好 谢谢各位老师抓了一些特写了吧6号老师好 谢谢您一会等嘉宾上来咱们再给他鼓励一下多谢各位So that we know the green is going to be achievedThank youThank you very muchDistinguished guestsLadies and gentlemenGood morningWelcome to the special sessionChina's green leadershipJointly presented to you by China Global Television NetworkAnd the World Economic ForumThis is the very first time that this kind of joint venture happensSo it's my great pleasure to welcome all of youOur topic, China's green leadershipThe question is not about who's taking the so-called leadershipBut rather how to leadWhat is the relationship between leadership and actionsAnd how can we act togetherIn that regard, we're going to have a strong panelTo explain from their own perspectivesBut for now, let's take a look at this videoEmbracing green developmentChina's government has declared war on pollutionAfter ratifying the Paris Agreement in 2016Now China goes one third of the world's wind powerA quarter of its solar capacitySix of the top ten solar panel manufacturersAnd four of the top ten wind turbine makersAnd the country sells more electric vehiclesThen the rest of the world combinesTech companies are also green innovatorsOnline technology, particularly e-commerce internet bankAnd social media is accelerating the pace of changeAs the world's largest investing country in renewablesChina hit the record high in last yearAccounting for 45% of global green energy investmentChina is on the wayTo push for a green and beautiful futureThank youSo I'm joined here by a very strong panelComing from all over the worldFrom different kinds of economiesAnd certainly they also have their own expertiseOn my left, my great honor to have his excellencyYoshi AhabashiWho is the secretary for international affairsWith the ministry of planning developmentAnd management of BrazilWelcome Mr. SecretaryThank youClientMeanwhile we would like to welcome Mr. Lin BojiangProfessor and dean from the China InstituteFor studies in energy policyThank you sirWell at the same timeMy longtime friend Isabel HiltonWho is the editor of China DialogueFrom the United KingdomWelcomeThank youThank you to be hereLast but certainly not leastWho just had a visit to the local zooI understandHe's coming from the United StatesSteven Monford, director of the Smithsonian NationalZoological ParkAnd also director of SmithsonianConservation Biology InstituteWelcome sirAll right, we have a very tense discussion aheadLet me start by asking youAre we getting desperateAfter the Paris AccordObviously some of the biggest economiesDid not yet want to play a significant roleMaybe I will start from Mr. MonfordWell, I think the situationOf course you are not representing any administrationOf course notI think we all know that climate changeIs something that we are having to deal withAnd when it comes to in my own contextI work in biodiversity conservation realmAnd so it's a very important significant figureIn terms of species survivalEcosystem functionEcosystem resilience and adaptationThose sorts of thingsSo in my mind it is a crisisIt is a crisisYesDo you also see it Mr. SecretaryAs a crisisIt is indeed a crisisI think that this is such a topicThat requires a lot of collaborationAnd a lot of partnershipSo that the Paris AccordIs indeed a very critical instrumentFor all of us to work togetherIn order to promote all the technologiesNeeded to mitigate the risksAssociated to climate changeBut how that is the question isn't itWell, that's perhapsThe most critical issueHow to do thatI think that based on the factThat we are talking about a public topicA public issueThat requires co-creationCo-laborationAnd partnershipWe have to develop an agendaThat is inclusiveThat takes care of all the needsComing from developing economiesFrom people and from companiesFrom governmentsAnd from all of usInvolved in this topicMiss HiltonWe've been in many conversationsBut I need to ask youIn front of the public againAre we desperateWe're in a desperate situationWhether we're desperateIs kind of up to usI spent last week in San FranciscoAt the Global Climate Action SummitAnd there were some barnstorming speeches thereWhich gave you hope againThe fact is that since ParisThe process of global climate negotiationsHave lost energyMr. Trump is one of the factorsBut not the only factorBut at the same timeYou know the experience ofBeing at the China PavilionIn San FranciscoWith a string of memorandaOf understanding being signedBetween California and ChinaYou sense that below the federal levelIn the United StatesThere's fantastic energy for thisSo we are absolutely in a desperate situationAnd essentially we have maybe two decadesAnd after that it's overWe have two decades to fix thisTechnically we can do itEconomically it's positiveIt's an advantage to do itPolitically you still have to line upSo it seems that you are sayingIt's a mixed pictureProfessor LinI'm a pet optimistYeah, wellProfessor LinI think that if we don't get together to workWe don't have enough time for itSo I think in the sense that we are desperateOn the other handIntense Paris AgreementI do believe that investmentIn the renewablesIt keeps coming highSo in the sense thatPeople are still trying to work for itBut the question here isDo we still have enough time or notDo we need to work harder or notWhether the certain countries do not agreeOr has a negative impactIt doesn't matterWe just have to move forwardI love that the can do spiritIsn't itHaving said that thoughProfessor LinSince the topic is about China's leadershipI really wonder whether ChinaIs trying to be hereAnd quote unquote be a leaderOr China is trying to seeThis is an opportunityTo work with the othersTo find new ways of solutionProfessorI think that ChinaDo not claim really to be a leaderBut it is a leaderBecause in the sense thatYou look at renewablesWe just watched the TV footageWe are the largest systemOur investment accountFor majority of the globalRenewable investmentsAnd you look atOur target on 2020For example, we are askingFor 200 gigawatt of windAnd 100 gigawatt of solarUp to this pointWe are basicallyMeet the target and surpass the targetSo moving forwardI believe that ChinaWill continue to workNot only in ChinaAlso together with the countryAnd low and bare initiativesOn the green developmentThe innovationIn the energy sectorIs certainly very interestingBut to what extentMr. SecretaryThat these innovation possibilitiesWill be able to replaceThe so-called traditionalThat is big a question markFor BrazilWhat exactly is this pictureWell, you knowThis is an agenda driven by innovationIf you want to actIf you want to be a playerYou have to be on the frontierIn terms of innovationBeing financial innovationsBeing new technologiesBeing all these new toolsThat will help usTackle the warmingThe climate warming agendaI think thatYou mentioned energyWe are developingIn Brazil, in ChinaAnd some other countriesNew technologiesThat will improve efficiencyIn the on handAnd optimizeUsage of energyTake the case of ultra highTransmission linesThis is a very interesting technologyThat help usImprove efficiencyWe allocate energyAccording to the needsSo that in the end of the dayWe may have or impactLess the environmentThis is one interesting exampleThe other one is relatedTo biofuelsThere's a lot going onIn Brazil and ChinaIn some other partsOf the worldRelated to the bioeconomyThis is indeed somethingVery interestingThat they have to payA lot of attentionWhat is distinguishingA leader and a followerIs possibly the capabilityTo take advantage of innovationMr. MonfortAbout the innovation partHow much observation have you gotAbout developing countriesEmerging economiesCertainly some partsThe United States as wellAbout the mechanismsAnd the tools to be usedWell, I'm a conservation biologistSo the first thing I would sayIs to pay attention to our natural capitalAnd much of our solutionsFor climate changeAre going to come from betterReducing deforestation for exampleAnd there's a great deal of progressWe could make with land restorationAnd improving land use managementPractices for exampleSo everything from agricultural practicesTo general land use managementWe live in what I would callA landscape mosaic nowWhere nature and humansAnd agriculture are all mixed togetherAnd we don't have a very good understandingOf how those systems actually functionAnd so there's a greater needFor basic science to understandEcosystem functionAnd the services that are being providedBut we're already derivingTrillions of dollars of benefitsFrom what existsSo the first thing is to do no harmTo when you're going to be developingTo do hand in hand with understandingWhat you can do with natural capitalWell, these all sound kinds of abstractIn a way, if we talk about the conceptBut Professor Lin, I understandCarbon trading has already becomeA national scale in ChinaBut the question isHow well is that toolThat innovation being usedAnd how used to is ChineseIn a way, these daysAbout that practiceProfessorWhat is the broad trading systemEven though right nowChina allows last yearTo establish a national carbon trade systemFuture at this momentOnly include 1,700 coal-fired power plantsBut that makes senseBecause a national carbon tradingFor China is an enormous marketAnd at this momentThat first budgetWill roughly coverOne-third of the carbon emission in ChinaAnd if we can successThere will be the largest carbon trading systemIn the worldHaving said thatThe trading is expected in 2020Because at this momentWe're still preparing the infrastructureProvide training for personnelAnd also try to establishSomehow an efficient trading systemBased on the pilot testingOf which we have carried outA few years agoHelp me to understand thisMiss HiltonI mean China's emissionSeems to have already peakedSome suggest by the year 2016Much earlier than the earlier planThat probably meansThat Chinese economy is slowing downAs a result of structural reformBut that could also meanA great opportunityFor China to take advantageOf all the possible innovative toolsCarbon trading includedMiss HiltonHow should we understand thisEarlier than expectedThe peaking of the emissionsAnd therefore the opportunitiesAnd challenges as a resultWell, there's always more Than one answer with ChinaThe earlier peakingThat anticipated is partlyBecause China sets cautious targetsBecause it likes to meet themAnd so talking to climate peopleHearing China over two or three yearsNobody expected itTo go much beyond 2022But the promise wasBy 2030 or earlierSo that's one reasonBut the material reasonIs as you sayAbout the changing economyChina has been throughThis period of very fastVery high emittingVery polluting growthAnd that phase is pretty much over nowSo it's making a transitionTo a higher valueHigher technology economyClevelly identifyThe technologies of the futureAs low carbon technologiesMassive investment in thatAnd has brought downThe price of those technologiesFor everybodyNot just for ChinaSo where does trading come inTrading is a mixed pictureIt does a couple of very useful thingsIt makes you count your emissionsYou need accurate dataIn order to be able to tradeAnd it puts a price on carbonAnd that has been the problematic thingBecause how do you get peopleTo do the right thingIf they perceive itAs an economic negativeSo if you set a high price on carbonIt becomes a net positive for an enterpriseTo reduce its emissionsThe problem with the European systemAs I'm sure you knowIs that the price never really got to be usefulIt was always too lowSo some countries are setting a floor priceA price below which carbon cannot fallIn order to make sureThat it actually saves carbonAs opposed to doing a lot of other thingsBefore we go into the detailsAbout how the carbon trainingReally works in ChinaAny other economiesLet me ask you, Professor LienSpecifically about the earlier peakingThen expectedHow do you see that phenomenonIs it going to be sustainableAnd that certainly has a lot to doIs what kinds of technologiesWhat kind of innovation that ChinaIs thinking about for the futureWhen it comes to carbon tradingAnd this of courseIt's not limited to ChinaBut also the other emerging economiesAs we have Brazil sitting here as wellRightLet's talk about China firstTargeting 2030 as we all agreeThat's definitelyWe're going to mean that much earlier2022Yes, that's totally possibleSome people even mentioned thatWe already peaked by 2013Because at that timeThe coal is co-consumption is higherIn a few yearsWe are quiteIt looks quite optimisticBut last couple yearsBecause of the energyOne coming backAnd the coal and solar are too smallTo cover the incrementalsYes, the co-consumption has come backA little bit over the last two yearsSo looking forwardIt really depends on the energy demandsIf energy demand come up very stronglyThen the coal will continue to come backIn the positive sideThen we are looking at theWe need to evaluateThe carbon peaking in 2013But 2022Certain should be theMore or less the numberWe are looking atCommon tradingI believe that it's going to have a huge impactOn the peakingEven though we talk aboutMaybe a different topicBut they are really relatedWe have carried out extensive researchOn the common trading systemLooking at different anglesLooking at different pricesAnd we find out thatIn fact, it's really an effective systemTo reduce the CO2 in ChinaWith some acceptable GDPNegative impactsSo I think this is going to apply to other countriesEven though there are different countriesDifferent situationsBy hoping that ChinaBeing a developing countryHave a good common trading systemWill take a set of exampleFor other developing countriesI have to go to Mr. MonfordBefore I come back from Mr. SecretaryMr. MonfordOnce again, you are not representing any administrationBut just from a conservation perspectiveYou see the apparent trade warGoing on between China and the United StatesThat certainly is going toIn a way have an impactOn the manufacturing sectorParticularly here in ChinaAnd thereforeIt would have an impactAlso on China's wayOf dealing with its environmentAbout China's efficiencyOf using new toolsTo make environmental improvementCertainly has a lot to do with the innovationThat we're talking about hereSo Mr. MonfordHow do you see this generalMuch bigger economicGeopolitical scenesTheir impactWhat we are talking about hereBecause these are certainly going to haveQuite much influenceWhere the future is headingMr. MonfordWell, my perspective is as a scientistAnd again as a conservationistI would say thatWe need to make sure that these trade issuesOther issues between the United States and ChinaDon't impede our partnershipsOn the scientific and technology frontYou know we have long standingRelationships with Chinese colleaguesAnd so it's important to keep our eyesOn the longer pictureAnd in my viewDevelopment is one of the major issuesThat's coming onto the scene for ChinaAnd as that happensI believe there needs to be a better integrationBetween the scientific sectorsAnd the private sectorAnd the NGO conservation sectorsThere needs to be new typesOf cross-sectoral partnershipsAnd there really needs to be an increaseIn the standards of practiceAnd also a philosophy that integratesConservation into development practiceThat shouldn't be somethingThat's separated from itAnd too often there are warsBasically going on betweenInterest groups for the environmentAnd interest groups for the industryAnd in my experienceWith the SmithsonianWe have excellent relationshipsWith certain companies that areInterested in raising their standard of practiceRaising their image and doing the right thingSo you knowWhile we're talking about carbon tradingAnd all types of other mechanismsThe fundamental thing is againDo no additional harmAs you go forward in developmentAnd there are ways to developIn a responsible sustainable wayBut right now it's my opinionIs that there's a lack of capacityIn that areaIf you look at the scientificAnd technical capacityIt's very high in ChinaAnd in many developing countriesIn engineering for exampleIn law and medicineFields like thatBut if you look at fundamental scienceEnvironmental scienceBiodiversity and conservation scienceIt's been lagging very far behindAnd I think there's a riskThat we can engineer almost anythingBut if we don't understandThe systems that we're about to disturbIn advance and we don't knowHow to mitigate the negative impactsThen we're going to continue to makeThe same mistakes that have been made historicallySo there needs to beMore investmentAnd understanding the environmentsThat these companies are working inThere's tremendous damageThat can be doneThrough mega infrastructure developmentI think those are well documentedAnd so we know what the problems areWe know what the threats areBut are we going to be smart enoughTo avoid themYeah, can we be Mr. SecretaryThe emerging economiesIn fact could have this possibilityOf so-called leapfrogWe do not have to hit the same wallsAs the others hitThrough the various generationsOf industrializationWell, at the same timeAcquire the new toolAnd yet do our economiesAllow that to happenDo our urgency of doing thingsAllow that to happen, Mr. SecretaryYes, that's a very important questionI think that there are at least two fieldsWhere leapfrogging can be indeedVery critical for developmentAnd emerging economiesOne is the digital economyAnd the second one is environmentThere is a huge demand for usTo do more and better thingsRelated to these two fieldsThe technologies are still being developedSo the potential is thereThere's a lot to be doneThe market is hugeThe potential market is hugeSo developing and emerging economiesCan indeed participateIn the development of the technologiesIn the development of the tools neededTo make these two areasVery very importantGive me an example of BrazilFor exampleWell, Brazil is doing a lotIn terms of biofuelsIn terms of the bio-economy generalBrazil is already a clean energy countryThe large majority of the energy producerThere comes from hydroFrom renewable and things like thatSo being a clean matrixIs not enoughYou have to do moreIn terms of energy conservancyIn terms of how you deal with your city's garbageAnd things like thatAnd even more important than thatThe thing is related to the way you organizeAnd structure your economyIn the case of a developing economyOr an emerging economy like BrazilIn order for you to become more efficientIn order for you to be in a positionTo create value out of technologiesYou have to do more in terms of intangiblesIn terms of developing technologyIn terms of developing areasWhere value creation is thereThat's perhaps what is happening in ChinaYou mentioned the case of ChinaHaving picked before a planetThat indeed has to do with the structural transformationOf the Chinese economyTowards a more service economyBased rather than a manufacturingAnd export oriented economyFor us to do more in terms of clean energyFor polluting less and lessWe have to help economies from around the worldI see a role doing a planFor example, in your countryWhen you are saying this to your colleaguesIn the administrationDo they really understandCan they really support you in that causeWell, that's a key question againBecause there is a kind ofShort-term versus long-term perspectiveSo some politicians and some policymakersAre more concerned about what to doIn the short term in order to create valueIn order to growSome others are actually looking at the futureLiterally you, I guessYou have to look at the futureBecause you're doing planningI shouldI'm supposed toMr. Monfort, I see you want to say somethingIn regard to what Mr. Secretary is sayingI think it's rightWe need to be looking at the longer term pictureAnd when you're working in a field likeConservation, for example, I've been 30 yearsI've seen administrations come and goWe can still continue to make progressAnd you look calmWell, we don't have a choiceSo my idea is toKeep our eye on the ball with respect toWhere we're trying to goI think that we can be successfulI like to focusI tend to be an optimist, I supposeBut I am concerned thatThe whole issue of climate changeIn effect has almost overshadowedThe more basic damage that we've doneTo the environment for hundreds of yearsAnd I'm talking about things that we all knowPollution and habitat lossFragmentation invasive speciesAnd those types of causesSo I think we haveIn keeping our eye on the ballThat means not just looking atClimate change and mitigationLet's just say that climate changeGreat success happensAnd 20, 50 years from nowWe check that off as a successWhat are we going to doIf our natural capital, our ecosystemHave been destroyedThey're not functioningThose trillions of dollars of benefitsWon't be recoveredThese are things that we just takeFor granted, I thinkBut clean air, clean waterFood and fuel and fiberThese are essential to our survivalWe need to pay attention to that as wellOh my god, Mr. MonfortYou are making us struggling with prioritiesFor this discussionWhat can we do, Ms. Hilton?I think it's very important to understandWe on this panelI'm sure we think about these things all the timeThere are economists, industrialistsAnd politicians who don't think about it at allAnd they make their decisionsUnrelated to this emergencyEverybody has toMake informed decisionsInformed by climateBecause otherwiseWe're not going to get thereAnd that changesThe way we think about economicsI heard you say that very oftenIn many of the previous discussionWe had as wellBut I really want you to explain to our audienceSitting here today, for exampleAbout exactly using what kinds of mechanismYou will make the politiciansAnd the decision makersLike Mr. SecretaryAnd particularly his colleaguesTo look much longer term Than just next year's electionOr the year after the nextRight, for the politiciansThe different answersThat's a billion dollar questionTrillion dollar question, I have to sayFor the politiciansIt's the people who need to demandOf their politiciansThat they do the right thingFor all the other sectorsThat's the role of public policyHow do you transform an economic equationFrom the negative to the positiveThrough taxThrough incentivesThrough those thingsHow?The question is how, isn't it?What is a how?How should we answer that how?Well, the how isIt depends on the sectorYou're looking atA high price on carbon is one howYou know, penaltiesFor doing the kind of damageThat Steve's been talking aboutIs another howYou know, when you setYour resource extraction prioritiesYou absolutely need to factorIn resource economicsAnd environmental economicsThis isn't a linearChina went in one directionFor nearly 20 yearsAnd now is paying the priceAnd it's really importantThat China doesn't transmitThe negative lessons to other countriesBut transmits the positive onesWell, Miss Hilton seems toAlways have a lot of concernsAbout ChinaProfessor LinWhat do you thinkNot necessarily China's approachBut really the bigger questionAbout how exactlyHow can we build itInto the mechanismSo that governance could bePay attention to thatNo matter which countryOr which economyWe are talking aboutA little bit longer termLet me first comment on thePriorityIn fact, if you look atThe priority of ecosystemAir pollution and CO2It looks like CO2 is actuallyVery far away from politiciansThe eco air pollutionIt's actually more closerBecause for exampleThe air pollution in BeijingReally asking the governmentTo reduce the coldBending near the BeijingVery quicklySo theI would say thatIn fact thatAll those are mixed togetherEnvironmental are integratedInto each otherFor example, if ChinaTry to reduce the CO2You have to reduce the coldWe do the coldWe do the air pollutionAlmost otherWater pollutionIt's sexualEverything are linked togetherSo I would believe thatThe target is basically thereEnvironmentAir pollution, CO2They are all togetherNow as your second questionThe second question isHow are we going to do itAnd I believe thatDifferent countriesWe have different approachesWhat about ChinaLike to sayChina is exampleChina now is quite clearWe are looking atA better quality GDPWhat I mean is thatIt can matter by several indicatorsLike GDP per energy consumptionHow much GDP we produceEfficiencyRightAnd the energy structureAll of those areVery good indicatorsOf how a ChinaMoving forwardIn terms of theA better environmentAnd also less CO2MeasAnd I believe thatAlmost applied to other countries tooWe can not only justDon't get one indicatorOr oneWe have to balancePicturesApproachAnd we've all signed upTo the sustainable development goalsWe should lay that outSo we do have a roadmapYou asked howI think that there areI have two commentsOne is related toAwarenessOf course theClimate change providesOr creates a hugeIs a hugeThere's a huge potentialFor economic growthAnd not necessarilyEverybody is awareOf the potentialSo many people wouldOtherwise think ofEnvironment climate changeAs an opportunity forDoing businessFor making a lot of moneySo it's a matterOf communicationAnd awarenessBoth for theBusiness communityAnd for politiciansAnd number twoIt has to do withThe thing related toWinners and losersSo we have to developPolices in a wayTo mitigateRisks involvedRisks associatedWith those that are losingWhen we promoteAll these new technologiesSo we know what to doAnd the thing againIs related toThe tension betweenShort and long termWell I guess my point was thatGovernment policies andRegulatory frameworks and so onAre very importantBut the private sectorThe business sectorThey have the ability toMove forward on their ownAnd to do things in aSustainable wayBecause it makes economic senseOr because it'sIt's their customersDemand itLet's saySo I'm confidentI'm more confident Than in the private sectorBeing innovativeAnd partneringIn creative waysTo make solutionsThen I am in governmentsTo regulate our wayTo solutionsBut since we were strugglingWith the priority questionThat you have been raisingEarlierMr. ManforThe same withInvolving the private sectorIt is going to beVery helpfulObviouslyTo sustain this approachAnd yetWhen the private sectorIs involvedWe all understandMr. ManfordIs asking for attentionAnd particularly regardingTheir own sectorAnd their own industryAnd thereforeThere's another issueAbout prioritiesWhen it comes toPolicy makers decisionsMr. ManfordI'm not sorryI'm sorryI get the questionThe question isWhen private sectorsInvolvedThey all want to haveThe biggest attentionFor their own sectorsAnd thereforeThere is a priorityStrugglingFor the governanceIn a wayTo figure outI think it's commonThere areDifferent companiesTo want to be seenAs leadersI think it's the sameFor ChinaIn terms ofShowing leadershipNow in theirNew programsWhat about for theUnited States nowI'm not talkingAbout the federalGovernmentI'm talking aboutPrivate sectorAnd some of theOther areasIt's not justAbout ChinaShowing the leadershipIt's aboutEverybody doingTheir partIsn't itMr. ManfordYes, it isGive me some examplesThe companiesThat come to mindLike WalmartLet's sayOr MarsThese are companiesThat are voluntarilyMoving towardZero carbonFootprintsWithin the nextDecadeSo they're takingThese moves on theirOwn becauseI think it's beenThe longerThe short-termAdministrativeMoves byThe TrumpAdministrationAnd they're lookingFor the longerTerm so they'reLooking beyondOne administrationAnd makingChangesI think it'sBecause theyThink it'sThe right thingTo doBut it's alsoEconomically beneficialAnd their customersAre beginningTo expect itBut ultimatelyIt's becauseIt makes senseFrom aProfit point of viewNot only innovationWhen it comesTo toolsBut also innovationWhen it comesTo mechanismProfessor LinChina has beenAdvocatingTogether withSome of the otherPartnersAbout the so calledBeldum Road Initiative endShickenSoSoBecauseYou actuallyAdeptSoBut importBe readyAdv FolgePerceptsYou alreadyAdeptAdv dieseThey areAdeptAd延期And it isAdeptAdjustU PrincessThatAd believingAdcAdeptAdactAdep我們要跟那些資料需要的資料和國內的資料我剛才說過各種國家都有不同的方式但我們希望各種國家和國內的資料和國內的資料我們不必再重複中國做什麼從20多年來但是希望是一件對確保這件事如果我們可以因為中國開始用很低的技術但是現在我們有更新的技術其實我們國內的資料是最好在世界上最 efficient in the world還有我們Wone and Sola還有 others所以我希望中國在一起和國內的資料使用更新的技術使用更新的技術我們不必再重複中國在過去做什麼我覺得很重要我們不只在中國也有實際的參與進行努力現在我剛才說過各種國家有不同的方式我們可以做的是要成為中國的政府和其他國家有什麼感受從最低的技術像是每個國家在發展的地步我們也要記住我們不想再說我們在發展的地步我們還可以做得更好然後變成綠色但是總統我們來自國內的經濟所以我們知道實際上我們也知道國內的發展有很多不同的級別包括國內的經濟政策我們自己的經濟所以我剛才說的最好的訓練可能會是最好的訓練在非常高級的執行而且在大陸的照片中還可以做得更好這就是當國內的經濟與其他國家和國內的發展我們可以確保最好的訓練會是最初的選擇就是每個人的選擇我認為我們必須提供發展的經濟是要提供更好的再來是在大陸的國內的經濟已經在國內的經濟已經成為大陸的經濟上場的經濟對大陸的社會努力努力對大陸的經濟對大陸的經濟對對對在不同的bürnomes和所有youtube社會的項目這非常有機的中國進行建設日常的新技術建立新的環境正常的應用方式其他政府還有可以做做的這令我想,關於它是關於政治的規律也關於這個新的技術的關鍵所以有很多在共產黨和民主黨之間的關鍵 Ms Hilton我認為這是一個極端的機會我認為中國真的需要正確地採取正確的領域因為你提到的大部分國家在各個國家的駱鑽路是大約三次中國的大部分大約一三個中國的媒體和資金他們想要發展中國的決定在發展的那些項目上它在發展的那些項目上它會決定如何發展這些國家因為中國是最大的地方如果中國發展中國的建築物在三國那些建築物會被建造現在中國是建造的中國最多建築物的建築物中國的建築物在 Egypt 或在南宇是不大多的建築物他們在建築物中建造了高雷其他建築物沒有建築物中國仍然可以所以中國的領域我明白中國想要拆除你不想有中國的建築物中國在家中做得好但看著它在建築它不在建築這是中國的領域中國的建築物會很棒我要請教你首先要解釋建築物和建築物是中國建築物還是中國建築物跟其他建築物還有決定製造所有的建築物也要做好這是我們必須要解釋建築物跟所有的建築物這是中國的建築物中國不可以決定建築物的建築物這應該是一種有些建築物中國會認為這個建築物這是一種中國的建築物有更多的建築物跟其他國家也有更好的建築物我再回到建築物的建築物很多建築物建築物的建築物這是我們必須建築物建築物人籍跟建築物教聖犀 Pay建築物建築物是此之始建築物建築物建築物建築物那就是建築的建築物它是利用全都要充滿能量但這不可能所以在未來我們會有選擇自然駕駛或駕駛對中國現在是自然駕駛因為中國沒有駕駛駕駛和駕駛那些很清淡但只是太小不可以充滿能量所以我們必須選擇改變我們在看全球,全球我們能夠找到自然駕駛的方式是最好充滿能量我們要討論空空計劃王先生,我必須跟您說因為您知道您的情況很早前我明白美國現在是一開始給空空計劃特別是空空計劃在這個領域您可以看到這項些 אח源特別是空空計劃而且這些窗所可以造成玩意憲法形成空空計劃平衡器將導致客家建造對孔叫的第二點孔叫來森振角回到中國的意識中國開始出售它是在中國用的貿易生產的方式在中國它們在使用一個經濟環境和社會的和環境的影響他們在做一個很好的工作他們在正確的方式但當你進入國家發展的程度問題是他們的同一項會如何應付我認為他們應該如果中國想展開領導他們應該要在這項領導和領導他們的領導在這項項項項項項項但回到我的原則是如果你想知道你是否能夠成功達到你的領導你必須要知道基礎是我告訴你我自己的經驗在北非在沙律沙律我看到一個情況中國的貿易生產在這項項項項項項項當他們進入他們有特別的保護和優惠沒有發展沒有辦法看見很多的傷害在黑暗中所以必須有發展必須有有天氣的標準必須有保護和優惠發展這是國際領導讓我來 professor liin因為中國在這項項項項項項詳細講問問蒙佛的問題我問我們要去查看另一個項目那是中國在做這些事為了批評所謂的領導領導這是最後的目標這是一個項目或是這個項目是中國的自己的保護和優惠一起和其他經濟我覺得這是重要的而中國在做別人的也要做因為不是一個國家美國美國中國和巴西而是要一起做一項是一個國家做另一個說我們來看看他們在做什麼或一個國家做另一個國家來說我們來做也就是說都是中國全?..還有美國中國美國我們我們我們我們這是一個很多中國的經濟體驗可以使用美國和歐洲的聯盟不可以使用這些國家但中國的國家可以使用這些國家這是一個第二個使用前進的技術這就是這就是前進對於國家的發展的情況所以我覺得這兩個如果中國總之有一個合作的方式有一個合作的方式在支持國家的發展他們都會好在前進的技術會更好這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是這就是如果我們真的明白這件事這是一個很重要的問題這是一個很重要的問題這件事需要在一起的努力和創造我們要做更多的在於在能夠給予大家的能力和能夠給予大家的能力我們有很少時間在這件事中我想大家可以看到您的 own perspective這就是該的議題但是我擁有更多的瘋狂的觀眾在這裡坐著今天我看到有許多有名的臉書在自己的經濟中和自己的股份中和自己的維持發展和自己的維持領導所以我可以打電話給您有留言和問題和建議您的想法我們先到這位先生 Prof. Qi, good to see youWell thank youWhy don't you introduce yourselfand thensay your comments and questionsPlease commentand a question for Prof. Linand Miss HiltonMy comments is about the carbon peakWe have recently published a pieceon carbon peakand we realize this phrasecarbon peak can be misleadingIn fact, according to our studywe have entered a phaseof carbon plant holestarting 2014and that can last for a decade longuntil 2024is not going to declinethe carbon emissionsis not going to declineuntil after 2024so this is a long period of timethen myand therefore what does that meanwell I mean this isdo not expect a peakthen a sharp decline real quicklyit will last for a whilethis has a lot to doof course with the economyeconomic slow downbut it also has a lot to dowith the long-term targetfor carbonfor total energy consumptionmade by China2016and also the substitutionof coaland other fossil fuelwith solar windmy question for Prof. Linis there any factoryou identify that we seein the futuresearchthe researchof carbon emissionand also for Isabelgiven thatwe have not seenany significant successfor carbon market worldwidewhat are the reasonswe shouldn't expectChina will succeedin carbon marketthank youwonderfulI'll collect the questionand get the answer togetherthank you so muchand I seesome other familiar facesMr. ZhangJibinintroduce yourselfthank youthis is Zhang Jieyufrom Enormity Defense FundI just want to have severalcomments with regard to the greenleaderthere's a Chinese sayingthatTinqi and Guanjixingso youlisten to what they saybut more importantto watch what they doso look at Chinathat'slet's do the analysisfirst Chinadefinitely has said thatin the 19th Party CongressreportPresident Xi saidin the field of climate changeChina not only want to bea participant, a contributorbut also want to be atourist leaderso they actually say thatand then let's seewhat China has donethat we all know aboutthe situation in Beijingabout the air pollutiondisasterbut we knowChina has advancedthe progress in cleaning upand well advancedat the original planin the past three yearsand they have startedto make a new planand also this peaking thingthat ProfessorTi talk aboutI just actuallyfor a quick commenton the peakingI think peaking is realwhether China has setof the targetthe peaking is realbut more importantlyI want to saywhether we should examinewhether China hastaken on the leadershipwhich I think it isI mean we're talkingabout buildingthe largest carbon marketin the worldbut it's aboutto answer your questionthe EU has started to reformtheir systembecause China is buildingso we actually seethe surge of EU pricefrom $5 to 18 eurosright nowwe just saw in Californiathat California is actuallytrying to adoptbuy some creditfrom Brazilof your RADDanti-deforestationavoiddeforestation creditso that leadershiphas already been examinedlastly I just want tosay thatI think we want peopleto compete for theleadershipthere should beno shiniesbeing the green leaderin the worldbecause that's stillgoing to bethe universal commonlanguageevery human beingshould useyou got all geared upand ask geared upas wellthank you so muchMr. Zhangthis lady please这边中间这边尽快I'm Zhou Chengfrom Taixin MediaI'd like to askas we can seethere are not many audienceshereI don't knowif you are satisfiedwith the situationabout thispublic awarenesson climate changeare you satisfiedI think this ismaybe nota good examplebecause it'searly morning sessionso do you haveother more profoundquestions than thisI think it's quitebutton to gainpublic awarenesson climate changenowareare thespec guests herethey just thinkthepolicy makersand governanceisquiteok greatany other commentsthe further downthere that gentlemanover thereat the backyesmy name isDoug Woodringfrom Ocean Recovery AllianceI just wonderif any of thepanelistsknowChinain thedebateaboutteriffshad thoughtaboutif we'regonna do tit for tattariffrebuttleanywaywhy theydid notor could theyrebutwith atariffoncarbonto the USas part of astatementto the worldthat they'releadingbecause thenyou would haveon the side ofChinasupportingthatand I'm wonderingwhy thisdidn't happenand stillcould it happenand the nextquestion isso you're hereto helpingChina to fightthe trade waragainstthe United StatesChina isnot startinganythingbutChinacertainlyit's aboutthe environmentand it's abouta PRangle forthe environmentif you'reclean tax cutsand barrier-freegreen capital marketsbetween countrieswhich is essentiallythe exact oppositeof tariff barriersfor the green industriesthat you aretrying to promote.Thank you, sir.Is that it?Final question.Final comments.We have to be quick.Our answer has to bevery briefafter this.I'm Erzlerfrom Ukraineand work ingreen economy sector.And we havevery dynamicsby energywhich is like 35%growingeach year in Ukraine.So,I'm just wonderinghow is going in Chinawithsalt by masssectorand overall by energylikewhat's the roleof green economyin China?What is the role ofsalt by masssectorand by energyoverall?I see.Thank you.I think we connecteda lot of commentsand also approaches.Let me come backto the panelvery brieflyif we can.Let's talkabout some of the waysof doing things.Whether carbon marketis working in China,in the EUfor example,rules to improveand whether we shoulduse other toolssuch asgreen tax cuts,clean energytax cuts,things like thatin order toreally make the systemwork.Let meleave the commentscoming fromsome of you.I think Isabeland alsoProfessor Lin.Yes.Please.Mr. edgegoodin Europeis very goodquestion.I would hopeexperienceis在公民的意識 現在最多的驚訝是說 公民確實是知道的有關 climate change甚至在美國 超越他們會喜歡政府的行動我不會認為有些政治高層的措施如果您喜歡以公民的行動的抗爭以及這個形式的特別興趣但是公民其實會受到我認為會喜歡看到更多的行動 Whether they are here for this morning session is one thing, because this is only a discussion, it's early morning session, but if you ask people in China, in Beijing, in Tianjin, in Dalian, in many other cities, about the environment and the air quality, everybody is more than so-called aware, the question is whether they want to be aware and at the same time do something, so all the audience coming over here for the morning session, you agree, but anyway, let's throw it back to Professor Lin, some of the brief comments to your colleagues and friends.- Yes.- Very briefly about Professor Chi's question. Right now, for the comment to be negative in China, the call has to be negative, because we all know that for now until 2024, as you mentioned at the time, the gas and oil demand will continue to increase to be positive, so we need a negative call to offset the positive from gas and oil.- Now, the wider call could be positive or not, it depends on the economic demand, economic energy demand, which is very difficult to predict. For example, the economy today is not as good as possibly as economy three years ago, but the energy demand is much higher than the three years ago, so that got to do with the industrial structure, got to do with the economic activity.- What I want to say is pretty difficult to predict at this moment. I'm hoping that when the green renewable, green big enough such that we don't have to depends on the call to be negative, then we have a chance of the negative demand.- Mr. Monfort, I know I shouldn't pick on you, but I have to pick on you about whether the so-called trade war should be fighting in an environmental way.- I'm going to stay out of that, but I want to say, though, that the awareness issue I think in the United States is very high, and I think there's a sense of hopelessness on some level, people don't know what to do.- When given alternatives that are environmentally sound, that help to contribute to solving the problem, they take them, but they need better solutions in the market.- Yes, Mr. Secretary, of course I would love to invite your wisdom as well about the governance issue many have mentioned over here.- I have two takes on that. One is, again, because this is a global topic, it requires a global governance.- And the second topic related to awareness that somebody raised. One thing is being aware, and the second thing is related to if people are okay to pay the cost for doing more and better in terms of environmental protection,- So, that's why we need a policy that prevents free riding, both at the domestic level and at the global level as well, so there's a lot to do here.- Well, I have to say, ladies and gentlemen, we are running out of time for a very brief discussion about a gigantic project.- And I have to say, of all of our panelists, they are very frank and direct, while at the same time instrumental, constructive in putting forward their suggestions about the issue.- And you are great at the same time in helping us to go much deeper about the topic and to take a look at it with the whole background behind us.- Thank you so much for being with us, and that is all the time we have for this special program of World Insight with Tianwei on CGTN.- This is a joint session between China Global Television Network and the World Economic Forum.- Thank you so much, ladies and gentlemen, for being with us. Really appreciate it.- 導播可以了嗎? Just a second.- 可以了嗎? 可以了嗎? 導播可以了?- 可以了,他說可以了. Thank you so much. Really appreciate it.- 來,我們這幾位嘉賓到台上來跟我們一起來合個影吧.- Professor Qi.- 四文多,請你給代.- 你好.


Let's start off by talking about food. What is your favorite food? My favorite food will be thai curry. I think that'll always stop my list. But I also like all kinds of Asian cuisines. I like Vietnamese food. They've got a soup called pho. And I also like Korean food. I don't know how they've come up with kimchi. I really feel like it just blows my mind and it really ignites a lot of taste buds. So yeah, all kinds of Asian cuisines and I also like Indian cuisine as well.  I think stay in and cook because I like to consider myself a decent cook. I think I can prepare basic decent meals and sometimes when I go out I end up comparing it with mine. So I like to eat at home because yeah, I feel like sometimes maybe my food is tasting better than the outside food. What was your favorite food when you were a child? This is a very basic meal in India. It's called kichri. It is a porridge in India which is made with rice and dal which is lentils. And it is very basic. There's no fancy ingredient involved in it. It's just rice and dal and a bit of ghee and just some basic spices. It's my comfort food and to-go food for me. Yes. Are there any foods you would like to try in the future? I don't know but I haven't been to South America so I don't know how a Peruvian meal would taste like. I've tasted Mexican, I've tasted Italian, I've tasted all kinds of Chinese, Vietnamese and Asian food but I've never tasted South American food so I think I would like to try the food from there. Now let's talk about holidays. What's your favorite holiday destination? My favorite holiday destination would be Bali. I think I've been to Bali a couple of times and I'm a very tropical person. I enjoy the heat and I also enjoy the humid if I can say that. And Bali by far has impressed me the most so yeah that's my favorite destination I guess. What is your dream holiday destination maybe in the future? I would say Peru or Peru because there was a time in my life I'd booked the tickets and then COVID happened and unfortunately I couldn't go to the place so I booked a ticket for Brazil and then from there I had to Peru so yeah that's still on my bucket list. Where would you recommend going on holiday in your home country? Where? Ladakh. It's called the heaven on earth. Even Kerala is called the heaven on earth. I've been to both places but I feel for me Ladakh tops the list and it is one of the most beautiful places on the planet. You get to see a lot of different terrains, you get to see the mountains, snow cap mountains, you also get to see the rocky mountains, you also get to see the greenery. It's very beautiful yeah. Do you prefer a city holiday or a holiday in nature? For me personally holiday in nature because I'm more inclined towards the nature because it grounds me also mentally stabilizes me and makes me feel really calm and relaxed so I would always prefer nature over the cities. I feel cities really consume a lot of energy out of you when you're like surrounded by so many people. Now let's talk about drinks. What do you normally drink with breakfast? So I don't think I'm heavy on drinks in the sense I drink basic water and especially with breakfast I don't have milk or oh I'm sorry I forgot I'm very heavy on tea. My morning has to start with tea and it's the basic masala chai from India so that's what I drink yes. Do you think you drink enough water each day? Yes I do. I try and drink about two to three liters of water every single day. If people visit your home for dinner what do you normally offer them to drink? So usually in India we'd like to say what you want to have hot drink or cold drink. So hot drink usually means tea and coffee, tea or coffee and cold drinks mean any kind of soft drink which is Coca-Cola, Fanta, Limca, these are the drinks which are normally offered in India. So yes that I'd probably offer that or probably something fancy like a lemonade or something like that. Now let's talk about maps. Do you ever use maps on your phone? Oh yes all the time. I think maps have made our lives easier and to travel from one place to the other I always need my map and in fact even when I'm going on a walk or a run I always have the map on my hand so I can just generally wander around and get lost and not worry about it. When you visit a new city do you prefer to use a map or find your own way around? Both so I usually have for the larger picture of it I usually have the map and I like to download the offline map and but within that system within that window I also like to just explore and move around and get lost like I said yes. Do you find it easy to follow a map when driving? Oh yes like I said Google Maps have made it so much easier for us so it's usually normal for me in fact I think I am the navigator amongst my friends I think I do have a knack for it like I do have I do understand the maps better than other friends of mine. So it says describe a city you would like to visit I've mentioned that I've already been to Bali but I think that's one city I'd like to visit again in fact there was a point in my life I wanted to settle down in Bali so Bali will be my top priority and I would like to go there and I think the easiest mode to travel to Bali is a flight and the reason I like Bali is because like I mentioned earlier I'm a tropical person and the weather is very suitable for my kind of a person who comes from India and also I think Bali is very beautiful it's surrounded by beaches nature rice valley fields which is what I love about Bali because you can just travel from one area to the other and every specific area is beautiful in its own on its own and what I also really enjoy and like about Bali is the food it's very vegan friendly I'm a vegan and I don't have to stress much when I'm trying to find vegan food over there and it's also yummy it's also tasty so that's also one of the reason I've fallen in love with Bali and it's also big on yoga I forgot to mention that I think the first time I went to Bali was on a retreat a yoga retreat which I was attending and then I think it's one of my dreams to go to Bali again to hold a retreat since I'm a yoga teacher and if given a chance to stay in Bali or probably probably move to Bali that'll be the best dream life to have a yoga studio teacher over there and also probably have a small cafe which can offer vegan food and I think dropping everything top of the list would be Bali is very cheap to live and also to travel like you know you don't have to burn your pocket to in fact enjoy the entire country no city so yeah Bali would always stop my list to visit so you were telling me about a city that you would like to visit and will continue to talk about visiting cities on holiday why do some people prefer to visit a city on holiday to thank you for watching this video I want to give you a free course that has helped thousands of students improve their IELTS speaking score what it's going to do is take you through every single part of the test and give you strategies for part one part two and part three and also allow you to practice at home for free and get feedback to sign up for that for free all you have to do is just click the link in the description thanks very much and let's get back to the video okay so if you mean to say city as opposed to a town or probably a countryside then I think a lot of people they prefer a crowded city because there are many things to do probably they can go for a movie they can shop a lot so a lot of people like personally I know my husband prefers a city over places which are full of nature and I'm the opposite and the reason for that is that for example he loves London so he can go and watch as many shows he likes he can watch a movie and then he can move around and shop a lot so I think that's why probably people prefer cities is it more expensive to go on holiday in a city I think yes because everything is commercialized even for example in London there is a three wheeler it's called a tuk-tuk or a rickshaw in India similar to that there's a three wheeler fancy three wheeler in London city centre and I think you have to pay like a hundred pounds just to like go from one place to the other with the music so everything is commercialized to a level so much so that you really end up burning your pocket because every small thing you have to pay for it even for example water so yeah I think being in a city will cost you a lot is it better to visit a city alone or with other people I think it depends it's both a lot of people they like to travel solo and a lot of people they need to have people around them for example if you're going to watch a show maybe if you are with somebody and you're watching a show you'll enjoy it more because you have a company with you for some people they would prefer to be alone and watch it because they can probably consume intake and really soak in the experience so it depends it's it's up to it's very subjective I guess now let's talk about the growth of cities why are the biggest cities in the world getting bigger I think like I mentioned everything is commercialized and you got to pay the prices like even the bigger showrooms and stores if you buy a certain item from like a smaller city not the bigger ones I'm talking about you'll end up paying lesser than what you'll pay probably in London London or New York so that ways one of the reason is that I guess and also I think moving around like most of the people from smaller cities they want to go into and start living in bigger cities so that's also one of the reason that the cost of living starts to rise yeah what are the downsides of living in a mega city downside of living in a mega city would be a the cost of living because the more the people the higher the prices because you'll have to pay more rent because there's so much of demand for these spaces and supply is lesser so that's one thing cost of living the second is maybe you're a little bit out of touch from nature because it's like you're staying in a concrete jungle you're surrounded by buildings and also the more number of people the lesser social interaction so maybe you're you might just end up being a little lonely so I think some of the few downsides are like that how will large cities in the future be different to how they are today so as we can see that we're advancing more and more day by day and things are just improving in a grand scale so I think we'll become more advanced in future and like I mentioned we lose touch with and I'm not sure I mean if I have to take a guess we lose touch with humanity everything is going to become very robotic and very computer and machine based I think that's what I see around but I don't have a clear answer for that now let's talk about children and cities is it better to grow up in a city or the countryside again I think I'm biased towards it because I feel I'm more inclined towards a countryside or living in a setup like that so I feel that it'll be better to bring up or raise your children raise your child in a countryside setup a because you are not bringing in chaos to them I feel that the city life has a lot of chaos with it and b like for example I've always advocated that you know kids should be taught meditation I think there's no bigger meditation than being around nature you know walking on grass so you can teach them better things which people start on advocating later in life so you can teach all of that with homes schooling so I think that's a very good option to really venture into or take into consideration what advantages do children brought up in the countryside have over children brought up in a city advantages like I mentioned would be that maybe they're calmer than the city children I think the city children will be more technologically advanced but might not have the same emotional bandwidth maybe and might not have the mental capacity to really take in stress because they'll always be consumed with stress around them so I think the city sorry I'm missing now the two kind of children I think the countryside children will be better at having that same mental capacity or a better mental capacity and emotional bandwidth to handle stress so you're hoping to get a band nine and I have some some good news and some not so good news but let's see if you're you're going to get a band nine and what you could do to improve to a band nine so thank you for making it this far in the video I want to give you 10 off our VIP course IELTS VIP course is the most successful IELTS course in the world that is a fact because we have more band seven eight and nine success stories than any other IELTS course in the entire world we do that by simplifying the whole IELTS process supporting you with some of the best IELTS teachers in the world and being with you every step of the way until you get the score that you need all you have to do is just look down in the description just click that and you can sign up if you have any questions about the VIP course always feel free to get a touch with we answer a hundred percent of the questions that we get hope that you become a VIP if not enjoy the rest of this free video so I'm going to give you feedback on part one part two and part three and then what I will do is I will give you feedback on the four marking criteria so fluency and coherence pronunciation grammar and vocabulary if you didn't get a band nine we'll give you some areas for for improvement so part one is just normal everyday questions most of your answers were very very good one thing that I would be careful about is listing lots of different things so for example we asked you about your favorite food and you're like I like Thai I like Vietnamese I like this you don't do this but what a lot of students do is when you ask them part one questions they just list lots of different things and the problem with that is it doesn't give the examiner enough to really judge your grammar so it's just like I like I like I like present simple present simple present simple you didn't do that for every answer but when you're under pressure on test day it's kind of like a safety blanket where students if you ask them anything what do you do on the weekend I like to read go to the cinema go to the park go to the moon so they just list lots of different things the rest of your answers were very natural well developed just be careful about that on on test day not a bad thing I'm highlighting the the more negative things but overall your part one performance was very very good and it was like talking to a work colleague or a friend and it was it was excellent part two the main worry that most students have with part two is having enough to talk about for the full two minutes you have no problem thought you could have talked about that for 10 minutes I think or half an hour no no problem at all you chose something which is very smart which is picking a real scenario related to something that you really like one thing that I would be a little bit careful about is the question says describe a city you would like to visit and you said well it's one that I visited in the past but I want to visit it in the future so because you said that that's no problem no problem because you explained I've been there in the past I want to go there in the future during the IELTS test one thing the examiner will be thinking about is are you using the appropriate tents to talk about this so if you answered that question like I went to Bali here's why I really like Bali some examiners might be like oh she's basically saying that she doesn't know how to use future structures or talk about the future and she's playing it very very safe you didn't do that but it's a risk right so if you got a different topic on test day a similar one always think about what tents is do they really want me to discuss here describe a city you would like to visit is normally a city you haven't been to so that would be more talking about conditionals hypotheticals using conditional language or something in the future I would like to go somewhere I've never been the other thing is it asks specifically about a city now different countries have different interpretations of the word city in some places a city is a big built up area with at least millions of people in it like London, Paris, New York in other cultures in other places a city is basically not the countryside Bali I don't know specifically whether it is a island or categorize it as an island or categorize it as a city some examiners I don't I'm not an expert on Bali all right so I don't know now if I was the examiner I wouldn't care about whether Bali is a city or whether it is an island because it is a speaking test or judging your speaking you talk very fluently and coherently about Bali but these little mistakes can't add up so you listing lots of things in part one and then talking about a place you've already been to that maybe is not a city technically all these little things so someone like you is a very high level speaker can get the result and be like oh why did I not get the score that I'm looking for so just be be careful with with that think about the question and think am I using the correct grammatical structures and tenses and am I answering this exactly so if it was like is Bali a city why not just pick New York or Doha or somewhere I know you've been to Doha many times just be careful with that in part two part three and there were a couple of questions that again the IELTS test is not an ideas test it is not a knowledge test but there were a couple of questions where you were trying to think of the correct idea because you weren't 100% sure during the part three of the test what the examiner will do is they will ask you more and more difficult questions if they think you're good so if they don't think that you're very good they'll just ask you simple questions and end the test these questions like how will large cities in the future be different to how they are today these are difficult questions conceptually the ideas are difficult and it's difficult to talk about the metaphor in language as well because you're using all sorts of future structures and comparing comparatives and things like that in that situation what most students do is start off and go um I don't know I have no idea or they'll be like I don't know because this is the end of the test and most people are tired they just want it to be over so they'll give very short unsatisfactory answers you actually despite not knowing a lot about this topic you gave a guess you gave some kind of an answer which is a plus point which is a good thing so don't worry too much about about that let's move on to your scores for fluency and coherence coherence is answering the question because you did quite a bit of listing in some in part one you struggled with a few of the questions in part three and we're not sure whether Bali is a city or not um some examiners would give you wouldn't give you the top mark for that the way that fluency coherence works is it's in one band and whichever is lowest that's your score so if you're band nine for fluency but band eight for coherence you get a band eight all right I think your fluency is at a band nine but I think because those little problems would add up you probably get would get a band eight for coherence so overall fluency and coherence you probably get a band eight but it is very fixable don't list stuff in part one develop your answers pick one thing like I love the fob because it has a really deep flavor and and it's quite rare to get it you know so instead of listing stuff to pick one thing or two things and develop them as I said before be careful with your part twos make sure you're answering the question some people would say well she didn't answer the question I think it's debatable whether you answered the question as I've already said so I wouldn't give you a really low score but I just would be be careful with that and again if you get a difficult question in part three do what you did which is at least attempted pronunciation I think is your strongest point and the examiner will be thinking two by two things number one can they understand a hundred percent of what you're saying I can understand a hundred percent of what you're saying no problem at all second thing is they'll be thinking about higher level and pronunciation features such as intonation your voice going up your voice going down and your intonation is excellent it helps you convey meaning you sound friendly you sound polite and often we do that through intonation so if I said please sit down sound very rude please sit down sounds very polite so intonation can convey meaning and you do a very good job with that same with word stress and sentence stress so word stress for example is I love this iPhone you know so I'm emphasizing the word love but if I said I love this iPhone that means you don't love it but I love it so you you use word stress sentence stress very very effectively and you also use connected speech so instead of saying do you want to go to the cinema that you don't pronounce every word do you want to go to the cinema you know so you connect the words and the signs together you do a very good job so you would get a band nine for pronunciation some people would say who aren't examiners that don't know oh she's got an indian accent say you're not being judged on which accent you have you don't get higher marks for sounding british or american or australian or irish you get extra marks for the clarity of your words and your communication so it doesn't matter what accent you have you would get a band nine no problem at all grammar so this is the area that I think that you need to work on the most so what I'm going to do now is I'm going to show some sentences and we're going to figure out what your your grammar problems might be so as you can see sometimes you make little slips with articles so articles are words like ah and the and sometimes but when you especially when you're thinking a lot about the answer so those questions that you weren't that sure of the way I explain it to people is your brain is like a computer and if you too many programs open at the same time they can slow down so if you're really thinking about AI in the future and cities and that part of your brain is working very hard the part of your brain dealing with grammar and articles can slip a little bit overall your grammar is very good and but you are making those little mistakes they're not huge errors that cause problems for the listener so those are big catastrophic errors that the listeners like what did she say I have no idea what little slips like you made here don't stop me understanding you but you're making a few too many of them to get one of the higher bands so you would get a band eight for grammar because the vast majority of your sentences are error-free but sometimes you're making these little slips and they're just a little bit too frequent to get one of the one of the higher bands your vocabulary there's some excellent topic specific vocabulary that you're using and some idiomatic vocabulary such as this but sometimes you're using less precise phrases idioms such as this and as we can see here you're sometimes repeating that a little bit too much and so again we wouldn't be giving you one of the very very high bands the vast majority of your sentences very high level vocabulary as we've seen very precise but there are just a few too many of these little slips to get one of the higher bands so again you get a band eight for vocabulary so you're nearly there you're nearly there and what I would like to do is invite you back okay and we can do another one if you work on those little mistakes we can do another one and see if you improve to a bad night okay perfect okay good thank you welcome


Item number SCP-114 Object Class Euclid Special Containment Procedures SCP-114 is kept in a 10m cubed standard concrete humanoid containment cell at Site-17. The cell is positioned at the bottom of a 40m shaft to prevent staff members from coming into the proximity of SCP-114. The cell is accessible by a staircase restricted to emergency use only. Daily rations are provided to SCP-114 three times a day by means of a dumbwaiter. SCP-114 is also permitted to submit written requests to attending staff by the same means. To date, SCP-114 has been granted one Quran, one prayer rug, and one blank journal with pens. Research on SCP-114 is suspended until further notice. Elimination of SCP-114 is acceptable in the event of a multiple containment breach crisis. Description SCP-114 is a Pashtun woman of Afghani origin, approximately 40 years old and 160 cm tall. SCP-114 has the involuntary effect of bostring and escalating violent conflict between all individuals in her proximity. Subjects within 10-15 meters of SCP-114 become inconsolably aggressive at trivialities or points of little consequence, often to the degree of projecting hostile motives on others. Arguments generally arise between individuals after 1-3 minutes of exposure to SCP-114. The resulting arguments turn to violence in all cases. Notably, persons affected by the presence of SCP-114 will never exhibit hostility towards SCP-114 or attempt to inflict harm upon her. Subjects ordered to deliberately injure SCP-114 find themselves unable to do so. For relevant information, see Experiment Log 114-A. Communication with SCP-114 has only been possible through written notes or electronic means. Researchers have gleaned that SCP-114 is unaware of her effect on other people. She shows little to no response to exposure to violence, and seems to be under the impression that human beings are naturally aggressively hostile to each other. SCP-114 is consistently unresponsive and uncooperative with researchers, and appears to be acutely wary of human interaction. Due to the difficulty of communication with SCP-114, psychological evaluations have been speculative at best. Routimentary assessments strongly suggest psychological trauma, combat stress reaction, and or compassion fatigue have been tentatively proposed. Document 114-A-898-12 A bridged eyewitness report from ██████ a former soldier in the 40th Red Army interviewed March 23, 1991, translated and transcribed by ██████. We took ██████ on February 1, 1980.  Eight of our men killed, 15 wounded, one tank destroyed. It was dead cold, too. You'd think the Middle East is warm, but you'd go to the mountains in February? It is not so. Anyway, we were mopping up the area, going through the huts, looking for weapons, caches and the like. It seemed like every doorstep had some old babushka weeping and tearing out her hair and clutching our knees. But at the end of the street was this one big hut, no babushka outside. Only there were trays of food left out, like an offering before the door. Paws is for several seconds. So six of us go into search. It was big and empty inside, dusty and practically bare. Didn't look like anyone had been there in a long time, but soon we hear the soft whimpering though, and look, over in the corner to the little girl, must be eight or nine curled up and all alone. Pyotir, he was a big softy.  But the girl won't budge. The Pyotir stands up, all stiffly and looks back at his bunny. Constantin walks over and puts a hand on his shoulder, tells him to leave the girl alone, laughing good naturally.  He looks like a wild animal.  It took three of us to pull him off, and by then Constantin was dead. Experiment Log 114-A Experiments were performed between ██ and ██ SCP-114 was placed in a test room with distancing protocols similar to her containment cell. Attending researchers observed through remote electronic means. Experiment 114-A1 Procedure- Subjects D-1269 and D-8543 were placed in the test room with SCP-114. No instructions were given. Results- Subjects did not attempt to interact with SCP-114. After 75 seconds of exposure, D-8543 verbally requested a cigarette from D-1269. D-1269 responded with negative. D-8543 proceeded to shove D-1269 against the wall of the test room. Subjects began fighting with apparent intent to kill. Subjects ignored verbal entries to cease. Subjects terminated. Throughout the experiment, SCP-114 watched the proceedings but was visibly unmoved. Experiment 114-A2 Subjects D-5410 and D-5699 were placed in the test room with SCP-114. A plastic screen was placed across the length of the test room so that subjects were unaware of the presence of SCP-114. Results- Comparable to Experiment 114-A1 Subjects terminated. Experiment 114-A3 Subject D-1002 was given a carving knife, stainless steel, 15 cm. Subject was placed in the test room with SCP-114 with orders to kill her. Results- D-1002 immediately rushed at SCP-114. SCP-114 recoiled, screaming. D-1002 stopped at Repley at approximately half a meter from SCP-114 and dropped the knife. D-1002 stood still for four minutes, growing visibly agitated. At five minutes, D-1002 began yelling incomprehensibly and moving around the room in an unnatural ape-like fashion. After eight minutes, D-1002 began banging on the walls with his head and fist. Subject was rendered unconscious. Subject terminated. Experiment 114-A4 Procedure- Subject D-4343 was placed in the test room with SCP-114 with orders to remain still. After four minutes, subject was forcibly removed from the room by robotic means. Results- Subject showed signs of aggression and agitation comparable to Experiment 114-A3. That rate was recorded at 210 beats per minute. Blood tests revealed levels of cortisol and adrenaline impossible without the application of drugs. Subject returned to a normal physical and mental state after approximately 15 hours. Experiment 114-A5 Procedure- Subject D-7258, a native Afghan, was administered a dilute mixture of mild sedatives, antidepressants, tetrahydrocannabinol, alpha blockers, and beta blockers intravenously. Subject was placed in the test room with SCP-114 in order to attempt normal conversation. Results- D-7258 addressed SCP-114. SCP-114 maintained eye contact with D-7258 but did not respond. After 45 seconds, D-7258 began shivering and shouting. At one and a half minutes after exposure, D-7258 fell to the floor in convulsions. Subject expired after three minutes. Autopsy of the cadaver revealed massive cerebral hemorrhage.


ust be give us 10 mdps which are to start with all identical and then we're just going to choose to select the 10th one and change either have and mess with the hidden state factor so here we're not actually changing it it's the same as the first 10 uh the first nine but in the second example we're changing it we're changing it from a uh local deviation to a local standard or um which will give rise to a global deviation and so now if I just I've then kind of I'm actually not going to for the sake of time I'm actually not going to go through all of the code for kind of just plugging this stuff in because this is literally just putting our structures into a plotting script and here things get more interesting here is where I make some custom ERP P plots which I think are kind of cool um but again I actually don't think walking through the codes particularly helpful I think it's just the type of thing like the way I learned this was I just spent like a day or half a day just reading through uh someone else's code and figuring it out um so the the only thing that I would make sure is that so when you um when you're doing this uh u1 underscore one um sorry like it's just these are ways of indexing and pulling the uh the actual simulated firing rates and ERPs um out of the SPM out of the mdp structure after you run it through the vbx code yeah so these are this is just representing uh kind of the the most straightforward way of pulling those similar simulation results out of particular cells in the um in the mdp structure after it's run um and we have a table in the tutorial I think it's table three that explains the structure of each of those cells and where each of those um each of those uh simulation results are yeah exactly and so then I'm just gonna hit run we'll kind of walk through what this stuff looks what these plots look like together um nice cool okay so these are my custom ERP plots on the right um and so I'm gonna start um start there actually because I think they're kind of nicer okay so so far left we have a or top top left sorry we have a global standard versus a global deviation and the way you calculate the mismatch negativity is you just subtract the global step the global deviation from the global standard and then you get this nice that's what we have on our top right we have this nice kind of negative going ERP that looks exactly I mean I'm not going to show you this but if you want to satisfy yourself with this it this looks like kind of for such a simple model this is it's kind of shocking how much this looks like a standard mismatch negativity um so that's really cool uh then on our second one here this is our two this is our global standard which is in blue and our global deviation which is in red and then we can subtract them from one another and what we can we can just look at kind of the um the we get a nice large positive going potential that looks a lot like a um p300 um so then in terms of how I'm just going to show you a couple of the local deviation local standard things um sorry I'm going to close these and these just kind of clean up the screen it's nice though that someone can just download this and also an important note is installing all of the SPM prerequisites maybe we could do a standalone in the future but once the packages are installed someone can just run the script and have also all of these figures be spit out and then it looks like there's enough commentary and hopefully these videos are enough of a walk through at least of early versions of the code where you can tweak different things and start seeing how it plugs into other things you might want to explore with the model but all these figures just come out in one batch and just fighting them away over there Christopher yeah exactly so I guess one thing to say is one reason why I'm not particularly motivated to make a big standalone kind of thing is by the time even if I were to do that which I don't want to do but even if I were to do that by the time I'd written all rewritten all of the functions I would essentially have a package that is as cumbersome to download as SPM but SPM is written in a really nice way and it's super easy to install um and so it would actually be a lot easier it's just a lot easier to install SPM that would be to go to my github say and put all of this stuff onto your laptop make sure all the parts work nice because maybe a future supplement could just be start with a virtual machine and let's just install the prerequisites and just actually do a full clean installation could be a good point of reference but thanks for that point continue yeah I mean it's I mean it's really very it'd be very short and sweet to do I mean downloading SPM like is you know it's freeware I mean it doesn't just takes a couple minutes to download and really all you have to do is just once you download it is just go into matlab and set the path like that's it yeah it'd be like five it'd be like five minute tutorials I think there's a function called install SPM so you go into matlab and run the run the function and install SPM um okay but returning to this so each of these points kind of can everyone see my my pointer I'm hoping yes yeah each of these pointers this is all a time step at the first level and so this is kind of local standard and a global deviation right so this will be we see there's there's a little ERP each time there's new stimulus presented but there's not not a major one that makes sense because it's the same and our this is trial 10 by the way I should say this is trial 10 so I have trial one versus maybe I'll just maybe I'll just contrast all the trial 10s because otherwise things get messy okay cool this is trial 10 um and so this is trial 10 for a local standard global deviation and so we see kind of no first level ERPs really or no enhanced ERPs they're all the same but this last one because it this last or sixth ERP right because it disconfirmed a prediction essentially there is a enhancement in higher level beliefs when the model suddenly changes from thinking it was a high high low high high high low to a high high high if that makes sense and then if you compare that second level ERP to this one over here which is just local deviation global standard it's smaller that p300 there is smaller amplitude but at this first level because it kind of confirmed that there was a deviation at this first level and you see this first level there's this massive like deviation response in so does that all is that all fairly clear because I think that's just about all I have to show I I do think this stuff is really cool it's kind of nice to chat about it then so just to I want to be very clear that I am understanding with the event related potentials that you're showing that you superimpose and you got based off your hierarchical model you could then superimpose those ERPs which are related to gradient descent on the variational free energy which is related to dopamine expression and as we showed way at the beginning of this video that relationship between membrane voltage and expected firing rate mean population firing rate and we're taking all of these things together to provide the superimposed traces of the local fuel potentials at any given instant and we're showing how this oddball paradigm could play out conceivably by you know with a simulated version of this model how it could be realized is that yeah exactly the only thing I would say is that this these put these simulations are like nothing to do with the dopamine stuff yeah I was I was about to say the same thing in the exception of like dopamine having to do with how you choose policies so if we just like blew up the dopamine receptors or sorry this like in silico dopamine and just made it like we could make the agent behave totally randomly or we could make it behave in a super precise impulsive way um or something something along those lines sorry I shouldn't have said that impulsivity is a bit complicated um but we could make the um agent behave in a totally random way and choose random actions which would again have effects on the sensory sense on the sensations that the agent would receive so it indirectly affect the ERPs but there's nothing about like that gamma term that would affect uh state prediction error which is so the primary effectively turn off you could just turn off gamma right and like and it wouldn't yeah it wouldn't make any difference to this so so then just so that I'm getting it correct the more important thing then would be the membrane voltage which is related to the free energy minimization and your schematic diagram of those excitatory imputative and inhibitory connections that you're realizing in this model exactly yeah it's just it's just about rate of change in posteriori over states okay totally so I'm just gonna stop showing my screen at this point um so hopefully you guys can no longer see my screen nope we're back to just you cool well wow what a fun and interesting session let's uh first just really appreciate everyone for coming on because these are extremely didactic and it's really just something else to be walking through the code and seeing how many degrees of freedom there could be and also how real it can be when we actually specify it so any closing thoughts or and what can people look forward to for part four which is the final part before the semester begins for some of us yeah no I mean like I said I mean the last the last one is just the last section of the of the tutorial which is kind of where we're building to this whole time right is how to actually apply this stuff to empirical data and do real experiments can I ask a question on that is someone asks can we use this tutorial to construct a generative model of metacognitive control of attention or meta awareness i.e. modeling task-free conditions say while doing meditation for example so we talked a lot about task modeling how does this generalize yeah so I mean you kind of have to so I mean uh you know the first question is just how do you make that you know like really concrete right so I mean there's there's very easy ways you know like I've published a couple of papers and so has um you know several other people doing something like cognitive actions selecting cognitive policies as opposed to behavioral policies I mean these are things like where you like selectively choose what to pay attention to um you know or selectively choosing you know what to kind of hold in working memory or you know like things things along these lines that don't involve any kind of like overt observable behavior but involve um selecting cognitive fully internal actions right like something like selecting ways of manipulating lower level representations things like that um so that's certainly possible but what you would need to do then is say okay you know what does uh meditate what does a meditative action look like right like it could be something like for instance making a like choosing a policy at a higher level that say like for instance like really really really reduces the precision of like an A matrix or something right if you wanted to completely you know like cease to attend to anything like in the external world you know for example um you know or for instance maybe the opposite right maybe like mindfulness you know has to do with actually paying really really precise attention to the present but like making your uh transition matrices super imprecise so essentially it's all about the present and like you're not thinking about anything in the past or the future you know or I mean I could I could think of lots of different ways you might do something like that but to really make it you have to turn it in to something taskish right you have to define actions you know even if they're really internal actions you have to define the way they relate to perception the way they manipulate the processing perception you know I guess I like you have to ultimately boil it down to something really concrete with an exact quantitative structure but all the resources are certainly there to do it if you're creative enough to come up with the regenerative model. Tiva yeah I have two things to add to that so first is that I think there's a really there's a really cool kind of like early pre-print I'm not sure if it's been published anywhere it's just called a towards a formal neuro phenomenology of metacognition. Lars Sandovald Smith is first author Max Wehramstead who I think has been on the podcast before right there he's the he's the senior author they actually do try and model metacognition and specifically in meditation and meditation context. I would just say one thing that I am personally skeptical about I encourage everyone to do this kind of work but this is just this probably highlights my biases but I think if something is hard to study empirically that is to say it's very hard to study in terms of current imaging for example how you and creating like an event related design where you can get precise time locking to Europe between neuronal responses and cognitive processes for example if something's hard to do that in an experimental context it's going to be extremely difficult if not more difficult to do it meaningfully in terms of a generative model because I think these generative models are only meaningful and helpful to the extent to and other people are free to disagree with this this is just very much going off of my own kind of tangent but that just to say it's almost like you need to get more rigorous it's no longer just like well this one thing happened with this one setup it actually demands a higher standard but things that it lets above that higher standard are very cross-referenceable very interoperable so very nice very nice statement yeah I mean I should I should say that like like I guess you can think about these models as you know beyond the kind of more specific applications we've been talking about is doing kind of two you know doing like a couple of like broader things one is is that you can use them for kind of theory making theories precise right so for example like so a lot of my past work like I focus a lot on like like theories of like emotion and emotional awareness and how that relates to like you know psychiatric you know like clinical context and things like that but you know prior to doing a lot of this modeling stuff it kind of comes out of these like fairly hand wavy conceptual review papers right where it's like boxes and arrows and you know like it's and sometimes in those cases it's hard to go from kind of theoretical boxes and arrows you know even if you assign say neural regions or systems to them it's hard to to make those things really precise so that like it's very clear that one empirical result would actually confirm or disconfirm it whereas so you can take you know like a kind of conceptual you know somewhat hand wavy model like that and then turn it into an exact generative model which can just make your theory really precise you know so it's like one day you know it'd be really cool if instead of like review papers it's like review paper plus actually here's a model you know like a precise quantitative model that we think comes out of unifying all the results as opposed to less precise theories I mean one other nice thing you can do with these models is just like have a total proof of principle someone someone might make a radical claim like there is no way that you can conceivably do x and then the response that is here is a model that does x um and that's useful right that might not be it might even not be an empirically tractable example like I think the dark room problem is an example of this right like you could say there is no possible way of designing an active inference model that will escape the dark room and then you can build a model and say here is an active inference agent escaping the dark room like that would be a really shitty boring experiment to run I hope no but it's a argument but argument by construction but especially when people have these edge cases or perceived to be edge cases but that's how philosophy is at the fringe and at the border and expanding and critiquing and improving all these different metaphors that have come up in discussing like 14 was what is the dialogue between science and the modeling and the actual quantitative components of it and the empirical work and philosophy so it's really just we're coming at that same question from a little bit of a different angle so I think this has been a great length and a great session Ryan Christopher Maxx really appreciate all of you for coming on so that's going to be it for today but it will be our final session next Friday at the same time at 9 a.m. Pacific on February 5th it's going to be number four so thanks everyone for watching live and replay thanks again to authors and participants so peace out everyone thank you bye