I don't need to tell you who I am or what my job is. I think it's been very well explained by Nora. But I came into this job two years ago with the foundation of the external action service from 25 years in the British diplomatic service and before that, rather a lot of years at university, mainly studying Africa. The British diplomatic service decided it was much more useful for me to spend my time dealing with Europe rather than Africa. So I spent nine or ten years dealing with nothing but Europe, but I've managed to work my way back to Africa in the end. Therefore, although I want to focus particularly on what has happened over the last two years, what will happen over the coming years, and I will draw to some extent on my experience of that background in the conclusions that I draw about where we are and where we should be going. For the last two years, you could say that EU-Africa relations have pursued a relatively steady course. There is a structure, there are habits of work that have been built up over time between the European Union and Africa, which are just carrying on. There is a cottonew treaty, the successor to the Lome Treaty, which defines our trade relations and our trade and development relations. The trade bit of it is gradually drifting off into potentially economic partnership agreements, about which I'll say some more later. But the cottonew treaty remains an institutional structure. Secondly, we have a political framework in the joint Africa-EU strategy, the jazz, as it's called, which was agreed at the Lisbon EU-Africa summit in 2007. That again provides some underlying principles and a structure to carry that forward. It's rather a long strategy, but nevertheless it has some extremely good, solid principles to underpin our relations. Similarly, on the trade side, we are in a bit of a transition from the old duty-free, quota-free access that was guaranteed under the Lome Convention to Economic Partnership Agreements, which are WTO compatible. But in fact most African countries are covered by the everything-but-arms agreement that enables continued duty-free, quota-free access for most products out of Africa and applies to the majority of countries that we deal with. And there has been on top of that a growing political cooperation with African countries and particularly African organisations, with the African Union, with ECOWAS, SADIC, EGAD in the Horn of Africa, where we work together to try and resolve crises that arise. And that cooperation has again been developing over time and getting closer. So things, in terms of our broad relations, appear to be going reasonably well. But nevertheless it is, for a number of reasons, time to take a fresh look at that relationship. And this is because of both factors on the European side, the fact that Europe itself is changing, but more particularly the speed and the extent of developments on the African side. And we need to adjust the relationship to those changes that are taking place. I need not say very much about what is changing on the European side as you're in the middle of it. And you know well enough that Europe has been facing some tough challenges. It is interesting the feedback I get from how this is seen in Africa. And it is seen as a serious matter of concern for Africans. Because a large part of their trade relations and a lot of their personal relations through the diaspora actually live and work in Europe and a lot of their imports and exports come to and from. And they are worried that the slowdown in Europe will have knock-on effects for Africa. From our side it affects the relationship because Africa remains one of the few relatively fast growing areas of the global economy. And for us it presents tremendous opportunity in that Europe, to get its economy going again, needs to build on growth that is happening elsewhere in the world and therefore has become an increasing interest for us. We, to some extent, are more interested than before in helping Africa achieve faster development and growth. So that's a self-interest there. We are also in the process of negotiating the next multi-annual financial framework that you use budget for the next 76-year period. And the development budget is a significant part of that. We don't yet know what the outcome will be. But for many African countries, the scale of our development assistance, we are in most African countries, one of the biggest and in several the biggest donor, will make a significant difference to them. So they watch with interest and some nervousness as to what the outcome of those negotiations will be. But politically, in Europe, Africa remains not the number one foreign policy preoccupation that for a while is going to remain the Middle East. But nevertheless it's quite high up there. Interest remains lively, not just on the economic side but also from the civil society communities who follow development issues, who follow human rights issues, and from NGOs who are very much involved with the response to crises. So Africa is maintaining its profile in Europe and the links with the diaspora communities have been getting stronger all the time. And in some parts of Europe these are beginning to play a significant electoral role. There are some constituencies in the UK where the majority of the electorate are Nigerian. So there is a direct input to European policy making there. But let me look at the African side because there the pace of change is accelerating in Africa. As I said, economically it is at the moment the fastest growing continent. It is not quite as fast as China which maintains about 7%. The average rate of growth is about 5% a year at the moment. Nevertheless that is healthy and it looks set to sustain itself because it is not wholly dependent on export to the rest of the world. There is a growing amount of domestically generated economic growth in Africa. This varies from place to place but it is bringing with it a degree of social change that is changing the political spectrum in a number of countries. There is an emerging African middle class, if I use that whole term, of people who have some surplus money. They are not simply concerned with their own subsistence enough to keep the family going but they have some surplus spending power. And this varies and still it is a phenomenon that is primarily urban and it is limited to a relatively small number of countries. But in places like Kenya, like Zimbabwe, like Ghana, like Nigeria, like Senegal, like Zambia, like Botswana, even in Angola. This emerging class is becoming increasingly influential in African politics and it is an emerging class that has a great interest in maintaining political stability. This reinforces a shift from the stability of autocracy to the stability of democracy, which again you see beginning to take place in some of these countries and some others. But it is a very bumpy process and just to digress for a minute, if you look at the process by which states were formed and coalesced over hundreds of years in Western Europe.  In the 50 years since independence in Africa there have been a lot of conflicts but hardly any of them have been conflicts between countries. They have been conflicts within countries, rebellions, coups, secessions, insurgencies, occasionally straightforward civil wars. This is partly a product of the irrational random boundaries which African countries themselves decided to preserve and therefore within each of those African societies have had to find ways that the people lumped together in these random units can achieve a political structure that enables them to resolve the conflicts of interest and pursue a common interest and that takes time. This dynamic process has since independence happened a whole lot faster than it happened in Europe. Gradually you are seeing the emergence of more stable political structures and more accountable structures based around achieving some balance between the groups that are there, achieving greater accountability and finally developing what I would call trust. Any political system depends on a degree of trust and it is not something that instantly appears. Most African countries were ruled by a nationalist party after independence that had achieved its legitimacy through the nationalist struggle. That fades over time. Your legitimacy has to come from somewhere else. This process is still going on in Zimbabwe and one or two other places. But in others, legitimacy has to come from somewhere else. This links through the process by which accountability and the democratic structure is brought into play. This is relevant for what the EU is trying to do in Africa. I'll come on to why. But this political process explains why a lot of African countries went through a period of 10, 20 years of instability, some soon after independence, some like Côte d'Ivoire only just recently. And that is part of the process of trying to achieve this balance, this accountability in these countries. A lot of the problem with EU-Africa relations has revolved around, I think, a misunderstanding of this process, which has led to a feeling of paternalism and tension in the relations. Linked possibly also to the fact that the European Union includes a number of former colonial powers who have some historical baggage in their relationship. I'll come back to this point as well. The third area where things are changing is in the global environment in which the EU-Africa relationship takes place. It's not a vacuum. China, Russia, to a lesser extent, but India and Brazil and Turkey are all taking far greater interest in Africa, largely for commercial and economic reasons, but also to some extent geo-strategic. And Africa is finally itself attractive. It has a number of suitors. It has people keen to come and invest their money there. Europe is not the be-all and end-all of their relations with the outside world, and we must be aware of that in trying to build a relationship that will be beneficial, stable and productive for the future. So those are the three dynamic elements that we need to take into account in looking at the EU-Africa experience. Where do we go from here? I characterize our current approach to Africa as pulled together by the EAS on behalf of the European Union as revolving around three things, peace, prosperity and partnership. And in terms of peace, our approach is not just conflict resolution and conflict prevention, but helping Africa build the institutions that will enable them to resolve political conflict peacefully. And this comes back to the analysis of what's been happening in Africa. And this institution building is something that we can help with. It's something that has to come from the societies themselves, but through support to building a judicial system that works, building an administration, a government structure that is capable, enabling financial structures to be accountable, revenue-raising, spending, as we have seen lately in Uganda, we were just discussing over lunch, and putting in place these structures and encouraging civil society, which always has a vital role to play in developing a stable political culture, are areas that are an integral part of ensuring peaceful development across Africa. So it's not just security, it's the much wider good governance agenda. Secondly, in prosperity, clearly our development assistance is important for many African countries. It's the most important part of the relationship. But again, we need to look wider than that because our future interest is going to be shifting from aid to investment. In the long run, aid is going to decrease, and investment should increase. That's in our interests, and it's in the interests of African countries. So we need to look ahead and anticipate that. So building an attractive investment climate, again building the infrastructure legal as well as physical that will enable these countries to grow, developing entrepreneurship in African countries, helping create a banking system that will provide credit so businesses can grow. All this is part of the wider prosperity agenda that the EU should validly focus on, and it goes with our trade relations as well. And the third partnership is basically the means by which we try and deliver those two objectives. And we partner within the EU, doing all the different institutions with the member states. We partner internationally with the US, with the World Bank, the IMF, the African Development Bank, the UN with China. We pursue a partnership, perhaps some tri-national cooperation with China, for example on Sudan. But most importantly, with the African organizations and countries themselves, whether it's the African Union or the regional blocs or individual countries. So that's the kind of structure. I don't think that's going to change. Those just represent our fundamental interests, the sinews of a relationship that we would have with any country, whether it's Japan or Ecuador. So we need to look at how in the future we take account of the changing world environment on these kind of things. There is an area which is of immediate concern and that is how we collectively as Europe and with Africans respond to the crises that arise all the time. The places where a stable political structure does not exist. And that will remain a fundamental interest for us, partly because it's the humanitarian aspects of a crisis, whether it's sexual violence in eastern Congo or it's the application of very rigid sharia law in the Sahel in Mali. These things attract public interest. There is a political demand that we try to help people. Or if it's the droughts that hit both Somalia and the Sahel last year, there is a humanitarian imperative that we should help in these kind of circumstances. That will continue and we must respond to it. It's a natural human response. It's also written into the EU's DNA to try and help people in those circumstances. And as often as not, there is a first response. You need to keep people alive by putting in humanitarian aid. This needs to be followed by a political and an economic response. And increasingly the EU is pulling together all these threads because no problem can be solved in simple terms. Security interacts with development. You need both in order to achieve a stable outcome and you need to engage it with the politics. And this is the kind of approach we've been taking in Somalia and why Somalia is gradually getting onto the right track. It illustrates quite well how if we take an integrated and collaborative approach to responding to these crises, we can help move a country out of chronic instability towards at least the path towards a greater political stability. It's not there yet. It could fall off the rails. It could start sliding back downhill. But at the moment it's heading in the right direction because over an extended period of time, we have built a relationship with the African Union, who provide the troops in Amesom who are driving the Al-Shabab effectively rebel and terrorist organisation out of control, which is funded by the EU and the US and the UN, working together. But it's an African Union-led force provided by Ugandans and Burundians. And underpinning that, we worked with the UN and with all the neighbouring countries, with Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, to put pressure on the Somali domestic politicians to actually settle some of their internesine political strife that was basically blocking any progress towards a real political settlement. And it was that international framework that forced Somali politicians to bury enough of their differences to complete a transition process, move to a federal government. It's a very weak government. It's starting to reconstruct a state from scratch. We can help with that and we should help with that. It's in the interests of Somalis, it's in the interests of the neighbouring countries of Africa and it's in our interests. Because only once you've re-established a state and the rule of law in that area can the Somalis themselves bear down on the threats that are currently being posed to the rest of the world from piracy, from terrorist activities. We need to re-establish the rule of law. The rule of law needs an effective state. Similar considerations apply in the eastern Congo. You've had an area which effectively has been government-less and it has been a zone of great conflict. There are a number of drivers for that conflict. There's the legacy of 1994. There are long-standing ethnic differences. Violence breeds violence in itself. It becomes a repeated habit. There are valuable resources buried there that some people wish to control the distribution of. And there's been a state that was incapable of assuring the security of the people that lived there or any kind of efficient administration. We have to look at all those drivers of the conflict there, including the interests of the neighbouring countries, including Rwanda, including Uganda, if we're to build a stable future structure. That will enable the people there to live in peace and start trying to develop their own lives and stop the humanitarian crisis that is recurring. Similar applies to the Sahel and the crisis in Mali. Mali demonstrates that even what we think may be a democratic stable state is not necessarily. And it collapsed like a house of cards with a little push from a few well-armed Tuareg mercenaries returning from Libya. But it collapsed not just because of them, but because the whole structure was rotten from the inside. And we, in helping the Malians reconstruct a state, once a country falls apart, it's much more difficult to put it back together again. And in this sort of empty, dumpty task, we have to help the Malian politicians find a way that they can rebuild a political structure that people will trust. They can rebuild an army that can effectively defend its own people. And we can generate enough economic development in that space that it's not more attractive to take European hostage or to run drugs through there. But at the moment, again, in northern Mali, you have an ungoverned space and drug trafficking, terrorist training, all kinds of criminal activities can flourish there undisturbed by any rule of law. And that's not desirable for the Malians. It's not desirable for the countries around about who may suffer from contagion. It's not desirable for Europe because the drugs and the terrorists may end up here. So again, we can only solve that problem if we work with the regional organisation ECOWAS, if we work with the United Nations, if we work with the African Union. And again, we have levers we can deploy, which are all the instruments we have through our development programme, our humanitarian support, our political dialogues with these people and through the security initiatives that we're able to take, training the Malian army. This is the way we need to work in the future. And it's better if we acknowledge that that the EU's role is to play an integral part in these collective enterprises to help people build stable political structures. The second area where we've got to look to the future is again how we achieve this prosperity. And it builds on what I was saying before that we've got to look at a shift from aid to investment. And we have to build that into our future design of the policy we're developing. There is still, and I see it regularly when I visit, a degree of assumption that the European Union is there to provide aid. We do. We provide a lot of aid. A lot of it is well spent. Some of it isn't. The European Court of Orders bear down on that, independent or audits undertaken by other organisations bear down on that. But the bulk of it is well spent. But again, these countries all need to have a self-sustaining, self-generating economic process. And actually, where is the real growth coming from? It's not coming from the aid-assisted areas, it's coming from the private sector. And a part of this is also helping these countries develop structures that will enable raw material production to be done for the benefit of the people, whether it's oil, whether it's gold, whether it's rare earths, whether it's bauxite, whatever, whether it's timber, all kinds of natural resources. We need to ensure that there is transparency, there is commercial balance in a relationship. Chinese businessmen coming to Africa are no different from Western businessmen. They want to make a profit. And where the money comes from is frankly irrelevant. You want the investment, but you need the investment on terms that will be beneficial to the country, not just some individuals in a country, but the people of a country as a whole. And that is something, again, we can help with because we have experience and because we can provide expertise support capacity building, so that then these countries are able to sustain that themselves. This is what I was doing partly in Ghana as they were preparing to produce oil for the first time. And they were very rigorous about trying to put in place a regulatory structure and accountability for where the revenue went, which would avoid some of the problems that neighbouring countries have suffered. So that is the fresh look we should have at our economic relationship. You can ask me about EPAS in the question and asker answer question session. Third area we have got to look is again EU and Africa in relation to the world as a whole. And this is in some ways an easier area because where we are looking at the global threats, climate change, drug trafficking, piracy, all these kinds of issues, there is not an old fashioned donor-recipient relationship. There are simply two members of the global community facing the same problem and we need to try and find a collective answer. And interestingly on the climate change negotiations, the EU and the EU, African Union position are often closer than that between the Africans and some of their normal international allies in the G77 or the BRICS groups. And so the European Union, African Union are able to help break down some of these traditional international groupings to look for a genuine solution to a genuine global problem in which we have a common interest. March the same applies to drug trafficking. Drug trafficking is good for nobody except the drug traffickers. And again we have a shared interest as we've seen in Mexico being on a drug route even if you're not consuming is not a good thing to be. The money will always distort and death will always follow and West Africa is at risk of that happening there. And therefore we want to help West African countries realise the scale of that risk and try and tackle it. And it's not just Guinea Bissau that is a trafficking route or Northern Mali. A lot of the countries along the West African coast are at risk from becoming routes for drug trafficking. And the amounts of money are huge. This is why drug traffickers find it very easy just to buy their way in. And do not underestimate the volume of the drugs being trafficked through there. One other area I'll mention in this is actually technological innovation and development. Interestingly 100 years ago, yes 100 years ago, there was a big investment by the then colonial powers in research as to how to develop African economies. And all over Africa you'll find agricultural research stations that were set up in the 1920s, 1930s and did great work falling into disuse and disrepair. Those need to be revived, some of them are, some by private sector investment. But it's an area where technological innovation is essential in Africa to solve some of the problems. The private sector has revolutionised the economy of Kenya through M-Pesa, through mobile money. That has generated maybe an additional 1% GDP growth a year. That could happen in other countries. Circumstances vary, but that kind of technological innovation can really help African economies develop. We can work together as Vodafone initiated M-Pesa and we have quite a vibrant science and technology partnership with South Africa, again which is a leader in this field. So that is another area where we just simply work together and we need to expand those areas. The last thing I'll say, given these three areas where we've got to look afresh at how we manage this, we've got to have the structures right for that. The joint Africa EU strategy has a rather rigid, formal, heavy bureaucratic structure for this. In fact, the relationship is changing and it's changing in dynamic ways that are not contained within that. Particularly on security issues, it's happening all the time through direct relations between the African Union Peace and Security, Political Security Committee and the PSC in the EU, and the relations between the EAS and the African Union Commission. That's where it's happening, so let's not try and shovel that into some formal structure. Let's accept that we should work where things are working, we build on that. Don't try and duplicate or channel in unstructured ways, and we need therefore to have a dynamic look at the structure we need for this relationship, so that it's actually going with the grain of change and not just trying to impose something on it. That will then, I think, help us achieve a healthier political balance in the relationship, because people will see it exists where it is of value, and the ways that we work together deliver that value to the people of Europe and the people of Africa. That's the fresh look that I want to have. I'm optimistic about the future of Africa. It has been through a remarkably fast period of social and political and economic change over the last 50 years. I think that speed of change is going to, if anything, accelerate, and it doesn't mean that it will just become increasingly stable everywhere. It's more complex than that. But the direction of change is increasingly in the right way. We look at countries that we considered complete lost causes 10 years ago, Liberia, Sierra Leone. Both have just had elections, which, while not perfect, were peaceful. They are beginning to make inroads into tackling the huge development challenges of these countries. Others are further down the track. We have to focus our attention where the challenges are greatest. Those are the crisis areas. But we need to make sure that we solve those in a way that will lead to sustainable solutions. On that basis, I'll end my remarks. Thank you very much for listening and look forward to your questions.


We have finally made it. How many episodes? I don't know. I lost count. I mean it hasn't really been that long. It feels like with like the stops we make like Little Garden, Drum Island. It makes it feel like a lot longer even though it's like ups and downs on those islands. But I'm getting ahead of myself. What's going on guys? My name is Jack the Buster. I'm Shinobi. Today we have episodes 93, 94 of our One Piece Watchthrough. The last two were a lot. We finally made it to Alabasta. We're gonna see what's going down. We already have kind of a general idea of what's happening. And we also have a general idea of how Crocodile works and how powerful he is. We're gonna hop right in. If you're new to the channel, jump us up and hit that big boy bell. Let's get started with the episodes. Oh, she has a plan. They're dies eating his shoe. Nano-Hana, Alabasta Kingdom. Here we go, baby. It's go time.  Wait, what? Oh no. This is not gonna be a good start.  It's not fair. Is it like as soon as she's recognized? Yeah. Aw. He's here. Wait, Mr. Three Ship. Wait, that was two's. Oh my gosh. No.  Absolutely genius. I too cover all my livestock with a giant sheet. What is Karu doing? Well, things can seem fine, but I don't know. It's all, she knows it's all behind the scenes stuff. Anyways, I want to know her plan, especially stopping Crocodile, dude. Don't be silly. We're friends now. Yeah, I'm gonna help. I'm really worried knowing how strong Crocodile is now. True. Actually, I totally forgot about that. My God, it's been so long since they found her. Oh yeah, that's right. Everybody owes her money. She'll haunt you. Interest is tough in these, these dire times, Zoro. Aw. Gosh. Oh no, not the desert. I think it disguises. Just do that. Wait, actually true. Sanji and Chopper are safe. Good thing he can transform. Is he gonna be buff like carrying all this stuff? He's so excited. I love Chopper too much. He's so helpful, man. Yeah, you do stand out. Tabasco, no one cares. What is he doing? Oh my gosh. How is he not died? Honestly, how is Luffy not died? He just wanders off and gets him and himself into these predicaments. Oh, a house. That means they're cooking something. And that means said thing. They're cooking could be food. Oh yeah, lots to cook with. His little nose is going. Oh, they need perfume. His nose is too strong. The perfume pile overwhelms them. Rod sharp. She's like scared of him. Chopper's like eyes on the prize. He's just gonna go flirt, bro. Oh, no. Everybody's splitting up. Oh, no. Please hurry. Not in there. Please don't go in there. You will be kidnapped Chopper. No, he's going to wander in. They're going to close it and take him. Oh, no, he's going to pass out. Isn't he? Oh, no. I see where this is going. Yep. There it is. It's not even this guy's fault. He just didn't look in. Oh, they got something else in here. Interesting. Sanji is going to be in quite the bit of trouble for losing Chopper. He bought so much. He's going to be in a completely different city. This poor individual that's about to open the door. Well, there was smoke. So someone's definitely inside just not opening up. What is that? Oh, no. He's going to ransack this poor person's food. He opened all of them. Oh, Luffy. Oh, he probably thinks that he's being robbed right now. Inherently, he kind of is. Oh, Luffy. Oh, my gosh. Wait, it changes the color of the smoke. What? It just made it, made it rain? Such as jaw. What were those bags though? I'm feeling it's like shady business, maybe. Oh, never mind. It's dance powder. Oh, this poor guy. That's so sad. I had this whole thing outlined in my head that like he was supposed to burn it and then it was like going to cause a signal for other people to come over and like something shady was like maybe the guy's a chopper as well, but obviously not. Yeah, you owe him money now. You better make some.  Oh, why? Oh, maybe I was kind of right. Okay, never mind. I don't feel bad anymore. And that was the end of that, man. Yeah, there's something real shady going on. Oh, chopper just peeks out. Okay, but what's in there? They got guns. Very slick. Please don't monologue anymore, chopper. Please. Somebody's going to see him get out. Oh, koza. That's your chance. Run, chop. Is he?  Oh, wait, that's actually smart though. Is this guy? 300k switch? Okay, I figured he was part of the rebel army. Just like all of Krakato's higher-ups have a scar, dude. Get away. I'm actually shocked. I feel like chopper is going to talk to this camel. Oh, maybe talk the camel into it. Since they're both animals, I don't know if they'll look out for each other. That's so nice. Thanks, Mr. Camel. It was so nice. That's pretty on the nose if we do see him again. He knows a few. He's just sitting with him now. They both respect each other now. I mean, Luffy kind of has to burn his stuff even if it was illegal activities. So what is down in the dance powder? Oh, so that's why when it burned it, he... Yeah, okay. What was the outlawed though? It's all going in one ear and out the other. I'm sorry. Even when he looks like he's paying attention. I feel like that's what the funnel is for, too. Yeah, the desert climate, that'd be very, very useful. The big funnel is to catch rainwater, I think. Why outlaw the dance powder? Because people, like, monopolize it? So he's not a bad guy. That doesn't seem like a dangerous thing. Oh. Maybe Cobra isn't as good of a guy as it seems? I cannot believe Chopper made it back already. I thought that was going to be a whole thing. I guess we got information on the back lines of crocodile side. Ah, he wasn't going to sell water. Dog, he's not going to remember this in five minutes. You're good, I promise. Food. Yeah, I'm surprised Luffy didn't eat it all in one bite. I realized that people have a certain outlook on pirates and don't realize. Oh my God, I lost. I'm sorry, I'll restrain myself. Of course, yeah, that's what Sanji bought for them. I like how Usa goggles look with that outfit. Various places.  Pony Coon. I kind of want to call him Tony. Stop it, you're killing him. Yeah, it's going swimmingly so far aside from Chopper being taken to another city. Oh, BV? She's very conflicted in her own head. Starting to make me think that things aren't what they seem in terms of the rebellion, the revolution. I think a lot of it was the way that crocodile responded when everybody was cheering for him while he walked away. He just kind of seemed weird about it, how they would cheer his name. Yeah, he has to keep up a public image, but it was still an odd interaction. They just realized it! Just walking in the desert, does he even bother him? Is it like the cold where if he doesn't realize he's hot, he doesn't care? Either way, like I said, it's going swimmingly so far, but I mean, who knows when a wrench is going to be thrown into things. This is one piece. Episode 94, let's get it. Oh, no! This is the bounty hunter, bro! It had those two faces. Smiling one and the frowning one.  Yeah, he has the freckles. Of course they're staying there, they fall for it. Oh my gosh. Chopper looks so out of place! Buy it. Yeah, see what happens. I mean, if Thousand Marys isn't that much before an apple, that's a lot. Thank you, Nami. Good lord. Oh, did he see the one imposter with him? Oh, no, they heard. His name is Ace. It says A-S-C-E. He crossed out the S. I wouldn't say strong. I don't know. Nami, we're on the same page. Oh. Oh, he knows it. It's no ordinary tattoo. Elaborate! Oh my gosh, it's... What's her name? From lockdown! Oh my gosh! I forgot her name, I feel bad. They did form sort of a bond. Wait, does that mean Smokers here too? Because they were looking for them. And she was on his ship. And wouldn't that mean... Wait, yeah, that would mean he's here. God, dude, there's a lot of stuff happening right now. There he is! The man! Oh gosh, this makes things a lot more complicated. So he's looking for Luffy, Ace is looking for Luffy. Most people would recognize VV. It is disastrous. Smoker recognized them, I'm pretty sure. They don't know remotely where Luffy is. This is terrible. Okay, he has it getting hot. I was gonna say natural inclination. How he's hungry too. All he had was the rice cake. Men's didn't ration it at all. But I wouldn't expect him to. This is how it ends for Luffy, isn't it? This is how he dies in the middle of some random desert. Land! Unless it's a mirage. Might be. No, usually you just see water. When he sees the buildings as food, I feel like they're gonna be like uninhabited or something. What? What? That is an Ace? They were building him up so hard. Nobody wants to go near him?  Now what? Is it all just to learn about the whatever's over?  Just killed over. It's not like that. Just does it again. Why does he just keep falling asleep? And there's Smoker. This just gets more and more complex. Oh, he has a pose, an internal pose.  Commander of the Whitebeard Pirates? There's Blackbeard and Whitebeard. Oh, that's what the mark is. Oh. Oh, shoot. Yeah, I'd never mind. They can't team up. He's definitely a pirate then. They're looking for the same person. Hey, what? Wait, like Luffy? As in he is Luffy's brother?  Wait, is that where they... And Luffy's going there? Is he actually? Luffy's brother is a commander of Whitebeard Pirates? Oh, no. Oh, my deals. What? Hey, look for the same person. And he's about to run in. I think Smoker's a little scared. Oh, nope. Nevermind. Oh, oh, oh. God, dude.   If he's like a commander of very famous pirates, he has to be strong. Oh, my God. This is so awkward. He's looking at like the one in poster right now, bro. Oh, my gosh. Well, and I missed it because Ace said that Luffy would recognize him when he saw him. But I thought he was still a bounty hunter, but it's because it's his brother, unless he's talking about someone else. But he's looking for Luffy. He's so clueless. Yeah, he does. Just doesn't realize it. Oh, my God, Luffy. This cook just doesn't want to be in the middle of all of this.  How does the internal pose not break? At least he has manners. If this is actually his brother, this is insanity. They do look similar. Bro. He's like, I ain't Luffy. Oh, no. Run, Luffy. Oh, this is so awkward. He's so in the zone right now eating. Please don't fall asleep after two, Luffy. Please don't. He's locked in.  The thing is, if Ace isn't here to like hurt Luffy, which I'm assuming not, he seemed like happy to see him. We don't know how strong Ace is, but again, he's a commander. I would think Luffy and Ace together would be able to like fend off Smoker. He's like, let me finish eating. He's just running. He doesn't realize who he just saw either. Oh my God. Look at this poor chef, bro. They ate so much. At least he knows to run. Oh, this is so awkward. Oh, no. Did Zoro and all of them see Luffy running? Dude, Smoker's so cool, though. I will say. Oh, no. Did you see? No, Zoro's here. We're just helping someone, bro. Oh, wait. What if Smoker like wants him to help? Like, what if what if crocodile poses? I mean crocodiles, warlord or whatever. Sea warlord. It's just dead silent over here. They're about to see him go running by. How far behind is Ace? Oh my God. He's leading him right to them. Oh my gosh. Back to the ship. Really? Oh, no. And Smoker's right there, dude. Oh, he the Ace? That was Ace. It's got flames. Whoa. That's sick. That's true, actually. He has like a flame fruit? What'd you like to know? And he recognizes him right away. Yeah. The Flare Flare Fruit. Wait, that is so cool. He just emits flames. It seems like they're on really good terms though because like Luffy seemed excited to see him too. But that's never been mentioned before. I always thought Shanks was related to him. He saw Luffy at a bounty and was like, oh, I need to go find him. Whatever, Ace has a bounty then.  He's my big bro. I like the way they do the flames. Dude, he's so cool. What is this? Okay, a billion things cracked open in these two. My goodness, it's hard to wrap my mind around this much. We've already had a lot of the stuff with crocodile that's like honestly to the side right now. I'm losing my voice. But now Luffy's brother is in the picture. He was also very powerful, seemingly. He was a part of some crew of Whitebeard. We've heard Blackbeard is mentioned. There's a lot going on. I have to start writing stuff down. But good thing Ace was here because I don't think Luffy and them could have stopped Smoker. Smoker's very powerful. The only way they got away from him the very first time was that one dude in Logtown that stopped Smoker and was able to have Luffy and them get, you know, across the grand line. But now, like I said, Ace in the picture, it kind of complicates things because he could be a very strong help depending on like where he stands on everything. But we have to learn more about Whitebeard and his crew first because apparently as Zoro said, they're very well known. Who knows what they're up to and like what his intentions are. But like he said, I mean, maybe he's just here to check on Luffy and make sure he's doing okay since he has a bounty now. But guys, that's been it for episode 93-94 of our One Piece Watcher. Do drop a sub if you are new to the channel. I'll catch you guys in the next one. Peace, peace.


U.S. Army Transportation Corps instructors guided 21 transportation management coordinator students through a series of vehicle transport events Friday as part of a culminating exercise here at Fort Lee's Expeditionary Intermodal Operations Training Facility. For me the hands-on training is the most effective because I actually get that experience of tying down on a rail, being inside of an aircraft, tying down in there, center of balance with pallets. That helps for me more than just being in a classroom getting a bunch of information. Army and Air Force instructors differentiated instructional strategies to not only meet individual learning styles but also to best prepare students for the joint operations environment that awaits them. A good example is when we had the hurricane in Puerto Rico, we didn't have areas that we cannot, roads were damaged so we actually had vessels that can dock in any locations. So we can bring the assets to those locations so that the people there can have water and certain things that they require. We also work along with the Air Force when we have to use their planes, we have to supervise our own equipment in order for them to be loaded into the trains. A lot of people wouldn't say that a transportation is as important as like say infantry or I mean something along those lines but transportation, especially the way we do it, we get a massive amount of vehicles and personnel into an area and not a lot of time so I'd say that's really important.


So welcome to the contest and events closing ceremonies. I'm Grifter. This is Panadero over here. Yeah. So we're the new leads for C&E. It's actually this year we're over contest events, villages, parties, and the demo labs. So not a lot, just like a couple things. Yeah, we're kind of lazy. Thanks, man. So thank you guys for putting up with us all you organizers while we figured out how to get things right this year. New venue, new leads. But yeah, let's roll. We don't have a ton of time. So I'm just going to go through the deck and whatever. Oh, magic. That's it's still it's it's we're almost there. It's okay. What is that? I'm not worried about it. Before we didn't have a slide. This is all right. So first off, we just want to say thank you to these fine folks over here, our contest and events goons. So please give them a round of applause. I want to say that you guys saw us like running around like crazy or whatever, but we were just sitting on the couches over there. So couches were nice this year, right? Couches, who knew? All right. So this year again, thanks to all of the organizers and the contestants, huge, huge round of applause for those guys. Seriously, you have no idea how early these guys start planning. We do now. Yeah, it's it's crazy. It's like February and they're like, all right, let's roll. Like I'm like, what they're like, sorry, we're late. We usually we start in January. We're like, please stop. Like, is this what this is going to be like? So 29 contests, 16 events, 12 villages, you know, multiple parties and all the other stuff we had this year new. If you guys are here on Saturday, these tables out here where the demo labs, there are people showing off tools. One of the one of the things we're doing there was we get a lot of submissions to the CFP like the submission process and the review board goes through things and we're like, oh, like that sounds really cool. But I don't know if it's an hour long talk like on a stage in a giant room. And so but we want to make sure that content gets out there. So we put them out and let people come up and see what they were doing and talk to them. So it seemed like people liked it. So we'll be bringing it back next year. Let's roll straight into it. This is kind of in alphabetical order. And then I'll say that and immediately go to something with the letter D. But organizers, please keep this like brief because we got a roll on. So Def Con bots. Yeah. And if so, it's going to be what's lovely, like I said, kind of alphabetical order. So beard and mustache get ready to roll. And if you want to start kind of getting ready as you see the letters approaching where your contest is going to be at, that would be awesome. Okay. Def Con bots is. Def Con bots is. Autonomous robots that shoot lasers at moving targets. It's really hard to do. And these guys build robots to do that. All the software, the hardware. This year they had to encode messages in their lasers that they're shooting at the targets. And actually one of the teams went from the qualifier third place to second place in the finals by exploiting a security hole in the laser protocol. So these are first, second, third team, monkey business team Pew Pew monkey business slaughtered everyone hit like almost 45 targets in 90 seconds in the qualifiers. And we have a special award this year. We have the Def Con bots really dark, dark gray badge addendum that goes on the badge. So that goes to first place. Thanks. Where's my beard and mustache at? Anyone? Anyone? Anyone? Jack, Jack, Jack, Jack, Jack. Those people had beards. And cool. Beverage cooling. He's coming. So beer chilling was a thing again this year, 10 years. I took it over. Well, we code it this year. I think we're going to continue doing that. We had two categories, the unlimited and the hack together, which ended up being really quite effective. Our biggest challenge this year was we were through a hole in the wall and nobody really was like, hey, there's this guy with a cardboard sign saying free beer. People were like, that's not real. Totally was. So yeah. So this year we had team Hebrew. They won the unlimited challenge with a truly ghetto fantastic device. It was amazing. And then array of not won the hack together.  It was amazing. So round of applause to them and I would like to thank these two guys for putting up with our super late submission. We didn't start in January. But they still got us out there. So thanks a lot guys. Hey, hey.  You got to break into a virtual office. You got to pick a bunch of locks while you're in there. There's getting data.  It's my kind of contest. And this is the last year I'm ever running it because there's not enough throughput. Defcon is so big you can only run so many teams and we're going to do something better and bigger and faster. But this year, sex luck from Salt Lake City, Utah, topped it out. Yellow 37 and CROV did great. Just barely getting ahead of surprise butt plugs.  For our scoring, we give a 10 percent point bump off the top of the score for anyone who participates in charity stuff.  But I let people do that until the end of the contest. So there's a whole team that's like watching their score and then they jump to second and then they run over and all give blood and they come back with bandages. They're like, boom, give us bonuses. So yeah, sex luck crushed it because they all gave blood. Three, two guys got mohawks. They did like be the match and fusion between the contest and events is awesome.  Thank you. All right. Next up, coin droids. And Schemaverse. So coin droids is a robot battle game, but played entirely through Defcoin. So you battle each other by sending transactions at each other, trying to steal each other's money, et cetera, et cetera. This year, oh, I have notes. We had 240 players, which was ridiculous. 88,000 attacks took place with a lot of Defcoin. We had two different battles. One was King of the Hill and that was won by Freak. That got a little intense for a couple of people. And the other battle, which was the boss battle, I agree. The best thing to do with our contest is to kind of integrate with a bunch of them. So we had bosses all over the place and someone managed to find three of them and that was Moon Doggy. That was pretty much it. CoinDroids.com runs all year round though, so you can still keep playing. Schemaverse is a space battle game written inside a Postgres database. So SelectStar for My Ships, Insert into My Ships, Drop Bobby Tables, et cetera, it's all there. In this year, we had 71 trillion tuples returned for those database nerds in the room. That's 2.5 million actions and no one hacked it this year, so that was kind of boring, thanks guys. But our prize this year was a Schemaverse Cup, which was actually created by a core developer of Postgres for this competition. So I'd like to welcome Sysfix quickly, run on stage for being a champion this year. Crack me if you can, in here, in here, yes, boom, oh you're right there. Yeah, literally sitting right there. Crack me if you can as the password cracking contest for sixth year. So this year TeamHashcat pretty much destroyed all the other pro teams. It's the first time we've had a back-to-back winner, so they were out for blood and they did it. They get $600 assuming they do a write-up describing everything they did and release updates to all their tools and we require all the pro teams to do that in order to get paid. So in a week or two, there will be new betas of John the Ripper and Hashcat and everything that's out there for everybody. Just real quick, the big trick this year was it's all UTF-8. So none of it was in English, it was Japanese, it was Mandarin, it was all these other things and so most of the updates is going to be updated for UTF support in the majority of the tools. And that's it. Thank you. I see you, there you go. I have a bit of glory, guys. Dark Net Project is an interactive puzzle contest based on Daniel Suarez's book, Demon. We put up puzzles run by an interactive jabber bot across DefCon to help people learn how to do things in other villages, other contests. We integrated with Coindroids to help people get over there. You can learn to solder, learn to crack Wi-Fi, learn how to use GPG and tour. We had three winners this year. Silk was our first place winner. Got a tremendous number of points, he also won last year. Nolan was our second place winner and Tilted Kipers, I think that's the representation. Awesome, was our third place winner and we've got prizes for you also. See me afterwards. Thank you very much. So Drunk Hector History was a new competition this year. And it was a storytelling competition with a twist. We prepared the eight contestants with five liters of vodka, a liter of bourbon and a half a liter of rum. And they got in stage and got five minutes to tell a story. And so what ended up on, what was on paper sounded like a really good idea.  So we have some prizes. Jack Daniel, we actually don't have his prize because one of the contestants stole it. And then Tyro, if you're here, we have a flask for you. And then the first place winner was Katie. And here's Katie. Here's Katie's prize. EFF badge hacking, anybody? Anybody? Anybody? Anybody? Is that Eric? He's coming. He's coming. We're all judging your stride like he could be a lot more effective if you just shorten that up a little bit. Take that advice to heart. Thanks. This is the first year we did the badge hacking pageant. Thanks to judges Joe Grand, Lost and Zazz. We saw lots of participation for a first year thing. So the digital winner was a loather with a DC 22 badge. He made a quadcopter out of it. He did two flights. The first flight came back around and clipped him in the calf. Saw a lot of a lot of actually a surprising amount of blood there so great thing that he won that.  It kind of looked like a tire was pretty sick. And for the wild card badge was Mike and Mikey with amazingly detailed counterfeit uber badges which they used to get in a defcon this year I think. So thanks everyone. We'll be back and better again next week. At the end you can delete this in a cheer but Hacker Jabber the oldest contest at Defcon 21 years running this year is won by Win Job. Their third consecutive victory beating Leetmeet, Affin Mord and we fucked it up who actually went all or nothing and bellowed out in the finals in the middle of the game. That wasn't too bright. Jeff Moss, guest speaker, Win Schwartel came on and played well Win Schwartel was a contestant and so it did really well. My understanding is we had a couple first. We went through our first streaker mail unfortunately so maybe next year we'll do better. For least for the guys. Ladies I hope you enjoyed the show. 140 beers so we're definitely doing our best we can to drive up the cost of Defcon. And so the ref will now lead us in a prayer.   Until next year! Amen. We still got a couple of shirts left. Come see me afterwards if you want to hack a Japanese shirt. Thank you. Robo calls. There they are. Okay so amazingly the FTC last year did a robo call honey pot building contest and more amazingly this year they decided to come back. I was one of the judges. Everybody hates robo calls. It's like the safest thing in the world to be against and if you tell people you're working on a contest against robo calls everybody says yeah that's great so this was a lot of fun. We had two finalists this year competing for these incredibly valuable trophies that will be very easy to fit into an overhead bin. Our best in and also if they're declared official winners but through the federal bureaucracy substantial cash prizes. So our best in show was team robo killer which did an amazing amount of work are they here. And our first our first runner-up was Hemat Sanger. You're here come on up and claim you're very easy to fit in an overhead bin trophy. So he said that's next year's badges. Intel CTF.  Network forensics. So we come from the small town of Missoula Montana every year and we put on the network forensics puzzle contest. What it is it's a bunch of p-caps that we put together showing different things through the networks with the TCP IP protocol. It went all the way until very late slash early in the morning I guess yesterday. So we have threat level pancakes that came in first they want to fit its surge. Second place was just one man Tom Pohl wherever he is he's the best. And then third is blue squirrel who and they finished a couple hours after Tom Pohl so congratulations guys are awesome and anything from a DEF come for them? No? Yeah I did. Maybe? Fine. Open CTF we're yet. Oh look there's Pyro. We were looking for you before. Oh they're going to main. All right. Tamper evident. We are powering through. Also dead to us. These guys are gone right? Oh no the secure ninja cyber range. Cool. Apparently there are prizes. So for secure ninja cyber range Maximus Blackboard came in first with I'm not what is that?  No?  Come find me later for smoothies. I'm not shitting you look it's a ninja thing. Come find us in the DC801 penthouse. Warlock games. Oh actually they're got their main stage as well. All right so now we'll get into just some of the cool stuff so be the match had 126 sign ups this year which is awesome. I love that that's still going. Is somebody here from that? Do you know? Want to say anything? Yeah. Yeah there were 20,000 people here and 126 signed up. Yeah I guess that's whoops. So blood code 84 blood donations made this year. So thanks to Deviant for probably getting half of those. Yeah it might be all of them.  Like is that like the medical area? Like people are just freaking passing out at DevCon? They was like no man they're donating blood. I thought that was like where you went when you got hurt. Yeah I was like oh it's cool. Ham radio exams. You hear? Awesome. You guys can talk about it. So DC408 took their hand at running Ham radio exams for the first time this year. Thank you to all our volunteers. Everyone who came out and took a test gave a shot. Not everybody passed but it's great to see the enthusiasm. Hope you study and try again somewhere else. There are dice that we gave away to everyone who passed. If you didn't get yours or maybe if you're just a ham and you can come find me you can have one. So as you can see we had 124 exams taken this year. 65 of those were the technician class which is your basic entry level. Gets you started in it. You can start transmitting as soon as your name and call sign show up in the FCC database. There were 11 people who upgraded from technician up to the general class. 9 people who went up to their amateur extra which is the highest class that you can achieve. We also had a couple people who let's see the actual number for people who tried to do two tests at once was 42. One person attempted to do all three however they fell short on the last test but they will be back. That's the stats I have. Thank you all. If you're interested in your ham radio license we'll have information posted on the forums as well as being back next year. Thank you. Mohawks. There she is. Hello I'm Ed. That's Lexi. We do this whole Mohawk con thing. I see a good amount of Mohawks out there but of course never enough. This year let's see we have new numbers. Let me pull those up because when I sent in the information at noon like I was supposed to we were still cutting heads and getting like huge amounts of more even more donations so. Cutting heads. Yes. Haven't you seen all the blood running around? You know the medical bay? All right. Final total for the EFF was $2,575. For hackers for charity $1,049. The Denhack box donation box raised $67 just printing out stickers that was only here for like a day and a half and it got $67. And we shaved a total of 153 heads. And so this year grand total raised $3,691 for charity. IOT village. We didn't do anything nice for charity so that sucks for us but good for them. This is the first year of the Internet of Things Village and as you can see. First year. Come on. New contest based off our so hopelessly broken challenge. The zero-day track we found 25 new vulnerabilities and just learned that our smart fridge was man in the middle. Their email that just happened so don't get a smart fridge. Going over the scoring and stuff so if you participated in that track we're going to reach out to you via email and get you your prizes. Our capture the flag contest we have team first place was froggy style. Second was ad hoc. Froggy style where are you? Of one wolf or something that I can't see down there because I'm short. One man wolf. We are going to be given over $5,000 in cash prizes so we'll be in touch with the winners. Thanks for having us this year guys. It was a lot of fun. It's good to be here. I'm going to waste as much time as possible. So wireless villages this year we had a whole bunch of contest events but we mostly rebuilt the entire capture the flag game. We built an entire fake town including a nuclear power plant, hospital transmitting, broken pox ag as well as all the standard Wi-Fi stuff. So it was really a lot of fun. We had 15 teams with 10 tables so it got a little tight and competitive. We had three winners of raging poners been here. They got almost half the flags on the board so they're as awesome as it gets. You guys better try harder next year. We also had root acquired and last place. Last place did quite a bit better than last place as it was but good for them. We gave away about $5,000 in high-end radio gear to the winners so I want to thank Blackphone Guys Silent Circle as well as HackerF, Hacker Warehouse, Nuon for donating so much really expensive gear and no starch press and hack five for giving away a whole bunch of gear for us. I'd also like to say that this has been, I don't even know how many years of the wireless village but our fearless leader, our father, our grandfather, Takahuna, has been working on this village since Defcon 15 and he's been running the village since three years ago I suppose. Yeah, five years ago. He's been running the village for five years.  Thanks everybody. And I am leaving it in some very young and capable hands. All right we stomped a mud hole in that so thanks everybody again the main closing ceremonies will take place over on the paris side of the house so if you're interested head on over that way so thanks and we'll see you next year. Also if you're interested in running a contest or event next year hit us up you can reach me at grifter at defconn.org seriously we want to see cool shit make it happen


My name is Rebecca Taffel and I work at the Elizabeth A. Sackler Foundation with Dr. Sackler. And I'm so delighted to be here today, so welcome Helen. It's a real thrill and an honor and it's just fantastic. So for the past five years the Center has been here at the Brooklyn Museum and we continue to fulfill our commitment to the past, present and future of feminist art. Using its award-winning exhibition in education spaces, the Sackler Center strives to raise awareness of feminism's cultural contributions. Dialogue and debate about feminist art, theory and activism take place at the Sackler Center Forum and groundbreaking exhibitions are held in its feminist art and her story galleries. If you haven't had a chance I highly recommend going and checking out the Rachel Neybone exhibition regarding Rodin and newspaper fiction The New York Journalism of Juno Barnes. They're really interesting and fascinating. But more than just a gallery space, the Center is a place for open and free discourse conversation and the exchange of ideas. It was Dr. Sackler's vision to celebrate dialogue and debate. Dr. Sackler couldn't be here today, she has some ongoing health issues, but she asked me to express how delighted she is to have Helen here at the Center and to share her story and to celebrate the launch of her book, which we have here available after she speaks. Whatever is contained must be released. My Jewish Orthodox girlhood, my life as a feminist artist. It's a fascinating read, I thoroughly enjoyed it and I suggest picking one up yourself. Helen Ilan is a visual, conceptual and installation artist and eco-feminist whose work has been exhibited around the world including the Whitney Museum and the Jewish Museum in New York, the Aldrich Museum in Connecticut, the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles the Contemporary Jewish Museum in San Francisco and the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh. In 2012, she was part of a groundbreaking exhibit in Israel, Matronita, Jewish feminist art, works by women who come from a traditional Jewish background. Helen turned 80 this year, which is just wonderful. And I encourage you to visit her website, HelenIlan.com as well. So please help me welcome her to the front. Okay, I'm going to show you some slides to give you a context. And then we're going to see a very brief video of an installation in Washington D.C. and then I'm going to read from the book. I'm going to read different parts. I never do the same selections to each venue. They're always different just in case you want to come back again. Well, here is the family, my mother, my mother in the center there, always in the center. And here is my father in the second row all the way to the right, to my right, the handsome guy.  But I always thought something's missing. And many, many, many years later, I put some pink lines there. Here is baba right there at the kitchen table. And then jumping way ahead when I left Brooklyn for New York and New York for California and I made drifting boundaries so you could see that it's a painting that changes. Here it is many months later. I'll show you how it looked before. Oh, that's another one. This one here, I would pour oil on a panel on the floor and let the oil coagulate. This is in Berkeley. And then I would have women come and lift it up and let gravity make the change. Let gravity make all the oil, the wet oil underneath, cascade down and fill in its own sack. And that liquid sack like an amniatic sack would burst or gush or drizzle. Here's the sack. Oddly, I was not in any of those feminist art shows and I would say this is rather feminist, but that's another story. Okay, so maybe I was very far away.  And it was at the time of the conceptual art when everything was so neat. But mine was messy. So all of these are waiting to get some kind of a skin forming on top, a thick skin perhaps. Betty Parsons, my dealer, and I'm going to read a little bit about her to you. She came to see this. This is when I showed it in New York and for some reason they all looked like jagged edges there. It was in a place that's now called White Columns, then it was called 112 Workshop. And here's another breaking that's called Holted Boundary. And you see how it just gushes out, breaking with erratic spread. And then later on, after the breakings, I just did not know just what to do after that. It was too metaphoric. I went to the land and you could see me just very small, very tiny. And that was the beginning of ecofeminism when I really saw the correlation of the woman, the woman's body to the land. I wandered near echoing caves. It was more than that. I was not sure exactly what it was, but I was looking for my foremothers. The sack idea happened after that, the iconic sack and the pillowcase of the 80s. My life, sort of, my career is really divided in three, really, basically. It was the body and the body of the land, the earth, and then God's, a God project. Each one took ten years to do and except God, I lingered for twenty years with that one. So here's the sack. And here is when I performed this in California at the Women's Building of San Francisco. San carrying. So the liquid sack became sand sacks. And then the sand sacks, because they were so willingly carried, I felt I'm going to try this with women from warring nations. And so in Israel, Arab and Jewish women actually carried stone sacks, which was more appropriate for Israel. It was the time of the beginning of the Intifada. Here it is in artist space. And here I'm asking that question, hey, can an artist do something? Can an artist really do something? I squiggled some oil paint around a stone that we gathered, and then I saw that the stone got darker in time. And here came earth, and then that's the beginning of the earth ambulance. Here's when I first started going to live a more weapons lab in California to rescue the earth, like I would later rescue God from patriarchy. Here's the earth ambulance and the Native American women who was one of the first people we visited for kind of some kind of spiritual sustenance. One of them came along with us in burnt sage. I may read a little bit about that. Oh, here's the earth ambulance, and we're wearing this, the poster, which is made of cloth, which became a tallest. If you know what that is, it's a Jewish prayer shawl, so that we would all be dressed alike, no matter what. Here is, here I am at the UN with that tallest and bringing the earth that was carried on stretchers. Here you could see it was hung up on July 4th, 1982. You can see that long line, and then in 19, oh, here is a line drawing, one of a series from the block long line. And here is the earth ambulance at creative time in the Brooklyn Bridge, 1992. Here at Seneca, here's the stretched canvas, and it's the canvas with the blood stains washed away with white gesso. You know, I think it's funny because I don't seem to be ending here. There's so much more. Here's unstressed canvas. Okay, I think I'll just go one way. You will see in the video what the pillowcase is full of rescued earth from the sack bases look like at this museum. The other one was the Berkeley Museum, and this is the American University Museum of Washington, D.C., and then came my work in Japan where the two sacks full of seeds went to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and then 10 years later, because everything takes 10 years, it was shown in Times Square. And I asked, what would you carry? What would you take in your sack? Okay, oh, well, here's the liberation of God. Here's the highlighting, highlighting and highlighting for six years very carefully, and then that went all over. And then my grandmother, I always asked, what would she have thought? Would she have held my cheek in her palm and said, Hindala Matournes, Helene, you mustn't. Or would she have said, the life's a God showing sight. Thanks be to God, it's about time. So I think now that you have some kind of an idea, I am going to show, yes, I am going to show Bridge of Knots because for 10 years, let me see, this was in 2006, all the pillowcases that were filled with earth and were emptied at the United Nations then got shown in different museums, and this was an American University Museum of Washington, D.C. that George Bush was the president then and that he would just somehow drive by it. But I never heard from him. I should have told you that Meredith Monk, that's her audio for this piece. I'm going to speak from the back, but I wanted to say that I showed Bridge of Knots on the facades earlier in the Knoxville Museum of Art and also in the Berkeley Museum, but I only filmed it when the pillowcases came down in 2006. The others were in 1993 and 1995. It alludes to, many people think, post 9-1-1 and the fragility of our dreams. I'm going to read little bits here and there. If you really want a special part, you can tell me and I'll read about any subject. Okay, Borough Park. The house we rented for 80 years was on the same block where the annual Simcha Torah, Joy of Torah holiday dancing took place. Our street, 47th Street, was the time square of Borough Park. The police barriers that were erected during the holiday to block traffic from entering the street were completely unnecessary. Is this working? Yeah, okay. Because the streets were automatically emptied of cars on Chavez and Jewish holidays. After all, the entire neighborhood was Orthodox. My mother, Edda, had an easy comradeship with every storekeeper in the neighborhood. From an early age, she had been known as Ita de Gitta. Edda, the good one. Whenever I was on a stalemate with my pesty younger sister or sulking about one thing or another, mother would say, you be the good one. But ask anyone who knows my mother who could be as good as Ita de Gitta. The main thing, you should be with nice people, she always said. Mom, I told her in 1971, I am in the Whitney Museum. It's a show called Lyrical Abstraction. The main thing, you should be with nice people. The nice Hamish storekeepers sent their nice Jewish daughters to Shulamath School for Girls on 49th Street. Shulamath was named for the Comely Princess in King Solomon's Song of Songs. They sent their nice Jewish boys to the Echayim Yashiva, named for the Tree of Life, which was around the corner on 13th Avenue and 50th Street. The young Israel Shul was down the block on 50th and the tiny homey shul called the Stebel where Baba, my grandmother, would pray. That was on 52nd Street. Now, I'm not going to go right now, but it goes on and on where the fish store was, where the shoe store was, etc. But I'll continue now when I'm 13 years old. At age 13, before graduation, was upon us at Shulamath School, I brazenly announced that I was going to be an artist and that I would go to the music and art high school in Manhattan. I got this idea from watching an older girl named Dolores and her friend Betty Grossman draw pictures sitting on the porch two doors down. They made it seem sophisticated, even glamorous. I wonder if Betty Grossman realizes how she influenced my life. I read somewhere that she became a recluse living in the Chelsea Hotel. I never could summon the courage to ask if I could walk up the steps to see their drawings, but I went home and made my own drawing of a bearded Hasidic rabbi, Davening, which I copied from an oversized book on Pirkei Ava, Ethics of the Fathers, the one art book in our home. I did another drawing of my Uncle Dave with his curled salvo dordale mustache copied from an elaborate portrait of him, set against Roman columns. I also drew my sleeping baby sister Linda, whom I used as a still model when I babysat on Saturday nights while mother and daddy went to visit Uncle Morris and Aunt Molly. Mother kept my drawings under glass on the bridge table so she could show them to company. Maybe that's enough of that. There's a lot more about that. You'll see. Okay, I think I'm going to go very far now. In the summer of 1973, I met with the art dealer Betty Parsons in her bridge Hampton summer home to show her my work. I came with only the very first of my paintings that changed in time, the smallest. I wasn't going to show up schlepping a big package in my usual bag lady persona. She looked at my tiny painting, and without a moment's hesitation, in her deep Tallulah Baghead voice, she declared, this is very large. I loved it too. Betty traveled to my Berkeley studio to see more of my work, bringing her friend, the playwright Edward Albee, who ignored the paintings on the walls and went straight for my file drawers without permission. I want to see what you're really about. He had the nerve to say by way of explanation, but there were no clues to the meaning of my art in the drawer, just sanitary napkins, as Albee discovered. Betty showed paintings that changed in time in 1975. I could never discuss feminist theory with Betty. She thought my inspiration for the paintings came from the West Coast, but she did not see the feminist inherent in the work. The way in which paintings that changed in time played with role reversals. With these works, the collector was deriving the excitement of the work in progress instead of the artist. They were about process rather than completion, which I think of as feminist. Betty's action painting was emerging and masculine, inseparable from the American dream. She had an imperialist attitude about American art, seeing the link between the action painting of the 50s and American expansionism. There's a strong correlation in her attraction to the legendary aspects of the cowboy-esque Jackson Pollock and her attraction to the American frontier mystique. Picasso could never have done what Jackson did, she insisted. Jackson threw down the walls. Well, Betty gave me a second show, Formations, in 1979. Let's see. I sort of explained what this all was, but I write about it here again.  Then I would lift the panels upright to midwife the paintings with other women. I invited to the studio. I called these Formations breaking the breakings. Each time a panel was ready to be lifted, I announced to the other midwives whatever is contained must be released. You are to initiate the breaking, and I will accept it. I figured even if I didn't like something, it will change anyway again, so it may get bitter. And of course, that was about aging, too. Okay, let's see. The women then raised the panel and leaned it against the wall. The wet oil would pull beneath the dry skin forming a sack, and the sack heavy with oil would break before my eyes. Sometimes the liquid would gush, sometimes it drizzled, sometimes it dripped. It's possible that the prayer my barber taught me and my childhood, the one I recited each time I left the bathroom influenced the breakings. But I could not bring myself to say that to anyone in the art world. These words, you may have known that prayer. It's about apertures, apertures. And if one should open when it should be closed, and one should close when it should be open, we cannot stand before you, meaning God. These words allotted to the visceral body that makes us live or die as opposed to the idealized body of the dominant culture that encourages us to stare at parts of the body, never seeing the whole miracle. And then I talk on, and then at the end I say, and like Georgia O'Keeffe, who insisted that the vulva imagery in her work was merely floral, I used dry conceptual terms to describe this very wet, orgasmic process art. I intentionally did make paintings that change through natural means, much as a plant that grows, a face that wrinkles, a scar that heals. Okay, a little bit more time, let's see. Okay, the sack, and trying to be less metaphoric. Now in the 80s, that was 70s, 80s. I had been thinking of photos of refugees, images of women fleeing with their sacks, of precious belongings on one hand clasping a child's hand in the other. If only we could take our most precious belonging, the earth itself, and all its variety and carry it to safety. The same instinct to confront the military was also motivating women in Europe. They were leaving their homes to set up tents alongside army bases in Greenham Common, England, and in Comiso, Italy. And in the US, American women would buy land adjacent to the Seneca Army Depot in Romulus, New York in order to camp out and watch what was going on. I was no longer teaching painting and drawing in San Francisco State University since I had not received tenure. There were only two women on the art faculty, me and a woman who taught jewelry making. My style did not mesh with the rest of the department. They explained, maybe they did not like it when I had a black model posed with her baby as the Madonna and Child in my life drawing class, and then plastered all the drawings in the halls on Christmas Eve. Or maybe they did not like that I got very close to the students. But really, how could, where am I? How could I critique their work without knowing just what it was that drove them? I would quote Agnes Martin. Helplessness is the most important state of mind for an artist. And I listened to the advice of Louise Nevelson, who said the first thing she did when she taught art was quote, not to teach art. An article I wrote for the Journal Visual Dialogue titled, Academia and the Fear of Feminism, was certainly the last straw. But not getting tenure turned out to be a blessing instead of some dreary art department where cronyism was the mode. I taught a course titled Performance Art as Anti-War Strategy at the Feminist Institute. Three of my students joined me when I rented a truck, painted a large red cross on both sides over white contact paper and slapped the words Earth Ambulance on the front. Do we have more time or yes? Okay, a little bit more. I plan to find more women to travel with me across nuclear America based on the War Resistors League map showing the military sites across the states. Taking turns driving a van and the ambulance, we would arrive at each site and rescue earthen pillowcases, both our own pillowcases and ones brought by women who live near the site. Our destination was the UN mass rally for disarmament scheduled for June 12, 1982. At each military site along the way, we would be keeping watch, peering through fences into the eyes of the men in their camouflage uniforms on the other side, trying to persuade them to quit the military. Oh, and then it goes on with that map that was all these... I mean, they were open stars for weapons research, colored stars for weapon stockpiles, and our men military reactors. A ten-pointed star meant nuclear waste, a colored circle meant the reactor was operating, an open circle meant the reactor was being built, a green diamond meant nuclear fuel processing, and an outline diamond indicated uranium mining site my eyes began to blur. You might as well take the most scenic route, Fay said, and drew a straight line along the Pacific Coast from Livermore SAC, SAC Strategic Air Command, you get that, in the Bay Area to Vandenberg SAC at Southern California. And that's the Earth Ambulance. And then, well, the last thing was the God Project, which you know about, but that took 20 years. And right now, I'm still dealing with my foremothers, and I'm doing turnings, which you'll see in the book. I'm seeing myself as a foremother to tell you the truth. Thank you. Yes. Foremothers are our entire heredity, what they say in Hebrew, Yerusha. It's all the mothers that we don't know. All the mothers that we don't know, the great Maimonides, what did Mrs. Maimonides think, for example, et cetera, all the way, way back. We don't have a record of them, and it's a big tragedy. Yes. Well, actually, everything sort of goes back to Borough Park and my mother somehow because she wanted me to read to her because she was going blind. And she only wanted me to read from the portion of the week. I wanted to read a novel, no. So I was hyperventilating every time I saw all the problematic, sexist, misogynistic, specious, vengeful words that I don't think God said. So I felt, uh-uh, God didn't say this. And if somebody said that my father had said these words, I would say, my father would say, two men lying together shall be killed or this or that or whatever. No way. So why shouldn't I say this about supposedly the father in heaven? So I started highlighting. Anybody? Yes. What was written on? Oh, that's such a good question. I should have told you. I asked women to write their dreams and nightmares about nuclear war. And then I went to the Soviet Union at the time of the Cold War, the highest point of the Cold War when I went there and asked women from the Soviet Union to write their dreams and nightmares.  And we just all burst out laughing. And we just said, we were showing each other the photographs of our children and grandchildren.  Is this a capitalist baby? I mean, that's what we did. We just dreamed nightmares. Highlighting is just taking a pink marker. And yes, but not doing it on the text, being very respectful, covering it with vellum, transparent parchment-looking paper. And then highlighting. Just no comment. Just no comment, because everybody is their own midrashist. Everybody could make their own midrash. I just pointed it out for them to think about. Yes? Is that it? Well, you know, it's such a good question, again, because all the issues don't go away. They're very important at a certain time. And then suddenly there's another issue. We can't forget about disarmament. You know, that was the nuclear freeze movement. All of that was happening. And now we're not doing it. And it's still here. But that's a very good problem. I mean, a question to raise. Yes? Well, the feminist movement lives. It's the greatest nonviolent revolution that ever was. That's how I feel about it. And just, it's here to stay. There weren't many artists, I hardly know any, who were dealing with disarmament. There weren't that many artists. They were dealing with other problems. But there's so much, and it's going to continue. And I just hope that the new generation also looks back at what all the others have done before. It's, again, that form other thing.  And it can be applied to everything, not only the name in God, supposedly that is missing the feminist impulse, but everything else. Yes? Unfinished work? Yes. I hope so. I want to. Yeah, no, I'm not. It's the unfinished symphony. All our lives are unfinished symphony. We have to keep going as long as we can. Anything else? Well, okay, thank you.


Cultural capital is a theory developed by French theorist Pierre Bourdieu and is the cultural knowledge that serves as currency that helps us navigate culture and alters our experiences and the opportunities available to us. While cultural capital can be material objects such as clothing or a car you drive, Bourdieu also focused on the symbolic elements that embodied cultural capital such as tastes, manners, skills and credentials that one receives or earns. Cultural capital really isn't about economics or how much money you have but it can be exchange for money and the crazy thing is this money can help you earn more cultural capital. According to Bourdieu, cultural capital can be a source of social inequality too. It is hard for those who are poor or who are part of the working class to gain the types of cultural capital that are valued in society. For example, having an education and earning a degree is a very important piece of cultural capital. Let's say a student in poverty has difficulty finding time to study because he works evenings to help support his low income family. This leads to poor performance due to his lack of studying which results in lower test scores and then being placed in lower ability classes which in turn affects his GPA and what college he is able to get into if he goes to college at all. In the United States, if you are in a lower social class such as the student in our example, you tend to have less cultural capital. The upper middle social classes have more cultural capital and therefore their social class views tend to dominate in culture. Society also tends to get the more prestige. Cultural capital takes on three forms, the embodied state, the objectified state and the institutionalized state. The embodied state refers to capital in the form of knowledge that resides within us. While capital in the form of formal schooling is part of the embodied state, this type of capital also refers to knowledge that we seek out on our own. One of the earliest forms of capital in the embodied state is that which we acquire through language. When formal education and culture expect you to not only be able to know your ABCs but to write or recognize words before entering kindergarten, it has become important to be exposed to such things as books at home and to be read to. In our earlier example, the student who cannot study because he works to help support his low income family may also not have had books in the home or was not read too early in life and therefore lacked capital. Next, cultural capital in the objectified state refers to material objects that we use to indicate our social class or how much capital we have. This might be the easiest state for us to recognize since we focus a great deal on acquiring things and we often tend to assign social class based on a person possessing certain material items. For example, a person owning a Mercedes or a Lexus indicates greater capital than a person owning a Ford Focus. In today's technological world, we can express our capital through buying only Apple products as they tend to carry a certain amount of prestige and are an expression of our identity. Even the type of food such as a person buying only expensive organic food because they have the means to afford it or boxed dinners because they are inexpensive and they must do so out of necessity indicates an abundance or lack of cultural capital in the objectified state. Last, the institutionalized state refers to the way that society measures cultural capital. One of the best examples we have is the type of post-secondary degree that we have and how society tends to view our value us based on that degree. A doctor degree has more social capital than a master's degree and a master's degree has more capital than an undergraduate degree. We can say that each degree gives a person more prestige than the next. This capital and prestige can then be exchanged for actual economic capital and it is evident that the higher the degree, the more money you can expect to make it your lifetime. Unfortunately, the institutionalized state values formal education and rewards it accordingly but often places a lesser emphasis on capital that is not considered prestigious such as being streetwise. Essentially, if you are born into a family with cultural capital, it is easier for you to acquire more because you are socialized to embody the values and behavior society rewards. For example, if a student is part of a family where they were read to every night and they were taught manners such as being polite and to listen to adults, this will benefit them when they go to school. A student who can read and write and who is also respectful may earn opportunities such as being placed in advanced classes or receive higher grades. This then gives them more opportunities later on such as being accepted into a prestigious college and then that college then connects them with a strong network of people and companies they can work for when they graduate. This is not the same with people who are either born into or grow up with less cultural capital. So, what is one well-known public figure that you can think of that has significant cultural capital? How can you demonstrate that they have that capital? Other than education, what ways does society reward or punish people based on their having or lacking cultural capital? And how has cultural capital changed over time? What is one example of a type of capital that is no longer valued as it was in the past? And what is one new type of cultural capital in our society?


In this video, we provide the solution to question number four for practice exam number four for math 12-20. We're given the following series, take the sum as n ranges from one to infinity of the terms two over five to the n. We have to determine if this thing is convergent. If it's convergent, we find the sum and if it's divergent, we would just select divergent, of course. So when I look at that series here, it is in fact a geometric series. I can notice that because as the numerator is constant, the denominator is growing exponentially. So five to the n there. That indicates we have a geometric series. So the convergence of a geometric series comes down to its common ratio. The common ratio here is gonna be one-fifth. And you'll notice that the absolute value of the ratio, which is one-fifth, is in fact strictly less than one. So it is in fact convergent. That means f is not the correct answer. We now need to compute what is the value then. So given a geometric series here is two over five to the n. The formula we have is that on the top, you're gonna get the very first term of the sequence. So if you plug one into the sequence there, you're gonna get two-fifths. That's the first term of the sum. Then in the denominator, you get one minus the ratio, which the ratio is one-fifth. Simplifying this, we get two-fifths. Well, actually I'm gonna save myself a little bit of effort here. I'm just gonna times the top and bottom by five to clean up these fractions here. Because in the top, you get two-fifths times five, which is going to be two. In the denominator, you distribute the five. You're gonna get five minus one. So this gives me two over four, which gives me one-half. So we see that the correct answer is that this series is convergent and the sum is equal to one-half.


Narcissistic Traits vs Narcissist There is a clear difference between someone who has narcissistic traits and someone who is a narcissist. The behavior will be more frequent and more extreme with the person who is a narcissist. They will have or show stronger feelings or opinions. They will be more serious, more forceful. If you have studied the information on narcissists you will know when you are dealing with one. It is unlikely that you will confuse what they are or wrongly identify them. Once you have studied the information on narcissism and you identify their behavior it becomes very obvious when you are dealing with one. People who have narcissistic traits might display some behaviors but they won't be as frequent or as extreme. They will know when to stop. They will know when their behavior is making you uncomfortable and they will have some level of empathy which makes them understand how you are feeling and makes them want to discontinue their behavior. A person might purchase a new car and receive a lot of praise or admiration. It might feed their ego for a week or two. They become self-centered or self-interested. They might feel as though they are superior to people because they have this new car. They might feel as though they are more special or more important. But after some time, after the praise and admiration has been received they have enjoyed their narcissistic episode. They have enjoyed their moment of feeling larger than life and their behavior then becomes less intense until they return to normal or how they usually are. They go back to treating other people with respect and having regard for their feelings, wishes or rights. That means it was just a phase or an episode. It went away on its own. This can happen with people who have narcissistic traits. They might have a phase or an episode of displaying narcissistic behaviors and you might mistake them for being a narcissist. But it's just someone with narcissistic traits who is having their moment. The behavior may often go away on its own or if the person receives constructive criticism they will then realize the effects that their behavior is having on the people around them. They might apologize and then return to how they normally behave. This can happen with people with narcissistic traits. They are more aware of their behavior and the effects that it has on people. They are more able to use logic and reasoning to identify the faults in their behavior. People with narcissistic traits can have bad judgment and they can lose the awareness of how their behavior affects other people, but only for a moment. This is not something they will experience for a long period of time. It may affect their empathy during that moment but even then the effects that it has on their empathy will be limited. Which means that they will still be able to understand your point of view. The person with narcissistic traits will have episodes of narcissistic behavior but it won't be as intense and they will be able to use information such as facts to make a decision. They are still capable of looking outside of themselves. They still have awareness of the people around them and how their behavior might affect them. They are also able to correct their behavior and in most cases they will correct their behavior because they have no intention of harming people. The narcissist will harm people and they will make full use of and derive benefit from them in a way that might be considered unfair or unhanded for the purpose of serving their own needs. They will intentionally go out of their way to take advantage of people. It is not a phase or an episode. It occurs continuously without interruption. They have a firmly fixed or established habit, belief or attitude that cannot be changed. It is a clear pattern of behavior that has the tendency to spread. It occurs more frequently. It is done with full awareness of the likely consequences. It is done consciously and intentionally premeditated, thought out or planned beforehand. They are pathological liars. They cheat on you. They steal from you. They obtain things from you, especially money through the use of force or threats. They aim to change your behavior or perception through indirect, deceptive or underhanded tactics. They hurt you consciously and intentionally. They give misleading or false accounts or impressions. They give false information or evidence. They make personal attacks or abusive remarks. They shift the blame onto you to achieve their desired result. All of these tactics are of crucial importance to regulating their emotions, boosting their self-esteem, making them feel as though they are something significant or important. This is the narcissist. And if you confront them on their behavior, they are not going to self-reflect or self-examine. They are not going to look at their behavior and think that they need to stop. This is their way of living. This is their method for emotional survival. And it is done consciously and intentionally. If you try to confront them, it may cause a narcissist's injury. They are easily hurt, worried or offended by criticism and they will not take responsibility for any of their wrong decisions. Even if you find evidence of their wrongdoing, they will only be focused on avoiding to escape. They will shift the blame onto someone else. This is how they dodge the blame and survive emotionally. And this is why narcissists cannot be cured. Because they are going to do whatever it takes to avoid looking at their own behavior. They don't want to self-reflect or self-examine themselves. If you confront a narcissist, it is going to be very different from confronting someone who has narcissistic traits. If you confront someone with narcissistic traits, they will identify that they had a phase or an episode of narcissistic behavior and they will then make corrections. But if you confront a narcissist, they will just become more covert. They will act like they understand your constructive criticism, but they will not make any changes to their behavior. Instead, they will discontinue any communication with you and they will then secretly make plans to carry out an illegal or harmful action against you. They will try to make you less confident, less powerful or less likely to succeed. They will try to make you weaker gradually over a long period of time. They will try to turn people against you. They will make up lies. They will deliberately destroy or damage anything that you are trying to create while acting as though nothing is wrong. But secretly, they are focused on turning everyone against you. They will revenge and they are trying to take you apart. Pull you to pieces without you even realizing. If they can't do that, they will just leave and you will never hear from them again because if they can't live in an environment where they have full control over people's perceptions then they have no power and a narcissist cannot be without power. They cannot create it on their own but they have to be around people who are naive or foolish enough so that they can trick them into giving their power to them. It feeds their ego and regulates their emotions. Again, it's about emotional survival and if the narcissist cannot trick people into seeing them in the way that they want to be seen they are just going to leave. The narcissist does not change or correct their behavior. They do not adapt to their environment or try to maintain their relationships. They create their own environment and they expect people to adapt to them. They create their own world and control and influence people to adapt to this world. If anyone criticizes or objects to their agenda they will inflict punishment on them. If they can't do that they will just leave and you will never hear from them again. They will move on to something else when no one has made a conclusion about them. A person with narcissistic traits will show behaviors that only last for a limited period of time. It is triggered by a set of circumstances. The narcissist has pathological behaviors compulsive, obsessive, habitual, persistent. They have firmly fixed or established habits, beliefs or attitudes that cannot change. They have limited awareness of their behaviors and they have difficulty acquiring knowledge and understanding through thoughts and experience. Their thought process is very distorted which then results in them having poor reasoning skills. This is the difference between a person with narcissistic traits and someone who is a narcissist.