrated also the difficulties and the risks of science denial and three years into it We're still having lots of that and this is such an important issue here The highlighted importance of science and I know you're passionate about that How do you see the situation now? Has it improved or not? I Wish it had improved. I am passionate about science and it's an interesting question Perhaps interestingly To the countries which were most successful in getting good coverage of vaccination Based this not at all on getting their citizens to try and understand the science one is butan which Where they were very successful in preparing a campaign and involved they asked they they were sensitive to the country's needs to the citizens needs involved in Informing the religious establishment and in fact using them in finding the right time and date and they got fantastic coverage No science was explained. The other example. I know of is Portugal where the Campaign was handed to a retired army general and the army general just Treated the country as his troops and he rallied the troops He declared it as a war that the country in patriotic passion was going to fight together and they had up there I think they were leading in Europe if not the world so No science. Let's remember that good planning good You know thinking and integration in one country and the right sort of attitude in another Um Scientists we scientists and I'm totally behind the scientists who were asked constantly at the beginning of the campaign We did what scientists do we expressed our knowledge and our uncertainty I mean the the the the spoof on this and don't look up was wonderful, you know 93 percent certain means seven percent possible that the comet won't why should we worry and So I don't blame any of the scientists neither in my own country Germany nor Fauci in America or any of the scientists who pronounced publicly The trouble is that many citizens don't understand Uncertainty as part of the scientific method and if I say today This is my best belief with that uncertainty and somebody else says tomorrow you didn't do that experiment, right? You didn't that's the way we are so we've got to go so profoundly into Educating citizens about the scientific method if we want better trust in science and the bad news is who's it going to be It's not going to be us because we're the ones who are mistrusted. I'm now a Brussels scientific official You represent academia can never trust them industry even worse I mean maybe Seth is the only one who can be halfway tested up. Yeah. Yeah, right So what I'm saying is if we want to address those who don't Who have this mistrust in science? We're the wrong ones and we've got to start somewhere completely else But let's expand this it's such an important issue when it comes to the distrust in science And I want to address all the speakers here if that's not up to you Who can do that better and how can we make this more of an organized way to get better result at the end? Let me let me let me start because I think it's really important the worst thing we did in the US Was when people expressed hesitancy or curiosity We basically said to them follow the science and that's the absolute wrong thing to do What you have to do if you're really interested in communicating Information that will motivate people to change their behavior You have to take the approach of it meeting them where they are Explaining it and presenting the information in a way where they will adopt the desirable behavior and feel good about it and maybe that was the secret sauce to what happened in Portugal and in Bhutan Health communicators and scientists worked to communicate the risks and what we understand today and In doing that help people understand that the scientific process is iterative and Not all of us are math literate. So when we speak in probability, we are going to lose our audience So all of us have to begin to realize that we have to stop our professional scientific speak or Engage others who can translate for us and meet people where they are if we do that it'll be the stepping stone of building trust Governance we're getting regulation and governance and national leadership really did not help us But I mean it also was I mean if you look at vaccine hesitancy in a normal time frame People think this is a problem in the developing world It tended not to be a problem in the developing world because you know you look to your Friends and colleagues and you see the diseases and so every parent every person wants the protection the big problem was in places where vaccines were so effective that the diseases had disappeared and then you can say well Do I want to take this vaccine that has a side effect or is it organic or does it have this or that and and that was where We were that was so was so interesting what what you didn't mention was The intentionality the politicization of the process. There was also, you know attacks that were done There were you know bots in social media that were putting out misinformation on both sides And lastly and this is what's completely different is today a rumor spreads literally at the speed of a light So what happens is you have in you know my own country Michelle's talking about the US I'm obviously American although I live in Switzerland It was amazing the amount of misinformation that was there and that information then went straight to the rest of the world And so all of a sudden you have the way we normally deal with misinformation as we get the local chief the local religious leader The local health care workers who are trusted but all of a sudden they're like but look at what's going on in Germany or in the US Or in other places and here's what I'm getting in my you know my social media and that has been a real problem So the trust goes even broader. We don't trust the institutions. We have misinformation and it's getting worse Not better the extent of this misinformation when it came when it comes to vaccination I think has as a somebody who works in the media I mean that was just overwhelming to see all of that across all the channels, right? Yes, and I exactly agree with panelists, which is I think in some countries, you know You saw scientific debate in national TV prime time. So you can imagine how people were scared You know Ben has said in a lot of political debate in some countries and the US was kind of a maybe one of the worst place In the world and you saw the differences of countries where all the parties would say, you know This has been approved by the regulators Clinical studies have been done. You should get your your your vaccines and so on and then as I've said, I mean the social media was just terrible Just terrible and so at a time of uncertainty where people were scared for their loved ones, you know Many people, you know locked downs It was very hard for everybody from just mental health standpoint When you you couple is with all that environment you could see some countries where your scientific debate and political debate And social media those three things have a vaccine rate very very low Absolutely, and now let's go into what Michelle just mentioned Let's talk a bit more about the health governance because at the end of the day This is the bigger picture that has so many elements into it We nobody I think in this room can deny the importance of health governments and yet it's not perfect What are the next steps and elements needed to improve it as much as it is possible? Yeah, you know, I would argue Just opening this response is we have to really embrace ourselves and engage in Rethinking taking the lessons learned and transforming our systems On global health governance, we know this and we knew this before the pandemic that The WHO has a mandate that far exceeds the budget to execute on that mandate But it's not just funding. It's the multilateral agreements that have to be brought forward So there has to be mindset shifting in what it means to engage in multilateral agreements around global health issues And there has to be real improvements in the infrastructure and the finances and the workforce and that's going to take leadership and it's going to take a commitment to true multilateral engagement and We have to have people who are committed to the exercise of global health diplomacy and It's a science and an art But it also has to be a commitment for all humanity Because we know and we knew this since 2014 with Ebola that it only takes eight hours for a threat from over there to be a threat here and so we have to realize not just in rhetoric but in practice of leaders that We're all in this together. It's not just, you know, rhetoric The other thing is we have to be really pragmatic in appreciating that our public health workforce Our health care workforce is under strain and stress We have to have governance that recognizes the need to radical investments in the pipeline of Professionals and inter-professionals who work together. The science is really important I am a molecular biologist and an epidemiologist But governance has to realize that they have been underfunding science in behavioral understanding human behavior and they have under invested in the Implementation of the scientific knowledge and the tools That we have so we have to get to a level where governance is appreciating funding communities funding regional health officers equipping them with tools and Engaging in creating a safety net that goes from knowledge creation and creation of vaccines and therapeutics to explaining and motivating and cultivating that environment of trust for Adopting behaviors that promote health for individuals communities families in the world so governance needs to step up in a lot of ways not just in material ways, but also in bringing resources to under Served in underdeveloped areas and one last thing we have to deal with the disparities governance together have to work on addressing disparities between countries and within countries because we know from this pandemic that the vulnerable populations will be at risk for a Pathogen or climate and if we don't have a governance structure that's looking out for maintaining Mitigating the risks in that population again all of us will will be at risk Yeah, maybe beyond where Michelle is because I agree with all that she said But we also have to keep in mind there are limits to where the governance structure can go And I think we have that practical experience now because when we formed covax We had to put in place 50 odd innovations things like indemnification and liability no fault compensation We had a work on you know the export bands that existed and some of them were very public of vaccines But there was also materials that were in being shared And so one of the questions is how far can we go with governance and you know Dr. Tedros and WHO is trying to come up with a pandemic treaty that will help us move some of these forward but the question is can you legislate all of it and one of the things we learned is there were countries who were Supporting us giving us money cheering us on and then going to the countries that were producing the vaccines and buying them for themselves And using them and and you know at the end a national government is supposed to protect its population That's its job and and when we said you're only safe if we're all safe what we were talking about is yes Protect your high-risk populations, but then protect other high-risk populations and instead many countries said well I don't you know forget about others We're just going to do our own and then we saw these waves of disease and people realized it is really a global commons So one of the things we have to think about is how do we on top of governance? First of all learn those lessons really be honest about those lessons and then second What can we do to mitigate those as much as possible so Stefan talked about one of them So if we diversify more manufacturing still doesn't guarantee that you'll be able to provide everybody But it makes it more likely that you won't have lockdown everywhere. How do we put an example would be materials to make the vaccines? I mean India had the capacity to make the vaccines didn't have the raw materials They need well they made two billion doses, but of course they use them mostly for India So I think the challenge in doing this is is to be pragmatic and to be honest about what actually needs to happen And that conversation gets quite complicated because it can be very theoretical You know, there is a a flu Treaty that says that one out of every ten doses produced is going to go to developing countries now Whether it should be 50% of the population lives there whether she won at a ten But will that work if there is a bad flu coming out and how do we set up other? You know systems to be able to do that Seven Point on the governance, we are trying to really work with a lot of entities, you know CP you know WTO and others on how do we do better next time even though I said I mean this was kind of a world record of vaccine development timelines I still believe we can do much better with a lot of things we've learned about us or how we scale the companies And so one other thing for example we're doing I was just disagreeing with Richard Hatch that we run CP before this meeting is Trying to get into the clinic all the 15 Vaccine against the 15 high priority Viruses defined by WTO and CP to be able to get clinical data on those Because if we had known the dose of our vaccine against the corona virus in January 2020 We might have seven or three months So think about the number of lives that could have been saved with a vaccine launch in August versus you know in December And so we're trying to figure out a lot of things that we can do to just Collaborate with academics around the world to open the monologue platform We actually launched in March and my access which is basically academics from Oxford or Australia or anywhere in the world You know the team in Tunisia is working to make a new rabies vaccine So how do we really get this collaboration across the communities around the world? To get those tools ready so they can either be used when we have you know outbreaks of it can can be used You know God forbid if we have another pandemic and to really be even better ready so we can go even faster on the Clinical side of the house and then manufacturing as we said by having all those plants and the capacity It's not even number of plants for the export restriction, but also the capacity No, we had no capacity in January 2020 You know when the vaccine was approved it was actually a sad day for us. We shipped only 20 million doses That's all we had we emptied everything we spent six months to make 20 million doses think about where we are now No, three four billion doses. So in six months if you could launch much faster You could actually the day of launch ship two billion doses around the world I will make such a difference in the number of lives. Let me just give you an example practically We just had an Ebola Sudan outbreak in Uganda We had an Ebola Zaire vaccine We actually launched it here at the World Economic Forum an advanced purchase agreement in 2015 And that vaccine has been used in all the Ebola outbreaks, but Sudan is a different strain It turns out that almost spun completely out of control. It went to nine districts in Uganda including the capital city now Thank goodness They were well-trained public health practitioners and what they were able to do was bring it under control but the reason I bring this up is Ultimately vaccines got delivered but it got delivered after 80 days had it spun out of control You know, we would have had a worldwide epidemic or even pandemic What we need is those vaccines in vials ready to go for the clinical trials or doing as much testing as you can ahead of time And the challenge with that is you know, if you don't have a Sudan those those vaccines are going to expire and so it's a few million dollars and and so you know the point here is We don't spend the money because we're worried about wasting those few million dollars for something that could I mean This this pandemic has been a probably a 12 to 15 trillion dollar pandemic We need in peacetime to make those investments If you don't suspect what I worry about now is a lot of countries are forgetting the pandemic is still ongoing Still as we say no a lot of people are dying every day But a lot of governments are moved to other things and that's a problem because we need investments in public health infrastructure In healthcare workers in genomic surveillance. There's so many pieces that need to happen I mean in industry can do so so much But we need the governments to really keep at it because we all know there's gonna be over outbreaks There's gonna be because forbidden of a pandemic and we need to be much better prepared at that time Maria, I would like to ask you about that specifically on the need of that investment and the importance of not forgetting For to have a better future pandemic preparedness because as you said to be ready for whatever is whatever's coming next Yeah, so before I was negative about our ability to do the necessary to in education Against the science disbelief in science here I'm much more positive and I have to say I think we did extremely well We've heard it both from the logistic but also from the scientific side The basic science was there and it was science that had been funded for completely different reasons so two of the European researchers Who whose work led to vaccines Adrian Hill and Oxford and who was a team in Germany had been funded? by a funder named the ERC for their fundamental science to do something different and Let's not even talk about Katalin Kariko who'd been working on this for 20 years So we've been we did extremely well. It was right there We've heard the logistics the production the underlying science happened in record time without Needing a warp speed funding from above that did well, but the science was there So my plea is keep investing in the basic science. Let's not forget that the next pandemic May be different. We don't even know. I mean nature can come up with anything We're prepared in many ways and I'm very glad to hear from all of my colleagues about the ways in which we are Prepared and which we've learned, you know the production great But so we've done the basic molecular biology epidemiology production, etc. I Love what Michelle said understanding behavior so a completely different aspect of Understanding and research we need. I'm very glad to say that the ERC funds that kind of research And it's a it's a really privilege to work for a funding entity that recognizes the Need to fund the humanities and the social sciences that I think needs a push and I'm glad you brought it up I would say that we have learned and so but Because we need all the other aspects that my colleagues have Said and that are obviously recognizable. I want to say don't restrict funding to the fundamental sciences in their full breadth You'll never know what we'll need for the next outbreak Thank you so much. We're gonna take a few questions from the audience if you could raise your hand Can we have a question here first and then we're gonna get there? Yeah Peter Davis from New Zealand health sociologist I'm wondering what happened to the debate over the trips IP waiver None of you have mentioned this as being was it an important discussion to have will it still be an important discussion to have a future Epidemics in order to ensure that we get drugs out quickly to low and middle-income countries Wanted to us to take it. I'm happy to take it Yeah So as we say that the time this was announced we think he was Politically driven it will not have added one dose of vaccines because IP is only one part and During the pandemic we actually said publicly in the fall of 2020 that will not sue anybody would use our IP IP is on the internet you can go and read all of our pattern. They're all there all our papers have been out there To be able to get products you need manufacturing capacity you need equipment you need trained people you need raw materials and those things were all lacking We did not make more vaccine because we don't want to we didn't make a more vaccine because we couldn't and our teams work literally seven days a week All of 2020 and into 2021 and so that was the issue which is for a money technology There was no capacity in the world. There was capacity in the world for protein technology because it's a 50 plus year old technology So a lot of capacity, but I mean there was just no plans So it will not have helped and one more vaccine Here we have a question there yet the lady Megan Greenfield from McKinsey have a question we talked about the distrust in science and that the few examples of successful vaccination You know, we're actually not focused on science What would you recommend that countries do today to address the stagnating interest in vaccination? And what would you recommend doing differently in the next pandemic? Oh, let me take a start Say what you will Tony Fauci did a great deal In communicating the risk and the opportunities for mitigating risk at a national level I think what we all have to recognize is In a diverse society you're going to need to have layers and layers of communicators and Different styles and ways of communicating So I think the one thing that we should all learn is we make real investment in understanding The populations and the communities we're serving Wrecking with the reasons there is distrust and then work collaboratively and respectfully In addressing the appropriate message And messenger to really promote the change and that's where A better understanding and behavioral sciences are going to help us. I mean, you know pre-covid Aspen and Saban institutes came together to work on trust even before You know, we really had to deal with the trust deficit And part of it has to do with understanding who we're serving And marketing I mean, I hate to use the word but it is a kind of marketing for public health Where you're encouraging people to do the thing in their best interest society's best interest and making them feel good about it Thank you Sorry, I just want to if I can just have one other point is I mean one of the challenges is um And as you remember this, um the the number of experts that appeared in vaccines and had opinions It was unbelievable how and and and and one of the challenges is when you have the intentional misinformation I mean, it's interesting the us scored there was a Scoring system for pandemic preparedness and the us and the uk scored the highest in the world in terms of being prepared And yet if you look at what actually happened I mean, you know a third of americans aren't vaccinated and two thirds aren't boosted That is not about the preparedness that existed It's about the political climate and and misinformation that was spread and that's really unfortunate because it shows the power of those systems To trump some of the work that was being done And I I think one of the things we have to think about is how we also deal deal with that and and even other External experts who might have been able to help were then also demonized And so it became very political and that's I worry about intentional Politicization of science versus as Michelle said, you know, rightfully a lot of people ask, you know Hey, these vaccines were made really quick. Did we do the right things? Did we check the safety and the answer was yes, but we need to you know answer those concerns We're gonna briefly take the final go there I just on the same issue of the info demic basically I work for an organization that trains journalists around the world And we've trained a ton of journalists on the coverage of covet What are some of the bright spots that you saw with the news media? I know they were part of the problem But were there places that you saw some bright spots about how the news media covered the pandemic Thank you so much for this question from all the media organizations here anybody wants to take that for For the positive examples. Well, I I really think you know when we talk about Um Better understanding minds populations many say researchers should learn better how to communicate I think journalists should be given much greater access to um To us the scientists, I mean, there's one program in the world one program in the world The mcnight program at mit that helps journalists to that and we really need more of that There's two the neiman foundation as well And what I just learned because the pandemic made me think hard about how do we encourage My faculty faculty across universities to engage with journalists and it's building a relationship And it's also having programs like the night foundation like the neiman Come together and create fellowship opportunities The pandemic allowed me to do something as a dean of a school of public health that I never thought of doing before When we kept getting calls and our faculty mark lipstick for example, you know modeling In the night and talking to the media in the day We realized that we couldn't just have one journalist one scientist talk to each other So we actually set up You know press briefings where we had the professors available to speak with the journalists from anywhere And that helped and I think we should try to keep doing more of those The other thing I'd recognized is we had stopped investing in health journalists those jobs were disappearing So a sports journalist was covering the pandemic And that made it even more necessary for us to engage Yeah, I think everybody did everybody tried to do papers and no longer have absolutely employed Editors Science editors amazing I wish we had more time But we're gonna go now for the closing remarks by Shan Bishan had shaping the future of health and healthcare member of the executive Committee at the world economic forum The floor is yours for the closing remarks. Thank you, sir So on behalf of the world economic forum, I just wanted to take Two minutes to thank you Chhasa for moderating such a great session It's been wonderful discussion Wonderful conversation here. Thank you Maria state Michelle Stefan Great work great discussion here On the world from our side from world economic forum side ever since the pandemic started We have been trying to bring people together both public and private sector to respond to this We have been working on few initiatives Set and Stefan and Michelle are part of some of those initiatives We know That outbreaks will happen the way the population is increasing The way we live now we're getting closer to the woods Germs pathogens, they are getting closer to to us through animals and other sources So outbreaks will happen. How do we stop them from becoming full-blown pandemics? That's the question And that's where we are working on to see If we can monitor these pathogens catch them early on come up with medical countermeasures diagnostics vaccines treatments Sooner you do that better off you are So that's one thing. I think the world has the scientific and technical know how When you you see that here And we if we don't have it we can develop it very quickly We have the financial resources The idea is to bring this all together This needs an international collaboration. This needs partnership This needs both public and private Partnership we need the political will to bring all these things together So that's something that we want to work on we want to bring these people together to do this Development banks WHO Gavi Private sector They all have to be together working with the health ministers working with the finance ministers We had a great session yesterday on health care policy where we start to talk about how the finance ministers should treat Health care cost not as a cost anymore. It's an investment You must invest in health care now and you tackle these problems So that's one thing and in that area. We have actually created a Initiative called pathogen surveillance Initiative where we are working with Africa CDC We are working with other stakeholders to do just that make sure we have we create we have access to data Data is in one place Especially right now we are working on Africa continent and people have access to their data as soon as possible to again respond with medical countermeasures That's one initiative The other one that the forum is working on again with Seth and staphon is what you said myself To make sure that there are no disparities So making sure that there are no disparities in vaccine access We have an initiative called regionalized vaccine manufacturing collaborative that we are working with Oh, right now we have about 95 or 96 members in that make sure that there is vaccine manufacturing In every continent it's impossible to do it in every country But you can do it on every continent and that Manufacturing facility should be versatile. It can Take different technologies to make vaccines. So that's the thing we are working on. I know we are But but there are some things that we can do. I mean, there are a lot of things good things that have happened here Seth mentioned Gabby was created here Global fund many other things were created in Davos and we want to make sure we continue the the great work here Working with all of you. So, thank you. Thanks everyone for being here Thank you very much


I like the Mars and Venus book on relationships as men view relationships quite differently to women. Yeah, there is a gang.  Okay, I'm gonna find you a video. Personal advice. Relationship advice.  I put out a video back in 2012 with my partner. We're still together. And it's about the female menstrual cycle looking at it from the lens of mathematics as a cyclic function. Okay, once you appreciate that there is mathematics in biology and women go through something called a cyclic, follows the lunar calendar, 13 months a year, cyclic function every 28 days. There's an enormous amount of stuff happening. Okay, have an appreciation for that. And it will give you a better perspective on women. And it will help you in your relationships. It did me. It took me a long time to get it. Okay, hopefully you'll get it sooner than I did. Just some advice.


be the danger side, the enemy side two and a half and if it's pointing away from the wind it does the eddy effect and any snow that wants to start to pull this only got these big another way we just speed up y'all see if we have a lot of gear with you we take like the aviator bag the aviator bag slowly, slowly, slowly we're a black man alright, swap out


Why do I come to the INCF Assembly every year? Because this is the place to be. If you care about open science, if you care about fair neuroscience, I don't know of any other conference that covers the breadth of topics. There's great science here, but also great discussions about the topics that drive open and fair neuroscience. This is the place where those discussions are. These are where my favorite colleagues are. It's a very collegial and open group that's completely dedicated to sharing their ideas. There's nothing that's held back, so it has a really great atmosphere, and I enjoy coming here every year.


We're here at ITU Telecom World 2015 in Budapest, Hungary, and I'm very pleased to be joined by Mr Woo Jong Nam, who is from the PR team of Korea Telecom. Mr Nam, thank you very much indeed for being in the studio today. Thank you very much. I'd like to start off by talking about SMEs, small, medium-sized enterprises that you brought with you here to Budapest. They're on your pavilion, and you have a number of exhibitors here with interesting products. Perhaps you could tell us a little bit about the SMEs that are here with Korea Telecom. We are here in five companies with KT. First is Iran's security system. And second is 24-7. It's a stone gun. And third is the Frassen using a face mask. And Githam is a Wi-Fi AP. And Dasan is a UTP cable with a full-pair system. It sounds like you've got some very interesting and innovative products there. I know one has been attracting a lot of attention, the product which is an iPhone case, and that doubles up as a battery, I believe, but also as a element of personal protection that you can use it as a kind of taser if you're in a difficult situation. So that's certainly been attracting a lot of attention. And the other one, I believe, is an iris recognition system. Is that correct? Yes. For security purposes as well. But that sounds great. Well, I mean, I understand very much that you are being very supportive to the SMEs in your country, certainly by bringing them here. But what do you think is the most important thing that government and big industry should do to support SMEs and digital entrepreneurs? Yes. Gigarity is a technology which is invented through the cooperation of the SME and KT, likewise. SME role is the ICD ecosystem of Korea. It's important and crucial in the future development. So future-proofing and sort of investing in the future for you. That's obviously the key elements that you're looking at there. What's the value for you in participating at an event such as ITU Telecom World? As you know, SME has issues about its investment and human resources which help base the globalization. However, through this kind of exhibition in Korea, SME and startup are going out toward the future. Well, Mr Nam, thank you very much indeed for being with us in the studio today. We wish you, KT and the SMEs that you have here, the very best of luck here at Telecom World. We look forward to seeing you here again in the future. Thank you very much. Thank you.


Hey everybody, Dr. O here. In this section of videos, we're going to introduce the spinal cord. So the brain gets all the credit for all the conscious and subconscious activities that occur in our body. But without the spinal cord, it wouldn't receive the information it needs to process that information and it wouldn't be able to send signals away. So the spinal cord, critically important. And then we have, then we'll talk about reflexes, which are rapid automatic responses that occur in your body that are controlled by just the spinal cord. So don't sleep on the spinal cord, very, very important. So we'll start by looking at just the gross anatomy of the spinal cord here. The adult spinal cord is about 18 inches long and around a half inch wide. First key thing to note is where it ends. The adult spinal cord ends between L1 and L2 in the lumbar spine. The reason that's significant is because if here, if you're going to do a lumbar puncture or a spinal tap, or if you're going to go into the vertebral canal there, then you're going to want to make sure you miss the spinal cord. So they always do lumbar punctures below the levels of L1 and L2. So we won't talk about the clinical significance of this really, but this is a way to go in and extract cerebral spinal fluid, which should be sterile. So it's a way to tell what's going on in the brain and the spinal cord, but by going in here in a really safe area. So it's used to diagnose diseases of the central nervous system. You can find evidence of meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, those types of things here. But that's the first really important thing to know. The spinal cord ends between L1 and L2, and that's why you do lumbar punctures below that level. Okay. So here, when you look at the spinal cord, generally it starts big and then tapers down. And that's because all the sensory information from the entire body has to travel through the top. Only the sensory information from the lower half has to travel through the bottom. Same thing with motor commands. So generally speaking, the spinal cord is biggest at the top and gets smaller. But the amount of gray matter that you'd see at any individual level depends on how many cell bodies there are, what area is it controlling. So you will see those two swellings, the cervical and lumbar enlargement. So the cervical enlargement is going to be where you have all the extra gray matter to control the upper extremities, the shoulder and the upper limbs. The lumbar enlargement is going to be to control the pelvis and the lower limbs. So that's why you see it. It generally tapers down, but you have those two swellings, the cervical and lumbar enlargement. So I've already said the spinal cord ends between L1 and L2. The end of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris. Then a few more terms below that. The conus medullaris is actually going to be connected to a little piece of fibrous tissue called phylum terminale, which actually goes down and attaches to the coccidio ligaments. That's going to stabilize the spinal cord there. So it ends between L1 and L2 at the conus medullaris. Then you have this little phylum terminale that stabilizes it to the coccidio ligament there at the bottom. Last term there would be cauda equina or horses tail. That's going to be that big long collection of spinal nerves that travel below the spinal cord. It looks like a horses tail. That's where the name comes from. The spinal cord. So we'll look at sectional anatomy of the spinal cord in a separate video, but there are 31 individual spinal segments, each named for the vertebrae where that spinal nerve originates. So there are 31 because you have, there are eight cervical and then 12 thoracic and then the five lumbar, but then you also have the sacral and coccidio nerves as well. So the relationship, so where they were named, that relationship is going to change as you get bigger. That's why there are 31 segments and they're named after the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccidio nerves. As far as naming a cervical nerve is going to be named from the, named after the vertebrae underneath it and all other nerves will be named after the vertebrae above it, but not a big deal. Okay. So that is the basics of the gross anatomy of the spinal cord. I'll come back in the next video and we'll look at a cross section. We'll look at sexual anatomy of the spinal cord. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.