Well, hello my friends and welcome back to my channel. I am so so freaking excited about this video you guys Chrissy and Designs has come out with some new paper and thank you to Kristen and Damien of the Chrissy and Designs team for reaching out and seeing if I wanted to try out your new paper and I'm very excited. I'm just very excited as you guys know I've been a huge Chrissy and Designs fan for the longest time and I mean I have a huge binder I will link that Chrissy and Designs collection I just did it not that long ago up in the corner wherever the heck it goes But they are releasing new paper to their shop. It will be available on Friday, November 23rd, that is their pink Friday. The new paper is also gonna be less expensive It looks like about 15% off of the normal regular price kind of across the board Their current pricing a really fun thing about this as well is they are gonna be removable which is awesome Because we all know that your girl makes a lot of mistakes So it's nice when you can just peel that sucker up There are also new markers and pens that you can use on them So I'm gonna be doing a pen test which this is like my pen test bin So we're gonna do that but I just took it out of the packaging and I haven't like smelled it I haven't like really played with it or touched it and I do have a regular like Chrissy and Designs sheet here from my binders So let's play with this stuff. First of all, we need to talk about the feel. So like I don't know It feels very very similar y'all like I can't really Tell a difference to be honest with the feel of it The next thing is the smell because we all know that this smells like little like pool water wing floaty things But what is this one smell like it kind of it kind of smells? It smells about the same to be honest. Yep, I'm gonna go with it smells the same Yep, and I'm a little stuffed up right now, but I can still smell this I can still smell a little bit But I'm a little stuffed up at the moment darn Minnesota weather, you know so I wanted to test out some things because It says that all the permanent markers should work. However, they've been testing with ballpoint and rollerball pens and Some have required a little bit more dry time than others But they are working on this paper, which is kind of awesome and then some of the gel tip and felt tip markers Don't always work, but they need a little bit more dry time if they do So we're gonna just like test it all today and just like see what happens So since I want to write on things I think I'm gonna choose this sheet to write on and Let's zoom you guys in a little bit. Like I said, I've got all the pens here So let's start with the blue. Let's go from here. So this is a Paper mate ink joy 700 RT 1.0 M. It's just like a ballpoint pen So I'm just gonna I don't know. I'll just write ink joy ballpoint. This is like really satisfying to write on I'm just gonna wait a couple seconds and then ooh that didn't work out. Well, that's okay Let's try another one and like give it a few minutes I know some people love these type of pens versus like a gel pen or a permanent marker We're gonna leave that for just a few moments and to be honest, this is the only ballpoint pen I have which is Kind of crazy. I don't have another one All the other things because I personally this is just me I like to write in marker or in like a felt tip. That's my totally my jam All right, so it's been a couple of moments here and let's try this again. Okay, so it's it's a better But it's not great. I wish I had more ball points to Test out for y'all, but I just don't have them We're gonna do one more and then we're just gonna leave it for a little bit Yeah, that one kind of kind of got away from me, but that's all right I want to try out a whole bunch of other things So and I'm a person that doesn't really mind waiting for my things to dry So whatevs but um, okay, we're gonna try the erin chondrin medium Oh, this for sure is not going to work. It's already like beating up. That's okay We're just gonna we're gonna try all the things I have. This is one of those Stabilo Stobolos. I don't know how to say it. Okay, this one doesn't work and then we've got the lip hen Let's do some more. I'm here That one might actually Or I don't know. We've got the paper made inkjoy gel. So let's just here We'll put that one in here. One of my favorites.  I am converted This is the pilot G2. This is the 10. I do like a broader tip So I'm like an 07 or a 10 person in this my issue with this pen is that it takes so Freakin long to dry on just even regular paper that I'm like, I don't know about that. So We're gonna try it anyway because I have it. All right. Oh, this is one of my favorites This is the jelly roll one of my faves. Let's start going over here. I think my pen is like dying It's a very scientific review over here on the FD channel. All right, well whatever, maybe it's Maybe it's not supposed to happen. Oh, that's another lapen. Just fine. Oh, I do have a white one I will test that on another Piece in just a moment here. This is my favorite permanent marker to write with this is the pilot This is the pilot ultra fine point permanent So this is what I normally use on Christian design stickers regardless This is just a regular Sharpie. This should be just fine And then I have one of these Microns which are not my favorite if you all have watched other pen tests of mine, you know that I don't like this The reason I have these is so I can do pen tests for you guys because I know everyone likes to write with something different I think to be honest It's probably the tip I don't like because it's an 03 if it was like an 07 I probably would be like Not a problem with I don't know. So all right. Let's try the micron. Oh It's not in my crumb Whatever All right, and then I've got the flare. So the paper mate layer Which I wasn't assuming would work just because this the material isn't porous. So I Didn't think that that would work.  I probably wouldn't use So these like a washy kind of strips I'm gonna try it on this and this is called the uniball signal I did get these on Amazon a long time ago And it's uniball signal UM-153 and there's like, you know, like symbols all over it. So I don't really know I wish I knew more about this pen. It's actually worked pretty good It's like a little streaky, but that's because of the ball inside of the pen Cool. All right. So why don't we check this out and see how everything did so the inkjoy ballpoint now It's not streaking. Oh, it looks like the pen. The Le Pen is is a streaker.  Okay, I need to like do something with my fingers Okay, I'm gonna like touch the ones that I know are not gonna do anything So the pilot ultra fine fine the Sharpie should be fine the micron. Oh the micron I thought the micron would be like totally normal, huh? weird Okay, so We're gonna start at the things that I'm pretty sure are going to not work out, but we'll go from there All right, let's let's grab a dirty finger All right, the Eric Honduran medium It does streak, but you could have given a little I could have given it a little bit longer, but that's okay The stablo that's the streaker jelly roll actually If I gave it a little longer, it might have been all right Okay, and then The gel pens are the big thing because you know, we all love a good gel pen. So let's start with my favorite the inkjoy gel Oh, that did not work out. Let's wipe the finger off All right, and then the pilot nope That didn't work either, but man the ballpoint is kind of a game changer. I feel like so very cool Oh, I'm excited about all of these. Let me just peek through my black pens quick I just want to see if I have any others. I Don't think I do though Nope all the ones I have in blue I have in black So it's a little redundant and a waste of perfectly good sticker paper to do this right guys, okay? So let's check out the white one Oh That's good. I like that and to be honest, this is more of like a raised up It's almost like a paint it feels like but I think you could have done this on the other ones too Let me just I'm gonna test this real quick for whatever reason It's like way more difficult to write on this paper than it was on this one. I don't know what this paper like To be honest, this paper seems like a little bit more. It's gonna sound weird But like grippy like not gritty But like grippy when you actually like lay your pen or marker down on it It feels grippier where this is very very slick feeling. So it's just like not Picking it up if that makes sense. I don't know if any of that makes sense to you guys All right, so I wrote my little guy there. I'm gonna give it a second just to do that But yeah, so let me give you some more information It also looks like any orders after November 23rd and beyond will be using the new paper and that the transparent paper like the little they've got like these little dots and Little things that say like rescheduled or canceled or things like that that are transparent any of the transparent paper is not changing at this time So they're gonna be staying with their trans their standard transparent paper, which is not removable so just wanted to let you guys know that and Let's check this out and see if this streaks. Nope. This is kind of the same idea. It's got You know, it's it's more of that Paint feel to it. So you could have used this on the original paper as well But I had it so why not use it right guys? Okay, so I have a planner here. Let's try Removing some stickers All right, let's here. Let's put some of these in here. Oh It feels so nice I'm just gonna pull out the ones that I think were the best Um Come on. Here we go The pilot ultra fine point which is like my favorite thing And then the Sharpie Which is amazing Love a good love a good Sharpie and then let's pull this sticker as well. Oh look you could like If you're gonna be gone for a few days you'd like put this in this way It's like almost perfect. So weird before you couldn't pull up anything. So now Let's check this out.  It's like butter. Oh my gosh This feels so it's so easy Oh my gosh, I didn't know what I was expecting but it's so easy.  I mean clearly as things like adhere Sometimes it's more difficult to remove or loses a little bit of its tackiness If you keep touching the back of it with your low shinny fingers or your like kind of blue fingers Like I have at the moment. You guys can't see it too well, but I got blue fingers. Um, but anyway, but yeah, I I would just be curious to know about that But clearly that would be like a major test that we don't have time for today y'all We just don't have time. Oh my gosh. I'm so excited about all of this This is so nice And for people like me that Put their stickers in crooked sometimes Um, this would be perfect because then you can just reposition it no problem And I'm gonna pull one of these out. I'm gonna pull out the one that I use this um, uniball signal So this is the one from you know, just the regular sticker paper that I won't be able to remove Um So let's put that one like down here. Can you guys see that? Nope. Why don't I put it in the frame, Emily? Seriously All right, so I put that down and then let me try to lift it up sometimes to be honest Sometimes when you first put this down you can lift them up Okay, but once they've been in for like an hour with like the older paper Good luck. So you have to kind of use this product called undo Uh, see okay, I can remove it but see how it grabbed all the Paper with it. Hold on. Sorry. Ah, I don't know if you guys can tell.   Yeah, that's a lot of whole. Sorry Oh gosh Ah, we don't want to go forward. We want to go backwards. There we go But it's just nice to like Know how The new paper is this is so cool you guys So, yeah, I'm excited to check this out on pink friday Which is going to be tomorrow today is actually thanksgiving and I am filming on thanksgiving And I am going to run upstairs as soon as I turn this video off and get this Uploaded for you guys so you can check out my thoughts on this. I will leave links down below I will also leave a link to uh christian designs facebook group and instagram I know a lot of other people are doing some sneak pricks Preaks sneak peeks and also giving their opinions on the new paper And they might have more pens than me to be honest So you might want to go check out her facebook group to just see what everyone else has to say about it But yeah, I am so excited. Thank you so much to christian and damian again for sending these my way Um, I think I'm gonna save this one because I really want to use this in an upcoming plan with me I'm not sure when but I want to use this for sure So y'all will probably see this in the upcoming future. All right, but that's it for me Thank you guys for hanging out with me today. If you're interested in christian designs products I will leave a link down below for you guys as well So you can just check out her website if you like this video Make sure to give it a thumbs up and feel free to subscribe to see more content from me And I will see y'all in the next video. Bye guys. Well folks it's time to kick it old school So you can feel cool


Hi everyone, Joe for jazby's casebreaks.com coming at you with a one-box break of 2022-23 Panini Immaculate Basketball. The whole box will be random number block style. So that's how our accepting most of you are familiar with it. Zero gets any and all redemptions, including one-of-one redemptions, solving the rules. Has been for years. We're also giving away an extra spot. So we only sold nine spots outright. We're going to randomize those nine names or nine spots. Name on top. After 11, we'll get an extra spot. Little buy one, get one. Two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. And 11 the final time. We got Stephen K. There you go, Stephen. Extra spot going your way. Thanks for getting in. We'll have the little rooftop symbol next to your name. Now we'll gather all of your names and we'll randomize you a number that represents a whole block of numbers. Let's randomize that two and a five seven times each. One, two, three, four, five, and a two, six, and seventh and final time. We've got Eric down to Anthony and we've got the sounds of the Daytona 500 on in the background after the rain out and racing on to Monday. Seven times for the numbers. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seventh and final time. After seven, we've got three down to zero. All right, Eric with three, Stephen with two, Nick with eight, Brett with five, Stephen with seven, Nick with six, John with one, Mike with nine, Doug with four, and Anthony with zero and last spot mojo. They say 70% of the time, last spot mojo hits 100% of the time. So they say. We're going to pause the video just for a little bit when we come back. We'll see if there's any trades and then we'll have the one box break. Stick around, BRB. All right, welcome back everybody. No deals were done, so that list right there remains the same. You're on a Monday, Monday the 19th. We've got another one box break loaded up already if you want to run this back. Love the semaculate. All right, now that we've got three of the five boxes left, we're going to roll the die. We'll go one, two, three, four, five, six on the dice roll. And it's three. One, two, three, four. So middle box. So obviously these are already marked random number blocks. We know they're from the same case. We'll save this for save this for another time. Maybe we can run it back another one back later tonight. Right, we're going to lead off with a Laker and we'll use this blank card here to hide the hits a little bit. LeBron James. Nice 63 out of 99. Someone's putting the wrong penny sleeves in this. So if you're not familiar with the random number block format, we go by that digit right there, that one. So 63, 73, 83, 93, et cetera, et cetera. We'll all go to Eric. Eric Houston with the number three. LeBron James going your way. Next is Kevin Love. The standard relic, 46 out of 99. That's going to go to Nick and the number six. Then we've got Tyrese Halliburton. Nice, 24 out of 99. Having a great season. That'll be for Doug and the number four. There you go, Doug. Game warm material. Then we have Wally Zerbiak. 29 out of 99. Old Timberwolf going to the number nine. It's going to go to Mike and the number nine. It's a nice shadow box design there. Get the wrinkle out of this penny sleeve here. Maybe I'll put this in a slightly larger top loader. 29 out of 99. All right, a couple more to go. It's a quick break. It's just a one-boxer. We've got Modern Mark's Laurie Markinon. 10 out of 99. Number zero. Anthony with zero and Laspod Mojo. Told you, Laspod Mojo, 70% of the time hits 100% of the time. We're in Markinon having a nice season. Nice. And the last one here is going to be... Clutch time autograph. Allen Iverson. 14 out of 15. That's going to go to Doug. Nice. Love AI. Nice one. There you go, gang. Nice break. We've got another one-box break in the store. Check it out. I'm Joe. I'll see you next time for the next basketball break. Bye-bye.


So, just to reiterate what we had was a polynomial fit for C p and what you have been given are constants a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5 and in two ranges. So, this is just a pure polynomial you will get C p. Integrating C p d t you will get h you will need a constant of integration which depends on the enthalpy of formation at standard state which is 25 degrees. So, you will get a 1, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5 and a 6 which comes from the constant of integration and again this is for h. Similarly, for s you will have a constant of integration a 7 which will tell you what the entropy is at 25 degrees C. So, if I put T is 298 Kelvin I should get my value for the entropy at 29, 25 degrees Celsius. So, we have this whole set of values for us and these are well tabulated values and we will use them very often for all our calculations. So, this is something that is a useful set of information to have. So, once this is done all I do is that let us say that I want the heat of a reaction I will say let us say H 4 plus twice O 2 C O 2 plus twice H 2 O. Then I find H F 0 for this at 25 degrees C this I do not need to look up because at 25 degrees C this is 0 this is assigned 0 I will get H F 0 at 25 degrees C I will get H F 0 at 25 degrees C I will just subtract this and this and I will get delta H R. So, this is how I get the heat of reaction. Now, once you have a fuel there is something which is called as a calorific value and what is the calorific value it is just going to be if you see it is just going to be the negative of the heat of reaction and expressed as per kg or per mole. So, for example, if I use this reaction and I get delta H R the delta H R would be for one mole for one mole of CH 4 burning this is the amount of energy released delta H R is going to be a negative quantity because it is an exothermic reaction, but we will say that the calorific value is the negative of that. So, we want to express the calorific value as a positive quantity. So, we will say the negative value of delta H R. So, minus delta H R is the C V for one mole of CH 4. Now, you can say that one mole of CH 4 is really 12 grams plus 4 grams this is carbon this is hydrogen. So, it is totally 16 grams. So, this much energy was released for 16 grams how much energy would be released for 1 kilogram and I can get the calorific value on a per kg basis. Now, it happens that if I have gaseous species species normally C V is expressed in molar or volume basis. Whereas, if it is a solid fuel or even a liquid fuel. So, you express C V on a per kg basis. So, for example, we say what is C V for 1 kg of carbon or something like this. So, we will just come to that and what I can write now is that if I use 1 kg of carbon and I convert it to CO 2 using 1 let us say 1 kg of carbon I should say that 12 kg of carbon really corresponding to 1 mole of 1 kilo mole of carbon sorry. So, 12 kg of carbon corresponds to 1 kilo mole of carbon 12 grams corresponds to 1 mole of carbon, but you realize that if I wrote it as a chemical reaction it would have been C plus O 2 giving CO 2. So, I would have written 1 mole of carbon plus 1 mole of O 2 gives 1 mole of CO 2, but if I write it in kilogram 1 mole sorry let me write it as all in kilo mole. So, that I can work in kilograms because I would rather work in kilograms here if I write it as 1 kilo mole this would have been 12 kilogram of carbon this would be 32 kilogram of oxygen and this would be 44 kilogram of CO 2. So, for 12 kilogram of carbon I require 32 kilogram of oxygen and this is to ensure complete combustion. So, what do we understand by complete combustion? So, if I have any species which is made up of a hydrocarbon C N H M then all C is converted to CO 2. So, that means if there is C N I should form N times CO 2 and all H should form H 2 O since there is M H in the fuel there will be M by 2 H 2 O in the product. So, once I have complete combustion only then I must have calculate the delta H R and that is called as a negative of this is the calorific value. So, we do not assign a calorific value if carbon is going to CO or something like that calorific value is defined if there is complete combustion. So, if I have one as getting back to my reaction if I have 1 kilogram of C then I will require. So, if you look here for 12 kilogram of carbon I require 32 kilogram of oxygen. So, for 1 kilogram I will require 32 by 12, 32 by 12 kilogram of oxygen and I will form 44 by 12 kilogram of CO 2. So, this is writing it in kilogram basis of course, you will see that it is all balanced here there is no problem all the mass is balanced on either side. I take 1 kilogram 32 by 12 kilogram if I add it up I get 44 by 12 kilogram. So, things are balanced because I use the balanced reaction and I just substituted the molecular weight for every species. So, that ensures that the mass is still balanced. Now, if I do this reaction it turns out that the energy that you release is 32.78 mega joules and hence the calorific value. So, this is delta H R would be minus 32.78 mega joules for 1 kilogram of carbon. So, the calorific value for pure carbon would be 32.78 mega joules per kg. So, you realize that you know this is a pretty high number and this is something that is you probably should remember as an order of magnitude I mean roughly somewhere in the thirties you will get the calorific value for carbon and you realize that this is expressed on a per kilogram basis. Now, what I will do is I will still use the same thing for hydrogen though it is a gas I will get it in terms of per kilogram basis. So, if I have 1 kilogram of H 2 again if I write the balanced reaction you see that H 2 plus sorry plus half O 2 gives me H 2 O. This means if I work in kilo moles this is 2 kilograms since this is half O 2 1 mole of O 2 would have been that 1 kilo mole of O 2 would have been 32 kilograms this is 16 kilograms and this is 18 kilograms. So, 1 kg of H 2 would have required 8 kgs of O 2 and they would have given in 9 kg of H 2 O. But if I use 1 kilogram of H 2 O and you know add 8 kilograms of O 2 and get 18 kilogram of H sorry not 18 9 kilograms of H 2 O the energy released is we normally express it in terms of 2 values it is either 141.96 mega joules or it is 120.0 mega joules and the 2 values are the values depending on when H 2 O is either in the liquid state or in the gaseous state. So, you realize that if it is in the liquid state then it would have given out even the H F G that is this so called latent heat also would have been released whereas in gaseous form that latent heat would still be there with H 2 O. So, if I go to the liquid form I will release far more energy and this is what is released if H 2 O is in liquid form and this is what is released if H 2 O is in the gaseous form. So, this is called as the higher heating value or the higher calorific value and this is what is called as a lower calorific value for hydrogen. Now, if I look on a per kilogram basis you let us see this value 141.96 mega joules are released for 1 kilogram of H 2 whereas if you look for carbon it was only 32.78 mega joules for 1 kilogram of carbon. So, you realize that for hydrogen the amount of energy released per kilogram basis is very very high more than 4 times that for carbon. Not only that in this case the by product was CO 2 here the by product is H 2 O which is considered as benign and this is one of the reasons that people always keep talking of this hydrogen economy. They say that if you have hydrogen as a fuel not only are we going to release lot of energy, but you know the pollution will be less, but you realize that you know this is going to be feasible only if we had hydrogen at our disposal. We do not have hydrogen at our disposal. We need to create hydrogen from water for example in which case we will actually provide this energy to water to get hydrogen. So, that means that you know there is no feasibility for using hydrogen as a fuel overall. What we can use it is we can use generate hydrogen at places where there is lot of energy and specifically at places where we require very high energy output using very small amount of fuel we can use hydrogen, but the overall economy just cannot run on hydrogen because we do not have hydrogen supply with us. So, but you should still see that hydrogen releases a lot of energy compared to carbon and this is something that you must keep in mind. Now, you will realize that most hydrocarbons are formed of sorry most hydrocarbons are formed of carbon and hydrogen. So, they will have a C v which is higher than 32 and power lower than you know 140. In fact, for most of the fuels that we look at that is gasoline or diesel you will see that the range is anywhere between 42 to 48 mega joule per kg. So, this is something that you will notice often that this is the range in which most of the calorific values will lie for the fuels that are of interest to us. So, this is again some kind of figure that people should be at least aware of that this is what is happening. So, once this is done we will come to other concepts which is stoichiometric amount of air and this is something which most students are aware of just something which needs to be reiterated. So, these are other concepts in combustion and used very often in IC engines etcetera. So, if I have a fuel C n H m then the for 1 mole of this fuel I will have 12 multiplied by n plus 1 multiplied by m or 12 n plus m sorry this is 1 kilo mole let us say I have 12 n plus m kg of the fuel I will require for each n I will require 1 O 2. So, I will require n O 2. Now, if I have m H then I will form m by 2 H 2 O which means I will require m by 4 oxygen. So, I will require m by 4 oxygen which means by default I will require m by 4 multiplied by 3.76 nitrogen. Now, if I want to find out what is the mass of this you will realize that I will have n plus m by 4 multiplied by 32 plus n plus m by 4 multiplied by 3.76 multiplied by 28 which is the molecular weight of nitrogen so many kilograms of air. So, this is assuming that I have formed n CO 2 and m by 2 H 2 O. So, you realize that 1 kilo mole of c n H m fuel means 12 n plus m kg of the fuel and if I achieve complete combustion which means I transform all my carbon into CO 2 which means I form n CO 2 and I form m by 2 H 2 O I will require n plus m by 4 kilo moles of oxygen which means n plus m by 4 multiplied by 32 kilograms of oxygen and correspondingly those many moles multiplied by 3.76 moles for nitrogen and I will just multiplied by 28 to get the amount of nitrogen. So, thus this is the mass of air required and this is the mass of fuel. So, what we have is what is standardly called as air to fuel stoichiometric ratio which is basically mass of air upon mass of fuel for stoichiometric combustion and stoichiometric combustion is nothing but when the reaction is exactly balanced and you form complete combustion that is you form CO 2 and H 2 O and not incomplete where you form CO or something like this. So, this is what is called as stoichiometric air fuel ratio and you will realize that that would be nothing but n plus m by 4 32 plus 3.76 multiplied by 28 upon 12 n plus m. So, this would be my stoichiometric air fuel ratio if I am using a hydro carbon fuel you will realize that if we consider most of our fuels that is liquid or gaseous fuels in many cases they will be alkenes I mean it is not that they are purely alkenes they are a mixture of alkenes, alkenes, alkenes etcetera. But if I consider them as alkenes you know the regular formula for alkenes is C n H 2 n plus 2, but when n increases to a large value this 2 will be a very very small number for example, C 20 H 42. So, you know tending if n starts going larger and larger the 2 will pale in significance to this n and roughly you know you can say that these formula are of the type C n H 2 n that is the alkene formula roughly this is only for calculation purposes. So, you will realize that irrespective of the number of carbon and hydrogen if the formula is roughly C n H 2 n then for every n a fixed amount of oxygen is required for every 2 H a fixed amount of oxygen is required. So, irrespective of the weight of the alkene I will require a fixed amount of mass for a fixed amount of mass of the fuel. So, the air fuel ratio here if I look at this this is n this is 2 n by 4 this is fixed this is if I write only in terms of n I will just write it as n plus n by 2 times 32 plus 3.76 multiplied by 28 and 12 n plus m is 2 n. So, 14 n I will just n I will take out and you will get roughly 1.5 multiplied by 32 plus 3.78. So, you will see that air fuel ratio for most alkanes is nearly constant and this will tend to roughly 14.7 you can check it out only for the lower alkane. So, for example, if I write C H 4 you realize that immediately H is actually 4 times the carbon if you go to C 2 H 6 by 2 which is 3 times. So, for the lower alkanes the air fuel ratio will be higher and you will realize it should be the highest for methane and it is around 17.16. So, if I plot air fuel ratio versus n I will see 17.16 and it will go to 14.7 for most of the higher alkane and you will realize that this is if you take any fuel like petrol and diesel it will be slightly greater than 14.7 it is n is still not that high, but it is tending to a higher value and you will see may be roughly around 15 or something as the air fuel ratio for petrol and diesel this is the stoichiometric air fuel ratio. Now, in most combustion processes whether in power plants or IC engines you do not provide stoichiometric amount of air in fact a lot of times you provide more air than required. So, for doing this you have another factor which is called as the equivalence ratio and you call it as phi. So, phi is defined either as mass of fuel upon mass of air actual upon mass of fuel upon mass of air stoichiometric or you can write it in terms of air fuel ratio a by f stoichiometric upon a by f actual. So, for example, if I consider the same amount of mass of air if my mass of fuel is more than the stoichiometric mass of fuel you will realize that phi will be greater than 1, but this means that I have provided more fuel than required which means the air is less than required for that fuel and since it is more fuel than required such a mixture is called as a rich mixture. So, basically it is rich in fuel. Now, mostly combustion is rarely done with rich mixture though you will see that in the beginning when you want to start the car usually some amount of rich mixture is required. So, only at that point you will slightly run with richer mixture and phi will be greater than 1, but in most diesel vehicles or in power plants you will not run with rich mixture. In fact your phi will be much less than 1 that means you would have provided far more air than required and such mixtures are called as lean mixture. So, these are some things that you must remember there is something else which is called as the excess air factor which is the same thing again you know told in a different manner. So, excess air factor is just air by fuel actual minus air by fuel stoichiometric upon air by fuel stoichiometric multiplied by 100. So, it is expressed as a percentage. So, if the air by fuel actual is the same as air by fuel stoichiometric this is 0. So, excess air factor is 0 which means you have provided exactly the amount of air that is required. If you provide let us say twice the amount of air then this and this would be exactly this will be twice of this. So, I would get air by fuel stoichiometric upon air by fuel stoichiometric into 100. So, it is 100. So, excess air factor of 100 means you have provided exactly twice the amount of fuel. Now, if you provide less than stoichiometric obviously, a by f actually would be lesser than a by f stoichiometric and you would have provided a lesser amount of air you will see that the numerator would be negative. So, whenever the excess air factor is negative it means you are provided less air than required and it is a rich mixture that is because it is rich in fuel or it is you know less of air required. So, these are some things. So, negative values here imply rich mixture. So, these are just some kind of terminologies or you know regular jargon which is associated with this place or with this field. What you must really remember is that what is stoichiometric air fuel ratio? Roughly what are the values for regular hydrocarbon and that you mostly will provide slightly more air than required and this is something that is to be kept in mind. Now, this is to do most of the discussion here we did with fuels which we could write as C n H 2 m. Now, what happens in solid fuels is that if I am using let us say coal. In this case usually we will talk of the composition of coal in mass basis. So, composition is given normally in mass basis and whenever composition is given in mass basis it is called a gravimetric basis. So, when I say gravimetric composition it means that you have given something in a mass basis. So, for example, I can say that some sample of coal of coal has 60 percent carbon, 4 percent carbon and hydrogen, 2 percent nitrogen, 8 percent oxygen remaining. So, coal can have various compounds in built it can even have nitrogen and oxygen. So, the normal thing that we say is that nitrogen and ash will not participate in combustion whereas, any oxygen in fuel will be used up first. So, what does this mean? This means that if I want to do an analysis typically what I say is that you have this amount of coal I want to find out air fuel ratio stoichiometric what should I do now. So, you say take 100 grams of that coal which means I will have 60 gram sorry 100 kilograms of coal which means I will have 60 kilograms of carbon. Now, we have already done this analysis before if you have 60 kilograms of carbon it means I have 60 by 12 kilo mole of carbon which means I will require 60 by 12 kilo mole of oxygen because for 1 kilo mole of carbon I require 1 kilo mole of oxygen which means I will require 60 by 12 multiplied by 32 kilogram of oxygen. So, similarly for 4 kilogram H 2 I will require 4 by 4 multiplied by 32 kilogram of or it means I will require 32 kilogram H 2. So, you realize that the net kilograms of oxygen would be 60 by 12 multiplied by 32 plus 32 which means 60 by 12 plus 1 which is 72 by 12 multiplied by 32 kilogram of oxygen. And you realize that 1 kilo mole oxygen corresponds to 3.76 kilo mole N 2 or 32 kilogram oxygen corresponds to 3.76 multiplied by 28 kilogram N 2. So, here you had 72 by 12 which is 6 times 32 kilograms of oxygen would mean 6 times 3.76 multiplied by 28 kilograms of N 2. But before this I realize that there was some oxygen in the fuel already. So, I should not be doing this step rather I should first subtract available oxygen which means I will say external oxygen required is actually 6 multiplied by 32 minus whatever is already there which is 8 kilograms of oxygen. So, these many kilograms of oxygen is required externally. So, then I will substitute that value here and accordingly calculate my N 2. So, the N 2 will not be this rather I will first calculate how many kilograms of oxygen are required from outside and hence I will calculate my N 2 and the external air required is based on this value is based on this value. After I do this I will just then I would have said for 100 kilogram of fuel I will require some whatever I get from here that is this is 6 let me just do it 6 2's are 12 6 3's are 18 192 kilogram minus 8 would be 184 kilogram of oxygen which means 184 multiplied by 3.76 multiplied by 28 upon 32 kilogram of N 2. So, I will add up these two numbers to get my external air and I will divide it by 100. So, let me say that if I add up these two numbers which is 184 plus 184 multiplied by 3.76 kilogram of air and then air to fuel ratio would be just this let me call as x. So, it will be just x by 100 and this is my stoichiometric air fuel ratio because I have converted all my carbon to CO 2 and H 2 to H 2 O and this is what I will get. So, this is what is called as then if I provide excess air the air will be more than this. So, this is the way to proceed now you realize that you know all of this would have given you some amount of exhaust gases made up of CO 2 and H 2 O and if you have incomplete combustion you would get CO. In fact, even if you provide good amount of air if complete combustion does not occur you will get CO and even O 2 in the products and normally what is done to test out incomplete combustion is what is called as an exhaust gas analysis and you will realize that you know I can always write equation C H 4 plus oxygen. Let us say this is A C H 4 plus B oxygen plus B multiplied by 3.76 nitrogen will give me A C H 4 plus B oxygen something like x CO 2 plus y CO plus z O 2 plus B multiplied by 3.76 N 2. So, I have undergone some kind of reaction I this must be balanced that means the amount of carbon here x plus y should be equal to A this is carbon balance the amount of oxygen which means x plus sorry this is y CO y CO. So, it is y by 2 plus z should be equal to B sorry there should be let us say u times H 2 O here. So, this is not only missed out. So, x plus y these are the carbon atoms on the right side they should be equal to the carbon atoms on the left side. Now, if I consider hydrogen you will see that there are 4 A hydrogens on the left side and I should have 2 u these are the amount of hydrogen atoms on the right side they should be equal to 4 A and then if I calculate the oxygen on the left side it is B, but on the right side I have x plus y by 2 plus u by 4 plus z which is unburned oxygen. So, the net oxygen if I add up in all these 4 these are the 4 things that I have put in they should add up to B and this is would be a balanced reaction. Now, what I should know is how much of each of these is there on the right side this gives me an idea of what kind of combustion is occurring and whether incomplete combustion is occurring whether good mixing is not taking place. So, one of the standard apparatus is that we normally talk of is what is called as the ORSAT apparatus. So, this is nothing, but a simple 3 bottle apparatus to analyze exhaust gases. So, bottle 1 is normally made up of NaOH and this absorbs CO2. Bottle 2 is usually made up of something called as pyrogallic acid in NaOH, AOH so solution and this absorbs CO and bottle 3 is made up of cuprous chloride in a solution of acid HCl and NH3 and this absorbs O2. So, what you do is you pass or you collect the exhaust gas above water which means the moment you collect it above water any water in the exhaust gases will dissolve in the water and only the gases will come out and you see that a typical in this reaction you would have had CO2, COO2, N2 and water. The water would get absorbed in the water that you are using to collect the gas and you remain with 4 gases which O2 and N2 mostly assuming the fuel is hydrocarbon and you have used only air. So, and again the order is important here because bottle 1 apparently can also absorb COO. So, you need to ensure that you pass once you collect the exhaust gas you pass it through these 3 bottles. So, the first bottle will absorb CO2, the second bottle will absorb COO, the third bottle will absorb O2 and you can figure out how much the absorption is and then whatever remains will be only N2. So, once we have this that means on the right side we will have information for x, y, z and this. So, all this will be known to us these numbers once we calculate this will be unknown because it has just mixed with water, but using these equations there are 3 unknowns A, B and U and we can easily find whatever we want what has happened or what kind of reaction we have occurred. So, this is something that we can find out whether we use more air than required whether we use less air than required whether in spite of using more air than required we have had incomplete combustion. Such information is then obtained using this exhaust gas analysis and a few of the problems that we have in the exercise sheet are related to this. So, this is as far as exhaust gas analysis is concerned. So, the last topic that we normally would cover in combustion is what is called as adiabatic flame temperature. So, let me just write that adiabatic flame temperature. So, what is this adiabatic flame temperature? So, all this time we were talking of the enthalpy of a reaction where all the species were brought back to the standard state and then we calculated the heat of reaction or the enthalpy of reaction, but let us say we do not do that and let the energy release increase the temperature of the species. So, what this means is that if I consider a control volume I have put in some fuel I have put in some air and this is completely adiabatic that is no q transfer here and here are 0. So, you can imagine let us say a regular boiler of a power plant or a combustion chamber in a gas turbine engine or a combustion chamber in an aeroplane. So, these are well insulated combustion chambers I mean and we will assume that such chambers are adiabatic and if I put in a certain amount of fuel and air the exhaust gases at that time will have a certain temperature and since this entire thing was done adiabatically whatever temperature the exhaust gases reach is called as the adiabatic flame temperature and what will the temperature be now since the entire thing is adiabatic you will realize that the enthalpy coming in should be the enthalpy going out because there has been no net q in and out and anyway work was assumed to be 0 net work in and out is assumed to be 0 and things go in and come out at the same pressure. So, what do we do then the simple way to look at this is that I just plot my H versus T here. So, I told you that for any species you know I could have just plotted a line like this of how H varies. So, this is 298 Kelvin and this is how H will vary as a function of temperature.  So, let us say I have a set of reactants which is C H 4 O 2 and N 2. Now, if the reactants begin at room temperature then I know the enthalpy of reactants which means I add up the enthalpy of C H 4 O 2 and N 2. N 2 and O 2 at 298 Kelvin would be 0 and C H 4 would have some value you will see that it is negative. So, I will be here if I heated the air even oxygen and nitrogen would have some enthalpy and at some other temperature let us say in many combustion chambers the air is preheated in which case the enthalpy of the reactants would be different. So, I would have to calculate the enthalpy of C H 4 O 2 N 2 at the temperature in which they have entered the combustion chamber. So, for example, if the temperature of the combustion chamber is 200 degree Celsius which means it is 273 plus 200 or 473 Kelvin then I will have to calculate the enthalpy of C H 4 O 2 N 4 at 473 Kelvin, O 2 at 473 Kelvin, N 2 at 473 Kelvin and what I will do is I will just use the tables that have been given to you the curve fit values. So, for example, curve fit values have been given to you for most fuels as well as CO CO 2 H 2 H 2 O N 2. So, what you will see is that I just have to put the values of or the value of 473 as the temperature and I will get the enthalpy for all these species. So, I will get the enthalpy of the reactants. So, let us say this is the enthalpy of the reactants. Let me say now we are at 298 Kelvin. Now, if I look at the enthalpy of the products it better be lower than the enthalpy of the reactants at the standard state because the enthalpy of reaction has to be negative. So, the enthalpy of the products at 298 Kelvin is lower than the enthalpy of reactants at 298 Kelvin. So, this is where you are delta H R which is negative. So, this is the product. So, at 298 Kelvin the enthalpy of products will be lower than the enthalpy of reactants. So, let us say I have CO 2 H 2 O and N 2 at 298 Kelvin N 2 would anyway be 0. If I add up these two and I put the value here it will be here. Now, obviously as temperature changes the enthalpy of these species also increase and I will get some curve like this. Now, of course, I have drawn a certain curve smooth curve. The curves need not be smooth depending on how CT varies the curves will be in some wavy fashion, but you realize that I have plotted the enthalpy like this. This is the enthalpy of reaction at the standard state. Now, if I have the whole control volume as adiabatic then the enthalpy of product is the same as the enthalpy of the reactants which means that I will draw a horizontal line passing through the enthalpy of the reactants and see where it will cut the enthalpy line for the products. So, if I have some kind of an adaptive process then along this line the enthalpy is constant because this is a constant enthalpy line. I have made it a horizontal line here and what is happening is that whatever is the enthalpy of the reactant that is the same as the enthalpy of the products along this line and wherever it cuts here I see what temperature this is and this is the temperature that the species that the product species will reach if the situation is entirely adiabatic. This temperature is then called as the adiabatic flame temperature. So, this is as straight forward as it is if I just draw these two curves you realize that what is the adiabatic flame temperature. So, H products is the same as H reactants. For example, to find the H of the reactant is very straight forward because the temperature of the reactant is given to you. So, this is easy, but to find this temperature is not easy. All you know is that step one calculate H of reactants which is straight forward, step two find T such that. So, you have to ensure that the product H is the same as reactant H. Now, you realize that the product H can be or the temperature can be obtained. If I just put in some temperature in the curfit values I will get some product H. I will have to keep on varying and do trial and error to see at which temperature I will get the enthalpy of products to be the same as the enthalpy of reactant. So, you will realize that this can be a tedious trial and error process. Actually, we can simplify this process slightly by assuming a beginning value and carry out the iterations in two or three steps. We will do it in the afternoon session when we will do one problem, but just for the sake of knowledge what has been given to you is that if you look at the table for a certain fuels you will realize that some kind of rough value of the adiabatic flame temperatures have been given. T adiabatic for methane, acetylene, ethane, ethane, etcetera have been given and these adiabatic temperatures you realize are somewhere around 2200 Kelvin. They may be plus minus some value and one thing you must realize is that if I have any species let us say I have methane, CH 4 plus twice O 2 plus 7.52 N 2 and I think it should give you CO 2 plus twice H 2 O plus 7.52 N 2. If I assume this is the reaction at 298 Kelvin I know this is H is 0, this is H is 0. So, H reactant would only be the temperature of this. Now, I need to guess the temperature for this entire set such that if I add up the three H's I should get the same H here. Now, it turns out that at such high temperatures N 2 will react with oxygen form NO, NO 2, etcetera and whenever such species are formed they will eat up some energy and usually your adiabatic flame temperature that you calculate may not match what is given in the table and that is because in the table they have assumed certain other reactions to form. Whereas, we will keep it very simple we will say that N 2 will never take part in reaction and we will just say that all our reactions are such that we will not bother about any formation of N 2 O, NO, etcetera we will keep it very simple this much that fuel plus oxygen and nitrogen gives you CO H 2 O and N 2 and you just have to guess the value of T such that if you add up the three enthalpy here they should give you the enthalpy of the reactant. So, that is something that we will just do. So, we will keep it very simple the values that you will get will be only slightly off from the T adiabatic that is given in this table that you have been provided. So, this is the enthalpy of reaction for what is you know I have just depicted it graphically and something else that you must know is what is called as the constant volume T adiabatic. So, for example, in an IC engine let us say at a certain point the volume does not change for example, in a petrol engine you know it is considered as instantaneous combustion where before the volume changes the entire fuel is supposed to have combusted in a petrol engine. So, you realize at this point you are not letting the expansion work happen at all and it is a constant volume process and there is no expansion work and hence if the whole process is adiabatic rather than H being the same it is actually u reactant is equal to u products. So, the internal energy is the same not the enthalpy that is because there is no expansion work involved and it is just a pure closed system q is 0, w is 0. So, finally, whatever u is there that will be before the combustion and after the combustion the u should be the same. Now, what is normally done is that only H is tabulated.  Now, obviously it is a constant volume process. So, this and this are same you will realize that because the temperature increases and the moles also may not be conserved these will not be the same, but the left hand side totally is the same as the right hand side. So, for the reactants since you know the initial conditions H r is known and instead of writing p v you will write n r t where this is n of reactants r is r universal and t is the initial t and here you will write n products into r u into t adiabatic where this is the constant volume t adiabatic not the regular definition of adiabatic flame temperature. So, now what you have reduced this is that the left hand side is now straight forward it is known you know the H you know n you know r you know t. So, LHS is known on the right hand side everything is now a function of temperature that is because I know how many products should form due to this set of reactants this is the universal gas constant and t adiabatic is the only unknown H is also a function of t adiabatic. So, I will now do trial and error and get my t adiabatic. So, it is only unknown I have you know guess a value of t adiabatic put it in the polynomial expression find my u adi you see if it matches the left hand side if not then I will choose another guess and continue this process till I get what I want and we will see a simpler process when we continue. But overall you know I just want you to remember that you know this is just H reactants is equal to summation of H of all the reactants and as a function of temperature this is H products this is delta H r this is H t if I am beginning here this is adiabatic plane temperature the H t is same as H r if you do this and remember what the adiabatic plane temperature is it is very straight forward using this polynomial fit and we will continue I mean I have finished whatever I wanted to t or del regarding combustion. So, we have talked about fuels we have talked about stoichiometric air fuel ratio we have talked about balancing we have talked about polynomial fits for C p. So, that you can get H and S and we have talked about excess air factors and finally, we have talked about exhaust gas analysis and adiabatic plane temperature. So, these are some of the basics that you will require regarding fuels and combustion and though you will realize that as far as adiabatic flame temperatures and enthalpy concerns these are standard thermodynamic things that probably you ought to teach in such a course, but most of the things regarding exhaust gas analysis and how much fuel you how much air to fuel ratio you require etcetera. Such concepts are normally kept to the IC engine course or the power plant engineering course, but in general I have covered most of this year and you will see that most of these are based on simple chemical reaction concepts as well as concept regarding enthalpy being the same etcetera. So, I want to end the topic of combustion here.


Hello there! I need you to turn your lantern on so that I can know where you are. Dude, it's on! Bro, I'm turning- Oh, there's something here! No! No! Daylurk. What is up, you guys? Realistic Gaming here. And you guys know what day it is. It is Friday! Yay! Happy Friday to everybody. And today we are here on Daylurk. Oh my god. I suppose it's like the- What's the other game? Daylurk? Oh wait, it lurks. There you go. I believe it's from the same creator from it lurks, but now they lurking. So it's more than one. So that should be creepy, man. And I believe there's four chapters out right now and they're working like on chapter five. But who cares about chapter five because it is not out as of yet. So I believe as we beat these chapter one, we'll unlock the rest of the chapters. So let's begin with chapter one. Fugitives. Alright.  Okay, it has begun. Wait, no it has not because my volume is not all the way up. Alright, there you go. And we start Richard. Alright, we'll try to look for it. Father, wow. There's a supply curtain nearby. We need to find it now before it gets too dark. Okay, both of you stay here and don't go outside. We'll be back as soon as possible. Okay, so wait, they're just leaving right off the bat. Yo! Okay, so there they go off into the woods. And oh, there's somebody else here. Who is this? Wait, is that? Is that Grim? That can be Grim, or can it from itlurks? I don't know man, but look, check this out. We're inside of like a cabin in the middle of the forest. Like what are we even doing here to begin with, yo? Oh, there's another cabin next door. Hello, anybody there? Okay, there's nobody there. Oh man, I figured. Okay, what is this? Some papers. It says press E on the walkie-talkie, but nothing happens. Okay, can we just go to sleep? No, we can't. All right, so are you gonna talk to me or something, bro? Oh, he moved. Okay, oh, there you go. I need a pee, seriously now. Yes, I need to go now. Just wait until they get back or something. No, no, I need to go freaking right now. I can't hold it.  You don't want to pee on yourself. Wait, we can't see him. He just took off. Dude, that sun is too bright. Great. Great, so now we are left alone here in this cabin. We started with four of us in here, and now I'm just a sitting duck in here, and I can't even talk to anybody but myself. Oh man, oh, I have Twitter on my shoulder, yeah. Oh, I can't see Twitter, but what's up, Twitter? There you go, little fella. All right, so, oh man. Oh, it's getting dark. Okay, the sun rise went down. Perhaps I should rest. Go to bed. Oh, finally. Oh dude, what? Oh my god. My head was detached from my body, and I was able to walk. That was so strange. Oh my god, there it is again. I am the headless RG. Oh man, they're still not back yet? Dude, it's pitch black outside, and they're not back. Oh my god, it's very spooky out there. The spooky forest. Yo, I just heard something like tumbling and wumbling. It sounded like a tree fell or something. I'm getting very uneasy. I hope someone will return soon. Yeah, man. Hopefully someone does come back because it is fairly dark and creepy now. I'm still pretty tired. I should probably go back to bed. All right, we just woke up from a nap, but let's go back to sleep, man. Who doesn't like going back to sleep after they wake up, right?  All right, so... Now what? Hopefully we wake up... Oh, dude. Okay, that thing is getting out of hand, man. Put my head on my shoulders. Thank you. I'm back here. Yo, this is from itLurgs. What are we doing here? Okay, this has to be a nightmare or a dream or something. Okay, there's nobody here. I know where to go check. Let's go check the basement because that's where all the crazy stuff always happens. So let's go check it out. Oh, my God. And we are back to where we started. It's this again. Yes, it's this again, man. Oh, my God, the long haul. Okay, hopefully we don't get chased by like some demon or whatever it is. I'm looking back. I see you. Okay, there's nobody. Okay, that's weird. Right, so here we go off to out of nowhere. I'm just going to keep on running. And I'm not going to stop because there's always some paranormal activity stuff going on here. Yo, there's a body. It's a mannequin. And there's a door. Okay, seems like we need a key card or something. And there is another path over here. So let's go adventure and wander off in these creepy hallways. They kind of remind me of like the back rooms. Wait, is this a dead end? Is it? Oh, wait, I'm moving. Oh, wow. Okay, it's not a dead end. It kind of seemed like it was a dead end. Wait. Oh, okay, there's like some secret entrance. Dude, this thing is all rusted. Oh, my God. This is how I imagine like how granny's breath stinks like this. If there were to be a smell. Okay, let's go in here. There's a door. Oh, there's something here. Is that a key card? Oh, okay. So this has to be used on the door on the other side. All right, and here we go. Dude, that mannequin or that body that was there is gone. Okay, whatever. Don't mind it. Okay, that was fairly loud. That's startling me up. All right. They seem like things are about to get serious here. Oh, father, I'm the real realistic. What's the dad? Dude, this thing is barricaded off. Why am I hearing static? Oh, I told you guys there was a dream. Hello, I'm the real realistic daddy. It's my father on the walkie-talkie. Grim said he has to use the bathroom. He hasn't come back. Did he tell you he was leaving? Yes, he went out a couple of hours ago judging by the sky. No, no, no. Do you have any idea where he could be? No? Uh oh. Well, Richard's out there looking for him. I'm coming back to you. How about the crate? Did you find it? No, we'll have to wait until tomorrow morning to get something to eat. I'm going to stop talking. I don't want to draw any attention to myself. Stay where you are. We were under... rather far away. My God, all right. So it seems like our brother Grim is lost out there in the forest. Oh, that's chapter one already. Hey, hey, that's a funky beat. The tree house. All right, let's go to the tree house. Check this out. That was fairly fast for chapter one. Um, what? All right, there you go. Like, what is going on? Oh, this looks terrifying, bro. Okay, there's it. Hello, Grim. Yeah, hello. Yes, I can hear you. Uh, where in the world are you? I'm in the old tree house that we built. I have a lantern with me. What tree house? Um, when I remember where you liked 10 or something, but still, what were you thinking? We told you to stay in the cabin. I have no choice. I really had to take a hike. And I was walking back and I heard something, so I ran from it. I panicked, all right. Oh, man, so we were getting chased. Where's the tree house? My memory is a bit hazy. I don't know. Oh, man, I just came across it while I was running. Okay, I'm on a hill right now. Is there lantern on? I'll see the light. Okay, let's leave the lantern on. Uh, there we go. I can see it. I'm coming over. Just hang on in there. Leave the lantern on for as long as you can. It'll help. But if you really have to turn it off, uh, if it's not safe, you can do so. I've been hearing some noises out here. Please hurry. Oh, my gosh, so we got chased down by a who-know-what. And we managed to come across our old tree house. Dude, it is so dark out there. Alright, so you said we could turn it off in case like some scary stuff starts happening. Which will probably will be happening pretty soon. Uh-oh. Uh-oh, I hear music. Whenever the music plays, that means there is no good coming along with it. Okay, so we just stay here, whatever. Turn it off. Hey, hey, it's a party up in here at the tree house. Is that your lantern on? I can't see a thing here. Yeah, my lantern is on, my bad. Alright, I gotta stop messing with it. Dude, it's flickering. Alright, I see it. Just hang in there. Oh, I'm hearing like some scary stuff. I'm gonna turn it off, bro. I don't feel safe. But we gotta leave it on so our father can see our light. Hopefully he does see our light and not somebody else's light and like they're tricking him. Okay. Where is he at, bro? Hello there. I need you to turn your lantern on so that I can know where you are. Dude, it's on. Oh, there's something here. No. Yo, we just got attacked by like some creature. Pay attention to the tone of Richard's voice. What in the world was that? Pay attention to the... What? Okay, so I guess we're supposed to leave the light off? What just happened, bro? Yo.  Dude, that took so long.  It's pretty difficult.  You have to like pay attention to the noises in the forest and then you have to make sure that you're not getting tricked by the monster on the radio. It's just too much craziness, man. I almost went insane myself. Alright, so finally, Chapter 3, The Metal Labyrinth. Oh. Okay, so here we go. I am so relieved from actually beating Chapter 2. Okay, oh wow. Okay, alright. This is strange. It's all rusty and crusty out here. Okay, what is this place, yo? It's a labyrinth to begin with. So that's a... That's good to know. Okay, where is this thing taking me, though? Oh, great. Left or right. Don't tell me it's gonna be like something chasing me out here. Like the maze or something. Okay, we finally see a room. Wait, there's a TV in there. Okay, let's check this out. Press E. Okay, what's it? Does that even do anything? Oh. West closed, these closed south open. Keep room eliminated. Okay, so it seems like we have to activate some sort of generators. If I am not mistaken. Okay, uh, oh okay. Pull the lever. South room closed. Oh. Yo, there... Something's right there. Alright, let's follow it. What is it doing? Are we supposed to follow it? Dude, I see some eyes over there. Okay, you know what, let's just go behind it. Oh! Dude! There's something behind me! It's like on me. Oh! Man, that just happened. Alright, so we gotta follow this thing. It has to keep us with the light because the guy with the glowing eyes will get us if we're in the dark.  Yo. Okay, hurry up, buster. We should not let this guy catch up to us. He's just...  No. Oh my god, he's right on us. I'm not going to turn around. I'm just going to stay here with this guy. Please don't leave me, bro. You are my only source of light since safety-ness. Oh my god, he is right on us. Oh, wait, if I touch this guy, do I die? I don't want to get too close to him. Okay, there's no light over there, great. Oh my god, okay. We need to find like something to turn some light on or something. But we need a room that has light. Okay, where are you going? Yo, buddy, where are you going? Look at his teeth. They're all like sharp and everything. Yo, get away! He's just going to follow us. Okay, oh, there's a light over here. Wait, so does that mean we're going to lose him here? There's light over here. Oh no, it's getting dark. Where did that blinky guy go? Where am I even going, bro? I don't know, but what I do know is that we need to stay on the light in order to survive. Dude, he's chasing me!  Yo, what am I supposed to do? Oh my god, okay. He is right on us. He is right on us. We need to hide somewhere or something. Dude, he is catching up. This is not cool, yo. Okay, um... We need to do something and we need to do it quick and we need to do it right. That's it! That ends! Oh, okay. Let's keep on running. I don't want to stop here because what if he breaks that door open or something? Dude, he was chasing us. Oh, this is not good. We can't go to the dark. What's this? I have no idea why this is here, but let's go check this out because I did see... I see some light over there. Let's run, run, run, run, run, run! Okay, let's just keep going. Oh, wow, there's a door. Okay, where is this going to take us now? Please don't let that thing chase me anymore. He was kind of terrifying. Even those loud footsteps clanking on the metal. Oh, look, there's a switch. And we... Oh, my God! Hello there, human! Okay, this is not good. Dude, we're trapped! Where are we at? Um...   Okay, so it seems like we're going on a field trip. Perhaps I should call James. I'll meet him for dinner tonight. Okay, let's call Jemez. I don't feel safe here for some reason. Okay, James, pick up the phone! Oh, thank you for the coin. Still no answer? Great. It's been like two days since I last talked to him. Yeah, I don't think your bro is safe or even alive, perhaps. Hey, look at my fit, though. Okay, it's fading. Chapter 4! Wow, okay. Alright, so let's begin with Capture. Chapter 4. That does not sound like a good name for a chapter. Oh. Oh, we're back at the cabin. Back where we started, huh? Okay. Wait, so did we just wake up? Oh, yeah, because we were the other characters. Brother, hey, you there? Oh, is that grim? Look, you're not going to believe this. There's a helicopter over here. Wait, you're serious? Yeah, get that and Richard over here. Just turn left and you get out of the house and keep going. It's a long walk, but it's worth it. Okay, I'll tell them now. Wait, hang on. Wait, no, no, no. Stay there. I can see you from here. What? I'm coming over. Just hang on. You sure? It's really dark. Yes, yes, I'm on the way. Wait, he said he's coming over here? He sounded really impatient. I hope nothing's wrong.  Okay, I don't know if I should stay here. Can I just get myself out the window? Okay, I guess we just have to wait. Hey, open up the door. I don't like this. I knew it. Oh! And that's why it's called capture. Dude, he just came in there and took us. What in the world is going on in this place, man? I just want to go home. What? Oh, wait, there's a door right here or something. How do I get out of this place? Maybe some parkour. Oh, I see you in there, Mr. Butted. Do not press the button. Well, today we are pressing the button and I cannot press it. There you go. Oh my god, don't... Okay, I was about to say don't tell me I'm stuck there. Okay, so we're back to these hallways. These creepy hallways. Never-ending hallways. They kind of remind me of the back rooms. Oh. Something's about to go down, ladies and gentlemen. Okay, there's nothing in there. Oh, I remember last time we came through here and it looks a big old giant monster popped out of the wall and chased us. I hope that is not the case here. Okay, it doesn't seem like it is.  Okay, we just keep on running. It's like a speed run or something. It's a scary speed run. Oh, there's a door. Knock, knock. Oh! It's not smacked by the door. Okay, another door. But it's behind door number two. More doors and more rooms. Interesting. Okay, um... Should I even go in here? Ow. There's nothing. Yeah, I don't even know why I'm bothering to come over here. Well, I mean, I need to find a way out. And now I'm not sure if this is the correct... Okay, it's the same way. Oh! Yo! Oh, there's a button. What did that even do? Wait, what? It opened this door. Okay. Okay, we got to hurry up because that monster is here with us. Okay, there's a locker. Why is there a locker? Okay, um... Wait, it says to press E? Oh! Dude said it was like a secret entrance. Okay. Oh, man, there's a lot of dark rooms over here. Let's just keep on going. Oh, look. Um, full code cannot be displayed. Contact system administrative for help. Location three. What is that? Okay, so it seems like we might need a code. Teleporter 205. Okay. Oh, closed door. Open door. Where am I going? Oh, look. What is this? Teleportation failed. Same kind of teleporter we had back at the house. I bet this is my only form of escape. Okay, we pressed this. No power. I need to charge it first. I can't even pull the levers. Oh. This lever seems to be locked in place. Um... What was that, bro? Yo, that thing is so loud. Okay, so we're supposed to survive till that thing recharges. Oh, here it comes. And it said that if you're in this line of sight, he runs quicker. Fairly quick. And not let him catch up to us. Oh, my God. Yo, come on. This is totally unfair. Okay, wait for him to come this way. I don't want him to cut that corner.  It's at 35%. I need power to charge it. Oh, my God, dude. It's at 30%. He's going to run faster, isn't he? Okay, it's not that bad, actually. Dude, he came around. Oh, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, please. It's at 55%. Okay, I think he's coming around again. Where is he at? Okay, it sounds like he's right here. Oh, my God. Okay, he's going around. Nobody, dude. This is madness. This is insane, man. Okay, let him come around.  Smart. Yep, I knew it. He finished charging. Oh, my God, he's coming back. We have to let him come around so we can actually get to the levers and pull him. Okay, this is our chance. This is our chance. This has got to be quick. Press it. Push the... Oh, my God, now that one has to charge?  Oh, oh, he's getting close. Okay, so you have to let one charge then the other. Why can't we charge him at the same time? Oh, my God, go, go, go, go, go. He's running slow. Hey, hey. Hey, he's dropping that B for us, though. No, hurry. It's at 60%. Boom, boom, boom, boom, boom. Sounds like a basketball. Okay, he's going around. Dude, it sounds like he's right here. Oh, he's going that. Oh, he's finished. Okay, let's let him come down here. Please come this way. Please do not turn around. Okay, nice, nice, nice. Go, go, go, go, go. This is the only shot. Yes, get in the teleporter. Go! Oh, my God, I'm like, why is it not rising up? I was about to run out and press the button again. Okay, and... We got teleported. Who knows where. Dude, that was so freaky, man. Why is it dark? Wait, we're... Okay, let's run. I don't trust this. I'm just going to run. I'm sorry, I'm sure the cabin is this way. Yeah, let's just keep running. I don't trust it because I'm sure we're going to get chased by another creature. What was that? Dude, I can't see. Oh, my God, I told you guys we were going to get chased. Oh, my God, go. Dude, it's just a stray path. We're dead. Oh, my God. Hey, this music is intense. Okay, we got it, man. Where is the cabin?  Where's this cabin at, yo? No, I can't go through there. Can I? Oh, no, come on, come on. There's no time to slow down. I did not see the cabin. Where'd it go? Where's the monster at? I think the cabin's up ahead. Ah, we lost him. Oh, the cabin. Okay, sweet. I don't know what happened to the monster. I think he got stuck on a rock.  Okay, go, go, go. Let's get in the cabin. Get in there. Close the door.  I'm going to hide here in this corner. Okay. Are you talking? No. Is it out there? Maybe. Okay. The heartbeat stopped. Oh, my... I thought we got away from it. Wow, that was something else. I kind of feel like the first one might have been a little scarier. I don't know. They were kind of like almost kind of similar. They found very similar. But I made them pretty awesome over. I enjoyed the chapters and it seems like there's going to be two more chapters as we see here. Chapter 5 and Chapter 6. What else can they add to this, man? I don't know. But I give this game a thumbs up, man. It was pretty cool. It did spook me a couple times as it was supposed to. It was intended to be scary overall. All right, you guys. Wow, this was they lurking Roblox. If you guys enjoyed the video, make sure to slap the like button. If you're new to the channel, make sure to subscribe and turn that notification bell on. And I will see you guys in the next one.


The study proposes a landslide extraction model using deep learning and remote sensing images that incorporates the squeeze and excitation network, SE net, to improve accuracy and reduce false detection. The proposed model outperforms two other models in extracting landslides from sentinel, to a remote sensing images with an F1 value of 87.94%. This article was authored by Hsing Chen, Yi He, Lefeng Zhang, and others.


I'm just here to have fun. I enjoy coming to the on-force tournaments, the atmosphere, the competition between all the services. But in the end, we're all on the same team. It's just good to be back here again. I hope that I can defend my title and look and perform a lot better than I did the last three years. I'm right now, I'm still number one in the country. I'm on the USA team, but I still have to qualify for Olympic spot. When I'm in the gym, I just focus on what I'm doing, but outside the gym, I focus on my friends and family. You know, including my team, taking care of my Marines. Boxing is a discipline sport, and in the Marine Corps, it takes a lot of discipline, you know, to be a leader.


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