I'm Steve Nunn, president and CEO of the Open Group. Welcome to Toolkit Tuesday, where we highlight the various components and leading experts of the Architects Toolkit, a collated portfolio of the most pertinent technology standards for enterprise architects. During the series, I'll be calling on a number of recognized experts who will bring their particular insights on how to most effectively use the various tools in the Architects Toolkit. We'll have a mix of interviews, panel sessions, and pre-recorded presentations along the way. While all standards of the Open Group are designed so they can be adopted independently of one another, the greatest value for an organization can be derived when they're used in unison, that some of the parts should be greater than the whole. In the Architects Toolkit, we have collated a portfolio of the most pertinent ones for architects together, all in one place. For most of these tools, certification from the Open Group is also available, so practitioners can demonstrate that they have the skills required, and recruiters can take the guesswork out of the recruitment process, all backed up by our Open Badges program. There's a lot of interest currently in metaverse. Some say it's just second life, but with tech that can make it work more readily this time. Others feel it's the web-three angle that changes the whole proposition. Either way, as an architect, what's the challenge? Is it the tech or the immersive experience? For me, neither. Most use cases today seem to focus on the consumer experience B to C, with the concern that if I can't try on a new hat, in the metaverse, perhaps I won't buy it in the physical one. I'm simplifying, of course. I don't believe it's about replicating existing processes in another place. Instead, it should be about performing augmented capabilities, such as collaborative engineering design or visualization of uncertain patterns. Could we, for example, view someone's headache? So, yes, we have the traditional architect role of interpreting existing, but we also have another role, a creative role in an uncertain domain. Now, that's exciting. Welcome to Toolkit Tuesday, everyone, and my thanks right off the bat to Paul Holman of IBM. Some more interesting thoughts from Paul. Hopefully, you remember to pick his hat up. But great to start off. It's nice to have somebody, and I have the benefit of getting to interact with Paul quite regularly, and it's great to have somebody with those creative ideas and thoughts, and to get us all thinking, an important part of what we need to do in the architecture world. So, welcome, as I said. We are back for the second episode of Season 2 of Toolkit Tuesday today, and we have an interesting topic lined up. Our main topic today is going to be architecture and blockchain, the intersection of architecture and blockchain. I'll say a little bit more about that in a moment, but just a bit of housekeeping. I can see that there may have been some challenge registering or needing to do so more than once. Apologies for that. But we do have a nice healthy list of people online. So, I guess you figured it out. One real housekeeping thing here, the way that we ask questions on Toolkit Tuesday is through the Q&A channel, not the chapter channel, preferably, the Q&A channel. And if you don't see that on your screen, then if you click on the three dots in the bottom right-hand corner of your screen, that will give you the option to click on Q&A. That's where you should submit questions, please, for our speakers today. But do use the chat channel to say hi to each other, and we love to know where you're from. It's always an international group here at Toolkit Tuesday. And in fact, one of our speakers today, Rick Ross, I'll introduce in a moment, but he's joining us from Australia today. So, all sorts of times of day and night, folks are joining us for Toolkit Tuesday, and we appreciate that, and thank you for taking the time out. So, without further ado, I will introduce our topic for today, which is basically the use of enterprise architecture and Togeth to describe requirements and create architecture's enabling blockchain across a number of use cases. We're going to touch on cryptocurrency, decentralized finance, asset tracking, and other enterprise applications. We also want to try and start off the process of getting some feedback from you all on the general topic of blockchain and EA, and what particular areas you're interested in and any topics that would be worthy of more of a deep dive than we're able to do here on Toolkit Tuesday. So, we'll hear a bit more about that later on. So, our speakers today, we have a double act. We have Rick Ross from EY, Rick's an experienced technology specialist with over 20 years in business and IT, re-imagining and transforming business and including enabling technology. He's the director and consulting blockchain and emerging tech at EY. And with Rick today, my colleague, Jim Highteller, who is the VP of business development and security at the Open Group, meaning that Jim is responsible for managing our security and risk management programs and standard activities, as well as our business development team. So, two nice short bios so that we can spend more time on the content. Thank you, gentlemen. One welcome from Toolkit Tuesday to Rick Ross and Jim Highteller. Rick, I think you're up first. Thanks, Steve, and good morning, everyone. So, let's get started. So, what I want to cover today is a background around blockchain and where it's covered from a number of different angles. So, we'll talk about some key concepts from an architecture perspective. We'll talk about standards. And towards the end, we'll get... I have a bit of a chat in terms of where to next and some hot topics that might be of interest later on for the architects. So, what's blockchain? There's going to be a couple of slides here where we just set out some ground rules in terms of context here. So, what is blockchain? So, blockchain is... If you think about of it as a network where you have a shared ledger, so shared information that is distributed in a decentralized manager management practice across those participants in the network. And the umbrella term for that is essentially what's called a distributed ledger technology, DLT. So, keep that in mind because we'll talk about that in a minute. And so, what happens is that if you're having information shared in a decentralized manner, you have to have a process of agreeing what should be shared in a decentralized manner on a shared ledger. And this is where a consensus algorithm comes in. And there's a number of consensus algorithms that are out there. You might have heard prefer work. You might have heard prefer stake. Bitcoin uses prefer work. And what that essentially is, is an algorithm which has agreement in terms of what should be approved and what should go on a ledger, essentially. The other part to blockchain version two, I should say, is what's called codifying contracts. And smart contracts is what it's called. And why that's really important is it gives the opportunity to actually build onto a blockchain an agreed set of business rules that can run an execution in what's known as a virtual machine on a decentralized solution, on a node. So, I'll talk about some examples a bit later, and I'll focus specifically in this discussion today around supply chain, just so I can grant it with some key examples in the area around supply chain. So, I mentioned DLT, and it's an umbrella term and for architects, there are so many different types of DLTs that are out there. We hear this word blockchain, and essentially what it is, is every transaction that is created. So, for example, in cryptocurrency, you have Bitcoin, and a transaction is a payment from one person to another. That transaction goes into, it compiled into a block. And when there is an agreed number of transactions in the block size, that gets posted to everyone on the network and put onto the chain. So, what's really interesting with this diagram here is from left to right is, I guess, mechanisms that are quite heavy in terms of the time it takes to actually record information on a DLT. And blockchains take quite a long time to do that, whereas the others, which is a hash graph, is another mechanism which is a lighter option. Instead of putting it into a block, it's basically one transaction to another which gets stored onto a chain, but it doesn't have to go through and be compiled into a block first. And the third option is a direct-to-dice graph or a rectangle. And there's lots of different public chains that are out there, but essentially it does the same thing as hash graph, and it doesn't require you to compile all your transactions into a block before it goes onto a chain. So, from left to right, the more efficient, the more less latency that you might want, you might want to choose a faster option, which might be a DAG or a hash graph compared to a block chain. So, that's just something to think about. In terms of the different types of distributors that are out there, so if you think about this from open and closed systems, as we're aware of, so open systems you can refer to as public blockchains. And what that means is public blockchains as an example, Ethereum is a good example that's out there. It means that all the infrastructure is taken care of because the general public is hosting nodes of that network, and therefore it is a public infrastructure, it is a public ecosystem where everyone can make use of it. So, that's the best way to describe it. A couple of concepts around there is that there's no direct identity of any type of users on a public blockchain. You have what's known as a public address, which is created from your wallet, and that's not uniquely identified to a person as such. Whereas a private blockchain is very different. It's about setting up an agreed consortium, which might be, for example, for a health solution and a number of health providers that are coming together, and they will create and stand up the nodes in the network, and they will have much clearer identity in terms of who can enter that ecosystem from a private blockchain perspective. So, I was going to focus on supply chain and a couple of key business things to think about where transparency fits in from a blockchain point of view, and this is quite interesting from a macroeconomic trend point of view, is that we know that there's been a lot of disruption since COVID-19, and especially around some of the supply chain dependencies in China, and they've had their additional issues as well with the zero COVID policy, which is stopping people working in and around supporting supply chains. In fact, most of the supply chains that have been operating in China have started to move elsewhere, such as Vietnam is starting to really get involved and support supply chain movements more, but around 94% has been identified as disruptive supply chain issues, which as Fortune has mentioned that. We're seeing that there's a lot of interest in sustainability. It's a hot topic in industry, and blockchain is a great use case for that in terms of understanding from the downstream and the upstream of supply chain and what makes up that, especially from a customer point of view. If you're ethically positioned to understand where your products are coming from and that it's not being manufactured from slave labour, from modern slavery, right at the upstream part of the supply chain, then blockchain can really help with that sort of thing. In terms of traceability. Some of the impacts from a supply chain perspective are because of inflexible IT systems and inability to provide visibility in a supply chain. What of interest is there's a prediction that a lot more blockchain applications will be implemented by 2026, and they think that the economy around blockchain will be around about 3.32 billion, and here at EY we're doing a lot around traceability, and I'll explain some examples. I've got a couple of use cases to talk you through. So there's a couple of interesting things to talk about in terms of what's the value of blockchain in terms of transformation. So we talked about, already talked about the value around transparency and understanding it not only from your enterprise perspective, but from an industry ecosystem perspective. So this is when parties come together. You can start to track movements and supply of goods into your organization, out of your organization. You can manage third-party risk better, that sort of thing. You can eliminate with the use of smart contracts for 0.2 and 3 that's there. You can start to eliminate some of that manual handling that would be in place, and the automation of contracts just helps with the execution of those business rules that I had talked about before. And the value in terms of making sure that information is not changed, that seems to be an ongoing issue with centralized systems in terms of you can go in there, you can change it, and no one can understand whether it's been changed or not until you do an audit, a third-party audit external or internal audit that can detect if there's been a change. And then five and six, the value around providing, once the data is being stored on blockchain or off-chain and then validated, then you can provide more accurate data analytics and also information bridges across silos as I talked about the industry ecosystem essentially. Okay, so next slide. So there's three killer applications that we're seeing that has had some movement in the industry. So this is obvious which is the cryptocurrency side of things. Bitcoin's led the market since 2009. It's been the primary token that's out there. NFTs over the last four to five years has been of great interest in terms of artwork, in terms of music. There's a lot of adoption and support for that. Decentralized finance is another term that you might have heard of, and Stanford is taking centralized finance and moving it to public blockchains where you can make use of cryptocurrencies, digital tokens, and do the things that you would do in traditional centralized finance, which is buy, borrow, lease, pay for things. You do it within the ecosystem of your digital decentralized token ecosystem. And the other term you might hear about is DAOs, which is decentralized autonomous organizations. And what that is is an ability to set up a digital agreement between parties around fulfilling an outcome, which might be a social good outcome. It might be a not-for-profit solution that you're working with. And you might hear quite a few examples around that. So some principles to help with selecting blockchain architecture and making sure that you use blockchain for the right use is if you find that there are multiple parties in the ecosystem, that is number one for actual blockchain because that's where you can get the most out of interactions between multiple parties and stakeholders. If you find that you want to establish more trust as well, so storing data and data confidence to know that that data hasn't changed or other information hasn't changed, then that's another good reason why. If you want to make sure that none of the information changes in terms of that it doesn't get tampered with, that's another good reason. If you want to make sure that you're securing the ownership of your tokens and that you're owning it instead of some other third party that's owning it, for example, instead of a bank holding your safekeeping of your money, you're doing it yourself. And then finally, that the ecosystem itself has a benefit from improved transparency and we've talked about that already. Okay, so there's some lots of different standards that are out there, every different product call. So when I talk about product call, the example I've got here is Ethereum. There's lots of other chains that are out there, the layer one protocols that are out there, they all have their own standards to some degree. What's interesting is that there's no real integration of protocols as yet. So there are some examples out there that are starting to, there are some example projects out there that are starting to work on that, but there's nothing finalised in terms of integration of those protocols. But here are some examples with Ethereum. So Ethereum, you can create a fungible token which is called ESE 20 and that just means that it can one token as the same as another token essentially. So there's no distinction between a dollar note to another dollar note as an example. And ESE 721 is your NFT type of token which is unique. So it can be representative of artwork, it could be an asset that you're representing, such as if you're working within the mining industry, it could be an asset of your fixed asset of a plant that's there. And there's another standard around a combination of both those tokens, NFTs and, which is the ESE 721 and the ESE C20 where they can be brought together and compiled together as a standard. So there's quite a few different examples that I have here in terms of working with customers in EY. I'll just mention one on this slide and one on another. So the first is around logistics which is on the right-hand side of this slide. And again, from a supply chain perspective, it can be near real-time movements, probably not real-time but near real-time movements where you want to see a container that has moved from a dock to the ship to the actual customer port that it needs to go to. So, and with that process, you want to have contracts that run against that as they arrive at those different destinations. So that's one example. And another one that I'll talk about is around power and utilities. So the example there is that there are many different renewable renewables that are out there such as solar batteries that are available. And to some degree, there are contracts that are need to be put in place. For example, when you generate, when there are large organisations that are generating renewable energy, they need to have contracts around the output of the energy. So that all can be put on a smart contract and then that can be executed as part of the process. Okay, so I'm going to talk you through an example really quickly around piece of work that we did for Peroni beer in Italy. And this is around supply chain traceability. And what we had pulled in place here is to support the marketing department at Peroni and also the sustainability department at Peroni because they wanted to look at rebranding their beer so that customers felt that they knew where the barley had originated from. They have over 1500 farms that generate their barley and then get sourced from those farms that have been processed. So they came up with, as you can see down the bottom, a really cool unique way which is to put the actual QR code onto the actual beer bottles which as the beer goes from the farm to the processor to being bottled to then being shipped to the retail stores and then being bought by the customer, the customer can then scan that code and see where it's come from essentially through that process. So we created a number of, there's a lot of data that was captured in that process. There was as well as we created NFT tokens to represent different parts of the tokenization process in the supply chain. And it also supported a number of different improvements around carbon as well so they can start to measure their carbon emissions through that process. Okay, I'm probably going to stop here because I'm starting to run out of time, I believe. And I will probably end off here by saying that at EY we've invested in public blockchains ourselves and we believe that there is an enormous opportunity to get behind the development ecosystem around public blockchains. So we have a product called EY Ops Chain and that helps with the software as a service product but it helps with fast tracking the development process so that developers can use APIs and they can continue those APIs to create a token, mint a token, burn a token, interact with any blockchain. At the moment we've got it linked up to Ethereum, we've got it linked up to Polygon and we've got many customers that are using that product. I will pause there. I'm really sorry it's a fast presentation, it's just limited time but hopefully that's piqued your interest in terms of some of the concepts, in terms of some of the standards and we'd love to actually see if there's interest in talking about other hot topics and at this point I will hand over to Jim to see if he can talk through those opportunities. Thanks, Rick. Well, as Steve mentioned at the beginning of this we are looking at a series of webcasts on this general topic, EA and blockchain. So we would like your input on potential future topics. We can have some listed here, looking at blockchain, EA requirements and opportunities, maybe in cryptocurrency use cases we know that with increasing regulation there comes an increasing need for standards so that might be an interesting topic to dive into. Maybe surveying enterprise blockchain use cases where EA is an integral part in putting out an effective blockchain. Our commercial aviation work group has written out a white paper around blockchain in that sector that we can present on a webcast and we are interested in any other topics that you all have as potential inputs for us. And then not just webcasts but we are looking at potential blockchain EA standards opportunities. So whether you're from a member organization or not if you have an interest or a perspective on this we'd like to invite your input. And you can give us that by reaching out to myself, my email there, or Kelly Cannon who is part of our architecture portfolio team to let us know your interest. So that's it for me. I'll hand back over to you, Steve, to close things out. Great, thank you both, Rick and Jim. Great stuff. I think there's a lack of clarity around the topic of blockchain and a lot of people associate, that I've spoken with, associate blockchain with cryptocurrency for example. So maybe Rick, if you could take a question or two on this. I mean, one of the things that we, I think hear a lot is that there are concerns around blockchain technology being used for illicit activities or a way of keeping the funds for things out of sight. How does, what's kind of your response to that as a practitioner in this field? Particularly when it comes to public versus private blockchain? Yeah, that's a really good question. You find that most of cryptocurrencies are on public blockchains. So Bitcoin is a public blockchain, for example. There's a lot of tools that are out there, such as chain analysis. There's many other tools that we can, you can have a look at what activity and forensics are happening on public blockchain. So it doesn't go without not being able to look at activity that's on a public blockchain. Essentially, it's harder because most interactions with cryptocurrencies on a public blockchain uses what's called exchange. So if you're using crypto.com, using Binance, using Coinbase, for example, you have to go through KYC processes, which means you're signing up, you're creating a wallet, and your identity, which your public address is there, is then on the blockchain. So there's a tie in there in terms of forensics. And lastly, private. Private is a bit more challenging because whoever creates the private network really can create it quite close and small. And there is a challenge there around, if you're creating it for the wrong type of purpose, then sure, that's a closed system. And with any closed system, those sort of activities can't be audited unless you get an external ordering. Sure, I understood. And in the interest of time, we're almost out. I'll just take one more question and came in from one of the audience today. Any thoughts you have on using something called Ops blockchain or leveraging AI and machine learning to look for patterns and use cases? Yeah, absolutely. In fact, we're doing a piece of work for a large mining company at the moment, which is helping with their decarbonisation. And what we're doing there is we're using AI to calculate the carbon emissions for their organisation and then putting the actual, the output on chain so that it's actually a time stamp. It's there on chain. It can't be changed. And then that helps with actual reporting. So yes, there is huge opportunity in terms of converged technologies with blockchain, such as AI, ML, and also quantum as well. Quantum's going to have an effect. Yeah, now that's great. Well, we'll leave it there in the interest of time.  Again, the way to give us some insight or some feedback on topics that may be of interest in this area for future broadcasts, then please do contact Jim or Kelly Cannon. And those email addresses are in the recording and the recording will be made available on our YouTube channel very shortly. And you'll be notified that it's available. So that's it for today's topic. Thank you all for joining us. In two weeks' time, we have something a little special. We, in two weeks' time, the Open Group has a quarterly event, an in-person event in Edinburgh, Scotland. And part of that event is a Togaf user group meeting. And so for Toolkit Tuesday in two weeks, we will take you to part of the Togaf user group, the actual user group meeting is longer than the 30 minutes we have for Toolkit Tuesday, of course. But we will give you a taste of it and I'm sure you'll find it interesting stuff. So please join us in two weeks for that, October the 18th for Toolkit Tuesday. Meanwhile, thank you for giving up your time today. I hope you found it useful. Thanks to Rick and Jim again and to all of you for joining us. I'm Steve Nunn. See you next time. Thank you.


Hi my friend, it's so nice to see you on the very last day of this year, 2020 is over and I have two very exciting announcements to tell you, so let's get to it. The first announcement is related to content and how the content will be organized next year so it is easier for you to follow and apply it to your own plan journey. So for 2021, every month we'll have a theme and this theme will be related to what we're doing on that specific month with our plans. So we will have 12 themes for 12 months and on the first day of each month we'll have a community post that you can easily find on the channel page so you just click on the community tab and you will have all of the community posts there. So on the community post that I will share on the first day of the month I will let you know the theme for that month as well as which topics we will be talking about in the channel and some of the videos that I will be publishing related to this theme. Now, as I always say, this channel is your channel. So this community post is also for you. I will be sharing the theme of the month but I would love to hear from you. So if you have any questions about Planned Care or anything that you're struggling with during that month or any videos or any ideas that you would like me to talk about related to the theme, please make sure to comment on that post and I will make sure to read all of your comments and try to include your ideas one way or another. So for example, in a video, in a story of Instagram or in a post, but always try to include it. Now, still related to content, we will have at least two types of videos in the channel for next year. The first type is the one that we have seen in the channel since we started this channel. So this will be the normal Planned Care videos including some general tips, some specific Planned Care videos as well as tours and plant holes. The second type of video will be part of the quick plan tips series. I tried to test this series this month and you guys really seem to like it. So I thought that we could keep it up for next year. This will be quick plan tips that I will share with you in videos that are a minute or less and you will know that they're part of the series because they will look like this and the thumbnail will include this clock. So you know that this is a quick plan tip. Now, for the second announcement, I'm so excited to tell you that I've been working on a newsletter for you guys. So this newsletter will be a monthly letter for you where we'll talk about what we learned in the months, some of the videos that we had there and some of your questions. I usually get a specific question from many of you guys during a specific time of the year. So I'm gonna try to include this in the newsletter so you guys get all the tips. The newsletter will be coming to you on the last day of the month and you will also include a hint on what's coming for the next month. So if you're interested to be a little bit more connected and talk more about plans on a monthly basis, make sure to subscribe to the newsletter. I'm gonna include the link right down in the description below so you can find it really easily. As I said, this channel is for you. So let me know what you think about these ideas or if you have any questions in the comments below. And tomorrow I cannot wait to share the first community post of the year. So have a very happy new year and I will see you in 2021.


The final part of respiration relies on the electron transport chain and I mentioned it happens across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Now I'm going to draw a few more pictures to explain how this works because the shape is really important for what it does. Here we have a mitochondria, the black part is its membrane, the purple part is its inner mitochondrial membrane. Lots and lots of folds. On the inside of that is the mitochondrial matrix which is kind of like an inner cytosol. And on the outside of the mitochondria itself is the cytosol, the juicy bits of the rest of the cell. Now I'm also going to draw in another part that we haven't mentioned which is the intermembrane space. This is the space between the mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane and it's quite important for the electron transport chain. So to be more precise the electron transport chain occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane and using the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space. It's just more of a mouthful. If you haven't realised this already in biology, structure informs function and function informs structure. This wouldn't work if it wasn't this shape and if it wasn't this shape something else would have evolved. To show exactly what happens I've borrowed an image from the internet. So now we've zoomed in further and we're looking at the inner mitochondrial membrane. So this pink bit, just like the picture on the top, is the mitochondrial matrix. Orange will be the intermembrane space and the purple is our inner membrane. I'll colour these in more blue. These are called protein complexes. They're complex blobs of protein but we don't need to go too far into that. So their position within the membrane allows them to carry out some useful functions. Protein complexes do something where they couple a few jobs together. So on one hand they're transporting electrons that we've stored in NADH and FADH2 along the membrane eventually helping to create water, H2O there. At the same time, because this releases energy, they use that energy to transport the H+, the protons out of the mitochondrial matrix and into the membrane space. So the protein complexes are doing two things at once, which allows them to harness the energy that's released from the NADH for the next job.  So there's more protons in the intermembrane space and less in the mitochondrial matrix. Now we talked about diffusion and osmosis before. When things are in high concentration in one area, they want to move to where there's a lower concentration to spread themselves out. So these protein complexes are pumping hydrogen ions away from where they naturally are and that's active transports pushing them into the intermembrane space. Now this last protein is another enzyme called ATP synthase. I wonder if you can guess what it does. ATP synthase is another membrane embedded protein, enzyme, that allows the proteins to come back through to where they want to be because of that gradient into the mitochondrial matrix. ATP synthase couples that movement because that's releasing energy. As they come back in, it uses that energy to combine ADP, adenosine diphosphate, with a phosphate to create ATP. This style of transport using osmosis of one thing to get something else done is called chemiosmosis. So at the end of the electron transport chain, if we follow just the path of one glucose molecule, this section produces 34 new ATP molecules.


Hello everyone, welcome back to another session in dentistry and more. So topic for today is trauma from occlusion in periodontology. So as we all know occlusion force is a critical factor which affects the condition and structure of the periodontia. Actually the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone require mechanical stimulation from the occlusion forces in order to remain structurally sound. So that is a essential force. But when this function is insufficient what happens is this tissues undergoes atrophy and when occlusion forces exceed the physiologic adaptive capacity of the tissues they cause damage. Such damage is referred to as trauma from occlusion. So normally the bone and periodontal ligament has a capacity to withstand a level of force. But beyond that level this force will result in injuring the tissues and the bone. So that is known as trauma from occlusion. So trauma from occlusion or TFO is also known as traumatizing occlusion, occlusion periodontal trauma, traumatogenic occlusion, periodontal traumatism or overload. So the adaptive capacity of the periodontium to occlusion forces varies in different persons and in the same person at different times and is influenced by the magnitude, direction, duration and frequency of the force. So regarding magnitude there will be change in periodontal ligament space that is widening happens and there will be increase in width of periodontal fibres and also an increase in density of alveolar bone will be seen with respect to the magnitude. Whereas the direction, the changing the direction of occlusion forces causes reorientation of stresses within the periodontium. So these fibres are arranged so that they best accommodate the occlusion forces. So compared to the vertical forces the lateral forces and torque are more likely to injure the periodontium and regarding the duration and frequency of force the constant pressure on the bone is more injurious than intermittent forces but also more frequent the application of intermittent force the more injurious is a force to periodontium. So the definition of trauma from occlusion by Karanta 11th edition when occlusion forces exceed the adaptive capacity of the tissues tissue injury results the resultant injury is termed as trauma from occlusion and many types of definitions given by various textbooks still man WHO glossary of periodontal term that is AAP 1986 sling fifth edition but this is the simplest definition that is the occlusion forces exceed adaptive capacity of the tissue which causes injury. Now types of trauma from occlusion so basically we can classify it as acute or chronic or primary or secondary trauma from occlusion. So the acute trauma from occlusion it develops from a prepped occlusion impact this is acute in nature such as biting on a hard food or restorations or prosthetic appliances that interfere with or alter the direction of occlusion forces that results in acute TFO. So clinical features it can vary from person to person tooth pain sensitivity to percation and increased tooth mobility. So it can result in shift in tooth position wearing of tooth structure correction of restoration sometimes it heals and subsides but sometimes in some persons it results in periodontal injury that is necrosis and abscess or a cementum tear happens whereas a chronic TFO which is more common and significant which happens in a slow manner over a period of time that is a gradual changes by tooth wearing, drifting movement and extrusion or by the para functional habits. Malocclusion is not necessarily a trauma from occlusion that is chronic and acute in nature whereas a primary and secondary TFO trauma from occlusion may be caused by alteration in occlusion forces or reduced capacity of the periodontium to withstand occlusion forces or both. So when trauma from occlusion is a result of alteration in occlusion forces okay alteration in occlusion forces. So occlusion force itself is altered which is known as primary trauma from occlusion but when it results from reduced ability of the tissue to resist the occlusion forces which is known as secondary okay this is primary whereas the occlusion forces is altered but in secondary what happens is the tissue is not having the normal capacity to withstand the forces it has compromised tissue structure. So that is resulting in secondary trauma from occlusion that is reduced ability of the tissue to resist the occlusion forces here the structure is normal in primary structure is normal whereas a secondary the structure is not normal it is compromised. So primary TFO which includes a tissue reaction that is a damage which is elicited around a tooth with normal height of periodontium it occurs if the trauma from occlusion is considered the primary etiological factor in periodontal destruction and occlusion results in only local alteration of teeth and para functional habits can also result in primary TFO. So common example for primary TFO is the periodontal injury happens around the teeth with previously healthy periodontium after a filling or insertion of a prosthetic replacement which creates excessive force on abutment and antagonist teeth or drifting movement or extension of teeth into space created by unreplaced missing teeth or orthodontic movement of teeth into functionally unacceptable positions. So changes produced by the primary trauma do not alter the level of connective tissue attachment and do not initiate pocket formation so there is no pocket. Until the secondary trauma from occlusion it occurs when the adaptive capacity of the tissues to withstand the occlusion forces is impaired. So the capacity of the normal periodontium is not there so it is impaired and it is happened because of bone loss which results from marginal inflammation and it is previously well tolerated occlusion forces now become traumatic because of the change in the bone pattern or periodontal structure. So how exactly this trauma causes problem to the periodontal tissues? The first thing is we need to learn about the gingival inflammation pathway to the alveolar bone. So gingival inflammation which leads to collagen, fiber, bundles, then the blood vessels, then the alveolar bone that is the pathway of gingival inflammation and interproximately through the vessels which perforates the crest of the interdental septum and directly into the periodontal ligament from there into the interdental septum. And also facially and lingually which spreads along the outer periosteal surface and penetrates into the marrow space. Ultimately it destroys the transceptile gingival fiber and once the bone is reached that is the gingival inflammation reaches the bone which spreads into marrow space and replaces the marrow with exudate. So bone resorption proceeds from within the marrow spaces. So it results in thinning of bony trabeculae and enlargement of the marrow spaces and ultimately bone destruction and reduction of bone height and fatty bone marrow replaced with fibrous marrow. So there are two concepts which was put forward the first one by Glickman. So Glickman said the pathway so the Glickman concept of inflammation there is a pathway of spread of plaque associated gingival lesion can be changed if forces of an abnormal magnitude are acting on teeth harboring sub-gingival plague. So Glickman said the force has an impact in changing the spread of inflammation that is a plaque associated gingival lesion. So it implies that the character of progressive tissue destruction of periodontium at a traumatized tooth is different from that in a non-traumatized tooth. So this trauma or this abnormal force has a significant role in spreading the lesion. So instead of an even destruction of the periodontium and alveolar bone that is the supra-bony pockets and horizontal bone loss according to Glickman that is occurs at sites with uncomplicated plaque associated lesion sites which are also exposed to abnormal occlusion force will develop ankylar-bony defect and infra-bony pocket. So normally without these forces it would have the horizontal bone loss and the normal supra-bony pockets but the presence of an abnormal occlusion force. With this plaque associated lesion will result in angular-bony defect and infra-bony pockets. So he explained in zone of irritation and zone of co-destruction with respect to this concept that is this part is zone of irritation and this is zone of destruction. So zone of irritation which includes a marginal and interdental gingiva that is a soft tissue of this zone is bordered by hard tissue that is a tooth on only on one side and is not affected by force of occlusion. So because the tooth is only on the one side this means that the gingiva inflammation cannot be induced by trauma from occlusion but is a result of irritation from microbial plaque. So the plaque associated lesion at a non-traumatized tooth propagates in the apical direction by first involving the alveolar bone and only later the periodontal ligament area and the progression of this lesion results in an E1 that is a horizontal bone destruction and the zone of co-destruction which includes the PDL, root, cementum and alveolar bone coronally which is demarcated by the transeptal and the dendo alveolar collagen fibers. The trauma from occlusion may cause a lesion here in the zone of co-destruction not in the zone of irritation. So this part the fiber bundles which separates zone of co-destruction from this irritation can be affected from two different directions that is from the inflammatory lesion maintained by the plaque of zone of irritation or from the trauma induced changes in the zone of co-destruction. So through this exposure from two different directions the fiber bundles may become dissolved and or oriented in a direction parallel to the root surface and the spread of an inflammatory lesion from the zone of irritation directly down in the periodontal ligament that is not via the intertental bone. So this alteration of normal pathway of spirit of plaque associated inflammatory lesion results in the development of angla bony defect that was a glickman concept. Whereas the werehawks concept in 1979 concept he refuted the hypothesis that trauma from occlusion played a role in the spirit of gingiva lesion into the zone of co-destruction which was highlighted by glickman he didn't accept it. He measured in addition the distance between the sub gingival plaque and the periphery of associated inflammatory cell infiltrate in the gingiva and the surface of the adjacent alveolar bone and he concluded that the angla defects and infrabony pockets occurs equally frequent in teeth with tfo and in teeth without tfo. So glickman said when there is a abnormal force it results in angla bony defects and infrabony pockets but werehawks says there is no difference in the presence of a abnormal occlusion force he says it happens both with and without the abnormal force that is the tfo has not much role in spreading the lesion or infection. So the loss of connective tissue attachment and the resorption of bone around teeth are exclusively the result of inflammatory lesion associated with sub gingival plaque there is no role for the tfo and he concluded that angla bony defects and these infrabony pockets occur when the sub gingival plaque of one tooth has reached a more apache level than the microbiota on the neighboring tooth and when the volume of the alveolar bone surrounding the roots is comparatively large. So when comparing two teeth at the same time when one happens at a more accelerated fashion there will be angla bony defect. So werehawks and glickmans concepts are entirely contradicting. So what are the stages of tissue response to increased occlusion force? So tissue response. So tissue response to increased occlusion force that is stage one is injury then stage two is repair then stage three is adaptive remodeling. So these are three changes when there is increased occlusion force happens injury repair and adaptive remodeling. So stage one injury which caused by the excessive occlusion force under the force of occlusion or the tooth rotates around a fulcrum which creates pressure and tension on opposite sides of fulcrum. So slight excessive pressure stimulates the resorption of alveolar bone with compression of PDL fibres and the excessive tension cause elongation of PDL fibres and apposition of alveolar bone. So in areas of increased pressure blood vessels are numerous and reduced in size and in increased tension they are enlarged. So when there is greater pressure there will be compression of fibres which produce hyalination and injury to fibroblasts and other connected tissue cells leads to necrosis. Then the vascular changes that is within 30 minutes there will be retardation and stasis of blood flow in 2 to 3 hours there will be blood vessels post with erythrocytes 1 to 7 days there will be disintegration of the blood vessel walls. When there is severe tension happens there will be widening of the PDL, thrombosis, hemorrhage, tearing of the PDL, ligament and resorption of alveolar bone. So the areas of periodontium most susceptible to injury from excessive occlusion forces are the furcation areas and injury to the periodontium produces a temporary depression in the mitotic activity and the rate of proliferation of fibroblasts, collagen and bone formation. So that was stage 1 now we have repair that is stage 2. So it is constantly occurring in normal periodontium and trauma from occlusion stimulates increased reparative capacity or the activity. The damaged tissues are removed and new connected tissue cell, fibre, bone, cementum are formed in an attempt to restore the injured periodontium that is a repairing part. So when bone is resolved by excessive occlusion forces the body attempts to reinforce a thin bone with new bone. This attempt to compensate for lost bone is called as buttressing bone that is a buttressing bone formation it is a compensation mechanism and that is an important feature of trauma from occlusion. So buttressing bone formation occurs within the jaw that is central buttressing on the surface it is known as peripheral buttressing. This is central or it can be peripheral. In central buttressing the endosteal cells deposit new bone which restores the bony trabeculae and reduces the size of the marrow spaces whereas peripheral buttressing occurs on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar plate. So depending on its severity peripheral buttressing may produce a shelf like thickening of the alveolar margin which is referred to as lipping or a pronounced bulge in the contour of the facial and lingual bone. And finally we have the adaptive remodeling that is if the repair process cannot keep pace with the destruction the periodontium is remodeled in an effort to create a structured relationship in which the forces are no longer insurance to the tissues. This reserves in a thickened periodontal ligament which is funnel shaped at crest angular defects in the bone with no pocket formation and there will be increased mobility and increased vascularization. So what are the symptoms of TFO? The first symptom is pain that is periodontal pain. In severe trauma from occlusion there is localized sharp pain or so on as to the tooth. In chronic nature the pain will be little. Second can be pulpel pain. It is seen as sensitivity of teeth especially to cold. Then there will be food impaction. Food impaction the plencher cusp effect of occlusion interference may produce a functional opening of contact between the teeth which leads to food impaction. Then we can also have our TMG pain and there will be signs that is increased mobility. This is a hallmark of trauma from occlusion can be easily measured by blend ends of a two instrument which are placed approximately at buccal and lingual heights of contour then force applied to in the buccal and lingual direction or we can also use the millius mobility index mobility 1, 2 and 3. Then there will be migration of teeth the movement of teeth migration of teeth because of the loss of inter proximal contact. Then there will be a typical pattern of occlusal wear occlusal wear will be there occlusal wear with a typical pattern that is a tooth where which appears to be greater than one might expect in a patient of that age and which cannot be attributed to any special diet or deficiency in tooth mineralization that is a atypical pattern and there will be also changes in the percation sound percation sound.  This difference could be due to the altered width and consistency of pyridontal membrane and partial resorption of lamina dura and also another sign is hyper tonicity of masticatory muscle hyper tonicity of masticatory muscle. So that is bruxism and hyper tonicity makes the predominance susceptible to trauma. So these are symptoms and sign. Now let's learn what is a Fremontes test. Fremontes test is the test to detect TFO. It is the measurement of vibratory pattern of the teeth when the teeth are placed in contacting position and movements. To measure the Fremontes a dampened index finger as you see the picture here finger is placed along the buccal and labial surface of the maxillary teeth and patient is asked to tap the teeth together in the maximum inter cuspal position and then grind systematically in the lateral protrusive and lateral protrusive contacting movements and position. So the teeth that are displaced by the patient in these jaw positions are then identified. That is a Fremontes test. So mantibular teeth assessed in edge to edge occlusion. So we were talking about maxillary, now the mantibular teeth. So the following classification that is a class 1 Fremontes, class 2 and class 3. Class 1 is mild vibration, class 2 is easily palpable vibration and class 3 is movement visible with naked eye. The Fremontes differs from mobility in that Fremontes is tooth displacement created by patients on occlusion force and it is a guide to the ability of the patient to displace and traumatize the teeth. So in posterior teeth the trauma from occlusion can be detected with the help of occlusion, registration strip or using an articulating paper. So the pressure points can be detected. So the radiographic change there will be a vertical bond loss rather than the horizontal destruction and root resorption will be there, widening of the PDL space at the crest and there will be funnel shaped appearance and angular defects. Now how do we plan the treatment? So the decision to treat the patient occlusion either by adjusting the occlusion surfaces or by the use of occlusion appliances will be influenced by the patient's symptoms because we need to go with the symptoms. Symptoms can be sensitivity, pain on chewing, mobility, presence of wave facets, extent of verodontal destruction or patient's ability to adequately function. So all these factors we should take into consideration and if the patient is symptomatic and does not have significant verodontal disease, treatment of occlusion may not be indicated even if significant occlusion discrepancies are present. If the patient has occlusion discrepancies in addition to parodontal disease occlusion treatment can be considered. So the decision to perform occlusion therapy should be made after reevaluation of the patient's response to non-surgical treatment such as oral hygiene instructions and root planning. Okay, oral hygiene instructions and root planning should be first planned. So mobility and parameters will often be greatly reduced by these procedures and the need for occlusion treatment may be diminished. So an exception to this treatment timing would be when the patient has difficulty chewing or tooth pain when chewing that appears directly related to occlusion trauma. So the occlusion treatment consists of basically two basic approaches that is the use of a bite appliances that is bite guard. First we should go for oral hygiene and root planning. So occlusion treatment is bite guard then adjusting the occlusion by altering the occlusion relationship between the teeth. So bite appliances we can give, it fits over the patient teeth and creates an artificial occlusion surfaces for the opposing condition to contact or occlusion adjustment we can do which is known as coronoplasty or selective grinding. So selective grinding or coronoplasty is a procedure by which the occlusion surfaces of the teeth are precisely altered to improve the overall contact pattern. The tooth structure is selectively removed until the reshaped teeth contact in such a manner as to fulfill the treatment goals. So that was all about trauma from occlusion and important topic in Paradondology. There will be lots of questions, short notes, short essays, need to write the classification, concepts, your treatment and the Fremont test test and the stages that is injury repair and the remodeling all those things will be asked. So occlusion trauma is an important risk factor which can increase the rate of progression of an existing paranormal disease. So there is a place for occlusion therapy in the management of paranormal disease especially when related to the patient's comfort and function and occlusion therapy is not a substitute for conventional methods of resolving plaque induced inflammation. So hope you understood the topic trauma from occlusion. So I will come up with another topic in Paradondology. Thank you.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com coming at you with the filler break for Bowman Chrome HTA. If you're looking for that, it's going to be in a separate video. But first we've got to do the pack break, mosaic baseball, pack break number 25. So we'll just do the pack break itself and then once we're done with that, we'll gather all the names again, randomize your names and top five will be involved in the next break. We'll get the Pittsburgh Pirate, second name, we'll get Houston, so on and so forth. Big thanks to this group right here for taking the risk, appreciate it. So let's do the break first. Let's roll it, randomize it two and a two for the hard way. Names and teams, one, two, three, and four. Different dice roll for that randomized, this is just for the pack break. Two and two for the hard way for the teams, one, two, three, and four. Got the Yankees down to the Royals. All right, so no trade windows in these little filler breaks, so there's the first half of the list and this is just one pack, so this is going to be really quick. And here's the second half of the list right here, it's print and rip. All right, nothing too crazy there. There's the autograph possibility of these, these hobby packs, but let's flip back over here and we'll gather everybody's names again. And this is the whole point of the break, is to give away those teams. Nice, no, I'm good, thank you though. All right, so let's, and this is now for the giveaway. So once again, top five, we'll get teams, top five after, five and a one, six times, one, two, three, four, five, and a one, sixth and final time. So top five after six, you'll get some teams for I think a fraction of the price. So from six on down, Brandon, sorry, thanks to you and thanks everyone for giving this a shot, appreciate it. Top five though, you're in the next break, good luck. We've got Michael, Derek, Fred, Mike, and Ian, congrats to the top five. You've got teams, actually let's put your names in here as well. And we'll put a little rooftop next to your name so you know you won that team in this filler. So Ian, you got the Pittsburgh Pirates, Mike with the Houston Astros, Fred with the Washington Nationals, Derek with the Texas Rangers, and Michael L with the Cleveland Guardians. I'm Joe for Jasper's casebreaks.com. I'll see you in the next video for that break. Bye-bye.


We now have two questions to do with retaining walls. A new ACM, or Acceptable Construction Manual, was introduced in NCC 2019 in Volume 2 for Earth Retaining Structures. It's AS4678, Earth Retaining Structures. It was referenced for the first time to provide a deemed-to-satisfied solution for a range of Earth Retaining Structures. Since then, we've been asked if the old structural design manuals referenced in Part 3 can still be used. Yes or no? Well, performance requirement P211 requires that buildings and structures be structurally stable and resist the actions that are recently applied to them. 3120, which we added last year, says that this is achieved if you design and construct your retaining wall in accordance with AS4678, the new Acceptable Construction Manual. But that's not the only way. Part 3, Structural Provisions, points out that you can achieve the same performance requirement by following 3.02 to 3.05, which are provisions about determining and resisting actions and how you can use the 1170 series, for instance, to do this. This is Acceptable Construction Practice, so it's a deemed-to-satisfied solution to use AS1170 or any of the other manuals found in 30. And in case that's not obvious, we've placed explanatory information in the new part referencing AS4678 that indicates that this is simply one option of amongst others that can be used for determining the structural resistance for a retaining wall. So the answer is yes. You can still design retaining walls to the structural design manuals in part 3, such as AS1170. Still on retaining walls, what happens if you do use AS4678 for your retaining wall and you come to the design life requirements in that standard? That is, of course, how long the retaining wall has to be designed to last. Are these design life provisions found in that standard normative or informative? Now, that's one question, but there's shortly somebody wondering about another question. What on earth does this guy mean by informative or normative? Well, if that person's you, I'm about to help you out. Standards Australia is the nation's peak non-government standards writing body, and they draft Australian standards to a very strict set of guidelines. And those guidelines say that a normative element is an element of the standard which describes the scope of the document or sets out provisions. It's a provision or a requirement. Provisions in Australian standards that are referenced in the NCC must be complied with in as far as the NCC references that particular standard. When the precision provision says it has to be complied with, then it is a requirement to do that under the NCC. And when it has to be required with it, we use language such as shall or must within its text to make it clear that it is a prescriptive requirement and therefore something which has to be followed. A normative element of a standard is an element that's intended to assist the understanding or the use of the document or provide contextual information. When there's an informative element in Australian standard, you'll often see it in appendix. You'll see the word informative in brackets to indicate that it is indeed informative. Informative, it's guidance about a requirement. So when AS4678 talks about design life, is it normative, a part of the standard or is it informative? Simply something which can be taken as guidance. Well, the section in question starts with very clear language. It says shall, meaning that it must be complied with. This part of the Australian standard is setting out a provision and on that basis it is normative. In this case the design life has to be considered. The provision also refers to a table where typical design life requirements are set out. That's table 3.1 and here are some of the items from that table. Now table 3.1 is an exhaustive. It doesn't cover every scenario but it does have an item for residential dwellings and this means of course retaining wall which is directly related to the house and for that scenario, a design life of at least 60 years applies. A retaining wall in landscaping like the one in my front yard for instance, that's a different matter. It isn't directly related to the house and so that scenario is not listed in table 3.1. It remains that clause 3.4.1 requires that I consider the design life of that retaining wall even though it's not in table 3.1 but I'll have to use a different means of determining an appropriate design life for that type of retaining wall. So the design life requirements of AS4678 normative or informative, yes they are normative and they must be followed and in some circumstances table 3.1 will place a design life of 60 years on that retaining wall.