I can say each of us is going to get a boy. Two gallons in their resin. So Rebecca, what makes you happy? Well, I'm happy you asked. Actually, giving away free art resin makes me really happy. Oh, that's a good one. So that's our next contest. So every day for the next week and a half, each member of the art resin team is going to be releasing a video highlighting what makes us happy, and we want you to do the same. All you have to do is post a picture or a video on Instagram using the hashtag art resin happy. So each one of us here on the art resin team has a two gallon pro kit that we're going to be giving away. Starting the week of May 8, we're going to be picking our winners. And how will we pick? Well, it's basically whoever floats or boat. So that's seven two gallon kits for seven lucky winners. This contest really couldn't be easier. So show us what makes you happy and tell your friends. Baking. I'm going to go with yellow road trips. A good night's sleep. Power tools. Really? Really? Oh, good for you. I was going to say, good design. And when someone brings me a Tim Horton's coffee, that's like the best thing in the world. You're so Canadian. Oh, yeah. Canada makes me happy, too. Tinture dare. Ooh. What? I voted for him.


And we will have our first problem set tomorrow at 30 and, you know, take around close to noon. I mean, we have a day on Monday, so we're on our heartbeat. We're going to have an office hour from our usual office hour from the start. But we'll be available after class on Tuesday. So I saw I've been heard from most of the people about availability on a Tuesday. So that's going to schedule his office hours. So please send me that email. I have to do our best to accommodate everybody. All right, so last time we were talking about linear operators. Operators are maps on the vectors. In other words, based on linear operators satisfied the property that the map on the linear combination is the same linear combination of the map on the individual pieces. And there's an intimate relationship between linear operators and matrices. They're one and the same object, really. And so in particular, we can write, as we saw, representations of an operator, particularly on a finite dimensional hill for the space. We'll get into the question of infinite dimension. It'll be very important for the study of quantum mechanics and how you deal with that mathematically. We'll get to that a little bit later. For the moment, let's just restrict our attention to finite dimensions. And if we have a finite dimension over space, if we have it more than normal basis for that space, as we know we can write a resolution of the identity, and use that to quickly write a representation of the operator in terms of a combination of transition operators between the basis elements weighted by these complex numbers. And those complex numbers, the array of them form a matrix. So this is a matrix representation of the operator in a basis. And these numbers are the matrix elements, the elements of the matrix. And so the first index is the row and the second index is the column. And I can think about, there are many ways to remember or think about the matrix representation in a useful way. You think about each column of the matrix is really just the vector that well-attains by operating the operator on the basis vector associated with that column, represented in the basis of interest. So this is the vector M on E1 represented with coordinates in the basis by projecting it into all that. Is that clear? We'll see an example. Maybe I'll do it a little more. This has to be clear if you want to try to stay here. Right. Okay, so we talked about basic matrix operations, like the inverse and the act of the adjoint. The matrix elements of the adjoint operator are given by the complex conjugate transpose of that. And we talked about special classes of matrices or of operators. So we talked about permission operators. Permission operators also are called self-adjoint. And we also have anti-permission, a type called skew permission, which satisfies that property. Is I times information 3 times anti-permission? Always. So as we said last time, we can always talk about permission operator is kind of a moral equivalent of a real number. And the anti-permission operator is kind of a moral equivalent of a imaginary number. And an imaginary number is I times information 3. Yeah. I'm sorry, I didn't hear the question. The question was, can is every anti-permission operator I, the complex number I times a permission operator, an answer is yes, for this very reason. Because if I divide an anti-permission operator by I, well then it's permission. And the other important class, very important class of operators that we talked about briefly are unitary operators. Unitary operators are almost always called U. By the way, permission operators are generally called H. So call it a permission operator A. We're going to do that. So there's some kind of notation that we use all the time and some we don't. We almost always call unitary operator U. Sometimes we call it E. But generally we call it U. And a unitary operator is such that its inverse is a dagger.  And these have the important property that they preserve the inner product. That is to say if I map every vector in an overt space by this map, then whatever the inner product was before between two vectors stays that inner product. Okay, we proved that last time. That's an important property that you define. You might say that's really the defining property of a unitary operator from which all this other stuff follows, depending on what you want to call the definition. And if we have an orthonormal basis for this space and we define the set U tilde I as what I get by mapping each of the EIs by this U, then this is also orthonormal. Okay, so another thing to keep in mind about unitary operators is that they are, can be thought about as maps that take orthonormal bases to other orthonormal bases. So that's the way to think about that. So I can write U, as if I like, as a transition operator that takes this basis vector to that basis vector. You can think about E tilde as the image of the vector under the map. Okay? So what we said then is that if I wanted to look at a change of basis, a change of representation, so this matrix is one representation of the operator in this basis. But I can choose a different representation. It's a representation of the same operator, but just with respect to a different basis. And those two different representations are related to one another through a change of basis that is a unitary transformation. So just once again to emphasize that fact, if I look at the, let's look at the matrix elements, so different amount of change of basis. So here's the representation in a new basis, so that's L tilde. So if I want to find out how these matrix elements are related to these matrix elements, what I do is insert a resolution of the identity. Arrows look like my unities over here. And I do that with respect to the basis that I want to represent the operators that basis is. So this is, I'll write it all out, just to emphasize these facts. So we can't use i and j anymore. We've got to use different dummy indices. That's always the trick. Be very careful about that. And that is just equal to sum over L and k, e to the i tilde L, e to the l m, e to the k, e to the k, e to the j tilde. So these are the matrix elements in the new basis. And these are the matrix elements in the old basis. What we call new is the un-tilted basis. This is the tilted basis. And these things are what? Well, this is equal to the matrix element of this U. That's to say it's the matrix element associated with the U that takes me between the old basis and the new basis. And this is, as we showed last time, the adjoint in matrix. So this is a unitary transformation that takes me from this basis. This is an example of what we call a unitary transformation. Similarly, we can change the representation of a vector. Not just the matrix. It's in the nodes. Check it out for yourself. All right. Any questions so far? All right. So far, so many things. Let's just quickly review an example here. So a particular set of operators that you're familiar with, I just thought we could do a pretty important role in lots of the physics that we'll talk about, are the tally operators. The tally operators are familiar in the theory of spin 1 half. But as we will see, they're kind of more, they're useful more generally than just thinking about the problem of spin. We'll see that. So what are the definitions? So if I have a spin 1 half particle, then we know that I can form a basis for the space that describes the spin state as two possible spin states. I'll call them spin up along the z, and spin down along the z, and I'll call them plus and minus. Clear? In a moment. Maybe a few moments. Okay? So in that basis, so this is spin up along the z, and this is spin down. So what are the operators? So sigma x is equal to this operator. Sigma y is equal to this operator, and sigma z is equal to this operator. Those are the operators written in this kind of notation. There's lots of notations that we can use to express operators, but this is one of them. Now although I've written it with respect to this basis, this is really a basis independent expression because I can change the basis quickly, but this object equals that object. It's not that it's represented by, it's actually the same object. But we can write a representation in basis. So in that case, we do a basis. We can write a matrix representation of these operators in this basis. So how do you do that? I just began to emphasize, right? So, you know, sigma x, say s s prime, where s is plus or minus one, along with this one of these guys, right? That's the matrix elements. And what are we safe about those matrix elements? So if I wanted to then look at that, where, say, a sigma x as a matrix, I have to do those matrix elements, right? So what you see first of all is the diagonal matrix elements. What are they? They're zero, right? Because if I look at, for example, plus, plus, well, I put plus, I split the sandwich. Like that, right? Plus on that is zero. Because they're orthogonal. Clear? And plus on this is zero. Because it's orthogonal. So both of those diagonal matrix elements aren't zero. That clear? What about the off diagonal elements? Well, I have to, let's look at, so this is zero. What about plus, that's row plus column minus. So I put plus on this guy and minus on that guy, right? And what is that? One. And then I put plus on that guy and minus on that guy. What is that? Zero. Zero. So this matrix element is one. It would be two if it was, well, it's one. And similarly, the other guy, using the same kind of thing. So that's the matrix representation of sigma x in the basis of spin up and down along z. Okay. What about sigma y? Can you just tell me now what its matrix representation is? It looks just like this guy, except instead of ones over here, it has these plus and minus i's. So firstly, what are its diagonal matrix elements? Zero. There's zero, right? What about the off diagonal one? Well, one of them is i and the other one is minus i. Which one is which? Remember, row column. And we're doing it in this word. That's important. When you write down a matrix, it's always with respect to a particular order of the basis. You have to know what order I'm talking about. I didn't actually tell you. I'm writing this in the order plus minus. I didn't have to. We can write it any way we like. We have to know matrix has, when you write a matrix, you're always specifying the order in which you're specifying the elements of the basis. You don't know what that is, but it's meaningless what the matrix is. So in that order, if this is column plus, column minus, this is the row, because it's row column. So plus minus. And what about sigma z? Let's just think about that for a second. The diagonal elements of this, are they zero? Not this time, right? Because if I put plus plus here, what do I get on this guy? I get one in here and get zero. So that plus plus, that's one. And for minus minus, negative one. And what about the octagon matrix elements? They're zero this time. So this guy is a diagonal matrix. Obviously, this is an example where, as we know, when we talk about more this lecture, these vectors are the eigenvectors of this matrix. And a matrix, or this operator, and a matrix or an operator represented in the basis of its own eigenvectors, is diagonal, where the diagonal elements are the eigenvalues. And that's why I'm calling these things plus and minus. Because sigma z, acting on plus and minus z, is plus and minus one. eigenvectors, and these are the eigenvalues. Yes. I think if I have a sigma in the homework, we've got the same things, but with halves instead of, yes, they co-efficient instead of one. Those are the, remember that spin operator is h bar over two times the sigma operator. Okay. And I said h bar over one. Okay, so, okay, yeah. h bar is always one. Yes, I know. I like h bar. We'll see why. It's important to keep h bar around sometimes. All right, cool. Now, there's some interesting properties of the Pali matrices or the Pali operators. We can learn how you look at it. You could look at them as a matrix. Remember, these, of course, are representations. Say, these are the standard representation. When something says, write down the Pali matrices, they always mean means. Because the Pali matrices are understood to be the Pali operators that are represented in these cases. All right. So, with that said, what are some other interesting things you could say about these matrices? Firstly, or these operators, the Pali operators are, is that clear? What are the possibilities to see it? If, let's just, just to get a feel for and remind ourselves about the different kinds of manipulations we do, let's just take the adjoints of these different operators. So, let's just, for that, let's look at, let's do sigma y. So, that is the adjoint. And how do you take that adjoint? Well, the way you take an adjoint is you complex conjugate. So, minus i goes to plus i and then you switch the bras and the kets. And that, of course, is the same thing. And then it's obvious you split the bras and the kets and you get back. So all of them, these are all permission operators. They have another interesting property. All of them, if I look at the square of them, they just happens to be, this is a very special property of Pali operators, the all square of the identity. But anyways, let me do this by matrix multiplication. Sometimes it's easier.  What you're more comfortable with, play around with the bras and kets or play around with the matrices. I can look at sigma y squared as being represented by the matrix multiplication of these two matrices. I want you to do it. And so, one gets zero, kind of zero, zero. The other way, zero. So this is the identity. And that's true for all of them. You can do that check. So an interesting fact for me here is that not only are Pali matrices or Pali operators permission, they're also unitary, right? Because if I look at one of these guys times this attribute, then that is the same thing as in time itself because it's selfishly. And that we said is that this is one. So there's an interesting fact about this that these guys, all the Pali operators, they're also happen to be unitary and permission at the same time. Let me go grab my notes part of me. No, that's not quite true. We'll see what that copies in a moment. There are lots of other copies of single matrices, and we'll see some of them today and we'll get to some more later. But let's hold on. So, what I want to talk about now are just when we spend a breath of a lecture to be troubled with the next week, talking more about operator psychology. For example, we can do of course what we can talk about here is I can talk about the composition 8 times B has a meaning because A, B, the vector is just what I get when first I act B on the vector that's some other vector and then I act B on it. That's just the definition. Of course we get that by major complication. So, I can ask the question of what is the adjoint of the composition and the answer you can easily prove which we'll do quickly is this? That's to say the adjoint of the product is the product of the adjoint so, how do we prove that? Well, let's look at this and let's call this thing W. So, A, B adjoint acting on B is the adjoint of A acting on W. And the adjoint of A acting on W is the product of the adjoint by definition. Okay?  So now I can say the dagger of W is U and then the adjoint of whatever you buy that. So, B is B on U and W is on D. So, this is equal to the V dagger or V bra is equal to U bra V dagger V dagger and thus this is equal to that. So, the adjoint of a product is the product of the adjoint. Now, why do we care about the orders because generally the operators don't commute. So, composition of operators satisfy a few properties. Firstly, we do have associativity. It's easy to see by just sequential mapping that we can if we have a set of operators it doesn't matter the order in which we multiply them. That's equal. However, commutativity is not necessarily the case. So, generally the composition of A times B does not equal the composition of B times A. They don't commute generally. That is to say AB is equal to BA plus a remaining piece of the commutator. Where the commutator as you know is an important role in the mathematics we're using. It's just the difference between the operators and the two different orders. So, what are some of the properties of the commutator? Well, firstly you can see immediately that it's anti-symmetric. That is to say that if I take the commutator in the other order it's not the same but it's a minus sign. It's linear in the following six. If I commute A or it doesn't matter when your combination of operators with scalars that's the same thing when your combination of the commutators. Another important role that is important to it used to we use it all the time is the product role with the commutators which you can check for yourself quickly so let's, if I have the commutator of A with the product of two operators what I do is bring that guy out and commute A with C and multiply that or bring this guy out but be careful you got to put it in the right order because generally they don't commute Conjugation I look at the operator I get by commuting A with B and I conjugate that well I conjugate each piece here right and of course switches the order that becomes B dagger A that becomes B dagger A dagger becomes A dagger B dagger and this thus is equal to because I reverse the order minus right now one thing we could save us is that if A and B is for mission operators then the commutator between them is anti-commutation right because these guys are a mission that means the dagger of the commutator is minus the commutator you know that if you have X and P the commutator is IHR and finally there's one other property which is that you can never use it anymore but there's a dichrobiotic property that it makes this a B bracket that is sometimes a more dense object if I look at the commutator of A with the commutator B and C and then I sickly we permute it all through commutator of C with A and B plus the commutator of B with C with A and I'll add it up to 0 not such an important property but one quick note one quick note we sometimes talk about the anti-commutator which is not universally but often written instead of with a square bracket a curly bracket and it's defined A times B instead of with a minus sign it's got the plus sign and the reason it's called the anti-commutator is what it says is that A plus B that is able to minus B plus the anti-commutator so it says when you reverse the order you put a minus sign and then add the anti-commutator whereas with the commutator it just reverses the order and the anti-commutator is we'll see next semester important in the theory of fermions to capitalize I mean it's fermion draw but very good so let's go back to our example over here about polyoperators and let's look at the commutator relations and anti-commutator relations so as you mentioned Z there is the relationship between so if I define in the remember the polyoperators that we call i equals 1, 2, 3 or x, y, z is the spin component divided by h bar over 2 so this is spin angular momentum if you recall that the components of spin angular momentum satisfy the following commutational relations this i is not the same as that i that's the actual square root of minus 1 with B times h bar this is the levy-chibbett symbol let's put it in the symmetric tensor and I'm using the Einstein summation convention where repeated indices are summed up so what that tells me is that the commutation relation between two poly matrices if I divide everything by or multiply everything by h bar over 2 divide all these by h bar over 2 this is 2i epsilon i jk k so let's check that let's we got our our vectors over here or I'm sorry our polyoperators over there so sigma x and sigma y let's do it in terms of matrices because it's easier I think to multiply matrices I didn't deal with all the pros and cons so sigma x times sigma y is that matrix multiplication and that is equal to y i 0 sigma y times sigma x equal to minus i 0 0 plus i so that tells me then that the calculator of these two is equal in this representation to this minus that which is equal to 2i 1 minus 1 0 0 which is equal to 2i sigma z so that works pretty good there's another property though that's interesting and this perhaps even which way we're thinking about but the anti-commutator of the poly matrices is so for example what's the anti-commutator of sigma x with itself because this is sigma x times sigma x plus sigma x times sigma x and each poly matrix squares to 1 so this is 2 the anti-commutator of sigma x times sigma y that's to say if i isn't j this should be 0 well that's sigma x times sigma y plus sigma y times sigma x we just did that add these two together to get it the 0 matrix so poly matrices different poly matrices anti-commute okay that's an interesting property poly matrices are all kinds of fun properties which we'll use throughout throughout the year alright so now the next thing we want to talk about to give the most important thing is to remind ourselves about the theory of eigenvectors and eigenvalues we said we have a linear operator that maps some vector to some other vector however there is a special characteristic vectors this was done in Austria in Germany first eigenvectors so eigen means characteristic of the map which are such that if I operate this one of these vectors labeled by a number lambda if I map it by m the act of the map is just to scale the vector by the number such vectors are called eigenvectors or characteristic vectors of the map or operator and the scale factor for that particular vector is the characteristic value of the eigenvalue so by that we're not talking about ignore the trivial case where this is just the zero vector I'll call it no the column vector with all zeroes in it that's always an eigenvector because multiply that zero and then you get that zero so the eigenvalue can be zero as you'll see the case where this is the zero vector we're not including that that's a trivial case this is the vector where I mean by this is all zeroes that's the no vector so ignore that that's obviously always an eigenvector another thing to note is that if this is an eigenvector with eigenvalue then I can scale that vector bias any scalar and this is also an eigenvector with the same eigenvalue but again they're not considered as distinct they're really a whole ray a whole ray in Hilbert space is the same eigenvector this is not a distinct eigenvector from this it's just scaled so typically we will at least to some degree specify the eigenvector by specifying the length of the vector it's still not completely defined because we can multiply by a number which has magnitude one that's the phase but what phase we choose will be a matter of convention so typically we fix the normalization or the length such that the it's a unit vector but as I say completely specify the eigenvector because I can multiply it by a phase and it would still have normal one so now this is here in which I'm not going to prove which states the following before I get to that I wanted to show you that so let me do that first so let's just say let's just consider a rotation in three-dimensional real space about the axis so my Hilbert space here is a real redimensional Hilbert space that's fine so so I'll have an operator which is a rotation about the z-axis by some angle theta so here's the z-axis here's the x-y plane hats on these guys call them hats, what the heck and I'm rotating about the z-axis the z-twice the monitor I rotate this by some angle theta so the action of my operator on the x basis vector is this basis vector this has cosine theta along x and sine theta along y the action of this rotation operator on the y basis vector is minus sine theta on the x and cos theta and the action of this on the z is to do nothing with the z-axis along okay so now I ask you what is the representation of this operator in this basis in some order so how do I do it what I want to emphasize here is one of the points I made at the very beginning of the lecture I can immediately write down without doing all the bras and kets although I could write down the bras and kets it's kind of up to you how you feel comfortable if I know how the operator acts on each of the basis vectors then I just have to write down that image as a column so this is cos theta zero that is the representation of the operator acting on the first guy minus sine theta cos theta zero that is the representation of this guy as a column vector zero zero one again you can do the bras and kets you get the same thing right row column row column so so this is the rotation matrix we can see immediately here that this guy that this is an eigenvector and what's the eigenvalue plus one so that geometrically what you see is the operation of this map on this basis vector on this eigenvector was to not change its direction left it alone that's what an eigenvector must do but in addition in particular it doesn't just not change in this case it left its magnitude the same so that's why the eigenvalue is plus one okay alright so now to the theorem so how do we generally find all the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the operator or the matrix well now I want to disinvoke a mathematical theorem which says the following an operator on a finite dimensional overhead space has a dimensional overhead space a dimension d has d orthonormal eigenvectors if and only if m commutes with its adjoint such operators are known to be if they satisfy this property that they commute with their adjoint they're called normal operators normal operator is one that commutes with its adjoint now our favorite operators in quantum mechanics are normal operators so for example a Hermitian operator are normal operators right because of its Hermitian m is equal to m dagger and everything commutes with itself so that's cool but also unitary operators or normal operators why do we know that well we know that u dagger u is one and u u dagger it's also one so the commutator of u with its adjoint is zero with its adjoint it's not equal to its adjoint generally but it's it could be good so what that means is that both Hermitian matrices and unitary matrices or unitary operators and Hermitian operators have a if they act on a d dimensional space there exists d orthonormal eigenvectors of those operators that's not true of all operators but it's true if they're normal if they're normal then it's true okay alright so what can we say in this case well the rotation operator that we're just talking about right here is unitary it's actually orthogonal in this case but orthogonal matrices are also easier to guess how do we see that well the inverse of this operator is just rotating in the other direction right easy for me to look at so if I look at this with the minus sign in it we can say that like sign is minus sign but that's just the transpose of the matrix but since it's all the elements are real that's also the same thing as that because everything is real so this is the same thing as that so this is unitary it's also orthogonal an orthogonal matrix is one of these inverses but if it's always a real matrix then it doesn't matter of unitary so this matrix or this operator has three orthogonal eigenvectors the other eigenvectors imagine that isn't it I mean what we said is that the property of the vector is such that when you map it it stays in the same direction yeah they have to be complex in some way so let's see what they are you'll recognize them hey Bob what are we saying that they sound complex boom let's do it out let's do it out so let's remind ourselves how we find eigenvectors and eigenvalues of matrix so the defining equation is written over here generally an eigenvector satisfies that it stays the same up to multiplication by the eigenvalue which means that this combination acting on this gives me the null vector and since we are ruling out the null vector here as an eigenvector that means that this thing cannot be invertible because if it was then this would equal zero and it doesn't and since it doesn't equal zero I mean since this is a singular operator, a singular matrix that means that the matrix has a determinant of zero so we find the eigenvalues by what's known as the characteristic equation or the eigen equation which says that the determinant of the matrix or operator is zero so this object is called characteristic polynomial for a d-dimensional Hilbert space it has d roots and those d roots are the eigenvalues now we could say a few things just in terms of definition if the eigenvalues are the same or if any two eigenvalues are the same they are said to be degenerate and the cars on the eigenvectors degenerate eigenvalues and degenerate eigenvectors okay we'll get to that soon what are the nature of the eigenvalues so it depends on on the roots here so if this characteristic polynomial is real it's a real polynomial so it doesn't have to be because we might be looking at unitary matrices then what can you tell me about the roots the roots of a real polynomial not always but if they're complex they come in complex pairs right so if the polynomial is real if you have x squared plus 1 is 0 then the roots are plus or minus i so if the polynomial is real that means that if any root or any eigenvalue is complex then the conjugate is also nice value let's take a look at our specific example I'm typing here having kind of a the roots of our characteristic polynomial for this matrix okay so let's write this down let's try to have a characteristic determinant of cos theta minus lambda sin theta 0 minus sin theta cos theta minus lambda 0 0 1 minus lambda that term that determinant has to go 0 so you take the determinant of that matrix you got cos theta minus lambda squared minus sin squared theta all times 1 minus minus sin squared if it's minus it's plus so we have the roots minus lambda is 0 there's one root which is lambda is 1 and then the other roots are the roots of this quadratic and I'll leave it to you to quickly show that the roots of those are p to the plus or minus i it does but then you have the cross term you have to set this to 0 so these are the eigenvalues now I'm running out of time so I'll finish this up next I just want to say one last thing what are the eigenvectors well remind ourselves how to find them but let me just write this down because I think it's kind of and it just reminds me so eigenvectors that is to say if I act this rotation operator this vector this is so this on e plus or minus this on e to the minus these vectors you recognize maybe as the vectors we talked about in electromagnetism they were related to circular polarization plus and minus circular polarization are the eigenstates of rotation about that axis with eigenvalues representing the phase of the rotation this basis this complex basis will play a very important role next semester this is sometimes known as the spherical basis not that the view is spherical it has to do with spherical symmetry it's the basis that will play a very important role in the theory of irreducible tensor operators and the Pickard-Hackard theorem all this good stuff that we'll see next semester but anyway it is a basis and is it orthonormal we show that these guys are orthogonal they're obviously irreversible I will post the notes I'm sure we need stuff especially something we need for homework I'm sure we can do that all right


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Coming up in this episode… Dubbed the odd father for his peculiar mannerisms and longstanding history of bizarre behavior, Jagante was either genuinely mentally ill or the perpetrator of the longest legal charade in New York's history. A man wearing a ski mask broke into the home and kidnapped 13-year-old Jamie, but only after murdering both of her parents in cold blood. But why was it done? Even the kidnapper slash murderer says he doesn't know why he did it. UFO researcher Raymond Fowler has been investigating UFO sightings and supposed abduction cases since the 1960s, but in his new book he shares what might be the ultimate story of an alien abduction. Are changelings and doppelgangers real? You might choose to believe so after hearing about the strange disappearance of Pauline Picard. Plus, we'll look at a few true first-hand accounts of people who have come across doppelgangers and for them it was a frightening experience.  The two-year-old girl was playing on her family farm in Gauss-à-Laudu, just outside of Brest in Brittany, France. It was a quiet and safe area. In Pauline Picard's mother never worried about letting her children play in the picturesque farmland. But when she called her daughter to supper one evening in April 1922, she was horrified by the lack of response. Shocked by the little girl's disappearance, police and townspeople banded together to comb the landscape for the lost girl, but they came up empty-handed. La Petite, Pauline Picard as the media dubbed her had vanished without a trace. Statistics show that the first 48 hours of a child's disappearance are the most critical for finding them alive. So at the three-week mark, the Picards had begun to abandon hope of ever seeing their little girl again. Little Pauline was widely assumed to have been eaten by a boar or taken by gypsies. So news from Scherborg of a little girl matching Pauline's description having been found by police seemed miraculous. When an officer showed a photo of the child to Pauline's mother, La Matin reported that she burst into tears crying, that's my daughter, my poor little Pauline. Along with joy, the couple drove 250 miles to Scherborg to take their daughter home. But the story of little Pauline was far from over. Questions quickly grew into a heartbreaking paranoia for the Picards. How would their toddler wandered 250 miles without succumbing to the elements? Why did she not seem to recognize her parents or her brothers and sisters? And most troublesome, they couldn't understand how she had forgotten the Brayton dialect. These doubts were explained away as amnesia brought on by post-traumatic stress. The working theory was that Pauline had been abducted and abused by her kidnapper. While the girl didn't seem to recognize her family, they including her brothers, sisters and even their neighbors all recognized her. A mysterious woman dressed in rags was seen with the little girl before she was taken by Scherborg police and the media maintained that this woman was the key to unraveling the mystery of Pauline's disappearance. Though newspapers from Paris to New York rejoiced over the miraculous return of little Pauline, the Picards harbored nagging suspicions that the child living in their house was not actually theirs.  He shakily asked the Picards whether they thought the little girl in the house was their daughter before screaming, God help me, I am guilty. And then running off, he was later admitted to an asylum. And soon after this, a discovery was made that would terrify a nation. On May 26th, one month after Pauline was discovered in Scherborg, a cyclist found the naked body of a small girl not far from the Picard farm. The head, feet and hands had been removed, preventing positive identification. But next to it was a neatly folded pile of children's clothes, among which were the black and white checkered dress, navy blue jacket and black tights little Pauline had been wearing the day she disappeared. Stranger still, the skull of a fully grown man was found next to the grisly scene, introducing the prospect of a second victim. Also the police and volunteer rescue researchers maintained that they had been over the area where the body was found many times. So careful was the search made at the time of Pauline's disappearance that the body would have been discovered had it been lying where it was found. All of which suggested that the body had been moved there recently because the killer wanted it to be found. So who was the little girl then living with Picard's? Sadly after the body was found the Picard's determined that the girl found in Scherborg could not be their Pauline and she was sent to live in an orphanage. But questions have lingered over the last century as to how the Picard's could have been so sure initially that the little girl found 250 miles away was theirs. Experts point out that parents often suffer from a very confusing psychological state after a child's death. When your child dies the pain and devastation of the loss can feel overwhelming says Carolyn Bryce, CEO of the Compassionate Friends, a British support group for bereaved parents. The Picard's are not the only family to have an extreme grief mistaken another child as their own. But lacking DNA evidence to confirm whether the body in the woods was indeed little Pauline this tragic mystery remains unsolved. Little Pauline may or may not have been a doppelganger. When we're darkness returns though we'll look at a few more true first-hand accounts of people who have come across doppelgangers and for them it too was a very frightening experience. The creature part of the darkness before God created the heavens and earth has awakened it had slumbered hibernating from the light now it's hungry and wanting to feed Bobby a local kid and the police chief have gone missing. Everyone in the small town of standard Illinois is turning to former Chicago cop Rob Aletto to find them. But as he starts his search more people disappear. Rob is quickly overwhelmed the night itself seems to come alive taking these people. Aletto must find out why and discover a way to stop it before the entire town slips into darkness. Into Darkness by Jason R. Davis narrated by Weird Darkness host Darren Marlar the greatly anticipated sequel to Inside the Mirrors Here a free sample on the audiobooks page at WeirdDarkness.com A doppelganger is someone who looks almost identical to someone else even though they are not related to that person. It's eerie to come across someone with practically the same features and characteristics as yourself or another person you know and doppelgangers are often seen as spooky. True doppelganger stories can be truly horrifying and often include interesting details about how people try to interact with their look-alikes. With over seven and a half billion humans in the world it should probably come as no surprise that there are plenty of people who look uncannily similar to each other. Just take the story behind the three identical strangers documentary as an example, albeit a particularly strange one, meeting a doppelganger can be a surreal experience especially if they suddenly disappear without a trace. From Redditor, quietvoice4846 Late at night I usually go to the bathroom multiple times but for the past four days every time I go to leave I can see myself still standing in the mirror from the corner of my eye. It's like the other me is watching me leave the bathroom. It terrifies me to the point where I almost run out without looking directly at the mirror. I never told my husband about it because I didn't want to acknowledge it out loud. Earlier today I took a nap in our bed while he sat in the chair next to it watching TV.  He thought it was weird that I got up like that because I'm in the last month of my pregnancy and I can't really move so well without it hurting so he tried talking to me. When I didn't answer he looked at the door to find me not there and still sleeping in bed. I got really creeped out and I finally told him about what I've been seeing in the bathroom. He thought it was creepy as well but didn't want to really talk about it anymore because he thinks it'll give whatever it is power or energy. I have no idea what it wants or why we have both seen it. From Redditor G4YF13R1 When I was 9 I stayed home sick from school. I distinctly remember that I wasn't actually sick simply playing hooky to avoid bullying. Kids are cruel as I did a lot around that age. I awoke from a nap, turned on the TV in our living room and scrolled through some channels when my mother suddenly leaned over the bar and stared at me without saying anything. I've been awake for a few minutes at this point so I can't rightly blame sleep paralysis for all of this. Whatever this thing was it was entirely identical to my actual mother. It sounds weird to describe but it's as if the only difference was that this thing pretending to be my mom had never felt a single emotion in its life. It was unsettling. It beckoned me and I attempted to talk to her as I would with my mother. She kept beckoning, refused to answer and that's when I sensed something horribly wrong. Naturally I started screaming at this thing to answer me. It just kept silently beckoning. I bolted running out of the room and into the yard yelling for help. My mother, the real one, had been working in the yard and came rushing over. I told her what I had just seen and she soothed me with easy explanations that it was just a fever dream. But thankfully she stayed by my side the rest of the afternoon as I was a nervous wreck. From Redditor Geobite. I remember one Sunday morning my brother and I were watching Cardcaptor Sakura on TV and someone knocked on the door. We lived in an apartment that was empty. The owner hadn't rented the second floor. It was a two bedroom apartment with a kitchen and a bathroom by the door. A small apartment but with a big window that faces out to the door. So when I heard someone knock I checked the window and I saw my father. So I thought. I was going to the door to open it. When I was going to unlock the door my mother pulls me away and screams at me to not open the door because I didn't know who it was. I told her I saw dad. She freaked out going to the window and checking and then checking the peephole. She started to get terrified and she said to go to the farthest room in the apartment and to not come out. She went and woke up my dad. My dad got up angry and confused. We told him what we saw and the man was still knocking at the door. My dad screamed, Who is it? No answer. He said don't call the cops but no response.  So my mom took us to the farthest room from the door while my dad got ready to open the door with a metal bat. Once he did, the man was gone. My dad goes out looking everywhere around the apartment. The apartment door was a heavy metal door and always was heard when someone comes in and out but we heard nothing that morning and nothing when my dad opened the door. We heard no footsteps either but my brother, my mother and I saw that man that looked exactly like my father from Redditor Hyperham 51197. I remember one time I was talking to my dad in a hallway of my house. I don't really remember what it was about. We both saw my mom clearly walk past us and into her room shutting the door. I walked back out into the living room and my mom was still on the couch asleep. I looked back at my dad and he looked at me. We were both terrified. We both crept over to their bedroom and looked at the closed door. Neither of us went inside. We were freaked. I'm pretty sure my dad slept on the floor that night from Redditor Celestial underscore E Spirit. When I was about 16 or 17 I was really heavy into doing the Ouija board. Other stuff happened but the doppelgangers were definitely the worst. The first one was my mom. I heard her come in and my best friend was with me. My friend and I walked down to greet her. She looked like a younger version of my mom and was carrying groceries so I tried calling out to her but she didn't respond and walked into my brother's room.  I called out to her but she didn't respond. Still. So I followed her up. She wasn't there. When I walked back down my real mom had come in and didn't know what was going on. She was also wearing a different outfit. The next one was my brother. My mom was talking to him on the phone and he said that he was on his way home. As soon as he hung up my brother walked in the door. He talked to us for a little.  He'd been in the bathroom for like 15 minutes and then I got this sick feeling again. I asked if he'd fallen in or something. Then my real brother walked in and was freaked out. My mom checked on him all night to make sure he was okay. Both times they had darker eyes and it felt sort of like a dream but I was definitely awake and other people witnessed it. From Redditor Don Don Don. Both times that my family experienced doppelgangers the doppelgangers refused to respond when spoken to. The first was my sister's doppelganger whom my brother told to go downstairs for lunch. She didn't answer. When my brother walked downstairs he instantly saw my actual sister wearing a different shirt. She could not have passed my brother so quickly because the staircase led directly to our dining area.  I wasn't actually home until 4pm later that day after school. My sister didn't know that until she asked me why I was just staring at her without emotion earlier around noon. From Redditor Bob Ross0902. I am so weirded out right now. What the heck? I was sitting there on my computer when my brother walks in and sits down on his bed. He doesn't say anything. He is a quiet person so that is normal.  Look outside and the car that he had left in with my mom a few hours ago still isn't there. I go outside to see if anyone else is home that I could have mistook for him. Nope. I am still home alone. From Redditor Shutter Spook. We had problems with doppelgangers and a fast food joint that I worked at. I had two separate sightings myself. First my general manager comes to tell me in drive through and the register person to clean the lobby then goes to the restroom. So the register person and I come up with a plan and wait for her to come out. We see her walk out of the restroom, walk by us and walk into the lobby. We go to catch her and no one is there. We turn around and she is walking out of the bathroom. We tell her what we just saw but she didn't believe us. Second, manager and I are in the prep area. One of the girls who is working up front walks back and right into the walk-in cooler. After about five minutes of waiting the manager asks me to go check on her. I open the walk-in door. There is no one in there. As I am trying to explain this to my manager, the girl in question walks into the prep area from the front. Needless to say, the manager believed me and finally believed what had happened in the first sighting. From Redditor Ocoth. I woke up one morning to my dad going to the kitchen and stopping by to say, Hey, wake up. And then I took out my phone and started watching YouTube. I was awake for sure. Later my mom was walking to the kitchen and did the same thing that my dad did. Then I get out of bed and I see that my parents were still in their room. I asked them if they asked me to wake up while walking to the kitchen. They said, No. I don't know what it was. Can somebody please explain? From Redditor Shubby Kins. The first one was my husband. I turned into the hallway and I saw him there walking away from me and towards the bedroom with the opposite end. I called to him but he didn't respond. As soon as he entered the bedroom, he turned to the left. There is just a wall there, not even any windows. I followed him into the bedroom and there was no one there. My husband had been upstairs the entire time. The second time was my dad. He was unloading some things from his truck and was going to bring them to the back door which opens into the kitchen. I was in the kitchen and heard a noise at the door. Through the window in the door, I saw my dad bending over as though he was bending down to untie his shoes. I ran to the door and opened it but there was no one there. My dad was still at his truck. Both times it has been a family member. Both times I haven't seen their faces. Neither event felt wrong in any way or sinister. The movements that the figures made were exactly the movements my dad or husband would have made. From Redditor Grillo7 My wife said she saw me standing in the kitchen doing something while I was actually at work at the time. She initially thought that I'd come home from work and was worried and then the figure of me apparently vanished which was naturally even more upsetting. No other occurrence before or since then. From Redditor Gentlemen T-Bone A similar thing happened when I was living at my sister's house in college. My room was in the basement and the bathroom was on the second floor. One morning she saw me in the hallway mirror behind her walking towards the bathroom in the same clothes I was wearing. She said good morning but I didn't even look like I noticed. I then came upstairs about five minutes later and she seemed puzzled thinking I was already upstairs. Freaked her out. From Redditor Ultra Hot Lasagna When I was in middle school I was at a friend's apartment. She lived in with her mom. Her mom was cool. Let us party there. She's always at work for long and late hours. There was a group of us there, maybe six people or so. Everyone was in the living room except for this couple who were in my mom's bedroom with the door closed and lights off. We had all gotten pretty baked. I just made myself a snack and was walking into my friend's bedroom which was right past the mom's room where the couple was. As I walked past the mom's bedroom door, out of the corner of my eye I saw the door opening from the inside in a partial face or head that looked identical to my friend's mom who was not at home. I didn't think anything of it since there were so many people in the small apartment and kept walking and sat in my friend's room. A minute later the girl who had been screwing around in that bedroom came out and yelled at me and asked me why I had kicked the door open. I told her I saw somebody come out of there and she was adamant that I had just walked by and kicked the door open. The more I thought about it, the weirder it was. I thought she was messing with me at first but the person I saw didn't look like anyone that was there at the time. It looked so much like the mom. If it were her, it would have meant that she had somehow snuck back into the apartment after being gone for hours, hidden in the room in the dark for over an hour while this couple was messing around in her bed and then she would have to have discreetly left the bedroom and passed the living room full of people to get to the front door. From Redditor, babykitten28. This is just a little story that's probably not worth telling but a couple of friends got a kick out of it. I let my dog out at midnight one night, left the door a jar for him to come back in, then went about making some soup and something to drink. After a couple minutes I hear this distinctive long toenails trotting back in on the wood flooring. I lock up the door and return to my meal. I then hear my dog barking from outside. Any dog owner knows that there's no mistaking those toenails so I was a little shocked that he was somehow back outside. What had come in? It didn't really spook me. From Redditor, I am not Harry Selden. So I just gotten really baked at my friend's apartment walking home in broad daylight. Down the sidewalk ahead of me I see two young girls instantly recognizable as Mormon missionaries. They get maybe 50 feet away from me and one of them waves and calls me by name. We meet and one of the girls gives a friendly hello, acts like she knows me. Bearing in mind I'm pretty stoned so I'm trying to figure out if I know her from somewhere but she catches on that I don't recognize her and acts kind of offended by it so she reminds me that we had some big long conversation on her friend's porch on such and such street just a few days prior. At this point in my life I smoked a lot of weed but I never drank or did anything else and going to random parties and charming pretty young blondes was completely off the menu. I was already half in love from the moment she smiled at me. I don't think I would have forgotten this long and grossing conversation we apparently had. Now her expression I remember as I stumble through this conversation. At first she thought I was joking but then she thought I was being mean and then she kind of looked just as confused as I was. So I suggest maybe it was my brother you met? She looks at me skeptically not unless he's your identical twin. My brother and I look like brothers but you'd never confuse one for the other. So we awkwardly, confusedly parted ways. I don't remember the other girl ever saying anything.  I turn around they're a few hundred feet away I yell wait how'd you know my name but they don't hear me and I foolishly couldn't muster the courage to run to catch up with them. That bugged me for weeks. I wanted to know what we had talked about. Coming up on weird darkness dubbed the odd father for his peculiar mannerisms and long standing history of bizarre behavior Victor Gigante was either genuinely mentally ill or the perpetrator of the longest legal charade in New York's history. Plus a man wearing a ski mask broke into the home kidnapped 13 year old Jamie but only after murdering both of her parents in cold blood. Why was it done? Even the kidnapper slash murderer says he doesn't know why he did it. Those stories are on the way. Are you a member of the Darkness Syndicate? The Darkness Syndicate is a private membership where you receive commercial free episodes of the Weird Darkness podcast and radio show. Behind the scenes video updates about future projects and events I'm working on. You can share your own opinions on ideas to help me decide upon Weird Darkness contests and events. You can hear audiobooks I'm narrating before even the publishers or authors get to hear them. You also receive bonus audio of other projects I'm working on outside of Weird Darkness. You get all of these benefits and more, starting at only $5 per month. Join the Weird Darkness Syndicate at WeirdDarkness.com He could often be seen leaving his mother's Greenwich Village apartment, dressed either in a bathrobe in pajamas or in a windbreaker and shabby trousers. But the sight of the two bodyguards accompanying Vincent Gigante at all times ensured that nobody could dismiss him as just another New York eccentric. Dubbed the odd father for his peculiar mannerisms and long-standing history of bizarre behavior, Vincent Gigante was either genuinely mentally ill or the perpetrator of the longest legal charade in New York's history. It all depended on who you asked. Born Vincent Louis Gigante in 1928, Gigante was a professional boxer who fought nearly 30 bouts between 1944 and 1947 before abandoning the ring for what would be his real career. Starting out as a mob enforcer for the Luciano Crime family, Gigante, who quickly acquired the name of the Chin and three of his brothers, established themselves as mobsters who became prime enforcers in the Genovese family. Despite various arrests, including a conviction for heroin trafficking, which earned him a seven-year sentence in the 1950s, Vincent Gigante rose to become a capo regime for the local branch of the Genovese family operating out of Greenwich Village, not far from his mother's apartment. Remaining loyal to his family throughout his lifetime, they also rallied around him, including his brother Louis who had stayed out of the mafia to become a priest. Vincent eventually rose to the very top of the Genovese family after his mentor, Philip Lombardo, also known as Benny Squintz, stepped down due to ill health in 1981. He beat out his main rival for the position, Anthony Salerno, when Salerno received a life sentence for racketeering charges. From 1981 until his death in 2005, Vincent Gigante controlled some of New York's most notorious rackets, including bookmaking, loan sharking, construction companies and various other enterprises. At the peak of his career, he was believed to have handled as much as $100 million in legal and illegal revenue. Though state and federal agencies were well aware that the Chin was one of the most powerful crime bosses in the United States, proving it in court was another matter. Even though mob deserters testified about Gigante's criminal activities and his involvement in cartels that rigged contract bids across New York City and Westchester County, his unorthodox management style established him as a very different kind of mafia don. In 1986, FBI agents maintaining constant surveillance during one of their investigations observed Gigante leaving his mother's apartment in CD clothing until he was driven to the townhouse owned by his common-law wife where he changed into more expensive clothing to do business with associates. The next morning, he would often be seen back in his CD clothing and returning to his mother's apartment or another family home. He remained acutely paranoid of FBI wiretaps and electronic listening devices and rarely left his home unoccupied for long for fear that FBI agents would plant bugs. It was hard to understand what enjoyment he got out of being a mob boss, said Ronald Goldstock, the former director of the New York State organized crime task force of Gigante. His only pleasure appeared to be the pure power he exercised. His reclusive lifestyle ensured that he would remain in power longer than any other mob boss during that same era. Despite his unorthodox management style, he certainly had no problem resorting to violence as needed. He went on trial in 1958 for the attempted murder of Genovese family boss Frank Costello but was acquitted when Costello refused to testify against him. The code of silence known as Omerta prevailed at all times, even with assassination attempts. Though he was widely suspected of ordering other murders, prosecutors were never able to prove anything in court. Probably his most well-known trick for avoiding prosecution was to feign insanity successfully for years. Beginning in 1969, Gigante maintained an elaborate pretense which often involved him being seen around Greenwich Village wearing only his pajamas, robe and slippers, while mumbling to himself and generally appearing to be just another New York street person. In a masterful performance, Gigante ensured that all public appearances reinforced the image he maintained for himself. Whenever he went on trial, his defense attorneys produced medical experts who testified that he suffered from various diagnoses, ranging from schizophrenia to dementia, dating back to his boxing days. Various family members, including his wife and mother, testified on his behalf, verifying that he was mentally ill and incapable of standing trial. His brother Lewis even went so far as to accuse prosecutors of engaging in a vendetta due to prejudice against Italian Americans. His mafia colleagues certainly had no doubts about the sanity of the odd father. Even his arch-nemesis John Gotti grudgingly said of Gigante that he was crazy like a fox, while an FBI supervisor quoted in Gigante's obituary said that he was probably the most clever organized crime figure I've ever seen. This despite his lawyers frequently insisting in court that their client had a below normal IQ in the 69-72 range, which meant he was too mentally disabled to be involved in the mafia. Not only did Vincent Gigante produce his own experts, he also successfully fooled prosecution experts as well. Forensic authorities, such as Thomas Goethiel of Harvard Medical School, Donald Franklin Klein of Columbia Medical School, and Ibrahim Halpern of New York Medical College, among others, assessed Gigante over the years and subsequently testified that he was unfit to stand trial. His habit of appearing in court in pajamas, a robe, and his familiar cap were all part of the elaborate scam he maintained to stay out of jail, and it worked for decades. Even during sanity hearings in 1996, when several high-level mafia defectors testified that Gigante appeared perfectly sane during various meetings, his lawyers provided testimony from psychiatrists and psychologists attesting to his mental illness. They also presented evidence that Gigante had been institutionalized 28 times between 1969 and 1985 for hallucinations and dementia rooted in organic brain damage. According to Dr. Eugene Diamamo, who acted as his primary treating psychiatrist from 1973 to 1989, Gigante had been diagnosed since 1969 as suffering from schizophrenia, paranoid type, with acute exacerbations which resulted in hospitalization. Along with daily doses of diazepam and chlorpromazine, he also had several operations on his heart, which complicated the medical picture considerably. And many of his repeated hospitalizations for mental illness were conveniently timed to avoid criminal charges, hardly escaped notice. When he was charged with racketeering in 1990, he still successfully delayed the trial for years while the question of his sanity was studied. The judge in the case, Eugene Nickerson, finally ruled that Gigante was fit to stay on trial and he was later sentenced to 12 years in prison. He managed to beat the charges relating to the attempted killing of fellow mafia Don John Gotti. Gigante sat quietly in his wheelchair as the verdict was read out. Even in prison, however, he continued to run the Genovese family with his orders relayed through visiting relatives. The insanity pretense only ended after he was charged with obstruction of justice and racketeering in 2002. The son Andrew, who had acted as his lieutenant while he was in prison, was charged along with him. At long last, Vincent Gigante admitted to successfully fooling the doctors for 30 years as part of his guilty plea, which earned him and his son reduced sentences. The plea meant three extra years added to his current sentence and was regarded by many as an unprecedented deal for a mafia Don. In talking about the guilty plea afterward, his lawyer, Benjamin Brothman, said that, I think you get to a point in life, I think everyone does, where you become too old and too sick and too tired to fight. Vincent Gigante died in federal prison on December 19, 2005. Not long before his death, he had been transferred to an acute care hospital to stabilize his condition before he was returned to prison where he died 10 days later. Father Louis Gigante later blamed his brother's death on the medical care that he received in prison. In Vincent Gigante's obituary, he was quoted as saying that he had visited his brother 19 times and there wasn't a day he didn't suffer. Prison officials defended the care Vincent received, though the stress of incarceration likely shortened his life. Whatever the circumstances of his death, Gigante's funeral was definitely low-key, much as he lived his life. As the last of the old-time godfathers, Vincent the Chin Gigante's death marked the end of an era. The oddfather would be missed. It's dark and cramped. You can't sit up and rolling over as impossible. Unable to escape, you stare up at the bottom of the bed wondering what's going to happen next. Your stomach growls, but no one cares. It's probably for the best, since there aren't any bathroom breaks. Sure, you could push one of the crates out of the way and slip out, except he'd know. He'd know you tried to leave.  In the early hours of October 15, 2018, in the city of Barron, Wisconsin, Jamie Cross, 13, was asleep in her bed. Just after midnight, her dog started barking, waking her up. Looking out her window, she could see a car coming up the driveway, one she did not recognize, one with no lights on. Scared, she ran to her parents' room. Her father James took a flashlight and went to the front door while she and her mother Denise took refuge in the bathroom, locking the door and hiding in the bathtub. It wasn't long before the sound of a gunshot rang through the house. They knew James had been killed. Denise started to call 911 just as the intruder broke down the bathroom door. He was dressed in black, wearing a ski mask and a black coat. He carried a shotgun. The intruder ripped back the shower curtain to reveal Denise clutching her daughter. He grabbed the phone away from her and threw it. Next, he told her to hang up the phone and ordered her to tape Jamie's mouth shut. As any person would be in this situation, Denise was rattled and had difficulty with the tape.  He taped her ankles together and pulled her out of the bathtub. Another gunshot rang out, the bullet striking her mother in the head. Both of Jamie's parents had just been murdered. The 911 operator could only make out a disturbance and yelling before the call dropped. When they tried to call back, they got Denise's voicemail. The intruder dragged Jamie outside, nearly slipping on her father's spilled blood. He placed her in the trunk of his red four-door car and calmly drove away. Emergency vehicles came racing down the road toward the Coloss home, and the intruder yielded as any driver should. His calm behavior let him slip by undetected. The whole event took place in just four minutes. At the Coloss home, police questioned neighbors who reported hearing gunshots but dismissed them as hunting was common around their homes. Jamie lay in the trunk of that car for what felt like two hours before they reached their destination, a house in rural Gordon, almost 70 miles away from her home. He took her clothes and gave her his sister's pajamas. Then he took the clothes and burned them along with his gloves, the duct tape, everything he had used. There wouldn't be any evidence. Her kidnapper made it clear that no one was to know she was there, else bad things would happen to her. As a prisoner, Jamie would spend time with him, walking in the yard, playing badminton, catch or board games. They watched TV, cooked together and even slept in the same bed. Whenever he was away, Jamie was made to hide under his bed, where he stacked totes and laundry bins around the bed with weights stacked against them. If she moved them, he would know. On one occasion, she accidentally moved one of the totes. She was told something bad would happen if she did it again. On at least two occasions, he thought that she was trying to get out from under the bed. He struck a wall and screamed so much that he felt she was scared and would never try it again. Once he even struck her on the back with what appears to be a handle used to clean blinds. After about two months, he let Jamie write a letter to her aunt, telling her that she was alive. He considered dropping it at her driveway, but never actually did. Often on Saturday nights, his father would come for a visit. When other people happened to be in the house, he would play loud music, so there was no chance of anyone hearing her. She was trapped under the bed for hours on end, sometimes as long as 12 hours with no food, no water and no bathroom breaks. He came and went frequently, but as time wore on, he felt he was safe. On January 10, 2019, nearly three months after Jamie was abducted, her captor left the house, telling her he'd be away for a couple of hours. This was her chance to escape. Confident that he was gone, Jamie pushed the bins away from the bed. She ran, wearing a light shirt, leggings and a pair of sneakers. She came across a local woman walking her dog. She asked for help. I'm Jamie Kloss. I don't know where I am. He killed my parents. Please help. I want to go home." The woman was Jean Nutter, and she instantly recognized the girl. She quickly took her to her home and called the police. Police arrived around 4.45 p.m. Jamie was able to describe her captor and his vehicle before being removed from the scene and taken to a nearby hospital for her safety. When a deputy spotted his car, they stopped him. He exited his vehicle and said, I did it. Jake Patterson was arrested. In a confession, Jake Patterson, age 21, admitted that he'd fantasized about kidnapping a young teenage girl since his discharge from the Marines for medical reasons after only three months. He was able to repress those feelings until the day he saw Jamie one day in September. Jamie was getting on the school bus near her home when he saw her. He knew that was the girl he was going to take. Patterson made a total of three attempts to kidnap her, aborting the first two attempts due to activity around the home. Later, he admitted if it wasn't Jamie, it would probably be someone else. While the world searched for the missing girl, he watched the news, following accounts of the abduction, and over time grew increasingly confident that he'd gotten away with it. After a while, I thought, well, I could get away with this. I mean, I understand how, when there's no connection, a person has no connection to someone, how that's almost impossible to solve or really hard to solve. Despite what many may think, he did feel remorse. I just felt so bad, like every time I looked at her, I was like, I can't, like I couldn't literally couldn't believe that I actually did this. With no history of criminal activity, his confession left many confused. Why did he do this? What was his motive? In the end, even he couldn't fully explain the why. In a letter in response to questions from a reporter, he apologized for his crimes and said they were committed mostly on impulse. Hormel, the parent company of the Jenny O store where Jamie's parents had worked, had offered up a $25,000 reward for her safe return. On January 24th, they awarded the money to Jamie for rescuing herself. As for Patterson, he was charged with two counts of first-degree intentional homicide, one count of kidnapping and one count of armed burglary. On March 24th, 2019, Jake Patterson pleaded guilty to two counts of intentional first-degree homicide and one count of kidnapping. The judge agreed to dismiss the armed burglary account and on May 24th, his sentence was handed down. Jack Patterson was given the maximum sentence possible, two consecutive life sentences in prison without the possibility of parole for the murder charges, plus an additional 40 years for the kidnapping. Since then, Patterson has made multiple public statements that he was sorry for his actions. Today, he resides in a prison in New Mexico where he was transferred in July 2019 for safety concerns. Coming up, UFO researcher Raymond Fowler has been investigating UFO sightings and supposed abduction cases since the 1960s, but in his new book, he shares what might be the ultimate story of an alien abduction when Weird Darkness returns. Nothing goes better with chocolate than vanilla, and nothing goes better with the darkness than vampires, so we have combined all of them into a new blend of Weird Dark Roast Coffee called Very Van Pilla.  So good, you'll want to sink your fangs into the fresh roasted bag itself. Weird Dark Roast Very Van Pilla, the only thing at stake, sorry, not sorry, bad pun, is your dissatisfaction with your old coffee. Sip it while the sun is down if you're one of the undead, or when the sun is up if you just field at and need a bit of a boost. Get your Weird Dark Roast Very Van Pilla at WeirdDarkness.com slash coffee. That's WeirdDarkness.com slash coffee. Raymond Fowler has been a UFO investigator since the 1960s, and as a researcher dedicated to the subject, he has few equals. When he first began his field research, which consisted of following up on sightings reports that came his way near his New England home and frequently traveling to the actual locations where flying saucers had been seen, Fowler and his peers in ufology were in hot pursuit of what they believed to be physical spacecraft visiting Earth from somewhere out in the universe that was completely unknown. Investigators in those early years were mainly cataloging lights in the sky and metallic airborne devices that were solid enough to show up on radar, but nevertheless exhibited flight maneuvers that man-made aircraft were not capable of. The spacecraft would sometimes leave traces behind, such as indentations made by landing gear or strange circular burn marks on the grass where a UFO was seen to have touched down. At the time, in terms of hard science, any reports of alien occupants to the flying saucers were not given much credence, especially by researchers who took the subject seriously. Speaking and interacting with UFO occupants was a concept embraced by the contactees of the 1950s, who told of golden-haired space angels who took their chosen humans on trips to Venus, a kind of lunatic fringe belief. No serious researcher wanted to be tagged by the same brush as the contactees, and Raymond Fowler shared that disdain himself at first. In his book, UFOs, The Ultimate Abduction, Fowler gives a fascinating account of his early days on the trail of physical UFOs, providing a picture of that moment in history in which the government, the military, the scientific community, and the public in general grappled with the mystery of just what was being seen so frequently in our skies. At the time, the mid-1960s, Fowler was among those advocating for Congress to open an official inquiry into the subject and even had some of his research entered into the congressional record. Fowler also tells the story of Project Blue Book, an agency within the Air Force tasked with collecting and compiling UFO reports from civilians that was discontinued in 1969, based on the recommendation of the less-than-trustworthy Condon Report, a government-contracted study of the subject conducted by academics at the University of Colorado. The first several chapters of his book, UFOs, The Ultimate Abduction, are an absorbing account of those earlier years, but the real fascination the book holds is in Fowler's telling of the story of how the nuts and bolts evidence he examined initially eventually led him to embrace a much different view of the UFO phenomenon. He was following the data, not just the whimsy of idle speculation. Fowler's understanding changed over time as he began to put together a puzzle, an alien jigsaw that combined some of the precognitive and out-of-body experiences of his father as well as moments from Fowler's own youth.  Other encounters with loving entities of light would follow, but Fowler characterized those moments as religious experiences that were not UFO-related. In fact, if pressed to do so at the time, Fowler would have condemned spiritual or supernatural UFO encounters as demonic and totally removed the loving purity of what he'd experienced. Much of Fowler's spiritual journey had its origins in his investigation of Betty Anderson, a devoutly Christian New England housewife and mother who claimed gray aliens entered her home in 1967 and abducted both her and her daughter. Fowler was present when Betty recalled her experiences under regressive hypnosis and he would later write five books on Betty and her family. The titles may already be familiar for those listening, The Andreas and Affair, The Andreas and Affair Phase II, The Watchers, The Watchers II, and The Andreas and Legacy. In a recent exchange of emails, Fowler clarified his views on Betty and what had happened to her. I believe that Betty's extraordinarily strong fundamentalist views, he said, influenced her testimony on several occasions. In The Andreas and Affair series of experiences by Betty, we must remember that they are told by a very religious person and strongly influenced by her belief system as she sought to make sense of what she was experiencing. I do not see any definitive connection between Christianity and the UFO phenomenon. People tend to see and interpret such experiences through the spectacles of what they want to believe or disbelieve. I might add that the entities associated with Betty, he continued, seemed to have encouraged her in her faith and may even have gone along with it in some sense so she would be more pliable in her relations with them and also not to upset her. For myself, I would reject the terms supernatural or spiritual because every bit of the UFO phenomenon is natural and only appears to be supernatural because most of it is beyond our understanding. Taken together, The Andreas and Books related the alien religious odyssey of not only Betty and her family, but also Fowler's realization of his own place in the cosmic drama that is the UFO mystery. His transition from Christian fundamentalism to a more open, perhaps an even more loving view of reality also incorporates essential truths learned from the study of near-death experiences, including an examination of the research of NDE's conducted by Kenneth Ring that makes a case for the similarity between NDE's, that's near-death experiences, and alien abduction experiences. There are likewise connections between alien abductions, NDE's and the aforementioned OBE's or out-of-body experiences. Those three areas of study also dovetail nicely with what we've learned from the study of past life experiences or accounts, often also obtained from people under regressive hypnosis of the historical details of former lives that serve as proof of reincarnation. Fowler offers the notion that reincarnation, while it is also not a fundamentalist Christian belief, does give comfort to many people who prefer to believe that human existence extends over many lifetimes and is part of a kind of evolution of the soul, a becoming that consists of more than just a one-shot attempt at getting the business of living right. Another crucial component to Fowler's scheme of reality is synchronicity, a phenomenon he devoted an earlier book to called synchrophile. Part of his thesis is that meaningful coincidence and the apparently non-random order of events show us that reality is arranged by some higher force that does not, as Einstein said, play dice with the universe. Nothing has left a chance, perhaps, but human consciousness still perceives its reality through a veil of free will. In his book UFO's The Ultimate Abduction, Raymond Fowler is stitched together a continuum of phenomena whose elements harmonize beautifully and serve to make a wonderful kind of sense out of our admittedly limited glimpses into the ultimate truth. Perhaps it's his mission not only to learn the lessons God's laid out for him, but to teach them to the rest of the world as well. Weirdo family member Brandy Campbell sent this one in. She's called it Ghost Follower. Okay, so here's my story, at least the best I can remember it. Before I start the story, you need to know I have been told I am what they call a medium, and that ghosts are very drawn to me. If you don't know, a medium is someone who can interact with the spirit world, at least that's what the internet says. I never really investigated what people called me because I never believed it. I've had several encounters with the paranormal in my life, but this is the one that has always stuck with me the most. When my husband and I first started dating, we lived in my old apartment together. At this apartment, I swear to you, there was a ghost or a demon or something that lived in the house and sometimes in the woods behind it. There were also some kind of weird creature things in those woods, but that's a story for another time. When I first moved in, I lived with my mom, dad, and little brother. At first, I thought this ghost was a little boy named Sam, who I swear on all things holy I could just as clear see as you and me. He was a small boy, probably around the age of nine. He had curly, dark hair, blue eyes, and he wore one of those old looking sailor suits that boys wore around the 1860s. I was told by him that he died in 1864 on the spot where the apartment now sits.  I've never heard that story before, living in that town my whole life. You'd have thought that I would have heard something about that story, but I never did. I ignored that though, thinking nothing of it. I even have a picture that my older brother caught that looks like a person covering their face. I also found a bunch of random postcards in my closet that I swear to you were not there before, though some of them dated back to 1909, so I don't know if those had to do with Sam or not. At one point, I saw a white, full body shadow walk from my hallway into the kitchen, and it terrified me. A year or two passed and my father had passed away from cancer. A few months after he died, I could have sworn I saw my father around the house. I could hear him cough, I could hear him talk.  I ignored it. I never told anyone until now about seeing my dad because I thought they would just call me crazy. The whole time I was seeing my dad, I never once saw Sam. That struck me as strange, but I ignored it. The first terrifying experience I had was when my two brothers and I went into the woods to look for the Thrasher's Nest, the name we'd given the creature in our woods. Again, a whole different story on its own. After we found what we considered the nest, we were searching around the area, and we'd found the bottom jawbone of what seemed to be a child. My older brother picked it up to examine it. After he did, I started to hear the screams of a child. I passed it off as the neighbor kids. We started heading back into the woods, and we started hearing things following us. We knew it wasn't the Thrasher's because they only came out at night. We concluded they feared sunlight, so we stopped. I must add that all of this was on camera, and I wished to God that I could find the phone we recorded it on. This will be important later. My older brother picked up a stick and started swinging it around, trying to scare whatever was there. He swung it in front of him, and it broke. In thin air, this wasn't a weak stick, either. It was a strong, dry branch, so there was no logical reason it should have broken. We ran away from that spot further into the woods, until I stopped dead in my tracks because I felt somebody pull the backpack I was wearing. I told my brother what had happened. They started walking towards me, and as suddenly as they started, they both flew back as if some force had pushed them. They both flew a good foot or two. I ran to where they were, and we all heard a scream. This is where the camera comes into play. We all sat there for a moment, catching our breath. I panned the phone around and noticed by one of the trees there was some kind of deformed looking face staring at us. I couldn't see it in real life, but I could easily see it in the camera. After that, we left the woods and I never went back in. After a while, I stopped seeing my dad and started seeing Sam again. A while passed and my mom and brother both moved out. I met my husband, Jordan, who was just my boyfriend at the time, and he moved in with me. After he moved in, things got really strange. He told me there were times when I would talk to my two glass dolls that I had or just sit there and stare, but I don't remember any of that. The next thing I'm going to tell you, I still have nightmares about to this day. One night, while my husband was asleep, I was laying in my bed and staring at my bedroom door. I leaned there and watched as my door would just move slowly back and forth. After a few minutes of the door swinging, I saw what looked as though a smoke-filled body shape walked into my room. I wasn't scared though and I got out of my bed and followed it into the hallway. I stood there and watched as the shape came closer and closer to me until we were inches apart and then I felt two large hands wrap around my neck. I could feel my body fall to the ground and I couldn't breathe at all. I could now see through my tear-filled eyes that the smoke shape had turned into this dark, looming figure with bright red eyes. I tried with all my might to scream, yell, do something to wake my husband up, but I couldn't make a sound. My eye started to go black and I could feel myself passing out. Suddenly, it stopped. I yelled from my husband and he ran into the hallway to help. I told him what had happened as I watched the dark, red-eyed figure watch us from the doorway to my kitchen. After that, I didn't believe the ghost in my house was a little boy. I didn't even believe it was a ghost. I didn't know what it was though. One night my husband and I were sitting in my brother's room. I refused to go into my room after a while. He was playing his PlayStation and I was talking to my mom and reading. Suddenly, I had the urge to take a notepad and start writing. I wrote a lot of things, mostly things about what my mother was doing that I realistically could not have known. All the while, I didn't feel like it was me writing. It felt as though somebody had a hold of my hand and was forcing me to write. After a few minutes, whatever it was forced me to write the name Charles over and over. I figured that must have been the demonic entity's name. After that, I don't remember much else except I moved in with my husband a few weeks later. When I still lived in Newport, I'd sometimes walk past where that apartment was and I could still feel whatever was there. According to the New Zealand Times, February 13, 1904, a man who had committed bigamy was today acquitted at the Paris Assizes. He'd married a woman 20 years older than himself, but she turned out to have had a very bad temper and refused to live with him. Then he met a young woman, with whom he fell violently in love and not being able to wait for a divorce, married her. When the jury heard the story and saw the behavior of the two women in court, they decided to acquit the man. But he is my legal husband, protested the older woman. No, said the younger woman, kissing the man. The court says my poor darling is not guilty and I am therefore his wife. Thereupon the two women began fighting with their umbrellas and had to be separated by the police. So here's a tip for you men, if you're going to be a bigamist, make sure your second spouse is as proficient in the art of umbrella fighting as your first one. Thanks for listening. If you like the show, please share it with someone you know who loves the paranormal or strange stories, true crime, monsters or unsolved mysteries like you do. You can email me anytime with your questions or comments at Darren at WeirdDarkness.com. Darren is D-A-R-R-E-N. And you can find me on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and the show's Weirdo's Facebook group on the contact social page at WeirdDarkness.com. Also on the website, if you have a true paranormal or creepy tale to tell, click on Tell Your Story. All stories in Weird Darkness are purported to be true unless stated otherwise and you can find source links or links to the authors in the show notes. The Disappearing of Pauline Picard is by Addison Nugent for OZ.com. Stories of Real Doppelgangers is by Nathan Gibson for Graveyard Shift. The Odd Father is by Romeo Vitelli for Providencia. A murder without motive, a kidnapping without cause, is from the Scare Chamber. Bigamy Excused is from Second Glass History. And the Ultimate Alien Abduction is by TR Swartz for SpectralVision.com. And now that we're coming out of the dark, I'll leave you with a little light. Proverbs 9, verse 10. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom and knowledge of the Holy One is understanding. And a final thought, stop putting yourself down and thinking what you do is not important. I'm Darren Marlar. Thanks for joining me in the Weird Darkness. Hey Weirdos, our next Weirdo Watch Party is coming up fast. It's Friday, February 9th. The gruesome two-some of Graveyard Cinema, Horrible Henry and Mad Marty are presenting 1950's Quick Sand, starring Mickey Rooney and Peter Laurie. In the film, a man takes $20 from his employer to go on a date, planning to replace the money the next day. But he falls increasingly into more disastrous circumstances and further in need of more money, and it spirals out of control. Join us Friday, February 9th for Quick Sand. It's free to watch online and you can chat along with the rest of us Weirdos as we watch the movie together. The show begins at 8 p.m. Eastern, 7 p.m. Central, 6 p.m. Mountain and 5 p.m. Pacific. You can watch a trailer for the film and watch horror hosts and schlocky B-movies anytime, day or night on the Weirdo Watch Party page at WeirdDarkness.com. 1950's Quick Sand, starring Mickey Rooney and Peter Laurie. Friday, February 9th on the Weirdo Watch Party page. 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