Hi, and welcome to the Utah State University Libraries. As a statewide campus or online student, you have access to all the same great library resources that students have in Logan, which we'll talk about in this video. As USU students, you will likely be assigned research projects where you need to find reliable information. And as you may have already found by searching Google, many scholarly journals and magazines are not freely available online. But by searching through USU databases, you can get pastels, paywalls, and access millions of great resources that you otherwise would not have access to. Another cool thing about our libraries is that if you find an article that for some reason the library does not have access to, you can request it through interlibrary loan and we can email you a PDF copy within 48 hours. All you need to do to find these sources is to log into the library website with your A-Number and Banner password. Once you've successfully logged in, you can view articles from anywhere you have an internet connection. Using library databases is a great place to do research for your papers, because not only do they include peer-reviewed articles, which are written and reviewed by experts in the field, you can also find current magazines, newspapers, and encyclopedia entries, which are a great place for background information. On top of this, our databases also work well with citation managers such as Zotero and EndNote. So if that's something you're interested in, feel free to ask us more about those services. Another resource you will probably need throughout your time at USU's books. Our library has a large collection of e-books which you can access by logging in with your A-Number and Banner password. You can then search for them in the library catalog on our website at libraries.usu.edu. If the book is not available electronically or if you really prefer physical books, the Merrill-Cazier Library on the Logan campus can send you the books from our physical collection to your home, free of charge, along with a prepaid return label. All you need to do to request a book is to log into our interlibrary loan system and make sure you select Distance Ed as your campus location. We know that research assignments can be stressful and it can be overwhelming to try to locate relevant information, but as USU students, you have access to many great resources that will help you make this process a lot easier, including our wonderful librarians. At USU, we have 27 research librarians, each specializing in a specific discipline ranging from economics to music to psychology. No matter what your major, there's a librarian who has ample experience in your subject. Just type in the major subject under Me With a Librarian to find the librarian best suited to help you. Also, another great thing to remember is that on the lower left hand side of each of your Canvas courses is a Research Help tab. This links to a guide filled with helpful research tips specific to that class and will also provide the contact information for your class's personal librarian you can set up an appointment with to get some more help. If you need quick live assistance from a librarian, you can always use our chat box which you can find on the library homepage. Here you can get help finding and evaluating information sources, integrating library resources into your paper and a lot more. If you need additional help about the online research process in general, you can always reach out to our online librarian, Deegan Eastman, or to our statewide campuses librarian, Aaron Davis. We are always happy to help. And remember, the USU Libraries are your libraries no matter where you're at.


What's up everybody once again it's Brand Man Sean and we got another episode of Who's Asking and before I get into the question of the day that we're going to reference when it comes to award shows the Grammys and all that good stuff I got to remind everybody that this series is based on your questions. So if you have a question you need to put them in the comment section but really even more importantly you need to click on the link in the description below send me your question if there's a video clip or something like that you'd like me to comment on and last but not least subscribe because I'm only answering questions for people who are subscribed to the channel other than that the question of the day is does the Grammys have any meaning right you can really generalize this to any award shows I'm not going to say whose question this is because this is just early in the series I didn't have everybody's questions and this person actually just asked me on IG so I forgot who it was and all that good stuff but this is the only reason not the only reason but the main reason that it's so important to have a Grammy brand obviously it's not like you can't live without a Grammy you could have a super successful career without a Grammy and you could be even more important and more legendary than people who have Grammys see it all the time there's a lot of people trust me that got a Grammy but no matter what the importance of a Grammy is basically like your association with the record label or your association with an artist or something that ups your brand have you ever seen people stand next to other people or want to be associated with other people just because it's gonna make them look better that's what a Grammy does now for the rest of your career you could say Grammy award winning and even if you don't win you can say Grammy nominated and that's going to give you more money Grammys are literally a cloud token that's all they are and it's the same for a lot of these other awards Grammys are just the most respected of the cloud tokens and I'm not just talking about some general cloud online that looks good because I have a hundred thousand subscribers versus fifty thousand subscribers I'm talking about when you win a Grammy you can charge more for certain things and when you present yourself to other businesses on the business side of things this is literally like credibility it's literally a resume in the same way you can say out a house of 1,000 people or 5,000 people but then I also have a Grammy and then I've also been placed on these television shows is literally something that can up your value to companies in a business deal and other word shows have a similar value in their own way but that's all it is it's brand leverage and if you know what to do business wise you'll be able to flip that brand leverage that's why they have meaning so no from a fan standpoint you might not necessarily care of your favorite artist wins a Grammy or the only reason you might want them to have a Grammy is just because you want it for them but you still don't care about the Grammy itself you're gonna love them regardless but from a way an artist moves what it allows them to do or the doors that it opens the conversations that it puts them in yes it still does have some value and those are my thoughts on that we'd love to know what you guys think as always and if you like this video go ahead hit the like button if you like you might as well share it if you're not subscribed you know what to do hit that subscribe


In this video, I'm going to share with you the number one mistake cyclists make in criterion racing.  I'm very confident that you'll get a lot of insight out of this video reason being I'm joined by an ex-professional cyclist by the name of Tommy Nankervis who after racing overseas for a number of years moved back to Melbourne and became one of the most highly regarded criterion races in this country. In fact, in the 2017 slash 18 season, he won 25 A-grade criteriums. Now season is about six months here in Australia so the guy knows how to race a bike. Now Tommy's pedigree in bike racing is a lot different to mine which I think makes this a unique piece of content. You see Tommy grew up on the track. He learnt his trade in bike racing at a young age. Myself on the other hand, I took up road cycling in my late 20s after I ditched triathlon and fell into criterion racing. And while I have made it to an A-grade level which is the equivalent to category one for all my US friends, I'm still making a lot of mistakes including the number one mistake cyclists make in criterion racing and that is wasting energy. Now I've told you the punchline, don't jump away because in this video what I've got for you is five examples where I've been wasting energy in an A-grade criterion at Melbourne's illustrious Caulfield Carniggy Cycling Club's Glenvale. And we're not only gonna be pointing out the mistakes, we're gonna be discussing what I should have been doing differently. The solution, such as sitting on wheels, closing gaps, and we even discuss body position amongst the five examples. Now to set the scene at one of Australia's great cycling clubs, that's right, it's Caulfield Carniggy Cycling Club at Glenvale. This criterion race was about 10 or 11 months ago. All the data, the GoPro footage and the conversation with Tommy was actually on a hard drive that exploded. But I've since salvaged the data and I can present this information to you. Now Tommy didn't actually race at this particular Glenvale.  Now before we get into these five mistakes that I make and the solutions, I just wanted to point out there are probably other mistakes that people make.  But I think the only other major one outside of the five that we don't talk about in detail is wind conditions. And the reason being, which is surprising for Glenvale this particular day, it wasn't an overly windy day. So we don't spend much time talking about this particular topic. However, Tommy does give me a good slap or clip, virtual clip around the ears when he sees me rolling in different directions despite it being like wind conditions, it clearly doesn't matter. Now lastly, this entire discussion, which includes an intro and also my five major learnings that I whiteboard is over on theroadcyclingacademy.com. It's a $49 AUD short course, which is called the A-grade Criterium Lesson. But for the first 10 people from this video in there, I've got a 50% off discount code. All the details I'll put in the below video description area. And lastly, before we get into the meat of this video, don't forget I'm giving away a road bike. It's right behind me. It's called the Merida Skoltura 4000. To a lucky subscriber, a week before Christmas this year. So if you wanna join that competition, don't forget to subscribe below and let's get into it. And you've got to get to 50 if you didn't take the corner at 50. Yeah, okay. There's Warren Nevitt. You can always trust him as a wheel to follow. Yeah, so I've dropped.  Yeah, but is that my fault? Yeah, that's really bad mistake if you ask me. Yeah, okay. See, look again, you've left yourself with, you know. Another big gap. So it's a 200. When you're trying to wind them in like this, see now like, what are you looking at? You're around about probably 200 meters now. 250, 300. You've just given yourself basically a half lap attack. Yeah. Is that really what you wanna do if you're saving your energy? No. Look at this. See, and then someone has to go past you. Yeah. But then you've got nothing left. Yeah, so we're gonna get back on the wheel. And you've got a surge while you're already gassed. Yeah. And then those guys are kind of letting you know that either you should have closed the gap a bit or seeing look is still doing over 500 watts. So you basically, that's three quarters of a lap near on. Yeah. And you still haven't got a seat. Now you're only just getting a seat now. Well, they've all set up. Probably that's a reason why. So obviously there was a surge but you've got a sprint to close the gap. Yeah. But that's three quarters of a lap. And so in that situation that you just saw where you sort of saw them, they were looking like they might have gone in but they came out and then I was the one closing the 200 meter gap and I did it really slowly. What would have you have done in that instance? Just sprint. I would have gassed it real hard. Yeah. If I wasn't gonna get there, then I'd just flick my elbow and get the next person to come through. Yeah, okay. Cause you gotta, I mean realistically, everyone that's behind you, they've got to share that load to get back up. So you could probably each do like 150 meters. Yeah, okay. Yeah. See how he's just launching it across? Yeah. That's what you should have done. Yeah, okay.  Less than 10 seconds. You've still got no draft here. Yeah. He was on the wheel and he's got, you know, was that Dave Williams? Dave Williams, yeah. He's already sitting in the wheels and then Matt McKim's drifting there and he's still closing the gap, you know, 15 seconds later. So for that type of move, do you train that? Or do you? No, no, I just cop it. Like at the start of the season, you just do it and then Yeah, okay. As the season rolls on, they become easier. They become easier, yeah, okay. I don't mind if the person on the front wants to do it slow, it's much nicer. Yeah. But you do, you do worry that if the first person was like, say if you get there and you get halfway across. Yeah. The second person's in the same situation and they get halfway across. Yeah.  You're kind of a little bit wary of it. Yeah. But in terms of fatigue, you've got clearly a quick five second sprint, 20 times versus a 20 second effort, 20 times. You're going to be fresh at the end. Oh. Yeah, then you get to freewheel on the wheels. But yeah, probably if you wanted to quantify it like that, you could say that do the slow drag in, but you're still above threshold for both of them. So yeah. The thing, Mick Holingworth, who that's him on the left there in the fluro. Yeah. He's a... Olympian. Australian Olympian. Australian Olympian. Club champion. Club champion, life member, then everything. He, I've known him since the very first day when I went down the track. He's been there doing the lap counting on the track and all that. Yeah. I was always lazy. I still am. He used to say to me that when I go to close the gap, I'd just leave it too long and I'd do a big, long, slow, close the gap on the track. Yeah. And he's like, you got to slam it and just jam it, close that gap as fast as you can so that you're sitting on the wheels basically recovering again. And he used to say it to me all the time and I just started doing it and life was a lot easier. Yeah, right. So I still do it. There's something he taught me when I was 15 or 16. Interesting. Well, he knows what he's talking about. Yeah. And people would come in now with power meters and say, oh, you did this and did that and you didn't need to do that. Surge at 1,000 watts or whatever. And I'd be like, I know it was easier. So I'll just do it. Yeah. There's a lot of things that people want the scientific evidence for and then there's just some things that you just listen to what the old dudes say because they know. Yeah. You know, they didn't have to write a research paper on it. That's just the way it is. So what about these corners? So this one, maybe we'll talk about that one next because I've just gone through it. But like how do you approach some of these corners? Like let's just say this one coming up here. What are you, is there any specific technique or angle that you use or just fall on the wheel? Oh, I just go as hard as I can. Just go as hard as you can. The harder you take the corner, the less you have to accelerate when you come out here. Yeah, it's true. Depend where the wind's coming from for me. Yeah. It's actually kind of bothers me seeing how much power you have to do out of the corner because you think I'm doing too much. Well, I just don't like to see my numbers. Right, okay. So this is a bit of a technique for this corner up here. Like how would you say this? For me, whatever happens, I don't want to lose momentum. Right. So some people talk about putting in a lower gear and really sort of spinning up there. What do you think about that? For me, it's not long enough to have to worry about that. Yeah, okay. It's only a 50-meter hill. Right. I think that's uphill and then it kind of pitches about here. That one, you probably manage your gearing a bit more than maybe the other one. Yeah, right, interesting. Because then you kind of come up and then this is pretty flat and bogged down. It's pretty slow feeling straight, this one. So you've got a fair bit of power on there for someone who's finished their turn, you know? I'd be nearly on... If you take that corner right, you could probably ride zero watts till there. Yeah, okay. So what did I do wrong on that corner just too wide? No, well you didn't do really do anything wrong, but I probably would have just free-wheeled. Yeah, okay. Because then zero watts is better than 200... Right, and just let the bunch pass you faster. Yeah, and just because I mean, what are you trying to get back to about 20th wheel anyway? I'd just rather get there sooner and just be zero watts for a minute.  Oh, it depends. I try and get as close as I can, but it really, it's... I think I definitely let it go too much, particularly coming out of that second corner. It's hard to... Yeah, because with the camera, I don't know where the camera is, but you can't see your front wheel, so... Yeah, I'm pretty close there. Like, you wouldn't want to get much close, so I know you try and get as close as possible. Yeah, yeah, yeah. What impact does it have being as close as possible versus... Oh, more draft. Yeah, but is it... Like, so at the end of a race, how much are you going to save a few per cent? I don't know, I can't really experiment with how hard it is to get further back. No, I'm just asking, like, just asking. But how close do you want to get in a crit, though? Because crits, you know, they're a bit... Oh, a foot. Yeah, okay. Because I'll do everything imperial, you know? Yeah. Half a wheel, I suppose. But I think, particularly in the lower grades, I ride as a probably a bit reluctant to get really close on people's wheels, aren't I? Yeah, but you'd like to think you can trust everyone in A-grade. Yeah. They should be there for a reason. You know, you've got the 40 of the best riders in Melbourne here, so... Yeah. Yeah, I think that's one of the challenges that I have. I can ride close, but then, you know, there'll be a surge or something, or, you know, a rider looks like they're going to pop in, so maybe like there, for example. Yeah, see, it looks like you have a whole bike link there. Yeah, and then... Which, if you knew you were going to pick up speed around the corner, like, jam it on, and then come onto the wheel, then that's good, but... Yeah, okay. So what I'm saying is... See, you're going pretty fast this lap, but see, you did too long a turn back there. Yeah, I know. And then you had a second wheel again. Yeah, I know. But see, the danger here is you can't just get to the wheels and then want to sit up. Like, you've got to... Even if you're about to be the guy that's going to be in fifth wheel there, that's a pretty long turn again, but then you're getting past. But the guy who's coming through on your wheel, if he slots into fifth wheel, he's got to be ready to do the turn when his turn comes up. Yep. So if that's you, and then you're too cooked when it's your turn, you should have peeled off before then. Yeah, see, bent elbows tucked down. Five second turn, perfect. Yeah, okay. If you don't want to help, fine, we'll go back to the bunch and I'll hopefully have a bunch sprint that if you're not a sprinty, you're probably not going to get top 20. What are people down here for to get a result or to get a workout if they want to work out? Chase. Yeah. If you want a chance to win, chase. If you want to sit in the bunch and not do anything, you may as well stay at home. Yeah. Save your entry fee and... Go for a ride down Beach Road and do a couple of Insta photos and do a Strava and tell everyone how awesome you are. You don't need to be a hero at all if you're tucked in the wheels properly. True.  The way you can tell is the guys that are on their hoods and their arms are locked straight instead of being bent. Yep. That means their front end is too low. Yeah, right. Yeah. So how do you sit on the bike then? Oh, just like a champion. Just like a... Oh, I got an idea. Just how it feels right. How it feels right? Yeah. Look at all the old dudes. They don't have their handlebars up higher because they don't have as much flexibility. They've got their hands up higher because they've got a balanced position that's got more control. Because really, like if you see Walker there, he's on the wheels. Yep. Obviously, you've got a bit of a fisheye lens, so it's never going to be reflective from behind there. But he's got a bit of a bend while he's down in his drops. Yep. But what's the aerodynamics matter to him when he's tucked in on the wheel?  What's the aerodynamics matter there? Yep. Doesn't matter at all. Yeah. You can be in a pair of board shorts and you'd still be getting a draft. What about when you hit the front there so he's hit the front? Yeah. See, bent elbows tucked down. Five second turn. Head down. Perfect. Yeah, okay. Oh, the head down just for he's looking through his legs to see where you are. Yeah, okay. That's why he's doing that. So you're going wide around there again. Yeah. You're hoping they pass you on the left or right. You've got to have thought for what the dude's doing behind. Yep. See, last time you let them pass on the right, this time the left, why are different? Mmm. That would be probably not concentrating.


Okay. I will call into order or open up the 72nd meeting of the National Advisory Council for Human Genome Research. Welcome, everybody. Good to see all of you. And with that, I'll turn this over to Rudy. Okay. So, September Council meetings are when we say goodbye to departing members.  But we do want to acknowledge them for their terrific service. Eric? Okay. So, I'm going to say a few things about each one, and then Rudy is going to hand them to parting gifts of various flavors. So, first thing I would say is this group of three that we bid farewell to are particularly special for me from the point of view of I think this might have been the first slate of new council members that got put in place after I became director, if I remember this right, or if it's not the first, it's among the first. So, I'm coming up on my, just shy of my fifth year as director, and all of you have now served full terms as members of council. So, you know, it's been important to me and very valuable from the point of view of you've helped me grow into this job and have really been instrumental in helping even think about redesigning some of the ways we've done council meetings. And so, as a group, I thank all three of you. So, let's get right into this. The three individuals we say goodbye to as retire members first, Howard McLeod. Howard's been our expert in all things related to pharmacogenomics and our research efforts designed to implement genomic technologies into clinical settings. His enthusiasm for research activities related to genomic medicine almost equals his passion for LC research, although we'll never let him down for that one little comment, he said, at an earlier council meeting, but more seriously, we have valued his expertise and his contributions on many things at this council, and we also have really enjoyed his sense of humor. So, Howard, thank you very much. So, next is Jill Meserov, and you can never have too much informatics and computational expertise on an advisory committee. Jill's knowledge of computational biology and data handling goes beyond genomics and into other fields of science and technologies, and a broad perspective has enlightened and informed many of the council discussions about big data topics. Jill's reward for four faithful years of service to this council is now that we've nominated her to serve on the big data to knowledge multi-council working group, which I'll say more things about in my director's report. But Jill has graciously accepted this position, thereby proving the old saying that no good deed goes unpunished. So, thank you, Jill. Right, right, yes, as with many people. And last but not least is Didi Meldrum. Didi has been our technology maven for the past four years and even before then, which is critically important expertise to have at this council table. But she wears another hat in service to the institute because she's also been a member of the sequencing advisory panel, which is not a panel that you choose to be in if you're looking for an easy gig that doesn't lack controversy because it's not an easy gig and there's plenty of debate and controversy at times. But Didi, thank you for your service to NHR. We will miss you as well. So I say this each year because it's always true. Service on an NIH advisory council is intellectually stimulated experience and most people consider it to be an honor to be asked, but we find ourselves in an era of boundless opportunities but limited budgets. So it's a lot of work around this table. The challenge to the council is to help guide the institute to make the best possible decisions about awards, research priorities, and setting out to figure out what's the best goals we should have for the future. And this is not an easy task and at times I realize it even can get frustrating. But we're keenly aware of your dedication and the key, the way you really think about NHGRI is meant in the most constructive ways and also NIH and we've been very grateful to all three of you for your service and your thoughtful advice. So enjoy your retirements, but as you can already tell we always have ways of knowing how to contact you and sign you up for future things. So I suspect you will be hearing from us in other capacities in the future. So thank you all. Okay, introductions. We have four council ad hocs. This is our fall set of interns that we're bringing to the council. So quickly, Carol Bolt from Jackson Labs, Dan Rodin who's stepped out from it from Vanderbilt. He already was. He got the message. He found it was too much work. Jay Shanduri from Washington University. No, University of Washington. I'm sorry. And Val Sheffield from the University of Iowa. Thank you all for taking the time to be with us today and for the next two days. I want to welcome the council of liaisons, Ellen Giarelli from the International Society of Nurses and Genetics. Joe McInerney from the American Society of Human Genetics. James O'Leary from the Genetic Alliance. Rhonda Schoenberg from the National Society of Genetic Counselors. And Michael Watson from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Thank you for being with us today. We have new employees at NHGRI and our practice is to introduce them to the council. When I call your name, would you please stand up and at least remain standing for a couple seconds so the council can associate a name with a face. Dr. Dan Gilchrist. Dan is a new program director in the division of genome sciences. Prior to joining NHGRI, Dan was a staff scientist at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIHS, where he developed and implemented bioinformatics, genomic and biochemical methods to study the mechanisms by which gene expression changes in response to environmental stimuli. In addition to managing a portfolio of informatics and computational biology grants here, Dan will also be part of the ENCODE project team. Welcome, Dan. Dr. Valentina Di Francesco. Valentina is new to us, but not new to NIH. She comes to us from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, where she has spent the last 10 years as a program director in the Office of Genomics and Advanced Technologies. In that office, she was responsible for programs in bioinformatics, structural genomics, and systems biology. Valentina is in the division of genomic sciences, and she'll work on grants in the bioinformatics portfolio. We also have a new set of program analysts. They joined NHGRI throughout the summer, but this is their first opportunity to be introduced to the Council. Julie Corson. Julie recently graduated from Davidson College with an undergraduate degree in biology, and she'll be working on the ENCODE project and the Knockout Mouse Project comp. Brenda Iglesias. Brenda comes to us from Pomona College. She has a degree in biology, and she'll be working on several NHGRI programs, including the Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Newborn Sequencing, Phoenix, and the PAGE program. Alex Lee. Alex is a recent graduate from Haverford College, where he majored in chemistry and minored in art history. Alex works with the LC Research Program and CSER and GSIT, the Genome Sequencing Informatics Tool Program. Hannah Naughton. Hannah recently graduated from Duke with a chemistry degree with a focus in pharmacology, and she'll be working on the ENCODE project. Annie Neenhaus. Annie comes to us from Pomona College. Pomona Pipeline is working very well here. She earned a degree in chemistry and public policy analysis, and she'll be working on ClinGen and the LC Research Program, and Bianca Patel. Bianca graduated from Duke with degrees in biology and psychology, and she will be supporting the LINX, Small Business Innovative Research Program, and NHGRI's training program. And finally, we want to introduce Elise Galloway. Elise is the Special Assistant to the Director of the Division of Policy, Communications, and Education. All right. Welcome, everyone. We also have some outside visitors. Bob Wilden is from Northwest Genetics. Adam Fager from the Genetic Society of America. And Adam Berger from the Institute of Medicine. Thank you all for taking the time to be with us today. Okay. We need approval, hopefully approval of the May Council minutes. Does anyone, any member of council have any comment about the minutes document? Any changes that need to be made? If not, can I have a motion to accept? Second? All in favor? Any opposed? Any abstentions? Thank you very much. On the open session agenda, please note the future meeting dates for the next six council meetings. If you discover a schedule conflict, please let me know, and more importantly, let Comfort Brown know about that conflict. And with that, I'm ready to turn it over to Eric for the Director's report. Great. Thank you, Rudy.


Now, Team Keep It Clean, I gotta issue some apologies because I completely forgot about this. So that is my fault, that is my bad. And what I'm talking about is questions from subscribers. We ain't even doing it last week. And this is something that I want to do moving forward at least once per week. Cause as y'all know, stuff gets crazy busy with the Baltimore Ravens and the NFL. And we do stuff on this channel and we do stuff on the more engraving video channel too. And make sure you subscribe to both and leave likes on the videos too cause it shows a lot of support and helps out both channels big time. But question from subscribers, I've been slacking. And another thing too, I gotta apologize to all the Team Keep It Clean patrons. Shout out to y'all. I really, really appreciate y'all. Thank you for being patrons. I can completely understand. If right now you're like, man, the patrons we don't get anything special engraving videos ain't really been doing much with it. So I can understand if some of y'all wanna be like, you know what, I don't even wanna be a patron anymore. I completely get it. And some people have done that. And I'm not mad at you at all because I understand it's the same way with the Team Keep It Clean channel members. I appreciate all of y'all like crazy. I do, I guarantee you I do. But stuff be so busy and I continuously forget to give y'all your proper shout outs and your proper appreciation. So this is me doing that right now because y'all deserve it. Y'all show a lot of extra love and support to the channel. So thank you. Thank you. I wish I could find a way to get every list of everybody right in front of me right now so we can go name by name by name by name. But I really, really appreciate y'all for real. Seriously, I do. Now, you know what, without any further ado though, let's get into these questions from subs. Now, some are gonna be from last week, some are gonna be from this week, but we're gonna time all together and get this thing done. Let's do it. And we're getting this thing started with a question from my guy, Maude, who's been a patron for two years. So I appreciate you, my friend. He said, coming into the season, I was very down on the Ravens defense. I didn't think they would be very good, especially the Edge, Russia and quarterback position. What I saw on Sunday against the Texans was very encouraging. I know it was just one week and we lost the key piece, but I hope I continue to be wrong. And A, after week two, what we saw against the bingles, like that team, those bingles, still impressed. Still impressed. Yes, they scored 24 points, but we got to remember too, bingles really just scored 17. And while that's still a good amount of points for this Baltimore Ravens defense to be as depleted as they were and as hurt as they were. And to hold that bingles team to 17 points, that says a whole lot. To hold Jamar Chase to like 31 yards, I think. Now T Higgins, he got like 89 yards, too touched to him, but to hold them down the way that the Baltimore Ravens did, that was phenomenal. So I really, I loved it. He said, I don't mind being wrong in this case. I've been someone who has put a lot of hope in Adafi away since his rookie season last year. It made me down on him. But one thing I always love about Adafi away is that he's all over the field. Even if he doesn't get to the QB, he would chase down whoever throws the ball to in the backfield. I love the hustle from Adafi. Dude has insane speed for an edge rusher. He created lots of chaos against the Texans. Even if he wasn't getting sex, he felt like he was a big reason why the Texans couldn't move the ball because he was chasing CJ Stroud down constantly. Sorry for the rambling. I'm gonna put my thoughts out there and thanks to the platform and stay hydrated, team keeping clean. Yes, Adafi away. In that Texans game, he was moving around a lot.  And hopefully he won't be out too long for not only the Ravens' sake, but for his sake too. So hopefully he can bounce back real soon. And he also said, Nelson Aguilore reminds me of Jacoby Jones, a good veteran that will be in the league a while and has had success in that he is a complimentary reliable guy that defenses don't cover because they're trying to cover everyone else. And do you think he could be Lamar as Jacoby Jones? It's an interesting comparison. I don't anticipate them using him in the return game because that's obviously something big that Jacoby Jones did for the Baltimore Ravens. But yeah, that complimentary guy, that reliable guy, that guy that can give you some significant plays throughout the course of the season, he may not be the number one guy and he doesn't have to be the number one guy. I mean, even though against the bingles, he was the number one guy, but he helps where he helps it and he makes everybody else's job easier because he's still good at doing his job. Next question came from my guy, Blacks has been a patron for a year. He said, would you rather? It was a sloppy game on both sides of the ball against the Texans. Lots of penalties and mental mistakes. I didn't see anything that couldn't be fixed as the season progresses.  These injuries really put a damper on the wind. I feel so bad for J.K. The man wants to play ball and showcase his abilities. It's not like he's suffering from sprains, strains and bruises. He's getting career threatening injuries. Whatever the future holds for him, I'll always be rooting for him. We saw Ronnie, Marcus, Linda Baum all go down. With all the injuries we had yesterday, a thought came to me. Would you rather have lost and had everyone stay healthy or keep things the way they happened? Obviously it is what it is. We can't change anything, but it was a hard question for me and I could not come up with an answer. Our division is tough. The ASC as a whole is just as tough. We can't afford to take an L against the team we should beat. And you never want to start the season 0-1, but at the same time, we could potentially be missing four key contributors for some significant time. No real updates had come out at this time, but if you had to pick, which would you choose? That is a very interesting question. And I want to say it's a fun question. It's not a fun question given a scenario for it is what it is like you mentioned, but it is kind of a fun question. But I would take the win. Reason being, because with Marcus Williams, with Ronnie Stanley, with Tyler Lindebaum, unfortunately J.K. Dobbins, but with all the other guys, they expected to come back. So they are gonna be, it's not like they lost for the season, not like they done for the season. Obviously we would rather take the win and everybody healthy, but if I had to choose one, I would choose the win because you getting those guys in the long haul. Next question came from my guy Dominic who's been a patron for nine months. He said, what's up my guy, what's up? I'm gonna keep this one short and sweet, but first I gotta say thanks again for all you do to inspire and inform us every day. Oh no, no, no, I don't do nothing, y'all inspire me. And y'all make this a lot of fun and y'all help out in a lot of different ways. I appreciate y'all. He said, okay, so am I the only one who has noticed that the same pundits and so-called analysts that were saying that there was no way that our beloved Ravens could ever have a deep playoff run with their previous run heavy offense or the same hypocrites chastising the Ravens for loading up in the receiver room and trying a more balanced offense this season. I'm here a lot of why would you go away from what won you the MVP argument from those same pundits? It's official, they just wanna hate us, particularly Lamar. They're looking for anything to complain about when it comes to him. Why do they not wanna see that man succeed? I have a few suspicions, but they're not very team keeping clean. So I'll just bite my tongue on those for now. The hate is definitely real out here. Keep up the good work, blessings to you the fam and all the team keeping clean and like the haters coming since. I'm out. Oh, that's a question right there. And I think people just, you know for the longest there's been a lot of people that just do not wanna see Lamar Jackson succeed. They don't wanna see him win and because he plays the game so different from a lot of other people, from a lot of other quarterbacks and so many people were down on it from the jump and some people have continued to stay down on it. Some people have changed their tune but for the people who continue to stay down on it they're always gonna change something. They're always gonna change the narrative he and there. They're always gonna do a remix on it. The reason why that it's not gonna work or that it is probably gonna fail or whatnot but it is what it is. Now it's just continues to be up to Baltimore Ravens and Lamar Jackson to prove him all wrong. Expressions came from my guy Jarvo. He said, hey, I know it's only week two and it's a little early for this question but it must be talked about sooner or later. What happened this season with our upcoming free agents like Geno Stone, Patrick Queen, Matt Abike and others? Do we rework some contracts? So Geno Stone is tricky man because I think he goes somewhere else and starts because from now until Marcus Williams comes back he's gonna show people like, hey, I can start. He's already shown people that he can start but if he's a free agent after this year then I think he'll be gone and I think he'll get an opportunity. Patrick Queen I think is the trickiest one out of here because Patrick Queen, he's a baller man. He's a baller, that boy can play. Him and Roquan Smith, the Ravens obviously love the duo and I think that they would really try to work hard to get something done, something that would be reasonable. If Patrick Queen is willing to take less money to stay with the Ravens, I think they could get it worked out but if he wants to get as much bread as he possibly can which I couldn't blame him, then he's gone. Matt Abike, who the Baltimore Ravens also love who's off to a good start, minus those penalties but he's off to a pretty good start. It's tricky but I think they would find a way to keep him as well and some others, I can't think anybody else off the top of my head. He also said, watching this game, we definitely need offensive line. With the always injured Ronnie Stanley, do you think it's time for us to just look into trading him? I don't think they really can right now. I think they locked into him for a while because he has a big contract and then they've reworked his contract so many times so whenever you reconstruct somebody's contract, you push that money down the line. So Ronnie Stanley, they locked in for a minute with him. And he said also with the JK injury, no, I'm not looking to trade for one like others are but what do you think the contract negotiations are going to look like? I think they're going to be all in favor of Ravens.  So Ravens, they have all the leverage with that. Ooh, next question came from my guy, Joshua. He said, could JK's injury help the Ravens pass game to stop playing? Scared, what's up in Graven? Good to see you in the booth for another NFL season. I appreciate your work, ethic brother. No, I appreciate you, man. First of all, praise up for JK. I pray he recovers and lives out to his full potential as a stud in the league we know he can be. Secondly though, I'm torn about JK. His injury could actually benefit the Ravens offense in the long run. I know it sounds dark, but hit me out. The offense has to get out of their comfort zone. I'm starting to think that Lamar and the play callers play scared. No deep shots, easy sweeps, only throwing open. I don't see the fearlessness in dog in their eyes like 2019, the passing game did not show up in week one due to rust, but you also see them trying to turn they flowers into an extended running back with all those horizontal throws. Right, and that was getting on my last nerves. The old line needs to improve for sure, but the only way Lamar and Monk can truly develop the passing game is by trial and fire. Miskues, interceptions, route misses, and so on early in the season. It's okay, but they gotta stop doing this running sweep, shell, and start taking chances. When you're all more afraid of making mistakes than actually trying, it tells me your ego is more important to you than growth. Ooh, that is such a great question. And you know what, I'm actually glad that we got to answer this after week two because everything that you wanted, you got. Them taking more chances, they did it. They certainly did it. Them going down the field more, they did it. They certainly did it. So everything that you were concerned, the offensive line playing better, even without Ronnie Stanley and Linda Baum, they did a phenomenal job against them Bengals the other day. So all of your concerns, they got taken care of a week later. Oh, wait, hurt. Next question came from my guy, D3. He said, what's good in gravening and team keeping clean? I hope that the family as well too. Now, quick question. Was the timeline on Bowser's return impossible injury to our way? Which Hubbaugh refused to talk about? Do you feel that we should just elevate one of our practice squad guys like Jeremiah Moon, which they said had a great training camp or move on to signing an available free agent? And he said, Tavius Robinson Clowney, the job are currently good to go right now. And he named some available guys like Calvin Noy, Melvin Ingram, Carlos Dunlap, Robert Quinn, Jason Pierpaugh, Bruce Irvin. Again, thank you for your content and get your suit ready for your interview with ESPN and CBS. Speak it into existence. I appreciate you, D3. Hey, who knows what could happen in the future? We'll see. But as far as, it all just depends. It depends on how long a die fair way is gonna be out for.  They sitting there, they ready and they available. You see them in practice all the time too. So if you feel like one of them could come in and contribute, hey, I'd say go for it. Go for it. But if you feel like their contributions would be limited or they may not be as good as you want them to be, then I think everything just depends because if I say sign somebody, then that means a die fair way will go to Endure Reserve. So that means he'll be out at least four games. Now is his injury that significant to where he'll be out at least four games? We don't know. We still don't know as of this recording. We just don't know. So everything just really depends on that. If he's gonna be out for a while, okay, you can sign somebody, hold it down or even sign them to the practice squad. But if he's only gonna be out a short amount of time, you could try some of your own guys like they did with Clowney. Clowney get a lot more playing time like he did against the Bengals. Next question came from my guy, Anthony. He said, what's up in Graven? Real quick question, what trade would you like to see or do you see the Ravens making before the deadline? Hope you and the fam are good. God bless and trust. Appreciate you. That's a really good question. I think it all depends on when guys get back because I could easily say corner. Even though they play really well against the Bengals but and then get them all in Humphrey back any day now, that'd be great. You could say pass rush, but again, I feel like we don't even know our pass rush yet because with the Bengals, they were getting a ball out so fast, we didn't even see if our pass rush was good or bad or whatnot. We didn't get to see where it was at. In the Texans game, it was solid. It was straight, but in the Bengals game, it was, we didn't really get to see them that much. So it will probably be one of those positions. Probably either, I feel like it's so early to say, it's too early to say for me right now because right now we still have those unknowns, but if I absolutely had to choose one right now after two games, I would probably say cornerback. Expression can't came from my guy, Colin. He said, what's up? I mean, Graven, hope all is going well. I was wondering, since Linda Bond was injured, do you think Ravens might bring in a center like Rodney Hudson or Chase Rulier for the time being? No, no, I think they stay put. And he did ask this after week one, I would have thought they would have promoted from within. With the center position, the center, the QB exchange is very, very timely. It's very, very significant because they hand the ball off to each other every single snap. So I would expect the Ravens, if they, when Tyler Linda Bond got hurt, Sam Mustafa came in there and he did his thing. And he's continued to do his thing. So I would expect them to keep it like that because you don't want to bring in some, if push came to shove, you might have to, you would have to in a certain situation. Certain situations, but with Sam Mustafa, he was already on the team. He was already playing center for the team.  So making him be the center, instead of bringing in somebody who's a free agent, it makes the transition a lot smoother. Oh man, I wish I would have saw this question before because we literally just did a video on this on Thursday morning. He said, what's up with the usage of Gus Edwards? Next question came from my guy, Asong. He said, and Raven, I was wondering if you think there's anything going on behind the scenes or injury wise with Gus Edwards. In a Houston game, it felt like J.K. Dobbins never came off the field until he toys the killies. And this is even with him clearly not performing his best. Only then did we see some real Gus action. And even then it seemed to be a second fiddle to Justice Hill. They gave Hill the ball in all their goal line situations, which was odd, given the short yardage advantage Gus gives you. Gus ended the game having the most yards and best yards per carry of their running backs by a good margin. Yet, in the Raven's wire video, they released to address J.K.'s injury. Shout out to Gear Downing. They presented Hill as a guy to step up and spent more time on him than Gus. And maybe nothing, but it just feels weird to see the usage of and behavior towards Gus, given all he has done and continue to do. What do you think? PS, take care, man. You've been giving me joy in a year round Raven's outlet for years now, and I really appreciate that. Hey, thank you, Asong. I appreciate that a lot, man. Thank you. And yeah, I agree with Gus Edwards. It's been weird for years with the usage or lack thereof with him. He has continued to put up good numbers and limited usage. He's continued to show like he can carry the team if need be. He's continued to have a super high yards per carry. I think his yards per carry throughout his entire career since 2018 is 5.2 yards per carry. So yeah, man, he been here since Lamar been here. Yeah, shout out to Gus. But yeah, so it's weird, because before he got his three-year contract extension, I thought that they were holding him down and restricting him. So when it came time to pay him, they could be cheap. And I mean, they did do that. It was a cheap contract. But then after that, I'm like, okay, you got him signed on the contract. Why not let him go off? Why not use him? And of course, you know they wanted JK to be the guy. But in 2021, that's when JK got hurt, but then Gus Edwards got hurt and Justice Hill got hurt. They were all out for the year. So that messed up everything. Then the following year, they came back. JK was still hurt, so there was more Gus, but still it was limited. And then of course, last year, and this, I mean, excuse me, this year, it's really weird. So I don't know what it is. I don't know what it is. But Gus Edwards continues to show up and show out, continues to just do his job. He don't complain, at least don't complain publicly without that anything we hear of. But he just shows up and does his thing. So why he doesn't get more? No clue. Next question had come from my guy Darren. And he sent this question before the Texans game, but it still applied to the Bengals as well. He said, and Graven, can our secondary defend Nico Collins?  He said, with guys like Mike Evans, Vonte Parker, Zay Jones, Corey Davis, I noticed that we get our lunch eight. Do we have a problem with tall, athletic wide receivers? And I think so, but I think they give anybody a problem. Because if somebody is short and athletic, then if somebody tall is around, they can knock it down. But if somebody is tall and athletic, that's a problem. That's a big problem.  So you're going to have to do extra to put in work to try to take them out the game. Now we saw what Nico Collins, he was doing this thing against Baltimore Raven, then we saw with T Higgins after a little while, he started getting more sinking, getting more rhythm and started doing his thing against the Baltimore Ravens. Even though one of those matchups was Ardarius Washington against T Higgins, I'm thinking like, hold up, what's he doing against T Higgins in the red zone? In the red zone, like put Kyle Hamilton on him, put one of the cornerbacks on him, it's not Ardarius Washington. Ardarius Washington can play, but that matchup was just, it was a terrible matchup. So I think the Baltimore Ravens definitely going to be looking back at that one and be like, oh no, even though Ardarius Washington is out now, which is unfortunate. But yeah, so it's one of those things that you just, you got to play at the right way, man. Getting Marlon Humphrey back though, that will help with that a lot. Next question came from my good guy, Flurton Winsky. He said, what's good? It's your boy, Flurton Winsky back again. I can't even talk right now. He said, hope all is well with you and yours per usual. And per usual, Mike McDonald is running that tire cover too that gets picked apart every game and has lost us plenty of games. And when in doubt, he turns into a wink.  So Lamar still only has one second to throw majority of the time. So the Zay screens were perfection. It's weird because at least five plays out of the game, Lamar got absolutely perfect pocket and every time he delivers a dot. But then the rest of the game is blocking forward. They are rushing for Lamar, it's being Lamar or getting sacked. Bro, this is very alarming. But listen, a win is a win. And this was obviously after the Texans game, but before the Bengals game. He says, I'm not surprised by McDonald. You know how I feel about him. But they all see, how do you feel about his calls? I know you love the screens because I did too. Last question. Okay, so first with Mike McDonald, excuse me, no, with Todd Munkin. So far, so good. My only thing has been the third and short plays where he'll do a toss player or pitch play. I'm not a fan of those, but that's it. And sometimes some of the screens, they can sort of be a little overkill. Just a little bit, not too much, but a little bit. But overall, he's been doing a good job. Obviously, I mean, they scored 25 and 27 points. So yeah, something's going right. And then they've been getting more in rhythm. And obviously, like you mentioned, when the line blocks, when Lamar got a clean pocket, oh, it's game over, it's lights out. But he don't always have a clean pocket, but he been doing his thing. Then you saw the, you saw the, in the bingles game how, yeah, the pass rush was getting there. But Lamar, I don't think he got sacked once. I don't think he did. And then when the pressure was there, he would evade somebody and they had Justice Hill ready for the check down. So that was super, super important and I loved that. And he said, last question though, is it time to start firing and strengthening coaches ASAP? It's no way for the last five years, we are the most injured team in the NFL, LOL. Like to be honest, it's not even funny. Might have been a good amount of truth in what Wolf was saying because bro, it's no way. One game, we lost all those people. Last but not least, the tough part of the business, I think JK seen the trend and wanted to get paid something like, and something like this happened again. And on the flip side of things, the organization didn't want to pay him because they seen the trend and didn't want to give him the money before something like that happened. Again, it's tough because I was at the game and when I seen the tackle, I was crushed. So I can only imagine how he feels. That's real right there, man. I remember you said Mitchell was a stash. Well, not anymore, sadly. And like Ronnie Stanley is the majority of the time, sadly, I'm out. Wow, you cold for that last part. Last question on this episode came from my guy, Sean, and this is sort of a bonus for anybody who goes to Raven's games. He said, what's up, you're having a team keep it clean. This is more of a reminder than a question for anyone going to Raven's home games, including you, Mr. Engraven. Make sure you catch the Raven's band in Camden Yards. We perform a little concert every single home game, normally two hours before kickoff. Hope to see you all out there today. And just like Mark Andrews was for week one, we out. What a way to end it.


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So I mentioned before that calculating surface area When it comes to revolution is very much similar to calculating the volume of a solid revolution And if you remember with the solids revolution, we had the theorem PAP as available to us to that in many cases We could simplify the calculation of the volume if we could identify the centroid of The of the region that is being turned and that's being rotated turned out a similar statement can be said for Surface area if we have a closed curve So it say let's see be a closed curve in the plane that lies entirely on one side of a line L So what we mean by a closed curve is that this curve comes to itself I have some type of blobby thing right here, but it's closed Which means it starts and stops at the same location. And so we have some axis L Like this and we want to rotate this curve around L So think of that surface so what we have here in front of us is a very poorly designed Donuts, but if we have a closed curve and we were to spin this around Some line L the area of the resulting surface is going to be the product of the arc length of C and The distance traveled by the centroid of C. So what we mean by that is if you take the centroid Which might look something like this. It's going to travel some circular distance around this axis right here let's look at the circumference of that thing and then We also want to consider the length of this arc of This arc C here. So you have some arc length s And so what the theorem of PAP is is going to tell us is that the surface area here It's going to equal the circumference of the centroid multiplied by the arc length of The curve and so that's simple product if we can find them can help us out dramatically here So as an example, let's take a donut remember a torus is formed by rotating a circle Of radius little r about a line in the plane Of the circle that is a distance capital R, which should be bigger than little r from this from the center of the circle So if you have some circle Like this and you rotate around some line Like so so this is a circle whose radius is r and then the distance of the center to the axis is capital R If you rotate this thing around the axis you get a so-called torus Which again is just a is a donut like shape object Where in this donut if you take a some type of cross-sectional Slice which is itself a circle it has little radius r and the center of the donut to this to this value here's capital That's what we mean by this this torus here. So what's the surface area of a torus? So we've talked about the volume of the torus before so that's how much dough you need to make a donut The surface area would be like how much glaze or how much frosting do we want to put on the doughnuts a glaze Don't know you typically covered all the way around with glaze Maybe a frosted donut might just have frosting on top So we take half of the surface area This could be a very difficult integral to set up and solve but with the theorem of PAP as it adapted for surface area It actually turns out really nicely the the centroid here as it travels around As it travels around this whole thing the circumference of that thing Well the circumference of that thing as the centroid travels around is going to be 2 pi capital R And then if you take the arc length of this of the curve, which is just the circumference of this little circle that's going to be 2 pi little r and so by the theorem of PAP is the Not the volume here the surface area is going to equal 2 pi r times 2 pi r Those are different r's r which case you get 4 pi squared little r capital r very simple formula to find out how much glaze you need for your donut So when one can use the theorem of PAP as it can dramatically simplify this calculation We're going to love that but one thing we're going to see here is that the the ability to do that First of all requires we can calculate an arc length, right? Now for a circle, it's not so bad, but generally this requires an integral Okay, also what we're going to see in future lectures is that the centroid typically requires an Integral as well now for a circle. It's easy to find But centroids typically require you take an integral to find them and likewise arc length things integrals So in general practice The theorem of PAP is might not be very useful because if it takes an integral to find the centroid an integral to find the arc length Multiplying two integrals together is not easier than finding a single integral So oftentimes the formula we have before works better But if there are non-calculus ways of finding the arc length and non-calculus ways finding the centroid Like it was for this torus then we have a very slick way of finding the surface area using the theorem of PAP is again


I welcome you all to this course on fluid machines. The number of the course is ME263004. Before coming to the course contents, I first like to introduce the subject before you. Well, now first we start from the basic introduction to the subject of fluid machines. What is a fluid machine? Now you can define the fluid machine as a system or a contravence where the stored energy in fluid is converted to mechanical energy or vice versa. That means the mechanical energy is converted to stored energy in fluid. Now from this very basic definition the importance of fluid machine in our engineering field is very obvious because you know the need of mechanical energy today which is largely used for generating electrical energy and is partly used as mechanical energy for different engineering applications. So the importance of fluid machine lies in the importance of mechanical energy as we need today. Now next question comes about the nature of the stored energy in fluid and what is the nature of the mechanical energy that the conversion from one to other is taking place through this system fluid machine. Now stored energy in a fluid now I must say that if you recall your basic thermodynamics in your basic thermodynamics class you have read that the stored energy in any system the system may be a fluid is known as the internal energy that is the energy stored in a system. So if we look we can divide it into parts that when the fluid at rest that fluid the system is at rest then the only way the energy stored are the intermolecular energy and potential energy. Intermolecular energy is the energy due to molecular motions and the potential energy of the molecules that is the kinetic energy and potential energy of the molecules. Usually it is the kinetic energy of the molecules for ideal gases you know the kinetic energy of the molecules are due to the temperature. So for all system or fluid at rest the intermolecular energy is there by virtue of its temperature all system always at a temperature more than the absolute zero. So therefore they have the kinetic energy of the molecules and the potential energy of the molecules which give rise to intermolecular energy. Another form of energy which is stored in any system even at rest is the potential energy do you know the definition of potential energy very simple that it is the energy that its system possesses by virtue of its position or placement in a conservative force field. When all other conservative force fields are absent then obviously the gravity is the usual conservative body force field by virtue of which a system possesses potential energy. Now when the fluid is in motion that means if a system is in motion is a specific case we consider here a fluid what are the difference form of the stored energy. In other words I can tell that if there is a stream of fluid what are the difference forms the energy stored in the stream of the fluid. Now along with the intermolecular and potential energy as we have discussed in case of fluid at rest a fluid stream or a fluid in motion also possesses kinetic energy is very simple by virtue of its velocity know whose magnitude is phi square by 2 per unit mass. And another type of energy a stream of fluid possesses is the pressure energy or simply we tell flow work probably you know these things but I again tell you that a pressure what is the pressure energy you know that when a fluid is in motion any layer of fluid in a fluid stream pushes the neighboring layer to make its way through in the flow which means that all the time a layer does work on the adjacent neighboring layer downstream to it. So, this work done by the fluid layer to its adjacent neighboring downstream layer is known as the flow work and the energy by which it is capable of doing that work is known as the pressure energy we use both the words flow work or pressure energy. And this is by virtue of the pressure of the fluid stream and you know the magnitude of these energies pressure times the specific volume per unit mass of the fluid. So, these are the different forms in which the stored energy appear in a fluid mass whether it is at rest or it is in motion. Now comes the mechanical energy. So, mechanical energy is usually obtained or transmitted through a rotating shaft against a load through a rotating shaft against a load. So, this load depends upon the use for example, a large part of the mechanical energy which is obtained from a fluid machine is used for electrical purpose that means to convert it into electrical energy. In that case the load is an electrical load that means the rotating shaft is coupled with an alternated drives an alternator. So, load depends upon our use. So, therefore the mechanical energy is obtained from the fluid machines or given to the fluid machines in the form of rotation of a shaft against a load. So, therefore, we can now recognize the different types of energies that means stored energy and mechanical energy during their conversion through the fluid machines. So, therefore, next we will come to the classification of fluid machines which is very important. Now, fluid machines as such is very broad or very broad in their classification. Now, classifications therefore are made on certain basis or we can say that fluid machines are put into different categories on under certain basis. So, that is why it is basis of classifications are there. So, they are broadly divided into three basis one is direction of energy transfer one other is the fluid use another is the principle of operation. Now, direction of energy transfer as I have told earlier that in fluid machines either the stored energy is converted into mechanical energy or the mechanical energy is converted into stored energy of fluid. So, the machines in which the stored energy in fluid is converted to mechanical energy that means the output of the machine is the mechanical energy and input to the machine is the stored energy in fluid those are termed as turbines. And the machines where the mechanical energy is the input that means the mechanical energy is converted to stored energy in the fluid as the output are termed as pumps, compressors, fans and blowers there are different categories. So, this will be clear in the next category of definition where the fluid used. Now, based on the fluid used the fluid machines are classified into different forms. Now, you know the fluid comprises both liquid and gas one is the incompressible fluid the liquid another is the compressible fluid gas. Now, when the machine converts the stored energy to mechanical energy and uses liquid as the fluid then these are termed as hydraulic turbines the adjective hydraulic comes because this is in general turbines which convert the stored energy to mechanical energy. But if they use liquid the adjective hydraulic comes in almost all the practical purposes the liquid use this water for this turbines. So, hydraulic almost substitute the water in its adjective sense that is the hydraulic turbines sometimes water turbines the hydraulic is the more general terminology used as an adjective to that liquid which is usually water that hydraulic turbines. Similarly, for those machines which give mechanical energy from stored energy use gas this may be air or any other gas that is the compressible fluid are termed as air or gas turbines that means the adjective is air or gas that means the name automatically signifies when it uses air as the fluid is air turbines or it uses gas as the fluid for example, the combustion products as you know in a gas turbine the turbine fluid is the combustion products after burning the fuel with the air. So, therefore, it is a gas. So, gas air or gas turbine similarly for machines which convert the mechanical energy to stored energy, but uses liquid are known as pumps. So, pumps are those machines where mechanical energy is the input and stored energy in the fluid is the output, but the fluid is an incompressible fluid water or any other liquid that these are known as pumps whereas the same machines when they use gas air or gas they are termed as compressors fans and blowers these three names are there. Now, here in this context I like to tell you that there are differences between compressors fans and blowers which we will see afterwards that these machines uses these machines use gas and give the stored energy in the fluid. Now, the stored energy in the fluid are obtained either in the form of pressure high pressure in the fluid or in the form of high velocity in the fluid that means either the pressure energy of the fluid is raised or the velocity energy of the fluid is raised here you must know one thing that well we have already read that intermolecular energy is there, but usually by spending mechanical energy it is not advisable from thermodynamic point of view to increase the intermolecular energy of the fluid why can you tell why it is not advisable that you spend mechanical energy as the input through any device to increase this stored energy in the form of intermolecular energy why can you guess well this is not recoverable partly true, but I think it should be told in a more direct sense that intermolecular energy is the low grade energy whereas the mechanical energy is the high grade energy. So, we can get work from the intermolecular energy, but not 100 percent conversion is possible according to the second law of thermo so it is not advisable that we spend and high grade energy to convert the this to a low grade energy. So, therefore, the stored energy in the fluid which is being generated or being converted to from the mechanical energy as either the pressure energy or the kinetic energy when the stored energy is in the form of pressure energy that means the pressure of the fluid is raised by virtue of the mechanical energy in the fluid machines they are termed as compressors. So, that you know probably from your general knowledge that a compressor always provides high pressure here. So, flow or the velocity of the air is less whereas fans in fans and blowers the mechanical energy converts the kinetic energy the mechanical energy is converted to the kinetic energy of the fluid. So, therefore, fans and blowers provide mostly the kinetic energy of the fluid that means the stored energy in the fluid is in the form of kinetic energy where for compressors the stored energy in the fluid which is being obtained from the machine is in the form of pressure energy. Now, the third one is the most important one is the principle of operation is the most important one the prince depending upon the principle of operation the fluid machines are classified into two categories. So, one category is known as positive displacement machines where the principle of operation is based on the static action of the fluid. The other one is the rotodynamic machines where the principle of operation is based on the dynamic action of the fluid. Now, in the positive displacement machine the static action of the fluid means what is done here certain amount of fluid is entrapped within a given volume or in a enclosed chamber of the machine. And here the fluid mass behaves as a closed system thermodynamically a closed system then what happens is that one of the boundaries of the system then physically displaced to change the volume of the fluid entrapped either the volume is reduced or the volume is increased. And by virtue of this change in volume the energy transfer takes place between the fluid and the machine and the pressure of the fluid is increased or the pressure of the fluid is decreased. A very common example is a reciprocating motion of a piston in a cylinder that in a piston cylinder machines you see certain amount of fluid for example, air or it may be water even is entrapped. And then it is isolated from the inlet and exit of the machines during certain interval of time where it behaves as a thermodynamically closed system during that interval of time there occurs the displacement of the system boundary. For example, in case of a reciprocating motion of a piston within a cylinder piston moves either it moves so that the volume of the fluid is decreased or volume of the fluid is increased by virtue of which either the work is developed by the machine or work is being imposed done on the fluid system to increase the stored energy. So, these kinds of machines are known as positive displacement machines because of the positive displacement of the system boundary in a closed system that fluid mass itself behaves as a closed system changes or makes it possible for the conversion of energy. These categories of machines are known as positive displacement machines on the other hand there are machines which are in fact in large use for our engineering applications are known as rotodynamic machines they are based on the dynamic action of the fluid. What happens in those machines there occurs a continuous motion of the fluid and also of a part of the machines that means there occurs continuously a relative motion between the fluid and the machine both the machine part moves and the fluid and based on the hydrodynamic principle because of the change in momentum due to this continuous motion the conversion of energy takes place from mechanical to stored energy or stored energy to mechanical energy in the fluid. So, these are the basic classifications of fluid machines now after this classifications I think we will be in a better position to identify our course content which probably you cannot see here clearly I will give you this thing the course contents individually copy of this. Now as such as we have seen in the definition of fluid machines it is very broad and a single semester course cannot cover the entire fluid machines. So, these are termed as turbo machines fluid machines gas machines air machines a part of it is covered in different semesters for you also turbo machine course will be there afterwards which deal with gas machines usually the machines dealing handling gas and air are known as turbo machines that compressors air or gas turbines. In this course we will be dealing only with the hydraulic machines that means machines which deal with the liquid as the working system that means hydraulic turbines and pumps on the other end well. So, accordingly the course content is like this probably I tell you you can just first this principles of fluid machines introduction then classification of fluid machines which we have already covered. Then we start first with the rotodynamic machines. Now the basic equation of energy transfer in rotodynamic machines basic equation of energy transfer in rotodynamic machines this is in general for any rotodynamic machines whether uses liquid or gas. Then principles of similarity and dimensional analysis in rotodynamic machines this is also in general for any rotodynamic machines using liquid and gas. Then we come to different types of rotodynamic machines here only we concentrate only on hydraulic machines for this class for this course rather. The impulse hydraulic turbine known as pelton wheel now in this pelton wheel analysis of force on the bucket and power generation specific speed and wheel geometry governing of pelton turbine limitation of a pelton turbine. Then we will switch over to Francis reaction turbine turbines are of two types that we will come across during our course the impulse turbine and reaction turbine the Francis reaction turbine. Here we will cover net head across a reaction turbine runner of a Francis turbine specific speed development of kaplan turbine draft tubes in reaction turbines cavitation in reaction turbines performance characteristics of reaction turbines comparison of specific speeds of hydraulic turbines governing of reaction turbines this is up to turbines. Then we will go to rotodynamic pumps centrifugal pumps general pumping system and head developed by a pump impeller of a centrifugal pump characteristics of a centrifugal pump flow through volute chambers vane diffuser cavitation in centrifugal pump matching of pump and system characteristics pumps in series and parallel specific speed of centrifugal pump. Then come reciprocating pump this reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump suction and delivery accelerating heads rate of delivery multi cylinder pumps air vessel well in this particular course at your IIT on this course subject named as M E 26 three zero zero four named as fluid machines a part of basic fluid problems are covered this is a particular or you can say typical design of our course curriculum at your IIT that though the course title is fluid machines we cover a part of the basic fluid problems these are theory of ideal flow which I believe you have read some extent that your basic fluid mechanics course. So, I will make a hurry recapitulation of all these things then superimposition of elementary flows flow past a cylinder with and without circulation concept of lift and drag aerofoil theory these are extremely important topics in fluid mechanics. So, a part of it probably have been covered in your basic fluid mechanics course there may be a little recapitulation in this class. Then you come to a new topic which you have not read earlier on the basic fluid problem these are compressible flow these are pressure field due to moving source one dimensional isentropic flow choking in a converging nozzle isentropic flow in a convergent divergent nozzle normal shocks this is our course content for this course. Now, before coming to this basic principle of operation of a general rotodynamic machine I like to recapitulate the flow of fluid through a moving curved vane the basis for which is like this now I will start the rotodynamic machines its general principle. Now, as I have told earlier the rotodynamic machines there is a continuous motion of fluid as well as a part of the machine. Now, this part of the machine is known as rotor which is a rotating element which usually consists of a disc rotating disc a number of vans are mounted on the disc at the periphery of the disc and the disc itself is mounted on a shaft where the actual rotation is imparted. So, therefore, it is the principle by which a moving fluid stream along a curved vane transfers the energy between the fluid and the vane which is a part of the machine part of the machine part of the rotor of the machine is the basic underlying or basic principle of fluid machines. So, therefore, we try to recapitulate the principle by which the energy is transferred or the force is imparted by a moving fluid through a moving curved vane. So, let us see that let us have you drawn this I will not start before you complete your figure I think you can very well see this now let me explain this which will help you in drawing the figure that there is a vane which is moving with a velocity in this direction let us make this direction as a coordinate direction x positive coordinate direction in which it is moving with a velocity u a fluid stream approaches this moving blade with a velocity v 1 this is the fluid stream approaches and it is discharged after flowing through the vane with a velocity v 2 this is the velocity v 2 this is the velocity v 2. Now, you see since the vane is moving so, what will happen with respect to the fluid will approach with an different velocity which is nothing but the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the vane which we can get from a vector diagram by subtracting the velocity vectorially the from the fluid velocity the vane velocity for which we get a typical velocity triangle we know that that is the inlet velocity triangle where this is the vane velocity and this is the relative velocity of the fluid at the inlet that means this is the velocity with which the fluid strikes the vane with respect to the vane. Similarly, we make the vector subtraction of this vane velocity from the absolute velocity to get the relative velocity this is the relative velocity of the fluid with which the fluid is discharged from the vane well now we see that here as the fluid passes through the vane there occurs a change in velocity and also the change in the momentum of the fluid which gives rise to force exerted on the fluid or on the vane. Now, to analyze this type of problem we take the help of momentum theorem now we take a control volume if you recall in your basic fluid mechanics class we take a fluid control volume like this this is the fluid control volume this control volume is moving with a velocity u which is the movement or the velocity of the curve vane. So, now we make use of the momentum theorem applied to this control volume momentum theorem applied to the control volume momentum theorem applied to the control volume I feel the time is up for you today. So, I like to end it today up to this we will do this in the next class to analyze the force that is being exerted on the fluid because of its motion to the curve vane and the energy transfer between the fluid and the moving vane. So, I think I will stop today to this because time is up for you for the next class. Thank you I have told earlier the rotodynamic machines are those machines where there is a continuous motion of fluid and a part of the machine known as rotor and because of this continuous relative motions between the fluid and the rotor of the machine it is possible for an energy transfer to take place between the fluid and the rotor. So, therefore, the basic principle of this machine is based on the fluid dynamic principle fluid dynamic principle which is basically the utilization of useful work due to the force exerted by a fluid striking on a series of curved vane which is mounted on the periphery of a disk that is rotating the periphery of a disk that is attached to a rotating shaft. So, therefore, to understand the basic principle of a rotodynamic machines we should understand clearly the force interaction and the energy transfer that takes place while a stream of fluid passes through a curved vane. So, this is a little recapitulation of what you have already studied at your basic fluid mechanics course that we studied here the interaction of force and energy in the flow of fluid along a curved vane. Now, see here this is a curved vane which is moving with a velocity u and a jet of fluid is striking the vane with a velocity v 1 is the velocity absolute velocity with which the fluid strikes the vane and the fluid after flowing through this vane comes out with a velocity v 2 this is the velocity v 2. Since the vane is moving with a velocity u so the jet appears to strike the vane that means with respect to the vane the jet strikes it with a velocity v r 1 which is the velocity of the jet relative to the vane. Similarly, it is going out with a velocity v r 2 that is the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to the vane. Now, this relative velocity is at inlet and outlet are determined just by vectorial subtraction from v 1 the velocity u of the vane and from v 2 the velocity u of the vane. So, this vectorial subtraction is shown in terms of the velocity triangles as we have already read at the inlet and outlet. Now, let the suffix 1 refers to inlet condition and suffix 2 refers to outlet condition now we see in this triangle this is v 1 that inlet velocity of the fluid this is the u the vane velocity and this is the v r 1 that is the relative velocity of fluid with respect to vane at inlet this component this perpendicular component to the motion of the vane is denoted as v f 1 and is usually known as flow velocity. Similarly, the component of the fluid velocity absolute fluid present in the direction of the vane motion is conventionally symbolized as v w the suffix 1 is at the inlet. So, this v w I tell you this is a conventional symbol w stands for whirl whirling component this is because in actual case this velocity of the vane is in the tangential direction because the motion of the vane mounted on the periphery is a rotating motion. So, therefore, the linear velocity of the vane is in the tangential direction and that is why this component is known as tangential component or whirling component for which a conventional symbol w is given as the suffix similar is the case in case of an outlet velocity triangle this is the vane velocity this is the relative velocity of the fluid with respect to vane and this component is the whirling component or the component of the flow velocity in the direction of the vane velocity and this is the flow velocity that is the direction of the that is the sorry the component of the fluid velocity in the direction perpendicular to the vane velocity. Now, our basic purpose in this case is to analyze what is the force exerted by the fluid on the vane or vice versa vane on the fluid and by virtue of the vane motion which is the what is the amount of energy that is being transferred or developed due to this force due to this action of the fluid on the vane. So, to analyze this as you know we apply the momentum theorem. Now, to apply the momentum theorem we have to take a control volume of the fluid like this which is just adjacent to the vane now you see that this type of analysis can be done on the basis of both system approach and the control volume approach in a system approach what is done the new terms law is applied in a sense that you consider a particular mass of fluid and consider its change of momentum as it flows along the vane find out the change of momentum in a specific direction and in control volume the same thing is done, but the version is different we find the momentum efflux net momentum efflux in a particular direction and equates this with the force in that particular direction. So, if you if we apply this theorem for a steady state situation the situation is steady then we find that if f x is the force acting on the control volume in the direction x then it will be the net rate of momentum efflux from the control volume in that direction x because we are interested in the direction x that is the direction of the vane velocity the force in that direction. So, the expression in the right hand side is either the net rate of momentum efflux x momentum efflux from the control volume or from a system approach it is the change of momentum change of momentum in the x direction of a fluid mass taken as a system in either way you can see it and that becomes equal to the force is equal to the change of momentum times the mass flow rate. Now, you see the velocity at the outlet is v r 2 now here we have to consider the relative velocities because in this case the control volume is moving with a velocity use since the vane is moving with the velocity this is an inertial control volume. So, the coordinate axis will be fixed to this control volume. So, therefore the velocities which we have to take are the relative velocities. So, you see the component of the velocity in the direction of vane velocity here the if beta 2 is the angle made by v r 2 with the direction of vane velocity it will be minus v r 2 cos beta 2 because this direction is opposite to that of the vane velocity or to that of the positive direction of the specified axis x this is the momentum efflux minus the momentum efflux that means v r 1 cos beta 1 beta 1 is the angle made by the relative velocity with the vane direction. So, this component is in the direction of the vane velocity or in the positive direction of x. So, minus sign is that because it is the efflux minus efflux. So, both the terms are with a minus sign. So, it comes out.  So, this comes out to be v w 1 and v w 2. So, therefore, we say that force on the vane is equal to minus efflux that means this is the force that is being acted on what that is being acted on the control volume. So, the force acting on the vane is in the opposite direction that means if this is the efflux it is the in opposite direction of efflux minus efflux. Now, power developed due to the motion of the vane is then force into the velocity that is m dot v w 1 plus v w 2 into u, u is the vane velocity. So, this way we can develop an expression for the power developed due to the action of the fluid passing over a curved vane. I think you have understood it. So, from this two triangles you can get from here triangular relationships geometry that it is v w 1 plus v w 2 and this minus sign is because the force which is acting on the fluid element or the control volume is in the opposite direction to the specified axis that means in a direction opposite to the vane motion. So, therefore, the force on the vane is in the direction of the vane motion. However, the expression for power developed is written as the multiplication of efflux and u. They are in the same direction. So, their absolute values are taken well ok.   If you substitute that automatically it cancels out and becomes because I felt that you have already done it at your basic fluid mechanics course. So, this thing you know well ok very good I am happy that you are asking questions. Now, we come to the basic equation of energy transfer in rotodynamic machines. Now, in a rotodynamic machines what happens is that the rotor of the machine is a rotating wheel on which the vans are mounted and the wheel is mounted on a shaft where the rotation is imparted. So, in this case the same principle is applied here and we analyze this in the similar fashion with the help of a diagram here which is the general representation of a rotor or the representation of a rotor of a generalized fluid machines. Now, components of flow velocity in a generalized fluid machines here the most general sense we consider the rotor where the fluid enters at a velocity v 1 at any point whose radius of rotation from the axis is r. Now, before that I like to mentioning that there are few assumptions for this analysis one assumption is that the flow is steady. So, there is no mass accumulation no mass depletion anywhere in the system and number two assumption is that flow is uniform over any cross section normal to the flow velocity which is very important and that means that the velocity vector at a point is the representative of the flow over a finite area. That means we analyze with respect to a velocity vector at a point and we assume that this is uniform over the entire flow area that is an area normal to the flow velocity. So, that this is the representative of the entire flow through the fluid machines well. So, with these assumptions now we consider that at any point the velocity vector is v 1 that is the inlet point a very general case whose radius of rotation from the axis of rotation is r 1. Similarly, the fluid goes out or discharges at a point from the rotor whose radius of rotation from the whose radius sorry whose radius from the axis of rotation is r 2. Now, the velocities v 1 and v 2 can be resolved into three components there may be an arbitrary angle at which the velocity flow velocity strikes the rotor which can be resolved into three reference directions. One is in the direction of tangential one in in the direction of tangent a tangential direction which is the tangent to the rotor at that point another is the direction which is the axial direction. That means it is parallel to the axis of the shaft and another is the radial direction which is perpendicular to the axial direction. So, these three mutually perpendicular direction the velocities are resolved one is the tangential direction another is the axial direction another is the radial direction. So, these three perpendicular directions and accordingly symbolized as v w one is the suffix at inlet that is the tangential component whirling component that is why the suffix w is used the suffix a v a is the axial component that is component parallel to the axis of the rotation. And as I have told earlier the symbol f is used v f 1 for the inlet that is the flow velocity that is in the radial direction. Similar way the velocities are resolved in tangential direction as v w 2 at the outlet axial direction v a 2 and the flow direction v a 2. Now, the rotor is moving with an angular velocity omega is a constant angular velocity there is a steady state problem well now let us apply the momentum theorem or the new terms laws of motions either with respect to a system or a control volume here. Now, here the momentum which will be considered is the angular momentum this is because here the work transfer takes place due to the rotation of the shaft. So, we will be considering the angular momentum or moment of the momentum it is very simple if we consider a system approach our version will be that considering a fluid mass as it passes from the inlet to outlet what is its change in angular momentum. Or if we consider a control volume of a fluid then what will be the net rate of a flux of the angular momentum from the control volume. Now, here one thing is very important we are not bothered about the path in the rotor it is only the inlet and outlet that decides the change because if the inlet and outlet conditions are fixed kinematic conditions are fixed and the mass flow rate is steady. So, the change in momentum or the moment of the momentum whatever you say depends upon the inlet and outlet conditions well. Now, if we write the momentum moment of the momentum at the inlet for a unit mass at inlet what will be its value at inlet at inlet moment of the momentum moment of the momentum is equal to that is the moment of the tangential momentum. That means, v w 1 times the r 1 radius from the axis of rotation it is per unit mass per unit similarly the same thing at outlet at outlet the same thing at outlet is equal to v w 2 into r 2. So, therefore, per unit mass the change in the moment of the momentum of a fluid mass or the net rate of a flux of the moment of the momentum per unit mass from a control volume will be v w 2 and that multiplied by the mass flow rates. That means, this will be the net rate of angular momentum a flux or the rate of change of angular momentum rate of angular momentum net rate of angular momentum a flux when we refer it to a control volume that is a control volume approach control volume of the fluid or it is the net rate of change of angular momentum for a system as it passes from inlet to outlet. So, in both the cases that equals to the torque that is the angular momentum theorem that is the angular momentum theorem applied to a system or to a control volume that torque is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum of a system or torque is equal to the net rate of angular momentum a flux from a control volume at steady state. So, that is equal to the torque that is being imparted on the fluid by the rotating disk. Now, the energy rate of energy that is being imparted to the fluid will be nothing, but the torque into the angular velocity omega and that if we multiply the angular velocity and recognize that omega r 1 is the velocity of the linear velocity that tangential velocity of the rotor at inlet and omega r 2 is the linear or tangential velocity of the rotor at outlet and denoting them by the symbol u we can write v w 2 u 2 minus v w 1 u 1. So, therefore, we see that energy transfer per unique time the rate of energy transfer in the fluid as it passes from inlet to outlet becomes equal to the mass flow rate m dot flowing times v w 2 u 2 minus v w 1 u 1 where u 2 and u 1 are the tangential velocity that is the linear velocity of the rotor at the outlet point and u 1 is that at the inlet point because in a generalized case we have to consider that inlet and outlet are not in the same radius from the axis of rotation there is not at the same radial plane.