Welcome to Texas Heart Institute educational programs cardiology in the time of COVID-19 featuring today thrombotic and embolic complications. My name is Vanmer Kraser. I'm an international cardiologist at Texas Heart Institute and CHI Health, Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center. Joining me today here is Dr. Stephanie Coulter, who is assistant medical director at Texas Heart Institute and also director for Women's Heart and Vascular Institute and also program director of cardiovascular fellowship at our institution. Welcome Dr. Coulter. Thank you Dr. Kraser. Joining us also today is our special guest Brianna Costello, she's an international cardiology fellow at Texas Heart Institute here in Houston, Texas. Thank you Dr. Kraser and Dr. Coulter for having me. You're welcome Brianna. So Dr. Kraser, please explain to us the potential effects of coronaviruses on the vascular system. Well let's start with the recent publication that was published in March of 2020 by our former fellow Dr. Mohamed Majeed and the title of this manuscript was potential effects of coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system. It was a systematic review and I believe one of the best reviews related to coronaviruses on the cardiovascular system. We can see here from his publication very extensive effect of coronaviruses on cardiovascular system particularly concentrating on the cardiac system per se. One of the most important things from this information and from publications elsewhere is that coronaviruses affect the vascular system directly and produce a significant degree of inflammatory process. We all know that this is done through a spike protein on coronaviruses that attaches itself to ACE2 site and then enters the cell and causes very aggressive cellular destruction. ACE2 sites are very extensively represented throughout the vasculature in the heart and also peripheral vessels as well but also in lung tissue and this is where most of the damages occur. We have also seen from many publications and also related to Majeed's publications that there are certain similarities among coronaviruses such as SARS coronavirus and SARS coronavirus 2 because both of them attack and attach itself to a ACE2 receptor site. They have a very similar incubation period and also re-duplication as far as infectiveness is concerned. Of course there is a significant difference as far as mortality is a concern while SARS co-virus and the MERS have a significantly higher mortality, SARS co-virus 2 has a significantly lower mortality but it certainly causes a lot of cardiovascular problems. The mortality as we can see is for SARS co-virus around 10% and the MERS at 30% while SARS co-virus 2 mortality depends tremendously depending on the comorbid conditions and pre-risk of certain individuals that might be more prone. We know that as far as ACE2 receptors are concerned they are more prevalent in males, they are more prevalent in patients with hypertension, they are somewhat less prevalent in females, somewhat less prevalent in children and we know that that certainly plays a significant role as far as mortality and morbidity of this particular virus is concerned. So as far as SARS co-virus 2 risk of thrombosis in arterial and also venous system is concerned the mechanism is by damaging the endothelium and causing anothelial dysfunction and stimulating formation of inflammatory substances such as interleukin 6 and other ones and that causes reduction in the thrombo-plastin that leads to thrombosis. All of those factors play a significant role not only affecting the endothelial dysfunction but also producing cytokrine in the storm which is more prevalent in a patient that have a very significant elevation of inflammatory substances such as interleukin 6. Brianna can you tell us a little bit about hypercargulability state and how is this caused and manifested on the venous side? So we all know Birkhouse triad of stasis of blood flow endothelial or vessel wall injury and hypercargulability those are the kind of three cornerstones of thrombosis particularly in the venous side. There are some arterial aspect to this too but in these patients especially the patients who already are at risk with say perhaps venous insufficiency or hyper inflammatory states at baseline COVID adding another layer of hypercargulability by disrupting the clotting cascade certainly is like a third strike. So when you have these three aspects of stasis, injury and hypercargulability you're really at risk for a venous event which many of these patients have. Kind of dovetailing off of that again these patients they're not just any healthy patient walking the street most of our patients we're seeing with coronavirus have underlying risk factors many of these are acquired and we've all seen patients with advanced age or you know immobility but we have there's many others that we don't often think of such as diabetes this is you know increases your risk for thrombotic events both arterial and venous. The other less common ones of course are myeloproliferative disorders and HIV and AIDS but again many patients have these other risk factors that they've acquired through their life. Some of the hereditary ones which are again less common and we as cardiologists maybe perhaps we don't see them as frequently so we don't think about them as often but factor 5 lidon is a big it's you know very common hereditary cause for a thrombotic event and these patients I'm certain there's probably not been anything published on this just quite yet correct me if I'm wrong but patients with some factor 5 lidon and coronavirus likely are at higher of course are at higher risk than a patient without factor 5 lidon with coronavirus for thrombotic events so maybe these patients are you know being over represented in the coronavirus thrombotic you know group but again just a reminder the hereditary causes factor 5 lidon, prothrombin, 20210A, there's protein C and S deficiency so the factors that generally help you de-clot if you're deficient in those elevated homocysteine and then there's a variation of elevated factors that can also increase your risk for clotting. A couple of the more rare disorders dysfibrinogenemia and antithrombin deficiency again are still risk factors but less common but things that to keep in mind in your patient who might be presenting as a clot with coronavirus. And also recently it was published that in the patients with the coronavirus infection the lupus anticoagulant might be playing a significant role in this particular problem. And again all of these things we're kind of seeing as the pandemic kind of progresses so it'll be interesting to see how that pans out and you know what happens to these patients long term. It's interesting to me how much we've learned since we had our first COVID-19 cardiology session with Muhammad Majid and only six weeks ago and how much more we've experienced because we've taken care of these clinically difficult patients and what we've seen and how much has been added to our knowledge even if it's on Facebook blogs or communication between physicians from New York and New Orleans and how much we're learning. So there's going to be a lot of information to come out later. Hopefully people are storing blood samples on some of these very critically ill patients so they can go back retrospectively and look at those that had pro-thrombotic events to look to see how many of them had factor five lightened because when you're in the heat of the moment caring for these critically ill patients you're just looking to put out the fire you're not looking for what caused the fire and so I'm hopeful that astute clinicians here in the states are going to be more carefully investigating what are the predisposing conditions. Yeah that would be great. All right Dr. Krazier so tell us what are the fat risk factors and hemostatic abnormalities and clinical manifestations of these patients with COVID-19? Well Breanna you already mentioned the acquired factors and the genetic factors that play a significant role and I don't think it's necessary to repeat all of them I would just like to mention that acute illness of any kind is a major risk factor and inactivity which is very common obviously in patients with COVID particularly if they're on a respirator and bedridden and you talked about the genetics which play a significant role. What has not been mentioned to a certain degree in the literature is that there are subset of patients with pelvic obstruction disease such as May Turner and similar other things that could be related to a certain degree to it from trauma that could also lead to a hypercoagulable condition and thrombosis including also dehydration with all those factors and also in patients with chronic venous insufficiency and trauma to the lower extremities and previous history of thromboflabitis. Dehydration is a major factor I think that plays a role in a lot of those patients but also liver failure, chronic renal failure, COPD, congestive heart failure and malignancy as you mentioned before. There are numerous hemodynamic or hemostatic sorry hemostatic abnormalities that occur and one of the common ones that has been found on a pathology evaluation of patients that died is frequent pulmonary microemboly and on occasion intravascular coagulopathy that affects the many organs. Myocardial injury is not rare it's common elevated troponin is very common and myocardial injury could be due to myocardial infarction but also it could be related to myocarditis. There are numerous inflammatory biomarkers that are very frequently present in patients with COVID such as elevated D dimer even without evidence of pulmonary emboli, elevated PT and activated PTT, elevated fibrin degradation products and CRP are very commonly elevated and of course elevated interleukin-6 particularly in cytokine storm is very frequently elevated. Platelet count is frequently low and lymphopenia is low as well as decreased TIFP factor and there are numerous clinical manifestations. We have talked already on our previous webcast on cardiac effects but we are now considering on DVT which is not uncommon and pulmonary emboli whether microemboly or major emboli are not also uncommon myocardial infarction CVA has been described more and more now particularly in younger individuals and peripheral thrombosis for a variety of reasons and the DIC has been described as a relatively common condition in patients with advanced and serious condition particularly those patients that are rapidly deteriorating and also have a cytokine storm. Now I would like to ask Dr. Coulter Stephanie if you can tell us a little bit about incidence of stroke we just mentioned this in this infection and what do you think is the cause of this occurrence? Well large vessel stroke is a presenting feature of COVID-19 in the young and in these young people about with stroke these are people without advanced vascular disease with you know really low cardiovascular risk maybe as in these groups as much as five percent of hospitalized patients so we think it's a direct effect of the infection on the vascular endothelium associated potentially with a hypercoagulable state. We've actually seen a couple of cases here in our institution of large vessel stroke in otherwise very low risk individuals so you have to really assume there's something intrinsic to the way that the virus interacts with the vascular endothelium. You know it's it would be interesting to see I don't know and maybe a neurologist would know or you know interventional neurologist what the ACE2 receptor concentration is in the brain if it's higher in the brain like it is in the lungs I don't know if they would know that answer maybe that's causing more localized inflammation in those large vessels. But the other interesting thing about these young patients that present with stroke is that they're not presenting with acute severe COVID-19 related systemic illness they're just presenting formfruce with stroke which takes out a lot of the other co-founding factors that Dr. Crazier just went through because certainly hypoxia in patients on ventilators with COVID-19 in the hospital have are well demonstrated to have elevation in their RV systolic pressures which early on in the pandemic we assumed was related to ARDS but certainly you know vascular endothelial dysfunction in a patient with hypoxia related vasoconstriction you could see where you've set up a perfect storm for micro thrombi in the pulmonary vascular bed we're seeing this on echocardiograms that are being obtained in these corona patients and as well as on the portable what do we call it pokus what do we call that oh I know what it's called point of care ultrasound where in fact some of the pre-terminal events for these patients really are when the right ventricle begins to fail which is often associated with marked elevation of the RV systolic pressures. All right thank you Dr. Coulter. So Dr. Crazier what have we learned from the early reports on COVID-19 effects on thrombosis and thrombotic risk? Well we have learned a lot in the last few months as far as thrombosis is concerned not only as far as the incidence is concerned but also different sites and causes and treatment what works what doesn't work. As Dr. Coulter has mentioned pulmonary thrombotic complications occur relatively frequently particularly in patients that have respiratory manifestations as a primary feature of this particular disease. There is obviously increased risk of clotting related to many different things that we have already discussed but for instance like patients that are on CVV HD they have high incidence of clotting patients that have indwelling caters they frequently have clotting caters and exercise for that particular reason. We have also learned that in early experiences VT prophylaxis was not routinely used because we didn't realize the importance of this particular treatment and we also learned in early experiences that VTE occurred in spite of a prophylaxis and that kind of alerted us that maybe we were not addressing it properly and maybe we were not using adequate treatment modalities and doses of those drugs and since then we have certainly learned quite a bit and adjusted the use of endosis of anticoagulants and noticed some improvements. What we have also learned that there is a relatively low incidence of bleeding which indicates that we maybe should be more aggressively treating patients with COVID because we can avoid major complications such as bleeding. On the right hand side you can actually see that over a period of time as far as infection is concerned this pro thrombotic effect goes up progressively which is understandable because as the virus continues to circulate it affects more and more endothelium and causes more and more pro thrombotic type of occurrences and it can be somewhere in the range of 33 to 35 percent of all the hospitalized patients with COVID conditions. Well clearly that incidence Dr. Crazier exceeds what we know about the incidence of hypercoagulable states that are genetic or predestined in this in this clinical syndrome so certainly you know we might think there's a background of risk that may be six percent of the population but certainly 33 percent is an exorbitant risk of pro thrombotic complications that seems to plateau you know on that on that slide that you presented suggesting that the virus itself which goes along with viral infections in the past where certain viruses could induce a hemorrhagic um milieu and in other viruses obviously we're seeing a pro thrombotic complication right all right Dr. Coulter so tell us about critical illness and VTE risk with VT prophylaxis versus no VT prophylaxis thank you Brianna we can see here on this slide that in those that have no VTE prophylaxis the risk of developing venous or thrombosis event ranges from 13 to 31 percent but in those that are on some sort of VTE prophylaxis the incidence is reduced to between five and 24 percent but in those with COVID-19 if they're not on prophylaxis you can see that the risk is about 25 percent or greater and on those with prophylaxis um and this is just prophylaxis doses the rates are not that much reduced suggesting that whatever the occurrence in the cell or the endothelial cell we're going to have to overcome a serious resistance um within the system and develop a better technique to prevent thrombosis yeah and this probably you know helped um you know develop as we're going to talk about um soon the guidelines because I'm sure that most of these patients if they were critically in the ICU as per a normal ICU you know protocols were on prophylaxis um but this was a stark and shocking um you know event when many of these patients still developed thrombosis so it's very you know interesting and unique to the coronavirus uh 19 COVID-19 um so I mean it in this Brianna this slide clearly shows that even with the background of like intravenous heparin the rates of thrombosis are still quite high and certainly there's some benefit to full dose therapeutic heparin but certainly it doesn't completely squash the risk in these high-risk patients and it's so interesting you know as the biomarkers go up you know the de dimer goes up um it's almost linear how much the mortality increases in those heparin non-users now for you guys I want to hear um as an attending how has coronavirus 19 affected the way you care for your patients in your practice in the office well Brianna thank you very much for asking us this very very important question and of course we're still learning and the criteria are still evolving but uh the international society of thrombosis uh has established guidelines and this has been published recently in the american journal of cardiology uh 2020 and uh I personally follow those guidelines what is very important and is pertinent as far as all the information we have just discussed first you talk to the patient if the patient has any history of a hypercoagulable state such as a genetic or a quiet hypercoagulable state you have to address the patient differently and those patients have only mild or minimal symptoms also the approach and treatment is different if the patient has a serious condition and has to be hospitalized versus patient that can be managed on outpatient basis but the ISTH guidelines as far as VT prophylaxis and monitoring concern uses the following criteria at a time of presentation of course you should obtain routinely PT APTT D dimer uh fibrinogen levels uh platelet count CRP ferritin of course CBC with differential CMP those would be routinely obtained uh when you see the patient regardless of the patient's condition and severity of the disease now once you have elevated fibrinogen and particularly if you have significantly elevated D dimer more than thousand this would indicate worse outcomes uh and very poor prognosis and this particular patient would require admission and very close observation and then the question is what is the testing frequency how often should you repeat those tests to make sure the patient condition is not deteriorating it depends on the severity of disease first we start on daily basis for hospitalized patients and if we see that any of the parameters are rapidly deteriorating particularly as far as D dimer level or fibrinogen level then we do it almost on daily basis but if the condition is relatively stable or the patient is being evaluated and treated on our patient basis we might do it once or twice a week very good doctor culture what do you think about the thrombosis prophylaxis and treatment recommendations i think they have finally come out with some thoughts on this so for patients that have COVID-19 or that are admitted with COVID-19 the recommendations now are that all hospitalized patients should receive some pharmacologic prophylaxis according to risk stratification so we look at the creatinine clearance and um note that if the creatinine clearance is greater than 30 mils per minute then we recommend um weight adjusted low molecular weight heparin at full dose and if the creatinine clearance is less than 30 then we do weight adjusted and renally adjusted um unfractionated heparin um to better able to watch the creatinine clearance we recommend monitoring of the PT the D dimer the fibrinogen the platelet count the LDH the creatinine and obviously the liver function tests over time but in patients that have elevation of the D dimer with multi organ failure we're recommending full dose low molecular weight heparin or unfractionated heparin yeah i agree stefan with all of your comments and suggestions as far as treatment is concerned the most frustrating scenario occurs when you have a multi organ failure and when you have a patient with renal functional impairment which typically seen in very advanced covid cases and also liver failure as well and some of those might also have problems with risk of bleeding gastritis and and so on and then it becomes really really complicated scenario how to treat it and what it what is the best option as far as treatment is concerned from the literature there is in general consensus that thrombolytics probably should not be used in this type of a scenario because of the high risk of bleeding because of all the organ so that are affected with this particular condition so dr crazier what are our current unanswered questions on covid 19 and that's a tough question for you because i'm pretty sure there's a lot of questions we still have unanswered it's a tough question for all of us definitely as a matter of fact we have learned so much in the last few months as far as covid pandemic and all the problems that are this particular infection is causing and i think that there are a lot of unanswered unanswered questions that we are struggling with one of the particularly frustrating one is for how long are patients with covid 19 infection pro thrombotic of course we can get certain ideas by doing those tests on a regular basis but there is unknown factor particularly in those scenarios where we see a patient has mild symptoms and then it gets better and then in a week or two gets significantly worse symptoms and develops one of the features such as myocardial infarction or cva or thromboflavitis or pulmonary emboli so those are challenging scenarios and we still don't understand why this happens and why those patients have recurrence of symptoms and rapid deterioration another scenario is what treatment offers the best outcomes not only related to treatment with anticoagulants but with any other drugs that are currently being used we're still experimenting with a lot of drugs there might be 20 or 30 clinical trials ongoing and we still don't have all of the answers and some of the drugs that are currently being used that show promises to a certain degree we have an issue as far as availability is concerned because we are not they're not being produced in adequate numbers to be able to treat huge populations of patients with these conditions also another question is for how long should we use anticoagulant therapy typically when we have either thromboflavitis we'll do it for a relatively short period of time if there is no evidence of propagation or pulmonary emboli but we don't know what is the optimal time to use this type of treatment in patients with the COVID-19 another issue is what is the effectiveness of unfraction in it happening in acute inflammation and many other scenarios particularly like hit how often does it occur in patients that are on unfraction and it happening in this type of scenario are they more prone to hit because not infrequently in patients with serious COVID infection we will get a DIC and we are not always able to differentiate is it partially related to hit or it's not related to hit and also there are other questions what is the most effective therapy when the patient is discharged and for how long should we treat the patient with this particular therapy and what is certainly not known well what is the role of DOAC post discharge I personally treat patients after discharge with DOAC but I am not sure if they're as effective as other anticoagulants like anti-vitamin K type of anticoagulants for patients with COVID particularly if they still have active condition and another question is also what are the long-term sequelae in these patients and we have seen now scenarios where patients recover physically to a great degree but they have some of the CNS symptoms and even some cognitive deterioration of their function and we don't know whether this is related to microambuli or to some other effects of COVID-19 on the CNS I don't know Stephanie if you have some other comments or suggestions or Brianna that you might think that is also troublesome or unanswered at the present time related to COVID-19 well for sure for patients that have known clotting with DVT or PE we still have to follow the guidelines for long-term anti-coagulation which should give them plenty of time to recover and gives us some background mitigation of risk and we should see what that what those patients look like over time I'm worried honestly for those that are hospitalized for quite a long time and have recurrent events as we see that these people really should be discharged with really therapeutic doses of anti-coagulants I'm a little bit more as an echocardiographer in the use of vitamin K antagonists particularly for the reduction in thrombus burden and I think the efficacy of these vitamin K dependent or warfarin type agents are preferable to the DOAX but I know that may be a little bit more controversial there was an article actually recently looking at clot breakdown in apical thrombi in patients with you know cardiomyopathy and showed that vitamin K dependent inhibition was superior to DOAX in that situation so yeah I agree with you on that comment and particularly in patients that have a genetic hypercoagulant state I'm not sure the DOAX are as effective me too especially since we don't know what the underlying etiology and because you know lupus anticoagulant has been associated with this virus certainly we know that in patients with lupus anticoagulant warfarin is the preferred agent so I think I would be more conservative in use the coagulant the anticoagulant that hits the coagulation cascade at multiple points and not just the targeted sharpshooter at the end of the coagulation cascade targeting thrombin Brianna what do you think you've seen some of these cases yeah so I guess my one of my biggest questions is where when are we going to start seeing all the patients who had their end stemmy or their stemmy's at home because we've certainly seen a downtrend a downtick massively in the ACS cases especially the stemmy and I know there are reports of this happening in major centers across the country in the world so I'm wondering if you know we went back to using TPA are we going to go back to seeing some VSDs or some you know freewall ruptures in these patients that we've not taken to the lab or that have had their MIs at home and then you know furthermore is in the lung in the pulmonary side of things these patients who recover from COVID who had pulmonary symptoms what is this going to mean on you know pulmonary hip for a cardiologist perspective on pulmonary hypertension after they recover so I think we just have a lot more learning as much as we've done but there's going to be a lot more for us to see when this starts to get better the pandemic so it's going to be a lot of learning for all of us all of our you know specialists and internists well Dr. Coulter and Dr. Costello I think this has been an excellent presentation and discussion and I think our conclusion as far as COVID-19 and robotic events are concerned is think about hypercoagulable states in patients with COVID-19 they are very common they could be either caused by acquired conditions which is very common in those patients particularly if they're bedridden and they have inflammatory process and other organ involvement but also think about genetic factors that play a role look for them and address the problem early and effectively if there are no any other questions or comments we greatly appreciate your participation in this program and thank you very much and we'll reconvene very soon another COVID-19 program at Texas Heart Institute thank you very much thank you Dr. Frazier and Dr. Coulter for having me


Welcome back to our lecture series, Math 42-30 Abstract Algebra II for students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'll be your professor today, Dr. Andrew Missildine. In this lecture number three, I want to talk about the very important topic of automorphisms. What is an automorphism? Well, it's appropriate we start with the definition. Well, essentially, an automorphism is just the marriage of two topics that we've explored previously. Well, at least we explored it in Math 42-20 Abstract Algebra I. Anomorphism is an isomorphism, which is also a permutation. Remember the word isomorphism itself. We have a lot of words like isomorphism, homomorphism, endomorphism, epimorphism, monomorphism, right? Morphier means shape, right? So, homomorphism, a morphism of some kind is a function between two algebras that's measuring the shape of the things. Isomorphism here would mean they have equal shapes. Two groups are isomorphic if essentially they're the same group up to relabeling, of course. Anything that's not preserved by isomorphism is something that's basically irrelevant with respect to group theory. A permutation as we've studied many times before in Math 42-20 Abstract Algebra I, a permutation is a bijection from a setback to itself. It scrambles everything up potentially. An automorphism is the marriage of the two things. More specifically, an automorphism is a map from a group G back into itself, which is both bijective and homomorphic. So, an automorphism is an isomorphism from a group back into itself. That's actually where the name comes from. We see this term morphism like we've seen many times before. So, this is a map between groups that preserves the multiplication. But here, self is the word auto. That is auto means self. Like an automobile is an object that moves itself, it's self-mobile. An automorphism is an isomorphism from a group back into itself. Of course, you have analogous ideas for like automorphisms of rings and such. For any algebraic category, we can talk about an automorphism. An automorphism of a group is essentially the symmetries of that group. It's important to study these. Automorphisms are a very important topic in abstract algebra, particularly in group theory. I kind of let the Canada back there when I talked about symmetries. If we take the collection of all automorphisms of a group G, this is commonly referred to as Aught of G, A-U-T of G. And this is called the automorphism group of G. Although the name seems to suggest that the collection of automorphisms itself is an automorphism. Excuse me, the set of automorphisms is itself a group, which it is. And as I mentioned with the symmetry statement, we really wanna think of the automorphism group of a group. We want to think of that as the symmetry group of the group. And I can get a little bit confusing, I confess, because we're talking about groups that are derived from other groups, but this is common practice in algebra, of course. So let's actually give a proof of this statement. It's very straightforward. This, that is, if you give any group whatsoever, an abelian group, non-abelian group, finite group, infinite group, doesn't matter. Any group whatsoever, its collection of automorphisms will form a group. In particular, we can view this automorphism group as a subgroup of the symmetry group, S sub G, where this is the collection of all permutations on the elements of G. These are not necessarily permutations that preserve the algebraic structure of G. It's just permutations on G as a set. And that's why odd G is so important. This will then be the largest permutation group that preserves the algebra of the group, the algebraic structure there. And so this is actually a very straightforward argument, but let's spill out the details for us here. So as we've seen before, if we take the composition of two isomorphisms, this is itself an isomorphism. So if I have two isomorphisms, say phi from G to G, and we have say psi from G to G, then it's very clear that phi composed with psi will be an isomorphism from G to G. So if phi and psi are both isomorphisms, then the composition will be isomorphism. The composition of two bijective functions is a bijection. The composition of two homomorphisms is a homomorphism. So hence the composition of two isomorphisms is in fact an isomorphism. Well, for an automorphism, you need the domain and co-domain to be the same thing. And so when you compose these together, you're gonna take the domain of psi and the co-domain of phi. So the composition of automorphisms is likewise gonna be an anomorphism, okay? That's really what we need to get out there. Because again, the composition, like I said, isomorphisms and isomorphism, the identity map between two groups is an isomorphism, the inverse of an isomorphism and isomorphism, these are all facts we've established in algebra one. Similar statements also are true for permutations. That's why permutations make a group. The composition of two permutations is a permutation. That is the composition two bijections is a bijection. And of course the domains and co-domains are what they're supposed to be. The identity function is a permutation. The inverse of a permutation is a permutation. So when you marry the two ideas together, isomorphism and permutation, then the compositions have all the things we need. It's very trivial to see that the collection of automorphisms forms a subgroup of SG, okay? And so that really is the proof. There's not much more to say than that. We've already done all the pieces. We just have to connect it together with the vocabulary in hand. And so before ending this video, I wanna point out that the automorphism group acts on the group G itself with a very natural group action. If you take any automorphism in G and any element of G, then how does the automorphism sigma act upon G? This gives you sigma of G. So it's just the permutation action, right? We've learned previously that if a permutation group acts on a set, you can just do function evaluation to be that action. And so given a group, it's automorphism group, which is itself a group, acts upon the original group. And this action is actually a very important action. And in fact, we oftentimes when we study group actions when you're acting on a group, we ask, is it acting via automorphisms? That is the group action really just a subgroup of the automorphism group right here. And these are important, right? The construction of a semi-direct product depends upon this action right here. We can only take a semi-direct product between two groups if the one group has a homomorphic image inside of the automorphism group. Some of these details we have not talked about, but I'm just trying to allude towards the importance of this automorphism group. And in the subsequent videos for this lecture, we'll do some examples of automorphisms of groups.


Has it been a while since you looked at those? Yeah. Well, this morning. No. Yeah. I keep them. I'm kind of the keeper of the memories. My name is Katie Botista, and I am the oldest of five children. I graduated high school in the year 2007. After that, I decided to accept an internship at Walt Disney World. I moved around a little bit, kind of figured out where I was planning to go from there. In 2011, I moved back to Wisconsin. And that summer, my sister, Alyssa, graduated from high school. Together, we decided to enroll at Blackhawk Technical College. I was interested in going into nursing, and she was interested in criminal justice. I had never really thought of attending a technical college. I liked to be active on campus. And I wasn't sure that Blackhawk would be able to offer me the same experiences that I had hoped for. That wasn't the case. I was able to create lasting relationships and friendships. I was able to be active on campus. One thing I would say about myself is that I am definitely a self-doubter. But everyone at Blackhawk has helped me kind of get past that. Really just how well people respond to me and how well I go along with the faculty and staff. Katie has a very positive energy that surrounds her. And I always saw with Katie that brought others up around her, working with students, volunteering in different organizations. She always made everyone rise to the occasion based on her enthusiasm, her excitement, her drive. She just has that aura about her with that positive, positive energy. I had a very full load. And I was still active on campus with student government and the Multicultural Alliance. It really helped me to see a whole new perspective on the technical college experience. And my college experience wouldn't be the same had I not joined student government. I just realized that when you think you're doing the most, you can always do more. Although it may have been overwhelming to some, I think that it's really prepared me for the real world. Our parents divorced when I was about 12 years old. Growing up, my siblings and I didn't have a lot of role models to look up to. It was really just each other that we had. So coming to Blackhawk, me and my sister Alyssa were able to set a standard. The standard that we craved in our childhood, the role model that we needed. Throughout our life, we've been very close. We have a bond like no other. I definitely pushed more to do better in my life because of them. As we started classes and we started to succeed and did well in those classes, my younger siblings saw the whole journey, the whole process. And we encouraged our younger siblings to enroll as well.


Karen can sit there. Thank you. Sorry. I guess so. It's hell trying to think through all of that. I'm just telling you. I got sure too. Because me and Tom are working. We're almost done. So fine, sir. That's fine. Have a nice lunch. You're welcome. I survived.  Yes. And Pat, can you actually tell me what's going on? Which might be worse than this, right? And take a first look at Monday. Off the top. But that's softball or baseball. So I've got my own place And then that graduates Monday night from the same break. So it's like Plainson News in London. Yeah. 5.30 now. We have to play a play-in game. And the location would not allow it to be in person. 17. So we have to have a play-in game at noon. So the guess is that a play-in game will immediately play at, like, 2.30. So now we have to play 2 games.  We love to play 2 games.  I think we're 2 games. You guys have a lot of time. Okay, everyone can start playing their seats. But please, we're about to start a new development. Thank you all for coming. I know it's been a really weird year. We have had a really great year. We've had a lot of success in the star event, in all the schools, offices, and we're just really excited to celebrate them tonight. So I'm going to hand this off to them, and they're going to kind of run the show. Welcome to the 73rd annual Wubansi FCTLA awards banquet. We would like to thank all of our members for the hard work they've put in this year, and would also like to thank our community for all of the support we have received. Members, please rise for our opening ceremony. I play career and community leaders of America. Our purpose is to promote personal growth in leadership development through family and consumer science education. Focusing on the multiple roles of family member, wage earner, and community leader, members develop skills for life through character development, creative and critical thinking, interpersonal communication, practical knowledge, and career preparation. As we work toward the accomplishment of our goals, we learn cooperation, take responsibility, develop leadership, and give service. The 73rd annual WHS Family Career and Community Leaders of America awards banquet is now in session. You may be seated. Chapter officers, please stand once I say your name and office. Caleb Conrad, Vice President. Sarah Vanstoy, Secretary. Sydney Holtau, Vice President of Public Relations. Annie Wright, Treasurer. Olivia Mayer, Historian. Allison Garst, Vice President, Tower of One. Jacob Misaki, Stuka Representative. Thank you, officers. You may now be seated. I would now like to welcome Allie to present certificates to our Power of One Step One completers, which helps members to find and use their personal power, members set their own goals, work to achieve them, and enjoy the results. The skills members learn in Power of One help them now and in the future with school, friends and family, and all the jobs. The following members from our chapter completed the first unit of the Power of One National Program this year. Eliza Boren, Sophia Castillo, Bethes Ford, Aiden Squinn, Deanna Jones, a district and state levels. We have had multiple members exert their leadership skills through higher levels this past year. Two of our members were district officers for the 2020-2021 school year. Caleb Conrad was District Vice President of Public Relations and Annie Wright was our District Vice President of Star Events. Heading into next school year, we will continue to have two district officers from our chapter. Abbey Wallene was elected 2021-2022 District D President while Annie Wright will continue holding her position as District Vice President of Star Events. We're also very excited to have a state officer from our chapter this next school year. Caleb Conrad was elected the state's Vice President of Public Relations for the 2021-2022 school year. Caleb is one of eight FCCLA members in Kansas elected in the state office. She is the only second state officer in school history, the other one being Lizzie Erickson in 2018. Our last higher office held by members of our chapter is our peer education team. Kara Hockenstein, Sydney Holt House and Jacob Mesky were peer education members during the 2020-2021 school year and will continue to hold their offices next school year. We're proud of these members for taking their leadership skills to the next level. They have represented our chapter well and will continue to do so this upcoming school year. Moving forward, we will now recognize our Star Event participants from this school year. We have 26 participants in districts and 20 members can be at the state level. When I call your name, please come get your certificate. Annie Wright and Olivia Bairn, National Programs in Action. District Silver, State Gold. Fair Investigation, District Silver. Mesky, Karla Mesky and Taryn Mikey, chapter review portfolio, Districts Gold. Fair Bairn's story, Repurpose and Redesign. District Silver, State Silver. Sydney Holt House and Ava Meinhardt, chapter service project display, Districts Gold, State Silver. Haxden Meijer, Food Innovations, Districts Gold, State Silver. And Kendall Mikey, chapter review display, Districts Bronze, State Silver. Hannah Sievers and Bailey Thurman, chapter review display, Districts Bronze. Lauren Shedder, chapter review portfolio, Districts Gold, State Gold. Zyne and Jacob Mesky, professional presentation, Districts Silver. Or Sophia Castillo and Abby Waleen, chapter service project portfolio, Districts Silver, State Silver. Congratulations to all of our star events participants. We appreciate your hard work this year and are proud of you for continuing the traditions of our chapter. And you can find most of these star events over there. To recognize our 2020 to 2021 knowledgeable team, our team competed in virtual competitions this year that challenged their knowledge in six different areas. Personal finance, consumer rights, technology, health and safety, environment and FCCLA knowledge. Our team members this past year were Kara Hoffenstein and Captain, Annie Wright, Olivia Mayer, Madison Hoffenstein and Quentin Willier. Thank you to these members for putting in extra time for competitions and we hope you can get back to competing in an in-person contest next year. The senior member is from our chapter. First we have Madison Northberger. Maddie has been a member at FCCLA for all four years of high school. Her favorite memory is when Mrs. Reddick made her, Riley and Regan, do a star event together and they were the only group from our chapter to not qualify for the state competition. After high school, Maddie plans to major in nursing at Fort Hayes State University. Regan has been a chapter member for two years of high school. Her favorite memory is designing different T-shirts for our chapter each year. And after high school, Regan will be attending the university to major in graphic design. Lastly we have Riley Jones. Riley has also been a member of our chapter for two years now. Her favorite memory was going to elementary school for her star event, her junior year. After Riley graduates, she plans to attend Cloud County Community College to play softball and major in social science. Thank you seniors for being a part of our chapter over the past few years. We wish you the best of luck in your future. I'd like to present the FCS Academic Awards. This award is to members who received a 90% or above in their FCS classes this school year. Once your name is read, please come and accept your award. Eliza Barton. Alexis Ford. Bailey Tharman. Alison Garst. Zyne. Shaeley Heidemann. Besslin Posh. Isabella Wade. Quinten Wilier. Oppenstein. Lauren Shutter. Sarah Van Story. Reagan Fye. Riley Jones. Madison Orsburger. For your hard-working class this school year. Throughout the year to help us raise money for upcoming conferences and trips, some of our key fundraisers for this school year include Krispy Kreme Donuts, Cookie Dough, and Breakfast Burrito Sales. All of our members work hard to fundraise their share, but only two can have the top sales of the year. Our member with the second highest amount of sales from the 2020-2021 school year is Sydney Oakhouse. Our member with the second highest amount of sales from the 2020-2021 school year is Madison Oppenstein. Thank you for helping raise money for our chapter. I'd like to recognize our most active chapter members. These members have participated in the most activities this school year and have earned the most points based off of our point system. The freshman most active member is Abby Walling with 195 points. The most active member is Annie Wright with 245 points. The second member is Madison Northberger with 70 points. And lastly, for 2020-2021 the most active chapter member is Kara Hockenstein. Participation this year. Moving along, we would now like to present chapter member awards. The first award is chosen by Ms. Renwick. This award is given to two members who have exemplified exceptional leadership this school year. The two members who will receive this leadership award are Kara Hockenstein and all members of our chapter. First, we have the extra mile award. This award is given to one underclassman and one upperclassman who have dedicated to our chapter and are willing to help others succeed. The upperclassman receiving this award is Kara Hockenstein. The underclassman receiving this award is Annie Wright. Next, we have the kindness award. This award is given to one underclassman and one upperclassman who have led others with kindness throughout the year. The upperclassman receiving this award is Madison Hockenstein. We would also like to announce our state awards. Rush week award, first place, grand prize, community service award, bronze, membership award, bronze, spotlight chapter second place, high honors, district D chapter member of the year award, to Kara. Since we didn't have a banquet last year, we would also like to recognize our most honorary member from last year, which was Mrs. Hutley. We could not be more appreciative of everything they have done. We would like to present our 2021 member award to Jeannie Perry. We would like to recognize our national qualifiers. The following students have earned a spot of nationals this summer in Nashville, Tennessee. When I call your name, please stand. Kaylyn Conrad, Kansas State Officer and chapter interview portfolio star event. Kara Hockenstein's peer education. Sydney Wolthouse, peer education. Jacob Easeke, peer education. Annie Wright, district officer and star event judge. Abby Walene, district president and community service project portfolio star event. Alexis Ford, community service project portfolio star event. Sophia Castillo, community service project portfolio star event. Ali Garz, chapter review portfolio star event. Lauren Shutter, chapter review portfolio star event. Paxton Meyer, food innovation star event. Shaley Heidemann, food innovation star event. Madison Hockenstein, chapter review display star event. Kindle Mikey, chapter interview display star event. And Bella Wade, chapter interview display star event. Congratulations to these members for their hard work. Moving along, we will now install our 2021 to 2022 officers. My represents the life of family consumer sciences education as it radiates throughout the world. It is the life of our ideals, our purposes. For we know as FCCO members we have an opportunity to strengthen individual family and community life. This candle symbolizes our first purpose to provide opportunities for personal development and preparation for adult life. It represents our second purpose to strengthen the function of the family as a basic unit of society. It symbolizes our third purpose to encourage democracy through cooperative action in the home and community. To encourage individual and group involvement in helping achieve global cooperation and harmony. It represents our fifth purpose to promote a greater understanding between teen youth and adults. To provide opportunities for making decisions and for assuming responsibilities. Well Paxton Meyer and Madison Hawkinson, please come up here at this time. We will now hand off our roses to the new officers taking our positions and find our seats at the table. At this time, we would like to focus our attention on leadership. Good leaders are special people. They view the situation, recognize the need and encourage the necessary action. They understand the importance of teamwork and cooperation in the fulfillment of responsibilities. Each year symbolizes one more step in the process of individual growth. The installation of newly elected officers is both a joyful and solemn occasion. We congratulate them and look forward to their new vision. The following officers have been elected to serve this chapter for the coming year. Jacob Misaki, Stuka Representative. Olivia Mayer, Secretary. Allison Garst, Vice President of Public Relations. Kara Hawkinson, President. Caitlin Conrad, Vice President. Sydney Holthouse, Treasurer. Paxton Meyer, Historian. Annie Wright, Vice President of Star Events. And Madison Hawkinson, Vice President of Community Service. Incoming officers, the highest honors of the organization are being bestowed on you. Our chapter has faith and confidence and your ability to lead the organization forward. The pledge of your office signifies your willingness to do this. Please repeat after me. I will to the best of my ability I will to the best of my ability faithfully perform all of the duties faithfully perform all of the duties of the office to which I have been elected of the office to which I have been elected of the office to which I have been elected You have heard the pledge your officers have made. It is important that you support them in the performance of their duties. You may now be seated. As outgoing officers, we ask you to remember that real leadership strength comes through cooperative efforts. We do not need to grow under the leadership of these new officers provided. And now we will give to Kay Lynn for a thank you message. Thank you everyone for coming tonight and for all the support our chapter has received this school year. We definitely could not have done many things without the consistent help from friends, family and our community as a whole. We appreciate all of the donations from businesses, support for our fundraisers and how much everyone has assisted us with what we have done this year. Thank you. We face the future with warm courage and high hope. For we have the clear consciousness of seeking old impressions values. For we are the builders of homes. Homes for America's future. Homes where living will be the expression of everything that is good and fair. Homes where truth and love and security and faith will be realities, not dreams. We are the family, career and community leaders of America. We face the future with warm courage and high hopes. The 73rd annual award celebration of the Wabonsi High School FCCLA chapter is now adjourned. Thank you everyone for coming and please have a safe drive home.


Being here I have 40 minutes I hope to have some time for questions for you guys as well. I'll try and talk in say 30 35 minutes I'll give you an overview of free and open source software in public administrations in Europe. I've been writing for a project at the European Commission for 10 years so the main thing I'll try and do here is give you a set of tips a set of things that public administrations need to do a set of things that we can check whether public administrations have them in place that will make them slowly switch to open source. A few disclaimers I am an external contractor I'm just a journalist I happen to be in the lucky position to work for the European Commission I am not the European Commission so the things I say here are my view not the commission's view and when I talk about free software I mean open source I'm when I say open source I mean free software for me as a person it's more or less synonymous so when you see it behind me on the screen go either way this talk has six chapters I'll give you as I announced the that yes we'll need a bigger beamer this is as big as it gets sorry you can control the control and the plus button is that better once more as long as I don't use my lose my notes better again can we have your votes okay else again so I'll give you the the the main things that I see that are requirements for public administrations I will quickly this is the desktop development room I'll quickly run through the main desktop implementations that we have in Europe I will give you the key policies I will talk briefly about what are the expected benefits when public administrations go to open source one of the things that worries me is the point that's called what's missing because there's a few things missing but I first need to talk about the OSHA project but so just to bear with me for five seconds I'll show you how it works this is the how-to these are the main implementations the key policies the expected benefits and what's missing some of these slides go deep and so that's what happens here so first the open source observatory we have more than 2,000 news items we have case studies we have best practices we have how-tos the project tries to cover any public administration that uses open source that implements open source is thinking about doing this or is considering to stop doing it we bring a lot of positive news because the trend is public administrations are going to open source but every now and then it goes wrong so we report about that as well it's the open source observatory and repository so we have a catalog of solutions made for and by public administrations there's some 4,000 of them that's also it's not all done at the commission level that we link repositories in the member states there's a whole bunch of them like 12 in Spain there's a bunch in there's one or two in Austria we have one in the Netherlands there's one in Belgium when you search for solutions on the OZOR you will find the solution in the Austrian and the Spanish repositories and vice versa and the collection of these tools a lot of this is for electronic identification or for electronic procurement anything to do with E government those solutions are being built increasingly as open source it's you will hardly come across a public administration at these days is no longer developing tools as proprietary that hardly ever happens something that we're very proud of or happy that we have done it is develop the EUPL it's sort of a fork of the GPL why was that necessary the commission has a principle that all of the software that the commission now publishes is done as open source whole bunch of lawyers looked at the GPL and sort of feared that if the EC would do this and there was some kind of problem somewhere down the line they would have to fly to the US to argue in the US courts something about European made software that they didn't want to do so that's one big reason that they use the GPL and change a bunch of things so that they could say you go to a court in one of the member states and if that doesn't work you can go to a court in Brussels in Belgium so that was one reason another thing that is I think personally really cool is that they did this license in all the languages of the European Union that's 23 if I'm not mistaken that means that you can use as a German developer the German EUPL and it's legally the same as the Dutch or the French or the Maltese or the Greek so that makes working together as public administration is a lot simpler so some a little bit of context the the OZOR is part of the is one of the small programs of the ISA square program I don't I wouldn't want to bother you with the details but the commission has a bunch of ministries one of them is the ministry for IT is called DG IT digit they have a program that looks at the member states DG IT is concerned with rolling out software for the workstations and the services in the commission itself but the ISA program is more or less the only program that looks at all the member states and tries to get them together to work on solutions to share and reuse and in this sharing and reuse program they figured we need open sources is a very easy way to get that done and that's where OZOR comes in it's a support tool for that goal as I promised I will this is for me it's the main part of the presentation how to fix open source so that how to fix public administration so that they do open source so the first thing we need to do is to make free and open source software a task for the head of IT for the head of the department for the head of the IT department or the CIO at the ministry level or the municipality level or for the decision-maker at the national level I've listed three of the main advantages that if a CEO these days does not have an open source strategy you would be you should be able to tell him that he has a sort of he doesn't know what he's doing because you really need to have an answer to open source as a decision-maker in IT these days the license costs I will maybe touch on this later I just that's just the tip of the iceberg you're looking at scalability you're looking at flexibility you're looking at the philosophy of innovation in your organization that's what open source is doing that's what public administration across the EU are discovering there's like tons of examples of this and so it's good for a CEO for decision-maker to have a policy in place to say we're currently not using it a lot we're using it in the servers we're using it in our data warehouses but we should be using it across the stack so this is where we are and this is where we need to go like the EC they have a policy like that they say at the at say the back office a lot of open source at the workstations some open source the target is we should move to more open source across the stack that's the policy and then they can start disrupting parts of the infrastructure say that's too much proprietary we need to you know roll out a switch program one of the main strategic goals for a CEO the last one is a is basically a quote from Leah Maxwell a few years ago the CEO for the UK government it's taking control and get rid of lock-in it's a main thing well as I said there are tons of examples I've arranged them here at the levels of government so you have the national government the United Kingdom's the digital services they have an open source lead she is looking at currently she announced recently she's looking at all the big applications out there which are already developed under an open source license which is not the same as saying you do them as open source because that would require support and a roadmap and a community and engagement with this community so she's trying to fix that part of the strategy in France you have a CEO who heads a big government modernization unit Dan seek they have a very good very solid very well thought through policy on openness which includes a lot of open source of course at the multi municipality there's a lot of municipalities across Europe that realize that they're doing the same as their neighbor and they could be using the same tools as the neighbor and they're starting to work together I've listed a few examples in Denmark you have always to I think that has now 60 percent of all municipalities that and they are pooling their budgets and it's making it a lot cheaper and they're using a lot of Drupal based web based solutions and they're rolling out fast and they will pretty soon have maybe all of the municipalities and their model is challenging the traditional model of the proprietary vendors and the proprietary central proprietary the centralized government department because here all of a sudden you see municipalities working together solving it issues which actually solve public administration issues and it goes much faster than the central government department that tries to bring this top down can do Norway we have the Kongsburg region near Oslo where they are doing a lot of web based services that increasingly other municipalities can use so it's help desk it's training it's calendaring and other solutions that they host in their cloud and other municipalities can say oh we have that as well we need that as well here's a bit of RIT budget because we would like that feature to be implemented and the group as a whole starts fixing that Belgium great example EMEO it has about 200 municipalities in the French speaking part of Belgium they're all working together on Python and Zopie based based solutions that's like really great it's huge to quote somebody at the municipality itself of course Munich I will not have to talk long about Munich here it's what world famous a region there's loads of regions in France with several regions that do a lot on open source I just pointed out here the Basque region by the way the slides are already online and all these blue words are links to directly to the ozor that will show you the article where this is based on the Basque region has a free software policy they want to do free software everywhere in the whole stack for everything a bunch of years ago the country the autonomous region realized it was going to run out of money and it gave sir it gave their staff the choice either we do something about our IT because it's really expensive or we start firing a bunch of people watch which would you prefer so they chose for the software but that maybe makes sense and at an organizational level the Ministry of Finland I don't think it's it's a very interesting for me very important case but I think they've rolled back they actually came back on their decision but the bunch of years ago ten years ago five years ago they did a comparative study between open office Microsoft office and IBM notes office or IBM office they ran the cost comparison they concluded that IBM would be the cheapest they chose for open office rolled it out and why why did they do that why is this an interesting case because they realize the free software license gives you scalability and and it gives you freedom to experiment that they already were able to implement it in a pilot program and it ran so well and it implemented so easily it was maintainable so easily that before they kind of made the decision process run through the process they had already installed it in the whole Ministry and that was something that they had never experienced before and they liked it so much that that's why they even though it was maybe a bit more expensive than IBM they they went for it the CIO of the Ministry did its PhD thesis on this and they will come back on that because he made a few recommendations that are in here the second big thing that we need to do is this is strange because you know that I go from CIO all of a sudden to a tool but there is no real order in the sequence we have to make Mozilla Firefox the default browser it's a complete open source browser it you a lot of governments are locked in or maybe I should say we're locked in in internet Explorer they might be moving away a lot of them are actually using both Firefox and Internet Explorer Internet Explorer is maybe on its way out but it's still very dominant in public administrations and it's not only a way for a proprietary browser vendor and operating system vendor and office solution vendor to lock in the public administration but you have a lot of service providers that say our solution requires IE and it therefore they piggyback on the lock-in and they can keep milking the public administration if they if they believe that they they need to require IE so we need to force public administrations to say Firefox is the browser everything that has to work through the web has to work through Firefox Mozilla is also very active on the open standards front and this will be a way to reward that as I mentioned it breaks the lock into IE it breaks the lock into a lot of proprietary technology an anecdote would be a small Dutch town that decided that this is what they would do and they started negotiating with all of their vendors saying okay we have this web based tool we have that web based tool if you do not support Firefox we will move to a different vendor and all of the vendors started tooling around their software so they would speak the same things in Firefox it's available in all operating systems so then you have the freedom to say you want to use a Mac go ahead use a Mac you want to use Linux workstation go ahead use a Linux host and that's what we need to do there's tons of examples I'm sorry my notes are not here so I'm going to miss a few things so I remember them for quite well the Supreme Court of Slovenia it's a very interesting example if this is the main court of a country they have people in place that understand very well how this thing works how lock-in works how competition works and how the legal system works and so they rolled out they have complete open-source workstations a lot of them the country however that this project is in trouble because the minister that is doing public administration is in the US every like month every other other week and he speaks to all the big vendors and then they give him a reward and they give him a you know a medal and then they and he comes back and he says oh Cisco this or HP that and it makes problems for public administrations that that try to do the right thing the ministry also realizes that he is a small country and like one of these big American firms makes more money than the entire country they can buy Slovenia main the biggest European one of the biggest European examples is the French and Armory I will not talk about it long because I'll come back on it later interesting is let's see which one here interesting Arhus in Denmark Arhus is the second largest town of Denmark and they are one of the main drivers behind the OS 2 where they mentioned a few slides ago and so their policy for Firefox is interesting Arnhem is interesting because it had a huge fine they had a pilot project that was going to to figure out an open source switch Microsoft heard about this install the network sniffer a licensed network sniffer in the network and the fine was in the millions and it it robbed the city of its of its financial power to do the pilot so that died the what is interesting in Arnhem is that the counselor has a PhD in computer science and his whole house runs on Debian so I hope that he will continue to try this the bus country already mentioned Munich is really famous and so in line with making Mozilla the default browser this is why open standards have to become mandatory and this is very tricky because you know now we have a debate about what is open what is an open standard and what's the definition so I don't think I will do that here but we need to be mindful of that definition what can I say what what I would find practical is that we should say that a standard that is open it needs to be it needs to be implementable in open source so far that would make it open we could require that an open standard can only be put on an open standards list by any government by saying it needs to be implemented actively implemented in an open source tool that would that would bring threshold that some of the full open standards are currently out there wouldn't be able to jump oh XML is the best example I think it's a standard that we should not have allowed in ISO it should be taken out of ISO that's my personal opinion but it's public administrations that use fake open standards are making it really difficult for those that try to use open standards that's what we see in those are time and time again European Commission is one of its it's here is a problem by itself because it publishes a lot of documents and they don't really understand at the right level the importance of this document format we keep telling them and eventually we'll get through to the right persons but they keep publishing it in this non open standard that is called an open standard which is not an open standard and it's making it really painful for all those that are trying to use ODF so you need to take care of the selection process if you want to know all the details please look at Sweden they have figured this out they have first they took the Dutch list and the Dutch already made a nice selection then the suite says okay so we have the Dutch list we need to make sure that these are really open and so they had two scientists Björn Lundell and his colleague think about so how what what does that mean that means you need a community and it needs to be an open process it needs to be low threshold and everybody should be able to pitch in and now let's look at this Dutch list and see which of those actually have a community which are actually made without financial thresholds and then they weeded down the little list so it became a little bit smaller that is a good list to start with anyway and you need to walk you talk I already mentioned the Commission it says it wants to do open standards it believes strongly that open standards will fix the look-in and now we need to get the Commission to commit to its own statements and actually walk in stock examples I great example is the UK they have a fantastically well thought through open standards policy which is really driving change in Great Britain we it's hard to say that the effects are already visible but they will become very visible very soon you I keep asking the GDS to send me concrete examples and and that's slow but it will come France already mentioned a few slides ago also have a very well thought through openness policy open source sorry open standards is a big part of that they have recently published the RGI which is their list of open standards which in in the first version their first draft version had only ODF and not OXML there was a bit of pressure not from the proprietary vendor itself but from the public administration that are using this fake open standard and so they put it back on in the published version but they said warning this standard has a lot of proprietary links it's very unclear it's very difficult we should you can only use it for Excel and you can only use it if there is no way you can you can escape in your in whatever you did in your Excel sheet that you cannot use ODF otherwise you should use ODF the Netherlands I already touched on it to have a good list to have a standardization forum the standardization board that is also trying to drive change the Dutch IT policy when you talk about this topic free and open source they say look open standards are the thing that is what we're going to implement all over our public administration and then the change should come by itself to open source because it's just the best way to implement open source open standards Sweden I mentioned the list and the European Commission if you want to study this more in detail they have the sharing a reuse framework which is where OZR fits in and where open standards are defined or we're trying to define open standards we have the EIF where there is an interesting debate about how to define this thing that's where it takes place and we have the CEMS which is a monitoring process that will show you which countries have which standards and so there you can just pick out for example you will see the ODF is basically in almost all member states and dog X or XML is in a few like five or six that's interesting the fourth main thing we need to do we as groups that are interested in this process or they as public administrations is help the organization change yeah it's it's like this you have a proprietary work station income the open source people they take away a proprietary work station put in place in Ubuntu workstation with LibreOffice and there you go for a public administrator they don't understand what we're doing because they say you replace the stack with something that does exactly the same why did you do that and and then you have all the other problems of the button isn't there and I the printer won't work and the telephone is not connected and my calendar doesn't sync at you have all the little technical things but they don't get why we're replacing one stack for another we need to communicate the best way to drive this change is to do really small scale pilots and convince the key people in those organizations why this change is important so that they can talk to their colleagues when the colleagues are like it's not working they can say look it is working you just have to you know click the other icon or fix it for them and communication is the key aspect you need to talk and talk and talk and talk and talk the Norwegian PhD thesis on the Ministry of Justice that was his main conclusion you need in every organization what he called a innovation champion somebody who can talk and convince and fix and do and he will go to your desktop and he will fix it on the spot that he will go to the other desktop and explain it to you ten times if necessary and he will convince everybody in the organization why this is a good thing communication is key tons of examples both on the good side and the bad side good I for me update at this moment the greatest example is not Eric Fischer is the IT manager that has set up the change in Nantes he is the change manager and he has been publishing a lot and he's been talking on conferences such as this one about how to do this change Justice Ministry I just ran ahead of myself clearly what is an interesting example it's a good thing here that my notes aren't clear at them notes are invisible and I have to do it from memory the city of Munich they also understood the importance of change and they did the entire desktop as we all know they had a whole bunch of things they did newsletters leaflets brochures workshops conferences for their staff to convince them explain them they did awards for you know make the best picture of Munich and the best three pictures will be the desktop death the default desktop images that you can choose from when you start your Linux workstation and it was this sounds cool to get people involved in making pictures of Munich but it was also a way for the IT department to control the desktop pictures and there are plenty of reasons that you want to control your desktop pictures to make sure it's professional because not all the staff will choose a professional picture the defense ministry in in Italy it's currently the largest European maybe globally the largest rollout of Libre office on the desktop they use the document foundation change management manual and that's a pretty it's at the bottom it's a pretty good document people should you organization should use it as a template to consider okay this might not entirely fit my organization but these are the things I need to do on the bad side the city of Ada they had it's a Dutch town they had it rolled out they were going to do the whole stack they had everything on open standards they had somebody convert all their proprietary document formats to ODF and now they're rolling it all back what's the reason the IT the IT manager changed in came a new IT manager who had a whole bunch of things that he needed to do and then he had all these resistance in the desktops because people were angry because I just explained you have the desktop you change everything nothing works people are frustrated he blames of course the open source tools he doesn't blame the change process and the easiest way to get around this is but which is roll of everything back and he calls his friends and that's just the usual way to do these things I try to get in touch with these people to figure out what is wrong and then you you just call somebody in the in the city hall and before you even start talking they become frustrated yeah and they these IT people they just change your software and they don't realize that things don't work we have to do real work here it's that kind of emotion that the CIO is not going to deal with if the easiest thing to do is oh you want the other tool fine you get the other tool five work famous example because they tried Libre office and then eventually rolled back to Microsoft office but there's one thing in Friday book that's interesting is that they all used Munich's template and document and procurement process manager called Walmux this is a tool that helps you generate your forms it has the stamps it has the seals signature the whole thing and if you do a procurement proposal it fills in all the details that you need to normally taking to account and it did it so well that it saved you a whole bunch of time so when they went back to Microsoft they said but can we please keep Walmux that unfortunately only works on Libre office so okay pain point maybe they'll go back eventually well the other ones Italian towns there's a whole bunch of them Pedro there's the first one Emilia Romana region and South Tyrol province they all stopped their open office pilots I think it's key that it's open office not Libre office there's a lot of rumors you want to talk to the Italian people to hear the details but you can say it's corruption you can say it was false information you can say it's a bunch of IT people that thought of their career long term because having Libre office on your resume might not get you in a job in the next career path that you're choosing it there's all kinds of things to go on there the one thing that happens with all these towns is that they will start to break procurement law again because soon they will have to buy licenses and they'll ask remarks of licenses the European procurement laws do not allow you to procure brands or products that said you can procure Linux because it's a brand but there are tons of people that can send it to you and therefore that doesn't inhibit competition it's a major thing to note and you need to engage the communities that's the fifth point I think it's also the last point now how do you do that this is a headache for all the public administrations here are a few ways to fix it you make sure you require open source skills the European Commission like one or two months ago did a call for IT staff and they really asked through OJOR and through whatever they required that people have experienced an open source the change will come from it in if there's more people that understand open source that work for the Commission it'll become easier to install open source tools because these guys will say oh yeah that we use this in Debian or we use that in Fedora or Red Hat does it like this and before you know it it will be all over so when you do your procurement you can also optimize it for small and medium-sized companies and do not require that the company has 50 million turnover the past five years because that's maybe only two companies that do this you can look at Sweden again a good example for the way to learning how to organize this they do frameworks that so they negotiate with everybody and then negotiate on behalf of all the public administrations and the free dish Swedish framework for open source has basically all the main big not big a small and medium-sized companies that do open source services are in there they're like tested and they were approved and so a municipality doesn't have to go through this whole selection process itself it can just use a framework and say I want this Drupal or I want this Red Hat or I want this Fedora or whatever brand of open source product and they will get the server they can just say give me the the five service suppliers can send an offer but they even have the independent entrepreneurs in there so single-person companies can in that way get jobs at public administrations helping them roll out open source and you need to promote and facilitate open source development and there are a whole bunch of ways to do that it shall go to next I think give you a few examples the city of Nantes I already introduced them at one of the bigger cities in France I think it's the 8th or the 6th they first they realized by moving to liberal office we're saving an X amount I think it was a million for 10,000 desktops or something like that doesn't really matter that's money that disappears from the IT budget but that's like not a good thing for the IT department so they said let's give them 30% and they can keep that for the next year the next year so they can do other things with the savings otherwise it's like thank you for the savings and that's not an incentive for the IT department and so that's one thing they can do other interesting project but they also said now we have a liberal office and there's a few things that don't work the right way in liberal office I'll give you a famous example an important example suppose you have a legal document that does your that fixes the houses and the land around your house that you want to buy or sell or if you're a farmer and you have there's a whole bunch of requirements and it's a bullet list and then you send it to the next level the province and for them all of us on this change into a numbered list it will lose the legitimacy it will lose the value this is a problem in document interoperability problem that really makes it difficult for public administrations to use the mix of OXML and ODT this is like but the big headache and now on set okay so let's do a procurement proposal where we fix this and a few other problems that we have and we will return the fixed product to the upstream of the office so they're working I think the procurement is was launched last year it's it went to a consortium two companies including Colabora one of the liberal office developers and so they are fixing this upstream and this is a fantastic example of how public administrations realize that their use of our tax money actually benefits not only then but it benefits every other public administration and every other citizen across the world if we want to go further in the European Union and that fixes that day that Nantes fix are now fixed for people in Denmark too. Munich is I think in Europe the biggest public administration that contributes to main open source projects if you look at all the code then the commission will win but that's maybe a different battle but at the city level Munich is by far the biggest they contribute well sorry the notes are not there I have to do my memory you have to forgive me if I have it wrong but there's they have 500 patches or 400 patches into liberal office they use I think liberal office 4 and their patches are in upstream in 5 but they have a few issues why they can't upgrade itself so they have fixed liberal office 4 those code improvements are available to all of us in 5 they have Walmax the template manager that I mentioned they have an implementation manager they have tools to manage the rollout upgrade and implementation of workstations there's there's a whole bunch. Dinsig the French government modernization unit one of the ways in which they organize this is in hackathons I can say a few nice things about those things it France has they open source the tax code they also open source the code that selects which student goes to which universities and in both cases it was a sort of a same drive let's do the student example first so this year or last year the the student allotment system had a few glitches and there were student unions that were trying to figure out why this didn't work the way it should have worked and they started asking the members in parliament and they started asking the minister and the minister gave answers and then they they looked at and it doesn't make sense because that's he really says but that's not what happened can you send us how this is done send us the source code and then the minister printed the source code and gave them the source code this is ridiculous so it's no way we can check this so then eventually the whole government realized okay so we need to check we need to you we need to start considering source code the way we consider data we need to publish it you need to make it machine readable and available because we this is how we do openness this is how we are being checked by the citizens these days and it changed the law so now in France if you want to know an algorithm that is used in your process you can go to a court and say can I have that code please doesn't really make it available as open source but it's a start and the other example is the text code where one of the guys that worked at dinsig on a Friday afternoon had you know his task ran out he was an intern and he said you know what I'll just see if I can maybe improve the the income tax application and so he started digging and it's a long story and he had to go to court like two or three times and the minister said no it is like way too complex because we are it runs on foxes and it runs on PDPs and it runs doesn't you know we can't give it to your floppy and and then the minister the the guys that overruled that decision say yeah technically difficult that's not a good answer so you know make it so eventually the tax source code also became available as open source and so they organized hackathons where they they ask these people the use and the means to come to the ministry and then look at the code and see if we can do something more interesting with it and it's a great example Francis leading here they will be nice if others do the same main implementations I will speed up because I think most of these are known for you and I'm also running out of time and maybe there should be some time for questions I've arranged it in three big parts because this is the desktop room so you have the main complete desktop operating system implementations then you'll have the ones that basically do LibreOffice and then I have an annex which are all the others which I will do if you want to sit here for another hour or something so operating systems and office productivity the first one 72,000 work stations across all the gendarmerie in France they everywhere here everybody always says price it's the first thing they say but the French also make it very clear that price yeah it's nice instinct it lowers the total cost of ownership by 40% but man does it make it much easier for us to do IT on workstations this open source so we should have done this years ago they had a guy he would fly to Australia and then fly to an island in the Pacific and then had to go to an island by canoe and then by ferry and then he had to visit all these islands to update the police post antivirus definitions and then he would come back he would make it to Paris and they would give him a new desk set of CD rooms and he could go back again he would be gone all the time fantastic job I would love to have it but with Ubuntu which is what they use they don't need that because it rolls out automatically and besides this whole virus thing is much less overheadic they also so they this they say our e-tail stack is much easier because we can control everything and it is we know we program it here and it rolls out across the whole gendarmory 72,000 desktops yeah well almost I said here I have 41 minutes and so and they say it's priceless to be to get rid of your looking the second one is city of Munich that's 18,000 desktops also Munich's and Libre office the city of Saragossa which is 1200 it's a fragile process these are a few like a handful of people that are doing this and they're under an enormous amount of time pressure using all their free time to do this a quick list of the ones that are doing Libre office or open office but it's mostly Libre office so first the ministries in France has 500,000 of that's half a million and they really use it I've checked there's a few times over the past few weeks they read it's their first it's the only operating system only of his suite on those desktops it's 17 of the 33 ministries and in the Dutch central government that's all about a hundred thousand that number is not entirely they couldn't really know they couldn't really tell me how much they have but this is the total number of central government civil servants and they all have access to it ministry of defense Italy that's going to be a hundred thousand workstations with Libre office it will make it the biggest one extremedura this project I put it here because it's famous but it's broken these numbers are no longer valid and they're rolling it all back to Libre to Microsoft I'm trying to figure out what's going on but that's basically a debt project to lose 10,000 workstations bus country 8,000 workstations the police in Lithuania 8,000 workstations 5,000 so this is the I'll skip the annex the key policies that you need to look at if you're interested already introduced France so that's the one the other one is you're at King United Kingdoms their open source sorry open standards policy and Bulgaria also famous because they managed to get into law that all code developed for and by public administration from day one must be done on a repository which will be mirrored to GitHub this is the way to do it for a for a public administration you hosted on your own repository and you link it to get to keep it under control you expected benefits how much time do I still have that's 40 minutes I'm sorry I'll just this is one more slide the expected benefits it's clear for all of us here autonomy sovereignty and control efficiency and the growth that's an important one the growth of local enterprises it really happens in France and in the bus country you can see this so what's missing this is the last slide we need more politicians that know how this works we need more politicians that realize these are the the benefits and these are the disadvantages of proprietary and we need well organized the focusing so this is slowly happening but it's not there yet and we need patches for procurement because procurement in Europe is really broken and it's in favor of proprietary and that needs to be fixed ASAP and that's it thank you very much


Good morning, folks. Steve Rhodes coming to you live from the shores of sunny Delray Beach, Florida. This year, 11 a.m. update. We've got a bit of a mixed bag out there. The mix is really coming from the New York Stock Exchange up 36 points. The other indices trading to the downside. Dow's off 65. S&P 2. NASDAQ 132. That's quarter percent. Quarter percent for the Russell. About five points there. Quarter percent for the semis. About seven points there. Gold's up seven. Silver's off two pennies. Like we crude up a buck $1.57. Natural gas up $0.10. 30 of Treasury printed out at $1.3007. That is up 20. It's down 24 ticks. Let's go try to figure out what all that means by looking at that nine panel. Market update chart. We begin with the ESMini upper left-hand side. Now there is a new daily profile that has formed. I didn't pick up on this this morning. And it's a bullish structured profile. So if this tells us, and I'll expand out the chart here just for a moment. So we're in a consolidation pattern. That's the first thing. And then second, you've got this new daily profile. And on Friday, price closed by the center of that profile level. That suggests that what we should see here is price make its way up to the top of the profile. But again, let me just turn off price here. And I know we're just going to end up focusing on this for the moment, but that's okay. It is what it is. We can take a look at the rest of the stuff during the show. But if I turn off this little rectangle, I'm going to turn off price. What I'm going to do, if you take a look at this, see how this profile wraps around the prior profile. Folks, what I want you to prepare for is a continuation of this consolidation phase that we're in. That's the meaning of this new profile inside that ESMini. Real quickly here, if we take a look at spot ball tunics, it is below its 50 day exponential moving average that provides an edge to buyers. In the case of the NQ, clearly at resistance, both the top of its consolidation as well as the top of its daily profile, $13,370 area. You've got the US dollar index consolidating with inside its profile level and a consolidation range after forming a buy the deep point pattern. Gold has a roadsman to indicator top and a consolidation. Price is trading above support. So it's more of a neutral signal right now support being 2019. Silver, you've got a good old fashion consolidation, new profile that is formed or is trying to form there with 2559 being support, 2609 being resistance. In the case of lights, recruit also a new profile. This is bullish and structured. So a close above 7364 would suggest we see a rise up to the 7793 level natural gas also with a new bullish structure profile that suggests natural gas runs up to 242 and just a good old fashioned consolidation at 30 year Treasury bond. Folks, stay tuned for the Trader Zed show. But if you opt to start here on Monday, please have a magnificent one. Thanks for joining us. We'll look forward to speaking with you again soon. Take care now.