So, again, I want to thank you all for joining us today. This should be a terrific day. I know I felt a lot of excitement just chatting with people before, and it was lovely to see a bunch of old friends and getting to meet some new people as well. And I hope that we'll have time during the day where you can actually connect with each other. So without getting us any more delayed in the program, I wanted to go ahead and introduce our morning keynote speaker, Pete Early. Actually, I was out of the office all of last week. And when I came in to do my little Saturday morning check-in in the office, someone had neatly snuck Pete's book into my office and left it on my desk. So I was glad I checked in because I was able to read a bunch of it on the plane last night. Super compelling story that he put forward in his book Crazy, A Father's Search Through America's Mental Health Madness. I am unsurprised, having read that much of it, that it was one of the two finalists for the 2007 Pulitzer Prize. Pete is a New York Times bestselling author, former Washington Post reporter. And I think what's compelling about him telling the story of his son struggling to deal with his psychotic break and his brushes with the criminal system and other efforts to try to get help. And the stories that he followed of the people who were incarcerated and stuck in the de facto dysfunctional mental health system that we have in the American prison system is that the problems are truly challenging. And a reflection is we are putting huge resources into something in a way that actually makes no sense. I was mentioning to him as we were sitting down earlier. In public policy, there's often tension between the concepts of anecdote and data. And in many respects, anecdote is disrespected while data is put on a pedestal. And yet the ability to tell a story through actual people's actual experiences really does spark interest in driving toward understanding problems and then driving towards solutions from there. So I greatly appreciate the work that Pete has done. He has tremendous, in the time he's focused on this, just tremendous background. He was recently named the parent member of the Interdepartmental Serious Mental Illness Coordinating Committee, one of 14 non-Federal Commission members appointed by the Secretary of HHS to advise on federal mental health programs and has testified five times before Congress about the need for mental health reforms and has lectured in, I'm going to ask, which is the one state you've missed so far, but 49 states. Missing Hawaii? I think we can help with that. And five foreign countries. So Pete, thank you so much for joining us today. We're honored to have you here. And look forward to what you have to say. Thank you very much. OK. Thank you. Good morning, everyone. I'm thrilled to be here. Thank you so much for inviting me. I've been given three tasks this morning. One is to tell my family story, which I'm happy to do, put a face on mental health. Second is to talk a little about what I discovered when I did my research for my book at the Miami-Dade Correctional Center. And the third is to talk about ISMIC, which I love how federal agencies always put their letters together and come up with these acronyms, which I am the parent member on that. So my family story starts like so many family stories start with a phone call. My son, Kevin, was a student at the Pratt Institute in New York. And we talked every Sunday. And I got a call from him. And he said, Dad, I've stopped eating. Food doesn't taste good. And I went, OK. I don't want to talk about it. He called back an hour later. And he said, Dad, I think I took four or five homeless people to breakfast this morning. Really? I don't want to talk about it. And they called back. And he said, Dad, I don't know if I really, really took those people to breakfast or I'm imagining it. I'm having a hard time telling what's real and what's not. Well, of course, I jumped in my car and I raced in New York. And my wife, Patty, was fortunate enough to find a doctor who actually would like to be available to see him. Now there's an important point I want to make here. My son was an anti-treatment. He wanted to know what was going on. He was confused. He was scared. So we went to the doctor. Now let me tell you what happened when we went to that doctor. He examined my son. He came out. He says, well, Mr. Early, if you're lucky, your son's using drugs. And if he's not, he has a mental illness, bipolar disorder. And then he called both of us in his office. And he said, now I'm not going to do you any favors by sugarcoating any of this. I'm going to tell you exactly what's ahead for your son. Bipolar disorder cannot be cured. It lasts forever. Your son's always going to be sick. He'll have to take powerful medications to control his symptoms. That medication will make him gain weight, probably be pre-diabetic. He'll be susceptible to that. He told me Kevin probably wouldn't be able to work because of his mental illness. He wouldn't have much of a promising career if he did find a job. Marriage, unlikely, family, don't want to chance that.  There's a good chance you'll end up homeless.  Well, we went walking out of that office. And obviously, we were both kind of stunned. And my son turned to me and he said, you know, Dad, that guy's crazy. My son wasn't going to be one of those homeless, psychotic people who roam the streets, ranting and raving. Now, recently my wife was diagnosed with kidney cancer. And we looked at the odds. And we came out there and we said, we're going to beat this. We're going to do everything we can. Well, my son was the same way. He went back to school. He took medication for 30 days. It worked. He felt better. He stopped taking medication because he wasn't one of those folks. He wasn't going to be classified that way. Where everything went fine for about eight months. And then I got another frantic phone call. And this time it was from his older brother. And he said, you've got to come to New York. Kevin has gone crazy. And I raced to New York again. And I found him. He'd been wandering around the city for five days. He'd barely slept. He'd hardly eaten. He was convinced God had him on some secret message. And during that four hour car ride from New York to Fairfax County, Virginia, where I live, he would laugh one minute and begin sobbing the next. And I pleaded with him to take some of that medication. He said, leave me alone. Pills are poison. And then he said, Dad, how would you feel if someone you love killed himself? Well, we got to the emergency room at Fairfax Inn of El Hospital. And the nurse rolled her eyes while Kevin was talking gibberish about God and this. And then we were taken into a room all alone, be away from everyone else. And we sat there for four hours. And finally my son said, there's nothing wrong with me. They don't want to see me. I'm going to leave. I said, hang on, hang on. And I went out and I literally grabbed a doctor. And I will never forget how that doctor came in the room. He came in with his hands up as if he was surrendering. And he said, I'm sorry, Mr. Early. I really can't help your son. I said, you haven't even examined him. And he said he didn't matter. At that time, Virginia law was very clear unless a person posed an imminent immediate danger to themselves or others. There was nothing they could do. They couldn't force him to take medication. My son had said, pills were poisoned.   Well, I took my son home. During the next 48 hours, I watched him sink deeper and deeper into a mental abyss. At one point, he had tin foil wrapped around his head because he thought the CIA was reading his thoughts through the television. He slipped out of the house. He slipped out early one morning. He broke into a stranger's house. Luckily, no one was there. He broke in to take a bubble bath. It took five police officers and an attack dog to get him out. And when they got him out, they rushed him over to the mental health center. Then it would burn. And they called me. And I went driving over frantically. And a policeman was standing outside. And he said, hold on, Mr. Early.   He will not be taken to a hospital. He'll be taken to jail. And you don't want that. And I looked at him and I said, but my son hasn't threatened to kill me. And he shrugged and walked away.  I lied. I went in. I said, my son's threatened to kill me. And that was good enough to get him held over to Mount Vernon Hospital where he voluntarily admitted himself to the next day. But our problems were far from over. I got another telephone call this time from the Fairfax County Police. My son was charged with two felonies, breaking and entering and destruction of property. He became one of the 2.2 million people with mental illness who are booked into our jails every year. He joined the 367,000 persons with mental illness who are in our jails and prisons. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, 40% of persons with mental illness will have a serious encounter with law enforcement during their time. 49% of police shootings involve persons with a mental illness. They stay in prison four to eight times longer than others charged with the same crime. They cost seven times as much to incarcerate. They have a recidivism rate that's 15% higher than average, 85%. A person who are arrested with serious mental illness will return to jails and prisons. But Pete, your son broke the law. He needed to go to jail. He should have been in jails and prison. All right, let's talk about Miami-Dade County. Let's talk about the kind of people I met when I went down there for 10 months and spent time in jail. Let's talk about Alice Ann Coyer, classic case of schizophrenia, the kind of person who used to be locked up in one of these hawful institutions, but now she's back. And where was she? She was living on the streets of South Beach where she was psychotic and had been picked up 10 times in the last year. And this time she was arrested because she was walking down the street and she saw a person waiting at a bus stop and she said, stop stealing my thoughts. And she raced over and she shoved the older woman, not hard enough to knock over, but she shoved her. And then she went running away. And well, meaning witnesses came up and said, get that woman arrested, get her off the street, you get her arrested, she'll get help. Well, help is not what happened to Alice Ann Coyer. Florida takes crimes against the elderly very seriously. In fact, anyone, and I always hate saying elderly since I'm older than 65, anyone over 65 can be charged with a felony if you do anything to them. And in this case, they charged her with a felony. In fact, it was her third felony. And because it was her third felony, she fell under the three strikes rule, which meant she faced a mandatory, non-negotiable five years in prison. But when she was brought before that judge, he looked down and he said, I can't put this woman on trial because she's not competent. She doesn't know what's going on. We need to restore her competency. Send her to the hospital at Chattahoochee, not to be treated, but to be made competent. And there is a difference. Treatment means you get help. That's not what she got every day. Every day she was brought in a room and she was shown three chairs and one chair was written judge, another one prosecutor and third chair defense attorney. And when Alice Ann Coyer could tell her keepers who sat in each chair, she was deemed competent enough to be put on trial and she was brought back to that judge. And the judge looked down and of course she'd decompensated by then and he said, what is going on? I sent you to be made competent. You go back to Chattahoochee, you get made competent. So back she went. When I met Alice Ann Coyer in the Miami day jail, she'd been traveling between the jail and Chattahoochee 1,159 days, more than three years. And she'd never been brought to trial. Now I'm an obnoxious reporter. I took my little pen and paper. Now we're running over the prosecutor's office. Look what I found. Look what I found.  In fact, they were gonna keep her five years, which was a statutory maximum. They could keep her before they released her without putting her on trial. Why? Because she was dangerous. Medications didn't seem to help her become stable. And there was no safe place. No safe place in the entire state of Florida. No long-term treatment facilities, no short-term that keep her safe. And so they had her on that bus riding back and forth between the jail. Let's talk about April Hernandez, same age as my son. She was in jail for car theft. And when I got to know the jailers, they came to me and they said, you know, you should investigate that case. She was framed. Who framed April Hernandez? Her own parents framed her. They're conspired with relatives to get her arrested. Why would you want your own kid arrested? Because she was psychotic. She was homeless. She was living on the streets of South Beach where she'd been gang raped twice and attacked three times by people who thought it was hilarious to beat up homeless people. And there was nothing anyone could do because she was not a danger to herself or others. Now, April's case is interesting because as a teenager, she started using drugs. And everybody went, oh, that's why she's acting this way. And it was only after they realized that she had co-occurring both a drug co-occurring problem and a mental health problem that she finally got the kind of help she knows. And we know that people with bipolar disorder 40% have co-occurring. And we know that 70% on average of people in jails and prisons have co-occurring disorders. The last person I want to talk to you about is Freddie Gilbert.  A Miami study found that at any given time, there were 1,700 people who were homeless. They were living on the streets, sleeping on sidewalks. But that study found, and that was in a population of 2 million, that the majority of those folks were able to move through our social network and get some kind of housing, except 507 individuals. They are the chronic homeless. They are always homeless. And of those 507 individuals, every one of them had a severe mental illness. And of those 507 individuals, every one of them had a co-occurring problem. And of those 507 individuals, every one of them have been arrested more than three times. And when I met Gilbert in jail, he was so sick he could not talk. He stood in his cell naked, and controlled him by offering him sandwiches as if he were a dog performing for treats. And when I checked his record, I discovered that Freddie Gilbert had been in and of that jail more than a dozen times that year alone. But no one had ever done anything to help him because there were no programs available, and he was charged with misdemeanors like trespassing, and there was no incentive to get him into a program. As a result, he was stuck in this revolving door. After my book was published, the University of Florida did a mental health institute followed 97 of these frequent utilizers like Freddie Gilbert. Now listen to this, over a five-year period, every one of them had schizophrenia. Every one of them was homeless. Of those 97, they were arrested 2,200 times. They spent 27,000 days in jail, 13,000 days in crisis stabilization units, state hospitals, and emergency rooms. They cost $13 million, and not one of them, not one of them, got any better. Oh, but Pete, your book came out in 2007. I mean, that was a decade ago. Surely things have improved, have they? Let's look at Hampton Roads, Virginia. Last year, Jay Chamele Mitchell, a young 23-year-old man with schizophrenia. He gets arrested. He gets put in the jail there. His paperwork is sent off to the state hospital so he can be made competent. And nobody realizes he's still there until 101 days later when he dies and is found in his feces-covered cell. And what did we discover? We discovered they died from a heart attack brought on by starvation. The correctional officers didn't give him food because he wouldn't follow their instructions. He'd lost more than 50 pounds in 101 days, and even the nurse checking on him hadn't bothered to report it. And what was his crime? He took $5.05 worth of snacks from a 7-Eleven. Thankfully, there has been progress, but it only comes after a tragedy. After years of struggling, Judge Steve Leifman has closed down the dreaded ninth floor that I visited in Miami. All you have to do is go to San Antonio, see what Leon Evans has done there in Bear County. The Stepping Up campaign by the Council of State Governments, everybody's jumping onto that. It's a wonderful program, and it always does the same thing. It starts with law enforcement. It says everybody needs crisis intervention, training, we need our CIT officers to learn that we don't want Rambo coming through the door, and then they go, oh, wait a minute, we really need a diversion program. We need to divert people from even getting into jail. We need mental health dockets, now called therapeutic courts to make them a little more acceptable, especially in Virginia, where we actually try to get people out of the system. We have the sequential intercept model, which designs key points when you can identify someone in the criminal justice system and figure out how to get them treatment. We have release programs, they're fabulous. All these things can save money by cost shifting and they're important because they can save lives and they can keep people like my son for Kevin from getting a criminal record just because he got sick. But I'm here to tell you today that during the last decade I have been advocating the numbers have not gone down. We still have 16% overall of our people in jails and prisons. Why? There are many reasons. The most obvious is that these wonderful programs are aimed at helping someone after they get into trouble. They're aimed at helping someone after they reach stage four of their illness. And this must change.  If I broke my arm, I wouldn't call up the police department and ask them to fix it. If I needed heart surgery, I wouldn't call up the sheriff and say, hey, can you do a heart transplant? And if I had nasty hemorrhoids, I wouldn't call up the judge and say, hey, judge, come on over, take a look, tell me what you think. So why are we counting on the police and the sheriff and the judges to do what should be a community mental health program? We need to start thinking about what is called zero intercept. Not getting the police involved at all, but rather helping people who are sick just like we'd help anyone else. Now this is so cliche, but it's also true. What other illness do you call the police? You don't, you call an ambulance. So how do we change our system? Well, this brings me to ISMIC. I love it, ISMIC. All right, ISMIC. And I'm the parent member. It's gonna create a pathway. It's gonna help us figure out how to take eight federal agencies that run 112 programs and make them in duplication, see who works, come up with the metrics. We're gonna do all this great thing. And that is fabulous. I'm glad I'm on it. Mary Gilaberti's on it. We're trying to make real progress. But you know what?  The Trump administration dinged around to appointing Dr. McCann's cats into August. We had our first meeting. And you know what that did? Then all the federal agencies said, oh, we don't have time to go through the rigorous practice of having everybody check everything. So we're not really gonna contribute to any of the solutions. So what did that mean? That meant nobody from the Department of Education was there to say, hey, we should be writing about how to do early intervention. It meant, hey, no one from the federal Bureau of Prisons was there to answer why they're locking up people in isolation for two years and then turning them loose on the streets, making their illness worse. So instead, you have your 14 members, including me, coming up with a wish list of everything we wanna do. And that's fabulous. And it's a good roadmap. But in the past three decades, every president has come up with a roadmap and nothing has gotten done. And we don't know yet if this administration is gonna do anything except take that report and file it away somewhere. Recommendations in reconfiguring our federal system must be done. If we just plot along like we're doing now, we'll be giving up on the Alison Colliers, April Hernandez, the Frederick Gilbert's, the Jason Mill Mitchell's and the Kevin Earley's in our world. All right, so ISMIC is doing a roadmap. You're gonna hear more about that today from people who are well aware of that. I'm gonna simplify it for you. We will never create a zero intercept unless we front load our system with evidence-based services that work at getting people quality care and keep them from encounters with the police instead of cobbling together a fractured system that only acts as a band-aid and only intervenes when somebody hits rock bottom and becomes dangerous. I'm talking about the earliest possible intervention about a system where individuals can go not to an emergency room, not to jails, but easily accessible restoration or drop-off centers where people will not be turned away but will be welcomed, can be properly assessed, treated, respected with compassion, best practices, have peer support and also given hope, not some horrific description such as my son and I were told. I look back on my son's story and I see at least six different areas where we could have been engaged and I'm sad that we didn't have engagement as one of the things that people wrote down because that is the key, engagement. And what's the other key? The other key is money. And we need to talk about that because that is always the key. If we want a better system, we have to figure out a way to incentivize psychiatrists, hospitals and insurance companies to make them to wanna provide services because it will be adequate financing and compensation and not compassion, I'm sorry to say, that's gonna change our system.  And that's not spent to help them, that's spent to make them competent so they can be put on trial and sent to jail. For this group of frequent utilizers, we need to begin expanding the box of what is healthcare. It's more than putting a pill in someone's mouth. The importance of supportive housing and helping these folks stay out of hospitals, assertive community treatment, human connectivity, job opportunities, stability, recovery, affordable access to medication.  All right, let me get back to my son. After his fourth hospitalization, he stopped taking his pills, he wasn't engaged. I could see he was slipping. I called up the Mobile Crisis Response Center. They said, is he dangerous? I said, no, he's not dangerous. Let me tell you what happened. No, you can't judge him on what happened. You call him when he's violent or dangerous. I said, what? Call us when he's dangerous. We only have one mobile crisis for a million and a half people.  So the night, I didn't have to lie. The night he became violent, I called that same dispatcher. He said, please come, my son is violent. And he says, well, wait a minute. Is he dangerous or is he violent? And I said, he's violent. Oh, we don't come. Call the police. If they're violent, we don't come. The police came, they shot my son twice with a taser, hog-tied him and took him away.  If I couldn't get my kid to calp after writing a book about it, my Washington Post connections, living in fancy, dancey, fair facts, what chance does someone who has no connections know nothing about this system? That's why we have to change it. Next time comes around, my son goes off his meds one more time. This time it's Thanksgiving. He jumps in the car, takes off. I start calling him frantically. He finally answers the phone, where are you going? I'm going to heaven. Not the most reassuring thing a parent wants to hear. He gets as far as North Carolina. I always love that because when I talk in North Carolina, they go, oh, we made it. Anyway, he runs out of gas, okay? He's out of gas. He calls me. He says, I'm out of gas, dad. I said, I'll come, don't come. I'll range for, well, go to the gas station. I'll call ahead. No, dad, you don't understand, you don't understand.  How do you know you're in this room? How do you know you're listening to me?  He believed that. So I did what no father should do. I range for him to get gasoline. He drove completely psychotic up high 95, went off the road twice. Luckily it was never stopped. He came home. I said, look, I'm tired of fighting with you. Tell me what you want to do. I want to go to a safe house. I just want to think about this. I don't like medication. Okay, I'll take you to a safe house. Got him to a safe house. Checked him in.  He went walking down the street. Listen to what happened to him this time. A CIT trained officer came up to him and said, hey, what you doing walking down the street naked? Let's go to the emergency room. Don't handcuff me. That's when I got tasered. I didn't do a crime. Fine, get in the back of the car. What kind of radio do you like to listen to? Rap turned on the radio, got to the hospital. My son said, gosh, this is better than a taxi ride. He went in. And when that doctor said to the CIT officer who stuck around, he said, well, walking around naked is not a sign of dangerousness. The officer said, really, Dr. Smith?  All of a sudden my son was admitted in that hospital. And then what happened? He got a case manager. A case manager really cared. A case manager managed to talk to him. Do you know my son's seven psychiatrist? Only two have bothered to learn anything but his name and diagnosis. And that's because they're only gonna be paid for 15 minute med check and just tell him to take the pill and go out the door. He got a doctor actually talked to him and said, why don't you take your medication? I've gained 50 pounds. It makes me sluggish. We'll work together. We'll find a medication that really works. They found something worked. Then the case manager said, you shouldn't live with your dad. You're old enough to have housing. She found him a place with two guys with schizophrenia where they had housing. It gave him independence, all right? Then she said, what do you wanna do with your life? He said, what can I do? I have a mental illness. Knock it off, control the illness. Don't let it control you. She got him a job, college educated. He was the guy in Home Depot running around pushing carts, getting carts. He was depressed. All his friends were moving on with his life. One day his therapist is there. He says, Kevin, you're doing a great job. You're doing wonderful. He thought he was mocking him. He said, no, you come to my class. How many of your friends would be doing well if this was they went through what you went through? How many of them would be working? Do you know how rare you are? He went, he talked, he liked it. He liked helping people. It gave him a purpose. Case major said, I got the perfect program for you.  Today my son's a peer to peer counselor on a jail team. He goes out and helps people all brag briefly because my time is up, but I wanna brag briefly. Guy over 300 pounds living in the basement of his parents' house hasn't been out for months. He goes over. He'd be frenzy. They go out. They go to McDonald's, not the best place to go. In my opinion, would they go? No, that's not much, unless that's your son. Unless that's your son. People can recover if you give them the right tools, you give them the right resources. He works full-time today. He's going to graduate school. What finally helped my son? He got the services he needed. He was respected. He was given hope. He was given a purpose in life.  And that, my friends, is the toughest issue we face as parents, healthcare companies, insurance companies. It's how do you get someone who's not thinking clearly to engage in their own recovery? If you get nothing else from my speech, remember that. Remember, you're not widget makers. You have chosen to make a difference in people's lives. Margaret Mead said it best when she said, never doubt a small group of thoughtful committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has. I believe every moment creates an opportunity for each of us to fix this system. Let me repeat that. Every moment creates an opportunity for us to fix this broken system. Today, let's start fixing it. Thank you. Sure. Thank you so much. I mean, it's obviously a compelling set of stories that you tell and deep passion about what's broken, but hope as well. I mean, you seem to have a view that we can do things differently, and you've seen it. We should. So let me remind people, because Megan's going to say, hey, you didn't tell people. There's actually microphones on stands up in the front and one in the back. So if you want to ask some questions, please do so. And so we will have a little discussion while people think about their questions.  Is there a way, I mean, you seem to have thoughts on how we can pull this thing apart, but it goes back to community-based services. So can you talk a little bit more about that? Of course, we closed down all the state institutions because we felt like most of them were horrible institutions because they weren't funded. And so we set up this community system. We've never really financed. If you look at my book, you'll see that in Miami, there were 5,000 people who were in 650 supportive housing units. 450 of those housing units couldn't pass the basic standard operators boarding home. They had to have a special license. One of them had a just it would have been illegal to put anybody but someone with a mental illness in there. They had a hole in the roof, rain came down, medications were scattered on a kitchen table. None of the caregivers spoke English. None of the people who were tenants spoke Spanish. Meals were rice and beans. There was no treatment. There was nothing. We never have developed this community-based system. But we have to dig deeper. The reason those homes operate is because we don't pay them money to operate. There's not enough money there. And not only do we have to understand where the money is going to come from, because you can issue a report like the Perryman Report says, $1 spent will save $7 in cost shifting. And I go down to Virginia legislature. And I say, look, you get this person out of Fairfax County Jail, $72,500 a year to keep them there. You can provide them services for $12,000, housing first in an act team. You've saved all this money. And the guy comes up to me and says, oh, have we? The county pays for the jail. The state pays for the medical. So why do I want you in my pocket? So we have to think, and hopefully this ISMIC committee will think in a broader term, we have to figure out rewards. I'm sorry, I'm a cynical reporter. If the money is not going to be there, that's what helped cause this in the problem. We've got to think about money. We've got to think about fair compensation to folks like you and others who provide the services. But we also have to deal with the reality which we refuse to deal with because of our history. And that's civil commitment. Nobody wants to force anybody to do anything. And force often doesn't work. It didn't work with my son. It caused resentment. But we have to look at our bar of dangerousness because what we do now is use that as an excuse not to provide services. Then we really turn it over to the criminal justice system. And we have to come up with a more thoughtful, better way to protect human rights but also intervene early enough to get people help before they reach stage four. So in terms of, I really love the way you concluded talking about the opportunities for peer counseling and finding purpose in life. How can we make that go better? How can we facilitate more of that? I think that what, I mean, we have examples out there. If you go to San Antonio, they have a restoration center. It's not part of the hospital. It's not part of the jail. You can go in if you have a, even if you're, you're just drunk. You can go in and try to get the China help. The real secret is what Tom Insel said. He said, trying to get into a person's mind, find the healthy part, and get them engaged. And this is why I always get frustrated with this argument. Look, I was on the committee that helped rewrite Virginia's imminent danger criteria after the Virginia Tech shooting. And I thought if we just make it easier to get people and force them into treatment, we'll solve the problem. Well, you know what? It didn't work. All right? So on one hand, here's my son. He has a family, loves him, accessed good medical care, psychiatrist. He has all these love, everything, a good future. And he's still sick. So I forced him in the hospital. And what happens? He stays stable. It helps him. It gets him going.  So what finally was the core? And with each person, it's an individual thing. And with him, he wasn't going to get to see our granddaughter anymore.   He woke up one day and said, after five hospitalizations, I could no longer say that I'm not one of those people. I'm one of those people. For him, that got him engaged. As soon as he got engaged and we could get him plugged into services, he recovered. And that engagement is the trickiest part. And we don't like to talk about it. I think peers, which are under attack in some quarters, are part of that. It just makes sense to me. And my son relates to someone. Is that all the answer? No. You need good medication. But you also need all these other things. And I'm proud that some organizations are beginning in Boston. We have a hospital that actually is setting up respite housing. I spent three months with the homeless in DC to do a book that nobody wanted to buy. And it basically showed me, you can't get better if you don't have a house. Living on the street, you're not going to get better. So we have to start with Maslow's hierarchy. And then we have to identify.  I, in California, they have real progressive. They got $1 billion, thanks to their millionaires tax. They have housing first. They have an ACT team. And you still find people scattered in community housing isolated alone because there's no human connectivity. And that's another part of why peers and others need to be part of that. You can give a person a house. You can give them medication. Medication seems to work with my son. But if there's no social interaction, you're just isolating them individually rather than in a giant state hospital. People, you should be asking questions. Nobody has any questions. This is unacceptable. I knew I could count on Nell to ask a question. And Indy. Thank you. I'm Indy Dedegut, the Georgetown Center on Property and Inequality. I'm curious. Some of this was sort of maybe implicit. I haven't read your book. But what did you find was sort of the role of race, some of the people whose stories you've told, at least, are likely non-white? I just love to hear your thoughts on sort of that. Well, the jails are a reflection of our inability and inadequacy to deal with cultural issues. But it's really tough when you talk about the mental health world. I ran into this more with Cho, who's the Virginia Tech shooter, went to school with one of my kids. And you have to somehow, one of the things I'm proud about NAMI about, I don't know about Mental Health America, is translating into Spanish.  And that's particularly true in the African-American community, which you're going to have more encounters by please. Fairfax County, we had a real problem over there. That's where I live. When you have, I forget the exact percentage of African-Americans, but in the jails and prisons, you have almost 47%. I mean, cultural, there's a big cultural part of this that we need to address in the mental health community, along with engaging those people. And again, that's why I think peers can be very useful. There are those that argue there are no scientific proofs, no metrics that show that peers make any difference. And there's a theory that if you're not an educated doctor, you can't make a difference. But I've always felt that if you have somebody who's gone through a similar experience, you can identify with them. And that's especially true in a cultural environment, I think. It's what AA is based on. Go ahead. Did Miami-Dade make any changes after your book was released and possibly the same answer? But are there any cities that you think have really done an extraordinary job? You talked a little bit about San Antonio and Boston having positive programs. But anyone who's just hit it out of the park? Yeah, there's several who have hit it out of the park. Miami-Dade, Judd Leifman, it took him almost 15 years, but he closed down the ninth floor. He's setting up a huge, fabulous system down there. They're even doing predictive analytics, trying to figure out when people are going to go off their meds, when they're going to get sick. San Antonio is the gold standard. But again, we're addressing this from the criminal justice side.  And I'm afraid we're going to reach a tipping point where jails and prisons are going to get tired, getting beaten up about this kind of stuff, and they're going to create a better mental health system in the jails and prisons. I was just in Alabama, and that's what they were talking about. If you want help, get arrested. Well, that's wrong. So we have to get outside that. And those systems are harder to find because of funding. We're much better at funding problems than we are stopping problems. And that's in a nutshell. That's kind of the simplified journalist answer to that. If you can set up early education, I mean, my wife's a teacher. You can identify some of these problems. Early intervention. We have all these raised studies that show the fact. Look at my own son's story. And I know anecdotal evidence is not always the best to base it on. But he didn't object to going to a psychiatrist. He was a psychiatrist that rejected him. And then what happened? Then he gets arrested. I mean, the whole system was boom, boom, boom. It was punishment rather than, and that just built up more prejudice and hints behind about stigma. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you for your work. I echo everything you said. I'm a research scientist and national committee for quality assurance. I work on mental health quality measures. So my question for you is, what do you think are the roles of the payers to help to develop the mental health system as well as needed social service systems? And that, of course, is the big problem. Why should Kaiser Permanente be paying for housing? So what we have to do is we have to get this federal system in shape first. And we had to break down the barriers between it because we have, and that's hopefully what ISMIC is doing. You've got to see the total health. And to do that, you've got to recognize that, I mean, you have to recognize that these people who are frequent utilizers, who you're going to be punished because they keep coming back to the hospital, this is other steps that they need. So first of all, you had to start thinking outside the box in that way. And that's scary because, and this is where I'll get in trouble, I blame the psychiatry industry because we're trying to throw out such a wide net. Everybody has a psychosis and the insurance company should pay for everything. And there, I've stepped on that one. We have to identify what really we can do and we have to target how we're going to do it in those broad sense. I focus on the seriously mentally ill people, schizophrenia, bipolar, that kind of thing because they use so much services and they're the ones in jail. But we have to think of it, I think the insurance industry has a right to say, wait a minute, I'm not going to pay just because you need a best friend. At the other end, we need to say, OK, you got to keep paying for someone with schizophrenia. And we also have to make, since I'm sending everybody on fire here, they also have to make an acknowledgement here. Everybody wants to believe in recovery. I believe in recovery because I don't know who will recover and who won't. I remember seeing my son tasered, hugged tight on the floor and thinking it was better. He'd never been born. And look at him now. But we also know the four-quarter rule. And one-fourth of people with schizophrenia don't get better and we don't know how to help them. And we shouldn't just abandon them on the streets. Incredible. OK. Pete, thanks for joining us. My pleasure. OK. Thank you.


Hi beautiful, I'm in Paris. Hey guys, come with me. I'm bringing you on a journey to look at some tourist attractions in Paris. I will be rating the hottest tourist attractions here that money can buy you.   Sorry in advance, but that's the vibe today. Oh, and also the rating system one is bad, 10 is great. So I'll see you at the Louvre. Okay, so we're outside of the Louvre, if you will. It looks to be made of glass and it looks to be very large. Can you move back, ma'am? I think I look ugly that close up, thank you. Yeah, there's something in the middle of it. It looks like an art piece and I like it. I'm interested in it. And I have to say the buildings surrounding the Louvre are actually more impressive in my opinion than the glass thing, triangle in the middle. So we'll take this into consideration as we proceed with the museum tour. So let's go. So we are here, right? Sorry for being so lame in the other clips. I feel like I was very tired feeling, but I'm actually not tired at all. I would say that the architecture in here is actually more impressive than the art so far, but that's also because I don't like historical art. Like if you take a look over to your right, you know, it's cool, statues are cool and all, but like for me, I'm more of like a modern, contemporary art type of guy, so we'll see. This baby here, right, is from 1650. This child was created. Come over here, guys. I don't know, I just don't know if I believe that. You're telling me that that thing has been around for a lot of hundreds of years, because I can't do math, but it just doesn't seem likely. I don't know if I believe historical art. I don't know. It seems sketchy to me. Hey, negative Nancy here. I actually do like historical furniture pieces, so this has kind of doped me, like absolutely. Like I can just feel the vibes of somebody very wealthy sitting on this furniture and living their best extra life, so I'm here for it.   I think it's a very mature taste of art and I myself are maturing, so. All right, we made it to the grand finale, if you will. We're at the Mona Lisa and it's very small behind me, because I am not gonna wait in this line. She's very small. She commands the crowd, so I can appreciate that, but I don't know, but this on the other hand, this is major. This sleaze, that over there, pan over here. I don't know about that one, but this one, this sleaze, and I want this in my next house. I actually don't want it in my next house unless my face was painted in the middle. I would take it.  I just left the Louvre.  Because it matters so much.    So the architecture was really pretty. The Mona Lisa was, but, excuse me, sir.  So I'll give it like a solid five out of 10. Wasn't like the best museum I've ever been to, but maybe it's because I don't really have the taste for historical art. As I said before, I am maturing. So maybe like in five, 10, 20, 50 years, I might like it more. But today, I'm not that into it. But let's go to the next location. Actually, I think we're in the next location. Is this part of our exploration today, Francesca? Great, where are we? We are in a park. We will put the park name. Do we know the park name? We're gonna find out the park name in one second. We just looked at the name. It's in French. I think it's the Royal Palace National Park of some sorts.   Come on with me. I think we found a gem. Not that I found it, but this is my first time at this park.   Do you see how green this is and how large it is?  I mean, listen, this beats Washington Square Park. This one's high up there on my review. Look at the building. Are you joking? I love parks. I love nature. So this, this is good for me.  Sorry, I keep saying that, but it's a lot of trees, man. And they're pretty perfectly cut. I mean, look at the witch. Who do you think does that? Obviously a person who like does landscaping, right? But like they kind of slayed.  Like I want this in my backyard in New York. I don't have a backyard, but one day I will and we'll have this. Let's take a seat, come with me. This is spectacular. I've never seen so much green stuff in my life and so much amazing plant life. And the vibes over here are immaculate. So I'm automatically giving this place a 10 out of 10 would come here again. Actually would come here every time I go to Paris. I don't know how to say it. I think that's it guys. The architecture, incredible. The fountain, incredible. The grass, green as can be. The vibes, great. Hello. We are in an area which feels like the Fifth Avenue or the Rodeo Drive of Pauie.  I can put the name here. That's what it's called. You know, we are currently walking by Chanel if you follow me this way, ma'am. And Gucci's over here and we got Dior and we have a lot of different places. And this feels like a tourist spot, right? It's kind of gorgeous. Actually it's one of the most gorgeous shopping places I've ever seen, to be honest with you. And if I were gonna ball out, I would have to do it here.   Very bougie. You know, you feel sexy and rich over here. Like you can shop on Fifth Avenue in New York and it's cute.  New Yorkers are such bitches.  Like I love the vibes here. Everybody's so nice. Everybody wants to help you. Everybody has the time of day for you. They can help you with anything. They can give you a glass of wine. They can give you water. A little convict or a sign here.    I'll give you guys a rating in a second. I forgot to rate this one and I'm gonna do it now. I would give a 10 out of 10. I would definitely go shopping here, dude. Nothing bad to say. This location slays. Hello, reporting live from the Ark.  Yeah, I don't know if you can get a perspective here, but imagine me, little five foot nine boy. And this one is probably about 200 feet tall. Is that a lot of feet? I don't know. It seems like that's probably legit. Yeah, that's pretty much it. It's very big. It looks big and it is big. We are gonna go to the top now. And from the outside, I would say the architecture is pretty dope. And the carvings, the little carving things on the stone, pretty good. I don't think I could do it that well. So let's go to the top. We're here. There's a lot of city behind me.  Okay, we just walked up about a thousand flights of stairs. Bye. I will say. The view is wild. Very much worth it. I am definitely feeling a little embarrassed right now while filming in public, but I'm trying to get through it. Hello. I'm gonna go over here. Follow me here. Okay, now that we're in private. Nope, people are still looking. I hate it. I hate it. I hate it. I can't even think what I'm trying to say here. We'll talk when I get back downstairs. Oh, okay. I'm still up here. I took a break. Give him a little tour. I'm still here. It's like up here. Like listen, if this was my view, I wouldn't be complaining. I would feel great. The building's being flat here. A moment.  It's a great little like, oh. Like the vibes are good. Everything looks beautifully clean and white. Like, what more could I ask for? Okay. I don't know. I don't really have anything like any great jokes right now because I'm like really physically exhausted. My butt is actually on fire right now. I woke up at 5 a.m. It is now 5 p.m. and I'm definitely not done until probably midnight tonight. So we gotta go back down the stairs and I'll keep you updated on what I think about this place when I'm done with this stair moment. Like, because the stairs are the part where it gets me a little bit and we gotta do it all over again. All right. So we are out of the arc and I will say that I think that I can provide this arc a nine out of 10. The only thing that would have been better is if there was food and drink on the top of it. Like I would really love that. So if we could make that happen somehow, that would be good for me. Nothing to complain about. Oh, the elevator. Eight out of 10. I'm bumping it down. Sorry, because there was no elevator. But also it gave me a lot of exercise. So nine out of 10, eight out of 10, eight out of 10. I'm gonna give it. And that's basically it.  Highly recommend it. I think it's underrated because nobody goes on it and there was tons of tickets and it was easy to do, no line. And it's a beautiful day. Like, what? All right.  That's like the number one attraction, huh? I heard. All right. See you there. All right. We've made it to the Eiffel, motherfucking tower. This was constructed in 1889 by Gustav Eiffel Swag. He honestly slayed a little bit. Like people say that the Eiffel Tower is slightly underwhelming because of the fact that it's so like, everybody wants to like see it. But honestly, it's kind of cool.  But it's really tall as you would expect and it's very monumentous. It's feeling very grand, which I like. I thought this one might be like the worst reviewed just because it's so overrated and I've been here before and it's like, you know, whatever. But maybe I've changed my mind. I don't know. Maybe I need to get farther away from it to see the whole thing in its grandeur. So let's do that. Come with me. I don't know. Like it's just, it's kind of iconic. Is it the most coolest thing I've ever seen in my entire life? I know, but it is cool. I think for it being built in 18, fuckin' 89.  I'm gonna give it a solid seven. Mm.  I don't care. Come after me, okay? Parisians. Wee-wee. Come after me, me. Like six out of 10. I'm gonna stick with it.  You can't put fuckin' grass over here? Where's the grass? It's not on my feet, babe. You got grass everywhere else in this fuckin' city. It's gorgeous everywhere else, but no grass in the Eiffel Tower. Anyways, it's been a long day. I'm in a bad mood now. I need to eat, and there's really nothing else to see here besides what you're seeing right now. I'm not going to the top of it either. Should not make me do that.  It was great. I don't need to do it again. And that's really it. Thanks for watching today, guys. Welcome to, this was Paris. I'm in Paris, and thank you. That's really it, right? That's it. I've watched another video of a shop X-Mondo and thanks. Bye.


This article reviews the toxic effects of common heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium and arsenic, on human health through exposure via water, air and food. The bioaccumulation of these metals leads to a variety of toxic effects on body tissues and organs, including disruption of cellular events like growth, proliferation, differentiation, damage repairing processes, and apoptosis. The mechanisms of action for heavy metal toxicity involve ROS generation, weakening of the antioxidant defense, enzyme inactivation, and oxidative stress. Some heavy metals have selective binding to specific macromolecules, such as leads interaction with amino-levelinic acid dehydratase and ferrokeletase. These toxic metals can also cause genomic instability and carcinogenicity through defects in DNA repair following oxidative stress and DNA damage. Despite current knowledge of heavy metal hazards, the incidence of poisoning remains significant and requires preventive and effective treatment, including chelation therapy for metal management. This article was authored by Madi Bilali Mood, Cobra Nazari, Zoya Tahrgarabi, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.


hello everyone welcome to another dodge coin update we're going to go through this information today now dodge coin may be having a deal with amazon and microsoft we'll go through the speculation that's happening in regards to what this deal might be and why this is happening we'll go through this information in this video i've got to say if you leave a like on the video that would be absolutely fantastic it helps out the channel we're trying to grow to 10 000 subscribers so anyway you can help out with that that would be absolutely fantastic i've also got to say i'm not a financial advisor i'm a business teacher in my daily life but i'm buying new means an expert on the stock market or crypto but we're going to go into some of this speculation that's been happening around dodge coin with microsoft in particular just recently but also with amazon recently as well so we'll go through the information in this video okay and i'll get straight to the point if you leave a like on the video that'd be fantastic it does help out the channel a lot it helps it reach into the youtube search results so more people see our videos and then more people be able to potentially subscribe so thank you everybody for all the support we're trying to grow to 10 000 subscribers as fast as possible so thank you everybody indeed we'll go into the information today for you in this video so first of all i just want to mention that the mainstream articles are now actually covering dodge coin it's getting becoming that much of a phenomenon it's being that much you know it's being talked about that much that now mainstream articles and mainstream news organizations are realistically and and covering dodge coin which is incredible so we've got this recent news here dodge coin takes off after a tip by elon musk so again elon musk was recently tweeted about dodge coin and and and the issues surrounding that so going into this what was said dodge coin is a cryptocurrency which started off as a jerk and has jumped in value by 50 after inventor elon must dubbed it the people's crypto cryptocurrency and it really is i mean in a sense that people the only reason dodge coin is is it in at the level it's at partly it's elon but it's also just people talking about it and this kind of marketing uh virality or that is happening with this stock uh this this crypto should i say cryptocurrency such as dodge coin and bitcoin are generated by computers they're supposed to value from their finite number that can be computed uh okay and also it's risen by 800 on the year and and you had this recent tweet by uh elon here now moving on to the recent news do remember to support the channel if you can anywhere you could do to help out subscribing liking and all that good stuff i'll get right into the information there for you for the you actually clicked on this video for right now moving into this there is now a petition going round for microsoft to accept dodge dodge coin and it says here get microsoft to accept dodge coin as a payment method this could be a good step in the right direction for dodge coin to be a to be a big cryptocurrency and important and also useful in people's lives so this is only a recent petition that started and you know so this is going to gain momentum potentially and more people are going to sign this petition i will leave the petition in the description so that you can consider signing it but also there's obviously this is being covered right and the fact that this is going to get to more than 114 you just recently started you know this is breaking news this recent petition and so do you know what it would be massive if this was to happen i'm not saying that it will happen it's speculation at this point but at least it makes it's quite interesting right it's quite interesting that if dodge coin does get accepted whether it's microsoft or whether it's a another big company this really is going to add towards the credibility of the coin and as i said they are getting accepted into smaller companies already and i'll go through that in another video in detail about how dodge coin is actually getting accepted into smaller companies but to be accepted into these large companies could be massive for this crypto so this recent petition is going around in terms of getting dodge coin accepted into microsoft which would be massive then you know recently i talked about this in another video about another petition similar one but this one is for amazon and this one's got now 77,400 signatures here and this is in terms of accepting dodge coin as a payment method into amazon now amazon is obviously one of the most used e-commerce stores online there's a lot of revenue and transactions going on in amazon if this was to happen this would be massive however this one is is highly unlikely to happen but if if it did one day then it then that'd be incredible right so looking at this currently amazon does not yet accept cryptocurrencies a payment method so it may eventually accept crypto it may just not it may just start off with maybe bitcoin but then what's to say if they can go down that avenue of accepting crypto that they then don't go and accept some other crypto currencies and what is the next well-known one other than bitcoin it would be dodge coin um obviously much cheaper price but in terms of brand awareness and what people know it would be dodge coin um so it's interesting really um speculation uh on this uh so payment method alienate many people who do not have a traditional bank account amazon being a leader in innovation should accept dodge coin as a form of payment dodge coin is fast cheap and stable it's stable in value and has the lowest transaction fee of other major coins and as a supply of coins that are very large active community with an ongoing development so if this happened it would be incredible but it's interesting how much traction these petitions are starting to get the everyone's just started so that's why it's on the amount of signatures guarantee if you check back on this video in a couple of days you'll notice that the signatures have gone up even further and then you also you've got this signatures as well that is 10 is going up up and up as well so they're getting a lot of support and a lot of traction on this so that's the end of the video for today do forget do remember to subscribe to the channel and also like the video and i will see everybody in the next one


Reporting bias is a common issue in the medical literature, whereby studies are not published if they do not show positive results. This can lead to an overestimation of the effectiveness of certain treatments and an underestimation of their associated risks. To address this issue, mandatory prospective registration of clinical trials should be implemented, along with public access to study data through results databases. This would allow for an independent review of research data, fulfill ethical obligations towards patients, and provide a basis for informed decision making in the healthcare system. This article was authored by Kohl's Heiker, Stullerivorn Beatrice, Christ Julia, and others.


Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Hello. We'll just wait. Hello. We'll just wait a few more minutes to allow a few more people to join. Hello everyone. We'll just wait one or two more minutes to allow a few more people to join. I think we should start. Today we have two main items on the agenda. The Project Fine Yards team are going to follow up from the presentation that they gave us at the last meeting with a quick demo. And then we'll move on to further technical discussion of Rafael's DR document, which has been coming along nicely. So with that, I'll hand over to the Alibaba team for Project Fine Yards demo. Thank you, Alex. Hello everyone. My name is Ren Yu and I'm from Alibaba demo economy. Today, my colleague Andy and Tao and I are going to demonstrate our system as a follow-up of last presentation. Andy has a shared screen. One yard is an in-memory immutable data manager that provides out-of-the-box high-level abstraction and zero-coby in-memory sharing for distributed data in big data tasks. And if you want to know more technical details, you can refer to our repo. Also, you can look at the docs of the last big meeting. I will first introduce a big data task we are going to demo. And then I will hand the microphone to my colleague Andy and he will then go through all the running one yard combinations as well. The task that we focus on is a simplified version of what we do in Alibaba. It's for fraud detection. Currently, a fraud transaction indicates a customer deceptively purchased an item hoping to inflate the rating of the item. And in the demo example, we used pandas and Mars for distributed processing to prepare the data site and then use PyTorch to train a fraud transaction classifier. And we integrate one yard with these two systems. First, we can check the data, the code or data, yeah, data first. Sure. The data we use from a few series ways, typically one yard and the application built on top designed for handle large data. But today, for demo purposes, we just always use the small data just to speed up the process. But you can imagine those kind of data can live in HDFS or something. The schema of the data is like the follows. Like item is something like items listed in e-commerce websites like Amazon or Alibaba. It begins with an ID and then they follow by like several numeric features. And the user table is similar. Each entry indicates a user and it starts from ID and followed by a few features. And the transaction like indicating purchase from a user with an item. The first two columns are the user IDs and item IDs.  We use this label for training and followed by a few like transaction features. Like for the actual classification, we actually we join those two to three tables together to have a very wide lots of attributes, lots of features, a table for transactions. Let's look at the data. Sorry, that's a code. Like a simple like one single machine version is using pandas. We use vendors to load data from CSVs and load them as a data frame, as a pandas data frames. And they do us using a join like two to expand to get a new data frame and it's called a data set. And then they combine features to do this. And then we can go, can you scroll down, please? Yeah. And then we, sorry, okay. We use the make data sets to the function to like to convert those pandas data frame to num high and to be a pytorch tensor data set. And we import pytorch and it's just a simple like one layer for classification. Like it's to taking input, taking the data set as input. But what if those data sets are large? Like let's just imagine those sets which are too large to be handled on a single machine. We need to do the distributed processing. In this case, we use Mars. It's also a project from Alibaba. It's you can think it has a parallel or distributed num high pandas and the scikit, a scikit-learn package. Okay, let's go back to the code. The code itself, it looks pretty like similar to the version in pandas, you see. But there are a few notable differences. First, like the data frame here is the Mars data frame here is different from the pandas data frame. Here, the Mars will slice the actual data frame into multiple chunks and distribute the chunks into multiple nodes and machines. And you can see one yard provides the IO ability for Mars. Because like for one yard, it not only supports the local data IO, but also supports like IO from remote HDFS and various like data sources. And the actual joints like see the and you can select the yeah for the actual joints. It's quite similar to the pandas except that for Mars, it's actually like the job actually done in the chunk level. Like it will split those the joints of actual data frame into the joints of those chunks and reshuffle the data if necessary. And for this part, we only like taking care of the processing. In this script, we're only taking care of the pre-processing part. We just output a one yard object as a global data frame. We will like go back to the pytorch part later. I will next hand the microphone to Andy. Andy, you can you can take him over from here. Oh, thank you. And thanks for the code demo. Okay, now let's first check our environment. Here we have a Kubernetes cluster with eight nodes and there's no parts running. Now we install one yard with Helm. Then we check the CRDs. Here we have the global objects and the local objects CRDs from one yard. Then we run Mars now. Oh, okay. One yard, it's not running as a demon set on the Kubernetes cluster. Okay, now we can run Mars now. This process will take about one minute. It will join the three tables and produce a global data frame in one yard. Let's wait here. Okay, we get the global data frame with this object ID. Then we check the CRD. This is the global object CRD. Represent this global data frame. And also this global data frame is partitioned into chunks. And these chunks are distributed over two nodes. They are 192 and 193. Now we check the pods. We can see that the one yard pod on node 192 is this one. So we log in this one yard pod to get a chunk to see how exactly the chunk looks like. We first import one yard. Then we establish a client connecting to the IPC socket of one yard. Then we can get the chunk. We will choose a chunk lying on the 192 node. Okay, now we get the chunk. Actually, the chunk data is mapped from the one yard process to the Python process with shared memory in a zero copy fashion. And the chunk data is automatically resolved into a pandas data frame, since we already registered the pandas data frame redover to one yard. For the detail about memory mapping and the resolver registration mechanism, please refer to the one yard document. And now we try to get another chunk that is not located on 192. For example, this one, okay. Now we find that we can't get that chunk. This means that when we try to get the chunks from one yard, we can only get the local chunks. Now let's look at the PyTorch code. That will be the next step we are going to run. Okay, compared with the single machine version, the make data set from one yard is different here. Okay, here we have to first connect to the one IPC socket and get all the local chunks. And we can concatenate these chunks into a merged data frame. Then the rest part are just the same as the single machine version. Okay, so when we deploy the PyTorch pod on Kubernetes, what if the pods are scheduled to the nodes that doesn't have any chunk of data? Then the PyTorch can't get any data from one yard. So let's look at the state for set YAML of our PyTorch job. Hello, Tao, are you still there? Okay, I will... Sorry. Sorry. We can hear you. Just fine. I think Tao is offline, so he's not... Tao is the one actually typing those commands. So I will try to find the code. Okay. Oh, I see. This is what happens when you're extremely brave and do a demo in live life. Yeah, replica one demo. It's not a live demo if something doesn't go wrong, so don't worry. This is all good. Maybe we should wait a few minutes. Can I ask a question while we're waiting? Okay. Andy, can you describe your memory allocation, how that's going on and what kind of rules you're using and how the memory, that global memory is getting allocated and decided if there's enough to do the application and things like that? Here, currently we didn't have a very specific, very sophisticated strategy. And now, if the memory is not enough, when we create the object, we will return the the message to the client to tell them that the memory is not enough. So you had two servers there and you allocated during the allocation of the memory, if the two servers weren't enough, you would get the message to try to pull in more. Is that the use case or how you see it getting used? Yeah, let me share a bit more on this. Actually, with the help, we need to specify how much memory can OneYard use in the help, the command, and after OneYard is deployed and the memory consumed by OneYard is fixed. It's no larger than eight gigabytes in our demo case, but you can specify the launcher demon set of OneYard, like how much memory you want, what OneYard has. So we does not have a dynamic like an adjustment on the size of the the memory that OneYard can consume. And for the memory allocation, we use a very simple version of a single thread memory allocator. It's the same as Plasma. Hi, Paul. Are you back with us? Hi, Paul. Yeah, you can show us the spec, the stateful set. Yeah, Mo. Okay. So I just described the case that when the pod is not scheduled to the place that the chunks are located. In this case, we will add the OneYard migration to the init container. And this is a function provided by OneYard to migrate the data chunks when the chunks are not located at the same node as the pod. Okay, so now let's run the PyTorch job. And we give the object ID of the global data frame as the required object ID. Now we check the pod. We can see that these two PyTorch pods are scheduled to node 188 and 187. They are not the same node as the chunks are located. They are 192 and 193. So let's check the logs of the worker there. We can see that the data migrations are triggered here. And the data migration is actually time-consuming. Now we check the local objects. Okay, for this local object, it has been replicated here. So it is replicated from 193 to 188 so that the pod on node 188 can use this chunk. So here we can see that the data migration is both time and space consuming. So is there any way that we can reduce the data migration as much as possible? Here we try to use the schedule plug-in in Kubernetes to solve the problem. Okay, so we first reset the environment. And we will run mass to get a new global data frame. Adjust the pod ready. Hey, while we're waiting, just a quick question there. So effectively, you have a set of source data which then gets sharded across a number of nodes. And then you can start your workload that consumes that data on any node within the cluster and it will pull the relevant segments to the node where the job is running, right? Yeah, correct. Cool. I have a question about the design. Why did you decide to have an explicit step to pull the relevant shards as opposed to maybe just let the client in this case the Python application say I want this global shard and have the and the vineyard locate the needed, you know, the needed and do the migration on demand. Instead, you're doing an explicit, you know, any container step to do the shard migration or replication. Is there a reason? I can explain because like those kind of tensor need to be like the other case that's cancer need to be like used immediately after the process was launched. Just because the case we first we need to convert those like data frames to tensors and we need to get all the data frames, at least a chunk, the whole chunk to get the job started. We have a mechanism for pipelining like using streams like in my yard where we didn't demo today. In that way, we can do some pipelining like the streams are just chunk streams. You can like consume chunk after chunk and sequence of chunk. You can consume chunk at a time and we can organize that as a stream. So we can only migrate one chunk at a time in that case. So yeah, yeah, just the data in both cases, the data are directly mapped into the consumer's process. So that's the basic design paradigm. Yeah. I just a quick question and I'm learning from this is that would it be the data frames are on certain nodes? Is that correct? Yeah. Okay. And then as the application consumes them, the Python application, would it be a beneficiary to have the Python application hint in the pod specification what frames is looking for so that you could extend the Kubernetes scheduler to be out to tell the scheduler Kubernetes say place this pod on this node where its data frames are. So that way you don't have to move the data. That's exactly what we are going to demo. Oh, sweet. Yeah, exactly. Awesome. Thank you. I look forward to it then. Finally, please go ahead. Okay. Okay. Thanks. Okay. So this new global data frame it has chunks located at 192 and 193 as well. Okay. Now this time before we run PyTorch, we first install the scheduled plugin to Kubernetes. Okay. Yeah. That's a plugin. That's a schedule plugin. Luis just talked about. Yes. Yeah. Okay. Later we will inspect the logs from this scheduled plugin to see how we schedule the pod. Okay. Now let's go back to the state for state for set YAML here to let the scheduler knows which one object is required by the pod. We add this spec to the pod spec. Okay. So now we can run the PyTorch now. So actually when the scheduler is trying to schedule the pod, it will first get the one object ID from that spec. And then it, since we are using state for set, each pod will have a rank. Based on the rank and the object ID, the scheduler can understand which chunks are required by that pod. Then it will inspect the location info from the CRDs to know which node has that chunks. Then it will give the node the highest score. For example here, the node 193 and node 192 has the highest score. Okay. So let's go back to check the pods. Here we can see that these two PyTorch pods has been scheduled to 193 and 192. Let's look at the logs of the work there again. And there is no data migration happens. And the time is very small. Okay. Let's check the local objects. And there is no replicated local objects because there is no data migration happens. So here the data migration and the scheduled plugin is just one of the functionalities provided by one ad in Kubernetes. And we want to integrate the ability of Kubernetes to achieve advanced functions like checkpointing, photo recovery and so on. We hope we can build a new cognitive way of building and running big data applications on Kubernetes. Thanks. That's all for our demo. Thank you very much. This was really informative. It really helped me visualize a bit more how Vaniard works and some of the architecture because I think it's a complicated concept. Yeah, a little bit. Sorry. I missed the last presentation. Just a general question. How do you compare Vaniard with something like Spark on Kubernetes? Spark. Apache Spark, yes. You mean Apache Spark? Oh, yeah. It's quite different. Actually, the Vaniard interface is very low level. It's actually the shared memory. You can use all kinds of the language of your choice and the runtime, the execution model, your choice to build big data applications on top of Vaniard. You can use a data flow like Spark or you can use MPI jobs or you can open MP parallel computation or you can even use some single machine algorithms. You can choose everything. But for Spark, actually, it has a fixed programming model and a fixed communication model, a fixed running model. It's kind of restrictive. If we want to develop, for example, efficient graph computations or some efficient machine learning pipelines, sometimes Spark is not the most efficient way to implement that. So that's how Vaniard is different from Spark in our case. Just to summarize that, therefore, am I getting this right? Would it be fair to say that that Vaniard is almost like an in-memory kind of map reduce capability which can plug into multiple apps? Can it be accessing those same shared memory chunks in parallel when you have a multi-step pipeline for your analytics, for example? Yeah, that's correct. But Spark is exactly immersed to be an in-memory data store equivalent of MapReduce or Hadoop. But I think the bigger defense is really the flexibility of the framework, as you said, right? Yeah, the flexibility of what we aim for. For example, there are some HPC tasks using MPI. The application itself is an MPI job. It's very hard to migrate that job into like a Spark pipeline, like a category of DVM completely. It's very hard. So Vaniard basically doesn't provide any computation support. You choose your way of communication. You can use RDMA. You can use some magical tunnel. You can use the common TCP-IP socket. It's your call. It doesn't enforce any execution model, for example, if you want to run on GPU as fine. It's your call. So basically, Vaniard is just a memory storage engine like can provide a cross-process like memory sharing. It's not a computation framework. It's more like a in-memory data store. Yeah, that's true. Thank you. You're welcome. Did anybody else have any other questions for the team? No, thank you for the demo. It helped a lot. Clarify as Alex said over the presentation last week, where it would fit in terms of Kubernetes. So thank you. Okay, thank you. Thank you, Eric. We would like to submit our project as sandbox, as we mentioned in the last meeting. And we are wondering if there is any way we can have feedback from the Sieg storage community in some form. I'm not sure whether that's necessary, but yeah, we really want some feedback here. So it's, I think Amy's on the, or I'm not sure if Amy's still here. Actually, she might have dropped off. So strictly speaking, a Sieg recommendation isn't needed for the for the, for a sandbox submission. But what we can do is we can provide, you know, a little snippet of a comment to kind of say that you have presented and we think it's interesting. And it's worth going into sandbox and also provide a recording of the Sieg meeting, which you can use in your, in your sandbox submission, because the sandbox submission is just, is just effectively a form that you fill in and then the TOC review it at their next meeting. Okay, okay. Thank you. Thank you very much. Okay, thank you. Very cool. So thank you again for that. We really, really appreciate that. That was brilliant. Thank you. The, the next thing we had on the agenda was to, to follow up the discussion around the disaster recovery document that, that Raphael has been focusing on and contributing just so that everybody is on the same page. I will put the link into the, into the chat window. So we, we could, we could definitely do with more feedback and, and, you know, comments as we, as we continue to refine and, and, and bring more ideas into the documents. Raphael and I had a brief conversation yesterday and we, we discussed, we discussed a few topics which, which I just wanted to, to run through to see if, if there's sort of feedback on the scroll about things that we might want to include in the document. So, so the first thing was we, we had we had a discussion about documenting more clearly some of the, you know, some of the advantages of, of cloud native disaster recovery as a, as a, as a general concept in terms of, for example, having standardized versions of all of the software in, in, in the Kubernetes clusters by virtue of the fact that, you know, everything's containerized and standardized versions of deployments and configuration to reduce of, you know, YAML and, and being able to have declarative and, and composable application deployment and storage. And, you know, that's, that kind of leads to a number of advantages that we saw. So for example, you know, it dramatically simplifies testing failover and DR processes. It, it, it dramatically simplifies keeping multiple clusters in sync because, you know, they're all built on the same config. So, Raphael, did, have I captured that tool process? Was there anything else that we in relation to that? Yeah, no, you captured it. Well, I think one of the other advantages we were thinking of is the ability to autonomously decide that there is a disaster, right? That in contrast to more traditional disaster recovery where it's a human decision often. Right. Let's try to get that. Yeah, that's, that's a good point. I don't know if anybody else on the call who, who, you know, maybe that works on, you know, HA or DR with, with perhaps their customers or, or anything like that, whether, whether, you know, there were any other things that, that maybe we can, we can focus on in terms of the advantages of DR and cloud native. I can talk about it a little bit.  And there is really no good way of defining or detecting outages. So most like what we usually end up with is some arbitrary thresholds as far as if X percentage of nodes are down, we would consider like a zone of outage. And obviously semantics of outage also mean different things for, if you look, if you're looking at it from the, from the perspective of infrastructure versus application, look from applications point of view, look applications, look at CD or distributed stores, they do replication. And they obviously have, you know, different view of what outage means versus if you're trying to just look at it from the infrastructure's point of view in terms of, you know, whether it nodes in a given zone in a cluster or off or not. So I think based on how we're looking at things which layers we're exploring, we may arrive at different results. And, you know, how we can distinguish from like temporary outages, like network blips versus more sustained outages. I mean, I have more experience in GCP with all these problems, but I imagine like they're different in each cloud or, or, you know, I think what we're trying to do with this document is to provide guidance that abstracts from the underlying root cause or possible root cause of an outage and just give you a guidance on how you organize your stateful workloads to survive an outage, whatever that, whatever the root cause is. We want to be able to do it without having human intervention, like I was saying, without losing state or, you know, having zero RPO and having the lowest RTO as possible. That's what we're trying. That's where I'm trying to go with this document. I think it's still useful though to capture, you know, the things that are hard to do as well, right? Because on the one hand, you know, having a cloud native disaster recovery pattern defined is important and there are lots of pros, but obviously from an operational point of view, things like defining what constitutes an outage and what are the thresholds for failover and for, you know, the differences between the graded service versus an outright failure of his own are probably worth articulating, I imagine, because those are things that you will have to think about and you will have to define. Okay. Then maybe Ardan, I could use some help. You know, we could start. I was just thinking that's a few. I just got access to your document and I just, you know, scanned it very quickly.  Look, in very abstract ways, we're basically describing the problem, you know, obviously if you want to tolerate an outage, the data has to be replicated. If you do an outage or regional outage. So I mean, it all depends on like how abstract you want to keep the document or how generic you want to keep it. I haven't had a chance to read the whole thing in detail. So I don't know exactly what your goal is, larger goals, if it's just providing some basically some level setting for people to be familiar with the concepts or we're actually trying to come up with a set of guidelines so people can build solutions on top of them. It's the latter that you said, let's do these. If you're willing to contribute, why don't you take your time to read it and maybe drop comments and maybe we can also collaborate, you know, set up some meetings and collaborate together. Yeah, I'll be happy to comment on the document. Yeah. Yeah. The other thing I was going to ask for the team is, I realized this is a long document. Some of you have actually read it and provided feedback and I'm very thankful of that, but I think we need more before there is a consensus to go ahead and do something with it. So I was wondering, would it help if I created a deck with, you know, a summary on the main concepts of the document and then maybe I presented the deck in one of the next meetings? Well, a deck to summarize would always be extremely valuable and we can also, you know, use that content perhaps to, you know, create a blog in the future or a webinar or something like that because, you know, we have done webinars on the, through the CNCF as well in the past. So that sort of thing would definitely be useful, I'm sure. Okay, so I'll take that as a to-do as well as continue working on the document with the feedback that I was giving. So, Rofi, it's Aaron. I think it's good to give a little bit of history. Is this the same doc that has kind of been in progress for a while when I was still there? In that I think it's really hard for people who are adopting Kubernetes and not completely cloud deployment to understand the complexities of running it on prem and on cloud and taking our traditional storage concepts and trying to apply them to cloud native. And I think that's maybe the goal of this is to take what people are normally used to as far as their RTO and RPO in terms of storage and what that looks like if we run that in cloud and how we can achieve that capability into our one's point, like we have to have replication. I think just some perspective is also about what are the costs associated with that because that seems to be a concern when I talk to a lot of different people about deploying things this way, you know, that are at huge scale. What are the benefits and possible drawbacks? So that would be helpful if we also outline those for people. And Artalan, what do you mean by like, you know, being specific? Are you talking about creating use cases for each one of the clouds and how we know that they work or trying not to be specific? What was your comment there? Yeah, so I think it kind of depends on how we look at it. So for example, like, you know, I work at NetApp and in storage, people usually talk about like five, nine, six, nine, you know, of availability, like RTO of, you know, a few seconds or, you know, it's a very, the way we talk about our high availability is somewhat different than the cloud world, you know, where, you know, for example, if you look at the SLAs of AWS or GCP, you know, they usually talk about like 99.5 or 9.5 availability, you know, and if you're building a cloud native solution, unlike on-prem storage solutions where you can control the whole stack networking, it's a different kind of beast in the cloud world, right? So I think some of it is a cultural look. Basically, we have to talk about these terms a little differently. And that's also, I think, hard for storage consumers. But I think that that's something we should kind of like let others know that, you know, you can't make the same sort of guarantees that you can't make for the on-prem systems the way, you know, you can't do for VMAX or, you know, but also, you know, like, this is the first, I just got access to the Word doc today, just 30 minutes ago. So I don't, I don't know exactly what the document is about. But, you know, let's work together on that because I think you will find it was an interesting insight for me as I was doing this research in what I call the cloud native DR, which is defining this document, right? And you don't have to agree. But what I call cloud native DR disaster recovery, the features, the capabilities that enable disaster recovery don't come from storage. That could be a little surprising because historically storage has been essentially the storage and the storage team have been providing these capabilities for the entire enterprise, right? The inside here, the discovery for me was that these capabilities now come from networking. Storage has to be there, still has an important role. We still need backups for logical failures, but not for DR. We still, we probably don't need volume replication in this new world. Because the responsibility of keep the state in sync is to the application. Anyways, like volume or data replication becomes responsibility of the cloud provider, right? Because to some extent, it's not a start the problem, it's an application problem. So it would be responsibility of the database, it would be a responsibility of the queue or the cache, whatever middleware you're using. So that's where- Yeah, my point is it's not as critical as it is on-prem. Because of the way, for example, let's say AWS EBS does replication on their side, or GCP PDs they do, versus with on-prem, you're solely relying on the storage solution to do the replication. So that was a point of, but I agree, there is an application level. It's either on-prem or in the cloud, we don't rely on any of those capabilities. In the pattern that is explained in this document, we truly rely solely on the application. Sorry, Alexi. I just want to make an important point because I feel we're in danger of going off in a dangerous tangent. The point that we're trying to talk about here is not about the capabilities of individual platforms, it's more about the architectural patterns that would be implemented. And in fact, the architectural patterns that we're discussing in this document are not linked to any specific cloud provider or on-prem provider or anything like that. In fact, it's more about this is how you would engineer, this is about how you would engineer a system and cater for consistency and make sure that data is available in multiple places and then allow for the failovers across different Kubernetes clusters, et cetera. That's kind of the concept of what we're talking about here. We're not specifically saying at any point that you would do volume replication in a certain way or database replication in a certain way, but more around the point of saying you need load balancing capability and you need a middleware or a database layer that can do the replication, or you can have replication happening at the volume layer. But the point is, we're not talking about the specific platforms. In fact, this is, if you wish, a generic way of defining DR that can be used in any cloud-native environment. Right. Thank you, Alice. Yes. In fact, from the internal documents that Erin was referring to before, I stripped away everything that was Kubernetes related or OpenShift related. It's very, very generic now that the pattern should work anywhere, whether you use machine with the machines in the cloud, whether you use containers on-prem, wherever you are, the pattern, this pattern that we are presenting should work. Actually, I think it will work. And that not to say in this document, we are not saying that's the only way to do it. We are just saying, look, there is cloud enables this new way because everything is declarative and automated. But then you can also use all the traditional tools that you have for DR. And you see in the document that there are listed all the traditional approaches also. But we are trying to make the point, Alice, I'm trying to make the point that there is probably a new way that should be considered. I think it's ripe for discussion, to be perfectly honest. I'm part of the end user group now as well in the CNCS. And there is a lot of discussion around storage, and durability, and availability. And the consensus for most users of Kubernetes is that they can't. The storage is not, I don't think they use the word dependable, but they haven't had good success. So I think it's also one of the topics I brought up on the TOC yesterday is I'd like to have a little more focus from them as well as projects and ideas and how we take these things and socialize them a little bit better so that people can achieve the same things hopefully they can do on prem or in private cloud that they can do in cloud. So they have a consistent way of doing things. I think that's what we're trying to achieve is we can still rely on the storage regardless of how we're deploying it using these particular patterns. So is that what you're going for, Rafael? Alex, does that sound reasonable? Yeah, definitely. Okay. Would that team be interested in talking about these things? I'd love to talk about these things because I think I have definitely my old Red Hat perspective and now Apple's perspective and I think it's interesting to see the two melt together. So I'd love to hear the diversity of thought around this and what people are doing and customers are expecting. Okay. The reason I... Sorry, go on. Go ahead, Alex. No, no, no. So look, we're coming up to time. I just wanted to say, look, these are all good points but we should make sure that we contribute to the documents and if we need the ad paragraphs, add comments and we can then further discuss and merge them together and we can have separate follow-up goals if we want to discuss any particular points in a bit more detail, if we want to structure the content in a particular way, for example, I think we are at time. Rafael, was there anything else you wanted to add before we could go? No, I'm okay. Erin, I'll contact you privately. We're going to continue on that. Yeah, just hit me up on Slack. Thanks. Cool. Thank you, everyone. Thank you. Bye. Thank you. Bye.