So, we're looking at emotionally based school avoidance and the questions that have come up are so first of all How do we support anxious parents who are transmitting their worries to the child and this is a really a Very commonly asked question actually so we've got anxious parents as well as anxious children And we're not quite sure necessarily where the heart of the issue lies here I think the most important thing here is one of communication So when you are the parent or carer of a child who is struggling to attend school Then you can often begin to feel like it's your fault and there can be a lot of shame and worry and distress It's associated with that and it's also very emotionally draining. I say this as the parent of a child who's been through this cycle It's very very difficult and you can become you know quite worn down with it and very worried and very anxious The most helpful thing That the that the school can do and the other adults involved here is to be kind actually stop Care for them just be kind a cup of tea and a listening ear I know it sounds really really basic But the number of times when I turned up to school in the morning Having spent three hours trying to get my daughter across the threshold there And I was met with people expecting me to solve this problem because I'm the expert actually in that moment I wasn't I was an expert in my child. Maybe it didn't feel like it, but really I was just a mess I just needed someone to give me a cup of tea a hug and be kind to me and reassure me that It's gonna be okay that we were gonna work on this together. We were gonna do our very best So just be as reassuring as you can be as kind as you can of course You can be thinking about whether you can be proactively supporting them to seek things like a referral via the GP or to access Kind of self-help and support for themselves Your kindness and your care will go a really long way The other thing that parents and carers need to be reminded of is the importance of looking after themselves They need to be given permission to sometimes walk away from this problem and to exercise good self-care and To take time out from this worry and just to do something for themselves to take a break from it When they take a break and they look after themselves and they get a little bit of rest and relaxation in whatever form works for them They're much more able to begin to engage meaningfully with this problem so in just the same way that we wouldn't expect to explain in depth and means of sort of Relaxing to a child a time when they were highly distressed because they can't really process and that that thought It's the same with parent We need to try and create a sense of calm and safety for them to so that we can then begin to explore What we do next Next anything that we can give or signpost parents to during holidays and in preparation for the return to school in September Yes, so It'd be good to know a little bit more about what you're looking for there But actually one of the things I would say is that the work that I'm doing here And I'm going to be doing more work specifically on this topic I am going to be looking to engage with school as well as home and the wider community I'm going to be doing lots of work with school nurses as well And we're trying to create resources actually that are kind of universally applicable So actually these things work best when we're all coming from the same him sheet coming singing from the same him sheet So having a shared understanding of what we're doing So actually what we need to be thinking is what support and training Do we need collectively here and then making that available also to our parents and our carers? And I know there are some parents and carers in the room here Who are able to support? I'm not sure if any of our colleagues from the particular support groups are here But I will look them up afterwards if you are here unmute and share is anyone here from not finding school for example Okay, maybe not but not fine in school and then the other one whose name has completely escaped me But there are a couple of organizations who do specifically proactively and support that can be really helpful But the other thing you can do is if you've got Multiple parents or maybe you've got some current parents and some historic parents for whom this is a problem is actually put them in touch with each other So this is a really lonely problem And yeah, there's some great support out there but being put directly in touch with someone who's been through this Who might give you a bit of hope? Maybe some ideas, but maybe just listen can be really really helpful And you can do that by literally just like I'm linking them up When you're back in school, you might create a space and provide the tea Maybe even a biscuit if you can stretch to that that can really help You don't necessarily need to do loads more than that giving people a space To discuss can help and at the moment you might choose to do that virtually in just the same way your kids might be meet virtually And but I will look up so if you make a note and I will send you a couple of links through to there Are some really good kind of sources of support for parents out there, which I will share and recommend It's annoying that I can't remember the name now And Okay, next How do we support anxious parents who are transmitting their worries onto the child? I think we we've probably somewhat addressed that in the earlier question So lots here around the role of the parent and I think it's really important to note These are the questions that you've kind of asked and upvoted and we need to make sure That we don't add to that stress and the anxiety by taking in so far as possible a kind of a Supportive and solution focused approach, which doesn't attribute blame the parents and carers will be doing enough of that themselves already What they need for you to come in is to come in and say this is not your fault This is nothing that is wrong with you This is nothing that is wrong with the child Of course if you genuinely think it is the parents but if they're a child protection safeguarding issues here That's a whole another issue but in majority of cases this is not the fault of any particular person and Attributing blame isn't going to help and so instead we want to be supportive safe kind in our response and work together around the child A really good thing to do here is to think about how can we build connections and shared understanding? And the best way to do that is to think about what's the thing we have in common? It's the child to think about the things that we can Share in terms of our understanding and our care and our love of that child and celebrate What's great about them and use that as a beginning way forwards Where the parents anxiety is directly kind of triggering The child's anxiety we do sometimes need to tackle that head on and I think it is worth thinking about How do we do things like create a good routine for drop-off for example? So drop-off can be a particularly challenging time and imagine if you put yourself in the shoes of the parent or the carer This is a really anxious time Is it going to work today? Is he going to go into school today or am I going to get a tantrum?  Is he going to is it going to be all right? There's so many worries for the parent of course They feel anxious and stressed and worried and the kids will pick up on that and one anxious person leads to another anxious person So the parents care are trying to get themselves as calm as they can They need to learn these calming and relaxation strategies to that's really helpful We can teach them some things around how they can try and communicate calmly even if they don't feel calm So so if we can send a link through to the calm communication course, that's a really helpful one But the very basic thing here we can do is think about what we're saying and how we're saying it So I always advocate slow low low communication. So even if we feel Stressed anxious angry if we can communicate calmly with the child Then we can begin to convey that sense of calm and the co-regulation Can begin to kick in and they will begin to feel calmer. So we're talking about slowing down what we're saying So physically making an effort to talk more slowly We're lowering the volume So when we're angry and anxious, we tend to speak more loudly. We shout we want to bring that volume down So it feels a bit calmer and we're thinking about lowering the actual tone So speaking less high pitched in a lower pitch Because when we're calm That's how we would speak think about your favorite audiobook It feels like it's kind of wrapping you up and giving you a cuddle. That's the kind of communication We want so slow it down Lower the volume and lower the tone and you can say almost anything and if you do it like that It comes across that little bit more calmly And also it can begin to help us to feel more calm as well So we kind of fake it till we make it a little bit Another really helpful thing there is just to have one or two go-to phrases And you just repeat them like a broken record in those times of high stress Um, so you've got your go-to phrases So you don't have to think when you're worried you just return You know, and they might be really simple things. It's going to be okay. You've got this you managed yesterday You'll manage today. And if you don't You can talk to x so whatever it might be that's reassuring to the child explore that together at times times of calm That was a big answer when I said I thought I'd already addressed it. Sorry. Okay. Um The next one What if the kids are going to a new setting with no familiarity? That's a that's a tricky one and obviously lots of our children at the moment We're worried about the missing out on the transition that we might traditionally have hoped and expected to do So if they're going to a new setting and they're not familiar with it What we need to do is think how can we make this feel more familiar? Okay, so something is always going to feel safer when it feels familiar That might mean making one friend that might mean having a 10 minute conversation with a member of learning support staff That might mean going and looking at the school when it's empty and just knowing where it is That might mean doing a practice day getting up putting the uniform on having breakfast Walking to the school or going to the school in however you would and practice what that feels like Try to think what are the small steps we can make to make the unfamiliar feel more familiar because what is familiar? Feels safer and safety will always help here So think about what we can do if you are working in school And you're thinking about how you're going to support a cohort of children to try and prevent You might be here with your prevention hat on rather than having a particular child in mind Think about how you can create a warm Comfortable and caring environment for all your children and how you can create that feeling of safety and familiarity So you might be doing something like creating a video about how is this going to feel? What does it look like in our school? You can just shoot it on your camera on your phone It doesn't need to take you very long, but show the child around the school And it might be that children are returning to what used to be a familiar environment But it's going to be unfamiliar because everything's changed because we're in bubbles and suddenly you're only allowed in certain parts of the school Or your classrooms changed or you're with a different adult Have a think here about what are the things that will stay the same? And what are the things that will be different and tackle that head on and reassure children with the things that will stay the same And try to make the new things feel more familiar by doing a virtual tour recording a video something like that Or even just you know writing it out and letting them know, but yeah If they're going to an unfamiliar environment think how can I make this feel more familiar? And if you are a A parent or a carer Proactively approach the school the setting about it say I'm worried about this I want to make sure that my child can transition in successfully Please can you help me and there will always be someone who is prepared to help you lots of them are on the call now There will always be someone um Okay, next amazing ideas to get students to communicate and share in my breakout session group 18 Please can we pull all our resources somewhere to share? That's a really really lovely idea Sophie i'm going to leave that idea with you Maybe we could do something like set up a shared google doc or word document that people could contribute to after the session Um, yeah, I'll let you think about that. Um, I think it's a lovely idea And I'd really like to think about how we can share these ideas And if you've got good stuff to share send it to Sophie and we'll think about how to share it So maybe we'll set up a shared document of some kind But in addition if you've got resources and things that you think other people should see on the course Um, do send them to us and we'll we'll do what we can with them Um, so any questions, um, okay next how do we re-engage with school refusers? Um, so that's kind of really the whole crux of what we've been doing today But if you've got someone who's got a history, um of of this being a real challenge for them And we're thinking how do we begin to build that? I think my key advice with that would be Work out what you know, as we said today really try and understand what the problem was there Try and understand how we can make this feel different for the child It's not it's not so about it being different. It's got to feel different for the child And think as soon as you can about what are the small successes that they might have And the other thing is that where a child's story is that they are a school refuser and I hate that term We this is why we use emotionally based school avoidance now But the old terminology and what everyone recognizes is school refusal And that makes it sound like the child's made an active choice when often This might look like an active choice from the outside But a child is driven by so many different worries and anxieties But if their story is one of school refuser We have not to underestimate how powerful that story is both in the telling by their community around them And of themselves so we need to help them rewrite that story And we need to help them reimagine themselves a little bit and to create a bit of a new identity And so we need to think how can we help this child to Tell a new tale about themselves and to have a real sense of belonging and purpose within this school How can we do that for them? Is there someone something somehow that they can begin to build a bridge and a bit of a connection And we can start to write that story again With older children We need to think about how we can help them save face as well It can sometimes be really embarrassing for them to return and they might be embarrassed and ashamed of things that have happened in the past So we need to think really carefully about how we enable them to manage that if they're if they're adolescent And for some children it can be that that relationship with the particular school Is just a bit too broken and we might begin to think about would they be better off with a fresh start? It's always a last resort, but it is you know, it's what we did with my daughter in the end And it's never what I would advocate first But in the end sometimes it's where you need to go and sometimes it's the right choice For the child and for the family and it's not necessarily in any way a reflection on any failing by anyone But rather that sometimes children just need a chance to reinvent themselves. We all need that sometimes um Okay, how can we Best engage children how can we best support children who may already have underlying trauma or adverse experiences? And or a co-occurring neurological difference such as autism or ADHD? That's a massive question, Liz. Um Um, I think that's kind of that's a whole nother session. Um, so with permission I would I would be really keen to pick that up and run with it Sophie when you send the notes out for this session, please also send the notes from the session We ran last week about um supporting autistic children to return to school because I think that will um, That will help the question here But it's it's it's just very very big to go into But many of the similar things that we did here and I think when we're thinking about how we support children with special educational needs um to return and Actually what we need to do for one we need to do for everyone So I'd almost usually flip the question and I'd be thinking about How can we all use the ideas that we normally reserve for our learners with special needs and use them to make Everyone feel confident and happy and safe and welcome and that sense of belonging um Here I think it's about understanding that there might be some particular issues Um that might be different for these children So for example, it might be that for the autistic child The wearing of the school uniform is a massive barrier to them and you might have overcome loads of other different challenges But actually the minute they put that school uniform on it feels deeply uncomfortable for them And this is the thing that's stopping them engaging Try and work out what those obstacles are and just think can we be flexible here? Um, and the other thing is that for our children with special educational needs We need to think more carefully about how we communicate this to and with them Um, and finally that we make sure that we take again that really genuinely Child-centered approach and that we take it as slowly as we need to Um, we will not succeed in the long term if we try to succeed too quickly in the short term That's hard because you will often be uh met with challenge that you've got to turn this around really rapidly Um, yeah, you you probably can make a difference really fast But will that difference be sustainable? Will that child actually be happy and ready to learn? Maybe not I'm supporting a child who has witnessed domestic violence against mum And this has been impacting his feeling of safety to go into school. How could we address this? Awesome. I'm trying to think how best to answer that is so big and so difficult and so challenging The most important thing here I'll go back to all the time safety The child needs to feel safe The mum needs to feel safe. They both need to feel safe and know that the other one is safe So a key thing here will be that the child will need to know if they've seen they've witnessed this They will need to know that when they leave mum in the morning that she is going to be safe today And that will often be for a child who's witnessed domestic violence That will be their overriding concern It will stop them being able to engage with anything any kind of learning is mum safe Knowing that mum is safe and you might need at the beginning If that is the the issue here and I've seen it many times It might be that actually we do regular check-ins with mum throughout the day And we're able to begin to wean that off but each might need to have that reassurance that yeah And that might be a text. It might just be a really quick check-in. It might be a five-minute phone call at lunchtime And it can be very little things but just that reassurance that yes, she's still safe And gradually we begin to then broaden that out and we realize that we can go the whole day And it's okay The child also needs to know that it's okay for them to be at school And they need to be given permission to relax and have fun and to be their own person As well as worrying about the things that they've they've seen And of course there's the much wider piece there around how we support and respond To that trauma, but yeah in terms of enabling them to attend In my experience the biggest barrier here is the child feeling they can't leave the parent because the parent won't be safe So we need to ensure that the parent is safe and we need to think about how we can reassure the child that that is the case If the parent isn't safe, then obviously we're triggering our our kind of safeguarding wide referrals and taking those other hats on there What can parents do to support children who are worried about returning? I think we've addressed that that's one that came up much earlier I really hope that was the the crux of the session at home Just looking down through to the others and we haven't addressed Thinking about children who are returning after a really long break so somehow will not be returning until September I think here turn towards all of your transition materials Anything that you would normally do to transition children into school if they were coming for the first time use this with every child And this will be relevant for everyone right now They might need reintroducing to the adults around them They might need to be reintroduced to school and life and how school life works in your school And also to any new rules and policies. So again, trying to think how can we make this feel more familiar? But a really good starting point. Most schools I work with these days have really good transition Practice so think about your transition and your induction practice for your students And use it for everybody Also, please think about the transition back in for your staff so many staff I'm thinking I'm working with right now feeling like massive imposter syndrome They've been away for a long time too And those butterflies that we all get at the beginning of the school year everyone's feeling them big time So it's not just about the kids here It's about the staff when we've got cappy and confident staff who feel safe and feel able Then the children's confidence and happiness and safety will kind of follow. So think about your staff as well Okay, where else are we going? So many big questions in here. I'm just going to do a last couple because I'm very aware of time. We'll finish at half past There's uh, sorry to button. There's a nice question about how can we start a dialogue with adults and children's lives When there are anti-school too. So this is a high school setting So when the adults are anti-school, yes Yeah, that's a great question. Why haven't I come up with that before? Great question. Whoever asked that So we do get this intergenerational school avoidance issue So if the family have a negative experience and relationship with the school Then it may well be that the child has learned this. So we will often find that Parents who were school avoidant will have children who are school avoidant and there's something about learned behavior there There's also something about well, if we don't think school's a great place. We might feed into that even if Actually at this point we're we're relatively positive But here we're thinking about so there's a negative relationship between the family and the school and that's causing an issue So our key thing here is about building that relationship back up So all the things that we've thought about with the child How can we make sure they feel wanted in the school? How can we do that for the family? We need the family to rewrite their story here as a whole So it's not just a child story that needs to be revisited but the families And if they've had a negative experience before how can we change their view on this? Let's actually stop and listen to them enable them to feel seen and heard And actually just stop for a moment and explore what are the challenges they face? Why is this relationship difficult? Actually beginning to be able to have that conversation is the first hurdle You need to overcome and you might need to think about how do you reach out to that family? Can you meet them where they are and sometimes where they are will be that you're going to chat with them on facebook? Maybe that's the one place you can engage them. It might not be that you can physically get them in Actually visiting them in their home if you've got a really kind of broken thing going on here having someone Visit them in their home can be really helpful think carefully about who you send You need someone who the family will not feel intimidated by so our family support workers are miracle workers here If we can begin to build trust there then that trust can be extended just like when we build attachments with children And those attachments can be transferred and multiplied. It's the same with the adults as well Where we have a family who are tricky for us to work with those who are most challenging for us Often if we invest the time These are where we will seek the best rewards because these are often the families who become ambassadors for our school These are the families who will tell other families. This is a good place where your child will be held and heard It's really worth investing the time There's often generations worth of Of difficulty there and there'll be all sorts of different things at the heart of that But taking time just to stop and listen and meet those parents where they are can begin to unpick this If they've had bad experiences, why should they trust you? You're gonna have to earn that trust. So that's the question to start with really how can we begin to earn that trust? Um, there's another question in here, which I thought was rather interesting. Not sure if you've seen it Um, I'm supporting a child who has witnessed domestic violence against mum And this is impacting the feeling of safety of going into school. How could we address this? I did that one, didn't I? Oh, you don't uh, I I have been listening, but there's been so much information No, that's okay Okay, let's have one last one one last one And then we'll wrap up I think that's the best one to finish on Pookey, can we can we do the one about the 14 year old son who regularly avoid school? Yes, well, can you read the quite can you see the question? Can you read it? So there's so many I have a 14 year old son who regularly avoid school. He won't talk to me and he won't talk to a counsellor How do I get him to open up because I'm in a similar situation First of all, I'm sorry to hear that Elaine and I yeah, I it's very hard and so the the two things I would suggest here are um We aren't going to be able to make a child talk to the person we choose But we might be able to encourage them to engage with the person they choose So just stop for a moment Think about their life And whether there are any adults there that you or they can identify With whom they've got something of a positive relationship So this might be someone who they know through an activity that they really enjoy Um, it might be a friend of a family Sometimes godparents uncles aunts can be good people here. It might be the football coach. It could be anyone What you're looking for here is someone who the kid likes And who they can engage with and maybe engage with specific activities So when we're doing things it's often easier for these conversations to involve unfold Our job then stops being the person having the conversation But rather thinking about how can I support this other person to begin and we're not expecting them to fix it But we can help Hopefully ask them If they can act as a bit of a mentor a bit of a guide a bit of a support to help us understand where the problems are Until we know what the problems are and what might be some positive first steps It's very very difficult for us to know how to help So trying to identify who that adult might be would be my suggested first starting point The other thing is always to remember that it's not about us Um, it's it's about the child and what works for them. So it can feel really hard as a parent You want to be able to fix this you want to be able to make it okay? And we can sometimes feel that if our child won't open up to us about this that that's failing on our part Often what's going on here is that you've got a child who cares deeply about you And they don't want to worry you or just stress you and they they don't want to explore this stuff with you Because they don't want to hurt you Um, and so sometimes having someone who's slightly removed from the situation can be really really helpful Um, you don't need to make a lot of progress to begin to feel like you are making progress And both you and the child often once you begin to see some positive starts And often you'll find that that will build that cycle of I can and it all becomes a bit more possible Does that help a little bit? Okay, it's half past five. So we will we will end and I really hope it was helpful and Sophie will send you through all manner of things afterwards If there was a question that wasn't addressed that you really want me to answer Do let safety know and I can always do a further Q&A at another point and we will do other sessions Do feedback to us about how you would like these sessions to work What you find what you would find helpful and also what you think might be good topics for future conversations like this as well And massive. Thank you from me to you for coming for staying for asking such great questions and for involving yourselves in the discussions And and good luck with it. Um, yeah, remember that you can Just to build on those positive moments look for the little glimmers of hope and hold them tight Thanks ever so much for your time everyone. Thanks for all that you're doing Thanks, Pookie


We see our sun, we think it's always going to be there, but it won't. Now our sun's not going to explode, it's too small, but most stars in their lives in big explosions. And these explosions are insanely bright. So if you can imagine a lightning bolt, imagine the power of a lightning bolt, and then imagine a hundred million, billion, billion, billion of them. That is one star when it blows up. So we are looking for the world, the universe's biggest explosions, the biggest ends of the star's lives. And in that, use that as a light source to candle to measure the universe as a whole. So we measure things over space by measuring sticks, light bulbs.  Well the light will have faded by the time it's got to you. So if you know how bright your bulb is, and how bright your bulb should be, you can calculate that difference, and that difference is a distance. And by measuring distances all across that space, by those markers all across the universe, you measure how the universe is growing and what it's doing. Right now the slow process in discovering supernova is waiting for a human to check it. And because we're not always up at all the time, we sometimes wait a day, even two days if we're away. But with citizen science, with the power of the people, we can check these things in hopefully minutes and tell another telescope to start following up and get data quicker and better. So we can then turn that to understanding what dark energy is, what is causing the acceleration of the universe, and maybe might lead to a new but Nobel Prize.


Namaskar. I'm Professor Devadeep Purukayastha from IIT Bombay. Welcome to my course, Business Fundamental for Entrepreneurs, Part 2, External Operations. This is the fifth module in the third week. And today's module is about sales channels and distribution. But before I get into the topics for today, let me very quickly take you through the discussion flow of the course itself. In the first week, I started with how you can research the market, competitors, products, players, emerging trends, etc. Which is very important to build your business or start a new business. Then I talked about customers, customer segments, types of customers, and importantly customer value proposition. In the second week, I talked about value-based marketing. How do you create value for the customer and capture some value for yourself? How do you communicate the value and how do you deliver the value on-ground? I talked about branding and positioning and advertising. And all along, I've been trying to highlight skills that you can develop if you want to choose a career in marketing or market research or customer management, etc. So with that, we come to today's module. And today's module, we will start with a basic definition of what is a channel? What's a sales channel and what is distribution? And then I'll talk about how do you do distributor management and retail store management. So with that, let's start. What is a sales channel? Now think about it. There are 150 crore Indians, or 1.5 billion Indians. And there are about 7 billion or 700 crore people in the world. Now think about a product like a Samsung phone or a Tata soap or a Godridge detergent, etc. They are being made in a few factories in India or around the world. If it's an Indian company selling in India, they'll have a few factories in India, maybe 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, factories which are making those products in India. If it's a global company, they may have 10, 20 factories around the world which is catering to all the consumers of the world. So you or any of the Indians, 150 crore Indians cannot buy a Unilever shampoo or a Proctene Gamble soap or an ITC chocolate straight from the factory. So you need to have a channel which means a way across which a product, a chocolate which may be made in Himachal Pradesh or Mumbai or Chennai reaches you wherever in India you are. And that pathway is called a channel. So if you look at the screen, a sales channel is a network that businesses use to sell the product and service to crores or millions of consumers within India or outside India. Examples where you can buy a product will be a neighborhood store, a Kirana store which is maybe 100 meters from your house. So the product may have been made a thousand kilometers away in a factory but you're buying the product from a small store maybe 100 meters. So how is the product flown? That's the channel. You may be going to a supermarket or a mall or a pharmacy or you could go to a single brand store a Reebok or Adidas or Nike or Levi's and you could be buying a product maybe within one kilometer range but products which are made thousands of kilometers away or even outside India. You could be buying a product from an e-commerce platform like Flipkart or Amazon or Nike or you could be buying it from a Facebook advertisement or in Instagram. So the way the product flows from a factory to you is actually the channel for that company, for that product, for that brand. And companies choose their channel which means how do they reach you very carefully depending on what product category it is. So if it's a soft drink, it will have a very different channel than if it's a smartphone. If it's a heavy detergent or rice or flour or oil, cooking oil, it will have a very different channel versus if it's a laptop or a PC. An expensive product like a car will have a different channel than a scooter or a bicycle. So based on that companies determine their channel. So let's look at a pictorial representation of channels and then we'll look at some pictures of the steps in a channel. So as I said, the product is being made in a factory in India or outside of India. There may be one factory in India or there may be ten factories or maybe twenty factories or five factories depending on the product category. So if it's a bulky product, a voluminous product like a soft drink or an atta which means flour or rice or detergent, you don't want to carry the product thousands of kilometers very expensive to transport the product. So you may have small small factories across India. But if it's a light product like an Apple iPhone, Apple may have just a few factories around the world, maybe one in China, one in India, one in US. If it's a car, you will not have many factories. A car manufacturer, a Tata or Hyundai or Maruti, may have only one or two factories. So that's the factory workshop which is the warehouse where on the top side, on the top of the chart that you see on the screen, you'll find that next to the factory there will be a factory warehouse. So when the cars, the Maruti cars are being made in the Maruti factory, they will be in a factory warehouse next to the factory itself. If it's a Cadbury chocolate or a Febel ITC chocolate or a Duff shampoo or a Pantene shampoo, they will be made in a factory and stored in a warehouse next to the factory. That's called a factory warehouse. But that's not enough because there are only a few factories and therefore there will be a few factory warehouses. So you have to spread it out to other warehouses which are called redistribution warehouses. In India sometimes they are called as carrying and forwarding agents or CNF agents. So from a few factory warehouses, two, four, six factory warehouses, it may go to 40 or 50 redistribution warehouses. For example, a redistribution warehouse outside Bombay. Also in Nagpur, in Amalabad, in Delhi, in Chennai, in Bangalore, in Guwahati, in Kolkata. So these are redistribution warehouses spread across the country. If it's Apple, for example, a global brand made by let's say a Foxconn company in China, Foxconn will have a warehouse next to the China plant, that will be called a factory warehouse. But then to distribute it across Africa, Apple may have redistribution warehouses or distribution warehouses in many countries in Africa, Middle East or Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia or in European countries, East European countries and so on or Brazil or this. So one factory warehouse or a few factory warehouses to many redistribution warehouses, but that's not enough. Because in these warehouses, the goods are stored in bulk. So these will be huge warehouses. So if it's a Maruti warehouse, which may be an open warehouse, they may have 1,000 cars, so 5,000 cars. If it's a Unilever or an ITC or a Goadridge distribution warehouse, the warehouse may have many, many, many tons of soaps and detergents and shampoos or thousands of bottles of soft drink. So you need distributors who will buy the product in not in a truckload or in a huge quantity, but in smaller loads. So a company may have a very large warehouse outside Bombay, but within Bombay they may have 20, 30 distributors. They're probably not buying in big truckloads. They may be buying in cartons and we'll see some examples later on. In Bombay, those of you who are familiar with Bombay, there may be a warehouse in South Bombay, one in North Bombay, one in East Bombay, one in Central Bombay. Same with Delhi, West Delhi, East Delhi, South Delhi, North Delhi and so on. Same with Kolkata. If it's in the rural areas, it could be at the district headquarters. So the distributors will be there in the district headquarters or one part of the city. These distributors will buy product from the company and then they will supply to the retailers from which consumers like you and I will buy. Retailers may be in tens of thousands. So Bombay city may have 30,000, 40,000 retailers. So that's how the channel is. Few factories, 2, 3, 4, 5, maybe 1. Each factory has a warehouse next to it called the factory warehouse. Then across India, there are redistribution warehouses in every state. Then there are distributors which will probably be in every city or district headquarters. There may be in a big city, there may be many distributors and then you've got thousands of retailers. And those are retail shops which are next to a house, 100 meters from your house. Or if you're a village, if you're living in a village, it's in the center of the village. Or if in a small town, somewhere in Meghalaya or Mizoram or Jammu, it may be a few shops in that small town in that state. Let's now look at a few actual examples. But before I go to the actual examples, I just wanted to highlight to you that if you buy a product from an online channel, which is Amazon or Nike or Flipkart or from Facebook or Instagram, an advertisement in Facebook or Instagram, or a company website, some of the factory warehouses, redistribution warehouses remain the same. But instead of physical distributors, what happens is those distribution warehouses then feeds into an online e-commerce warehouse. So Amazon will also have warehouses across India. Flipkart will have warehouses across India. Nike may have warehouses across India. Mantra may have warehouses across India. The ITC online store may have warehouses across India. So then those warehouses or distribution points will pick up from the company warehouse and then they will advertise on the online channel, which is the Amazon page or the company website, and you and I can go and buy from there. As I said, I've got some physical pictures and examples. Let's look at them now. But before I go to the actual pictures and some examples, I wanted to stop a while and talk to you about the difference if you buy instead of from a retailer next door from an online channel, Amazon, Mintra, Flipkart, Nike or the ITC online store, etc. The difference here is that from the redistribution warehouses, it doesn't go to the distributor. The goods don't flow to the distributor. It flows to the warehouse of the online platform. So it will flow to maybe an Amazon warehouse or Flipkart warehouse or a Nike warehouse or a Mintra warehouse. Or if it's a brand like a device online store that you're buying from, it will go to the device warehouse maybe. And then you have this online store portal from which you and I can go and buy. And remember that in today's world, many of us can look at the same product in different formats. So for example, let's take a Samsung phone. You can probably buy a Samsung phone in an electronic store in your neighborhood if you're in a big city and even in smaller towns. If you're in a village, you can go to a district headquarter town. There will probably be a Samsung electronic store. So you can go to a traditional store or it could go to a mall. There are malls all across the country. Many malls you'll find there's a Samsung store or there's a Chroma store or there's a Reliance electronic store or there's a Vijay sales. And you could go to a mall and you could buy a Samsung phone there. You could also instead of going to either a small store or a mall, buy the same Samsung phone from an e-commerce platform. Most of us probably buy electronics from e-commerce because of the discounts. So it could be Amazon or Flipkart or a Tata website. You could also sometimes go to a Facebook and see an advertisement there for the electronic item and buy the product from the social media. And finally, of course, you could go to the Samsung India website itself and buy from the company portal. And the fact that you can buy the same product from different channels is called Omni channel. Omni basically means everything channel. It's all around you. You can go to a small store, a big mall, a social media platform, e-commerce site or you could go to the company portal and buy it. And most companies now want to create the Omni channel experience. I said earlier that I'll show you some examples. So let me now start showing you the examples. So this is a traditional store. You'll probably have a store near your house, whether in a village or in Mumbai or Delhi or Chennai or Guwahati or Bhuvaneshwar. There are plenty of stores like this. And if you look at the store, there are lots of products in that store but which is not made in your neighborhood. It's probably made in a factory 1,000 kilometers away and it has gone through layers and layers of distribution to reach this point. This is a mall. Most towns and cities have it. District headquarters have it. Most of you would have gone to a mall. And again, it may not be 100 meters away but it may be in a central area of your town, maybe 2 kilometers, 3 kilometers, 5 kilometers away. And you could buy from there. Then there's a single brand store where only one brand is sold. So this is maybe the Apple store that opened in Mumbai recently, about a year back. And you could go into that store and buy an iPhone. But from the omnichannel experience, remember, you could also buy an iPhone from a mall or an e-commerce platform, etc. So that's a single brand store because only one brand. And similarly, you have Nike stores and Adidas stores and Levi's stores and so on. These are online sites. Most of you are familiar with it. The difference between a single brand or a mall and this is a single brand will probably have one brand. A mall may have 100, 200, 500, 1,000 brands. An online site may have 10 million, 20 million brands. And maybe 100 million items, which means all the sizes and the shapes and the colors. You get a huge range of choice in an online site. And you also get a lot of discounts. And then there's a company website, like I talked about. This is a Levi's website. And then social media. As I said, your customers are here. Find them with MetaEd. Meta is the owning company of Facebook. And basically this is where you can advertise in the Facebook social media platform. So with that, let's now pause for a while and encourage you throughout the course to have your course journal and think about what you have heard from me so far. And think about some of the questions I put on the page. Write it down on your course journal. At the end of the course, you can look back at your journal and remember what you have heard. So now I encourage you to think about a product that you use. It could be a toothpaste. It could be a double toothpaste. Or a hair oil. Marico hair oil. Or it could be a PC. Or your scooter or bicycle. Or a pencil. Natrage pencil. Camelin pen. Whatever it is. Where did you buy it from? It was where you bought from is the last point of your sales channel. Remember you could have bought the same phone or pencil or hair oil or soap or rice or atta from many channels, many stores. Why did you buy from the store that you bought from and not from other stores or online? Think about it. And what was your experience when you bought it? Whether you bought it online or physical? Or maybe you looked it up and checked out two, three areas. Maybe you checked out the price in a small store. Maybe you went to the mall and checked the price out. Maybe you went to the company store and checked the price out. And maybe you went to two websites. E-commerce website Flipkart or Amazon or Tata and checked the price out. Why did you buy from where you bought? And that will start you thinking about channel management. So reflect for three minutes.


The Adventures of Frank Race, starring Tom Collins. The war changed many things, the face of the earth and the people on it. Before the war, Frank Race worked as an attorney. But he traded his law books for the cloak and dagger of the OSS. And when it was over, his former life was over too. Adventure had become his business. The Adventures of Frank Race. The Adventures of Frank Race for the Airborne Adventure. The taxi marked Donovan's idea of safety is to miss an oncoming truck by the depth of the pain. In any kind of trouble, he's a lion, particularly with a man branch in his hand. But when it comes to flying, he exudes about as much verve as a serving of spinach. The moment we become airborne, he shrivels, remaining the glum introvert until we sight the ground upon which we expect the land. So now, coming into San Francisco on the China Clipper, I watched him loosen up for the first time since we took off. Look at that pretty pavement, that beautiful grass, that lovely mud. In a few minutes, I will be able to drop flat on my face and kiss someone. A message for you, Mr. Race. Oh, thank you. Probably not a case. I ain't going to mind spending a little time in Frisco. Listen to this, Mark. Important foreign assignment necessitates you're taking off for Europe within next eight hours. Contact me as soon as you land. Layden, international indemnity.  I ain't got a chance. The personality of James Layden was a lot like that of the city in which he lived. Poised, cultured, friendly. It was the first time we'd ever met. Sit down, Race. Cigarette. Thanks. We're ensuring the delivery of a set of plans for one million dollars. Must be some plans. Drawings for a new type of plane. They're scheduled to be carried from Trieste to London, from London to New York. Like a Korean? Right. And you will be the courier. My fee is going to seem like a lot of money for a messenger, boy. We'll consider it a sound investment. We want those plans delivered. And now I'd like you to know, Mrs. Jefferson, she's head of the aircraft company that bought the policy. Let's step into this other office. She's waiting to meet you. Mrs. Jefferson must have been about 16. She was big. She had a face that reminded me of an evaporated apple. And work clothes that would have served better as paint rags. I liked her at once. Glad to have you in on this, Race. Did you tell him about it, Layden? Only about the plans and the fact that we want them delivered. Now, anything about flying, Race? He's a pilot, Mrs. Jefferson. I noticed that on his file. Good. As a pilot, what would you say is needed most to develop private flying in this country on a mass production basis? A fairly safe family plane that'll sell for $1,000. Exactly. Up to now, it has been considered an impossibility, but not any longer. My company has found just such a plane. A non-spinable four-passenger job that'll do 150 miles an hour at 8,000 feet. Just bought the planes for it. Can he get built at the price? Definitely. Then you'll revolutionize flying. That's our aim. That and the profit that'll go with it. I can't help being curious about one thing. What's that? Trieste seemed an odd place to be finding aircraft designs. No, we didn't find them there, Race. We found them in Budapest, but other parties seemed to want them as much as we do. Getting them far as Trieste cost three lives. That's why we finally thought of insurance. The plans are hidden now and safe. When they start traveling again, it's going to be another story. You see, Race, your fee isn't going to seem excessive after all. Mrs. Jefferson and I left Leiden's office together. She had a car waiting and insisted on giving me a lift. You'll fly to New York, from there to Trieste. I'll meet you later in London, where I'll be using the name Allison for reasons of security. I'm going to give you a New York address. You'll find a man there who'll supply you with plane reservations and information about your destination to Trieste. It hasn't been transmitted to me also for reasons of security. Now, why don't you have dinner with me? You have five hours yet before you leave. Well, I'd enjoy that, Mrs. Jefferson, but I have a friend. If it's a woman, the best of luck. If it's a man, have him join us. I have just stolen a cook who can do lobster thermidor in America. Say no more. For dinner, you're having a pair of male guests. We stopped for a few minutes while I phoned Mark. Then we drove to a brownstone front that had the look of a dowager sure of her position in life. Mrs. Jefferson rang the bell, but instead of a butler answering the door, it was opened by a man gripping a pistol. He was dressed conservatively in a well-cut suit. But if he had any interest in public relations, his attitude didn't indicate it. Come on in. Just don't make no funny moves. Either of your slapy, clear-outish shape, which might be an improvement for you, Sister. You don't have to be so obnoxious about it. Lippy dames, how I love lippy dames, especially battle-axes like you. What? Move. I pushed the center railing and traded me to one inch of pistol marrow between my ribs. A stab that let me thoroughly inarticulate for the moment. Living rooms had two more of them. One was an ordinary, strong-arm boy. The other could have been a businessman. He looked smooth enough to sail underwater lots by mail. Nicely done, Venner. Move them away from the door.  Don't get the idea that you'll pry anything out of me, you wump. I wouldn't make up my mind so definitely if I were you. Weave ways and means, you know. Very convincing ways and means. You wouldn't dare. Or wouldn't we? Venner, take over. Venner pulled several neckties in my pocket. I'm willing, Mrs. Jefferson, round by the shoulder. He grabbed her arms, twisted them behind her. We got a lacing of wrists together. For an instant, they put him between me and the pistol held by Landford. And I stepped in and shot Venner toward Landford. It did no good. Landford simply sidestepped and... It was a silly move, Ray's. My reflexes are a bit too quick for that sort of thing. I'm going to kick his teeth out for poking me like that. See? That's enough, Venner. Let's concentrate on the lady. I've managed to take Landford's pistol slap on the top side of my head. And I've absorbed kicks before. But for the moment, I couldn't have qualified as a gay and laughing boy. Unless I had to get up. I had to get up because of what they were about to do to the lady of the house. She's stressed up like a sack of spud. All right. Here's a cigarette. You'll notice that it's lighted. Mrs. Jefferson, no.  Yes, Charlie. Must be troubled. What's he trying to say? Cops. He says it's cops. They'll go out the window. What about the dame? Never mind. Come on. Grace, get me free of these things, will you? All right, you're right. In here. Who on earth is that? The other man who came to dinner. Are you all right, Grace? I will be. How did you spot this setup, Mark? I got happy when I saw that creeper trawling out in front.  Can you imagine me calling a cops? The act of a solid tax-paying citizen. Hey, what do we eat? Here, Grace. Hold this compact while I tidy myself.  That, I promise. You'll dine and in style. Mark and I landed at LaGuardia Field just before 8 o'clock the next morning. I left him drinking coffee while I caught a cab for my New York rendezvous. It's turned out to be a three-story walk-up. The look of which caused me to check the address I'd given the cabby. He'd hit it on the nose, so I got out and went in. I could detect no sound on the other side of the door, but I tried again. The hallway had all the fragrance of a flop house and a hot night, and I was anxious to click or get going. What do you want? I'm looking for a man named Rogers. He's not here at the moment. If you don't mind, I'll come in and wait for him. He may not be back for some time. After that hallway, the room actually seemed fresh. Although this may have been an illusion created by the girl's presence. She had the equipment to do that to any room and to any man. She held my eyes to such an extent that she almost had the door open before I realized it. Wait a second. Where do you think you're going? I was going to leave. You're up-checked. This room's been pulled apart. Did you have anything to do with it? Possibly. Close the door. A woman always resents that woman. What? A man throwing his weight around. Sometimes a man has to. It's his only weapon. Who are you? The name's Race. Frank Race. How about you? I'm Anna Mareinik. Biennial? Hungarian. Not exactly. Not with Alexine. I lived in London all during the war with my brother. We were refugees. It's possible. My way of speaking was affected by being in contact with so many other acts. Don't misunderstand me. I'll be here when you're speaking.  No use at all. I moved close to him, almost without realizing it. Now I took her in my arms, encountering no resistance. Her lips were soft, warm against mine. Finally, still, holding her shoulders, I drew back to look at him. She smiled at me, spoke gently. Race? If you look down, you'd see my hand up close to her. And other medic that has pointed right at your stomach. Indeed, I do see it. Indeed, I do. You are going to back away, and when I open the door and leave, you're going to make no attempt to stop me. Is it understood? Perfectly. But you might do one thing for me. What is that? You might give me your telephone number. You'll find it in the book. I'll have to then embrace giving my thoughts back on business was tougher than rolling out of a warm bed into a cold tub. But I made the switch. There was another door besides the one to the hall. I pushed my way past it into another room, and there was a man sitting in a chair, his arms thrown wide, his legs spread as if to keep him from toppling to the floor. The bullet had ended his mouth. I didn't need a look to know what the back of his head had looked like. It was probably my man, Roger's. So, gently, I went through his clothes, came up with a wallet. I just opened it when a noise at the door clutched my attention. I uniformed cops to them, engrossed in drawing a bead on my head with his pistol. I went to the adventures of Frank Race in just about one minute. Back to the adventures of Frank Race. I was in a jam. No doubt about it. When you caught going through the wallet of a man who's just been shot to death, there's much he can say that'll sound convincing. So, I just sat tight until the plane closed before I arrived. What goes on here? I needed just one look at that Irish map to know that I was getting a break.  Dan Manson operated as a detective lieutenant in the homicide details. Fine thing. Double-header at the stadium and I get yanked for a deal like this. Hello, Race. The heck with the stadium? Tell this patrolman I'm a law-abiding citizen. You mean you're the suspect here? Well, what do you know? Get a guy find a chair in this laundry. Who messed it up like this? Might have been the girl who was here when I arrived. Dan, I've got to leave for Europe some time today. So, naturally, I wouldn't want to be tied up with this business. Don't give me that. You're going to be our number one material witness. I'll be around for the inquest and give him a word. I don't know about it. The number you want right now is that girl. Say, there was a damn here. How do I know you're leveling? He was going to hold me unless I came up with something. So, I reached into a pocket and produced the compact and trusted to me the night before by Mrs. Jefferson. Man, forgotten by both of us. I said, here, she left this. You'll find fingerprints all over it. Yeah, including yours. How old is Dan? Oh, 25, maybe. Beautiful tomb.  Yeah, all right, Frank. But I'll have to have your word that you'll show up for the inquest. I'll give you my word in the name of every place I expect to be for the next few days. Well, here we are again, flying. I'm up in the air so much lately I'm beginning to feel like a pigeon. You'll get used to it. Not me. I'll never get used to any part of flying. It just ain't natural. Possibly that's the answer. If you knew why it is that a plane flies, you might be more relaxed about it. Sit back, boy, while I brief you on the principles of flight. All right. I just asone saddle for a good stiff drink. Trieste, city of many nationalities, port of intrigue. Mark and I put up a hotel called the Vittorio. I had cabled Mrs. Jefferson about the death of Rogers, so we settled ourselves to await developments. On the afternoon of the third day, Mrs. Jefferson walked in on us, accompanied by an elderly man who projected the impression of a hand on hot bricks. Dr. Tender is an aeronautical engineer. He designed our plane. Yes, I designed it, but I have no desire to be responsible for the delivery of the plans to your country. I would much rather you took charge, Mr. Rayson. It's all right with me. When do I take over? Bring the plans here sometime this evening. By 9 o'clock, Mark and I become restless and hungry. They could wait for us if they arrived while we were absent. We started out for a bite to eat. But in the lobby, the sight of a girl talking to the night clerk stopped me short. Hey, Chum, what goes? At the desk. It's the femme fatale I encountered in New York.   Something tells me this is going to be an interesting evening. I'm going to talk to her, Mark. Wherever we go, shadow is. That's Donovan. Always on the edge of things. Look, maybe she's got a friend. Then I could protect you on the spot. Get out of sight. Here she comes. Good evening, Miss Merinik. It's you. You couldn't be surprised. What do you want? Thought you might like to have dinner with me.  You learn a lot more about me while we're done. Shall we? All right, Grace. We found a little place below sidewalk level with a floor of flat cobbles. We sat at a table of scrubbed oak and looked at each other by the light of a candle jammed in a bottle that had once held Hennessy's five-star cognac. Why'd you stare at me? You're so beautiful. And so lethal. I didn't kill that man, Grace. He was dead when I arrived. Why were you there? Later. Perhaps I may be able to tell you. You're going to give me trouble, baby. I'm sure of that. You've got to give me trouble because of the look of him. The touch of him. Remember that kiss we had a few nights ago? Yes, I remember, Grace. I remember a little too well. But such things are not for me. Not yet. All right, baby. Let's have it. So you can mock me with your doubt? I can see that you and I are... What is it, Grace? We're going to have company. Three of them just came in. Perhaps you know them. Those men? I've never seen them before. They spotted us. They're coming over. They moved slightly to one side. Who are they? The first one in front calls him Lampard. The class of our him is a very sinister personality. Good evening, Mr. Grace. Don't sit down, Lampard. Just keep standing there. All three of you. You have a pistol. An excellent bluger. One that can put slugs into all of you in less time than I need to take a breath. You won't get away from us, Grace, any more than Rogers did in New York. So you were the authors of that little act. Thanks for the information. Now you can listen to some news from me. I'm going out of this place while you stay behind. The young lady will probably want to stay with you. No, Grace. I'll go with you. My sense of discretion said, go along. But a tone of her voice swayed me and I nodded.  Leaving the street dim and shadowy. They're taller, weren't they? So we'll duck in here. It was a stable. Ramp shackling with gaping holes in its boarding. We moved to the back of it, crowded into an empty stone. What is it they want? The same thing you do, I imagine. Wait. I hear something. Of course you'll hear something. You didn't really believe you could get away from us, did you, Grace?  That was by sound, Lanford. The next one won't just cripple, it'll kill. I'm sorry. We had to brush with your friend Lanford. We had to take him to a hospital. Splendid. Here are the plants, Mr. Aisin, this cylinder. You'll find it rather bulky but strong. Would you like to look at the drawings? After the excitement they've caused, we certainly would. The power plant is one of the big things here. So I see them. Turbine activated by four simplified jet units. We are making great strides in aviation these days. For too long we were parasites. For power we used the engine that had been developed by the automobile. For propulsion we used the propeller evolved for ships. With some modification, of course. Very little, when you come to think of it. The engine we took as it was. In the water or in the air the propeller works in much the same way. But from now on it is going to be different, Mr. Aisin. Jet force, new designs. From now on aviation will be the giver, not the receiver. How about it, Aisin? You feel all right about taking over these drawings? I'll take care of them. Don't forget, there's a lot of money tied up there. When they left, I rumpled the bed and slipped the cylinder holding the plants under the covers. It's scarcely done this way. I'll get it, race. May I come in, race? We took you to your hotel. I had to see you again. Do you have those plans, race? As a matter of fact, I do. Why? Those plans were developed and drawn by my brother.  If I don't get them back, you don't believe me, do you? Maybe more than you think. What was your brother's first name? Richard. Richard Moraney. The initials are in each corner of the plans. Now we'll check something else. What are you doing? The container is not only bulky. The walls are suspiciously thick. So I'm cutting it here and... There is something between the layers. Yes. A canvas. And it's probably a...   So this is what Landford's been after. He didn't miss a trick, did he? Big insurance for a smoke screen so he could move the painting without suspicion. With me is the clay pigeon. Pick up that cylinder, tender. It's still going to move it, race. I know a gentleman who'll pay me half a million dollars for that painting. Just tell me one thing. How did you spot us? You're Dr. Tandis. It's an obvious fake. No way the nautical engineer would ever make the statement that the propeller of a ship and the propeller of a plane worked the same way. Would he, Mark? An airplane prop makes a vacuum, which sucks the plane into it. You see, Rice, I remember. While the propeller of a service vessel literally screws its way through water, which is practically a solid. So we mopped it. We didn't miss when we saw this girl come up to your room. So long, race. Better investigating next time. And don't try to follow me. I know how to handle this pistol right well. I don't have to follow you, Mr. Jefferson. When you hear this cablegram, you'll be following me. Cablegram? When the police found me with Rogers in New York, they wanted to hold me as a material witness. I staved that off by telling them that a woman had been there. To prove it, I gave them that compact of yours. My compact? Yes, and it seemed to have a mess of fingerprints on it. Most of them yours.  I was on my way to London. But you traveled under another name, you remember? Which makes me your only alibi. You're bluffing. Am I? Listen to the cablegram. Your young dame turned out to be a Mrs. Leah Jefferson, age 54. Where is she? Signed Manson, homicide bureau, New York police department. Pay no attention to him, Leah. Let us go. I have to pay attention to him.  You're crazy. What are your terms, race? I'll take the plain drawings to the States. As per your insurance contract. The campus will turn over to the proper authorities here in Europe. We'll say we found it. All right. The deal. It is no deal. I too have an interest in this affair. No, don't flip that, Mr. Leah. Or I'll put a bullet in you from the skin of mine. Now just stand quietly. All of you. And now... I was justified in doing that, wasn't I, race? After all, he was attempting to break the law. I'm afraid I'll have to leave that decision to the local police. What about my brother, race? Those drawings belong to him. You might get in touch with him. Tell him to come along with us. Imagine he might be able to make quite a deal for himself over there. Besides, I'd kind of like to have you along, too. Frank Race starring Tom Collins with Tony Barrett as Mark Donovan comes to you from Hollywood. Others heard in tonight's cast were Gene Bates, DJ Thompson, Tom Holland, Frank Lovejoy, and Polly Bear. This series is written and directed by Joel Murcott and Buckley Angel. The music is composed and played by Ivan Dithbiles. Be sure to be with us again this same time next week for another dramatic chapter in The Adventures of Frank Race. Art Gilmore speaking. This is a Brucell's production.


When Lambe came, I was, I guess, just a scientist, never had a chance to really got to see him or anything like that. Not long after he arrived, one day he called me to his office. Okay, and then when I got in, then he said that there was a problem today. Your son Victor. Victor was about ten years old at the time, okay.  And the principal, I think, was not very happy about it. And I guess reported it to the director of administration. The director of administration reported to him. So he had to call me, right?  And I was a bit concerned. Why could Victor bring a real bullet? Where did he get it from? In my mind. Then I was a bit concerned. But then Lambe immediately said, you know, any boy at his age could do something like that. It's normal, don't worry and things like that. So I said, oh, okay. I mean, I hadn't talked to him before. I didn't know him or anything like that. So I said, oh, okay. Thank you. And then I left. Two days later, he called me again to his office. And I said to myself, oh, what did Victor do this time, okay. But I was wrong. He has nothing to do with Victor. He said, Erie was asked to do strategic planning. It was the first time Erie was supposed to do strategic planning. And he needed somebody to organize a group to be able to work on the strategic plan. And he would like for me to do it. And I said, maybe those two days, he dig out about who I was and what I was doing. After I saw him about Victor, I don't know, okay. But I didn't know from here to tell why he would ask that.  And he said this would really take a lot of your time, you may not have time to do statistics. Now at that time I thought, oh yeah, he wanted me to get out of statistics. So he wanted to find a place for me somewhere. But then maybe because he saw me the other day and he went back and looked and said, maybe this is a good something. I don't know. I couldn't guess what it was. But I thought long and hard about it. And I went back a couple days later and told him that, okay, I would agree to do that as long as I still can't be in departments. This is why I didn't think I could, I know that I could do both. I mean, what is this? You hold meetings. You talk to people. You shouldn't take the whole day. And so he said, sure, sure, sure. Of course, not many years later he changes mind. But anyway, by then I know him very well already. So I must say that then we became close coworkers, I guess, as many people know that I work very closely. Probably the first DG that I ever worked with that closely. So I said, at least Victor was maybe responsible for bringing us together.


yng Nghymru, Peterborough, ac y Bishop of Peter's Palace is about there. The population of Darsis began to expand in the 1970s, with London over Spill and Mauritius. Darsis began to expand due to the phenomenal expansion of Kingbridge. The ffens themselves have been less affected, although Ely's population will double to 25,000 by 2021. For the last two years, the number of people attending Church of England churches in the Darsis has steadily risen, although of course it remains a small percentage of the population. Liturgically, the move to worship amongst the people has, as elsewhere, led to the introduction of naveltas, often as here at Yaxley, in front of a chancell screen, which continues to be seen by congregations, and quite correctly of course as a barrier. It was of course precisely for this reason that a navelta was introduced at Canterbury Cathedral in the early 1930s. It is not well known. What does that mean? Well, for this particular project, the altar is on a new platform in an area cleared of pews. They have got an electronic organ here, and I'm not going to talk about electronic versus pipe organs. It's too late in the day. An amplification, you can see the little speaker down there, but there are actions from the aisle roofs, which of course is also to do with an electric band, electric guitars and things. There is a drop down screen which is there, not drop down at the moment, which is attached to Temple Moor's gallery. This is a medieval screen, but this is all Temple Moor, but there's some very good furniture by him and the chancell. The chancell, as you can see, is quite unaffected by all this. The pulpit here has remained. Unfortunately, its base is sort of buried in the platform, but it's perfectly safe. It hasn't been chopped off or anything like that. The pulpit is used. This is fairly rare, I think, nowadays. Many priests want to just stand and deliver from their pulpit, from the platform. In terms of screens and projectors, these are quite, become quite an issue. Holy Trinity don't have a screen, which they can attach, a fixed screen that they can attach a screen to. The way the church works, two screens for me, so you do get these rather large screens put up. And of course, the projectors, which here are on their own screens, but in other places the projectors are attached to the arcades. The security, as many of you know, is bang in the middle of Cambridge, and is usually closed because of all this equipment that's all around, and the security risk of it being left. Given the number of buskers in Cambridge, I think that's probably quite right. We've tried to get parishes to install retractable screens in places where they won't be visually affected. Of course, this is what was Greed Alton, so that's where the screen is. But unfortunately, they find it a bit of an imposition to keep opening and closing them, so they tend to remain open. What you can also see here at Alton is the amplification system, some of the speakers here. Amplification is quite a common application to us. You would have thought that having brought the priest down from the chancel into the body of the church, it would be easy enough, with the loop system perhaps, but there we are. First, we've tried to make sure those speakers are in places that are inconspicuous as possible, and not attached to the piers. This is Woy's Church near Huntingdon, a church stripped of its plaster by Inskit Lads fellow of the Antichries in the 1920s. A little bit late, but William Morris took a bit of a while to get into the fence. Here at Warboys, these are the screens. There's the screen there, and there, creating an architectural feature that doesn't exist. These are the speakers at the moment. They are about to be moved up, and a new system is going in and will be hung from our roof. These are the projectors, of course. What Warboys has is a local band. You can just see it there. To accommodate them, this area of the east end of the south is where the platform has been extended. That's where the band equipment is kept. The pews have been removed, and there are now stacking chairs and flexible space. There's the little children's area over there. The problem with creating flexible spaces is that you've got to do something with the chairs and if you take them away, you end up with this sort of thing. Obviously, that only occurs when the space is cleared. There's the projects which are held onto the columns by bands placed around the top and up there. All are obviously eminently removable. This is a St Bennett's in Cambridge. You probably know it for its sacks and tower, rather than the interior. We recommended that the speakers were placed up in the aisles, but the Chancellor ruled against us. These speakers are now hung onto the pillars. Notice particularly this one, which is next to the pulpit. From which the incumbent insisted she needed to have. The conservative approach into the toilet inside the church, along with the needing as much nave seating as possible, led to a few extensions being built in the Darsis in the late 20th century. Places like Willingham and the Moorimpington, Melbourne. They are spent and opposition from some local authority planners, but also the parish church itself, a social, the wider community, has now encouraged parishes to concentrate their social facilities within the church. The initial creation of team-making facilities is often rather makeshift. As you can see here at Tillbrooke, where some of the pews at the back have been removed and planks are put across it to make a table and things like that. At All Saints Huntingdon, where unfortunately chairs and coffee tables have started to come in. But their inadequacy, of course, quickly leads to a discussion of permanent installations. The base of the tower, or that chapel, are often the first port of call for such extra facilities. And as ever, money, dry appearance of these projects. And there are, I have to say, some sad examples to be seen around the Darsis. I can't say I particularly like the design of either of these tower infills, but they are well built and have left the arch clearly visible, which is perhaps the most important point architecturally. But of course design expectations are often not high. Actions of these schemes are not the Oxbridge educated priest or local squire of old, but a democratically elected PCC. And in most of them, hardly anyone has any experience of furnishing and historic building and certainly not one of this scale. Essentially, people's experiences of domestic interiors, and that is the sort of thing they're looking to apply inside churches. The most common initial approach anyway is to create a tea cupboard, a chin and a storage area, as here, Housingfield, at the back end of the One Isle, where at least, in this case at least, there are enough storage has been considered in the first place as part of the need to make a decent enough area, which is usually kept just as this. Other places aren't quite so organised, usually because they just haven't understood what they need have for making tea and the occasions for which this facility is going to be used. This was a night game when it started in that that is the lid that folds down onto this cupboard, so that's all you would have seen. Unfortunately, they bought a new urn, and so to screen the rest of the church, someone kindly donated one of these halo boards from pin boards that came from somewhere, and of course needed to say it's attracted notices, so on the other side, and this is all the stuff that is needed, which is where the intention of things start to fall by the wayside, and what's been said earlier on about management of these facilities is so important. The other larger unit perhaps is the concept of the pod, the pods of the first pine, perhaps at All Saints, Hereford, the glass pods that were done there have come up many other places. Autumn Waterville is one of about half a dozen autons to the west of Peterborough. It was a little, very small, rural church, but is now entirely surrounded by 1970s housing. It has got a west tower, but it's just got a door, which is just too small for wheelchair access, so in all intents and purposes, the base of the tower was ruled out here, and there's no chapels. This is what they had, a tea table here, a curtain off vestry behind there, a font surrounded by stuff and a motley collection of chairs. They embarked on creating a pod at the southwest corner, replacing that vestry, so the pod now opens up to be a servery there, which has more storage in this piece of furniture which moves back against there when it's not in use. The door at the back leads you through in town here, there's all the electric through all in that cupboard, and then both lined with these cupboards that incorporate the heating units as well for storage for all the various functions and the things that they want to pursue. Lighting, there was a track system that was put in, which I think works quite well, but I know some people don't like it. Of course, these are all very, as I say, rather domestic sort of things, and the pod originally wasn't going to come through the arcade and that was the drawing we approved. During construction, it grew, and of course, the idea that you might go back to the parish, who are obviously extremely proud of their pod, and ask them to shave a foot off it, isn't going to happen, which is a pity, but otherwise that's quite a successful scheme in a church to say which has no subsidiary spaces. An even smaller church is Sutton at Peterborough, a village, I don't know, might have 200 people in it, perhaps. No community building at all, no pub, no nothing, no shock. And the church, as you can see here, it's a small nave with just a two bay isle south isle there. So it hasn't got up tower, but the western bay has now been filled with a toilet and a servery, and then the space, the nave space, has been cleared of the pews, and where the pub platforms were, tiles put in which are just like the original tiles, which went up the centre. So even a very small church, they've managed to get in these sort of facilities, and it does function well in Sutton, as I say, as the only community building. It has to be said they were already using the church for various non-worship funds. This has made it much easier for them to use, and that sense has been a success. As you can see, the problem of heating has yet to be solved, and basically these old filled radiators are placed behind you when you sit at the table or wherever. Another more recent move has been to add a porch, which is actually the toilet, a kitchen, or sink area really, and in this case it's a new boiler as well, hence this large chimney. But this has succeeded with planners, local authority planners, who have felt happier to accede to this and then make a new addition to the church. That's threatened nearly the concept of the toilet and survey has gone further in that they've also created a warm meeting space. It's quite a big church. The village I suppose is about 2,000 strong. It's quite large. They cleared the west end of the church of the pews and glazed in the end of the South Isle and filled in the bottom of the tower with that's the servery, you can just see the shelf. There's the door when it opens. This door opens and goes through to the top of the back. The bells are now rung from the gallery up here and there's a new door into that space from the spiral stair, which I think is a new door here. In other place old doors that used to go to galleries, perhaps removed in the 9th century, have been reopened. This is a nice cosy heated room. I have to say that since this project is completed, there haven't been any new community uses in the church and essentially these new facilities are for fellowship after church on a Sunday and PCC meeting here. Although there are occasional other groups that use it, they certainly haven't been able to attract new groups. Elm near Whizbeach is one of our great marshland churches, which despite the fact it's huge, is a series of magnificent spaces. It was very hard to see how this would work to create a warm meeting area and the individual toilets. The last two bays of the South Isle were what remained of a, well it wasn't a family pew because the family certainly didn't sit here, but a family vault, which was under this raised platform of which had unequal steps. This is about 10 inches and that's about 7 inches. It's sort of a hazard waiting to happen. This space was, as you can see here, not very useful to the parish in terms of the worship use. Behind the main door, which is here, the south door, decided to investigate what this morsley vault looked like to see if this area could be partitioned off. A hole was made and cameras put down. It was discovered that there were about half a dozen coffins down there. The vault itself was a shallow brick vault that was a long way above the coffins. It was agreed that the segmental brick vault would be removed and replaced by flat beams, which did not disturb any of the coffins at all, and a new unit glazed area created at the back. This is looking west. It's got a magnificent west town. Clearly, this space was not one to be endeared with. This has just been completed. This space was already cleared of our space and the toilet is over here. Whether this will bring in any new uses, I don't know the fact that they sold their church hall, which had ceased to be used for about five years through dilapidation, which helped fund this project, which is a familiar scenario, means that the continuity of use had lost, so the parish had now got to work up new uses and be interested to see how they get on. At West Walton, I'm sure you all know, the solution to creating a warm space for worship particularly was to put an enormous theatre curtain behind the chance larch, so this is looking west. When this is dropped, the council then has a chance of getting heated and the small congregation there is there can feel a little more cosy, at least in the winter. At the moment, there are proposals to do something at the west end of the church, which we will see how that develops. Curtaining is in place in two or three churches. It's not cheap. You might think you're putting up curtains that cheap, but these are quite a serious bit of engineering, but it is effective. Other places have wanted to expand and at least autumn Longville persevered and got through this addition. This is the North Isle, to which they've added this meeting room with an access that comes through the North Door. This is the north chapel of the offices of Huntley, who owned the enormous house that's next door to the church, just to the west here now. We have to say, we're always rather, as a DAC, we expect as to what can get out of this, because when you look inside, it's basically a very small room. There's that big window. That's the Isle, that's the board. They've basically got a meeting room, which is used essentially for PCC meetings, and the way the costs went, it's about £15,000 per member. However, they are very pleased with it. We would rather they had spent time sorting out the Huntley Chapel with all its clutter, which, of course, is endemic to all parish churches. Perhaps this is quite extreme. For Sally, it might like to know that the helm is still up there, securely held onto this monument. The concept of clutter, and creating welcoming, warm, cosy spaces, really comes home when you're dealing with children. Of course, the great aim of all churches is to get the young people in. For children, the minimum is a thick carpet for them to sit on, and these miniature chairs and tables, which are always very interesting. The comfy chairs, of course, are for the mothers. And the piano. Well, there we are. There is one church in Darsis with three pianos in its children's corner. A particular that's coming to the fore in our Darsis are memorial chapels for World War II aircraftmen. Of course, East Angliau is littered with former aerodromes, and there's a great deal of tourism in terms of both Americans bringing over their grandchildren and the like to see where they were in the war. And this is one of the pathfinder chapels, the pathfinder, what's it called? A pathfinder, something like that. And of course, the DAC were happy to have the permission for the memorial altar and the Book of Remembrance and a flag. But you can see stuff has turned up, like pictures and many things. And a new window. Again, they gave a faculty for the window. Yes.  Little Paxton is a very small village that's now been sort of absorbed by St Neats. It's just north of St Neats. And completely surrounded by modern housing. You may have heard of it because of its early 12th century tympanum with these sort of bizarre crudes of creatures on them. Or you may have heard of it because in the churchyard, John Buonorotti Papworth, architect to the King of Wyrtonburg, is buried. His sister happened to, he happened to die at his sisters and she lived in the parish. It's a grand medieval west tower, a nave with a forebay south isle and a small chancel. It was essentially rebuilt in the 1840s one way or another. This arcade has been taken down at least once, not twice. And this was the situation. The parish were keen to make the church more of a social centre for the community as being an older community. There weren't 106 agreements for community hall and that sort of thing. So there is this large housing estate with no communal facilities. The parish priest here was very keen for the church to fulfil that role. It was a very radical scheme, clearing the whole thing out. Under the carpet was found ledgers and it's a rather nice pall but unfortunately rather wrecked by the adhesive of the carpet in the past. We had thought that moving the pub would be a chance for some archaeological investigation to quite find out why that early 12th century tympanynum was there. But unfortunately, we don't know, 50s, 60s, the whole of the pub platform had been filled up with concrete and this has been removed but it was only need to be removed to a depth to allow some underfloor heating to go in so there was no requirement for any archaeology there. The south porch already had a toilet attached to it. The lower part of the tower was enclosed to make a small meeting space and the tower was renovated in the bells and a new ring floor created. That's what the church looks like now. The pub is replaced by chairs, the carpet has been replaced by carpet tiles and pick them up and look at the ledgers if you wish. It's all been fully recorded and the parish are very happy with it. It cost about 450,000 in all, grants more sorts of people, including they won 50,000 from some local talent competition. The parish now have all they think they need to promote their mission, furthering the kingdom of God and their wish to bring people into their building for community events. I secretly hope they won't be too successful because the building can't be expanded without quite a bit of difficulty, although it wouldn't perhaps be impossible. This is precisely what many congregations want their church to look like and to function today, reversing the ecclesiologist and tractarian concepts of sacred space. The next one on the horizon is Gamelingay, where that's a DAC meeting, in fact, where we are contemplating what they're going to do with this one. The general public, of course, have yet to catch up with these ideas and it is usually the non-worshippers that object to the removal of the pews. We've been told by some churches that they've lost weddings because the bride now walks up a carpeted aisle flanked by stackable chairs and not the pews she was expecting. Are we actually losing anything of real value? In terms of the fabric, I hope the answer there is quite firmly no because of the care the DAC take in making sure these alterations are not damaging. Nearly all the fabric changes can be reversed. Great St Mary's is about to remove some of the concrete flaws that were introduced in about 1970. Archaeologically in Ely, we are very lucky to have a very active consultant who carries out watching briefs himself in his own time, but he writes briefs and commissions others to carry out some more intensive recording work. Just recently, we found a small doorway at the west end of the south aisle of Horningsey Church, which seems to have led to an anchorite cell or something. It's quite interesting. Parishes, of course, object to the expense of archaeology, but in our recent experience at least, they have stuck to the rules, but we do rely very much on that one consultant. If he's available, I'm not quite sure where we would be. Of course, once the fittings, like pews and Victorian pulpits, have been removed, they won't come back. We always request at least a photographic record, if not the retention of examples. Much of this new technology that's coming in, the sound systems, the heating and that sort of thing, has a life of less than 15 years, I suspect, and I'm not sure how we know how long veneered MDF will last. The character of the interiors, of course, is clearly being altered, but surely this is reflecting current tate and worship preferences as internal changes always have. Of course, that indefinable quality that Crispin described earlier on, whether we call it the patina of age or a numinous character, that is likely to be lost in the wealth of pet, which can make churches indistinguishable from a doctor's surgery, or even some sort of domestic interior, but of course that is what people are wanting to have. I suggest that something like Little Paxson will become readily identified by future ecclesiologists and architectural historians as typical work of the early decades of the 21st century. Whether this will then be considered a good or a bad period remains to be seen. Thank you.


I'm JJ Zacharias and with today's FanDuel, hurry up. We're talking waiver wire for week four and it starts this week with Chuba Hubbard. Christian McCaffrey, he's got a hamstring injury. He's not on IR, which is good news. He could be back sooner than that three week timeframe but he should be out sometime, which means Chuba Hubbard would be the 1A in this Panthers backfield. What we saw this past week on Thursday, Chuba Hubbard played four times a number of snaps as Royce Freeman did. He had 11 ground touches to Royce Freeman's five and he had five targets to Royce Freeman's one. So Chuba Hubbard should be added off the waiver wire and hopefully we get Christian McCaffrey back sooner rather than later. Another guy I like this week is one that I talked about last week. That's Emmanuel Sanders. He's been the deep threat in this Buffalo Bill's offense. He has 20 targets this year. Seven of those have gone 15 plus air yards. Josh Allen will get it together a little bit more throwing those intermediate and deep balls and Emmanuel Sanders will continue to benefit from that. He has about a 16.5% target share in this Buffalo offense through three weeks. I think he's a great add off the waiver wire once again. And then finally, Curtis Samuel. Remember Curtis Samuel? He's been on IR the first three weeks of the season. You look at this Washington offense, they could use a pass catcher. Terry McLauren, about a 28% target share to start the year, he's doing his thing. But if you look at the other pass catchers there, Logan Thomas, a sub 16% target share. Adam Humphries, a sub 16% target share. There's opportunity for Curtis Samuel to slide in and be relevant in fantasy football. So add him this week off the wire.


Okay, there's a lot of jumping and it's also combined attacks. I'm kneeing him and I'm punching him at the same time combined attacks Whereas Wing Chun tends to just attack one at a time. He'll block and punch, right? Block and punch, Tan, hit, right? Block and punch, right? Okay