Dragnet signed a juvenile detail appeared from her home there's reason to suspect Paul play Your job was Saturday April 17th was cold in Los Angeles. We're working the night watch out a juvenile detail My partner Frank Smith the boss is Captain Powers. My name is Friday I was on my way back from the fourth floor and it was 11 52 p.m. When I got down to the main floor Squadron That's your job. Yeah Oh, not too good. You say anything. No, he says we got him for the job But it's gonna end there playing a big man. No, so he's not gonna name that other kid. Yeah Let him sweat it out tonight. He'll feel different in the morning. Maybe you're right.  I say you're going right home Well, maybe I'd go by the city hall. I'd like to see Danny Galindo for a minute. What are you gonna eat then? Yeah, I'll probably grab something you want to go might as well kind of hungry I don't like to wake up. She sleeps kind of lights, you know She always wakes up when I get to rattling around the kitchen. Yeah, maybe stop and have a poached egg and some corned beef hash How's that sound to you? Like a poached egg and some corned beef hatch. I'm not kidding. I'm hungry. Are you about finished there? Yeah I want to see Danny before he leaves. What is it something special? No, I heard that he had a set of golf clubs for sale I thought maybe I'd look at him He's gonna start playing golf. No, I thought maybe I'd take a look at him. I got it You have no division Friday Yes, ma'am. That's right. What's that address? All right. No, no, we'll find it We'll try not to worry. We'll be right there. Yes, ma'am. Bye That food here is gonna have to wait what 13 year old kid's missing probably the neighbors her mother thinks she's been kidnapped Back and I left the office immediately and we drove out to the address I'd been given on the phone the caller had told me that her 13 year old daughter was missing from the house We parked our car blocked from the place and walked the rest of the way in the event that the house might be watched 12463 Courtney Terrace was a large house above Hollywood Boulevard when we got there all of the lights were on Frank waited while I went up to the front door and after a few minutes he joined me We were admitted to the house by a tall man in his early 40s who identified himself as the missing girls father Gilbert Moran He asked us to come into the den of the house where he gave us the story by wife's with the doctor She went all the pieces when it finally hit her yes, sir Now have you checked with the girl's friends? Yes, sir Gladys called them all none of them seen her How about the neighbors? Oh, we've talked to them too. They just can't tell us anything. You've got to find her Yes, sir. We'll do our best miss Marina. You want to start at the beginning and tell us what happened? Yeah, do you want a cigarette?  I have one in how about you go? Here's a match. Thank you Joe. Yeah, thank you. All right, sir. Do you want to tell us what happened? Well Gladys and I went to a show tonight down the Boulevard We left bunny here doing her homework bunny that's your daughter. Yes, sir Her name's really Lucille, but the kids at grammar school tagged her bunny and she's been called that ever since What time did you get here? Must have been about 1140 somewhere near there. Did you notice that your daughter was gone right away? No, sir not at first I locked up and then Gladys and I went upstairs. We checked bunny's room. She was gone I said Gladys started the thing all kinds of things. Mm-hmm. I tried to calm her down We got bunny's telephone book and started to call her friends. We know most of them. They hadn't seen her Finally, I thought it'd be wrong to wait any longer and we called you. All right, sir Now do you want to give us a description of your girl? Would you wait just a minute? I'd like to talk to the doctor and see if Gladys is all right. Yes, you go right ahead. She was terribly upset. Yes, sir We understand. What do you think? I don't know. Big house, nice neighborhood. Looks like he's pretty well fixed, doesn't he? Yeah Nothing about a contact yet. Well, girl's only been gone a couple hours Doctor's giving her a sedative. She's still pretty much upset. Yes, sir. Now. What if you give us that description? Well, she's 13, about right for age. Well, how do you mean sir? She's about four feet eight waist around 80 pounds. What color is her hair? Dark blonde She was always after a mother to let her use one of those rinses to make it lighter. Gladys said she should wait I see. How about her eyes? Sort of brown, light We used to tell her that she had honey-colored eyes, a sort of golden brown, real long eyelashes. I can remember what she was wearing Let me think. Well, as I remember, sir, she had on a pair of clam diggers, sir Clam diggers, short slacks, hitter about right here. Short. What color? Denim, sort of light blue. I see.  How about shoes? Well, I think they were Gosh, I'm sorry, sir. I just can't remember. Now is it possible she might have changed her clothes before she left? She didn't leave, sergeant. She was taken out of here. I'm sure it wasn't her idea All right, sir, we understand. Is there anything else about your daughter that'll make it easier for us to identify? Well, I can't think of anything. All right, Frank, what if you call us in, please? Yeah. May I use your phone, Mr. Miranda? Certainly. Where is it, please? Right through that door. There's an alcove in the hall. All right. The light switch is on the right, just behind the door. Thanks, sir. Say, wait a minute. Yes, sir. I forgot about Skippy. Who is that? Skippy, the dog, Bunny's dog. He's gone, too. Is that right? He must be with Bunny the first time I thought of him. He's usually right with her all the time. I haven't seen him since we got home. What kind of an animal is he? Golden Cocker, about four years old. Bunny got him for a ninth birthday. I see. Better call on in, too, huh? Yeah. Now, what if I could see her room? Oh, sure. It's upstairs. This way? Mm-hmm. I hope you're not going to be angry, Mr. Miranda. What? Has there been any trouble here in your home that might have affected the girl? What do you mean? Well, any arguments, disagreements, anything that might have upset her? No. No. Upstairs? Yes. How about boyfriends? You mean does Bunny have any? That's right. Well, there are a couple of kids in her class. She has over once in a while. She's not allowed any nighttime dates. I see. Once in a while on a weekend, we go to a show and take one of the kids with us. Is there any one boy that she sees more than the others? Oh, no. Gladys and I both think she's too young for that. It's down this way, sir. This is her room. When we left, she was sitting right there at the desk.  Mm-hmm. I mean, she wouldn't do a thing like this if you just walked out. No, sir. What is this door lead over here? Outside to a walk that runs around the house. Lock? Was it this way when you came home? Oh, yes, sir. I didn't touch a thing as soon as I realized she was gone. Radio was still on? Well, I told you I didn't touch a thing. All right, sir. She's been kidnapped, Sergeant. Somebody took her out of this house. Wait a minute, this man. Well, what is it where you found? Something under the bed here, doesn't it? It's her dog, Skippy. Yeah. Looks like he's been beaten to death, doesn't it? Frank called the office and the description of the missing girl was broadcast. Captain Warren Stilson was contacted, and he sent a crew of men out to the house to go over the room for physical evidence. The telephone company was contacted, and arrangements were made for an extension phone to be placed in the same room as the existing instrument. In this manner, if the kidnapper should attempt to make contact with Moran, we could relay instructions to him easily. All of these preparations, however, were made with the thought that the house might be under surveillance by the person or persons who had taken the child. A team of men from Georgia Street Juvenile was set out to the house, and a 24-hour watch was set up. Frank and I began to talk to the neighbors and friends of the Morans. None of them could shed any light on the missing teenager. By four minutes to six on Sunday morning, there still had been no attempted communication by the kidnappers. By this time, the girl's description had been given out to all officers in the city who might come in contact with her. Although when we talked with the neighbors, we'd asked them to keep the inquiries as strict as possible. The inquiries and strictest confidence, one of them had gotten in touch with a local newspaper. And before we had a chance to stop it, the news of Bunny Moran's disappearance was out. The other papers in the city picked up the news, and by noon on Sunday, special editions were on the streets. 1.40 p.m. Still no word from the girls of doctors. Her friends were re-questioned without results. All of the people who knew her or who had any dealings with her were interrogated. Still no leads. The examination by members of the crime lab turned up no usable evidence. They established that the dog had been killed with a metal book end. The Federal Bureau of Investigation was contacted, and they assigned a team of agents to work with us. By 6.20 p.m., Mrs. Moran was in a state of complete collapse. The entire city and the state were looking for a 13-year-old daughter. A roundup of all known deviates was started. 10.38 p.m. Frank and I got back to the office. I'll check the book. All right. Did you skip her in? No, I don't think so. Our group said he went over to City Hall and meeting with Chief Brown and Lauren. Anything in the book? Nothing, let's see. It has a couple of calls. Nothing that can't wait, though.  Yeah, I guess so. I want to tag by late with Prince before we go out to the house. Yeah. You check with the FBI? Yeah. They got the description of all of the border points. None of the guys you remember seeing the girl. I'll tell you she's still in the state, then. Oh, hi, honey. That's me. I know. Well, I didn't get a chance. Well, I figured you'd read it. You don't know. Oh, OK. Pretty B. Yeah, Joe is, too. No, nothing yet. What's that? Oh, you know I can't talk about that, honey. Yeah. Yeah, well, don't worry. No, I'll have a little headache, yeah. Now I'll take some action. Well, look, I'll call you the first chance I get. Yeah. OK, goodbye. Worried, huh? Yeah, she always says when I'm late. Let's go, huh? Yeah, let's go. I get it. Journal Division Friday. How long ago? Where? Right? We'll wait here. Yeah. No, I'll call him. He's over Chief Brown. Mm-hmm. We'll wait. Yeah, bye. What do you got? Kidnapper made contact. I know. Uh-uh. He called and wanted to talk to Moran. Drugist heard him make the call and notified Hollywood Division. Yeah. He's in custody now. Frank and I waited until the suspect was brought into the office for questioning. He'd been apprehended in a drug store while he was on the phone talking to Mr. Moran. A radio card picked him up and driven him over to Georgia Street, Juvenile. We called Captain Powers at the city hall and he immediately came to the office. At 10.56 p.m., the suspect arrived. He was taken to the office of the Night Watch Commander for questioning. All right. What's your name? You're the cop you tell me. Take everything out of your pockets. Hey, what is this? A shakedown? Don't you hear good? All right. Here's my wallet. Any money in it? A couple of bucks. Take it out. What are you doing? Playing a lucky dollar contest?  Just put the wallet on the table. Get the other pockets out. Nothing in them. Let us worry about that. All right. Change. Here's a comb. Handkerchief. Clean, too. Matches. Cigarettes. Here's a pen and pencil set. A couple more pennies. That's it. Want to check it, Joe? Oh. This is your wallet. It was in my pocket. I asked if it was yours. Yeah. Driver's license here. This is your true role? Better read it so you can have it in the record. Mark Lawrence Lansdale. That's your true name? That's what it says. You still live at the same address? Yeah. I'm going to ask you one question, Lansdale. I want the right answer. Where do I get if I come up with a winner? Where's the Moran girl? I don't know what you're talking about. Then you better find out. 13-year-old kid's missing. You called her parents and asked for $50,000 for a return. Now where's the girl? I thought you arrested guys for using the needle. Answer the question, mister. If I had it, you'd get it. All right, mister. I'm going to ask you once more. Where's the girl? I don't know what you're talking about. You think you're pretty big, don't you? I'll answer that one for you. You'd do that, would you? You say this girl's been kidnapped. All right? This is your party. You say you can prove that I made a call asking for $50,000. So far, I'm on the right track. All right, then it figures that if you're so sure I got something to do with it, if I'm here, the girl's in trouble, don't it? Go ahead. If I don't turn up, something bad's likely to happen to her. True? You're still on. But if it's like I say that I don't know anything about it, then you're going to have to turn me loose anyway. I got nothing to worry about, Scott. You keep me here and your prized kids will end up in a ditch. You let me go and maybe you got a chance of getting her back. I'm going to spell it out for you, Lansville. And you listen good. There's nothing getting you out of here, nothing. I got two kids of my own and I know how those parents feel. I'm on their side.  And if I've got anything to say about it, that won't be very long. I'll pull every string I know to see that I get to take you to the joint and strap you in the chair myself. If you harm that kid in any way, you won't live long enough to regret it. Big man with a badge. They get it. Juvenile Friday. He's right here. Well, all right, I'll tell him. Wrong? All right, all right, bye. The Hollywood station, Skipper. Yeah? They found the girl. The call had come from the Hollywood police station telling us that the Moran girl had been found. We contacted Lieutenant Hart Grove and had Mark Lansdale held for further questioning. Frank, Captain Powers and I left the office and drove to the Courtney Terrace address where the girl had been taken. When we got there, there was a uniformed officer standing by the front door. We went in and found Mr. and Mrs. Moran with their daughter, Bunny, waiting for us. The girl appeared to be all right.  Her clothing was torn, but she appeared to be in good health. Are you hungry, dear? Would you like a bowl of soup or something? That's not too much trouble. Not at all, honey. I'll get it right away. Now, you stop when you get tired. I will, Mother. You want to go ahead, Bunny? Yes. Where do you want me to begin? What happened on Saturday night? Daddy and Mother went to a show. I was upstairs doing my homework. I see. I guess I was up there a half an hour, maybe more. Seems like that long. Hard to tell when you're doing work, you know? Yeah. Anyway, the first thing I knew was somebody at the front door. I heard the bell went downstairs. There were two men there. I see. They asked if my mother and father were home. I told them know that they'd gone out. And then they told me that they knew that all the time. Said there'd been some kind of an accident. And I should go with them right away. Said it was an emergency. And you went with them, did you? Yeah. I went upstairs to my room to get a coat. I wanted to make sure Skippy was all right. Yeah. One of them went with me. Well, I was getting my coat. I remembered that sometimes kidnappers tell people there's been an accident so they can take them away. You know how they do. That was good thinking, Bunny.  I asked the man who followed me where Mom and Dad were. They were in a hospital. He said they were in a hospital. They'd been taken to some kind of an emergency place. He said that they were not in a hospital? No, he said they'd been taken to some sort of emergency place. I said, go ahead, please. Well, when I asked him for the name of the place, he would tell me. Just said I should hurry up. And my folks had been hurt pretty bad.  Anyway, I told him I wouldn't go and he grabbed me. Said he was going to take me. You should like to get my hands on him. Was the other man downstairs all this time? Well, I guess so. I didn't see him. All right, go ahead, Miss, please. Here's your soup, honey. Now drink it while it's still hot. Oh, kind. It's like being just like you like it.  I have some nice crackers there, too. Thanks, Mother. That's good. I'm hungry. It's all right. Go ahead, Miss, please. Can't you let her eat, poor child, after what she's been through? There's another man out, Mrs. Moran. You've got to find him. He's right, Gladys.  Yes, Mother. I'm not too fast. All right. Please go ahead, Miss. Well, when he grabbed me, Skippy, that's my dog. He got sore. Got real mad when he saw the man grab me, and he jumped at the man, tried to bite him. I see. The man hit Skippy, grabbed him and hit him a lot. I guess it killed him. I don't know. What happened then? Well, he took me out the car. It's parked outside in front of the house. Does he get a good look at the car? Mm-hmm. You can give us a description of it then. Yeah, I can tell you all about it. All right, where did the men take you? Well, they drove for a long time. I think it's up in the Hillsome Place, up in Laurel Canyon. Mm-hmm. There's just kind of a house there, tarpaper. Looks like the buildings they had when they were building the freeway. Tarpaper shacks like the, you know, they keep the blueprint in. Mm-hmm. One of those didn't even have a floor, just dirt. They put me in there and left me. I heard them lock the door when they went away. I see. I didn't know what to do. He sat there for a little while and tried to think what to do. Did they have you tied in any way? Yeah, they had ropes around my hands and around my feet. Mm-hmm. I fell asleep after a while, cried for a while, and then fell asleep. Oh, my poor baby. I guess it was morning when I woke up. I couldn't tell too good because there wasn't any window in the shack, just the walls and no floor. Mm-hmm. First when I woke up, I didn't know where I was and I remembered. Did either of the men come back at all? No, I sat there for a while and then I tried to think of somewhere I could get away. Yeah. There was a whiskey bottle on the floor and I kicked it until I broke it. Then I took one of the pieces and cut the ropes on my hands. I untied my feet and then just went around the shack, kicking the walls until I found a place that wasn't strong. I found one and I crawled through. Mm-hmm. What'd you do then? I started to walk. It was pretty late by that time and I started to walk down the road. I was looking for a house. Mm-hmm. I got to a street and walked along it for a while. There weren't many cars, but a truck came along and a driver stopped and gave me a lift. It drove me to Laurel and Hollywood Boulevard and then let me out. Yeah. After that, I walked home. You were real brave, honey. I was pretty scared, but a lot of times I didn't know what to do. You just let there were, baby, but you did good. You're safe now. Can you describe the two men for us, do you think? I guess so. One of them was dark, kind of short, looked like... Oh, what's his name? You see him on television all the time, real moon-looking. I'll think of his name. He looked exactly like him. Mm-hmm. What about the other one? He wasn't very big either. Kind of brown hair, thin, had blue eyes, watery blue eyes. Were those the only two men you saw? Yeah, just the two. Did they talk about anybody else being in on the kidnapping with them? Do you remember? Not that I could hear. You're sure about that, are you? Yes. Sarshan, what's so important about that? Oh, so we've got a man in custody, the one who calls you. Yes? Neither one of these descriptions match him. We continue to talk to the Moran girl. We've got a complete description of both men involved and to the car they used. Local and APBs were gotten out on them. The fact that the descriptions varied and did not match the suspect we had in custody meant very little. A witness or a victim under stress might easily be mistaken. We talked with a family doctor and he told us that after a good night's sleep the girl would be able to cooperate with us completely. The following morning, Monday, April 19th, the special show-up was arranged at the main jail. Our suspect was placed in a line with other men in custody. Bunny Moran failed to identify him. Frank and I took her over to the city hall and had her look through mug shots that had been pulled from packages as a result of a run by the stats office. She was unable to point out a suspect. 1.40 p.m. We asked her if she could show us the shack where she'd been held captive. She said she could. We called her parents and told them where we were going and then we left the office.  When we got to Laurel Canyon Boulevard we drove past Lookout Mountain Avenue and then we turned left onto a dirt road. We drove for about a mile and a half. There was no sign of any type of building. It's right up ahead around the next corner. You sure you're on the right road? Yeah, I remember walking down this one. It's right. Hey, that's as far as we can go. Dead end. Maybe I did make a mistake. Maybe I did. I was sure it was along here, but maybe I was wrong. It might have been the next road up. You know, the one pass where we turned off? Uh-huh. You want to turn around, Frank? Yeah. Oh, sure. I'm sorry about it. That's all right, miss. Guess it seems like a wild goose chase, huh? No. Sure hope not. I know where it is. I just got mixed up. All right. We'll find it. I'm sure we will. Mm-hmm. Can't just disappear, can it? No, not likely. Here someplace. You'll see. Yeah, we'll see. We went back to Laurel Canyon Boulevard and drove up all of the dirt roads in the vicinity. We didn't find the shack. Each time, Bunny Moran would offer some excuse.  She gave us a description that would fit two or three hundred vehicles in the city. She was unable to tell us the name of the driver who'd stopped. We took her back to the office and asked her to go over the story again. Once she finished, Frank left to get Captain Powers. All right, you won't tell us now. What do you mean? The real story, the way it really happened. Might be easier if you told us first, don't you think? I told you there isn't any more to tell. I told you all how it happened. Why are you lying?  I was tired last night. Maybe I didn't remember. That's kind of hard to buy. Hmm? Too many things that don't check out, miss. The story about your dog, the fact that you can't find the shack, you don't know who the driver of the truck was. There are a lot of things. I forgot. That's all I made a mistake. Didn't you ever make a mistake? A lot of them. But last night you said only one of the men went upstairs with you. Isn't that right? I don't remember. You seem pretty sure about it then. And I guess that's what I said. Only one of the men went with you, huh? That's what I said, yes. Well, and why, when you told the story just now, did you say that both of them went with you? No, I don't know. You're getting me all mixed up.  Did you? Yes. Why? To make the story sound real. I didn't want it, but I had to. So why'd you do it at all, miss? So they wouldn't mind. That's the reason. What do you mean? So who wouldn't mind? You'll think it's still. You won't think it's a good reason. Why'd you tell me anyway, huh? Because I was failing. What? I flunked at school. I flunked and I didn't want my folks to know. They'd be real mad. Real mad.  Played it that way. Yes. I thought that if something bad happened to me, they'd be so glad to have me back. It wouldn't matter about my flunking. The whole thing was a lie from the beginning to end, huh? Yeah, all of it. All right, next time we better get going. Where? Going to take you home. You going to tell my folks about it? We haven't got much choice, have we? They'll be mad. Marry them, they've ever been. Well, I guess they will. Well, I tell them what I say. Well, I'll tell you why don't you try something different? Tell them the truth. Present at the meeting were Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Moran and their daughter Lucille. It was decided that no criminal complaint be issued, and the girl was released to the custody of her parents, with the understanding that she'd be given psychiatric help. Further investigation showed Mark Hartwell-Lansdale was wanted by authorities in Sacramento to answer a burglary charge. He was released to them. Dragnet, the story of your police force in action is a presentation of the United States Armed Forces Radio Service.


Welcome to Combined Wing Chun. I am Sifu David. Today we're going to show you three Wing Chun kicking techniques that you must know. And at the end, I'm going to show you a bonus kicking technique. So stay tuned. We're going to show you a lot of cool stuff today. Let's get going. All right. So the first Wing Chun kicking technique is called the Tonger. So basically, in the Chang Qiu form, we have this.  It's a double bong so, right?


Nassar al-State Governor Abdulahi Suleh has dismissed insinuations suggesting that he must have minded the political misfortune of a former governor of the state and immediate past national chairman of the All Progressive Congress, Senator Abdulahi Adamu. The governor also debunked claims that he was against the political aspirations of the immediate past governor of the state, Umar-u-Tanko Al-Makura. Governor Suleh made the clarification while speaking with journalists that the press briefing held in Lafayette on Tuesday. The governor who spoke through his senior special assistant on public affairs, Comrade Peter Ahemba, expressed his commitment to continue to work with his predecessors towards making Nassar al-State a better place for all of its residents. I would like to tell the journalists where and how Obama-Suleh has donated to other members of Nassar al-Makura from the National Committee of the All Progressive Congress. It is rather mischievous for anyone to insinuate and or accuse the government of being responsible for the international agreement among members of the National Committee of the Really Nassar that led to the modernization of Senator Abdulahi Adamu. The unfortunate government has not yet absolutely to do with Obama.


So, what questions really do you think you can solve? What's next? Because this is like Tommy said, it's like driving hypothesis, so you have the ability to do it. So what are the next questions? So I think the two current things, the two big games we have at the moment are twofold. One is to try to understand translocation events. But I think on the more simple folding level, it's to try to understand misfolding processes that occur. So in the same way that you have folding processes beginning on the ribosome, you also have the potential branch point for misfolding events to go on. So there are decisions to be made for a nascent polypeptide. And as has been studied for a range of isolated polypeptides, the idea would be to understand how the cellular machinery, in particular how the ribosome surface that I purported today to suggest was behaving as a chaperone for a nascent polypeptide, how it can potentially chaperone the polypeptide to avoid misfolding processes, in particular in tandem repeat domains and many other repeat domains that occur, but also in misfolding prone sequences. There are a range of cases where, of course, you have single point mutations that alter not necessarily the native structure of the protein, but the dynamics that are sampled by the protein. So the idea would be to understand these processes as they occur during biosynthesis. And there's also already significant evidence to suggest that protein misfolding is occurring on the ribosome. Up to 15% or more of nascent polypeptides are targeted for ubiquitination and degradation as a result of misfolding events. There's a significant amount of stalling that occurs on the ribosome. And there is machinery, the listering machinery that comes in and separates the two subunits and targets the nascent polypeptide for degradation. So understanding these events, I would imagine, would be the next frontier for us. So you're talking about falling back on the ribosome and that maybe helps. And you made mutations working the protein and on the ribosome. Did you see, did you check your mutations on the ribosome with other proteins other than the one that you showed us? And does it affect in different ways? So we haven't done that. There's actually a paper in the Bajo archive that's just come out showing that you can actually, by taking out some of the similar L24 and L23 proteins, you can alter the position at which an emerging nascent chain begins to fold on the ribosome in a similar way. Now, the purpose of these proteins is unknown. There's a high conservation between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomal proteins at the exit tunnel. But their influence on folding appears to be unknown as of yet. So all the quality control branch points for misfolding that you talked about were actually things that were worked out in eukaryotes, like the degradation. And you've been working most entirely with E. coli ribosome so far, right? Not entirely. The work I didn't actually show on misfolding events were on eukaryotic ribosomes, in particular, kind of yeast ribosomes, and rabbit reticular sites, where we actually see more of these misfolding events that are occurring. Yeah, that was actually my question. How much? I didn't realize you were able to do it with eukaryotes. The eukaryotic ribosomes are clearly more complicated than the prokaryotic ones. But that's mainly, actually, in the initiation machinery. Translation initiation, obviously, more complicated in eukaryotes. At the exit tunnel of the ribosome, there's actually a significant amount of homology that exists between all of the ribosomes. And actually, in some of the CRISPR targeting that we made, we actually targeted the very small extents of differences that exist between the eukaryotic and the prokaryotic to try to examine some of these events and some of the shifts in the initiation of folding kind of seem to be reflective of the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes. But certainly, I mean, as you may imagine, the structural biology, in particular NMR spectroscopy associated with being able to do things on the E. coli ribosome is significantly easier than being able to produce these nascent chain complexes on the human ribosome and so forth. We need specific labeling events to happen. But electron microscopy is changing much of the face of that, where we can take a range of relatively crude complexes and be able to make classifications from a range of states that are being observed in that case. Certainly, working with eukaryotic ribosomes is certainly the way forward. Sorry. What about the secretory proteins? You don't have this interaction with the surface of the ribosome. Do you think there's something replacing it? Well, I mean, I'm assuming, for example, in the serpents that we work with in the microsome states that we use to examine these, we see some extent of similar interaction with the surface of the microsome. We don't know whether it's specific to the ribosome. I mean, these are things, as I was saying earlier, are pitifully under-investigated. And even I pretty much showed you the state of the art today in looking at E. coli ribosomes with simple immunoglobulin systems at a high resolution. So these are really things that need to be investigated in the future. Aaron, you're talking about proteins which are inserted into membranes. But this is co-translationally. If it happens co-translationally, the SRP receptor immediately binds to textbook things. So the tech of the SRP is recognized and then it immediately takes it. So it doesn't go through this. And then once it's injected into the lumen of the ER, there will be all the chaperons of the ER to help it formed. I mean, but there are chaperons even on the solix side, for example, that many of the systems we work with. The trigger factor, for instance, is omnipresent and actually at higher concentration in the ribosome, but doesn't influence the folding equilibrium at all in the states that we've examined. Not necessarily the case that the chaperons will come and mop everything up. I have a question for you, Joan, and for you, Tommy. So from listening to the first talk and the last talk of today, so I think an important aspect is going to bridge from the structure to the interactions, especially for those proteins that assemble at the surface of membranes, which is what you talked a lot about. So what do you think it will take to be able to look at those interactions in terms of structure and dynamics? So I think the level of snapshots, so the level of snapshots, they're already quite interesting efforts as well of doing cryoEM directly in-site in cells. So there's cryotomography that is happening, which is quite impressive. So I think the snapshot part can be done even with today's methodology already when you're looking at things in cells. On the dynamic side, at least the part that I can bring is we can visualize where the molecules are. Sometimes you can put sensors that can give you some information, maybe even folding. You can do maybe some fret or something. I think that's possible now to do. So I think it's possible. It's happening. I think that in terms of the technique that can really give you a strong understanding of dynamics is NMR and really tell you about very low populations of intermediate states on folding and misfolding pathways. I think traditionally, NMR spectroscopy has been a technique that has been one of the purists who has tended to prefer to develop very complicated pulse sequences on small ubiquitin-like molecules. And I think what I quite like about the things that we're doing is that we're beginning to use NMR on increasingly larger systems. And I think that is what's going to allow the bridge with some of the work we've seen, because I think that it's actually in terms of exploration of large molecular machinery, NMR typically is in its infancy. And higher magnetic field strengths will begin to turn the corner in this regard. So we can begin to provide highly complementary data to that. And I think working more closely with people, I came and I was very, very impressed with these talkers. I think it was everyone. And I think that the capacity to bridge the resolution scale would be absolutely mouthwatering. Just have a question, right?  I mean, the experiments that you're doing are still ensemble experiments, right? And so I am still confused when I'm looking, let's say, at the various states that you had, whether that was all of them were homogeneous or you were looking at different subsets from different molecules. That wasn't really clear to me, right? And that's why I was trying to get at the time connection on the snapshots that you were having. So maybe you can comment on that. So in terms of the electron microscopy that we're doing, we're clearly having various classes of the nascent polypeptide that we're seeing in different states. So they, for example, form the basis of a, just alone, they form the basis of a simulation where the system is started off and restrained according to these sets. Now, if we, the problem with time scale then goes even further with including the equilibrium NMR data into a process. And NMR has traditionally been a case where you have a set of restraints. You say this distance is so-and-so and you have a myriad of those types of distances and angular restraints. And you feed these into a structured determination with a view towards achieving a minimum in the normal way that you know about. The way that this is achieved is through, normally through a molecular dynamics simulation that has a time element associated with a simulation. But these things can be easily recognized, reconciled in sort of biased, restrained molecular dynamics methods. And this is a massive area of NMR spectroscopy that is absolutely routine in this case at the moment. So I'll answer your question somewhat. Thank you so much. Any more questions for John, if not, because he needs to catch a train. I'm very sorry. I really, really enjoyed this meeting so much, but I should get back for my own, no. Give it to her. Help. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Bye-bye. Thank you for your question. He looks so tired. We're going to ask a general question. What did you use the microphone for? No. Yes, for them. So that they can record. Ah, no. Then of course not. I don't want to be recorded at all. Actually, the question is connected with the fact that this nice, very deep and interesting biological meeting takes place in the Mathematical Institute. So I have a general question to all of you maybe except the last guy. But still somehow it can be applicable to him, too. The question is, can you formulate a not mathematical but theoretical question inside your work, inside your subject on which you can't answer by biological methods only. And for which you need application of some mathematical methods. Not like data analysis, which is statistics, and we all know how it is useful. But exactly mathematical approach which will answer some question which you have and which needs this approach. So it is a question for each of you to formulate such theoretical question or to say no, we don't have, which is also OK, too. Please. Start from you and go this way. OK. I couldn't have lunch today because I talked to Misha 1, Misha 2, and Andrei. And also I think you're in the discussion of lunch, right? All the Russians, you were not included because you went away. So the discussion we had had to do with image pattern recognition, right? So we have all this data. It's very nice to look at it, right? And how the hell do we now get information out of that? No, but you didn't say, OK, you don't say in general whatever, but you don't. OK, it's very nice to have a brain of pattern recognition. But again, what biological, it is nice to formulate the same biological question. Yes, this is exactly my question. It's a biological question, not like a tool to pattern recognition. Biological question, on which your pattern recognition will answer? Why not? No, no, of course yes, of course, why not? Yes, but this is not my question. Imagine that I will look, imagine that I'm going to look at every cell in the brain, OK? And I want to see all the organelles of every cell in the brain. So imagine that I map every single organelle from every cell in a tissue. And now you can look at different responses that the tissue has to pathophysiology, to the standard cell biology. And you can do that without putting markers on that. So you just look at general way of imaging and you can recognize all the organizations inside the cell, right? So I wouldn't have to generate these specialized cells. I wouldn't have to do transgenic things. I mean, just general. And then I can go and do self-physiology, for example, at high level of detail. You don't like that. I don't have to like it. Yes, I accept your answer. OK, I'll give you another one. I'll give you another one, OK? I'll give you another one, OK? So in the brain, when you're developing the neurons, right? There are cells. What? Oh. Now you stop. OK, talk to me. OK. So, OK, you're developing your neurons, not your. But she was developing your neurons. And there is cell-faith decisions that are taken, OK? OK. So now you have an outcome which is the cell. You're getting a neuron of a certain type or a cell of a particular type. But there were signals that happened that said, OK, go to that direction or that direction. Now, up to now, when we have been mapping the signals, they tend to be typically by genetic means, right? You interfere with a pathway and you look what the response was, right? You have the notch pathway, which is a signaling form. You eliminate that and you see, OK, the animal goes gaga, right? And you decide, OK, the neurons doesn't work. That's very primitive, right? I mean, that's OK up to now. But imagine that I can now follow the actual functioning of the pathway. I can follow exactly the where the molecules are. I can tell how many molecules got activated, what regulation went on in gene transcription. And then that is happening at the second level. The self-made decision and the outcome happens hours after, right? How can I integrate that in the same setting from beginning to end? That's non-trivial. But that's biology in action. I expect that mathematical formalization or mathematical model can give you an explicit answer on this question. I have no idea. Maybe I just don't know.  Can I finish my? So I was showing you, for example, this lipid sensors business, right? So this is actually the result of a lot of molecular interactions, binding constants, rates, et cetera, right? So it's very nice that I can say this by words, right? But is this really true? So we had to simulate. You had to make models. Now, maybe for you, that's very simple. These were differential equations, et cetera. For me, it's impossibly hard, right? So I need your help. It's not that simple at all, but I still was trying. No, thank you very much for your answer. It's very important and interesting. The only thing that I still did not catch the explicit question. You said that it will be nice, but okay. But never mind. It's me. You answered very well. Thank you. So we'll talk. Let me translate from Russian. No, no, no. I think you... You will never go to other people. I also want to ask a question. I think she's asking for falsifiable hypothesis that kind of falls out of the data. What data? What? A falsifiable hypothesis. What do you mean by falsifiable? Well, something that... Is that true? That's something that falls out of the data. And you could... Oh, I'll tell you. Yes. False. No, it's true. It's not a false hypothesis. It's a falsifiable hypothesis. Yeah, of course. How can I do that unless you... Help us. Yes, yes. We need to help us. This is the case. This is not the case, yes, but... Still, still, yes. I understand. Well, frankly, I'm not quite sure I want to answer, but let me try. So let me give you some very concrete examples, and I'm probably gonna get in trouble with a lot of people for saying these things. But for example, in trying to understand in the context of small molecule drugs, where they go in the body, drug distribution, what the bioavailability of those compounds are, they're very large data sets. And we have very simple rule of thumb kinds of rules for what kinds of processes are. But I think models that are based on large data sets, parameterizing those structures, those properties of the compounds, would be very desirable. I mean, I don't see that as a mathematical problem so much as a way of formulating and structuring the data. Now, I'm getting even more trouble, but I think that there are large fields of biology where mathematical formalism could help a lot. Evolution being one, where I think that having more formal definitions would be helpful, development, those kinds of problems. I have no clue how to start working on those things, but I think that these are areas in the future. Then you also explain how generally it could be useful, but my question was, do you yourself have some very interesting, very precise question on which you can't answer by biological means only and which desire exact involvement of some mathematical methods to answer explicit one, your question. And I'm well aware that mathematics in general was very needed and well, I asked exactly about your question in your field, in your work which you presented today and not like general concept. So the very specific answer, using databases of hundreds to thousands of compounds for which we have known property, say bioavailability. How can I use that data to predict a new compound which has equal bioavailability, but some other property that I wish to have? So I think that these are existing data which are not fully analyzed, which if they were, would help greatly in our work. So in another words, you would like, for example, to have a tool in which as an input, you have some described and formalized property and having the databases and applying this tool as an output you get which of these compounds meets the expectation for this. A prediction of new, prediction of new non-existing compounds which have either better or shared properties. So I'm not gonna give you any answers you find satisfying. I know that. Don't expect that you have. I just exactly asking, do you have such question? No, no. Yeah, I mean. Exactly my question. Why you should have? This problem that we're working on with the Wolbachia and how they affect the reproductive behavior of the progeny and females and males, the differences in infection. Those things that were at a very primitive stage in terms of understanding just the molecules involved. But at some point we'd like to know, people have model. There are a lot of evolutionary biologists working on Wolbachia. What percentage of males need to be infected before it becomes an advantage for females to have basically a defense against that by being infected themselves and having an antidote. I'd like to be able to link that with the molecules that we have if we know what's the concentration of those molecules, when do they get in? How can we relate those molecules to the predictions based on very broad evolutionary arguments about what's required to establish an infection? I mean, I've always get puzzled by that type of question here. So one is, is it that I need theory, mathematical theory, or is it that I'm looking for help with computational methods or to formalize, okay? And I must confess I, so at the beginning I thought that one in the mathematical theory type thing, I've shifted and I just feel that right now what I think we need is help with the formalism and the computational part, right? That's, which is, it's a practical thing. I mean, the biologists don't get trained to do that. The people that went through that path don't get that way of thinking. And I think this is part, something we need, right? Whether it's applied to what you're trying to do, that's, so. I'm more interested in the questions formulated in a way that they really seek some theory, as you're saying, and less computational, so there must be, there are problems that are like, right now for me and for the biologists, I mean, I feel, the field we, I feel need dramatically the help with the process. Yeah, I think the evolutionary, someone mentioned that, that's the traditional area where there's real theory, right, and then a lot of the stuff we're doing is dealing with statistical models to try and say, is this unusual or something interesting? So in the genotype to phenotype thing, you have all these potential interactions, but you never know if the network that you map is just a random thing, or if it's something that really is enriched for those interactions that suggest certain pathways are connected and associated with a phenotype. And it's hard for us to solve that problem, but I don't see any theory, math theory, or axioms coming out of it. I think this is a question kind of for everyone, but mostly three versus one. I'm just curious, no, not really, not really. I'm just kind of curious how, Wait for the question. I'm curious how, like, I think that a lot of microscopy people see things as seeing as believing, or you can really understand something rather than a genetic interaction model, because all of you guys are doing interaction not through necessarily my microscopy. So I'm kind of curious how you feel about the microscopy going on in Tomas's lab, and then the vice versa. If you think the microscopy is more powerful, like how are your different ways of looking at interactions? What are the pros and cons? I'm going to grab the microscope and correct you. It is seeing is perceiving, not believing. We have to be very careful, meaning that seeing is very powerful impact on our brains the way we think. And I think that can be useful in that it can persuade us to think again about something that we thought we already understood. It can revise our views on something where we have very strong preconceived notions. And I think that's very useful in science because often we sort of get stuck in a rut and we need a large jog in order to get away from that. So I think that that's where imaging has such a powerful role, but it is also one tool that has, well, the point of parking lots for molecules was brought up. How do we know whether what we're looking at is an active state or a biologically relevant state and so on. So we have to be careful in sort of the biases that we bring to the experiment because it can have a powerful impact on how we interpret the data. So my answer will be less philosophical. And just to say, first of all, that it's not the three of us against Tommy. I mean, we actually all use microscopy in some way or another. We just don't use such sophisticated microscopy. So even we are interested in where the molecules are as part of understanding how they might be working in the cell. It's part of knowing their concentrations, knowing when they appear and how they interact with each other. So it's just a part of the understanding. For us, it's not the only way of looking at things. But what Tommy's point of view is now is there's so many things that we never even thought of thinking about. I mean, perceived before, just seeing something so new is a way to think about new areas of biology. So I think microscopy has lots of nice functions in terms of promoting new ideas and new ways of thinking about things. I'm supposed to say something. Are you both sure those are colonies? Yeah, yeah, yeah, look at the size of it. We don't think that is. I mean, the yeast model system is built on largely on cell biology and genetics. And we try to do biochemistry as best we can. And so I think you need all those things to really figure something out. And now, obviously, computational biology is the other component that is really driving everything. And when you put it all together, then you might be able to figure something out, right? Why did you ask that question? Okay. I think because I feel like this, I'm wondering if you feel like this technique is powerful enough at some point. I mean, okay, so with biology, we were doing all kinds of stuff because we actually can't see what's going on a lot of the time. So we could skirt around the problem by doing knockouts or whatever. And so I think I was curious whether you felt that the history of biology lies in these super high resolution imaging techniques. So before the anatomists existed and they were doing their sections, there was a perception of what life was, right? An animal or a human, right? And then the guys cut and looked and they started to have thoughts. But of course that was a dead thing, right? But it was influential, right? So they were looking. It didn't define things. It wasn't the last word, but it gave you a mindset where you can then keep moving again, right? I think this is the same. I mean, I think there's not one or the other. It's a, as it was mentioned right now, it's you use all these methods, you glue them together. Each one has properties that allow you to do things better than the other, right? When you're doing the imaging, you cannot see the whole global system. It's impossible, right? There are too many variables. You're doing the, right? So you just, there's different ways in which you are handling this large scale of information and you keep dissecting to try to integrate at the end, right? As it happens, there's a burst right now on this imaging. And that burst, that burst is, this burst happens to be in optical microscopy. And I don't think it's the last word. I think it's just a burst, right? Same as electron microscopy of molluscs cryoem. There's a spike right now, right? And et cetera, right? It's a process that keeps evolving. And there was the previous spike was in CRISPR. Yes, it doesn't keep each field, just. Yeah. So it's not like explosion. So this is, I have a follow-up kind of, but I know, I don't know if all of you will have an opinion on this, but in terms of, do you think that my, right now I think one of the few things that microscopy can do really well is chromatin stuff, looking at it with the dynamics of chromatin. And I'm curious whether you feel like, I don't know, I feel like Mark, you're maybe, because you have this nucleus, maybe you'll have to move into doing some of that. I don't know, chromatin immunoprecipitation sort of things. And then I guess with the microscopy, how can you, do you think that it will ever move forward enough to hit that, a few years ago, that deep? So I just can tell you that a few years ago I was fascinated by splicing. So I had a friend of mine in Lisbon, Karma Fonseca, I said, hey, Karma, can we just look at splicing? So she developed a system, and then we managed to follow splicing in real time in a single locus and the coupling to transcription, right? And that was done by imaging. There was a huge amount of background before that, based on biochemistry and genetics, but there was also lots of discussion on whether these things were correlated or not, and the experiments were done as an ensemble experiment, right? So suddenly when you were able to look at this and really see this, oh my God, they happened to be coupled, okay? Some people had postulated that and some people were against that, okay? No more discussion, right? I think it depends on the problem, it depends on the time. I think what you're saying, it's fascinating that people trying to do that, just trying to map where transcription factors are coming and the kinetics and dynamics and how they're walking through, and yeah, I think it's, yeah, lots of new cool things. The following up, unless there are other questions, I think that there are sort of two kinds of processes that we can look at. We can look at bulk processes, which are fairly easy, and usually amenable to ensemble methods, but then if we want to look at, if you will, specific processes at a specific genetic or cellular locus, then we need imaging or other tools that differentiate them from everything else that's going on. So I think that's where the power lies, and well, I certainly have a bias toward things that have to do with genomics because that's my background. I can think that other people who have interesting endocytosis or other things see unique places and want to understand what happens exactly here, not just everywhere, and that spatial temporal information is really powerful in understanding biology. I'll pass. I'm not sure if this is working. Oh, it is working, oh great. So I was wondering about two related things, and it's a question for some of you more than others, I guess. So there is this giant mountain of amazing data that's coming out, but I would argue that it is mostly available to people who produce the data, then maybe a little bit to colleagues after it's published, but it's very hard for mathematicians, computer scientists to get access to this data and play with it. So I'm wondering first, do you, would you say it's important to invest into making this data very available for non-specialists, necessarily, and the second part of this question is, when you're looking at this, this is awesome complexity, this data, and we get to more and more and more layers of this awesome complexity. Would you expect that ultimately when we have maybe mathematical apparatus, maybe new language, new ways of looking at it, it would simplify? Is it your expectation that it looks so amazingly complex because of the units that we choose, cells and genes and units that we choose, molecules? Is there, you see what I'm saying? Is there expectation that once we understand there's the laws which would bring it to beautiful simplicity? No, I think for sure. I mean, it's in the ultimately, like with the endocytosis model we saw today, it's simple chemistry that's driving it, but there's a lot of moving parts and you have to figure out what they are and then come up with a model and then ultimately you should be able to formalize that. And so I think it ultimately will be very simple, but there's a lot of moving parts. There's a practicality. The movies I show you today are the small movies that we have. There's a 30, 40, 50, 60 gigabyte, each one of the movies. Those are the small ones. We have data sets that are a third of a terabyte. One movie, we have a data set which is 14 terabytes. Tell me how do I, I mean, forget about putting in a database, right? Inside the lab, I don't even know how to look at these damn things, right? So we're having a major, major problem and this happens to be in our side. I think the same is with other big data things. So one day it will happen. I think maybe the answer is to have games. So if there will be games for kids and they will use large terabytes of data, then things get solved, right? I don't think that we can drive it based on science. Has nothing to do with compression. This is not a compression problem. Look, I have a movie like I show you, right? And I would like, I just would like to see, I would like to be inside of this fish and I want to watch the cell crawling towards me, okay? I don't know if you managed already to download this YouTube thing, because I think the internet is slow here. You will see that, right? But we try to do that in the lab, has been very, very hard just to do the math, to do the VR, et cetera, is non-trivial. I mean, you were asking me about mathematics. I mean, how do I make, the data was collected all in the same intensity, but I need now to make it translucent with gradients, right? This is a mathematical problem and I don't know how to solve it. When I talk to people, they all look to me and they glaze, right? So yes, we need that. Final question here. Okay. I want to move away a little bit from the mathematicians, but to the team of this conference, it's from molecules to cells to human health. And you were defining today, where is the block in this, well, this steps from a molecule to a cure. And one of the things is that we cannot predict yet how a drug will act in a body and what type of effect it will have on different systems. And now, Tommy is showing these beautiful movies in which you can see multiple cell types. You can follow individual molecules. So could it be that this next generation of movies and imaging could help us to overcome this step by looking at not just the effect of one cell, but looking on the effect of a system or a couple of cell types, maybe in more complex structures like organards or different models that now are used for personalized medicine. So what are your ideas on that? Well, certainly I would say that assays in more complex experimental systems are desirable. High throughput assays when possible. High throughput in this sense means thousands, not millions because animal experiments, in order to be reproducible, take quite some resources and those resources are, well, rarely available to academics and in drug companies, they're becoming less and less widely distributed. I don't really have a solution. The sort of high and imaging approaches are appealing, but again, today rather low throughput. I mean, when it takes a day or two to acquire a data set, it's not something that we can sort of routinely dedicate to high throughput kinds of studies. So I'm afraid I don't have a simple solution. I guess one solution that I would have is, let's try to make sure that the data we do have is widely available and in accessible formats such that information that is perhaps not very organized is perhaps in the literature, but not in a format that is available for most people, becomes more so so that it can be used. So I'm sorry, I'm not able to answer in a more optimistic way, but I think that the challenges are great. Maybe the institutions that are in charge of funding need to think again about whether there are ways of making such data more widely available and collecting it. So we're actually doing an experiment test to follow what you just said, right? So we happen to be looking at infection, viral infection. And so that has a biological problem because when you infect, you present cells with viruses and the number of particles that a cell sees is very high. The MOI is very high. So only one or two viruses will infect but maybe hundreds of particles bound and were taken into the cell. So now you want to see a drug that is interfering with infection. You know that that happened because you did the high throughput screen and it's fine. And you even know what the target is, you know everything, right? Now you would like to see what's going on, right? I think that the only way is to do the imaging and we're doing exactly that, right? So we track in many cells, hundreds of viruses. You put the drug and you say, okay, where did I get the block and what stage, et cetera, right? It's a huge computational, I mean, it's very complex computational. It's non-trivial, right? But it's possible and it's happening and I can see that we already, there's a virus called rotavirus, right? They give you diarrhea to the kids. So we unravel the pathway of entry of the virus that way, right? It was confused because people were thinking they were taking him by endocytosis. And it turns out that that's not true. Particles are taken by endocytosis. The majority enter by endocytosis. A few particles are trapped in the plasma membrane and that's how they penetrate. No way you could have done it unless you see, right? So that's my pitch, that, you see I'm a salesman. Well, I could tell you a story. Yes. So I did my, just cause we're mathematicians here, right? I did my undergrad, 50% in math and 50% in chemistry.  And I studied math because I knew I was really bad at it and I didn't, I knew I wanted to learn something at university. And then at the end of my degree, the chair of the math department called me into his office and said, and you could tell, you know, they could tell that I wasn't a mathematician because I wasn't the sensitive ponytail guy. I wasn't, you know, reading a novel during my fuzzy logic class, like the brilliant daughter of mathematicians, friend of mine. Anyway, he said, you're not going on in math, are you, Charlie? And I said, well, no, like we know there's just no way.  So we'll just bump this mark up a little bit. And if you promise never to take another math course, you can graduate today. Sadly, sadly, this I'm afraid is not a unique or unusual experience. Biologists do tend to have a fear of numbers and a fear of, well, the sort of challenges of mathematical formulas.


Now you know the rules Yeah, no rules, buddy. We're lost Yep, we're lost


Under the midday sun, Murray Bridge residents gathered to celebrate the opening of a new lot. Not another urban sprawl into the countryside, but something the local Afghan community had been lacking. A couple of the Afghan men came to see me and said, what we really need is a cemetery. And I said, don't you need a mosque or a community centre or something instead? And they said, no, we can pray anywhere but we need a cemetery because we have a special way that we bury our dead. The Murray Bridge cemetery now has a section dedicated to traditional Hazara Shi'i Muslim burials. The Hazaras had only been in Adelaide for two or three years, but they had had to bury them in regular cemeteries. They had had to bury them in positions that didn't face Mecca, for example, that's one of the big requirements. We're one of the first ones to have recognised that the Afghan community needed the place of burial and we didn't have any hesitation in agreeing to that process. After the ceremony, the Afghan women provided a lunch for the volunteers and Lutheran community care workers who made this possible. Funding from the Settlement Grants program assisted the Murray Bridge community. Originally, we had somebody paid for two days a week under the CCCS program, then three days a week and now we have funding for five days a week and of course the more time we had available, the more things became possible.


starts with the why and when I went to residency at UNLV we learned a lot about MTA and calcium silicates and at the time we were using prurud MTA and we were finding that Dr. Lemon and Endodontist was using new techniques with these bioceramics that were allowing us to avoid root canal therapy in kids and I got a handful of cases under my belt and as dentist as we all know when we're trying something new we always are a little skeptical something latest and great comes out and it's often times it's a disappointment and you don't want to be the early adopters but this was something that I really bought into and I took on every case that I could and I started seeing these kids come back at the end of my residency program with their recalls and seeing the work and the power of these techniques and materials and I guess that this


The study aims to develop a drug recommendation system for patients with diabetes using collaborative filtering and clustering techniques, which was found to be acceptable in predicting suitable medications for target patients based on patient characteristics and drug information. This article was authored by Luis Fernando Grande Morales, Priscilla Valdivia Zodíaz, Ruth Retegui, and others.


And did Jerko leave things off for Milwaukee here in the fifth inning?  It's one to nothing Peterson a long drive deep right field and no doubter for Jase Peterson Make it six to three a two-run shot Tyrone Taylor is the batter with two outs to nobody on a two-nothing Reds lead Here's Taylor. This is it in the air to center field got a charge to it going back said Where the solo shots and the Brewers are on the board Brewers set up beautifully in the seventh huge opportunity now for the brew crew. Here's the two one RCO with a fly ball hit in the air the left center field tagging his forego bat moving to third is Jerko This game is tied at two to two is the score and now the go-ahead run is standing at third base with less than two outs So we'll face so guard to a pitch So there goes the other way it's down a base and it gets by a Kino all the way to the wall Jerko is in so guard to second and the boys lead a three to two Second inning of work boys strikeouts out of the bullpen for Devin Williams the one two Struck him out swinging Devin Williams strikes out the side in the eighth Back to back nationally with fever of the year Josh Hader Strik away from the same the one two So now Vogel back in scoring position for Orlando Arsia Has the one he wants And the one-one to Arsia and that's hit well into the left center field gap, but Kino won't get to it It's over his head and gonna bounce up against the wall Vogel backs around 30s get a score and Orlando Arsia with an RBI double So to a board with two down here in the fourth is Tyrone Taylor. There's the two two this one in the left field base it and Jerko rounds third and Is in to tie the game at 1-1 there you go three hits in the inning who was able to scratch out a run Oh, there's your hit with a man in scoring position There you go To pinch it singles here in the ninth for the Brewers two on Tyrone at the plate one two on the way and so God down the line fair ball Incomes Peterson Oglebach has to stay out at second base the Brewers now within four to two Runners get to second and third with one out for Eric so guard to try and drive them in and give the Brewers a lead One one pitch so guard hits it in the shallow center of base hit one runs gonna score Vogel back will be held at third and the Brewers take the lead It's one nothing on an Eric so guard Run scoring single how hot is Eric so guard right now three walls and two strikes Yelich sends this one out to center beta racing back He looks up and it is gone Christian Yelich goes deep and the Brewers extend that lead to three to nothing Christian Yelich with his 12 home run of the season and boy does it come at a big time Down swinging is our number two you go that high-pitched balls up to the fact that this reads you on the way And a strike three half swing Intertakes care of business and the Brewers win it here three to nothing to take game one Wayne Wright deals to brawn swing and a fly ball hits a right hit Well drifting backfowler at the track. It's gone Ryan brawn with a solo home run the Brewers are on the board. It's one nothing It's his eighth home run of the season and that's got to feel good against Adam Wayne Wright in his 95th career at bat against Wayne Wright now Daniel Vogel back and he hits one in the air deep left center Carlson watching Vogel back has gone back to back with brawn To nothing Brewers Vogel back with his fourth in a Brewers uniform now Omar Narvaez an infield hit back in the third and then bouncing to a Double play in the fifth delivery to Narvaez line drive base hit back up the middle They're gonna send Orlando Arcia. Here comes the throw home. It's all the way through not in time Omar Narvaez with a run scoring single makes it three nothing Brewers So in the span of two pitches Arcia doubles Narvaez singles and the Brewers had one more and Brandon Woodruff through eight Nice job.   It's three nothing Brewers All right three nothing Brewers in the ninth here it is and that one is hip in the air down the right side and Jericho has a play on this one and this game is over Josh Hader comes on and retires three in order Final score Brewers three hard knows nothing one ball and no strikes on Molina There was a chance for possibly three here today turn it they to a triple play Nicely done defense what he has never done in his career before he just bounced into a triple play


Welcome back. It is still the run-up. Taking it straight to where we left off just before the break, the Independent National Electrical Commission, INEC, has promised to roll out measures to tackle vote buying at the polling unit on Election Day 2023. Even as it vowed that violators of laws and campaign finances would be dealt with frontally, INEC identified four areas of concern to Nigerians. As far as the 2023 general elections was concerned, identified such areas as security, campaign finance, technology, the permanent voters' cards, as well as the assurances that their votes would count ultimately on Election Day. INEC, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC, the Nigerian Police Force, the Interparty Advisory Council and the Inspector General of Police have identified the need to tackle vote buying in order to overcome a major obstacle to free, fair and credible elections in Nigeria. Just recently, a foremost legal luminary, a fair Baba Lola, has said that Nigeria's forthcoming presidential elections later for February 25th will be won by the highest spender and not the best candidate among the contenders. I want to say that there's been a lot of misunderstanding of what he is supposed to mean by that if I'm supposed to get into his head. But then these are the questions that will be answered today on this segment of the run-up. And of course, we still have Mr. Deji with us. Do you see a situation where vote buying, as it is known in Nigeria, can totally be eradicated? Well, vote buying, as it is in Nigeria, can be eradicated because there was no much incidence of vote buying before. So if we have lived without it before, we can also live without it again. But that won't be anytime soon because the people that are to stem the tide of vote buying are the main beneficiaries of it. So that makes it quite very difficult for you to stop the trend. And with the rising rate of poverty, with the high poverty rate, high unemployment rate, it will be very difficult for vote buying to stop because money is an essential commodity. Everybody needs one form of cash or the other to survive, to fulfill their essential utilities in life. And because money is so important, much like an oxidant in noses use, and we have a situation whereby we have a society whereby the rich bank of the cash we have is flowing among the political circle. In that situation, it will be difficult to stop vote buying because it's like telling somebody to stop the source of his own power, the source of his own work. And that's why right now we have a lot of politicians. People are not joining politics for the sake of passion. They are joining it because the primary place on politics is very high. So that's why we have a lot of political investors. You see people selling their houses. You see people going to a bank to borrow money because they want to win the election at all costs because they know immediately they get there they're going to cash out. But I think one of the ways that we can call vote buying is enlightenment and the personal decision on the part of the electorate. There's a Yuba adage that says sometimes you may need to stay hungry today so that you don't stay hungry tomorrow. So if the Nigerian electorate are enlightening that you won't use me as your source of investment because if you get there you are definitely going to see times 100 or times 200 or even in millions of the money that you are spending. By the way, why should Nigerian electorate receive money to vote? Maybe ISD give you 3,000. They give you 5,000. At the end of the day, if you multiply, if you divide 5,000 error by four years, you realize that maybe the calculation may be, maybe I wouldn't be surprised if it's 10 error or so. So imagine you selling your, that's right, selling your right to apply good roads, your right to electricity, your right to good education for your children just because of the the sake of a little sum of money. So I think stopping vote buying will start from the decisiveness of the Nigerian electorate because if we look up to the political class who controls the security agencies in a democratic system, it should be difficult for vote buying to stop. Most especially our politicians on the sees that a system works that definitely going to continue the trend. Vote buying became alarming at the equity election that Oshaad former governor, Fajr-Mein, the next election in Oshaad governor, you could see the spread of vote buying and now it has become a kind of like negative political philosophy and my fear is that in the rural areas, people now see election day as a means of cashing out. There are some people that are already waiting now that during the election they must call it their 5000 error else did they win them. So we are imbibing a negative political culture. So I think the civil societies and maybe the coalition of small political parties that are not as rich as the the major political parties has to go all out to educate the people, to enlighten the people, to make them see reasons why they shouldn't sell their battle but I don't think much has been done in that regard and I think the strength of the theory, I support the position of the legal luminary that money is going to play a major role. For example I was watching a political campaign sometime ago in the east and it went viral. The politician when he was to say that he said we will give them money and they vote for us and I felt I felt so bad that how can you limit when you give them an election, not based on manifesto, not based on policy and you could limit the interest of the people that you just give them money. So I think it has to start from the people that say when they begin to shame money, then the politicians will devise another strategy. I've said it before that it's like a student, politicians are like students. If you don't take your student with some a bit of an eye office and some discipline, no student wants to read, they just want the grade. So no politician really wants to perform, so long as they can cut corners. So I believe that if the Nigerian electorate begin to reason like the electorate in other climes of the world that money does not play a major role, your integrity, your experience, your capacity should come before money, then the politicians will have to change strategy. But right now with the bad economy and I think some of this economic situation is a strategy for the politicians because when you make the people angry towards the election, they would have no choice than to just, you know, when people are angry, just give them rice and gari and granator and maybe 30,000. To people like you, that means nothing, maybe even give people more than that every day. But the reality is with the situation in Nigeria, that means a lot to some families. That's like a go to some families. And when you are poor, your defense is weak, people can easily direct you that go this way. It's not possible for somebody to call me now and say take 10,000 dollars, go this way. You question the person because you are educated, you have some cash in your pocket, you are well exposed. But that is not the case for the Nigerian electorate. So we see that vote buying begins to play a major role because the politicians have looked at what the people really need and they are not using it, they are not playing on their vulnerability which I think is sad. So it's the people that will rise up in defense of themselves. Not looking at the politicians and the security agencies because these are the major beneficiaries of vote buying itself. Okay. You said this campaign, this evangelism so to speak should be taken to everybody, education of the electorate and all that. But I don't know if you've ever heard the saying that Nabi Tiffay Tiff, Naboru Asin, that is pure stealing, but you're just giving it a new name. Now what I'm saying this is that some people see some actions of politicians as not actions that are buying their vote. So we need to define what we really mean when we say vote buying. Is it the money that you give? Because someone on the show the other time said that it's only money that is given on the day of election that can be called vote buying. But is that really vote buying? Because if I'm talking to an aged woman back home in the village and I'm telling her the dangers of vote buying, I should be able to list some of the things that constitute vote buying. So if we are defining vote buying, what would it be so that people that are going out to tell the people will know the kind of things to say to the people that need to hear it? For me, I think vote buying is if you offer anything of any kind, whether financial or material, in order to convince people in a particular direction, then that is vote buying. If you offer somebody rice, that is not financial, but that is material, that is vote buying. So if you try to convince people in a particular way, not by mere conversion, but by your policies, conversing is allowed. I can walk up to you and convince you, please vote for my candidate, we will do this, this is how we are going to do it. That's fine, it's allowed, it's legal. But once I begin to offer you or I begin to monetize you or I begin to blackmail you, which some government does to the civil servant. We've seen a situation in some states, I don't want to mention that they give them a tax that for you to retain your job in this civil service, go and win your polling, go and win your award. And you see on the election day that the civil servant will be using their own personal money to buy drinks for people, will not be using that to convince people that please, don't let me lose my job. And because people in the area lose them, they tend to vote out of pity because their respective workplace has blackmailed them that if you don't win your constituency, you will lose your job. Some even go as far as telling them that bring the result of your polling unit. And I think that is vote buying. That is sad. And this happens in different states. I don't want to be mentioning it, but I'm sure some of them are watching me now and they know themselves, they know what I'm saying. So vote buying comes in different ways. If you try to cajose on base on their need, if you are unemployed now and I come to you and I begin to come back to you that don't worry, if you vote for us, if we enter, I will help you find job in the local government. That's vote buying. Because I'm using your vulnerability to influence your decision. You are not voting out of conviction. You are voting based on what you want to get, based on what you want to benefit, based on the picture of benefit that I've placed before you. So we have vote buying that is pre-election. We have vote buying that is during election and we have post-election vote buying that would have taken place on the election date itself. So this different form of vote buying I think should be stopped. If people are allowed to make their decision based on without any influence, you can just converse, okay, this is the candidate A comes to you. This is my program. Candidate B comes to you. This is the candidate C. You can easily sit down and look at it. Look at the political party, the political ideology, the past experience, the capacity of the candidate and make an informed decision without nothing influencing you. So if something is influencing you that is either financial or material, then that is vote buying to me. Okay. There's a conversation around, Aina came out, I think it was on Monday and said that young and underaged voters are going to be arrested and even their parents as well. It has raised a lot of dust, you know, in the mainstream media and even on social media. And also that is another level to irregularities during elections. Do you think that that's idea of arresting underaged children who are votes, you know, who come out on election days to vote, do you think that works? What do you make of that decision? Well, I'm tired of hearing that we will, we will. I think what I want to hear is we have, that's what I want to hear because underage voting particularly in the North has been very prominent for years. So and all the years we have, we know, we are tired of that. We don't believe in that anymore. We want to see we have arrested so so so so so so I caught facing charges. Now, while I was doing my NYC over a decade ago in panel to be precise, and there was this voter registration going on then a young boy walked up to me and my assistant he wants to register. And I look at the age of the voter. This guy is not up to 18. And I'm asking, I think, what Chicago should be age, I forgot it's a long time ago, I think, Sumaka, Sumambaba, then Chicago, you know, the guy said 18. So I was very annoyed. Then I had to spank him or he didn't say the truth. I gave him the second one. By the time he told me on lantern him, then he confessed 15, 15, 15. And I'm like, come on, why would you come and register when you know you're not up to 18? Then the guy ran away. But that was at the risk of my own life at that point in time, because I realized that the so some of these registrants are not well oriented. They see it as their right, whether they are of age or not. So their political leaders, religious leaders, traditional leaders have not educated them. So if you fail to register them, and you are not part of that community, you are at your own risk because they were saying it as you are denying them part of their legitimate right, not knowing that they are not up to age. So I think vote dying is prevalent from the experience that I had in the north at that point in time, a large number of people involved over them. There's another way that they define whether you are eligible to vote or not, which is against the provision of the Constitution. They marry early. Now, in fairness to them, they can choose to do what they want. That is their so-called culture in court. I'm not against it. But if an underage girl marries and she has a child, they automatically assume that that girl is eligible to vote. So if a 13-year-old girl is carrying a baby, they believe that, oh, this is her last wife and automatically she has a child. So she's old enough to vote. So there's been less education where this underage registration is very prevalent. There's been less education of the populace to make them understand that it is by age. It is not by marriage. It is natural best right until you reach a certain age. And the security agencies and the political class would be reluctant to kind of like arrest and prosecute people because once it goes into the community, they would target us which aren't, they would target you as you trying to reduce their voting population. And that has electoral consequence for whichever party is in power. For instance, if the APC under the administration of President Muhammad Ibu Ali tried to take such a step. Now, across the notice, the word that underage registration is prevalent, what we go to the most traditional rule is that Muhammad Ibu Ali is trying to reduce their voting population. And that's a serious electoral consequence for the APC. So one government even wants to take action when they think of the electoral consequence. And every government wants to win the electoral consequence first, most especially when it's at the eve of the election. So I think the words that were said is just to kind of like put Nigerian masses on the educated ones that were doing something. But to me, from my observation over the years as a political scientist, I mean how those underage registration comes by and the consequence of removing them from the list, I think nothing will be done sincerely. But now the final question now before we wrap up, what will, where will we start from? Because there's only so much Ainek can do. And national orientation agency is more like dead because we don't hear them anymore. If they are performing and they're doing a lot of things, I don't think I have heard them so much in very sensitive issues. So, but the country is ours, it's not theirs, it's ours, everybody's. Where do we start from? To educate people, to know what is right and what is wrong, at least in the few days that we have to the general election and even beyond. How do we get it right? Where do we go to? I think one of the ways to get each right is because it is a democracy and it is an all commerce affairs.  So, because of that, we see that at the lower level of the population, the poor, there is this orientation. And if people can do this massive orientation at the grassroots for people to understand, for example, if a tout is able to know that the failures of government, the lack of education contributes to what's turned in or into a tout, definitely the tout will know that the politician that is supporting to win the election is even his greatest enemy. Because if the economy has been fair, if there has been jobs, if the education is solid and made a national policy, if government in Nigeria is working at this is another clan, most likely he will not have become a tout. So you find a situation that because of lack of orientation, you see a tout working to empower his enemy that contributed to making him a tout. So we have a situation whereby things are going from bad to us. I think a lot has to be done as figure's orientation of the masses. Because you see some of these masses supporting, willing to die for people that have kept them in chains, economic chain, financial chain, political chain, and they are still supporting them. Why? Because it's from their religion or religion. All these things have to change. Then we need to have leaders that are truly leaders. If you are a religious leader, if you mount the pulpit, what are you saying to the people? So we have to look at the sources of learning apart from the school. People listening more to their religious leaders every year than the listening to the president. So we have to look at the source of education, the family, the church, the mocks, the society, the traditional rulers. What are they saying? What are they recommending? So when that is in place, maybe a new orientation that will give birth to a new society will now evolve. So it starts with the grassroots. And I think that maybe if civil societies or NGOs that are rich can also come into the picture to say if they can provide one or two amenities and maybe orientate the people that this thing that we've done, it is government that is supposed to do that. That is if government will not say they are trying to pay them back. I think people will now begin to see that power belongs to them. I think the orientation on the part of the masses is very, very important. Orientation is very important. And this is where we, I wish this conversation didn't have to end Jack because it was very eye-opening. But thank you so much Dr. Deji Omwashala for joining us today on the run-up. It was really nice having you. It is still the run-up. We're going to go on a quick break.


Today, Tuesday, December 22, 2020, the Ministry of Health and Wellness received confirmation of 16 new cases of COVID-19. This is from a total of 162 samples tested. This brings a total number of cases diagnosed in country to date to 303. One case is a 31-year-old female, non-national, who was tested as the national protocol. This individual was placed in quarantine at a COVID-19 certified hotel and has now been transferred into isolation upon receipt of the results. 14 of the 16 cases are returning nationals who were within a government quarantine facility. They have all been transferred into isolation upon receipt of their positive results. One case is a 22-year-old male national from the Grozile district, who is the contact of a previously diagnosed case. Today, Senusha also recorded a total of two recoveries bringing the total number of active cases to 35. All cases are currently in care and are stable and none of them require critical care. The Ministry of Health once again appealed to all members of the public to continue practicing the infection prevention control measures as part of the national efforts to minimize the spread of COVID-19. This further emphasises the importance of quarantine as an effective measure to control, contain and to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. The Ministry of Health and Wellness will continue providing updates as new information becomes available.