So that's how we'll just join us Hello Hi, everyone Sorry to keep you all away from the tea With Nassara. Well, we'll try to wrap up soon unless it's very interesting and you all want us to continue Okay, so yes the session now is of course on understanding the consumer So I was just discussing with Most of them, you know before we walked in, you know myself also being from a digital advertising agency One of our key pain points is, you know, who's really watching when we go to a client and pitch You know, you have to be on OTT now The whole option, you know, especially from a digital perspective is why, you know, how do I target only women? How do I target only men? How do I target 18 to 25 volts and then you say by the content? But you know that is definitely not in our Yeah, yes welcoming Siddharth from Hotstar Big hand for him He will remember that even after he gets late, we'll be in trouble Yeah, so yeah, so, you know, you know, without much further ado, let's just start You know, who really is watching and I think the key OTT players over here are on the side You know, if you've got a question, the whole thing was that, you know, if you have to do, you know Advertisement on your platforms. One of the key pain points is, you know, the consumer data is limited It's as good as TV. So, you know, if we could understand from your who's really watching You know, and what are they watching on your platforms other than cricket? You know, maybe yourself start and then, you know, so when if you both could just throw some light So, sorry, I missed the beginning of your question, but it was basically who's watching and what are they watching, right? No, I think the short answer to that is all of India is watching Nobody was not watching anymore at this point, but I think the core audience is obviously younger Skews a little more towards male I think those are the Uber demographics, but You know, contrary to what you would think and rather counterintuitively The viewership across metros, tier 1, tier 2, tier 3 is fast equalizing. I think we are at a point where I don't see any skewed towards any particular geography at this point, you know I think where we are still under-penetrated is two segments. I'd say obviously the older demographic which is 45 plus Women slightly because that is a digital divide that we see in any case in our country where there are far more men online than women And I think lastly the southern markets, right? Regional penetration relatively compared to North, Central India, it's a little lesser It has a lot to do with the connectivity to TV also because in the south There is far higher penetration of TV within the households I think 90% households in the south of TV whereas like 70 or thereabouts have it in North India and other parts of India So there's far higher engagement with the TV, there's higher penetration of the TV, so therefore we are a little under-penetrated It's a journey that everybody is on and I'm sure at some point it will all equalize And in terms of what they are watching, I think OTT fair started off with like thrillers and the regular crime stories and stuff But I think it's fast diversifying into many diverse genres of entertainment, not just one particular Where reality is coming on board in fast numbers, there's going to be comedy, there's all different genres Because the audience, maybe the audience that favours thrillers etc was the first ones to come on board But now as the camera expands and as more and more people come on board, the content is also following that And the camera of content is also expanding dramatically I think that's the long answer to your short question No thanks, and I remember as a child I used to wait for those film festival movies in different languages that used to come on dope And today you can watch a lot of these international movies on OTT, you know Swedish and the previous channel they were saying there was tough flicks Zubin, what about you? So we run a slightly different strategy on OTT We run Shimaru Mi which is our OTT for the family and the entire family together So specifically to our entire approach has been more about regionalizing And cohorts that we pick up where we know that there's a strong need and there's a gap and we can fulfil it One such example is Gujarati So we've specifically made sure that Gujarati is our forte And Gujarati is something that we want customers to start appreciating the content itself So our vision on Gujarati is to make every Gujarati fall in love with Gujarati content And on that note we started this journey about a year ago To do that, a year ago on B2C our OTT began about 3 years back And in that journey we said we will offer customers different kinds of varied experiences of content Right from a Gujarati web series and a series of tools to Gujarati blockbuster films coming first time on digital on OTT In fact the Salman of Gujarat at least about 4 of his titles are on our platform and so on and so forth And lots of those, so all the big titles, every single title you see will be on the platform Along with that Gujaratis are very, very passionate about Natux which is plays and theatre And we've also made sure that that is part of the entire content mix Having said that we also understood this customer and we know what the customer inside is The customer inside is one is Gujaratis are tight-fisted, I'm sure many Gujaratis here will agree with me They are a bit tight-fisted and they see value for money in everything And what we said is we want customers to feel that they are getting value for money for the subscription that they are paying for It's not just we will offer you blockbuster, we will offer you web series and Natux and come for the subscription So what we said is we will promise to them a subscription that gives them one new title every week guaranteed as part of the promise And now whether it's a web series or a Natux or a blockbuster film, we're doing that So we've done that for the last year, it's doing really well People are picking up, renewal rates are really good And we run an SWAT service to set that tone We use a little bit of AWAT to drive the customers in to sample our content and drive them in But as far as the overall business is concerned we see more value when customers pay for the content they are watching When it comes to profile into the question you were asking The larger piece is that there's a huge bunch of people who love Gujarati content And any so-called brand who wants to get and target that audience, this is the ideal base to go and go after Whether it's through inventory, whether it's through in-film which we do on our web series where we actually shoot and we can actually do in-film inside those We do a lot of that, we work with over 150 brands across various sectors who actually work with us on each of these things And that's how the entire thing works Profiling is very, I mean it's very clear, we're talking to a Gujarati audience, predominantly male like he said But we have different kinds of content that cater to women as well So we recently launched a web series called Equice More Tiffin which is 21st Tiffin, a very nice movie that came on theatrical and then first time on OTT on Shumaruni And that was a women's centric film altogether, so we actually targeted women's centric brands and the Mont Board and so on and so forth So based on the content we look at how we can target and write the right TGs to the content that is consuming and therefore those guys come on board along with the brands and the customers So you said you found Gujaratis adapting to your content, right? You saw a lot of Gujarati content consumption on your platform and then skewed your entire strategy towards Gujaratis So likewise, how did you map that you will do something for women, do you then track that? So let's put it this way, we said first year is all about experimentation, we will try out different formats So we said movies, nardugs, web series, our first web series on thriller did not really take off But when we did family drama it took off like a house on fire So we kept looking at different kinds of genres and formats to come to a formula that we now know that works And likewise women was one part of that, so now we know what kind of women's centric content works And therefore we are now getting sharper, I don't think anyone has a whiteboarding answer to what really works for women or for a certain segment But I believe that it's only experience that tells you more about how your customers behave And of course I think what I think as we all have heard even in the previous manner, what I think fresh content Ishaan what about you, you have your views on this? So Chhaya, I represent a very silent clan called the Internet Enablers While I have been hearing these lovely conversations where OTT partners share their lovely insights I represent networking and internet enabling services which actually add a different color to this entire story So let me add my own flavor to who is our Indian user and I would borrow some ideas from where Siddharth left From a network enabler or internet enabling point of view Our point of view is that we are talking with at least three if not more representative user persona When we consider who is a representative OTT user base The first is a connected or a fulfilled user, internet user and by extension OTT user For whom digital connectivity is not a challenge right So people like you and me who are in metro cities are privileged enough to get high speed reliable available sources of digital connectivity Consider this to be close to 250-300 million Indians The second part would be the rest of the connected internet like digitally connected Indians right Close to 400-odd million users would be our fair guess of users who are internet connected But I would imagine that the enabling solutions are not at par to realize the complete aspirations of them in terms of media consumption And we feel that there is a huge gap of their ambitions and the lovely content that our partners provide But there is a fundamental thing that we assume as a given which is not there which is digital connectivity Consider somebody who is living in a village or not in places which has the most advanced form of digital connectivity And the third would be definitely 600-650-odd million Indians who are not yet connected to internet right And what we are firmly like believers around that they are the next points of explosive growth for the entire industry So sugar box in its humble capacity what we are trying to do is that we are trying to have focused solutions for all these three types of users And because their aspirations are very different especially for the second and third the under connected and the unconnected Indian Who by extension is not able to get a great experience of say a hot star or a shama rumi We have invented a technology by which we can make digital applications work even without internet connectivity And that is where our understanding of OTT user is firstly refining right We take many things as given that speed of internet or cost of internet because we many a times think metro users to be the representative users But again aspirations of India are there in different places I would consider like present one or two stats just for the broader view India is ranked 120th in terms of mobile speed right And we unfortunately stand even behind like East African countries or like South Asian countries which we would like to think that we are probably way better in terms of state of life And secondly cost while cost is an assumed given in the current infrastructure We don't talk about cost as a barrier for OTT consumption right but this scenario is also going to change pretty fast Telecom organizations are facing immense pressure for making a sustainable business And as a result some of the factors which are given for all the OTT partners may not be given So that's why users are having different aspirations and we in our limited understanding are trying to solve this very basic problems for the Indian users So that they can be exposed to the brilliant content of OTT stars and Shemarumis That's really great and you know yes of course there are hinterlands there is the larger India which might not yet have a great bandwidth But you know we already have about 450 million OTT users Okay it might be you know primarily YouTube but we do have content consumption We've got e-commerce boom happening over there including tier 2 and tier 3 We have about 100 million plus population of country Our OTT base right The country is growing and we have 100 million population We have many countries put together OTT population alone So that is also something we need to recognize You know you are going to enable you know reach to a larger audience that's fantastic You know anything before we move to that we are going to talk about the reach where the reach growth is going to come from Any thoughts on you know who is consuming and you know before we move to the next Please Yes I think I am going to take the advantage of being the voice of branded content on this forum right now Yes please There is a content creator too Yes so I am a podcaster and a YouTube creator all because of pandemic I felt like sharing a part of me and my life being a mindfulness trainer I thought I should just keep the camera on one day and see what content comes out And voila I was surprised myself and which led to another podcast and another podcast But coming back to the topic I think content can come from anyone While we are talking about the platform owners here And the technology But from a branded content perspective a user can like content ideas coming from brands And when it comes to branded content all I can say from OTT perspective There is limitation when it comes to fiction content as all we know right Branded content in non-fiction is the approach the brands are taking From Omnicom media perspective we have had a very good run last year We have created our own IPs and in travel music and couple of more genres Which have primarily rested on digital One we took to Woot which was called Shkoda Sonic Roots with Amitrivedi And which was basically conceptualized as a travel show And I think this was gave us huge learnings in terms of what's possible What the users want to watch And what is not possible on OTT from branded content perspective But while my ear is on the ground Meeting the clients and brands literally every day having conversation with marketers I think the demand is lot But we are not able to meet the demand from OTT perspective And I am hoping to see a lot more change in that area Thanks so much Ishaan to your point you spoke about India and Bharat Of course there is this content story There is also a device story there We are talking about a market which is number two in terms of smartphone penetration We are ahead of United States We are just after China So smartphones are, India is a mobile personation It's my personal device where I consume my content And this is happening both in Bharat and India The other piece is you talk about the larger screen Talk about connected TVs The connected TVs are the ones that are driving TV penetration in India If my numbers are correct We are currently sitting at 10 million connected TVs Expected to go up four times in the next two years All of this points to the Indian consumer recognizing the importance of quality content Quality content is something that you can deliver from an enhanced audio standpoint Or an enhanced video standpoint So it's the whole ecosystem The content, the service that delivers the content And the playback, the device When the three sort of come together Whether it's in India or Bharat It just gives you a seamless experience So just adding to what you said Yeah just one thing I wanted to add Just from a softer point of view on this entire discussion While it's getting very technical That during pandemic I think also we've gone through this entire feeling as a consumer To be much more lenient towards content creators We've accepted languages We've accepted what's being served to us And we've agreed to read the subtitles Or accept the non Hindi movies or series We've accepted quality A little down quality as well If you remember when second wave You know we were just deep into it Any kind of content was welcome Content victory Something fresh on the library Wow So that was the feeling at that time And I think now is the time when we are discussing all this In terms of how to process all of this Going ahead in future But from a branded content perspective Again coming to the point that You know there is a lot more demand out there And I don't know if OTT platforms Are supplying that demand enough If I break it down into sponsored content Or curated content or created content When it comes to created content There is very less branded content happening Sponsored content yes, curated content yes Huge opportunities there Huge Yeah absolutely and we are hoping that all the OTT players out here are listening That there are lots of advertisers who would like to do a lot more Completely listening I mean we've been doing branded content for a long time now Look I think They It's not that Who wants to turn away money If somebody is coming and giving you money You are very happy to take it But generally what happens is The goals of the What the brand wants And what the platform wants And what the content creator wants It becomes very difficult to align them In such a way that you actually produce great quality For the end consumer And I do both I market my brand But I also look at the business So I want my brand to be front and centre In every part of the story I don't want the story I want just the brand And the content creator doesn't want the brand at all They are like the brand should be in the background And the brand should be an integral part of the story And then the brand owner says that Where is my brand I mean it's a part of the story No I want it to be front and centre So at the end it becomes They tend to be compromises I'll just add to this Brand owners are They are wanting to be part of the storytelling They don't want the product comms anymore And in fact Because I manage a few Global brands at OpeningCom And they've done enough of content marketing In last one decade They are fine with no logo presence Or no product endorsement Or placements So the ask is more about story line Can be part of it Can be part of the journey that the user is enjoying Yeah Lots of brands are now open to You know Marketing in a more Pardon the term But a more sophisticated fashion Rather than brand in your face Kind of a fashion But I think the problem has also been The unit economics of it In the sense that Today when you produce a good OTT show for the audience It takes a lot of money And I think there are content panels Before me who would know much more about it So actually And so what you end up building Is like Not really OTT show, they are pieces of content But they don't have the scale And the rigor that OTT shows to the demand I think So okay fair enough They don't need to pay the whole money They can be a part of the monetization But the problem with that Is in the consumer experience gets compromised Because then the brand says Also put me in the show lock up Or whatever That's the only example that came to mind Which was beautifully done But the brand was still there And the OTT consumer who's subscribing Is not okay with things like that They want a very pure experience Because they've paid money So this is where I mean that's why there are AWOD models And so that's where you see the clash You know that's why quality content Is not coming out And that's what I meant by when I said Making consumers paying subscription For a pure experience You're putting a brand in front of them Your conversion declines On that piece of content Because they're not getting a clear experience So then the economics Start to fall through But I think to your point I think we've yet to discover That middle ground Between a great story And a brand in it Do you see it coming this year Do you see those conversations That happen That kind of writing quality That kind of client's understanding Isn't there to make it happen on a mass basis So it happens every now and then Like we did an amazing Branded content show with Quaker Oaths Which was called Kitchen, Khanna and Conversations And we bought a celebrity chef there And it did fabulously well But it's very difficult to Replicate that kind on a massy level You know even that brief That brief with the client It wants to close So more in non-fiction space Less fiction And I think this would be an evolution Good ideas would happen This is going to definitely I think in the future With more and more I think the problem also is brands Don't think of it as a media spend When you think about a media spend There'll be brands that will come And spend 70, 80, 90 crores On media without linking an eye Big brands right now But when you ask them to put More than 10 crores On a piece of content for a brand No that's very difficult And you know hardly any good story Nowadays gets created below 15, 20 crores Is my sense So I think that's where the economics Kind of You know just because of this I think great storytelling From the brand side is happening More in digital Just because of the space And not intrusive It's very subtle Very subtle I think also looking at this entire content piece And branded content etc Brings us to the other aspect About the quality of content Like we were discussing earlier You also have content creators dominating Across the web And they're the quality of content So you have the bottom of the spectrum In terms of quality of content With somebody just shot anywhere in the garage On the street And on the other hand You have high quality content Which is going to actually give you Those eyeballs and retainer Subscriptions etc Sameer do you want to throw some light on Because being from quality end You've done the scope creating with Several players last year You did a campaign around that Absolutely thanks So to your earlier comment About the pandemic Letting consumers settle for whatever It's available Back by consumer insights So these are consumer insights That we picked up There was a four country study Done by Wakefield Which points to In the Indian context Points to Indian consumers Doing a two pronged upgrade During the pandemic More time You want the best possible experience And those upgrades are actually happening One from a premium So 94% In India Pointed out to Indian consumers 94% willingness to Subscribe to a premium service Provided it delivers an enhanced Experience Whether it's an enhanced audio Experience or video experience The second upgrade that the Indian Consumer is willing to do Is to upgrade his device Something that I have been Snacking in and snacking out In the non-pandemic days Now I am totally dedicated To upgrading my device Provided the device Comes with the latest technology That gives me a better experience So this is not just the AV content Even on the audio narrative side Because that's another streaming aspect Of content that we look at There was a Kantar study Done recently With music listeners in India Nine out of ten music listeners Who are heavy music listeners Pointed out to their willingness To subscribe to a premium service Provided it gives them more quality And quality is defined as something That gives you more clarity Gives you more depth Gives you more detail 1.3 billion population Everybody Enough content and type of content Quality of content for everyone Absolutely To Chhaya's question From a branded content perspective Yes, there are opportunities to co-create So at Dole TV We co-created a property With NDTV Gadget 360 Talking about how do Indian consumers Get a premium experience So it's a how to 101 kind of series Which talks about how to get the best Experience on your smartphone How to get the best streaming experience Which is seamless across screen types So day in the life of a consumer Morning I walk out on my smartphone Start consuming something Enter work To a desktop Back home I'm on the big TV So how can streaming services Give you a seamless experience Across screen types and so on and so forth Could you share your own experience On this high quality content Where the production value is very high Visibly low production value content How is the consumer behavior? I mean everything has a place Firstly everything has a place today In the Indian ecosystem It doesn't matter high quality Everybody has its sensibilities Its own set of consumers Obviously the higher quality The more likelihood The more propensity a consumer Has to pay for it And shorter formats Content creator democratization All of them play a role In bringing people on to digital video So YouTube pretty much shapes Digital video behavior today If you think about it People come online To be honest the first place Mostly YouTube And they learn things there They catch on to things there I think their sensibilities Start getting shaped there And then they graduate to better quality And better quality And start to eventually Maybe pay for the content So I think it exists In all shapes and sizes today I think everything has a role In fact what we call low production quality Snacky videos Is thriving on all of that stuff So there is an economics there also There is a viewership there also There is a viewership at the higher end also And I think to You know Shalija's point I think a very valid point That because of the pandemic We were open to watching A lot of content as long as it was fresh Stuff we would not have watched Two years ago in our regular lives So I don't remember But I think I don't know When the KGF part one came out Or maybe it was at the beginning or whatever But a lot of people started watching it in Hindi And then when Pushpa came We were so I'm not saying that anywhere Has driven the success But I think people wanted to try something new And there was some content that was out in the theater They went They saw it There was a great effort done to dub it in Hindi The songs and everything They saw it, they loved it Word of mouth spread Just to add to this Because when you just touched upon A little bit of creator Economy growth Which happened at the same time during the pandemic With the launch of Plethora Of short video apps You know, I think back in 2020 I think that's the switch When the consumer became the creator Right The technology gave that leverage To the consumer to start creating content And the studio Inside a short video app Which has a filter It has music inside You can upload your content You can show your creativity That's the time you realize Also when you're watching that content Hey, quality doesn't matter As long as I'm getting entertained I'm watching something which is nice And funny And it just kind of relaxes me And that was the entire shift Which happened I mean, data is great But I think I'm very inside And just looking at life person I think like, you know Siddhartha definitely said That you do have demand for both For sure And he also specified And I'm sure you're going to pay a premium For premium content And there are products also So for example We launched an app during the pandemic Called the Dolby On app If you have a piece of inspiration That you want to share with your audience You can actually record it using the app It does the Dolby magic And you go live You can even go live on Facebook And other platforms We, in fact, engage with a lot of artists Doing that So I mean, it's a mix of both It's definitely in the environment You want to add your experience Yeah, so we've done some very interesting stuff With a few brands But specifically in regional pockets I mean, there are brands who've come to us Because we're so prominent In that particular region They've come to us and said It could just be a Mithai store And he's saying How to weave or make a story in your content He has told us And literally to your point We've actually created We're now in the process of actually getting Writer, brand, OTT player All in one room and saying Okay, let's figure out what each one's wish list is Based on that wish list We'll come to a common denominator And say, okay, now all are happy We'll make a story based on this piece And that's what we are headed to So you're bang on in that In that insight Thanks Ishaan, you've been going to those The Bharat, the larger So what is the consumer looking for? You mentioned that they're looking for Native content Would that be a right understanding? Actually, I want to Come back to the earlier question And add my insight about What is the audience choice of Lower quality versus higher quality And I'm giving you a Bharat Point of view Again It is very interesting when Some of the barriers are removed People start behaving very differently I'm citing an instance Of a remote village in Maharashtra called Pathetan Which actually introduced our infrastructure As a result The rural audience Were able to watch content Without any barriers of cost Or connectivity They were getting equivalent to 4G, 5G content And that too without having to pay money So essentially we removed the barriers That are there When a person makes a choice Between low quality and high quality And very interestingly Ishaan Most of the villagers Were pleasantly surprised after seeing that They chose the highest format of Video Highest resolution of video They were willing to Experiment with different High quality content formats Just because the barriers were removed So A very interesting conversation And I was loving to hear that part The only aspect is that It is functional to the current environment If the environmental barriers are removed I actually tend to Agree with Sunny that People are voracious for high quality content Whether it is data or whether it is content Different parts of Different elements of content consumption I think also maybe there was a novelty In getting good content for them And then you know you obviously Will choose the most The highest common Definitely and they are also equally Edutite of an audience To understand the differences Between mediocre quality It is probably just that they were Constrained by some other barriers Just to add to that I think good quality content Is going to be costly like Sid said And there is no way you will make money From the advertiser You have to make money from the consumer That is where SWAT comes in Mediocre content which is great value In terms of entertainment value Conserved by the advertiser And funded by the advertiser It will still mitigate costs It will not recover costs But I think that is best for both worlds Substitution is what is going to drive the growth No I would not say that I think the most successful businesses Will be able to bring in brands Subscription as well as build I see a future You know on Avod reach is what sells And that is what brands come in for That is the TV model You will see a future where You will have people subscribing You will have massive reach on those subscriptions And you will be able to Because of these two things You will be able to build content That has brands woven in Talks about brand integration But also is very very Separately or with it Is very high quality And possibly it is a little too early Even now because we are still not As penetrated I don't think it is a little too early Because we already have scale Even in our subscriptions And even our subscription Platform base is good enough For advertisers today But again I think we are just Scratching the surface I think over the next two years There will be another 50 At least 50 million people Added into the subscription ecosystem What I meant more from early Is that there is a lot of room To do a lot more today So therefore where the revenues Are really coming from We will see different kind of formats Maybe newer avenues I think models will evolve for sure There are so many economies at play here There is the creator economy at play There is the influencer economy at play There is a subscription economy at play There is a brand or an avod economy at play There is gaming along with that There is interactivity along with that I don't even We don't know what we don't know Even know what the future models Commercials will look like But today we do see avod, svod Brands maybe at a certain point In a certain offering Even coming together Along with also existing as pure play Offerings So something else that we do with brands Is that it is slightly reverse So we actually go and understand What their requirements are And what their objectives are And in line with their objectives We can play a role in that journey And then there are many times When brands say we want to acquire Some of your subscriptions in bulk And that's where B2B comes in Some guys say we want to integrate Your app into our app So that we increase engagement So that's where engagement and B2B Again comes in So there are lots of different models As it was saying And we haven't even scratched the surface As far as monetization is concerned So where do you see the future growth Coming from We did speak about About 100 million paid subscriptions today But 450 OTT users Where do you see the future growth Coming from Do you think metros are So I think there's extreme competition I wouldn't say competition But there's too much supply Of content in the Hindi space Whether it's web series Or in different genres But the real magic is going to come From that same scale Being done at every regional pocket So if there are I mean regional has not even scratched the surface We've just kind of touched it right now There are few players who are doing regional Gujarati is what we are doing We also do a lot of Bollywood Which is our regular Bollywood catalog So the entire Bollywood catalog About 5000 films is on the platform But more importantly The regional pocket is where Things are actually going to explode As time goes on And we have to penetrate Beyond the 100 If you want to get to the next 500 million You'll need to look at regional as the only way Yeah So that would you agree Do you share the same thoughts I mean it depends on what cut you want to take Regional is one cut Which is more a language affinity So if you look at it from a language affinity Yes When I started I said that we are under penetrated In the regional audiences right Relatively and TV is much stronger there Versus what happens in the Hindi ecosystem HSM as we call it Hindi speaking markets Right and so definitely that is a space For growth But you know There are 700-800 million viewers on TV Of Hindi entertainment Sorry of overall entertainment There are maybe If you leave out YouTube There are maybe 200 million people On premium OTT entertainment right So there is still headroom for 600 million people More who love entertainment to come on To OTT Now they can come across regions But I think there is a big job As well If you look at the other cut of it Which is geographically right There is tier one cities There is tier two cities Which is Bharat Which is tier three and below I think huge job All these places And I think if you look at the audience sizes Of course Bharat is the largest audience size That is still to be explored And tier one and tier two But then you have to balance it With affinity And propensity to pay And affordability right So I think at the end of the day It's a cross play between those three or four things And it depends on How you position yourself What you want to sell and what is your proposition But I think all of these markets Have great potential Metro of course Metros are the most saturated markets So maybe the headway there might be lesser But tier one, tier two, tier three Below I think massive headway And then if you go into languages On those tier one, tier two, tier three Even more headway Thanks so much I am getting all kinds of signals That are being sent here To say that we are out of time But you weren't looking here Ma'am, you were only looking there I kept waiting, I am instead going to ask Then you will see me Ten seconds per person Precisely ten I am passing I will save those ten seconds Sir, my budget only allows that much I will try and do it in ten seconds As long as Okay, perfect As far as So businesses As long as they are looking at their subscribers As consumers and not customers And giving them cuss Which is basically giving ease of use Imagine a integrated A single remote that gives me both Linear and non-linear content As a consumer You are not giving me cuss You are treating me as a consumer Plus the whole integrated interface Example being fire TV Ease of discovery of content Xiaomi does a very interesting patch wall Which aggregates content There are different carousel As long as you are thinking consumer And reducing the cuss To me that will drive growth Okay, just one last point Nobody And nobody is cracked that code Nobody is platform loyal We are all content loyal So if there is content today on a particular platform We will jump there If there is another piece of content on another platform We will jump there as well And we will watch it We will pay for it This is consumer behavior And till we don't crack the code Of how to make customers loyal on the platform We have tried to do that With our 52 week promise of Premiers But till we don't crack that code I think we will all be trying to find That subscription hack Maybe you won't be disappointed Tomorrow we will call the staff Watch our content online Use Dolby Watch all the content online Watch all the content online Yes, watch content online OTT, OTT Thank you so much everyone For your patient listening


Hello and welcome to the Dave Burdan show presented by Buffalo Wildlings. I'm Greg Royce joined by Stevenson cross-country head coach Dave Burdan And coach you had a pretty successful weekend up at the NCA Mideast regionals weekend made a little bit history for the first time You had a pair of runners qualify on the men's side for national championships and Pat Watson and Langston Gash Just talking about the race as a whole and also you finished seventh as a team Which is by fire best finish just talking about the whole the whole experience Yeah, so I'm our ultimate goal this season was to finish as high as fifth But I mean going into the meet we were ranked seventh so we finished where we were ranked But just a I mean a little bit history last year we were 15th and the year before that we were 21st So we're kind of making that progression and we only have three recruiting classes So I mean so it's really exciting to have Pat and Langston and really just three years Going to the national championships that normally takes a lot longer for that to happen It's exciting. Yeah, you look at a lot first the track and field cross-country program obviously last year and indoor You had your first Qualifiers both male and female for indoors first female qualifier for outdoors last spring and now first on the men's side cross-country Championship qualifier, so it's been exciting time for your program. Yeah, definitely And that's what kind of what I know coach Kamadeka and I tell recruits how they're gonna be able to be a part of a Lot of firsts here at Stevenson. So I mean going on next year. I mean we still haven't won that conference championship We still haven't made it to nationals as a team yet, and there's a lot of firsts still that happen on the women's side as well Yeah, talk a little bit about that men's race You just tell me how close it was at the front of the top 15 or 16 finishers really finish in a pack right the end Yeah, so so even though Pat and Langston were as far back as 11 and 13th place They were only 11 seconds out of first. So it was a really tight race I mean I told them just to kind of get out and get in that front group and kind of hang on and that's exactly what they Did and it was really exciting to see see them still there kind of towards the end and knowing confidently that that they were Gonna make it to nationals. Yeah, I'm still a little bit of suspense for Langston and that you know He had to wait till John's Hopkins was officially named to the field on Sunday, but Pat knew he was in on Saturday Yeah, yeah, so Langston was if you take the top two automatic teams out Langston was the eighth individual and they only take seven But we knew there was a very good shot that Johns Hopkins was gonna get in and actually Johns Hopkins and York are both Going so then the one Johns Hopkins guy that was ahead of Langston doesn't count. So now we were the fifth and seventh individuals So yeah, and you know to have four from the region and to finish seventh means you guys are right on the doorstep Yeah, you know potentially, you know with everybody back next year, you know potentially maybe making that jump and going to national Yeah, definitely. So Langston's a junior and Pat's only sophomore and I mean we don't graduate anybody So it's a really exciting time. I mean that their goal for next year is to get there as a team Yeah, and then on the women's side a little bit more history Kelly Winkabar finished 32nd overall The best place by a women's cross-country roster for Steve runner for Stevenson That hurt earned her all-region honors the first time you've had that on the women's side Yeah, so I mean we were talking about first before so Kelly was the first all-region runner that we've ever had and It's exciting. I mean she wanted to finish a little bit higher, but I mean She ran what she could on that day and it was exciting and then the woman as a team Finished 23rd, which is kind of right around where we were two years ago. I think we're 22nd So we're looking to really improve on that a lot next year. Yeah, and again the same thing on the women's side This is that you don't really lose anybody So you'll be you know continuing to build that program and hopefully, you know, maybe Kelly's got you know Another couple shots. I believe at national so as you continue to build that program as well They'll be more first. Yeah, definitely and and it's going really well with the woman I mean they're developing well and like you said, I mean it's a very young team So it's exciting to see where they are next year All right, so you head out on Thursday to two nationals out in Illinois. Yeah, what do you know about the course? It's an honest course. Normally. I mean Statistically like if you look at the history of national course, it's normally pretty flat and fast and this year It's actually got quite a bit of rolling hills in the middle So so I think that's actually going to help Patton Langston. Yeah. Yeah, so they went out They trained, you know out of Arizona this year and you know an altitude so I had a little bit hills out there Yeah, and then our conference meet and the regional meet we just ran were both unhaily courses. So so they're ready for it So it's exciting. I mean The I told them going into this weekend that if they made it to nationals It's kind of like the icing on the cake for the season But they still they're competitive and they want to do well But it's it's exciting because they're gonna kind of go out there this time would not really a lot of pressure Right and just kind of put their nose in it and see where they how hard they can finish Yeah, nothing to lose and obviously the expectation, you know, the goal was to make it to nationals Now whatever they can do. Obviously it's the first time and you know, maybe Hopefully they'll come back with a strong finish. Yeah, and anything's possible.  Absolutely. All right, coach We'll the best of luck safe travels out to Illinois and we'll have you on here one final time next week to recap the nationals and You know look ahead a little bit not to next not in the next year But um, you know the track and field season shows you pick up a coach cam at that point. Yeah All right. Thanks for watching for David and I'm Greg Royce. This has been the David and show


My name is Olivia Campbell Anderson and I'm Executive Director of Renewable Energy Vermont. On this gorgeous sunny day, for some of us winter might be the farthest thing from our minds. However, a lot of our monitors are thinking and getting ready and preparing for next winter already. And as we've got 4th of July coming up, we're also thinking about our independence from fossil fuels. And so we're here today to celebrate the fact that there are new sales tax incentive taking effect July 1. Other new incentives that we're going to go into detail talking about. 80% of Vermont's heating comes from oil and gas. And we are working at Renewable Energy Vermont with a collaborative of folks to stabilize and reduce heating costs with renewable solutions like advanced wood heating. Because 78 cents of every dollar spent on fossil fuels leaves our economy. Instead of sending more than 131 million dollars every year out of our state and exacerbating climate change, we could be reinvesting 70 million every year where we have nearly every dollar staying in our local economy with renewable wood heating, displacing 40 million gallons of fossil fuels. Over the next seven years, Vermont needs to install just under 40,000 new clean wood heating systems to meet our renewable energy and climate commitments. And to date we've installed fewer than 400 on the boiler side for advanced wood systems. So we've got a lot of work to do and we are thankful to share the benefits that advanced wood heating brings to Vermonters to help make their homes more comfortable, lower their heating costs, and support our local economy and our forest landscape. So which is why we are here to announce the new incentives and the sales tax exemption, which would not be possible were it not for the advocacy and work of several senators and delegates and representatives including one of whom is with us today, Senator Anthony Polina who represents Washington County, and also serves on the Senate Agricultural Committee and the Senate Finance Committee. And so Senator Polina is going to join us and talk a little bit about some of the good work that the legislature did to help Vermonters access more renewable heating this year for the next few years. Senator, thank you. Thank you, I appreciate your patience. I just realized recently how connected everything is to your lower back. There are people here today who can speak, I think, better to the actual issues around the technology and the efficiency of advanced wood heat systems. But I just want to make clear how important it is not only to homeowners and businesses, but to our local rural economy. We're not just here to encourage the use of wood boilers and advanced wood boilers and to encourage a more efficient way of heating our homes and businesses. But what we're doing here today is we're encouraging more of our vitality to our rural communities and our local rural economy. Right now what we're doing by advancing wood heat boilers is we're creating a market for what we think of as low grade lumber. This is wood that has come from Vermont Forest and normally would have been going to paper production. Those markets have recently dried up over the last couple of years. A lot of that wood was going to Maine to go into paper plants which have shut down. So now that it's a resource that essentially is going to waste and not doing anything economically for our rural communities. By advancing the use of advanced wood heat boilers, we're actually creating a market for that low grade lumber which then creates better jobs for loggers and people who work in the woods. And it allows us to strengthen our rural economy. So we're not just talking about more efficient heating systems. We're talking about something that's really good for our rural economy, our forest products industry, and for all Vermonters. So I just want to make sure that that's really clear that that's one of the reasons, not the only reason, but that's one of the reasons why it was important to myself and others on the Agriculture Committee to push forward with this in the face of some pretty bad opposition. This was not a time when people wanted to spend money. There was a lot of questions about sales tax exemption, whether it was the right thing to do, whether we could afford to do it. And we really made the argument that we couldn't afford not to do it because of the importance that it would put on our rural economy. Particularly at a time when we're trying to do everything we can to support our logging and forestry industries, this is one of the things we can do, which again would help both homeowners' businesses, but also be good for our rural economy, our forestry, our loggers, and our rural communities. So I appreciate everybody being here and I just want to make it really clear that this is an economic development initiative as well as a renewable energy heating initiative. Thank you. You know, and Susan Clark has been not only powering her electric home with solar, as you can see here, but also using wood and advanced wood heating for several years now and is going to share her experience about that. Susan, sure. Thank you. Thanks everybody for coming all the way to my house. And I, you know, I agree with everything that's been said here about energy independence, about supporting my neighbors who are loggers and foresters and helping the rural economies, helping our communities. But I guess the perspective that I would bring is as a person who actually heats with a wood boiler and I have to say I heated with regular wood, you know, kind of carrying like this into your house for about 15 years here and at another house. And it's great. It's great heating with wood. You know, everybody knows how terrific it is. It is a lot of trips out to the wood pile and there's a lot of detritus that comes in your carpet and there's that dust and there's the fact that when you stand next to your wood stove, you're warm but if you go near living room, you're cold.  But I loved it. I loved it. But it didn't make sense for this house and when our oil furnace went out, we had to replace it with something and we did a lot of research. And this just made total sense for us. It has all the advantages of oil in that a truck comes to your house twice a year and plugs into your house and you've got fuel. And when you're cold, you turn on the thermostat. So from a selfish point of view, it's really easy to heat with wood pellets. And in addition, I feel really good about the sustainability and what it can do for using local fuels. So I really appreciate it and I feel really glad to know that there are now ways that people can do this in their homes that make it even more affordable, which I hope means that more folks do it because I think it works really well. Thanks. One thing I would mention, given what Susan said about the deliveries, is at some point, if we continue to move in this direction, we will actually see the development of wood pellet production plants in the state of Vermont, which is something that we sorely need to create that market for the low-grade lumber. So we'd like to see pellets being produced here in the state of Vermont more so that we could use more of that low-grade lumber. And we are excited to be partnering with Efficiency Vermont, who are now offering some new incentives for customers to lower their expenses and costs. And Karen Glittman from Efficiency Vermont is going to talk a little bit about some of their work. Thank you. Thank you, and it's a pleasure to be here and join in this celebration of modern wood heat. Efficiency Vermont is really excited and are thankful to our forward-looking regulators at the Public Service Department and at the Public Utility Commission, who changed the rules to enable Efficiency Vermont to provide more incentives for modern wood heat. We will be offering a $3,000 incentive for advanced wood heat furnaces and boilers. We're also going to continue to work with renewable energy Vermont and with the contractors on large commercial 5,000 square feet or larger buildings with technical assistance supporting our contractors to provide renewable wood heat there as well. So we know that advanced wood heat is good for the economy. We heard Senator Polina talk about it. It's good for the forest. It's good for all the critters that live in the forest. And it's also part of how we are going to meet our energy and climate commitments in the state. So we're excited to be part of this. We're delighted to be able to offer additional incentives and to continue providing technical assistance to homeowners and businesses who want to take advantage of this local renewable resource to heat their buildings. So thank you. Thanks, Karen. So there in Vermont there are more than a dozen, nearly two dozen contractors and different local businesses that you can connect with to get an advanced wood heating system. One of them is going to speak with us today, Andy Bhutan from Pelogy. Andy, you want to talk a little bit about your customers and how you help folks. So Andy Bhutan from Pelogy, I'm the founder and general manager of Pelogy. We started about 12 years ago in this wood pellet heating business. And we started out as a manufacturer and as technologies improved and changed and wood heating got more automated, we've become an importer of technology. We now distribute wood pellet boilers from right here in Montpelier, Vermont to about 13 states as far away as Alaska, Washington, Oregon and pretty much the entire northeast. So we're a Montpelier, Vermont-based business. We import boilers, we train technicians and we work with feedback from homeowners and from businesses to really ensure that this automated, advanced modern wood heat technology is the best that it can be and the most reliable and easy for homeowners and individuals. In a home like this, you can expect anywhere from two to three deliveries per year, not unlike oil. You turn the thermostat up and you've got good central heat throughout the house with renewable technology. To Senator Polina's point, we thank him very much for taking a leadership role in this. This is about the local economy as well. Not only are we a local business and a local distributor of the technology, but right now there are hundreds of foresters out in the woods working on a day like today harvesting this low grade timber, bringing it into places like Vermont Wood Pellet down in North Clarendon where we're producing pellets, New England Wood Pellet, Curran Pellet, all within this local woodshed. I reflect back on comments made by Mike Snyder, who is our commissioner of forests and parks here, who said that having a robust forest economy means healthy forests and you can't have one or the other. You have to have a robust forest economy in order to have a good, healthy forest and that's part of finding a market for these low grade timbers. So we're both focused on the technology end. We're focused on the ease for the homeowner and this modern wood heat is not bringing in logs and stoking a fire four or five times a day. It's truly thinking about it maybe three or four times a season and other than that it's fully automated. With that I'm happy to take any questions at all or kind of a panel here if that's appropriate. Sure. Let's maybe do a quick summary for all of the customer incentives and then we can move into questions. Starting July 1, Vermonters will pay no sales tax on a new advanced wood boiler thanks to Senator Polina and his colleagues, Senator Starr, Representative Helm, many others in the legislature that were involved in that. They can receive a $3,000 off the system from Efficiency Vermont. They can receive another $3,000 off the system from the Clean Energy Development Fund. Andy is here and can answer questions about that and for folks that are in Washington Electric Co-op's district they can get another $1,000 off. So other utilities, they may have specialized programs and I would encourage you to contact them and request that. So ultimately you're looking at a total of $7,000 to $9,000 off a new boiler. You're looking at stable fuel prices that you can rely on. Local fuels, local heating very much is similar to local eating and there's no reason now that we shouldn't all be thinking about and actually making the switch. There's no better time than today. So I also want to take a moment and recognize, as I mentioned, there are dozens of companies in the state. Look for folks who are renewable energy Vermont members, folks who are a part of Efficiency Vermont's Energy Excellence Network. And we also have here Dave Frank from Sunwood Biomass who installed the system in Susan's home. Cutting Edge Energy Systems is here and Born's Energy both providing the systems and all of your local fuel needs. And you can find the contact information for these local businesses as well as others that are not here today on our website which is REvermont.org. We have a renewable energy business listing and you can find someone near you to help you get one of these systems. So with that, any questions that folks have about the systems or about the incentives? Characterize that goal of 40,000 systems over the next, would you say, seven years? Is that a, you think you're going to meet that goal or is that like a high in the sky kind of thing? If we're only at 1% now, it seems like there's a lot of work to do. Yeah, there is a lot of work to do and what we know is sort of goals without plans and dreams are goals without plans and actions are just, you know, dreams. So that's one of the reasons why Rev pulled together a five-year action plan on what are the different steps that are needed to accomplish that commitment that the state has that we all share. And we're really thankful that the streamlining incentives where you have, you know, you'll have one form or an identical form to get the customer incentive for efficiency, Vermont and clean energy development fund, that's one check off our plan. The sales tax exemption for the next three years, another check off. And we also have other folks that are working through the state would energy team and us here on education and customer knowledge. So there is a plan towards this. It's accomplishable. The technology is here. The state, the legislature is supporting us. If our utilities, efficiency Vermont supporting Vermonters to help get them there. And so if we keep sharing the good news about what wood can do for folks and keep these incentives to overcome any barriers, we can get there. It's a lot of work to do though, but the benefits will certainly be worth it. So cost was the biggest barrier? Yeah, what we see is, you know, advanced wood heating systems are a little bit more expensive than your traditional oil or gas boiler. And that's, you know, typically because think about how long that technology has been around. This technology, advanced wood heating is extremely efficient, automated and easy. And so that's why we're not talking about your grandfather's outdoor wood boiler, grandfather's wood stove. And so it's here now, it's been here for several years, but we just need to do a little more to overcome help for Monters with that higher upfront cost. May have a little more upfront cost, which we're addressing with these incentives and cost reduction measures. But you also have lifetime savings, particularly on fuel over time of the system. Do these new incentives make the upfront costs actually cheaper than a gas boiler? Or just comparable? Where do these incentives bring it in comparison to a, quote, traditional system? I could speak that a little bit. So we've just been involved in a quote where we're looking at an old turn-of-the-century farmhouse that has some weatherization done to it. Their current oil heating system is 30 years old and they're looking at options. With after incentives, which included the sales tax exemption, we came within $500 on a $20,000 brand new heating system job. So that's really a first for us, that our systems, our advanced wood heat systems are actually now seeing some parity from a cost basis. And it's important to point out that, you know, solar was here years ago as well. And these types of incentives, they really boost a marketplace. They boost a sector. And once that sector hits a level of sustainability, meaning numbers, then we see those costs come down. And so it's not one of these situations where we anticipate incentives to last forever. It's really that. It's incentivizing a marketplace to get its feet under it, to really build momentum. And then much like the solar industry, we see those incentives fall off as the quantities of systems come up and the prices come down. But you also see the advantage of having a more stable fuel cost. Absolutely. Fuel cost savings over the last 30 years of fuel pricing indices and tracking. What we see with wood pellets are that they really track inflation as far as price increases, whereas we know the volatility in the oil and gas market is really, you know, incredibly up and down. And that's why we see a lot of affordable housing developers, you know, switching to modern wood heat as well, because they have that predictability in their heating costs and the fuel prices. I can just add that when we put in our system six years ago, we had to think about it because the upfront costs were higher than putting in an oil furnace. But we did the projections, we did the math, and realized this is going to come out even in the end, you know, when you look at the life of the system. So it actually made a lot of sense then with these incentives, it's a no brainer. It feels to me as if, wow, if we've had these incentives, okay, we didn't, but I'm glad everybody else did. And the point about the incentives and all of these market elements is really to catalyze the market. And this is about finding a way to turn this market on so that it can get that leverage so that we can see those costs come down, we can bring that parity, make sure that Vermonters actually have real choices. And that's what this is about. And also have the ability to make investments. When you talk about the goal, it's an ambitious goal. Sometimes we don't meet our goals in Vermont because we talk a good game, but we're not willing to make the investment that it takes to actually develop an industry or a product. And what this is going to do is to allow people on their own, homeowners and businesses, to actually make the investment that's necessary in this industry to allow it to grow. And I think that's really important that we're encouraging that kind of direct investment in the new technology. So I've had, I've spoken with a number of people about the concept of advanced wood heat. And the pushback that I get is, you know, well, do we have enough trees? Is there enough? Can we do it here in Vermont? And I was just wondering if there's somebody who could address that issue in a way that I can then share it with my audience. So we are fortunate to have someone out in the audience today, which I would actually welcome Emma up if she would like to brave the sunshine without her glasses. And speak that. I'd be delighted. Maybe an introduction and then tell us who you are. I'm Emma Hanson. I'm the Wood Energy Coordinator. I work for the Vermont Department of Forest Parks and Recreation. And the answer to your question is yes. So Vermont is currently harvesting a little bit less than half the net growth in our forest, meaning we could harvest twice the number of trees and still maintain the same forest footprint. Okay. And what that would equate to in Wood Energy, it would truly be enough to heat about 80% of Vermont's spaces throughout the state if we just hit those harvest goals. And create a lot of jobs. Exactly. Indeed. And keep our forests as forests. And keep the profits going to multinational corporations and the exons of the world. The profits are going to stay here with the local foresters and the wood loggers. Even if you put it like that. It's kind of a no-brainer. You know, a lot of our forest tracks and a lot of our family farms are going through switchover generational changes. And a part of keeping forests as forests, as Emma stated, is maintaining value of that land to the landowner, to the landholder, to the homeowner.  And you do need to get creative with conservation, with forest management techniques.  It makes it a profitable venture to follow a forest management plan when there's a market for the low-grade timber. If there is no market, either in wood pellet or in the paper industry, which has really seen the decline in the past few years, it makes it very difficult to get in and follow a forest management plan. So it's another aspect of really keeping our forests as forests and not having them turn over to development. Any final questions? Yeah, I was wondering, one of you had mentioned using these advanced wood heating systems in affordable housing areas. I was just curious if this technology is something that's feasible in multi-family homes or, you know, apartment buildings. Yeah. So, absolutely. There are multiple examples. Actually, Vermont leads the way in multi-family, so in two areas. Vermont leads the way in multi-family housing with advanced wood heat, but also affordable housing development heated with wood heat. Thanks in part to organizations like Housing Vermont and Capstone who really have looked at the economics as well as the local marketplaces for this technology.  There's a new development in Manchester, Vermont with 18,000 square foot building with a, you know, a restaurant, two restaurants, retail space, four condominiums above, all metered through heat metering off a central, you know, wood pellet heating system. And that's becoming more and more, you know, realistic and more than normal as well for large contractors to come in and do systems. In fact, we did host an event down on Berry Street in Montpelier at one of the multi-unit facilities down there that's heated with the wood pellet system as well. It's not just multi-family units, but it's also larger commercial uses. One of the best examples is schools. There's a lot of schools in Vermont that are already using wood heat, and this would encourage them to do more of it. So I think that we know it can certainly be used for larger projects as well. It's important to look at it that way. All right. Well, Seuss, if there are any reporters who need to see a system for B-roll purposes, Susan has offered that they could do that. We're all not going to have the joy of going down into her basement. Tight shots only. Yes. But thank you so much, and feel free if you have any other questions to reach out to us or any of the folks in the audience, we'll have the next expertise here today. Thanks.


Hello everyone, I'm very happy to talk about Oblivious Run with worst case logarithmic overhead. I'm Gilad Ashram from Bailan University and this is a joint work with Ilan Komogotsky, Wake Eileen and Elaine Shee. So what is the problem that Oran comes to address? Suppose that we have a secure processor and an untrusted memory, or suppose that we have some client that uploads this information to an untrusted cell. Even if the uploaded information is encrypted, the access pattern, the memory locations that the client accesses, reveals some sensitive information. For instance, let's say that a medical doctor uploads all the genomic information of its client to the cloud. Suppose also that the doctor always accesses regions that relates to the kidney. Even though the data is encrypted and therefore the server cannot see this information, the server can still infer that the patient has some kidney problem and not say a heart problem and this is leakage that we want to prevent. Oblivious Run addresses this exact problem. It can be viewed as a compiler that takes the program that the client wishes to execute and converts it into an Oblivious program where the untrusted server cannot understand which elements the client is actually accessing. This is achieved by shuffling parts of the memory every now and then and moving blocks around to hide the access pattern. The security requirement is that the access pattern, which addresses are being accessed in the physical memory, can be simulated and therefore they do not reveal information on which addresses are being accessed by the program. Naturally, Oblivious Runs also introduce some overhead. This shuffling of the memory and moving blocks around every now and then are expensive and every access to the logical in the logical memory is translated to many accesses by the Oblivious Run compiler to the physical memory. How many accesses? So we are looking at a standard setting where n is the size of the memory. The word size is log n and the client's memory size is of all the one words. In this setting, there is a law bound that every around must introduce omega log n overhead. This means that if the program has to perform m accesses to a memory of size n that the Oblivious program or the compiled program must have m log n accesses to the physical memory. In this setting, there is a long line of forks that try to match this law bound and this law bound was just matched last year by a construction that is called OPTORRAMA. Also, a closer look shows that in all those works, they achieve those complexities in the amortized sense. This means that on m accesses, the total work would be m log n, but for some accesses, they might take much longer. In particular, in those constructions, the worst case complexity is sometimes even linear. Some techniques were previously introduced for de-amortizing ORAM, however those techniques are not compatible with the recent constructions of panorama and OPTORRAMA. This means that when we look at worst case complexity, we have a relatively large gap between the best known ORAM and the lower one. To elaborate further, both panorama and OPTORRAMA use what is so-called the random mystery use technique. I will talk about this technique later in the talk. The de-amortization method of Stravsky and Schup is not compatible with this technique. This leads us to our question, is it even possible to de-amortize constructions that are based on random mystery use technique, such as panorama and OPTORRAMA? Our results? We show that there is an ORAM with order log n worst case over it. We show a new de-amortization method that is compatible with the random mystery use technique. This means in particular that we show how to de-amortize the OPTORRAMA construction. Along the way, we also show a new algorithm for removing duplications in array, which might be of an independent interest. The algorithm works in linear time, assuming some assumption on the inputs where the best known algorithm before and without this input assumption requires or takes n log n. I'm going to describe this primitive later. In the rest of this presentation, I will start by briefly explaining hierarchical ORAM. This is a common framework for building an ORAM introduced by Ostrowski in 1990. Both panorama and OPTORRAMA follow this framework. I will then explain the de-amortization method of Ostrowski and Schupp. I will cover the random mystery use technique of panorama and OPTORRAMA, and I will explain why this technique is not compatible with the de-amortization method of Ostrowski and Schupp. I will then say some words about our de-amortization method while referring to the paper for the actual details. I will start with briefly explaining hierarchical ORAM. We have log n levels of doubling sizes. Each level is a hash table where the life level is of size 2 to the i. Some of the levels are going to be empty, and some of the levels are going to be full. Each level of size n can support up to n lookups. This means that every n accesses to the level, every n lookups, we must rebuild that level. The lookups are cheap. For this talk, we can assume that the lookup takes a constant amount of work, but rebuilding the level is an expensive operation that takes order n log n work. I will now explain how an access looks like. For demonstration purposes, I am going to add some pairs of addresses and data. For example, the content of address 5 in the memory will be found in this table, in the fourth table, and its associated data is TLT. Now let's assume that the client wants to read the content of address 9. This is translated to lookups in each one of the non-empty levels, and the element is going to be found in the last level over here. We can now read the data associated to 9, which is BCD in this example. After we read the element, we are going to write it into the first level. Now let's assume that the client wishes to write address 25 to address 25, the value gry. Again, it's going to lookup of 25 in each one of the, in each level. After it's going to find 25 over here, it's going to pretend to lookup in the rest of the levels to have the same access pattern. After finding 25, we now know its value. We are going to overwrite on this value, and we're going to write into the first level the value gry, the new value that the client wishes to write. Now, however, we cannot really write into the first level because it's full, and we have to rebuild the next level, level 2. We're going to rebuild the level from the content of the two previous levels, of the level 1 and the new element 25. After some more accesses, we're going to have the same things. We're going to lookup in each one of the levels, write it into the first level, and then the first level is going to be full. After some more accesses, we have to rebuild the next level, the next empty level from the content of all previous levels. So we're going to write level 3 from the content of level 1 and 2. In general, what happens here is that every 2 to the i accesses, level i is being rebuilt from the content of all levels that are above. After another 2 to the i accesses, its elements will be pushed down and will become empty again. After another 2 to the i accesses, it will again be rebuilt from the content of all levels above. Each rebuild is an expensive operation, which costs something like M log N. I'm now going to describe a slightly different approach for rebuilding. This new approach will be easier to de-armortize. So in the previous approach, every 2 to the i accesses, we pushed all the top levels into the i level. This is quite expensive. Instead, I want to break it down into smaller operations. And what we do is that we push the content of each table to the level below it. Previously each level could have been either full or empty. Now what we're going to have is that each level is either full or half full. And only the first level can be completely empty. So what's going to happen now is that I'm going to push each level to the level below it. So the content of all those elements is going to be pushed over here. And therefore this one is going to be half empty, half full after the rebuild process. This level is going to be pushed over here. And this level is going to be pushed into this level and it's going to be merged actually. So at the end of this process, the first level is going to be empty. Those two levels are going to be half full and this level is going to be full. So if previously we looked for the first empty level, now we are going to look for the first half full level. We're going to push down all elements into it. How does it help us and why does it help us? Now when we rebuild, we just need to look on two levels, two consecutive levels. We don't need to look on the entire structure above it. There are two possible procedures, either we just push down or we are going to merge the two levels, either I rebuild. I know exactly what I'm going to rebuild, exactly all the elements above me. And my elements are going to be pushed down also. Or that I am the last level to be rebuilt. So I'm just getting more elements from the level above me. That's like a melge between the two levels. Okay, so this is easier to de-amortize because I need now only to look at two consecutive levels. Now let's take a look at the life cycle of level i and i minus one. This line represents a timeline. Remember that on each table of size n, we can accommodate only n lookups. And after n lookups, it has to be rebuilt. Those after two to the i minus one accesses, level i minus one cannot be accessed anymore and we must rebuild it. Now the rebuild is expensive, we have to wait, we have some delay, and so on. Okay, at this point, we have to rebuild level i minus one. At this point, level i minus one was rebuilt. We can accommodate another two to the i minus one accesses. And here we must rebuild both level i minus one and level i. Again, this is expensive, we'll have to wait, it will take time. After those two levels were rebuilt, I again can accommodate two to the i minus one accesses, I reach this point, I need to rebuild again. Another two to the i minus one accesses and then I have to rebuild both level i minus one and level i. Now, let's de-amortize this process, we are now focusing, I'm now going to focus only on level i and not level i minus one. And let's take a look at this point of time. At this point, this level i minus one is already, it was already rebuilt. And I know that in the future, at this point, I will need to rebuild level i and I know exactly which elements are going to be rebuilt, which elements will be pushed down into level i. So I can start the rebuild process of level i already at this point. And I can start rebuilding level i from the content of all elements in level i minus one and because I know it in advance, I can spread the rebuild process over many accesses such that in each access, I'm going to do a little bit of work towards rebuilding level i. So the cost per access is low. When we reach this point, level i is already rebuilt. We finish the rebuilding of level i and we can immediately start to use the new table that we just built. And we can proceed without any delays. Again, after i2 did the i minus one accesses, at this point of time, level i minus one is rebuilt. And now I know exactly which elements I'm going to rebuild in level i when I need to rebuild it. So I can start the rebuild process in advance. When we cannot, okay, and then I start the rebuild, again, I'm spreading it throughout many accesses. And when I cannot use the i table anymore, we finish the rebuild process exactly at the same time and we can just proceed with the new table, with the table just rebuilt. To conclude, the idea is that we know in advance what exactly we want to rebuild. And we can just start the rebuild process earlier and in parallel to our accesses far before the deadline. So that when we reach the deadline with the new table, it's already ready. We feed access to the structure, we perform a little bit of the rebuild. So what goes wrong with panorama and optorama? The key idea of panorama and optorama is what is so called the randomly used technique. The idea is that if we take a table and we shuffle all the elements and then whatever we don't touch, whatever elements we didn't look for, those elements are still randomly shuffle from the i of the adversary, didn't see where those elements are. So the idea is that we don't really need to rebuild everything from scratch in each rebuild process. We can just rebuild whatever the adversary didn't see, is still a secret and we don't have to rebuild it. So this reduces this idea, the paper shows how to reduce the rebuild process from end login to just order and work. And the idea is that whatever we didn't look for, we don't really have to rebuild it. We don't really have to re-shuffle it. We can reuse the randomness that we have. What is the main challenge when you come to de-amortize this process? So this randomness reuse brings the following problem. If we want to start rebuilding the table, but then let's assume that we are going to access element 25. This means that we cannot, now we reveal the randomness at 25, we consume that randomness, and therefore this rebuild process is just not going to work. We perform the lookup and we cannot reuse the randomness of 25. We just consumed it over here. So this is problematic. We cannot start to build in advance as we don't know which elements we are going to look at. On the other end, we also cannot allow ourselves to start rebuild after we know what lookups will be looked for because this is going to be too late. This brings us to the main idea of our new technique. So the main idea behind our solution is the following. We maintain two copies of each level, copy A and copy B, and each has its own independent randomness. Whenever we rebuild, let's say we're rebuilding copy B, we're building this table, this level of copy B, all the lookups are going to be performed on level A, on the copy A, so on copy A. We're not going to perform the lookups on copy B. And vice versa, when A is being rebuilt, we are going to perform all the lookups on copy B. This means that we never really re-consume randomness as the lookups are going to be in a different structure, completely independent to whatever we are rebuilding. Whenever an element is found in one of the structures, we are going to write it to both copies. This means that we are going to make new copies of the same elements. This is very, very high-level description and the actual scheduling is a bit subtle because elements move from one to another and we're just referring to the paper for the actual details. This solution brings us to some more challenges. One of them is the problem of de-duplication, removing de-duplications. So remember that when an element is found, we're going to put it in both structures. This means that we're going to have the same keys more than once in the same hash, in the same column. So we need to remove duplications. Now, in the panorama, we didn't have this problem. We never needed to delete an element. Whenever we looked for an element, we deleted it right away. So we didn't have two copies of the same element somewhere in the structure. Now, what's wrong with duplications? We know how to remove the duplication. It's a non-primitive in the ORM literature. However, in the ORM literature, we can afford to remove duplications in time and again. With the recent constructions, we want to push down the rebuild process from end again into ORM. So this means that we must have a duplication, a removing de-duplication process that takes linear time. So we show how to perform a linear, we show a linear time algorithm that gets us input two sets A and B and outputs the union and remove duplications along the way. And the algorithm is oblivious if A and B are randomly shuffled, assuming one refunctions. So we show something that is linear time assuming that it's an input assumption. And without the input assumption, we still cannot do better than end again. Another challenge that we have is something that I put under the rack so far. I presented here as each hash table is completely independent. In fact, all hash tables have also a stash and looking for an element inside the stash is quite priceless. All recent constructions also follow what is so-called the combined stash technique where they take the stashes of all hash tables and combine it into one big stash which allows them looking into the stashes much, much faster. Well, this means that all levels have something, some shared memory that are not completely independent. And in particular, they are not, when we come to rebuild and move things to rebuild the level, we cannot just lock the shared memory because other tables have to look into it at the same time and so on. To solve this issue, we use a version of an oblivious dictionary that supports lookup of elements with respect to various auxiliary keys such as the level they came from and so on. We show how to build such a dictionary. So to conclude the talk, I want to mention our results and techniques. So we show a new de-amortization method for constructions that are based on the random history use technique. We show the method for removing duplications in linear time into arrays. We show a new method for handling shared memory. And our main theorem, we show that there exists a computational alarm with the worst case or the log n overhead. Thank you very much. And I hope that next year, we'll see you in person.


The official flag-off of the 4th Quarter Western Neville Command Sea Exercise, which is codenamed Exercise Omimimo, also known as Clean Water, is a two-day affair. This exercise is structured to consolidate on the gains made by the command, access status of ships, operational status and provide invaluable maritime experiences. Plus, TV Africa's correspondent Destiny Momo has more. On board NNS Aradu, where the exercise was flagged off by the flag officer commanding, are ready officers willing to partake in the quest to dominate the entire maritime environment. Some of their exercises scheduled include antipiracy operations, oil rig protection, fleet manoeuvre among others. Flag officer commanding, Ria Admiral Jason Bassa, spoke on the relevance of their exercise, Omimimo, which means Clean Water in European language, to further have more successes. He spoke on the low rate of sea criminals recorded this year and how the Navy was able to reduce this hydro-headed monster, as well as local and international support in enhancing police duty this year. Everyone is interested in finding solutions to act to criminalities that will affect trade all over the world. To that extent, what will attract other partners to collaborate with you is for you to show capacity. And within the African continent, the Nigerian Navy is recognized as a dominant force indeed and a good money within the West African sub-region and across the continent. At the total of six ships, two helicopters and detachment of NNS special boat service alongside two deep blue project ships will be deployed for the exercise. Destiny Momo for Plus TV Africa. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.


Welcome folks, this is Tom O'Brien of TFNN. We have five days a week, we go seven hours a day, we go 24 hours a day on the internet at tfnn.com. Always remember folks, whatever you think about, you bring about whatever. You focus on growth. Hope everyone's having a great day, safe day. It's making a great night, folks, and a great week. Be impeccable with your word. Manifest your true intentions. Regardless of what language you speak, your intent will be manifested through the word. What you dream, what you feel, and what you really are, will be manifested through the word each and every day. Make it wise, let's take a look at it out here. We have the Dow Industries down 289, Nasdaq's off 144, S&P's off 42. Gold, gold contract down $12.50, trading at $17.37 an ounce. We got Silver down 33 cents, $18.33 an ounce. Light Sweet Crude off $5.91, $0.78 a barrel, notes and bonds. A 10-year note, down one tick, trading $1.17 flat, 30-year up eight at $136.26 in Kingdala. Kingdala trading down $122.108, $712. Euro is at $1 to 1, yen is at $138, and the British pound is at $116 to $1 U.S. dollar. Our phone number is<PHONE_NUMBER>. Give us a call, folks. I know what's going on in your world, and the world of the S&Ps, let's take a look at them. What do you have? Well, bottom line, if we take a look at this, we have ABC structures down all over the place. We just had the indices, folks. I'll give you these numbers here. So the indices just finished at 1 to 1. Inside the spy, when Paul was up, bottom line, you broke the B point, broke it with volume. So the spy, the first 1 to 1 is 399.32. Well, I can see we're at 398.52. My take here, the next 1 to 1.382 is 392. And if we take a look at where I originally thought that, okay, it's going to pull back into this, that's 394. So my take is that we're going to get into that number anyway, you know? And that was the strength that was developed out here on the 27th, okay, of July. We go into the NDX100. We take a look at the NDX100. Same type of setup, broker B, broker with volume, all of the above, okay. Bottom line, the ABC down and the Qs was $300.08. Well, we hit 298 today. Now, this is what the difference is, which is pretty cool. The low of the same day, the benchmark day, is that 398.46, and we just hit 398.44. So that's pretty cool, okay. That being said, however, bottom line, I suspect that's also going to do at least a 1 to 1.382, which would bring that down to 291.89. If we take a look at the market right now, so let's go take a look at this, baby, because what we've had, the type of market that we're in right now, folks, okay, it gets one of these, you know, you can see you pop up, it sells off.  Pop up, it sells off. We'll see if this one can hold. Take a look at this 10 minute right now. Bottom line, you just did have volume. There's no doubt about it. You can see this on a 10 minute. You just did 60,000 contracts. Bottom line, well, see whether it can hold. And listen, it could be a 1 to 1. If it's a 1 to 1, bottom line, it'll hold and it'll try to do something. If you're a bull, what you don't want to see here is actually a bounce into the next three days, because if you get a bounce into the next three days, what do you have? You're going to have a much larger ABC structure on down. If you're a bull, what you actually want to see is you want to see this thing keep going lower and basically do the whole 1 to 1.618 on the way down. Because if that's what you get, the bottom line is that the market will be insane in the way. There's no doubt about that. But what you're going to get is you're going to get a bounce that's going to be huge. So if we go into the NQs, bottom line, just had a huge bounce. You can see the same deal. The high on the bounce today, this morning, was $12,395. And we'll see whether we can get up into that level and see whether we're going to get that bounce going. Gold. We take a look at the gold contract out here. What do you have with the gold contract? Gold contract down $12.30. You get really light volume, $122,000 contracts. That's really light volume. No doubt about that. Bottom line, we haven't been able to catch a bid. You're going into $17.50. Yeah, we're below that. So the highs of the low is $17.3750. We hit $17.3290 today, or $17.37. So this may go right after it's low. That's how this thing is shaking out. We go into the note and bond market. We take a look at the note and bonds. Bottom line is that the tenure is running out right now. I believe it's at about 3.11. 3.10. What's wide open here, we take a look at this thing. You put this in. You're going to see that it looks to me like you're going to start building costs. It's going to try to get after this low that's established out here. The low that we're talking about is the 114.07. Right now, you're at 117. And if we go to King Dollar, we take a look at King Dollar out here. What do you have with King Dollar? Bottom line with King Dollar, this is hanging at its highs. So this is pretty dangerous. The bottom line is that we came up yesterday. It didn't hold price. You went to 109.478. You end up closing at 108.479. You're at 108.687. And the longer that we stay up at these levels, folks, the higher the probability is that this thing's just going to blow right through this whole thing. That's what you get. Man, oh man, it's going to be a problem. Let's take a look at some of the higher volume equities out here today. You got Bed Bath and Beyonds down to buck 36. Nvidia's off 367. Tesla 742. We have American Airlines off 15. Oxy is off 326. You got Google down 40 cents. No big deal. Inside the NDX100, the strength versus the weakness inside the NDX. Workdays up 1.9. You got Dollar Tree up 1.4. Taken away from it. Baidu's down 6.6. You got Lucent off 5.8. AstraZeneca's off 3.3. And you got CSX down 3. So we get some big numbers on the way down here. There's no doubt about that. Let's go take a look at this. See how this baby's going to hold. So it's going to go test the NQ. So let's go take a look at this. It's going to test the highs of this morning. That's what it looks like. Okay, so bring that back. You got the high of this morning. I was going to be sick if I can't make it. 395. 395. And we just hit. Yeah, 395. And we just hit 385. And you're 368 already. Yeah, deviant market, man. That's the bottom line. Stay right there, folks. You come back with our man, Mr. Basil Chapman. Our phone number's<PHONE_NUMBER>. We have the dial. The dial is down 233. And as that goes off, back 20. S&Ps off 36 will come right back.