This is Jeff Deist and you're listening to the Human Action Podcast. Hey, ladies and gentlemen, thanks so much for joining us and welcome back once again to the Human Action Podcast, a show we do every week where we are not afraid of books, even the 900-page books. And that's really what the show is all about, is working our way through what we consider important or seminal works in the broad, let's say, Austro-libertarian landscape. And by doing so, hopefully encouraging you to read these books, to tackle these books and also helping you through them as you go. So that's the goal. And as you know, we have recently started with Hans Hoppe's Democracy, The God That Failed. And we chose this purposely because we had three weeks left until the election, so we're breaking it up into three sections. And last week, we were lucky to be joined by my friend, Giont Bondari, and we had a great talk about things like time preference and civilization and capital at the beginning of that book. And in the mid-part of this book, where Hoppe gets into the discussion of centralization and trade and immigration, I thought there would be nobody better to invite on the show than Stephen Cancella, with whom most of you are already familiar, no doubt. He is a patent attorney. He has written extensively on not just libertarian theory, but I would say more narrowly libertarian legal theory, which is a bit of a different animal. And also, of course, is perhaps best known for his work on IP. And we will link to at least one article of his, which we shall discuss during the show. We will link to his book Against Intellectual Property at themesis.org site. If you haven't read it, or maybe you don't have developed thoughts about IP and the digital age, you should read it. You can read it easily over a weekend. And I very much encourage you to do so, regardless of where you fall in that debate. My personal feelings are in line with Cancella on that topic, by the way. So all that said, Stephen, thanks for joining. Oh, glad to be here, Jeff. Well, I want to ask you, before we get into the book, came out in 2001. Unfortunately, the Mises Institute doesn't own this book, which we did. So where were you? What were you doing in 2001? Where were you living? How did you become aware of Hopper, this book? Oh, 2001. That's a good question. Yeah, I remember that because that was the year of 9-11. I was back in Houston. I'm from Louisiana. I had moved to Houston as a lawyer in 1992 and moved to Philadelphia in 94. Been there for a few years and moved back to Houston. And I remember in 2001, I was in my bedroom when the Twin Towers attack happened. I was already a Hoppian, Rothbardian, Austrian, anarcho-capitalist libertarian. And my first Hoppian introduction was his argumentation ethics in a Liberty magazine symposium, which I read in 1988 in law school when I was in Louisiana. And so I became enamored of Hans when I read that and then I read his, a theory of socialism and capitalism, which is a sort of a systematic treatise, laying out his proper carrion, Austrian theory. And then of course his subsequent books, his subsequent books, which are more or less previously published articles but related by a common theme, right? So economics and ethics of private property in 1994, if I recall, and then democracy, the one we're talking about now, and then the Great Fiction and who knows what else is to come. And so did you get to meet Rothbard? I did. I was in Philadelphia in 1994 and I had written, I was a young lawyer. I had written a review essay, a complimentary review essay in the Law Review for Hoppe's second book and I sent it to them and I was a big fan of Rothbard and Hoppe and the others associated with them like Block and David Gordon and Lou and these guys. And they were having a, it was the time of the fusion, the second fusion of the movement with the, I forgot the name of the group now. It was a Crystal City, Virginia. It was the Randolph Society. Yeah, the John Randolph Society. That's what it was. And I was actually, I'm from Louisiana.  Not too much, but it turned me, that wasn't my attraction. My attraction was to meet Lou and Block and Hoppe and Rothbard. And so, yeah, I met Hans and it was a pleasure and Lou. And I sat alone in an auditorium for about 30 minutes with Rothbard and we talk and he signed my book and then he died two months later in January. So I did get my little tiny overlap with Rothbard, which I'm glad to have done. Well, that was a, that was a serendipitous, no question about it. The book in question today, The God That Failed, I did an interview with Hoppe a few months back where I mentioned that this is undoubtedly his most famous work. Doesn't necessarily mean it's most important, but it's most famous. So I guess give us your overarching take on the book and where it fits. It's interesting because my take on Hans is not the same as that of others, partly because my take is more academic and more in the praxeological point of view. And my favorite book of Hans is, and Hans is, you know, we have a nice relationship and he kind of rolls his eyes, you love my theory of socialism capitalism. I know that's my favorite work of mine for you. Because it's systematic and that was his first one that I read it bold me over. The other works were more compilations of essays, but they're not just like a typical book of compilations of essays. They're just like, okay, like, it's not like a columnist at the New York Times, like they're just, these are deep essays and they usually relate to each other. And they do hang together. But I had read most of them already by the time they came out. So when the books came out, I already knew most of them, right? And I was the one going like, why isn't extreme operarism or extreme rationalism included in one of these books? So then they finally came out in the great fiction or whatever. The Democracy book has a little bit more of the conservative cultural kind of views. I'm a lawyer and engineer who has dabbled in and lucky to have received knowledge in history and economics from the Mises Institute. These scholars, I've been lucky to rub elbows with, but I don't view myself in the same class as these guys. So I don't view myself as a cultural expert. So I find it interesting. I have learned and borrowed from a lot of the stuff he wrote about that is in democracy. In some of my legal writing, for example, the stuff about time preference and how it affects the formation of cities and, you know, just democracy itself. Like this American assumption that democracy was an improvement over the earlier ancient regime, you know? I mean, the introduction, to be honest, I know we're talking about chapters. This is something funny, by the way, about intellectuals like you and I, people that get into these books. You said, hey, Stephan, let's talk about chapters five through nine. And I know we narrowed it down to five through eight. You said it's only 58 pages or whatever. And by the way, on EPUB, it's like 128. But, you know, for most people, that's a monograph of densely worded terse intellectual stuff with footnotes. And that's fine. I've read it before. But it's like, that's not a minor assignment. This is the way we think. And I love it. It's juicy. It's like a nice, meaty, you know, T-bones ribeye steak for me. I just think that, as Americans, we take for granted that the move from democracy to or from monarchy to democracy was a good thing. And in this book, Democracy, one of the best things about it is the introduction. And by the way, another great thing that Papa has written is the introduction to the revised edition to Rothbard's Ethics of Liberty, the re-release version in 1997 or 1998, I believe. The introductions are tour de forces, I mean, by themselves. And I could just recommend anyone just go read the introductions to these two books. The sort of revisionist history he gives in the introduction to democracy is amazing. I had never thought this way as an American, right? And this is one thing I've always appreciated about Hans and the circle of friends I've acquired through the Mises Institute and other organizations, but especially the Mises Institute. Internationalist, individualist, contrarian, willing to work ideas. No one cares about your background, your past, but they appreciate what you bring to the table. If you're around the table with a bunch of Germans and French and Russians and Austrians or whatever and someone criticizes America, the Americans won't get upset if you criticize the French. The French won't get upset. It's not about that kind of stuff. It's about ideas and truth and goodness and economic values and human life. And so I would just say really, really, really read his reconstruction, his revisionist view of the World War I, World War II, 20th century order in democracy. Yeah, it's excellent. I mean, it's really fantastic. He also makes a defense of extreme a prioriism as the method, the proper method of the social sciences in that introduction. So it's definitely a punch in the face from the get-go. And I think it relates to chapter five in certain senses that Hapa immediately brings up the argument that the Orthodox view is that the centralizing political features of the 20th century across the West are inherently a good thing and that the old decentralized Europe was a bad thing and that a lot of what his book is about is disabusing us of that. Yeah, I totally agree. And there's a good chapter. I think it's chapter six or five. I think it's chapter six in his first great book in English, A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism, where he totally explodes the entire positivist approach to social sciences. And it's just such a fresh approach. Because he came from a socialist lens, you know, because I came from nothing from Louisiana and from the south and I never was a lefty who became converted. I just came from nothing. I always say I never quite trust a lefty, but like Hans is one of the few former lefties that I trust. Maybe I never trust American lefties, former American lefties. Like they didn't have no excuse. Like if you're from Germany in that era, you have a little bit of an excuse. Well, you know, chapters five and six both, it's really interesting because he's so methodical he lays out a case. For example, if we look at the former Eastern Europe and he's writing this in 2000, 2001 there about, he says, how would we go from a socialist state-owned economy or property rights regiment or lack of property rights into one that's freer. And I was curious rereading this, you know, what you thought about his argument for syndicalism as a form of, as a method for privatization in a country that never had private property. And he says, well, it's a little different in a mixed economy like the U.S. But in the former republics of Eastern Europe, you know, here would be a way to undo all this. And this is the kind of thing that that only Hoppe really does or talks about. I think Hans has this sort of two tonic or rationalist style of writing. Plus he's not a native American or English speaker. And so sometimes the way he writes rubs some readers the wrong way. I've always given him the benefit of the doubt when he has these sweeping statements and he has parentheticals. So I get what he's saying. He's coming up with generalizations and, you know, characterizations or categorizations of things. Everything he says to me makes roughly sense. They're not rigorous in the sense that they can be empirically tested, but in a way that's what we Austrians are saying can't always be done in the social sciences, right? Like there's a dualistic or distinction between what can be empirically tested. He's drawing upon his experiences and the experience of the times. This was, I think, written in the probably in the 90s after, you know, the fall of Eastern Germany and the Soviet Union and Czech Republic and these countries. So I think as a pragmatic matter, what he proposes makes rough sense. I like how in his footnotes he has an extensive explanation that he's not proposing syndicalism as it's used by the left wing socialist, right? What he means is that in a system as in Eastern Europe in the former Soviet Union where you can't tell who used to own what, you might as well just give the stuff to the people that are using it now. Something like that, right? Except for the people that are the government cronies who have unclean hands. So he mixes together all these sort of common sense doctrines which appeal to common sense intuition, even some common law doctrines. I think they make rough sense. If you take them to be, you know, dictums handed down from on high, then you would say, who is he to say these things? But I don't think he means it that way. I think what he means is that there's a way, look, I believe I couldn't find it in the research for our episode today. I think Rothbard even has said, and Rothbard had different phases in his life. He had some even more leftist sort of comments about universities being handed over to the students and things like that in his earlier days. But I think the idea is that it's going to be messy once you have the government mess things up. And there's no way to have 100% restitution because wealth is destroyed by government action. And so the goal is to end government continuing control of things and harm and return things to private control, preferably in the more just manner, but preferably return it to private control. And then, you know, that's better than having it in public control. Now, I don't see Hopper really saying that, but I have a feeling he would agree with that. And I think Rothbard leans towards that in some of his writings too. Well, and I was also struck given the current debate over socialism, which is very much, I think, in vogue among younger people today. I wonder how many casual readers this book had ever even come across, you know, his explication of the three just ways of acquiring property, which he argues socialism negates. So forget, you know, forget AI, forget Hayekian knowledge. There are deeper reasons to oppose socialism based on justice principles. And so Hopper says, well, there's three ways to just the acquire property. You have homesteading, you have production, which is mixing labor and resources, and then you have contract or what I guess we would call trade. And I know that you've talked about that in your own work about contract, but I'm not sure many people have ever really even thought that. Well, I think this is actually, this is to me one of the parts of the genius of Hopper, like if you get the fundamental straight, then the things you say, you carefully think about them. They have implications for things later on that you'd never contemplated, right? So Hans was really talking about the sources of wealth. Okay, he also talks about the source of the property rights in chapters one and two of theory of socialism capitalism. But in the passage, I don't have it highlighted in front of me, but in one of the chapters five through eight that you and I are talking about today, he talks about the sources of wealth. And as you say, he talks about you can have initial acquisition of an unknown resource, or you can have what he calls production, right? Or you can have contract, right, which is an exchange. So what I find interesting here is that he was obviously formulating these ideas on his own. And when he started to rebel against the leftist ideas in Germany, when he was a young grad student, rebelling from the leftist ideas of his teachers and things like that. And starting to come up with a proto-praxiology on his own before he had encountered Rothbard and Mises. And then when he encountered Rothbard and Mises, he realized already a body of knowledge, like what he was stumbling on to on his own, right? And so here's what I think is important. He's talking about the sources of wealth. So, but wealth is a subjective phenomenon according to Austrian economics, right? So you can acquire wealth, but what does that mean, right, to acquire wealth or to achieve wealth?  And so a human actor possesses or controls a body. We don't need to get into metaphysics or religion or all that to talk about the soul. Everyone can agree that a human actor is a person identified with the body. And we act, we have control over our body, and we see these resources in the world. And we can identify that there are some resources that are unowned. No one's used them yet. And then we need to use these resources as means of action, right? So that's the means as praxeology, the means of action. So we start acquiring or appropriating or using these resources. So that's original appropriation. So that becomes a source of wealth, right, if you acquire something. Also, if you take a resource and you transform it, or as Vine Rand and Murray Rothbard and Mises all said explicitly, if you rearrange it by your effort or your labor into a more useful configuration or pattern, into a better, more useful thing that you can use for something else, either as a capital good or as a consumer good, right? Like say you take a piece of metal, you make it into a spear to stab animals or to catch fish, you know? Or you take a piece of fish and you turn it into a cooked fish that you can eat, something like that. You've actually rearranged this item of material property in the world into something that's now a consumer good that you can enjoy and consume. So now you've increased wealth in the world, right? So that's a way of rearranging things by employing your labor and your intellect and your effort and your knowledge, right? So Hoppe says that. And the third way is contract, right? So by contract we mean that two people exchange something. One does something for the other and that could be an exchange of title or a service, something like that. And each one is ex-ante better off. They expect to be better off after the trade, right? So those are the three ways of acquiring wealth. But if you notice Hans is careful not to talk about property. The mistake that people make is they start to confuse. They think that because you can acquire wealth in these ways that they are also means of acquiring property, which is the mistake people make in thinking that applying effort or labor is a way of acquiring property, right, itself. Which, by the way, Hoppe himself, even though he wasn't mired in this intellectual property debate because it wasn't a debate really, in like 1988 on this panel at the Mises Institute, way before the internet, way before this was a big issue, he was on a panel with David Gordon, Leland Jager, and Murray Rothbard. And someone said, do you own information? Do you own the information that you produce? Because after all, if you go with this idea that you can produce wealth by production, right, and production means rearranging things to a more valuable configuration, which does produce wealth, as Hoppe readily recognizes, right? Does that mean that you own the results of that, like the fruits of your labor, this Adam Smith idea, this kind of lock-in idea? I should say lock, not Smith. And Hoppe said no right away because Hoppe was really steeped in this praxeology idea. He recognized right away, he instinctively saw, no, you don't own the fruits of your labor because you don't own knowledge. Knowledge is what guides action. The means of action are scarce resources that someone has to own. They're exclusively used and owned. And the things that you labor on that you produce, they're exclusively owned. So he saw right away. So once you have a clear framework, and the only thing that I think leads you to that, really, I think Henry had, I would say Milton Friedman, Adam Smith, free marketing economics gets you part of the way there. Common sense economics gets you part of the way there. The law of supply and demand gets you part of the way there. But really, you need Austrian subjectivist economics as a la Mises and Rothbard and Hoppe, this type of thinking, to really see these issues clearly. So Hoppe was always on board with your IP arguments as you developed them? Yes, he was, because he was there before I was, but he was only there in a sort of abstract sense. So when I started thinking about this around the time he was already there in an abstract sense, I was an IP lawyer, and I was trying to struggle with this issue, and I was trying to find an argument for IP because I was practicing it. And I thought, I'm the guy who can figure this out because I and Rand's arguments make no sense. J. Neal Schulman's arguments make no sense. You know, the utilitarian's arguments make no sense. I'm going to figure it out because I'm the guy that can figure it out because I know actually IP law and I've, you know, no one else can do it. Maybe I can do it.  This is unjust. So let me unpack it and let's go back to the foundations and at least lots of insights on other issues. And so that's what happened. And I sent Hans's paper and I was tentative because I was afraid it might hurt my career because I was a young patent lawyer. Little did I know that clients don't care what you think about politics.  He must be smart. You know, they don't really care. They just care that you're smarter than to have an opinion. So you're published. Yeah, exactly.  They aren't going to read the footnotes. No. So I sent Hans's paper. It was some mealy-mouth title like an exploration of the arguments for and against, you know, industrial property. And he says, I think you should just call it the against intellectual property.  And I don't have any recollection or knowledge of this. Was Leland Yeager pro-IP? I don't recall, actually. I'm going to say I'm going to suspect he was. My guess is he was pro-IP because he never said anything about it.  But that means they're usually pro-IP, but they don't want to say anything. Well, that's my guess usually.  And I used to see him walking around downtown Auburn. He lived downtown with a caretaker in his later years, but he lived in his own place until the very end. And, you know, I always enjoy his writing immensely, but I just suspect on this that he wouldn't share your opinion. Well, I had one funny story about Leland. It's a little bit of sidetrack, but Yeager, I've met him a few times at Mises. I always liked the guy, but I had an article in Liberty Magazine about IP. And one of my sort of side arguments about it was that you have these arguments for IP, which is like they're like a personality argument. Like it's like this Lockean argument. Like you own yourself and therefore you own your labor and therefore you own what you mix it with that kind of thing, right? And I said, look, we can we can skip this whole argument. You don't have it doesn't matter whether you're a theist or an atheist or religious or non-religious Christian or not. In fact, you don't even have to be a libertarian or a state or an anarchist or not. The entire case against IP can be made very simply and I'm not going to make it here, but it doesn't depend upon being an anarchist or even a libertarian. You don't even take a stance on whether we have a soul or not. But this self ownership idea is at the root of this of this Lockean argument that you own yourself.  It's kind of amorphous and vague. The law is about the use of force against tangible objects. It's a tangible thing itself forces a tangible thing. So what we really object to is when someone wants to point a spear or shoot a bullet into our body, which is a physical thing. So it really always comes down to who owns your body. And the answer the libertarian gives is I own my body. Now, you know, an atheist libertarian doesn't need to say that there's a soul there. He just needs to say there's a person there, a legal person. And a religious person would say there's a soul there. That's fine. We can all get along. So I had something like that in my article and Leland Yeager will letter to the editor and he accused me of all. He thought I was a Christian or something, but he accused me of all kinds of crazy things. Like I thought there was a body and a soul owner and I said, Leland, I'm an atheist like you are. Like you don't even get what I'm saying. So but he was like 90 something. So I tried to be gentle. Well, not only will these young kids today never enjoy a panel with Leland Yeager and Murray Rothbard and David Gordon and Hans Hoppe. But more importantly, they'll never know what it was to be at home and get that physical copy of Liberty magazine delivered to them in the mail because folks. That's all there was. And those were I remember those receiving that very fondly. And it always had some sort of Randy and her Objectivist article almost without exception. My three were reason and before reason got fuzzy and then Liberty and then the Rothbard Rockwell report, of course. Yeah. That was my law school reading for a while. Well, I want to spend a good chunk of time on these chapters seven and eight, which are about free immigration and forced integration is seven and free trade is eight. And really, they dovetail because in chapter eight, Hoppe makes the argument for saying, you know, you know, restricted immigration is not the same as protectionism against goods or two different things. And I think you and I are largely in agreement and hoppy and on the immigration question that's been a lot of ranker over the years. And about a year or two ago, I did a round table where I summarized Hoppe's views on immigration among others. But so let's get into it. Let's talk about, you know, the arguments for and against free immigration and he lays out the the former at the outset of chapter seven. So here's my take. I'm an anarchist. I'm a libertarian. I think Hans is an anarchist libertarian. I think you are. I have trouble endorsing anything the federal government does like the INS. So that's that's one thing, right? I think what Hoppe has done, what he's done in the field of immigration is similar to what he did with the field of democracy and monarchy. What he said was, don't be so quick to assume that the move from monarchy to democracy was an unalloyed. It was progress, right? There were some things about that move that were bad, right? Democracy has lots of negative attributes from the point of view of liberty, right? It's obvious, right? It's all over his book. Time preference, the incentive structure of the leaders, the war of all against all all kinds of things by democracy, which are pretty obvious. If you think about it, if you just open your eyes and he has clear and then so now everyone says, oh, Hoppe is a monarchist. You know, Hans is not a monarchist. He has explicit things. I'm not a monarchist and this is not a brief for monarchy. He's simply saying that in many respects, monarchy is superior to democracy. And therefore, if you want to come up with a public policy model for how your democracy should perform, even though these recommendations are probably futile because democracy's incentive structure is not going to implement this. This is what you should be in favor of.  He's not a monarchist. He prefer integral capitalism, so would we. But the question is, what would be better? A world of 10,000 small lichtensteins or and that's what it gets into a lot in these chapters, right? And I think it's hard to imagine counterfactuals, right? But in a lot of respects, a world of 10,000 lichtensteins seems to me to be obviously preferable to the world that we have now, the world of hegemonic large states that have a large tax base. I mean, the US is no better than Singapore or Canada, except that it's bigger, right? It's bigger, so it has a large GDP per person and a large population. So if you combine those two things, it has a large tax base so it can build a large military. That's it, basically, right? China has a large population but a low GDP per person. So it's not quite there yet. It's getting there. Russia's population isn't quite big enough, so it's only a medium player. Europe is too non-consolidated. India is a bad case. South America is a bad case. Singapore is rich but it's small. Canada is rich but it's small. So if you had 10,000 small rich countries, I think Hans has a good point that that might be the ideal world. How do you get there? Now the ideal world would be anarchy, but this would be a step on the road towards that. So I think that's one aspect of his point of view. So I think of immigration. I think what he does is he says, listen, in an ideal world, there would be no such concept as immigration because there would be all private property and people would just engage in free trade and people would live on private property according to the owner's consent.  But now that we have democratic run governments and public property everywhere, you have these issues come up. And so we have two problems and he identifies, he isolates two problems. And by the way, all his opponents focus on one thing that he identifies, which is what he calls forced integration, which I think is he's right to identify that. So forced integration is when you have a mass state like we have in the US, let's say 350 million people, public roads, public property, welfare state, anti discrimination laws, you know, the whole host of things that we have now. Then you have forced integration. You have people being forced to support each other, live together, communities living in ethnic groups and different types of people being forced to live together that maybe naturally wouldn't live together right away so quickly, whatever. I do have the impression that the US experiment in this has gone better than other countries like in Europe, but still it could be a recipe for disaster at some point. And as we see right now with all the riots happening all over the country, right? So you have forced integration. On the other hand, you know, if I want to invite a friend or a relative from overseas to come live with me or visit me or work for me, and the government, the government's immigration rules don't permit that. That's the case of forced exclusion and Hans admits that. His critics never point that out. So what Hans is pointing out is that when you have government in control, they will harm people in two ways. They will have forced integration and forced exclusion. So the obvious solution is to get rid of the state, right? But barring that was the second best solution to decentralize, to have smaller states and to have local autonomy and to have decisions about who gets to come in that are modeled based more upon the monarchical solution than the democratic solution. Because the solutions or the decisions that would be made by the democratic decision maker are more likely to be based upon short term interest and political decisions like who's going to vote for me, things like that, rather than who's going to be reliable, who's going to be stable, who's going to be consistent with the culture of the country, that kind of thing. So everything Hans says seems to me to be common sense, and it's what everyone says that you meet in real day, everyday life. Well, sometimes I'm struck with the notion that we just overthink immigration. In other words, leave people the hell alone and see what they do. Some of them would form certain kinds of enclaves that are full of their friends and relatives and people who look an awful lot like them. And some of them would form very cosmopolitan, multiracial centers, places like Hong Kong and Singapore and Dubai. I agree with you that there's a common sense element to this. But the root I think that Hop is getting at is this idea of own versus unowned land. And when you have a pure private property society, there's no real unowned land. But when we do have this discomforting reality of ports and highways and public schools and all this, the question becomes how ought the state carry out the rules by which that amorphous public property is used. And so you wrote what I think is really an excellent article on New Rockwell.com quite a while ago now, 2005, where you talk about this idea of rule setting for private property. And so can you give us a little background on that? Yeah, I was, as I said, I'm reluctant to say that the anything the INS does is legitimate because I view the federal government as a bunch of thugs, right? So, but my focus was, is it a violation of rights of foreign citizens or foreign would be immigrants to be prevented from immigrating here or not? To me, to me, I always think in legalistic terms, like, is it a violation of their rights? So I'm thinking like, OK, so to immigrate to the US, you can't just step onto someone's porch. If you did, then it's only a question of whether you're trespassing or not. And that's a question of private law. And if you're invited, that's fine. But you got to get there somehow. And we have a network of private roads and private facilities and ports of entry and things like that in this country. Now, they are privately owned legally by the government, the government, the federal government and the state governments and the local governments in this country legally. I say legally because I'm not endorsing it. I'm just saying as a matter of law, that's who it's owned by. Now, from a libertarian anarchist perspective, how should we view that situation? And I think we should view it as the rightful owners. And this gives back to what you mentioned earlier, HAPA's program for de-socialization. If we ever were able to unwind the state, how should we do it? In the US, for example, like HAPA is against this auction idea. And I'm not completely opposed to the auction idea. I think it should probably be the last resort. And probably you could figure out who the taxpayers are. So the taxpayers would have the greatest claim. Then the syndicalization idea would be to act like the neighbors, the highways or whatever. But you could find some kind of way. As long as you return it to private hands, to my mind, in 100 years, it'd be nice and functioning. And in private hands, they'd be a better solution than what we have now. But in any case, the way to view it is there are private people and there are government parasites. And the government parasites can be best viewed as caretakers of the property legitimately owned by the private claimants who have a legitimate claim that is just being stopped right now by the workings of the actual legal system itself. And so I would do you say that the highway system, the federal interstate highway system, is legally owned by the federal government, but is morally owned by the taxpayers of the country, like American citizens who have paid income tax over the last 50 years, something like that, you know. And therefore, the question is, okay, well, who gets to use it? I would say the rules should be determined in accordance with the wishes of the owners and the owners of the real owners, and that is the taxpayers. So they would say, since we're the citizens, we're living here, at least let us use the highways that we paid for so we can drive to work and go get our groceries and things like that. That way, we're getting some cut. And by the way, in Fifth Amendment, Imminent Domain Law, there is some kind of law about when you take someone's property for public use, you can pay them monetary payments, damages, or you can give them in kind. So for example, if you take someone's house or part of their yard to make the highway bigger, but they get access to some freeway, that might be some benefit that gets credited against the damage done to them, et cetera. So there are ways that the government plays games with these things. But the point is, if you at least let these, if you tax them to make them pay for freeways, and then you don't let them use them, then you're adding insult to injury, or you're adding injury to injury. So at least let them use the freeways. Okay, so then the question is, well, should you let foreign immigrants from Mexico and Honduras and Ukraine use the freeways too for free? Well, I don't know. Would most citizens that are the owners of the roads want them to use them? I don't know. Maybe so. Maybe not. Probably not. Maybe they want them to pay a fee. But the point is that these foreigners are not taxpayers, and they are not owners of the roads. And so if the federal government, as an imaginary caretaker of the roads for the true owners, which are American taxpayers, put up a barrier and says, Mexican citizens are not entitled to use these roads. It doesn't violate their rights because they don't own the roads. American citizens might have a claim to own the roads. Okay. But foreigners don't. Therefore, that would be one way that immigration could be severely impeded simply by denying foreigners access to public property. If they could find a way to get to someone's private property, like fly a helicopter into Bill Gates's estate, and Bill Gates wants a bunch of, you know, Costa Ricans to land on his property tomorrow, hey, he can do what he wants. So to my mind, it was just a thought experiment about how you don't have a right to immigrate if it involves using public property that someone else owns. And from the point of view of the immigrant, the outsider, it doesn't matter whether the owner is the U.S. federal government or the U.S. taxpayer, that's the real claimant, because you don't own it. You don't have a claim. So that was sort of my kind of legal, cute argument about trying to say that it's not a big holocaust if America doesn't allow unlimited immigration into its borders and allow unlimited use of its public property by foreigners who don't have a claim on these resources. Right. And of course, Walter Block went back and forth with you and hop on this more than a decade ago in the JLS. But one thing Walter says, well, you know, we ought to view all this public property so-called as just virgin, unowned territory, and anybody can go in and homestead it. So Antifa can just take over Chaz in downtown Seattle, and that's great. And Walter has actually argued that. But Hopper rejoins this argument, and I mentioned this in my interview with him as saying, you know, his argument that we ought to view net taxpayers as the real owners of so-called public property is really one that applies in this context of immigration, not necessarily a broader conceptual context. That's interesting. I think that, yeah, Walter's argument never made sense to me with respect to obviously transformed property like, say, university buildings or government buildings. I would not be averse to the argument that you could treat them as if they're unowned, but it's a legal fiction. And then you could say, OK, so the way we're going to privatize these things is treat them as if they're unowned, and then let whoever is the first claimant get them. But then that's just your method of auction in a sense. And then Hopper's already opposed auction as a method of doing that. I think it would be better to say, look, imagine a clear, pristine case. You own a house. The government takes it from you, and they pay you $200,000. And it's worth $200,000, let's say. So you've already been compensated by the taxpayers. So I would say in that case, the taxpayers have a claim on the house. The house was owned by you. You don't own it anymore because you've been compensated already. The government owns it legally, but the taxpayers have a general claim on that house. OK, I don't think it's unowned. I think if Block would say the house is unowned, he's wrong. It's not abandoned. It's not virgin territory, so it's not unowned. Now, for the case of millions of acres of forest owned by the BLM, the Bureau of Land Management, I do think you could make an argument that some of that is unowned and it's open to all comers. That's a different argument. So for transformed land that has been transformed according to Lockean principles that used to have a recorded owner and that it's just been taken over by purchase or by EMA domain, I don't think calling it unowned is the right model. Well, you know what's interesting to me, though, is that just as HAPA offers at least a conceptual idea for how to desocialize the country through the syndicalism or whatever. He also says, hey, the way we can require a would-be immigrant to bear the full cost of his or her impact on public ownership is simply to use the insurance process, some kind of surety bond. And what's always struck me, there's a lot of Beltway libertarians who really dislike HAPA because of immigration. They think it has to be motivated or animated by racism or something like that, which it isn't. But what's interesting to me is this seems much more humane than the process they propose, which is open borders but for health and safety and criminal checks. Well, HAPA is saying, look, the Catholic Charities of America or a family member or the ACLU or whoever could simply sponsor an immigrant by posting a bond. And that bond goes away at some point. And during their stay prior to becoming a citizen, it simply covers the taxpayer for the full cost of anything, if they get in criminal activity, if they get in problems. So in other words, instead of going through this immigration rigmarole, you could post a bond and somebody could fly here tomorrow. Well, yeah. And that gets close to the idea of just buying citizenship, which is basically just pay half a million dollars and just buy your citizenship, which, honestly, the US probably could do. But then you're getting into the idea that that presupposes the right of the federal government to limit immigration and to sell it off and who's the money going to go to. I guess theoretically, if, yeah, as a practical matter, that probably would be a good solution to be honest. I personally think that more population in the world and in the US is better. I think a division of labor, more geniuses, is better overall. And I think if we had a policy where we said we're going to open the borders, OK, you could have some controls for criminal records and whatever. But just prove that you're self-sufficient. Have a bond. At least as a way in, like, get some corporation to sponsor you. Yeah. It wouldn't be the libertarian ideal, but it would be so much better than we have now. And probably the number of immigrants that could come in would be 10 times what's permissible now. So it would be something unobjectionable to everyone, basically, except for people that want, you know, the people that want us to have lower population, the zero growth people. But basically, it would satisfy everyone. So I don't understand why we don't just do that. Just say, listen, except it wouldn't be a pro-democratic vote strategy. That's the real thing. This is Hoppe, the humanitarian pragmatist. That's what people need to understand. OK, so the free trade question, you know, Hoppe says, again, this isn't the same as protectionism because when you have goods crossing borders, you have the sender and the receiver agreeing ahead of time, whereas, you know, individual humans can just migrate. They possess a will. So immigration-like trade ought to be invited. So give us your take on his general argument in Chapter 8. I think that's a great argument. He has a, I don't have time to find it really quickly here. He has a great argument. He says something like, without a government, there's really no distinction between free trade and free immigration, right? Because they both happen naturally, right? And they both benefit. They're not the same thing, but the free trade, the argument free trade is uneasy to understand. But once you have a government, then the movement of people has political consequences, right? Because they become subjects. They can cause harm. They're animals. They have a will. And they can then, under democracy, like we have now, they can start voting. In fact, that's, of course, why the Democrats want to, they want Puerto Rico and D.C. as a state. That's why they want to have the embassy for the 11 million or whatever it is, million people that are dreamers. Obviously, they're not, these are not humanitarians. They just want Democrat votes, right? It's obvious to me. There are political implications for these people. And they change the culture too. There's nothing wrong with culture changing. It always will change over time. But for the state to intentionally, half-assedly, arbitrarily engineer a change in the culture for some other goal, like as a side effect, I don't see why anyone would want that to happen, you know? Which is what we've done, like with the Great Society Program. Look what we've done to American culture just because of that and because of what we've done to the education system. I mean, all these things have resulted in amazing cultural shifts and even the defense and the wars. Even inflation, even inflation. People don't think about this, right? I mean, I think the guy there wrote the Gilligan book for you guys. Brilliant guy, Cantor. Paul Cantor. Yeah, Paul Cantor. About Paul Mann and Man in Inflation. Inflation has affected the character of this country in unbelievable ways. We don't really have hyperinflation yet, but we have inflation that's affected the character of this country. It's a monetary thing. It's boring to most people. But so we've affected the character of the country. Well, almost out of time. Let's wrap it up with a question about Hopophobia, which a term I believe coined by Rothbard. But look, there are personalities and individuals involved in all of these philosophical and academic debates. And there's also a sociology to any putative movement. So I think what happens is when Hoppe says, here's my argument why monarchy may be preferable to democracy, but I'm not a monarch. Here's my argument for potentially restricting immigration in society as it is, but I'm not someone who actually believes in borders or government controls or passports. You know, when he says these things, I think a lot of his critics just say, I don't believe you. Right. That's really what we're getting at. And so he doesn't do himself any favors when he uses terms like bums in the book to describe undesirable. So, you know, just comment on Hopophobia. Yeah, it reminds me of like Trump in the debate last night. I don't know if you could stand and watch it. No, it was recently he was in the town hall. He said, I'm not a white supremacist and the woman just went on. I mean, what can he say?   It's like, what can I say? I'm not a racist.  So the funny thing was, so the time I came across that term Hopophobia was this I had in front of me because I came across it when we were I was revising or revisiting these things. It was this article Hopophobia in, I think it was in Liberty magazine by Rothbard, and it was a response to Lomaski. Now, Lauren Lomaski, I think he's still alive. He's he's this older philosopher up in Minnesota. Are you familiar with him? I know the name. He wrote this book, Person's Rights in the Moral Community, which I really enjoyed back in the nineties or eighties whenever I read it. He looks like Lysander Spooner. He's got this long beard.  And but for some, but I think he's just a menarchist, right? So he wrote this article, attacking haunts or being an untrammeled anarchist. And so wait, let me see if it's in here. Yeah. So he wrote this thing. This is this is Rothbard at his best. So this is Rothbard's response to Lomaski attacking Hoppa. He says he's shocked and stunned that Hoppa is a defender of not only capitalism, but it's no less than a manifesto for untrammeled anarchism. And so here's a Rothbard. Well, heavens to Betsy anarchism. One wonders where Lomaski has been for the last 20 years. Perhaps the knowledge has not yet penetrated the fastnesses of Minnesota, but anarchism has been a vibrant part of libertarian dialogue for a long time. As most readers of Liberty well know. No, but so this article is called Hoppa phobia and the part that so it says this. It says the Lomaski review is an interesting example of what is getting to be a fairly common phenomena.  Blood pressure soaring, muttering and chewing the carpet. I love that line muttering and chewing the carpet. And it's true. I've known Hoppa since 94. Dude, he's the sweetest guy. He's hugged me. He's he's wonderful. You know, Hans, he's great. And people think he's this ogre. I don't get it. He loves Liberty. He came to Liberty from leftism. He came to Austrianism from mainstream economics. He's dedicated his life. He came to America to follow Rothbard for God's sake. He went to UNLV. This wasn't a prestigious position. You know what I mean? Yeah. So the guy has dedicated his life to Liberty. He's achieved amazing insights, which to me, he's my number one thinker. I mean, he's up there with Rothbard, Mises, and that's about it for me. Well, I think we need to leave it at that. I knew that there was nobody better we could get for this show today than Steffan Cancella. You know, he's got a website, SteffanCancella.com, which you can use as sort of a portal to some of his other work. We're going to link again to his Against IP book and to his Lou Rockwell article, which we discussed today. You can also follow him on Twitter. He is at NS Cancella. All one word. NS K-I-N-S-E-L-L-A. So you got to follow him on Twitter. Keep up with this stuff. He's really one of the more interesting and erudite people in our environment. So Steffan, I want to thank you a lot for your time today. And ladies and gentlemen, have a great weekend. Thank you.


Hi, today we're going to talk about resistors. Resistors are one of the most basic and commonly used electronics components in any sort of project. Now we're going to learn about how resistors are made, how they work, and how we can use them in different projects and circuits. Now, if you want to think about resistors, we should look at the name. As the name implies, resistors resist electricity. More specifically, they resist the flow of electrons. Now, if you think of electricity as water, you can think of a resistor as a clog inside a water pipe.  A resistor would also slow down the flow of electrons. Resistors are made by wrapping a thin metal conductive strip around an insulating block like this. Now, there's three main types of resistors. Carbon resistors, metal resistors, and metal oxide film resistors. With metal and metal oxide film resistors being the common types. Now, there are also special types of resistors called variable resistors. These can be sliders or potentiometers like your normal knobs. And how these work is by having a partially conductive strip and moving our electrical contact along that partially conductive strip. By moving this electrical contact, we shorten or lengthen the amount of contact or the amount of partially conductive strip that electricity is flowing through. And by lengthening or shortening this, we can increase or decrease our resistance. The unit for resistance is ohms. And the symbol used for resistors in circuit diagrams looks something like this. This is the American symbol and this here is the international symbol. Now, both symbols are commonly used so you can use either one of them. Now, if you wanted to read the value of a resistor, if you look carefully, you will see four to six different colored bands on the resistor. If you input these bands into an online calculator or chart that looks like this, we can understand what the resistance value of a resistor is, including its tolerance level. Now, let's talk about some of the use cases of resistors. The first use case of a resistor is to limit current. Using ohms law like here, we can actually input our voltage and the current that we want and then using that we can determine the resistor value that we should be using. Furthermore, if we wire our resistor in series to our circuit, the overall resistance of the circuit increases, but if we wire our resistor in parallel to our circuit, the overall resistance of the circuit will decrease. We can also use resistors as voltage dividers. By wiring two of these resistors in series, we can induce a voltage drop at the middle point of the two resistors as in the point where the two resistors meet. We can calculate this voltage drop using ohms law again. The last common use case for these resistors is as a pull up or pull down resistors. Microcontrollers such as the Arduino or Raspberry Pi here have digital input and output pins. When we connect sensors, digital sensors to these input or output pins, sometimes that can introduce a little bit of digital noise. So when we use these resistors, usually a high value resistor like a 10k resistor, that means a 10,000 ohm resistor, when we attach these resistors to our digital pin and connect it to either 5 volts, which is a pull up or ground, which is a pull down resistor, then what we can do is basically stabilize the input pin of the microcontroller and basically eliminate any digital noise, making the signal from the sensor a lot cleaner. I hope you enjoyed this short little crash course. We're just scratching the surface of what resistors can do and what they're used for. If you want to watch more tutorials like this, do subscribe and if you have any questions, you can leave them down in the comments section below. Thanks for watching.


We had a great list to start with. We started the jury process and interestingly we had several young, new women featuring in the list which is a welcome change from the past when you know being a part of the jury. So the debate also was all about recognizing new achievers versus recognizing the old achievers. I think finally we managed to arrive at a fairly nice mix of some really legendary women who had done great work as well as some women who have made a mark in the reasonably short time they've been in the advertising media business.


This study found that lead exposure can cause significant damage to the testes, leading to decreases in sperm production, motility, and viability. It also causes increases in the levels of uric acid and santhine oxidase, which are both known to be harmful to sperm health. Additionally, lead exposure leads to decreases in the levels of NIF2, GSH, TAC, SOD, and catalase, all of which play important roles in protecting the body from oxidative stress. Finally, lead exposure was shown to induce apoptosis and inflammation in the testes, which can further exacerbate the effects of lead poisoning. This article was authored by E. E. Besong, P. J. Ashonaga, O. O. Ben, and others.


So here's an 8K OLED right here at CS 2019. Hi, so who are you? Hi, I'm Olivia. So you have 8K? Yes, 8K OLED technology. So this is our 88-inch SkyWorth television. These on the sides are actually speakers, so the monitor doesn't produce any sound. All of the sound comes out of the sides right here. So all of the televisions are OLED technology. So that means that all of the pixels have their own light. So they all produce a light of their own. It's not like it's coming from one source. So really that means that all of the picture is going to be so much more clear, so much more perfect, and then it also has AI within it. So not only does that mean that you can speak to the television, so instead of using a remote control, you can just talk to it, you know, turn up the volume, you know, change the channel, whatever it may be, and then also the pixels in their own have AI as well. So really if you're watching a program and it's maybe moving really fast, maybe a soccer game or something, and there's a soccer ball, you know, rolling across the screen, it's going to try to focus on that right there so it can be solid as the products are moving. You know, if somebody's turning a page of a book, you can still see the details instead of it just becoming a blur, as well as adjusting the balance of everything, the colors. You know, if you have a product that you're watching that maybe has some blue tones or something, it'll automatically adjust that as well as skin tones. It'll go ahead and adjust, you know, yellows and greens out of people's skin. But so yeah, basically all together, we've got a wonderful, beautiful Chinese television. Cool, awesome. Hi, so who are you? I'm Ian, I'm the marketing team for the US Skyward team. So is it possible to buy this soon? Not about to buy it soon, it's not up on the market yet. Okay. We're still excited to hear that, I can't answer that. But as you've heard, she's already explained all the details of the 8K model, especially the speakers on the side. And we could go on to our deeper models and then show you the rest of our OLEDs. All right. We're giving you some different demos. Yes. This is an 82 inch flush mount that means it's right onto the wall. Yes, so there are other flush mount TVs and Brilliant Junior can explain or describe it more in our futures. Hey. Do we have some special demos around here? Yes, so this is the special 82 inch, it has a special black white TV. We have a separate module right here. The cables go through the back, we connect back on this side, everything voice activated, which can be used with Alexa or Google Assistant. We also have the little voice activator right here that has different details. All right. And we also have a touch screen right here to actually control the TV. Nice. What is this one? TV, very similar to the organic LED TV, as you can tell, the blacks look really dark and that's basically the same thing with all these TVs. And right here we have the side speakers, which is basically made out of linen material to create a better sound quality. So those are pearl types, right? Yes. Dual cell. What is dual cell? Dual cell means, obviously you have two layers of the screen for this TV. It creates a way better image than these two. This TV is more on the higher end. All right. Again, then we have our old heads in the essay. Here we go. And then here is our Jeremiah that will be explaining more. So this here is the crystal sound OLED, the 65 inch. Now what you're getting with this is the organic LED, each individual pixel, that is able to have its own light source. With that, it produces a greater black, which produces a greater picture and color. What we do with this crystal sound is the sound that is generated through the television. If you place your hand on the screen, you can feel the sound vibration. The TV on the left runs internet from the launcher. That sound vibration allows that sound to go through it. The dynamic of the sound. The left and right. The speaker is behind it, being projected through the screen. So this is available now in the US? Yes, it will be coming out. These are our models that are coming out the S9 and S8. Here, 55 inch S9A. He's the one who actually is in charge of these models. And the OLEDs here? Yes, the OLEDs are S9A models. Alright. Hey, can you talk to these TVs around here? Yeah, so we're looking at their newest models, the S9A. It's an OLED 4K TV. They usually sell them at 65 and 55 inches. What you're seeing in these TVs is you're seeing AI technology that can help start to do a trajectory analysis of the pixels so they can start to guess where they're going and basically start to shift the pixels early. What happens there is you get a clear, crisp picture like live action sports and stuff like that. Are these for sale in the US? Currently they are in, we're pushing towards the Walmart market they're on Walmart.com and then very soon they're going to be in Walmart stores and then next will be Target and they're already on eBay and Amazon as well. So very soon they'll be in the US market. So the strategy with SkyWars is reaching more and more countries, right? Yes. Maybe you can introduce your colleague? Yes. Hi. Hi, so who are you talking about? I'm Jack B for SkyWars. So what is the strategy for SkyWars? These TVs, they look amazing. Yes. Is it possible to buy? Yes. Where, where? Is it possible to buy in all over Europe and USA? Of course. We started our overseas business from 10 years ago. 80 years ago, 2010, we started our overseas business. Now, US market we launched in 2017. So now, two years ago. So now you can find the SkyWars was out from the old night, for example, Amazon and Walmart old night. For Amazon, Walmart? Yes. How about more and more is coming? Yes. More and more products are coming here. But because SkyWars is a fresh brand for US market, so we need to try our performance to show our performance on the old night first and then Walmart that's developed. Because your brand is one of the leaders in the Chinese market, right? Of course. Our box year in China, in 2018 December, our box year is more than 20% in China. 20% of the Chinese market? Yes, the top one. Last year December. And totally, most of the time we are number one and some time we are number two. So totally the first level brand. And how is the sales of OLED in China? SkyWars is the biggest brand OLED in China. Number one? Number one. Every two OLEDs sold in China, they are one from SkyWars. Our box year, OLED box year almost 50% Do you have quantum dots? What? Quantum dots. Quality? Quantum dots. You do quantum dot technology and LCD, right? LED? Sorry, I don't know. What, what, what means? Sorry, I mean like the latest LCDs, which are your latest LCDs? We are talking about the mini OLED. The mini LEDs, these are quantum dots. LED are here? Yeah. Some of them may be here? Yeah. Yeah. All right. So I run here 65 inch. And here you have 75 inch. And even 86. I need the LCDs, right? This one. Yeah? This one's an LED. LED. LED. These are quantum dots. So are there prices on these? Can you talk about the price? Price. People use the out price in the global difference country with different. So I cannot tell you the exact price here. All right. But I think in the US market, if you want to buy SkyWars products, out price must be competitive and reasonable. All right.


TfNN, Deadline news update. Good afternoon everybody, I'm Telly O'Brien, coming to you live from TfNN, one PM Eastern time on Wednesday, three hours left to go on the trading day. And we got markets oscillating around flat, back in positive territory, S&P is positive by six points right now, trading at 28.64, NASDAQ 100 up 108, trading at 9,031, you have the Dow up 10 points right now, 23,771, start things off with the S&P, we've had a little bit of volatility in both directions. You see the sell off we had toward the end of the day yesterday, right now we've been bouncing around in that range, the lower end range, 28.50, the higher end 28.85, we're talking about 30 S&P points, jumping around, NASDAQ 100 currently trading at 9,028, we saw our price level below 89.60, S&P 500 trading at 28.62, we had been as high as 28.85 at 6 a.m. this morning, Dow 30 trading 23,763, there's your crude oil market falling out from 25.50, down to 23.27, we got EIA numbers at 10.30 this morning, saw a build of under 5 million barrels, the market was looking for between about 8 and 9 million, gold contract trading lower to 16.88 and the Euro US dollar, 1.0807, terms of what you have happening across the market, Disney out with their numbers last night, Disney reporting 58% drop in operating income from parks and cruises, its worst hit segment, Disney some serious volatility in both directions today, checking out that stock, DIS, you see the action last night, dip to a low of 97.52, actually made it to above 105 and guess what, we're back within a quarter of where we were trading at yesterday, the close 101.32 on Disney shares, terms of other stocks with action, GM out with their earnings today, surprising the market to the upside, but pairing some of those gains up about almost 4% today, you had Activision out with their earnings last night, they're up 5.4%, EIA out with their earnings as well, lower though, down 4.4%. VIX, the volatility index as the market's held on to some of the gains, 32.15 currently in that volatility index and we'll wrap it up with Bitcoin getting a pop today, 93.95, technically up $410 on the session, the recent high 95.60 back to last week, Bitcoin for some longer term context, check out that run, the high in February before the market collapse began in Bitcoin, 10,670 up recently though from 4,210. Stay tuned folks, Steve Rhodes live at 1 o'clock, Dave White live at 2, Tom O'Brien live at 3, we'll be right back.


Welcome back everyone, live CUBE coverage here in San Francisco for Google Next. I'm John Furrier, host of theCUBE here with Rob Streche, heading up to CUBE, collective, our open analyst organization. We've got Dustin Kirkland, contributor here. Lisa Martins here, got the reporters here. We're getting all the data for you, Sheriff here, live on the show floor. Our next guest is Will Grant. It's vice president and CTO of Google Cloud. Will, great to see you again. Thanks for coming back on theCUBE. Oh, it's great to be here. So it's great to kind of have that last day to kind of look back, kind of. Everyone's kind of like, I won't say burnt out, but like, man, what a lot of energy. I mean, so much stuff here. Even headline news getting kind of buried a little bit. We talked about storage and other things. Alloy DB, Rob, you mentioned that yesterday I thought it was a great point. It's the headlines that we're really grabbing everybody to do at AI, AI infused in a lot of the products. It's like, it's a AI party here, it feels like. And people are pumped. And we're relaxing. Now we look back. What are you seeing? What's your view of the show so far as we hit in the last day here? What's the highlights that you see? Cause you got a lot of prep coming and you know everything. What kind of, what customers are seeing? Well, so first and foremost, you look around the floor, the energy, the partners, the ecosystem, the customers. Just the growth has been incredible. And one of the things that really sticks out to me is that it's all forms of customers. So you have your digital natives, your AI natives, right? And they're coming for the infrastructure and the TPUs that you mentioned. But then you also have more traditional companies that are coming for a platform that allows them to make use of AI more quickly. And then you have everyone in between.  Yeah, right over here. And you know, that's an application of embedded speech to text in Chrome and Android, plus LLMs, you know, plus dialogue flow. And so all the components of this cloud platform coming together to create something of value. And you know, you get free fries as a result.  Well, I think if you got it right. I liked it. I went and actually did the demo and I did a baconator because I, of course, you got to go with the bacon. And I said, give me a triple, no, no, double cheese with tomato.  It came back. It did catch up one thing. When I said triple, it actually added bacon. So it gave me more bacon. Which, I mean, that's not really a loss, is it? That's a feature, not a bug, right? That's a feature. It defaulted. That's what I learned. It defaults to more bacon. Which, that's a great default. Well, you know, as having a team that's been involved in the prototyping, that may be intentional, maybe not. Who knows? Who knows? Yeah, just had bacon and everything. Exactly, it was awesome. So let me follow up with one. And this is one that I don't think I've seen many headlines about, but man, the demos back right behind you, Will, are stunning. It's around Google Cloud at the edge. It's been a few years in the making. Tell us a little bit about that. Yeah, absolutely. So first, it's rooted in demand. So one of the earliest customers that really, they were saying, hey, we'd really like to get Google Cloud and get that experience built in at the edge as telco companies. And so, you know, we took the time to engineer correctly and as an early pioneer, you know, you can appreciate what it takes to take the power that's inside a data center and bring as much of that as possible out to the edge. And some of the AI has to be driving that. I mean, that wasn't something we were really looking at. Absolutely. And to your point, not just raw compute and not just a little bit of storage, but also control plane, observability, plus some first-party AI services that we've been able to kind of package down for inference at the edge. I love the segmentation too of getting the news in. You got the technology platform with the TPUs and GPUs and you got the solutions and they've got the software and then do it at the top of the workspace. The thing I want to ask you, and I get your perspective when we were talking about this yesterday in our analyst segment was if you have, imagine this use case. We're in college, we're all sitting around the dorm room having a few beers and some Wendy's. And hey, let's build an app. And we have an idea. What console do we pull up? Now think about the demographics that Google has. This is where we want to get your reaction to this because we were saying that if you guys can hit this new AI demographic, let's build an AI app. If we're in college, we were using workspaces in middle school. So guess what? We know what a comment is. We know how to use annotations. That is a use case that I think you guys have an advantage on with the younger demographics because if you're coding, if that's the new CI CD pipeline. Absolutely. That changes the developer angle on AI cloud. What's your reaction to that? Can you share your thoughts? Sure, well, as a CTO, part of my job is looking the future a little bit. So I think what you've seen also this week with Duet AI, especially in workspace and making that intelligent assistant and kind of always on collaborator there with people when they're in the experience. Now think about that. Plus what we're also doing with Duet AI inside of GCP. So for ops, for analysis, for security. Now imagine those two worlds blurring a little bit. That's what we're really excited about. So this year, it's about setting the foundation. But buckle up because to your point, the experience as an app developer or somebody wants to get value out of the platform, they don't care about whether it's GCP or workspace. They know it's Google. They know we're a great place to build modern apps. And so if they're in workspace, what's to preclude them from taking their idea, pulling it out of a spreadsheet, pulling it out of a Word document and maybe rapidly prototyping inside of a Colab notebook or the console, it's not much. Write the executive summary and just say, Bill. Yeah, the continuity there is absolutely remarkable. Yeah, the continuity from one, all the way to the end. Partners, ecosystem, the SIs here, everyone is here. And that seems to be changing. I'm guessing that multiplies the access that Google Cloud has. Yeah, absolutely. And you pointed out, I've been here for a while. I'm in my ninth year here in Google Cloud. And I look across this floor and this is 80%, 90% partners, customers, how they're using the technology, how they're actually ramping in, helping customers who maybe don't have all the digital skills within their own org, approach and get closer to AI. I think across, it's probably a rough stat is around 100,000, 110,000 new people trained in Google Cloud Platform and generative AI capabilities across our SI partners. So what that means is that any company that's looking for skills to help start a project, execute a project, complete a project, they're going to have plenty of options. Another thing I think about is how the lines are blurring a little bit between, what is a partner and what's a customer? So Workday, SAP, a couple of world class software companies who, part of the relationship is migrating infrastructure from their owned to GCP. But now they're also using the relationship and what they learn about it to create entirely new capabilities like in SAP's case for some of their ESG offerings and automobile manufacturing offerings. And in Workday's case, you saw the job description spin up, kind of conjuring a job description out of a knowledge base very easily. You're going to see more and more like that. We've been talking about ISVs that are evolving into we call super cloud vendors because they're building apps that look like cloud but they're on a cloud. So they're enabling people to build a platform. That's an app that's got platform looking features. Ecosystems develop, so you see customers that have ecosystems on top of yours. So they're an ecosystem partner and they have ecosystems. Absolutely. That's not an ISV. Right, it's kind of a new class of ecosystem. You know, it's interesting too because if I rewind the clock back 10-ish years or so, nine-ish years, it feels very much like the origin days of when GCP really started to catch scale because we're seeing a plethora of enterprises starting to take those first use cases and really deploy them, but we're also seeing a very vibrant startup ecosystem. I was just over at the startup lounge yesterday speaking to some of these companies. Now I can't use the company's name because they're private but I met with the founder of one of these companies said, listen, we decided to go all in on GCP roughly two years ago. We had basically zero dollars in revenue, right? They were living off of funding and within two years, this year late last year, they're up to $10 million in revenue. They're going to be profitable this year and next year, they're projecting 80 to $100 million in growth and it's that kind of growth that reminds me of the early days of GCP where some of our foundational, digital-native startup customers exploded from kind of a niche-y app into world-class industry leaders. I'm seeing this all over again. I was going to say, understanding that that kind of leads into that 70% of AI, you know, unicorns, kind of unpack that a little bit. Absolutely. Why are they here? There's two reasons. One, usually those unicorns are all about AI-optimized infrastructure. So they want the fastest processors, they want a platform that they can get to easily, GKE Enterprise, by the way. I think as you mentioned some of the announcements, you know, that can benefit from a little more light, I think that's one of them. Because a lot of these digital natives are starting off with raw compute right in their early journey, get the training done, do that at scale, but then they maybe, they look at vertex for maintaining pipelines and more LLM ops. So that's the first reason is powerful infrastructure, AI-optimized infrastructure. The second is our roadmap. And they see us thinking about and building with them collaboratively a future roadmap, imagine a world where ML infrastructure is fungible, where they just bring their training workload or their inference workload and we map it to the right type of processor and the right type of clusters for their use case. They see that kind of activity and they get really excited. I want to bring that up because the reset that's happening in cloud is an opportunity. And we said, we always talk about you guys as a great cloud number three on the rankings, but. Number one in your hearts. No, but with the AI cloud positioning, you can hit the trifecta, you can win the new developer market, which is start ups here. Solution oriented and ecosystem, that's a trifecta, that could propel you guys instantly and change the order, backrank the order again. And the question is this, back when the early cloud started was, the alternative was the data center. So it was really obvious for Dropbox and Twitter and all the people that were in that generation that I knew were building to go to AWS. Now, there's competition. What's the equivalent alternative that's not good? What's the issues? Is it data? Because if you guys are going to win that developers, it's going to be obviously demographics is a good alignment, but it has to be a concrete value. The data center was time, cost and hassle. Is that the same use case problem that you guys take away because the developer's going to go where the action is? Absolutely. We're in our dorm room going to build a product when we have a brand that we trust, but it's going to be easy. Absolutely. It's got to stand up and push the solution now. Yeah, it's a really great point. And it is a very subtle and nuanced point in that one of the biggest pieces of feedback we've gotten this week is programs like the Jumpstart program that was, I think shown during the developer keynote, programs like that really differentiate us in that now you can go from idea, concept to deployment and you can get a map that has been used by others. And candidly, that's something that we also have improved on over the years is not just a capability and documentation, but also here's a path through and here's how you can succeed both in the early days and at scale. That's getting a lot of very positive feedback and kudos to the team that's been building the Jumpstarts here at Google Cloud. Yeah, I want to jump back to those startups and that startup ecosystem because it's super impressive to walk around here. I do see a little bit of a reset point perhaps in that to John's point, many of these startups grew up on Google technology. If they're going to bet on someone to produce the infrastructure and tools that they need, especially around AI driven startups, it's all there. There's another piece though, which you talked about the blurring of customers and partners. There's a bunch of potential startup competitors here, in fact, and it's I think really, I think a compliment to the way Google enables some of these, but you know, we talked to Elasticsearch the other day, there's a number of databases that would compete with many of Google's potential, you know, channel conflict. How do you think about that? How do you enable that and try to avoid channel conflict? Well, we start and end with the customer. So our primary goal is to make sure that our customers have the choice. They're the ones that choose, we don't choose for them. So that means we have to have fully featured databases, means that we also have to partner with other database providers, so that if they want to take advantage of maybe it's scaled infrastructure under the hood using somebody else's database, we've got them covered. Go for it. But if they want like VectorSearch with AlloyDB, well, we need PG Vector availability. So all of those little bits really just go to the point that customers are at the center of everything we do. You look at our roadmap now, you know, it's being built collaboratively with our customers every single day with those startups that bet on us early in GCP, also by the way, with large enterprises that we've been working with for many years. You know, Deutsche Bank is a really great example of someone who, you know, because of their early work and some of their work in synthesizing content for financial reports, we're now thinking, you know, how do we enable them to combine that in a way that is safe, secure, performant that maybe in the future, all financial services companies, I can take advantage of. Well, in the last few minutes we have left, I know you got a hard stop at the top of the hour. What's the roadmap look like? When you mentioned your collaboration with the startups, and then what's the white space that you can share for people out there building startups? Right now the startup question is obviously AI cloud. You guys are kind of being perceived as the AI cloud. We kind of called the data cloud in the past, but that's a good differentiation and that's awesome. But as a startup, I don't want to get, I want to pick a nice area inside the cloud and get a position. If the entrepreneurial wave comes, which it will, you're already seeing it right now on the AI side, there's a lot of opportunity given your position and view into the roadmap. Where's the white space? What should startups think about if you had to offer some advice?  So let me just put that out there right up front. Second is, there are so many opportunities related to AI and generative AI in particular and there are some patterns that are emerging that I think are really important for startups to consider. One is it's highly unlikely, in my view, that generative AI will stand alone as a single model or a single synthesized piece of content. It needs grounding. It needs factuality. It needs trust. And so companies that are able to combine the best of generative AI plus authoritative data, you're starting to see this already with some companies building their own versions of generative AI using authoritative data sources. I think the more that these companies focus on what's the market they know really well, what's the key piece of intellectual property that they have, and then bringing that into a place where I think tied to generative AI and tied to some type of authoritative, trust-building scenario, I think that's going to have a lot of legs, a lot of demand. And on the app side, you see the DevOps blurring. Is that an opportunity area too? Yeah, absolutely, because our job is to build a multi-tenant platform. So these extensions, these use cases that go out and reach into a very particular scenario in any given industry or any given use case, we're really counting on our customers and our partners to build that and we're counting on these startups to build it. So like a verticalized version of an app like in healthcare, for example, that would really unlock the ability for a doctor to spend more time with patients by using generative AI, live captioning or live transcription, and then getting that right to an EHR. Those are the types of things that are really, really well suited to maybe startups that we're just going to try to be the platform and the capabilities they build with. I was joking with Rob, that I think it might actually be his doctor's information that screwed up his Wendy's order, maybe pro-actor. That added the big firm restrictions. Yeah, firm restrictions. So on, I remember the original Google, then we did when the Compute Engine came out. Yeah. All the original Googlers were still there, they hadn't been on to do. What, Craig McLaughlin, I think was around then. He was the product manager on the product. So many amazing people have laid the foundation for today, so many. It's really fun to watch, and I was kind of waiting for the AI moment because I've been saying that Google has so much AI, because I live in Palo Alto, so I know a lot of ex-Google, I know the founders, and I know for a fact there's a lot of AI in Google. So the question is, it's just a matter of getting it and kind of pulling it together. It seems like now it's like, it's retail time, get the store open, here's the AI, it seems like it's on the front lines. You guys did a good job there, love the clarity on the ecosystem and the solutions. How would you rank the top in stories in this show? How would you stack rank the top three most important stories of this event? Well, number one, no surprise I'm gonna say this, number one is the depth and breadth of customers that are succeeding in generative AI with Google and Google Cloud. Look around, this place is full. So absolutely number one. Number two is the depth and breadth of the platform that allows those customers and partners and ecosystems to succeed in whatever path. We talked about it already.  So fully feature platform is here. I think the third, and it hasn't been, I think explicitly stated, but I think it's more implicit and you alluded to it, is all of Google mobilized for AI. So there are capabilities that you see here that have come from various parts of research, deep mind, labs, Google Cloud, all at the point of the customer and in service of the customer. So we're on the move. Will, thank you for taking the time of your valuable schedule to kind of do a wrap up segment with us here at Google next year. It's an honor. We've got a few more interviews, great to see you. And we're going to have to unpack this. So much to go through, post event, after everyone chills out a little bit. We'll come down to the Googleplex and we'll get some unpacks on these great topics. You got it. Thanks, Will, appreciate it. All right, thanks guys. That's the wrap here for the Cube global here inside San Francisco, Google next. We'll be right back with our next guest.


Welcome all to the video lecture on structure for FIR filter. In this video session, we are going to continue with the lattice structure for FIR filter. At the end of this session, students will be able to draw the lattice realization structure for a given FIR system. So, in the last video lecture, we have discussed that how to draw the lattice structure for m equal to 1. Now, let us consider an FIR filter, consider an FIR filter for which m is equal to 2, then y of n is equal to x of n plus alpha 2 of 1 x of n minus 1 plus alpha 2 of 2 x of n minus 2. So, let us give this as equation number 6. So, we will cascade two lattice stages to obtain y of n. So, x of n is split into two parts. So, this will be the f naught of n and this will be the g naught of n. So, here we will place a delay unit z inverse and this will be taken to the plus addition unit, here we take it to addition unit. So, this will be k 1 and here it will be k 1. So, at this output we are getting f 1 of n and here we will be getting g 1 of n here. So, this is again carried to the further to the next summation unit. Now, here g 1 of n will be passed through the delay unit z inverse. So, here we will get the output of stage 2 that will be f 2 of n is equal to y of n and here it will be g 2 of n. So, here it will be k 2 coefficient and here it will be k 2 coefficients. So, this is the two stage lattice structures output from first stage is f 1 of n is equal to x of n plus k 1 x of n minus 1 and g 1 of n is equal to k 1 x of n plus x of n plus x of n minus 1. So, let us call this one as equation number 7 here. Output form second stage is f 2 of n is equal to f 1 of n plus k 2 g 1 of n minus 1. Similarly, g 2 of n is equal to k 2 f 1 of n plus g 1 of n minus 1. So, let us rename this one as equation sorry let us give the this expression as equation number 8. Now substitute substitute f 1 of n and g 1 of n from equation 7 in f 2 of n of equation 8 we get f 2 of n is equal to f 2 of n is equal to x of n plus k 1 plus k 1 x of n minus 1 plus k 2 into bracket k 1 x of n minus 1 plus x of n minus 2. So, after simplifying this one it can be written as x of n f 2 of n is equal to x of n plus k 1 into bracket 1 plus k 2 x of n minus 1 plus k 2 x of n minus 2. So, let us give this one as equation number 9 here. So, now pause the video for some time and find out the output from second stage. Now equation 9 is identical equation 9 is identical to the equation 6 if coefficients alpha 2 of 2 is equal to k 2 and alpha 2 of 1 is equal to k 1 into bracket 1 plus k 2. So, let us give this one as equation number 10 here. Similarly or we can say that k 2 is equal to alpha 2 of 2 here and k 1 is equal to alpha 2 of 2 divided by 1 plus alpha 2 of 1. So, let us give this one as equation number 11 here. So, again coefficients k 1 and k 2 of lattice can be obtained from alpha m of k of the direct form realization of the direct form realization. So, now pause the video for some time and find out the output from second stage. This is the equation 6 here it is written as y of n is equal to x of n plus alpha 2 of 1 x of n minus 1 plus alpha 2 of 2 x of n minus 2. Similarly, g 2 of n is equal to alpha 2 x of n plus k 1 of 1 plus k 2 x of n minus 1 plus x of n minus 2. So, let us give this one as equation number 12 here. Now, from two stage lattice structure we have found f 2 of n and g 2 of n. Now, for m minus 1 stage filter f naught of n is equal to g naught of n which is equal to x of n.   So, now this is the lattice structure for m minus 1 stages here x of n is the input and this will be the output here y of n. So, here it will be f naught of n and here it will be g naught of n. So, f naught of n is directly taken to the addition unit and g naught of n is passed through the unit delay system. So, at this end we will get g naught of n minus 1. So, here it will be f 1 of n output and here the output will be g naught g 1 of n and at the output of unit system delay it will be g 1 of n minus 1 and here it will be f 1 of n. Now, here at this stage it will be f 2 of n output of the second stage is mentioned as f 2 of n and output of this one is g 2 of n. This structure is can be drawn up to m minus 1 stages here. So, here it will be f of m minus 2 of n and here it will be g m minus 2 of n. So, at the output end we will get f of m minus 1 of n which is equal to y of n and here it will be g of m minus 1 of n. So, the reflection coefficients that here on stage 1 it will be k 1 and at stage 2 it will be k 2 and at stage m minus 1 it will be k m minus 1. Now, this completes the m minus 1 stage lattice structure here and here y of n is equal to f of m minus 1 of n. So, these are the references. Thank you.