I think we're on now. So like I said, good afternoon everyone, and it's really an opportunity to be here. I want to appreciate all our panelists who almost all of them are my professors, Professor Dugar, can see Professor Dugar there, Professor Duro, me, Dr. Patrick Jute-Ote, and of course the person that we're celebrating to the Professor Toyu Rapo. I wanted to quickly say that my experience with Professor Toyu Rapo has been very astronomically a great blessing. I did my undergrad at the University of Joss, and my first publication ever, he literally took my eyes wings, and then I got that through. So I'm really privileged to have professors that are really forward-thinking and really looking forward to building young ones. Today, we will be taking on different things from the review to the panelists that we have in presentation about the book. And I just want to say thank you for being here. I also want to say thank you to our partner, Howround, for offering on the platform to Livestream, and then I hope that we have a great time. Congratulations to Professor Toyu Rapo once again, and of course to the entire DTOYA team. Really looking forward to having a great time with you today. I'll hand it back to Makodi for the next line of action. Thank you so much. We can't hear anything from Makodi. There's no sound. Professor Rapo. I can't hear you, Makodi. We can hear you in Lafayette, Makodi. You can hear us. Yes, go ahead. Okay. Thank you, everyone here. I know that the activities have been going on since two o'clock in different forms. And this is the period for the panelists. I have only minutes, so we try and keep to the eight minutes in the things that I want to say. It's a big challenge because when you have known somebody like Toyo for 40 years and you have to compress all of that to eight minutes, it's a big challenge, but I'll try. Professor Toyo's Theatre for Development Scholarship in Nigeria and beyond is what I'm talking about. But let me begin, Toyo, by saying happy birthday to you. It's good to be 60. It opens doors. It also tells you that you're getting old. So you have to manage this between the age and the sweet 60 that you have reached. As we say in Nigeria, the young shall grow. I think you have grown. So welcome on board. If I recall correctly, my first meeting with Professor Toyo was way back in 1982 in a workshop on popular theatre or theatre for development in Katsinala. I think Toyo was a student in the College of Education at the time and he was one of the very many students who were, he had to be part of the workshop by the late Tahura. It was an introduction to, if you like, a strange theatre practice for these young men and women who are in the College of Education. But I think it is that strange encounter that has grown Professor Toyo into what he is today. In moving them away from the classroom into communities, it was the beginning of a lot of experiences for them. And this was the beginning that was championed, interestingly, by the Benway State Council for Arts and Culture. Benway State, at the time of organizing this workshop, it was the second edition. The first one had been done in 1981. And for the Arts Council to become the hub of popular theatre, community theatre practice in Benway State at the time, was a new foray for them, as well as all the workshop participants. But I saw a lot of enthusiasm and interest on the part of the many students who were there, including Toyo, when, as a facilitator, we shaped them into communities. Wombo, Igura, Napae, they were looking at this. And, you know, our students, the usual thing is, what the hell am I doing in these communities when I should be studying books and all of that? But I think today he will also tell his own encounter of how students reacted to him in his many, many community theatre practices in the University of Jaws and elsewhere. And that's what has made him who he is. And I think that at the time we were ending that workshop in 1982, I had seen the enthusiasm and I was asking myself, who amongst all of these students would take this experience forward? I had no way of knowing who Theatre for Development would choose among them. It's not about who would choose Theatre for Development. My position always is that TFD chooses who it's wants. You don't choose Theatre for Development. Those who choose Theatre for Development don't last. But if you are chosen by TFD, it's a live engagement. And I'm saying that Tau was chosen by Theatre for Development and his experiences show that it isn't a one-off. It was not just for 20 years, but it's a long-term thing. And when all of these encounters was for me the first stage, the second stage of my newing, Professor Tau, was our engagement together in the Nigerian Popular Theatre Alliance. The Nigerian Popular Theatre Alliance is a national NGO that has operated in the last 33 years. And its own work has been mainly to take theatre practice into communities. But what was interesting for us and also for Tau is the fact that it was bringing together both the academic practice and the community practice as a learning platform for everyone who was engaged in that process. And for my own relationship with Tau within that period, I saw him won as somebody who was ready to learn. Secondly, he was playing the role of an administrator because Tau was the coordinator for the middle-based zone. NPT has zoned the country into six places, six zones. And each one had a coordinator. So Tau was learning administration. He was learning theatre practice. He was learning where the meeting points between the academia and community practice lay. And I think those were the mentoring processes that he was going through. Those of us who were leading the practice, we were also learners. I think one of the things is that a popular theatre or theatre for development does not have an everlasting guru. The guru is also a learner. So when I hear people say, this is the guru of TFD. He's a learner of TFD as well, because every experience is different. And you learn from that, the communities humble you because the knowledges that are bound there are usually the knowledges that the elite may want to discounten us. But that's what makes the practice rich and what they're doing and all the things that we go to. One of the things also was Canvas is an initiative for development to be meaningful and to be participatory. Tau knows this very well from his many years of encounter. And as we cross the country from the north to the south, east and west. This way, the things we were promoting, the things we were seeing and the many things that came out of it later on. Tau could say, for example, in the practice of theatre for development, everywhere. And I think one of his articles talks about theatre for development everywhere. It's his contribution to my first trip when I turned 60. So I think that Tau has gone everywhere, whether it is within just the communities, the different parts of Nigeria or going to present seminar papers and being part of the practice in different parts of the world, whether it is Canada, UK, Germany, US and so on. This is a seasoned person in the practice of theatre for development or socially engaged theatre, as it is also called now in the new nomenclature. But one of the stages of Tau's development, which I found very interesting, is that the mentorship from Cassinala, from Nigerian popular theatre alliance, from within the university arena materialized when he founded YARAC. YARAC I think is a youth adolescent reflection and action center. When he founded YARAC, it was for me a point of saying, can I mobilize all of these ideas to serve one section of the underserved millions of Nigerians? And that section of the underserved was youth, adolescents and women. And that's what YARAC has focused on in many parts of Nigeria, working with the youth, working with women, working with adolescents, whether it's on sexual reproductive health, whether it is to do with substance abuse and so on. And it's been a rich digest of activities by YARAC, which was founded by Tau. But another point of interest for me is that YARAC is a platform for training young people to understand their issues, to understand the mechanism and methodology of reclaiming themselves from the different challenges that face, whether it is drug, whether it's sexual abuse or whatever. And I think therefore that the everywhere that Tau has gone materializes in YARAC and his academic practices. And when today I speak on the occasion of such a protege at 60 and I hear other people extolling his his hard work, his excellence and so on. I tell myself, I must be happy that I saw the seed that did not wither. That seed has grown, multiplied and is growing more seeds. So, Tau, thank you for being a good protege. Thank you for growing others. And I do know that you will do more. I want to conclude with a few observations. One, the history of theater for development, when it is written in Nigeria, it will not be complete if the Benway State Arts Council is not part of that history. And if the very intellectuals from Benway who championed and lit the torch 1981-1982 when it was still in the gestation period, in addition to ABU, that history must recognize the role of the Arts Council. And I do wish and hope that Arts Council is all over this country. We think of reintegrating the practice of theater for development in the activities because it's a combination of culture and this new practice and academia. And I think the Arts Council is not simply a forum for dance. It's a forum for using culture to explore what development can do for the ordinary persons of each state in this nation. And I would wish that that's the direction to go. Secondly, NPTA as a non-governmental organization has added value and indeed pushed the boundaries of theater for development, including the performance mode, research which it took to the arena of policy. NPTA has done a lot of policy research. And that policy research arena I think is what a lot of us have not really engaged. When we talk about socially engaged theater or theater for development, our notion of the theater playing on it to rural communities is actually outdated now. We must shift the boundaries of operation and performance beyond the rural communities in this country. The policy arena is a rich area for us to play at and to change things because no matter how much we talk to the ordinary persons in the rural communities, if there is no policy component, those things don't work. And I am saying that instead of talking to the oppressed all the time, we must target the oppressors because that's when the synergy and the change can happen. It's a tall order, but it is doable. Secondly, I also think that while one says that this is possible, I want to sound an alarm. One is that those of us who are in theater for development or social and socially engaged theater, we seem to be dancing on this spot now, on one spot. I read a lot of articles on theater for development and I think a lot of the academics are rehashing old ideas. Where are the new frontiers of theater for development? Where is the digital use of theater for development? What is wrong with theater for development operating in cyberspace? Is it not possible to hold a workshop and interrogate issues in the digital space? My answer is yes, it is possible. We need to explore that. We need to explore the policy arena. We need to explore a whole load of issues that we haven't paid attention to. And these are the challenges. People like Tau have done a lot, but there are lots more to do by younger people. How many minutes? I'll finish in a minute or two. Let me conclude. I want to say that Tau, you have done well, but let me ask one question. I asked this question against the background that in five months' time, I start the process of retirement from the university. And my question is, will you champion, will you continue to champion theater for development, even as you engage in new things? Or will you allow the light to dim on theater for development? And this question applies to every practitioner who is still active. Will the light for theater for development dim or will Tau and the others fire the practice on? Thank you. We can't hear you. Can you unmute your mic? We can't hear you. Your mic is on mute. Yes, we can. I was surprised how much of a viewer at the public presentation of the presentation of the first day of our year last year. I want to start by talking about this process. Please, if you are connected on my local new system. I think it's the network. Who is expected to speak now? It's Professor Duga. He's actually reading the book right now. Okay. But his microphone is off because we can see his name. That's right. So I think he's connected via the CHS. They are on the internet over there. They are on Zoom account. Let me troubleshoot this. Let me reach out to them. Can you hear me? Yes, we can hear you now. There may be some echo, but we will try. We used to do this with the Vice Chancellor many years ago, finding technical solutions to issues, even from our students. So this book is about eight years in the making. It's a collaboration of six editors with a whooping 53 chapters structured into six sections spread over 789 pages. The authors pay tribute to the person of Tom Ballard, Joe DeRaube, and his artistic and scholarly outputs, as well as engage in the general discourse on the nature, practice, and social import of the arts. The authors are a healthy combination of veteran and fledgling scholars. The content is calibrated as follows, but one of his personalities from different perspectives triggers an interview and reflections on the person of the celebrant. Part two covers aesthetics and thematic studies of Europe's dramaturgy. Part three carries the crux of the book in its applied and doing theater, social transformation, arts, and change communication. Part four holds the theater for development, community organizing, and participatory theater discourse. This is the core of the practice that the celebrant has engaged in. Part five ventures into the broader issues of culture, democracy, and theater in Africa. The last part, part six is the icing over the cake with critical discourse in communication, dance, visual arts, and performance aesthetics. This well organized arrangement also touched on every relevant, everything relevant to the life of the celebrant. From the introduction by Ademiji Beko to the concluding chapter by Adagole Oklubia, whose life on earth we also concluded with the fitting burial yesterday. This book marks a tribute of many sorts. It is a celebration of mentorship, thought being a product of many mentors and a mentor to many others. It pays tribute to the institutions that raised him up from government secondaries through Casinala, the College of Education Casinala, the University of JOS, all public institutions that have faced challenges threatening to derail their ability to produce other Europers in the future. Issues of development and invariably, issues of development invariably take the bulk of the book and fittingly, fittingly so. Scholars have rightly spotted the social engagement part of the celebrant to be the core of his contribution to the arts in what one of the writers calls Europoist aesthetics. Those of you wanting to do master's degree, maybe you will take it from there. It seems to have been created in the life of Europo which delicately balances the individual and the community, the scholarship and the practice, the arts and development, and organizing and change communication. Generally, the book is well edited and read lucidly. A few of the chapters, especially those on performance laws, are accompanied by pictorial illustrations. Several personal tales add new angles to existing knowledge, but fresh perspectives have been brought up in the extensive contributions of the 71 writers and co-writers of the various chapters. A few errors can be detected if you take a supervisors rule to run through the book, but these are negligible and can be corrected with new editions, but they do not significantly distort or reduce from the high quality work served in this book. This book therefore comes to add to the literature on the various things stated above. It definitely will make valuable contribution to institutional administration, theater scholarship, community organizing, social transitions and development in Africa. The propriety of its release at this time can only be uploaded. From the current assignment of the celebrant as Vice Chancellor, it can be safely predicted that the recipe for another book has already been prepared in the last two years, and we should be ready for the oven in the next three years. Every institutional library needs this book. Individuals and communities need to absorb its content to learn to inspire children from Taraku to the top, from obscurity to global recognition as the celebrant has enjoyed. Once more congratulations to the celebrant and to the celebrators, those who contributed, who worked hard to get this book out, whose work is, as indeed, immortalized the celebrant. Thank you for listening. Let's appreciate Professor, can we appreciate Professor Ruzaduga again. Professor Ruzaduga and the development of community organizing and past patriot theater in Nigeria. Professor Ruzaduga, I am sure you are on cue. You have the floor. Thank you. Thank you. Let me just make sure that you can see me. Professor Ruzaduga, can you hear me? Yes, thank you. Thank you very much. First let me salute the celebrant of the day. Let me salute Professor Ruzaduga, the celebrant of the day. And it's better half Dr. Ruzaduga than the year after. Happy birthday to you and the entire family. It is my pleasure to join us all on this occasion of a colloquium and book presentation commemorating Professor Torjo Yoraku at 60. Let me also thank Professor Diron, Ademiju Beppo, and Dr. Tawafolabi for putting this together. Professor Torjo Yoraku has been known to me for quite some time, but I believe it's also appropriate to salute the keynote speaker, Professor Augustive Abba, who is known as the father of theater for development or socially engaged theater in Nigeria. The history of theater for development in Nigeria. Of course, before now, let me also thank Professor Victor S. Dugardin of Kuzhgarje School at Federal University in Lafayette. My own participation here is to discuss development of community organizing participatory theater in Nigeria. Let me say that the headquarters of theater for development in Nigeria is very easily the Amodubello University in Zaria. And most people may not know this, but I did start my career at the Center for Nigerian Cultural Studies of Amodubello University. Our center, of course, at that time was based in Kano, which later became Gidamakama. And those who started the theater for development at the Amodubello University then included Michael Etherton and Dr. Andrew On. Michael Etherton was in the Department of English just before the Department of English, which also incorporated the theater program. Of course, Andrew On was also one of them. And some of the earliest students at that time and those who had joined the service included Yakubu Nassidi, Iyo Isahai, Zikij, Kufu Orola. Of course, Professor Augustive Abba. Of course, Professor Lu Obafemi also was there at some point. And then, of course, the late James Opori and Sam Kafeu. Of course, as Professor Augustive Abba has mentioned, the late Ta Ahurao of the College of Education in Kathina, will play the prominent role, even at one of the earliest center conferences that were held. Now, let's connect all of these with a celebrant of today, Professor Thor Yorafu, who also did his undergraduate studies at the University of Jaws. I mean, yes, University of Jaws. Of course, from Zarya, a couple of people migrated, including Professor Iyo Isahai to Jaws. And then, of course, there was a Sony OT in the University of Jaws and Professor Shamsudin Amali. Of course, the likes of Irene Aguloye was also there. Now, out of all of these names that I've mentioned, those who are all involved in the Theater for Development, Professor Thor Yorafu, a celebrant of today, has actually extended the frontiers. I will not only engage Theater for Development, but also as a part of Applied Theater to actually having interventionist programs. And these interventionist programs have been mentioned here. You know, he's put to good use his vast experience and has mentored many, many young Theater scholars and made indelible imprints in the academia. And of course, in the founding and running of the youth adolescent reflection and action center, Yarak, which he started in Jaws. Of course, I have always been of the opinion that the Benway State scholars of Theater, whether they're in Theater for Development or in General Theater, and have included the late Professor David Carr, who was, of course, in the Department of English, Professor Ambassador Yorafu Sahari Hai, and then Professor Saint Gileca, and then Professor Charity Angia, and of course, the President of Santa, Professor Duki Gowon. You know, all of these people have extended the frontiers of Theater. Now, I have always been of the view that if you are in Theater, you must also be part of what is going on in your community, in your university. And the Benway State scholars, some of whom I've mentioned, Harri Hai, Saint Gileca, Charity Angia, Duki Gowon, and of course, Aron, Yorafu. This is not to forget, of course, Mr. Richard Sevende, who was in the Cultural Center in Makodi. Now, what they have done, if they've taken Theater into the administration and combined that also with Theater for Development, because I have always been of the view that whatever you do, do not sit on defense. Do not allow other people to come and run affairs for you. You must be part of it. You know, if you're in the university system, you must aspire to be dean of the faculty, you must aspire to be deputy vice chancellor, you must aspire to be vice chancellor, if possible. And if you look at some of the names that I've mentioned, especially Ambassador Harri Hai, Yo Wisan. Now, of course, he has exemplified a very strong Theater background from the time of his publication on the theater among the Benwe. You will also see that he's gone beyond that, he's become a minister, he's become an ambassador, and all of this still while promoting Theater, which he has done very well. So, of course, our own Tor Yoraku, I remember at one time, apart from starting the YARAC, he also did, of course, intimate us with his own ambition to be the governor of Benwe states. And we all, of course, tried as much as we could to support him. But anyway, he didn't become governor of Benwe State, but he landed the prestigious position of being vice chancellor of Benwe State University. Now, if you look at what has gone on in Benwe State University, then you will know that the theater people have actually captured the university administration there. I mean, apart from Debika, who has the English background, Charity Angea, and now, of course, Professor Tor Yoraku. Now, to focus some attention now, since we have very few minutes, is to look at the Youth Adolescence Reflection and Action Center, CARAC, which Professor Tor Yoraku started, which is a not-for-profit organization that he had quoted just. And the organization came into being at the end of some funding project by the MacArthur Foundation. So he's not only gotten this in terms of participation of people in the theater, he's combined that with art, he's combined that with sports. And the purpose of this program is to support persons in their mid-careers through certain projects we could develop or enhance their leadership skills and qualities. Some of the interventionist positions are focused on conflict prevention and peace building, education and advocacy, humanitarian aid, leadership and governance, reproductive health and HIV AIDS, research, documentation and information dissemination, and of course, sustainable development goals, transparency and accountability, and then youth entrepreneurship development initiative. Well, let me conclude here by saluting our AIDS administrator, who works with grassroots theaters interested in using art theater and sports, you know, to overcome violence and tensions that are inherent within the community. And all of that. So here is wishing his administrator, Professor Tojo Iwerapu, a happy diamond jubilee, and to wish him and his wife and his entire family the very best of these celebrations. This is it. I thank you all. Thank you very much, bro. That's how we should do it again. The president of Nigeria Academy of Letters, thank you very much, bro. Because of time, we will not take the random GPUs to people. I will just take one person. The first person I see, the first person I will speak for one minute. Going, going, going. Going. Can you be IAEA-ing? It won't be my phone. Camera on him. Thank you. You thinking you're random? Go ahead. Thank you very much, bro. This is the family we need to. You know, we will celebrate in talk. But we will also celebrate the power that has been behind us. This won't happen again. It's not easy to be my name at another time. But we will better rise from school. It's not the one thing that God has said. Thank you, man, for making this man who is the easier one that I know. I know what you're talking about. So I want to thank everybody and thank the rest of the world for celebrating with my brother and wishing him well. I know there are still a lot of things to do. You must see this one. So, thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Good evening our fathers and mentors who are online and physically present to honor professor. I just spent a few lines which I want to speak to. We know he's the author of April 14 21. And from the inspiration garnered from that text. I refer to toy or Apple as the good for man and builder on the academic construction site. Through him we see that the struggle for liberty is real in his works. And as we hold this event today. The centrality of linking the digital and the analog we have socially engaged the attire is concerned becomes very real for us today. We believe that there is no gain saying the stretching of the frontiers as the speakers have told us here today. And so whatever liberation ethics we see in the first shift I have not read it. I believe would be that forward looking arrow towards bridging the experiences in the past, the present ones and how they would help the young ones to take charge of their artistry as well as their citizenship. I believe that toy or Apple is someone the people can regard as their own. I've experienced his work once mainly in just and as a good for man. I see that that effort comes script April 14 21 remains an insight into your Apple's deep seated consciousness. And as a celebrant today, I would not want the euphoria, you know, to cloud whatever he needs to do from this point. Because young people and their race consciousness matter to development because the tomorrow of young people is now. And so I joined your family to wish you happy birthday. The last pick up took it from my mouth really that when you celebrate a man who has achieved a lot just look beside him behind. Look beside him and see that formidable woman who has been able to make things work to make this man we are celebrating today a shining light. May you be 70, may you be 80, may you become a sanctuary in the sphere of these socially engaged theater and made that development never elude our young people. Thank you so much. Thank you, thank you. you. Thank you. to be back on the last of George. Will the students please be happy for the minutes? Five minutes to find that now a student is a part of George's frequency. George? Yes, I'm here. Good evening, our dear celebrate and the esteemed guests. And I want to thank each and every one of you for this lovely evening. It's been quite an enriching session. And it is indeed an honor to be asked to speak during this auspicious assisted bed celebration of our dear friend, Professor Thor Iorapu, whom I have had the singular honor of knowing since 1989. It was a very close-knit circle in those early days. And everyone knew the next person. And that was extremely important in the practice of what we all refer to as theater. Within the context of what I'm going to talk about this evening, I want to say a special thank you and happy celebrations to Dr. Nina Iorapu. Because if she had not provided the enabling environment for him to thrive, he would not have become what he is today. So a double congratulations and a happy celebrations to Professor Thor Iorapu and to Dr. Mrs. Nina Iorapu. I have been asked to speak on doing theater in different models for one goal. It is indeed difficult to situate our celebrant under such a tight outline. Because in my estimation, right from the very early days, he took his foray into the theater from a different perspective. The productive entrepreneurial perspective, which a lot of us actually overlook, especially because we believe that being an entrepreneur or in the late terminology, being a theater premier belongs only to the realm of the patent medicine retailer. However, in the 1990s, theater was beginning to gain its rightful place within the scheme of national attention, whereby it was being used to address and confront many issues affecting our daily existence as inhabitants of a third world nation. Devolving away from the strictly performing definition of an Alawada or the comedian Baba Asala, it was the era of the single mindset where theater in the mode of theater for development was being used to address developmental issues that a lot of us were shined away from. Practitioners, and I tend to refer to them as pioneers, people like Professor Abba, Professor Oni, and in the younger mode, Professor Yorapu. Like our celebrant, they have been in the trenches using theater to educate, entertain, and highlight urgent issues deserving of attention. I know for a fact that his organization, YARAC, was in the forefront of using theater to address the then dreaded HIV AIDS. And it was indeed exciting times when you see our celebrant, with his famed knapsack hung on his back, and you knew for sure that he was on the move. And you know, in those early days, owning a laptop was a status symbol that would put you in the mode of a bourgeoisie. And he owned one. And when I confronted him about this, he said, and I quote, it is simply to make my work easier. In the fall of development, he was in the forefront using theater as a means of elucidating and clarifying issues around our development as a nation coming out of the throes of a military dictatorship that civil society organizations, including YARAC, were in the forefront to see to his demise. More importantly, I would posit the fact that in those early days, the one major model that our dear celebrant popularized was the model of sourcing for grants to enable one work seamlessly and effortlessly with partners that gave the much needed financial means to work. I would say that in this region, and even to some extent on the national level, Professor Yorapu single-handedly popularized the then Nassent MacArthur Foundation through the groundbreaking work that he did with them. Again, we refer to the base that made this popular. It was the theater. Using the theater, he has also trained a generation of future leaders and academics who are significantly holding their own in their different areas of calling. This first script is a strong testament to this. I would conclude that the outgoing 60 years have been years of fruitful endeavors and brilliant entrepreneurship. Using that singular shape, we all refer to as theater. But which visionaries like our celebrant have elevated to an indelible part of our existence, making theater relevant in all areas of endeavor? We are eagerly looking forward to the years ahead. And who knows? Perhaps our celebrant will be in the forefront of a new generation of leaders that are their country so desperately needs. Happy years ahead, Professor Yorapu. I may God continue to strengthen you. Thank you. Professor Sierra, I know you seem to be happy with the technology, but what if she's online again? Are you online? No, she's not. She's not online. We're almost at the end of this session. We have lots to have, but we just go right on. And the next item is the response by the celebrant. Response by the celebrant. I want to give you my answer. Before the celebrant responds, I'm going to give you a quick message from our distinguished guests. I'd like to follow my master's alone, Professor Kanko Ishaya, for a quick message. Excellent. I'd like to give you a quick answer. Here, as we recommended, by the chairman, the Vice Chancellor of the University of University, members of the University Council of the President, University Senate, our senior professors and our colleagues that have joined our mind. It is a great privilege and honour for me to stand this afternoon to say a good-win message on behalf of the Council, Senate, management staff and students of the University of the University. I believe that if I take a sense of the identity of Joseph, the idea of President, and all the wonder that is actually a great Joseph. Please stand up. Please stand up. Whether you are a student of the University of the University of the University of Europe or you have come from George's, thank you very much.  We are going to demand the same stage in the University. With your permission. I believe that more than a path that I hear Today I've come here to celebrate a great man, independent of Professor Otto, he has been a great man. I've not had the opportunity of looking at a book, probably because of my area of species and things that I will not actually understand. I think Professor Hugo made an excellent review of the book and a lot of great speakers that have spoken about the book and also about the man, Professor Joe, I told Joe Europe. Having said that, I want to say a word about Professor Joe. There are a lot of people who have talked about having had an engagement and knowing Professor Otto for probably over 60 years. But I have the privilege and honor of knowing Professor Joe. I think about 13 years ago and even during that period of 13 years ago that I met, we started work and probably decided to discover as if we were twins, even though he's a senior, he's a senior brother, that we have known ourselves for over 50 years. Of course, he knows himself for over 60 years because he's 60. I'm not yet 60. We are following very closely, together very closely. Since then, I have learned to know a few things about Professor Joe. Professor Joe is without a doubt the most courageous mentor and leader I have ever met. He's a compassionate and humble person. Indeed, Professor Joe represents a man that I want to be. It's one of those that I know and I have tested that believes that the sky is too wide for every star to shine. And that is one of the reasons why he's a great mentor. I have benefited from that significantly. And I would say without any contradiction that perhaps I am here today by the leadership and the mentorship that Professor Joe actually demonstrated. I will never forget that on the 10th of 2018, when the position of deputy vice chancellor was to be appointed in the administration, we didn't know when the vice chancellor and the full senate nominated Professor Joe. And second, Professor Tanco and myself. Thank you for a microphone to ensure that I stepped down for Professor Joe, but he dropped the microphone for me. And when he took the microphone, the greatest surprise of members of senate leaders. Professor Toh said he was stepping down for myself. That was when I became the deputy vice chancellor again. Perhaps the opportunity that I had to be close to management but also that a little bit about money. And by the grace of God, they are my advisors. And you know, when you have that hat, Professor Toh stepped for me and deputy vice chancellor. But he became my vice chancellor before. And that is what I was going to say about. I can go on and on. In fact, we are more or less like, not even more or less, we are brothers. And that is why I love who we came on. You can see when he puts his wife on the right-hand side and hold the left-hand side. That is to show how very, very close they are. He did not invite any jobs for this occasion. He did not even invite me. I did not know I was going to be here. Until someone whispered to me and I said, I was in Papuja trying to address one thing or another. And some of my colleagues were already here.  And he said, no, you know, the birthday was so important for me. I just wanted to do this. The reason why I am saying this is because it was all except a new light to the university of choice. I can assure you that this mode would not be too small for people from the university of choice. That is the value that we place on this map that we celebrate today. We are proud and we are privileged to talk to you. And of course, every successful map there is always a one behind success. Besides, sorry, not behind, besides success. So, if you go through the pages of that book, there must be a number of pages that you have captured. I believe most of the writings you would have prepared for the last while would be there, you know, helping to draw the teeth and the eyes. I like the speech of the keynote speaker. And I just want to say this one. Indeed, the digital world is here. And we must embrace it. I remember the first time I came close to computer science. I came close to anything that has to do with theoretical practice. It was when computer science was actually close to my dream of us. And we started looking at how we can make an impact today on performance. And I was privileged to actually have supervised a PhD candidate in performance and also in musicology in computer science. We begin to understand that we are close, that there are a lot of synergies. In fact, as far back as 2002, we organized a performance, an online performance, and I had it. And now the graduate students who did that. And people, students, everybody who followed our teaching, were actually joining, you know, to join those performances. The technology is already here. We thank God that we are having all the speakers from all over the world. So there's no reason why we cannot, you know, adopt the technology. We changed the narrative of how, you know, theater and performance really changed. Dr. Masato actually championed one thing in the University of Georgia. We currently have a collaborative collaboration with the German colleagues, Egotte and Bracey in Toronto, the Astro and the National Film Institute, National Film Foundation, and the University of Georgia, that the program, the master's program called Film Culture and Advanced Studies, that was actually championed by Provost Ossoff.  As we speak, we have, I think, about three or six of our students spending six months in Germany, all paid for by the year before. That was the program. And I also have the privilege to also work with you. I can tell you that we are moving ahead. We are actually thinking of bringing technology and film art, culture, archival performances and computing to roll out a collaborative PhD program with our colleagues in Germany. I don't think we're proud of each other. So I would like to thank you all and I'm bringing the congratulations of the University. We hope that when you celebrate the next 60 years, we will also have the privilege of being here. The next 60 years, but that's our prayer. But then you have to turn this end of the cross. At that time, you'll see me working. You'll not be coming in by the end of the cross. I wish you a very, very happy birthday. And I wish many, many more happy returns. And I want to most sincerely thank all our colleagues that have traveled from just, you know, to witness this. Thank you. Thank you very much, sir. I wish me to quickly invite Associate Professor Sarah Loas for a presentation. Thank you very much. My deputative. I apologize sincerely. I have issues with connectivity. We talk about so at 60, a classmate and activist. I'm delighted to speak about him as a classmate. And the class of 88 was unique in many ways. The class, but we all blended well. And Tor, who jumped because he was his truthiest smile. And he was very artistic. He could dance. He could act. No wonder he let the class productions that we had. And he was a rallying point for us in terms of organization or coordination of classwork. So after graduation, Tor was a child too. He was just sure that he was available. He just championed the cause of ensuring that the class had a reason to reunite, was an advocate for oneness and fraternity. And a significant case in time or in point was during the painful passing of one of us, Professor Samuel Caffee, that was indeed when the class. So Tor remained a pillar of strength and support to the family ever since. He is just a burner and extreme good looks. Tor was never one to turn down a challenge. His persona, a pretty professionalism and consent to just and the university is one I will not forget very. The reasons he has not moved on to live elsewhere outside of just even though opportunities have come in several ways for him to do so. So he's truly truly a tin city percent. And of course the familiarity with social realities that place plateau in the central discourse of the development of the country. So we're indeed very respectful of this and my decision to join academics was premised in a way to how well he was doing. So he's been a constant through times of turbulence and crisis. And I would say he is very human human. He's undeniably fond of his classmates and commands the respect and attention. So you would call him. Brace the odds and emerge top of our class in many significant ways. The professor Dean of the faculty member governing council. Governorship aspirant at some point and now vice chance. I'm struck by Tor's deep sense of compassion and the desire to do things right all of the time. These are stories to tell and we have quite a number. He's always has a way, had a way of naturally putting himself in the place of someone in need and is very quick. Always presenting a reward from the cleaners in the faculty, Indigenous student and the general welfare matters to very significant and poignant moments of passing of colleagues and their family members. So reflecting on Tor's academic journey points us to his clear stance on issues of building and human development. I personally understood what volunteerism is when he was the director of the American corner in the University of just participatory. Tor had a non-negotiable position for the need for people to collectively embrace their diversities for social and democratic change. His various scholarly works, evidence of this and the text April 14, 2021. And motivation to remain involved in social activism as a social actor is very instructive. His great sacrifice for human development is indeed producing a pipeline of activities through his NGO Yara. His brilliant assessments of the Nigerian democratic landscape. I believe in the obligation of those in the power to give the right orientation that can liberate people or citizens from forces of oppression. Issues surrounding this lack of support. And so on. Of course, I highlighted in his works, it is a true reflection of how social crusader, because it's not a job for the faint hearted, but for courageous, for the courageous. And so the commentator of the Tor's vast knowledge in applied theater and transformation cannot be told without appreciating the perspectives he offers. That we are indeed all responsible governance. Therefore, it is our duty to reframe the narratives on issues of representation or reverse policies of government by creating more engagements and access to freedom of expression, which is not only the individual one, but also a collective one. We must also take a look at our cognitive and creative skills to advance our development. Reference to youths and women and rural communities and the social responsibility of the press or media in his works show that there is urgent need for inclusiveness and change in the competencies of our leaders. And information must be disseminated effectively. So our collective participation, despite our capacities, is key to entrenching good governance. We all agree that there is crisis in information and it's a danger to democracy and that needs to be addressed as quickly as possible. So when he points out journalism and the functions of to be socially responsible, we are concerned about the importance of journalism. And journalism is at risk. We are confronted with a different landscape of journalism, a lot of myths and disinformation. The news media produces into our ecosystem. And these spells do. So the media must not be seen to be detrimental to the efforts of good governments. Again, we are not looking critically at the lived lives of women. We are looking at a broader understanding of what their role is in politics and how the public perceives them. So media portrayal and public perception can be done through effective training. He has specific people . So you see that he actually has a passion to help women in politics. So the media that helps portray in this . I must be seen. Hello. We are running out of time. Can you hear me? Yes, we can hear you. So I'm so sorry. So finally, I would just like to say congratulations . As you advance into the seventh floor, God keep you vigilant to work against evil and injustice. May he punctuate your hard work.  Happy belated birthday and more wins. Thank you. Thank you very much. So . . . . Thank you. Because we are online, We have been given that time. Please, the next set of people to come on, we will. Let's be conscious of time. My pleasure to invite you to the presentation of the group. Professor, you are all set. Are you ready? If you are set, you can do it. Professor, it's working. Okay, so we don't need to do it. Okay. So, let them do it. No, they said that one is working. That's all. I believe that the lack of opportunity is actually there. I'm not going to ask why. The thing is, you know, it's conscious and you're not at risk. Why do you have a good risk? Because you have a good courage. You don't have to cause too much trouble. It's simple to visualize and define. That's it. That's why you must come up here.  You are great. Thank you very much. You're excellent. Let's appreciate the excellency of that. We can look at that piece. Before we change this, it's mine. It's mine because the Zuna director of NT Network Center is here. Welcome. Welcome. Welcome. Thank you very much. You're welcome. Thank you. Yes. The celebrants. Let me invite the celebrant now to make a worthy response to all that has happened. Our they go up and try it 60 a.m. Or we can continue on to 60 a.m. No, I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. I'm not going to say 60 a.m. Thank you very much, I continue to be launching and the presentation of the Can you hear me? Yeah, I just wanted to say thank you everyone for being patient with us. I know we had some technical issues here and there, but deeply appreciate the thoughts and the opportunity to be part of this. I want to thank you to Howround for giving that platform to get this out there and of course to CSET and thank you to all the props for your wonderful remarks today. Like I said at the beginning, I'm a testament to the work mentorship of Professor Toyu Rappu and deeply appreciate the opportunity to to work with him back in University of Jaws and continue to work with him. Congrats to the team, the editorial team for the great work. I know there's a lot of work pulling this together and thank you once again to everyone for being here and to all our professors and all the remarks. Deeply appreciate it and congratulations once again and happy, happy birthday Prof. Over to you. Thank you to everyone who came online to be part of this. We appreciate all of you. Thank you, thank you and thank you.


Yo, what's going on guys? Welcome to another vlog. This is vlog number 50. Oh Long number 50. That's a lot of blogs guys Seriously, thank you guys for all the support. I know I say that on about every video I think you guys you guys are the best. You guys are the best fans ever But today I'm almost out of school. I'm so close like literally I've just been taken like I've been going to a few classes So I'm exempting like a lot of finals if you have a 90 or above you exempt the final so like tomorrow I'm not even gonna go to school and Thursday. I got to go for like one period and Friday. I got to go for like one period So, I mean we're Yeah, it's really good So I'm gonna definitely try to get some footage out But there's a bad side all of that there is gonna be raining like every single day So I'm gonna try to work around it today was pouring earlier like this morning. It was just it was horrible But um anyways guys today what I'm gonna be doing. I'm gonna be fishing with one of my buddies Kyle Actually goes to my school So and his grandpa has a pond and he was like I want to get fish at some time we're always talking about like months ago and uh Yeah, so you want to see a fish so we're gonna fish it so right now I'm probably gonna I'm gonna go to his house pick him up. I kind of need to get something to eat I'm kind of hungry and then I might need to stop by Walmart to grab some hooks and stuff that I need so Follow me there I Always forget there's my dad right there. Hold up. Let's get him live on camera What are you doing? I'm about to go fishing with Kyle I'm about to we're about to go to his grandpa's pond Vlogging with those aviators on man My friend guys head and shave like that. He had like long hair all the way down to his chest I Don't know where it's at.   See ya. Love it That could use it What I was saying guys I keep on like I get on this like sidetrack thing I was alright. Oh, also exciting news exciting new new exciting new news. I'm getting a Newton's take these off We're getting serious over here I'm getting a new camera. I'm getting a Sony 5100 a so that's what I'm gonna get and that's it's gonna be like a Whole over it like with everything I want for like the lens and everything It's me like a little over 600 bucks, but guys this camera like I've never seen I've read a lot of reviews I know I've seen a lot of people use it and I it just seems like a really great camera So like the quality is gonna be way better. It's also like with cameras like that the Sony's and the cannons It's not like this GoPro. We're like I'm holding it right now. It's kind of bouncy It actually has like somewhat a built-in gimbal to it So that's gonna be a plus when I'm holding it's not like, you know bouncy on you guys Even though I have a gimbal already for my good proof But I'm one something with a little bit more higher quality for you guys a little bit more like sharpness to it Or you guys can like it'd be really good quality, but uh Yeah, guys, that's the announcement I wanted to say Go to my friend's house. All right, just got here Me and my buddy Kyle we just got we just a Chick-fil-A. We stopped by Walmart. Did I grab that bag? You got it? We're about to go down to his grandpa's pond and see what we can catch Like that balloon, that's your brother. What do you give it to him?  Look at that. He hit it all the way. It's a tiny one. Look at that guys Little guy choked it. Look how far he got it in his mouth Tiny fish. He's good. There you go little fish on a frog not much bigger than the frog First fish fish number one Just a little ones eat that. Oh my god, dude That was the next cast. I thought that was a big one to be honest. Well, that scared me Let's throw it back there. What is that like a carp or something dude?  No you didn't Watch this See the swirl on it. It's a carp Why is that what just lays over there? You ate it three times in a row Up came on just a little one. You get one. There you go. Got one that worm There you go.  Yeah, you all sprayed me with it Old tiny one deal. What's on his back? Yeah Little spot There you go.   I think it was big too. I Was actually a good one.  Oh, I like this. Oh my god Come on man. I had the sound effects going in everything right so I got me a An alarm going off right now, and this is Actually my new video going out to this is like the first time I finished with a subscriber Is that pond video where we fished off a boat if you guys haven't seen that video go check it out I'm about to post it right now Very excited for this video This video is Pretty pretty good in my opinion Here we go people pond fishing with subscribers vlog 47s up I know you guys are seeing this way after that But if you guys haven't seen that video definitely go check it out. I know you guys will love it. What happened What'd you take a picture of? What'd you take a picture of?  All right. Well, I'm switching that bait. We're at a grad out there No, I didn't look at it was looking What the heck dude? How do you even fit it in his mouth my friends got a fish right now? Hey, why I asked is because I'm a Literally off the swan yaks it right now We're at my friend's grandpa's pond We caught a few small ones There we go little fish Look at that Yeah, I wish I would have got that whole thing on video. Look how small he is Guys literally I was just showing him where like some old beds were And like I just saw this fish running I just kind of like pitched into him and caught him got small as best as as well the big one They are big as big as the one that you caught isn't freaking like it. I'm a quarter of a pound Yeah, so you can't really fish over there. There's not really an opening. It's a better one.    It's like a weird gray color all right guys, so they have too much luck here, but We're about to go. I know you guys watch my subscriber video It's actually the video that just posted my official the subscriber. We're on the little boat and upon There's me Trent and Connor versus the subscriber and we're gonna actually I actually called him a second ago because he texts me he's like man, I love the video and We're actually really close to him.  I told them we're just gonna come over here and wonder if you wanted to fish for a Little bit, so we're out here run see if you can catch some big ones finally right now. Yep Try to get one my buddy caught a We didn't have a scale, but it looked like five and a half right off this corner of this Get back to you some fish hopefully Yeah, it's all about three back there dude cast back there You see him back there on that bed. There's literally like three or four of them, dude I was really casted right over there. See if you can double up. Oh, he just turned on it They're good guys first fish. Let's see if see if Connor can go and see him There's a few of them All right guys, there you go first fish nothing big. Let's see what else we can get I never really you know them back, but Good job, dude, yeah, I'll get it Go dude Guys look at this man. Good job. Look at that You're taking picture on my phone Let's get a picture on my phone Oh Heck yeah, if I got a decent one man, I didn't think it was a fish That's why I barely hook seven, you know that I barely took some I didn't think it was really a fish I thought it was just some of that grass There you go guys fish number three We're not really catching that many but he caught that pretty decent one earlier Nothing good, but let's see if we can catch another good one. All right guys end it off the day You have some fun dude.  I caught a pretty big fish. No, I got a few good ones I mean, yeah, we had some fun and like I wasn't planning on coming here So it was like, you know, I was just at his grandpa's pond and we caught a few and Then I called him up. I just posted our video The other are actually today and so he's texting me about I called him and I was close to him I was like, hey, you want to get fishing? So we just came out here and I'm just glad he caught a pretty good one He didn't catch any here, but Or did you? He didn't catch any here. I caught I caught two that weren't that big, but definitely I know there's some bigger ones in here now Yeah, it's not huge that one that he caught. I mean, it's still a pretty it's definitely a solid fish I wouldn't mind catching those But I know there's some big bigger ones in here But guys if you enjoyed the video please hit the thumbs up and also leave a comment below Just say something guys say something that you like about my channel Say the type of videos that you like and what kind of videos you guys want to see and I'm also Please check out my clothing line. You can check it out below You can also check out all my social media sites definitely be sure to follow them giveaways and everything coming from that But thank you guys so much for watching. Like I said, please hit the like button. See you guys in the next video


After a full day of travel around Kandahar province and especially in two of the most isolated districts before the takeover of the de facto authority in August, we realized how important has been the support that the FAO has been providing over the past few months, especially the wheat seeds that have been distributed, the only seeds the rich farmer in this past season due to the end of all government-sponsored projects. And the impact that this is having also on the livelihood of people here by keeping them on their fields and able to product. And we see a lot of fields around us which are not planted because of lack of seeds, lack of inputs and lack of water, of course, which remain probably the biggest need even though the drought this year has been a bit mitigated by a few precipitations. FAO intervention and FAO program for the coming 12 months to 18 months is looking at these three main areas, support to seed production and seed availability in the country, support livestock production and feed and fodder availability and critically support irrigation and water sector because without water nothing can work in agriculture. If supporting us really scale up dramatically, we will see really the deterioration of the situation of food security all over these communities. They depend on their food they produce. If they don't have inputs, they cannot produce food, they don't have other sources of income. They don't have the sources of income that they used to have in the past from the city, from employment because of the economic collapse. So at this juncture it's critical to enable people to continue to produce food at community level.


My name is Srinivas Panduwada, I am a software engineer at Intel Open Source Technology Center. I work with Jacob Pan and Len Brown, they helped me to prepare some of this presentation. Today I'm going to talk about Power Capping Linux. I'll present some approaches and relative performance and also some of my recommendation at DEN. The agenda we will cover is we'll start with the context, then we'll look at system power management issues in general. Then we'll look at power capping overview, then we'll look at power capping participants recommendation and finally brief overview of Linux power capping framework, RFC. Let's start by looking at a very typical problem faced by a power planner. The major issue is the load is unpredictable, so once the load is unpredictable, the power demand is also becoming unpredictable. So that may lead to a tendency to plan for the worst case. As you know that's not the true figure, because plan for worst case is not the right thing, because that's not your true load consumed for computation. So that results in over budgeting. Let's look at how this over budgeting affects power planning. This particular news clip is from New York Times dot com. As it says that the 30 billion watts of electricity is used to power digital warehouses, which is equal to 30 nuclear power plants. Out of that only 6 to 12 percent is actually used for performing computation. And rest is just a safety margin just to take care of the worst case that something happens in the load and systems will not crash. Even if this numbers to look so pessimistic, but when I googled around I see this numbers very close like the utilization rate is very low all the time. But the power is lots of over budgeting power. And the same thing true in the mobile arena also. If you look at one of the four user experience is called by the battery life. So if suppose some device says it can last six hours and you cannot predict at least based on the load it may last for one hour to six hours. The window is very large. And also it can cause safety issues and I think this report is from Daily Mail. This is for iPhone 4S, but I am sure this may be in other devices also. So there is when there is an unexpected spikes in the load is batteries can become overheat and maybe cause safety issues in addition to your poor user experience. So what are the system power management issues in general? So we have a limited power capacity and limited cooling capacity. Both are either limited by the financial aspect or there is a physical limitation. And we know that the systems can have a lot of unexpected peaks. And when there is a lot of unexpected peak may cause lots of power swings and that power swings can basically trip your circuit or probably down your systems. And as you say in mobile devices also there is unpredictability of battery life. And now there are too many consumers of power. If you look at any system and if you come up with a power by adding the total rating of each of the component you will be lots of over budgeting. But if all those consumers turns at the same time then the system cannot handle. So that is one of the issues. So even if you have all the components all components are rated with high but you really do not have to have that much power. So what is power capping? So power capping is just a way to limit the power consumed by devices. So it can be server or mobile devices anything. It is not only for the total system power but it can be power to limit a subsystem inside that. So initially you may come up with some static limits but as you know that one system is operational you may have to readjust those limits because there may be thermal issues or other things may force you to readjust those limits. And now another important aspect is now you should be able to redistribute powers among server systems. So if suppose some server is running very critical time critical load and some other servers are little relatively idle maybe you can distribute additional power from one server to the other so that the other server which is doing the time critical computation can run with full throttle and give a better performance. As you know redistribution can always maximize performance. This is not only true for server systems but if you have in a single system also this redistribution is possible. Like you have a DRAM you have CPU and you have GPU and you think like your load is high CPU intensive load you probably can redistribute some of the power from your DRAM to your CPU so that CPU can run at high speed. Similarly like you may have a gaming engine probably you can distribute some of the power from others and to the gaming engine into a GPU. So this diagram represents the typical usage model. At the lower level there is all Linux kernel and CFS so you have like power capping CFS which I am going to present at the end. Also there may be other CFS present and there may be a thermal zone or thermal sensors and like you may have a power supply interface to read the current power or charge levels and all these readings are sent to or pulled by some user agent like something like power agent or thermal management agent. That may in turn get power from instruments or reading from temperature and the user space thermal agent may communicate with other thermal agents on different servers and provide you a management interfaces. So there are lots of solutions already exist at that user space level to really redistribute power or set some limits or manage and provide a management console. We will limit our discussion to only the kernel interfaces part. So what are the power capping participants? Participants are some device where we can power cap. These are just examples it is not a complete list. Like we can power cap CPUs, we can power cap GPUs, we can power cap DRAMs and there are lots of other like multimedia system can be one of the power power like wireless. Subsystem can be one of the biggest power consumer. But we will limit our discussion to CPUs, GPUs and DRAMs because as they can consume together more than like 55 to 60% of the power. So we will just concentrate on three. But if I Google around I see there are lots of technologies already exist for wireless to power cap. So this system can be you know go just beyond CPUs, GPU and DRAM and can cover lots of other components also. So how do you power cap CPUs? So we can adjust the P states. We will see what are those. We can adjust the T states. We can do offlining of processors. We can inject some idle time and something called ACPI power meter which is already used in many places and ACPI process aggregator. For CPUs DRAM and GPU there is one method introduced by Intel called RAPL. You will see what is that. Also if you use Intel 9515 you can do P states in GPU also. This is our test setup. So we used an Intel IV bit system with Linux 311 RC3 and we use an external power meter. And our test load for all the slides is open SSL speed test with short 256. And one of those slide we will also use some server system where we need to have lots of CPUs to offline. For majority of the slide this is the test system. So let's look at what is basically a P state. The P state should not be confused with the frequency. In Intel processor P state is a voltage frequency pair. And if you look at the right hand side diagram the operational state from P1 to P1 are basically under OS control. So OS can request any of those states and probably if we get it. But between P1 and P0 there is called turbo or hardware control states. So that's totally under hardware discretion to give you those operational points or not. But that's very important because as number of cores we start increasing that P1 to P0 number of sub steps goes on increasing too. So let's look at how this P1 to P0 plays a role in it. Like this gives you example what are the, you know, how can between P1 and P0 there may be so many sub states. Like if you look at this line dotted line that may be the guaranteed performance which you may request fed by OS and can get it. But between P1 and P0 all those like F1, F2 and F3 and F4 are depends on how many numbers of number of cores are active. And also what is your thermal headroom? If you have more thermal headroom probably you can get more. So those things are dynamically decided by the processor what performance to give. The reason I discussed this slide because what happens is between P1 and P0 the performance is not beyond OS control. So if you need for short term solution for some reducing the power maybe you can disable those that range. But it will impact the performance but it is an option. Then how do we control P states? Intel introduced Intel P state driver. So that has, that provides a C surface for limiting the performance. So there is a by percentage. So you have a max performance and a minimum performance percentage. You can set some value so the performance will be under that window. And also you can disable the turbo. And the advantage of P state driver is it can do for all the, you know, it can apply to all the cores in your system. You don't need to independently do for each of the CPUs. And there is CPU freak system which is, which is there from in Linux from long. There is a way to set the scaling frequencies from max and min. And also you can set the current frequency. But this CPU freak allows you to set for power thread in the, for CPU. So, but you know as in Intel processor they are shared, the frequency is shared. So it's not really realistic to really control the, you know, frequency of one particular CPU. It depends on the, what are others requested to. Also you can control the P states using thermal cooling device C surface. So there is a C surface cooling device called processor and it has states. So you can have 0 to 3 for the P states and less to the T states. So you can use thermal cooling device for controlling P states. And finally you can also use the RAPL which I will present. It's called running average power limit. And the way to control RAPL is the power capping framework which I will introduce soon. Let's look at how P state performance. The left hand, your left hand side, the graph shows the power versus the max in a limited P states. So as you limit the P states you see the power gets dropped. If you look at from, there is a big drop because that's where the turbo desk is engaged. Because that's where the OS is directly controlling the OS. So that's where you will see the drop. Then after that it will be very linearly drop. And on the right hand side the graph shows the performance of open SSL speed touch performance. With respect to the P state, we're using the P state driver by limiting power. As you limit power of course the performance will drop. And the performance drop is pretty linear. But after that you will have different, depends on the actual P state at that time. Its performance is a percentage there. It is a number of operation of Shah operation. Yeah, that's, there is basically an Intel P state driver you can specify 0 to 100 percent. So Intel introduced a feature called Rappel which was first introduced during Sandy Bridge. So the Rappel provides a power meter capability. Actually internally the processors had some power meter ring. But it exported that power meter ring capability. And this power meter ring is actually is not really analog power meter here. It's a digital model based power meter. And also it provides you a power limit which is also used by the internal processor algorithm to limit your P states. Those are exported outside. Since the accuracy of this power meter is really comparable to the real power measured from actual power meter. See it gives you very good ability to limit the power. As you know if you can measure a good power you should be able to limit and dynamically change it. So this graph shows how Rappel power meter is actually compared to the physical in measuring. So what is predicted is by the Rappel. And what is actually measured is by the power meter. If you can see, yeah, but for each component. So they actually match very, you know, together. So it has very good power meter which can be used to limit power also. And at the same time it gives you performance feedback. So if based on when you do limit your power it will affect the performance. It has the ability to give feedback. And since it's implemented so close to processor it's very reactive. It takes very less time to do any operation. And the interface to Rappel is described in Intel ISE 64 software, you know, user drive. So you can refer to it. And its interface is exported via MSRs, model-specific register and PCIA config space. The way Rappel exports its capabilities is by using set of domains. So here when I say domain means each domain is capable to do Rappel operation. Like a package domain or DRAM or CPU and GPU, these are different domains it offers. So each of these domains you can set a power limit or you can monitor a power. And there can be physical relationship because package can have DRAM, you know, CPU and GPU inbuilt. So it will also respect those measurements when actually you are enforcing power. From what each package gives you can give an energy status so which you can convert into joules with some other registers value. And for limiting power it has two ranges which is called short term and long term. But these ranges are continually getting enhanced. So each power limit is defined by actual power and a time window. So currently there are two time windows which are one is short and one is long term. The idea is for shorter term you may want to run your system with high power limit. But over at a longer term probably you want to average it out a little lower because your thermal will take it over and maybe you may need to reduce the performance. And as we say it gives you very good feedback so that the user space, age, power agent or something can take decision how effective was its power limit. So for example it can give you an interrupt if suppose your power limits are violated or you can get some counters that how long your system was performing under a reduced, you know, because of your constraint how much the performance is reduced. So you can get those feedback and probably you want to dynamically change your limits. And this particular slide shows two graphs very similar setup as the previous P-State driver. On the left hand side as we say the power limit limited by the triple and the actual power of the system. So you can see that the power limit and the actual power varies by similar amount. So as you limit the power from the socket which trough will be reduced by similar amount. Yes there is a saturation range. So there is an effective range. The apple cannot go from top to bottom but there is a range between. So there are some registers which will tell you what is the minimum and what maximum. It cannot go beyond it. After minimum there is no effective, not effective anymore. So on the right hand side you see the performance. Now we compare with the performance with the P-State driver and performance on a particular limited power. You can see that the red line there is the apple. You can see the performance is much higher and from compare to P-State driver. Because it is not implemented in OS. It is done directly in the processor. So once you set limits it can dynamically, very reactive fashion. It can adjust those limits. Because you can set more, you have more final granularity. P-State even if you say 0 to 100% but they are not 100% performance point between in a processor. But Rappel has a lot of range. And one good feature of Rappel is you can also power limit the DRAM. Because DRAM can consume almost 20% of the 20-25% of your power. So it allows you to throttle even DRAM. So the way it works is it throttles the DRAM bandwidth. But based on experiments it may be power inefficient if you throttle DRAM because it is possible that your CPU may be going extra wattage because of your throttling memory. But it is effective. But you first exhaust other methods then probably you can even throttle DRAM. Now let's look at P-States. Because I am discussing P-States and P-States because this is already used by current many some of those higher level software to control the performance. The P-State is actually throttle state. So the way it works is it gives you some access to write the duty cycle. And the duty cycle basically allows you to control the clock modulation. When you say duty cycle it does not actually change the duty cycle of the processor clock but duty cycle of something called stop clock. So for example in the bottom we have a 25% duty cycle. So it makes sure that the clock is supplied to the processor only of your duty cycle. So the rest of the time the processor is not supplied through any clock. And the way to control T-States you can use the same processor cooling device you can control T-States. Do you have a question? Yes, TM1. Yes, yes. Sorry? Suspense, no. It is their P-States basically. This graph shows the performance. And you say as it goes T-States the performance will be limited. But we will see the performance of T-States. You cannot power cap using T-States when you are in very high power because first of all there is no interface to do it. Current interface will let you exhaust all the P-States before you can even T-States because performance will be badly affected by T-States. So on the right hand side you will see the blue line. You can see the performance is basically much worse than other two. But there is an advantage. It can limit a power in a range where others cannot limit. For example, as the file pointed out before, there is a limit that Rappel can operate. You cannot operate at the low power area. But T-States can still operate in that area. To reduce the performance and power cap is using idle injection. The idle injection driver was implemented by power clamp cooling driver. This is implemented as a cooling device driver. And it was introduced in Linux 3.9. And basically the idea of this driver is you can specify some idle ratio between 0 to 50%. And it will make sure that your CPU is at least in deep state C state for that much time. So the way it works is it starts very high priority thread on each of the online CPU and monitors the activity and based on the user idle ratio, it will at least make sure that system is idle and it has a feedback loop. So it will monitor continuously and enforce that idle ratio. And this slide shows the performance. As you can see that if you index more idle, of course, the power will drop. But performance wise, if you can see the idle injection is not as good as Rappel or a P-State driver. But if you look in the lower power zones, it has much better performance than a T-State using controlling via T-States. In those ranges, you might want to use an idle injection rather than using a T-State. So T-States tend to be inefficient here. And the CPU offline is one of the methods which is probably used somewhere. And basically it migrates the activity on current CPU to the newer CPU. So it will migrate all the processing traps and timers to the new CPU. And the way there is a C-surface for CPU, online CPU, there is something online. And if you see that C-surface, that CPU can be offline. But there is some limitation. You cannot offline all CPUs, particularly with CPU 0. Now it is implemented, but you need to turn on some special kernel config to the CPU 0 offline. And when we see CPU offline, it may not mean that it's physically off-lining because physical offline also needs support from BIOS and also needs some special kernel build flags. So this graph shows the performance. As you can see that first two points, there is no drop in power. It's because in our hyper-threaded system, you have to make sure that you make offline both the corresponding threads in that core, otherwise you won't see any difference. And they may not be linear. As you said, this numbering system there works on CPU. So you have to find out what is the corresponding core to offline it. And once you offline whole core, you will see the drop in the power. And if you look at the performance here, the purple line is the performance using the off-lining. And if you look at that, even in the high power range, the performance is worse than any of this, like your rappel or P-state or idle injection. So where you're using offline, you probably can even just use idle injection and probably get better performance. And even in the low power area between 15 watts and low, its performance is very similar to T-states. So I think instead of using processor offline, idle injection may be better than that. And now let's discuss ACPI power meter. The ACPI power meter was introduced during ACPI 4.0. And it depends on the bios. So you may not have that capability. And it's used by some of the node managers at this time. And the way it allows you to measure power between two intervals and it also has some trip points that whenever those trip points are violated, you get a notification. And there is some optional power capping parameters you can specify. So there is a power cap mean and max. So once you specify that range, it will try to power cap in that range. But that's also optional. Even you may have an ACPI power meter just for monitoring, but may not have any power capping capability. So it all depends on whether your bios has that ability or not. And the ACPI processor aggregated driver, which is basically it's not under user control, but if your bios can do a processor off-lining in a way and by sending you some ACPI notifications, it's not really meant to do any power capping, but it is to solve the short-term thermal emergencies. It's actually called CPU off-line online, but it's not actually doing any off-line and on-line. It does not affect any CPU set. You will still see the CPU. It's just putting that CPU in the very deep sea state. CPU set. Oh, oh, sorry. I wish that's correct. And you say that CPU off-line or ACPI pad can be used, be used, either of them. They match very similar in performance. So I think there is a lot of contention when this driver is getting submitted. So this graph shows that they are logical, very similar in performance. So based on all these measurements, this is my recommendation. So this is not independently verified by Intel QA or anything. So this is not any recommendation from Intel. It's my, based on our results. So in applicable range, you may want to consider order in a way like RAPL, P-state, idle injection, and CPU off-line, and then T-state. So in the low-power areas, you may want to use idle injection instead of doing off-lining and, you know, using T-states. So probably if you have RAPL, P-state, and idle injection, pretty much you can cover the entire range. So since we have seen so many different way to do power capping, but the way currently it is, they all scattered in C-surface everywhere, like ACPI pad is located so many other places, like ACPI power meter is somewhere else. So there are different way to do idle injection. So we want to have a consolidated way that all power capping devices look similar.  They all have a similar behavior for all those particular regulators who will behave no matter what, implemented by what method. Looks very similar from user space perspective. So we want to introduce such power capping framework to Linux. So basically it allows you to have a set some power limits and also it has an ability to read the power from a system. And we'll define a client driver API and it will avoid a lot of code duplication as a class driver. And this link shows to the RFC. So if you have comments, you know, you can look at it for more information. So it's very simple. It's just that it has very class driver and it provides some registration and callbacks. So majority of the, you know, the interface work is done in the class driver, but actual hardware, you know, interface can be implemented in the client drivers here in this case. So that from user space perspective, no matter what method you use, it should look similar. So the way we export this interface is we, at the top level, we have something called control types. So the control types in this case is a method used to do power cap. So like you can have a control type like using RAPL, Intel RAPL. You can have a control type of power clamp or you can have many control types. For example, you tomorrow you have a wireless device which can have its own control type. And the control type will act as a container for all the power zones in it. So in this case, each power zone is basically something to do with, you know, it has independent unit which is can measure and enforce power. And you can have parent-child relationship. So as you can see here, suppose let's take an example of Intel RAPL. You can have Intel RAPL 0 and RAPL 1. In this case, in this example, we used a two-socket server system. So you have two packages, CPU packages here, RAPL 0 and 1. But as you know, each package can contain multiple cores and each of this core and each of this GPU, they can have their own power zone because you can even monitor and enforce power or measure power there. So like in Intel RAPL 0.colon 0.colon 1 is actually child of one peak Intel RAPL 0. So you can have a hierarchy so that at a given level, you can see how the power propagates. So this hierarchy is based on not logical relationship, but some physical relationship. It's like if you like, for example, power cap a package, it will affect in all the cores also. The relationship should be based on that. That's one of the conditions to be in chair appearance child. And each of this power zone, you can have option to have energy measurement and also some range. So energy measurement, either you can measure energy or if you have inbuilt power measurement interface, you can have in power directly. You can have a CFS measuring giving you power. And the limits are done something called constraints. So you can have up to 10 constraints so that you can define with different time windows, you can have different constraints. So each constraint is you can define a time window and a power limit and you can give name to the constraint. So you can have number of constraints so the system will act on those constraints based on your time window. And you can independently enable each of this power zone or you can basically enable whole control type or disable at the same time. So what are the basic takeaways from my discussion is we prefer to use Rappel driver for power capping from P0 to Pn range. And whenever you're using a CP offline, probably you want to consider using idle injection or using T-states. You know, idle injection can give you better performance with the same results. And as we say, we have published an RFC. Our aim is to improve it so that it can be used across all the processors and all the devices like wireless or multimedia. So if you have suggestions, please comment on that. So I think I concluded my all the slides so this is time for question and answers. So if I cannot answer, you can send me an email. I'll try to get an answer from some other experts. Yes, power top is a user space. Power top can use this interface. So once this interface is published in the upstream kernel, we'll modify the power top also so that it can use this interface. But this is not upstream yet so it's not changing power top yet. Kernel code. So based on the CPU just gives you some ranges. You should be able to do control between those ranges only. Like there's a max... Sorry? Yes, yes. Yeah, CPU, not kernel now. Yeah, I think it should be doable but that's up to the, you know, there has to be some event and that event should, maybe some user space software should be able to now change the limits based on the state of your... But it's doable. But it's not done by... It cannot be done by kernel but it's somewhere in the user space lead close or something. In this interface? Now, first we are trying to do others. Yeah, but we can do that. But it will be a step by voice. Initially it will start with Rappel. Probably then we'll migrate to others. Yeah, it will but... No questions? Then there are no questions.


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This video has been developed to accompany the advances in therapy article Comparative Efficacy of Cabosantinib and Regoraphanib for Advanced Hepatosellular Carcinoma, and is not intended for any other use. This video will talk through the methods used in the recent matching-adjusted indirect comparison of Cabosantinib versus Regoraphanib in patients with Advanced Hepatosellular Carcinoma, HCC. Anger-adjusted indirect comparisons are a way of estimating the likely comparative outcomes that treatments might achieve if used in the same patient population. They are increasingly used in health technology assessments, where no direct comparative data are available. But they can also provide insights for clinicians who are trying to choose between treatment options with limited data available to guide treatment selection. The authors carried out the analysis because there have been no head-to-head trials comparing Cabosantinib and Regoraphanib for the second-line treatment of patients with Advanced HCC. In Hepatosellular Carcinoma, the celestial trial for Cabosantinib and the resource trial for Regoraphanib had similar overall designs, which made them potentially eligible for an indirect treatment comparison. Both were Phase III double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trials of patients with Advanced HCC who had received prior systemic therapy. Resource however compared Regoraphanib to placebo in a second-line patient population after treatment with Sauraphanib. In contrast, celestial compared Cabosantinib to placebo in a mixed second and third-line patient population. Although resource excluded patients who were intolerant to Sauraphanib, whereas celestial did not. To address these differences, the authors aligned the patient populations by limiting celestial to the group of patients who had progressed on or after prior Sauraphanib therapy. That is, to a pure second-line population. However, there were still some differences between the patient characteristics of the celestial and resource populations that could potentially influence the effect of treatment and bias a treatment comparison. These included differences in the ethnic mix and geographical origin of patients, as well as differences in their ECOG performance status and duration of prior Sauraphanib treatment. Because of these differences, a standard indirect comparison would not have been valid, but a matching adjusted indirect comparison was an appropriate methodology to compare both compounds. Statistical adjustments were then applied to the celestial patient population to minimize any residual differences. This was achieved by weighting the baseline individual patient data from celestial to align them with the baseline summary statistics published for resource. While the matching and statistical adjustment procedures reduced the effective sample size and study power, they were successful in removing the reported effect-modifying differences between the trial populations. Treatment outcomes were then compared for the matching adjusted populations. Matching adjusted indirect comparisons cannot account for all between trial differences, and they do not replace randomized controlled trials, but they do offer valuable estimates of the comparative outcomes of two treatments in the absence of direct trial data. For more information, please see the full publication by Kelly et al.