Imagine a world in which every single human being on the planet has equal access to the sum of human knowledge. Together, we are creating the most comprehensive encyclopedia that has ever existed, Wikipedia. Since early 2012, the non-profit that supports Wikipedia started a program called Wikipedia Zero, which creates partnerships with cellular carriers to waive the data charges to access Wikipedia on cell phones. You might think that such data charges are trivial. We want to show you that they aren't. Take a moment to watch this film. We would like to invite you to raise your voice with us, to sign a petition to ask for free access to Wikipedia. Wikipedia belongs to all of us. And together, we can make things happen. This is our story. Here in Choslovo, lot of people here have talents which are not recognized. Lot of people know information and were quite talented but not educated. As Nelson Mandela said, we are free and we are quite free. But I wouldn't say that we are free because living in a slum is not quite free. Now we are not free. People are not employed. Our parents are not employed. So we don't always get everything we wish we could have as children. This is our school and this is the rubbish. And for us as Sinanjonga High School, we don't think we deserve to learn in these conditions. But living here, I think it is at some point an advantage because it makes me determined to become a better person in life because I want to change the situation that I live under. I take education as a key. I want to work hard for my future so that I can become something big. If you are educated, you can be the person you really want to be. These learners who are in metric now were born just before 94 or they were born just after. So they have not grown up under the laws of apartheid but they still feel the effects of it. Because current is directly proportional to power, sometimes we don't have enough resources like books to study, to go to the library, it's a one hour walk. So you can get there at 5 o'clock, they are already closing. The only reading material that these learners have is their textbooks. In homes here you won't find reading material. So then how to learn is access information. I would like you all to look on Wikipedia. One of the interesting things you can search for is click languages. At first I personally didn't know anything about Wikipedia. It was like finding this great solution that's always been there but we just didn't know that it was. Wikipedia is like a teacher to me. You search for item but you will be getting more than what you expected. We having our final exams in six days time. This is geography when I revise, I write some of the stuff on the wall so that I don't forget them. Every day when I wake up I can see them. As much as it's hard for us to access information here, it's quite amazing. We all have cell phones. Everyone could get the information they need but now that we need airtime to access Wikipedia it's like if you don't have money, you don't have information. If you have money, you have the information. Sometimes you need to take the money you have for your lunch and then you must buy airtime. In my school we decided to write up an open letter to our local cell phone providers. We asked them to offer their customers free access to Wikipedia on their cell phones. With Wikipedia you have some backup, you have some work where you can read about the things you need to know. We are living in a world where school children need to access technology to do well in life. Our learners are not exposed to a lot of things so with Wikipedia we are opening up a new world that might not be known to most of them. Wikipedia is a window. In fact I would describe it as sitting on the wings of a hawk on top of the sky and looking down at what is going around them. Reels from prison on 11 Feb 1990 and on his election as president of South Africa on 9 May 1994, Nelson Mandela addressed the decision here. Maybe the speech was about being united as one and for him becoming the president of South Africa so that he can make everything for everyone equal. So that's Wikipedia. That's what we want from Wikipedia, the knowledge for everyone. The cell phone today has penetrated the very bottom on the socio-economic ladder. Six billion people have cell phones. If people understand that cell phones are ubiquitous and Wikipedia is free and all you have to do is to connect those two things together then you have free access to information right there in the pockets every day, all the time. It's a game changer. There's a lot of talent in Joslova Rua talent. It's like a gold mine.  I'm Lukanya. I came here to study at the University of Ibata's Runt. I've never valued education as I value it right now where I'm at. Once you do doctoral science you notice that it's not about what you have but it's about how you use what you have and how it comes from being educated. So that will give you a lot of resources but the population is not really educated so we don't know how to use our resources effectively. I want to go into politics because I want to change places like Joslova to become places like where I'm at right now in this university. I don't think I would have gotten where I am right now without the help of Wikipedia. I don't. Once you educated you can think originally and if you have a heart and you educated there's nothing that's impossible to you. I want to become a medical practitioner because I want to give back to the society I want to change people's lives. Wikipedia I can say it helped me a lot because I learned there and I found my career there in electrical engineering. That's my future career now. When I'm older I think I'll become a surgeon or a neurologist. I think of myself being big. There are very few female geologists and I want to change that and show that we are also capable of something best in life. When this other day Pete told us guys do you know that you could write up your own articles on Wikipedia and we were like really? Our class went out together to take pictures of Joslova. I used to play this game and then we could take them and we can put them on Wikipedia. I myself am proud. I just want the world to see the places that we are coming from. There was so much that was not there on Wikipedia that we could add. Especially in the course of Wikipedia Wikipedia in our own language. I'm trying to write an article about Umno so it's going to be a new article. I will travel many more females in my deal. There's always something wrong. It's supposed to be Dalibu. Wikipedia it's like a portal to share our own ideas, share our own information. It's amazingly empowering I think for them to be part of that whole movement because it's like a movement, it's like a revolution. Wikipedia is a solution that's making our dreams a possibility. We felt that there's a need for free access to Wikipedia so that everyone can be able to gain knowledge. It's not about us or about me anymore now. It's about other children who need all of the information available on Wikipedia for free. Six billion people have access to cell phones. Wikipedia is free but data charges stop billions of people from even using it. Please sign our petition and encourage cellular carriers to provide free access to Wikipedia on cell phones.


Backward. Back to immigration. If we forgot immigration, we shouldn't have. That's something biblical. This is, you know, at the core of our moral existence immigration, immigration law and policy in this country, we should never forget it. And John Egan doesn't forget it. He runs an institute at UH Law School. And he practices law and immigration. Welcome to the show, John. Well, thank you. Glad to be here again. Well, the reason we're here, at least primarily, is the change in policy that the President made recently, or was trying to make. I'm not sure how far along it is. It's limiting family immigration. What is that all about? Well, you're absolutely right. We don't actually have a policy. We have a number of talking points. He did not put a statute or consideration on the table. What he did is he gave a speech in the Rose Garden on immigration. So we don't really know exactly what's going to come out of this. But it was very interesting that he seems to be taking a completely different tact than what he has in the past. He said, we're going to keep the numbers of legal immigration the same. We're not going to push them down. In the past, he was going to push them down. In the past, it was his intention to slow that down. He has stopped calling immigrants thieves, and rapists, and murderers, and drug dealers, and has said that we're going to have these brilliant people come here and help us with our economy. So there's sort of a change in the way he's looking at this. What he's intending to do to make that happen is flip the numbers from about 65% family-based immigration and maybe 14% employment-based, and flip those numbers the other way, and institute some kind of a merit-based point system to do that. So that's what we know is his intention. How he's actually going to get there remains to be seen. That is so strange, because if there's one thorn in his crown, so to speak, from day one, it's his attack on immigration law and policy in this country, and now all of a sudden, on the face of it, John, it doesn't sound unreasonable. It sounds actually good for the economy. It sounds like it would work as it has worked in other places. How do you feel about that? Assuming Congress agreed, Congress wanted to do something like that, change the percentages around, what would you say that? I think changing the percentages is a perfectly legitimate thing to consider and to do. I think that this is our country. We get to decide who comes and why. I think flipping it wholesale like that is really going to be a pretty radical move, and it's going to disadvantage all the people who are here intending to bring their family members to the United States. I really just don't think that if you're talking about those kind of numbers, I don't think his base is going to accept that we should have a million more people coming in for jobs as opposed to coming in to meet up with families. Take away their jobs. That's right. I mean, if that's the issue that he has presented as being the problem with immigration is that these people come in and take our jobs to flip that over by those kind of numbers and bring those people in specifically because the jobs they're going to do, I don't see that really being accepted. You can make a pretty good case in the 21st century to support family immigration. I'll tell you what I mean. The family in every country in the world is the base of society. It's a fundamental unit of society. You want people to stay together as family, not only horizontally and on the same generation, but in multiple tiers of generations, and that's good for the society. It leads to and it supports the idea of stability to have families stay together. It's love, it's marriage, it's affection, it's it's encouraging your kids to do the right thing. It's all of those home hearth-like values are in family. So if you say, well, not going to let your family's in anymore, and you know, if you want to come to this country, you have to leave your family behind and your parents will not be able to see you. Your other relatives cannot come and maybe they can see you, but they can't join you. They can't be part of your newly established family, as has been the case in this country for how long? It's the beginning. That's really a core value in the existing immigration system is family unification. That's right at the heart of how our system was built. Now, we can tinker with that, we can change the percentages, but to completely eliminate family-based immigration is a really difficult thing to understand. Why would you do that? If you want to take people and bring them into our country and make them part of our country, how better to do that than to make sure their families are here with them? I mean, if you think about the base of patriotism, the base of patriotism is this is my family's place. This is where we belong. And you tell me, no, you can't really do that anymore. It doesn't make sense. So it really is a kind of a surprise that he would come up with this out of the blue after being so mean and nasty on so many immigration issues over the past two years. Do you have an idea about why? What is his political motivation or his populist motivation? Well, I certainly am not going to be able to psychoanalyze that man. But it does seem that there are two different parties that are influencing him. This whole new wave of ideas about immigration seems to be coming from Jared Kushner, his son-in-law, and he's pushing it this direction. There's another person in his orbit, Steve Miller, who has the opposite point of view, and they're playing tug-of-war somehow. Just as an example, no sooner did this new, more warm and friendly approach come out than Donald Trump has nominated a truly hard-line individual, Ken Cuccinelli, to become the new leader of the Citizenship and Immigration Service. He's a really hardcore guy. The guy who was there that he's replacing was the guy who said, no, we're going to get rid of the dreamers. He's the guy who said, no, we're going to revamp our asylum system so that people can't come across the border. He's the guy who's pushing people back over the border in that return to Mexico process. The guy who has delayed all of the H-1B visas to keep employment-based visas settled down. He's kicked out international students, and now he wants to go in a tougher direction than that, and that's why he has his fellow Cuccinelli online. So there's really two things going on at the same time, and I honestly can't tell which one is going to be the actual policy of this administration. Well, I think the country has a problem with immigration reform, we've tried to reform immigration laws over many decades, and we really haven't done that. They haven't kept up somehow, don't you agree? Yes. The last significant change, reformation of the statute was in 1996. That's getting to be kind of old now. And that was not really universally approvable. A lot of people felt that that was sort of a hatchet job. What did it do? Well, for one thing, it really took away discretion from the judiciary. There used to be such things as what they called a JRAD, a judicial recommendation against deportation. Someone came in, he's a family member, he did something wrong. Okay, he did something wrong, punish him, but don't deport him because he's going to have to stay with his family. They eliminated that. Now there are a whole bunch more offenses that an immigrant might do that will absolutely positively get them deported. And so that discretion within the judiciary was stripped out in 1996.   They call it the Reform and Responsibility Act. They were really pushing on the idea that we have to be tougher with immigrants. I've always felt, at least in my limited observation of this area, that it's very complex. It's very hard. There are so many issues and social, legal, geopolitical issues around immigration that you really have to pay attention to it if you're a policymaker. And Congress has not done that. Congress has not really paid attention to it. And so we have now, I mean, going into Trump term, we have, I think, a Congress that isn't really skilled at this, hasn't really taken the time, hasn't really kept up. And then he comes in and he says, well, I don't need Congress. I'm going to do this kind of stuff myself. I'm going to move much more quickly than Congress. And they don't like it. They can try to stop me, although Mitch McConnell will stop them from stopping me. So I mean, when you talk about limits on family immigration, at least in this context, isn't he supposed to get permission from Congress? Isn't Congress supposed to amend the immigration law? That's their role. Absolutely. I think it's kind of shocking that, I mean, the Democrats haven't really stepped up to the plate here either. And by leaving that space open, he's just walked right in and started to give directives. And nobody seems to know how to slow that down. Now, the courts are doing a pretty good job of slowing it down. But where is Congress in this picture? Boy, I just have to say, we've had this crisis going on at the border for five years now. This is not new, these people coming up from Central America. This is not brand new stuff that just started yesterday. Where is the democratic proposal on how to handle this? I'm not seeing it. Why? Nobody wants to stick their finger in. It's complicated. It's difficult.  But somebody has to do that. Somebody has to step up and say, this is a crisis. We know how to handle these things. So let's start doing these things to get it under control. Nobody's doing that. If I was a president bent on expanding my own powers and be damned the Constitution, this is an area that I would pick because there's already divisiveness all around the country. I would go sailing right into this. I would take power. And I would do the kinds of things that he's been doing. And Congress can wait in the wings. I think that's what's happening.  That's why. I worry that that is what's going on here, that there is some using this crisis as an opportunity to grab power. I hesitate to give our president more credit than he is to, but there are certainly people around him who recognize that that is absolutely an opportunity. So let's look at immigration law in general as it has evolved especially at its accelerated rate since January 2017.  Do we feel comfortable about knowing what the law is, and that it is there is a rule of law here? Because after all, the least equipped client you can have is a client who's an immigration and immigrant who may not have any money, may not have any connections who is under under under the cloud for everything. And he doesn't have in terms of clientele, he doesn't have any power at all. And if he does anything wrong, he's out of the country and he's disconnected from the process, whatever it is. So I guess, you know, the question I put to you is, what is the state of the rule of law? As far as immigration law is concerned? Well, as a lawyer, it's distressing to see how the rule of law is being taken down. We do have a law. It's not a perfect law, but it's there. And just as a perfect example, now you can have your own opinions about the abuse of the asylum system, but there is a law there. And it functions and has function for years and years. And yet, this administration is completely turning it on its head. It is accepted in our own statute that you can come to the border and ask for asylum. And the government is supposed to respond to that in a statutorily determined fashion. They've just cut that off and said, we're not going to do that anymore.  That's not how it's written in the law. We have a completely different protocol, and they're ignoring it intentionally. So, and that's just one example, you can take that all across the board, where what people were expecting, because it's written in the law is no longer what you are really going to get. That's dangerous. It's not the rule of law. That's right. The country's founded on the rule of law. The Constitution is founded on the rule of law. And if you don't know what the law is, well, you don't know whether people will, the government will enforce the law as it is written. For that matter, you know, make make thoughtful changes to the law. Where are we? Yeah, it's a little disturbing. And that's the way it is in immigration law. As an immigration lawyer, I spend half an hour to 45 minutes every single day reading before I start my day to see what has happened last night or yesterday, that's going to change how I practice law today. Now, I know there's a lot of fast moving parts of the law that people practice, you know, intellectual property and a lot of different things that are pretty fast moving. I don't know anybody who is doing that who has to read before they open up their first email. So I'm going to take a short break and come back and talk about immigration law fatigue in this country and see how all this is affecting the way we collectively think and the way our government operates, you know, and the way the world sees us will be right back after this break. Aloha, I'm Wendy Lowe and I'm coming to you every other Tuesday at two o'clock live from Think Tech Hawaii. And on our show, we talk about taking your health back. And what does that mean? It means mind, body and soul, anything you can do that makes your body healthier and happier is what we're going to be talking about, whether it's spiritual health, mental health, fascia health, beautiful smile health, whatever it means. Let's take healthy back. Aloha. Aloha, I'm Cynthia Sinclair and I'm Tim Apachella. We are hosts here at Think Tech Hawaii, a digital media company serving the people of Hawaii. We provide a video platform for citizen journalists to raise public awareness in Hawaii. We are a Hawaii nonprofit that depends on the generosity of its supporters to keep on going. We'd be grateful if you'd go to thinktechhawaii.com and make a donation to support us now. Thanks so much. OK, we're back. We're live. I needed a break. This discussion, John. That's John Egan. He's an immigration lawyer and he also runs the Immigration Law Institute at the UH Law School. So, yeah, the question I was posing to you during the break is, you know, how to how do people react to this? This is a serious problem when you begin to lose confidence in the administration of justice. You know, in the New York Supreme Court Courthouse down on Foley Square, there's a building with a big sign on a carved in stone is the most important, you know, the most important element of justice is public confidence. And you really need public confidence. And the question I put to you was, do we have public confidence and immigration is a good bellwether of this because it's what Trump attacked out of the box back in January of 2017. How are we doing? Or do we have what I call fatigue, immigration law fatigue among among the public? Well, I think that is happening. And I think that there's some intent there. You remember in the first Middle East clash that they instituted the program of shock and awe, just keep bombing those people until you until they're just tired of it, want to give up. My thought is that that's what they're doing this administration. Every week there's a new cluster bomb thrown into the immigration law space. And if you're not completely just worn down by it, you're overworked. I mean, I look at my colleagues, you know, there's a good number of working immigration lawyers here in Hawaii, some very good quality people, but they're getting overwhelmed. Nobody is, you know, nobody's taking three day vacations, you know, the three day weekend.  So there's fatigue and then there's just plain overwork. So yes, I think that that actually is part of their strategy. I think that's a game plan. Just keep busting things down and let's see if they can keep up. That effectively enhances the executive. Then he can do what he wants. You create chaos, including legal chaos, and you move into the space created by the chaos and you take charge because you're the executive. Because what you do by default is the leadership piece. And I think that's what's happening in other areas too, but certainly in immigration. Well, yes. I mean, first Congress is in logjam. They just don't seem to be able to figure out what to do and for them to work for Congress to do anything, they have to be in concert. They have to get majorities. That's not happening. The judiciary is active. They're doing things. You know, we had the Trump v. Hawaii here. There's some interesting things that are happening in the judiciary. But the judiciary is slow. It takes months and months and months. And it's being eroded while we watch. Well, yes, there's that too. Two nominations into the Ninth Circuit this week. So we're seeing change happening there. But all the judiciary stuff takes more time and because the executive is able to act right now, immediately make directives, make executive orders, make talking points in the Rose Garden there and manipulate the media, they're winning the show. Yeah. So, you know, I mean, I always thought that immigration law, the practice of immigration law was a very high minded thing. Because you care about people who are vulnerable. You care about lifting. You know, it's the Emma Lazarus poem. Give me your tired, huddled masses yearning to breathe free. Not just me every time. That's right. So immigration lawyers do that. They have a special cachet for me.  Because you don't have the options maybe that you had before. And you don't have the option of the rule of law to know that what's written is the law. Right. So representing a client, helping a client becomes more difficult. Well, that's true. And you know, you mentioned our Institute. That's the immigration law clinic at the law school. And that's what we're really trying to do. We're trying to get more well trained young people into this field. Because that's what it really requires. It takes people who are dedicated, who are willing to learn what's required and keep relearning every day because they want to help this particular population. You're right. They are not just underserved. They are underprivileged. You know, they don't get to vote. So you're not going to get a whole lot of politicians to take their side on an issue. Many of them are working in a second language. English is not how they grew up doing their reasoning. They're working in a legal system that's completely unfamiliar to them. So it does take a sort of dedicated person to do that. But young people are jumping right in, though. It's really good. I'm happy to hear that. It's been interesting. I try to keep them, you know, looking at the reality, you're not going to get rich doing this. This is not, and you're probably not going to be recognized in your Bar Association as being the leader of the PAC. We've never had a bar president who was an immigration lawyer, just as an example. It's not too late, John. Oh, yes, it is. But you see my point that there are young people who are ready to go into this, and that's a good thing. That's what we're trying to do up at the law school, get dedicated people into this practice. Well, that goes to the whole thing about rule of law in general. You know, my brother and others have created a letter to be signed by lawyers and bar officials everywhere who would like to see the rule of law maintained, respected in this country. I'm not sure how much effect it's going to have, but that's what they're out and about doing. And I mentioned too that fundamental to legal education, if it's not ever articulated, it's still there. Is it every lawyer has a duty to abide by the rule of law, to advance the rule of law, to advance our system of justice and our constitution. And query whether that fatigue we talked about is also affecting the bar in general, certainly the immigration bar to the point where, you know, they cannot function in the way maybe we thought they could. Difficult question. I think that fatigue does degrade people's capacity to keep in the fight. It takes a certain amount of dedication to wake up every day and take one more hit on the jaw and say, well, okay, let's go to work anyway. It's tough. But I think that you're absolutely right. If you've taken the oath and this is what you are doing with your life, you've decided I am a legal professional and I am the person who is responsible for this, then you just do it. And in fact, we are. That's what we do as members of the legal profession. Well, you know, I would like to see beside the immigration bar, I would like to see the whole bar rise up to this. I would like to see every bar association in every state rise up to it. I would like to see members of the immigration service rise up to it. In many ways, they're law enforcement officials, aren't they? And they should be sensitive to this issue. Well, you know, on that point, I want to mention one of the programs that we're working on putting together at the law school in the immigration clinic will be a training for non immigration lawyers, other members of the bar, give them just enough background so they can start taking some of these cases pro bono, you know, for the public benefit in immigration court and in front of some of the agencies that are involved, because in fact, there aren't enough immigration lawyers to take all of these cases. And, yes, the whole bar can and should share in some of this responsibility. Yeah, that would be a great place to start, actually.  Yes, there are. And they run the whole gamut. There there are secular organizations, but there's also the faith based organizations, for example, was kind of a target, you know, the Hebrew immigrant services organization. There's also a group, the Catholic legal immigration network. The Methodists have their justice for our neighbors network. So the faith community is in the game. It has been for 100 years. Yes, right, have been in the game for a long time. The secular organizations, well, like, for example, the American Bar Association has a subgroup working on immigration issues.  That was outstanding. So yes, they're out there. The funding is tough. Because you know, it's hard to figure out how money solves this problem. And that makes it a little bit difficult for people to open their wallet and give. But yes, they're out there and they're doing good work. Well, you know, we in this conversation, we painted a picture that's really a little dreadful. And, you know, there's this no easy light at the end of the tunnel far as I can see. And you have the possibility that the administration will take every success or lack of resistance as a as a success and and move the needle further and further toward individual political power and the presidency and be damned the rule of law, be damned the immigration law, be tamed the Constitution. This is it's a fair possibility. Who's to say what will really happen? Maybe everything will change in 2020, maybe not. But the question I posed to you is let's assume a further degradation of the rights of immigrants. Let's assume a further degradation of the adherence to the rule of law in immigration law. Let's assume a further degradation of immigrants in this country, their opportunities, their possibilities, you know, give me your tired, huddled masses yearning to breathe. What effect does that have? This is a hard question. I'm sorry. What effect does that have on us as a nation? What effect does it have on other nations who perceive us to be a leader to be following that Statue of Liberty? Well, that's a little deep, Jay. Thank you. We'll dig on that for a moment. I think it's really interesting to sort of read our history. The name Hannah Arendt is probably familiar to you, a political philosopher, Jewish woman growing up in Europe during the Second War, made it out to the United States and became quite a thoughtful contributor, took apart the whole question of totalitarianism in Europe. And one of her primary theses was that the origin of totalitarianism in the middle of the century last in Europe was the degradation of citizenship and the scapegoating of immigrants throughout Eastern Europe and into Germany, that that was the beginning of totalitarianism that led to a world war. I think we should pay attention to that history because if you're going to see people just take one group of people and turn them into scapegoats and strip them from their legal rights and their natural rights. I mean, natural rights, you have a natural right to have your family with you. That's that goes beyond even law.  The administration has no problem with it, though. Right. So so when you start to see that become the norm, you better watch out for the seeds of totalitarianism because that's where they live. We get home tonight and they ask you what you did today. Tell them you talked with John Egan and you learned about Hannah Arendt. Very important. Yeah. Thank you, John. My pleasure. Glad to be here.


Turn it on. Ah! Now it's green. It works! Like a charm. Do you have a mic or something? No, worked out of the box. This is not a Windows platform. I don't have a microphone. The mic is for recording. Okay, stay close. Yeah, yeah. Okay, that's good. Hello, good afternoon. Hi, everybody. My name is Tom the same, and I'm a Red Hatter working on .NET Core. In this talk, we'll explore what .NET Core is and we'll zoom in to the open source and cross-platform aspects. At the end of the presentation, I'll be joined by Jeff, who's a program manager on the ASP.NET team. So, let me begin by explaining what .NET Core is. So, most of you will know the .NET framework. The .NET framework is the development platform Microsoft first released about 15 years ago. It's the de facto programming platform for building Windows GUI applications and Windows web applications. Shortly after Microsoft first released the .NET framework, an open source and cross-platform implementation came about. Of course, I'm talking about Mono. And Mono has allowed us to develop and run .NET applications on Linux for many years. The Mono project or, yes, the Mono project is led by Xamarin and Xamarin was acquired by Microsoft about a year ago and Xamarin provides a .NET platform for building mobile applications. .NET Core is a new .NET platform intended to build cross-platform services. Let me zoom into that. So, .NET Core is cross-platform. It runs on Windows, Linux and Mac. It's completely open source. This includes the runtime, the class library, compiler and all the tooling. So, the source code is available and it's also open for contribution. It's very fast. Some of you may have attended Jeff's talk this morning where he mentioned ASP.NET Core is capable of handling millions of requests per second. Such performance is only achieved by making it a clear goal and by optimizing throughout the entire stack with the runtime, the class library and also the compiler and every optimization made there is beneficial for all apps running on .NET Core. .NET Core is also ideal for micro-surface development because it's fast and also because you can build really small micro-services. This is possible because applications can trim their dependencies. If you attend Nimanja's talk later you can build a really minimal MVC application and also the runtime itself only weighs about 50 megabytes so deploying .NET Core-based micro-services comes at really low overhead. The main programming languages of the .NET Platform are C-Sharp, F-Sharp and VB. C-Sharp is a modern general-purpose programming language. It's the most popular programming language of the .NET Platform. Most open source projects you see out there are written in C-Sharp. F-Sharp is a functional programming language and VB is an easy approachable general-purpose programming language. Because we have multiple platforms we need a way of writing codes and target all of them. This is where .NET Standard comes in. .NET Standard is an API definition and libraries will target that API and then the platforms implement the API which makes the library run on the different platforms. Making this a little more concrete the columns of this table show the different versions of .NET Standard and each successive version adds more APIs. So suppose we write a library which is targeting .NET Standard 1.3 that library would run on .NET Core 1.0 and it would run on the .NET framework 4.6. If in our library we would like to use newer APIs available in .NET Standard 1.4, 1.5 or 1.6 our library would no longer work on the .NET framework. The next version of .NET Standard is .NET Standard 2.0 and it will be implemented by .NET Core which will be shipped in spring this year and it will bring a much larger common API surface between .NET Core and .NET Core. What also will be possible is that .NET Standard libraries will be able to use other libraries which are not yet .NET Standard aware but which would be .NET Standard compliant. All in all this means that porting applications from the .NET framework to .NET Core will become much easier and it will also be possible to share much more code that runs on all of the platforms. The next version of .NET Standard 2.0 contains really a lot of useful stuff and what's interesting to know is that some of these things were already in .NET Core but not yet in .NET Standard. For example, the threat class was available in .NET Core but because it wasn't in .NET Standard it was not possible to write a library that used the threat class which were across the different platforms. This will now be possible thanks to .NET Standard 2. As I mentioned, .NET Core is open source so the source code lives on GitHub, it's MIT licensed and it's copyright of the .NET Foundation. The .NET Foundation is a non-profit organization and it's here to help support the .NET open source ecosystem. The technical steering group includes Microsoft but other companies are also part of it like Red Hat, Samsung and Google. The binary is built by Microsoft for the Linux platforms but also MIT licensed. These pictures come from blog posts by Matt Warren where he looks at the .NET .NET Core open source journey for the past two years. Each of these graphs represent activity. Each bar is one month of activity and they start in November 2014 and go till October 2016. On the left you see the runtime and on the right you see the class library. The top row is the number of issues created and the bottom part is the number of pull requests. You see a clear increase for all of these graphs but also indicated per bar is the darker part, this is community contributions and the lighter part this is Microsoft contribution. So you see the community is also active actively creating issues and also pull requests and you look at the absolute numbers of these graphs they are quite high for example for the class library there in October 2016 there were 500 pull requests which is a pretty nice number and for the runtime there were 250 pull requests. So .NET Core is cross platform for .NET Core 1.1 there are binaries provided by Microsoft for a number of popular Linux distributions and for Mac as well. At Red Hat we also build .NET Core and we provide it for REL and for OpenShift. For REL it's available as part of the no cost developer subscription and we closely follow the upstream releases. This means when Microsoft releases their upstream version of .NET Core only a few days later it's already available on REL as well. So as I said the packages are built by Red Hat and they're provided as a software collection so you can install them on your system and it won't impact the rest of your system and you just activate them and you need them. The commands show you how to enable the subscription install .NET Core and then enable the software collection. We also provide a source to ImageBuilder for OpenShift. This means you can hand your source code in a Git repository to OpenShift and OpenShift will build your .NET code and then deploy it. Doing this is as easy as this one-liner commander at the bottom where you specify the runtime you're targeting so in this case .NET Core 1.1 you give your Git repository with its source code and then you specify where the startup project is inside this Git repository. After issuing this command OpenShift will pull your code compile it and then deploy it in a container. The next story is even getting more interesting for .NET Core 2. Microsoft will provide a Linux X64 build and this will allow us to develop applications and publish them standalone and they will run on, let's say, all the popular Linux distros out there without there being a .NET installer or a .NET runtime specifically for that distribution. So this is a pretty nice feature and then also very interesting distro maintainers building from the source code will become a lot easier so if you're building .NET Core thanks to changes made to the repository layout and to build artifacts building from source will become easier. Now it's demo time so Jeff will join me and he'll first demonstrate a web application running in a visual studio on Windows and then he'll publish that standalone so I can run it on my Fedora machine. Got to get some display. You'd like to see what I'm actually doing on my laptop, wouldn't you? That'd be nice. Fantastic. Very cool. Alright. So here I am on Windows. I know Windows, right? I mean but I have visual studio 2015. This is the community edition. It's a free version that's available for hobbyists and for small companies that are in startup mode and what I'm going to do is I'm going to open the web application that Tom gave me I have it sitting right here and this is the source code that he started with. So I'm going to open that here in visual studio and in just a second it's going to come back do a little bit of conversion and I will have my project open. So now it's going through and you can see on the bottom it's installing packages. We have packages that we use just like you guys have on Red Hat that have all the different components, little modules as part of the .NET framework .NET core framework. And you can also see over here on the right it's restoring other dependencies that's because inside of visual studio we also restore those client side dependencies for Bower and NPM automatically for you as you make changes to your Bower JSON and package JSON files. So it's going to go and finish bringing back all the necessary things that I need to make my client side web application work. Now, while that's finishing up here I can actually tell visual studio to build my application. I just went through and used the hotkey for build and then build application here. And you didn't even see it because it's actually still waiting. But what it'll do is it'll dump here into my output window the results of what happens during my build process. Fighting the network again. We're good. Of course NPM is going to take a while to install. I have all kinds of other windows here inside of visual studio that I can use to see what's going on. There we go. We can see it's starting to bring some of these things back. I can actually look and see what's going on with my package manager and I can watch what those things are doing over here. This is for the .NET packages, my NuGet packages. So I'm going to go over here to my output and not that one. There it is. So you can see that it finished building, the actual build of my .NET code took only 1.9 seconds. Pretty fast. A lot faster and it took the download of that JavaScript. But here locally on my windows machine I can start my application and use the native windows server, IIS express. This is a developer focused web server that I can attach to and debug with without needing administrator privileges on my machine. So I click play and it'll compile and show me my application in this case running in edge because I'm running windows 10. Everybody okay with edge? Chrome? Firefox? Okay. One person likes Firefox. Nobody else likes Chrome. So I have this simple templated website put together that Tom sent me and I can come through and I can make some changes and what not. But really what I want to do here is I want to maybe do some debugging and that's easy for me to do with Visual Studio and I have these features also in Visual Studio Code. I can go into my controllers where I have some C sharp code written and I can actually look at all the different code here and if I want to pause the action I can put a break point let's say right here where it's going to return the view right in the MVC framework we have a controller, we have a view and we have a model well in this case there's no model we just have a view that some templated C sharp and HTML that we call razor and we're going to return the view information for this index action inside of my home controller. So that view actually lives here under my views folder under home and it's called index makes sense it's designed by convention the name of my controller, the name of my razor file sitting out here and you can see it looks just like like standard HTML and it's got some some C sharp that's mixed in with it where is it? Up here at the top you can see surrounded by this at symbol okay this is C sharp code that's being executed and then it will be dropped in a little bit later anywhere that I use that at sign, a context switch and I flip from HTML to C sharp and as soon as C sharp code is done executing it'll actually change context back to HTML again I think you can see that better in the layout of this template there you go so here's some HTML with title tag and then some C sharp it's in this gray highlight it's kind of hard to see on the projector and then it changes back to HTML context and that's a feature of our razor templating engine that we use but I'm going to put this break point in here because I want to be able to inspect what's going on inside of my web browser my web server, I'm sorry because my break points occur server side so this will start up and visual studio attaches and shows me here's where we're stopped at I have some locals that I can look at and actually watch the state of the interaction with my web server so I can look at the URL that was requested the information about the HTTP context that was passed to my session and I can inspect and see exactly what's going on right here inside of visual studio there's other tools that we have built into other versions of visual studio that will allow me to profile and take a look at everything that's loaded into memory or where the processor is actually doing its work so that I can find those hotspots and tune my application easily so so this is on visual studio that runs on windows you can attach to a linux machine that's running and debug and profile over there so but you need to be running with the full version of the IDE so we can also run this version of the tool and attach to a docker container that's running running a linux image and be able to debug and profile what's going on inside of that very cool options that we have available so that's nice that I can come through and I can take a look at this the last thing that I wanted to show you is inside of visual studio and this is the same for all of our visual studio versions including code we have this great feature that we call IntelliSense and it's not like that type ahead stuff that you can see in sublime where it sees other things that were completed in your code and it tries to figure out something that matches we actually on the fly compile your code and then inspect and give you features that are available with your code so if I do things in here like if I have a var I equals 0 so I is clearly an integer and I say I dot zoom in there you can see I get I get integer like things that I can do with this but if I change I to a string and I look at what's here now I have string things that I can do with this variable okay so it's clearly actually compiling the code and giving me appropriate options for interacting with that with that variable so very cool features and like I said you do get those in visual studio code that runs on all platforms but you know if this application looks like it's running pretty well I want to compile it and make it available so that Tom can run it back on his red hat machine so what I can do is I can go into that folder and I'm going to navigate down to the actual application let me pump up the font size here just a little bit so now everything with the dotnet framework runs with the dotnet core and SDK runs on the command line it runs command line first and then we build visual studio on top of it so that everybody gets the same feature set regardless of what tool they're using so you run the command line but just calling dotnet and then a series of commands that you pass in so I'll call dotnet build it knows that it was modified compiles and it's done and now I'm going to publish it so that it's available for use on fedora in order for me to do that I'm going to come through here and make sure that all of my appropriate content is available and deployed so everything that would be in the dotnet core framework that's installed locally on my windows machine needs to be bundled up and shifted, shipped not shifted shipped with my application so that Tom can use it so what I do is I'm going to change this reference to the dotnet core app instead of it being a platform a platform is something that's installed locally and shared across many projects I'm going to remove that so that it's actually packaged and brought with my application and then I'm going to scroll down to the bottom here and I'm going to add another segment to specify the run times that I'm going to support so what I do it's even helping me here with some type of run times and I'm going to specify two run times I'm going to specify win7x64 because my machine is a windows 7 variant here so I need to still be able to compile for my machine and then Tom yours is fedora24 so let's reference fedora24 and that's x64 so I'll say x64 and now I can you can see over here I made the change and Visual Studio is restoring the appropriate packages to support fedora24 I can take a look and I can see exactly what it's doing and what's even better about these little console windows you can scroll up and see exactly the command that it executed so it set the path and then here it said .NET restore and it specified some place to write some output to so it's all done it restored everything so I will .NET build one more time there it goes good everything built now I can publish publish is what's going to do that I'm going to specify a run time of all my references and make it available in one folder so I say let's move this up to the top .NET publish and then I'm going to specify a run time because I need to actually say that I'm not publishing for this machine and this run time publishing for a different one and I can pass in a collection of run times if I wanted or specify one that I don't necessarily support with this machine like fedora I wanted to but in this case let's specify fedora fedora 24 x64 so it's going to publish that and carry along the appropriate run time for me now that it's done building here it goes so it's gone through it's marked everything up and now it's sitting down here in this folder so let's just show you what that folder looks like it's under bin, debug netcore app and take a look I've actually got a win7 one sitting here but if I look in fedora 24x64 these are the things to install if I only I'm sorry if I had a .NET run time on my machine but I've got everything necessary right here my views, my static files that live in the dub dub dub root folder and all my DLLs that I need to ship so this is the part where I do the Julia child fake out and look I'm already done baking the kick I've actually already packaged this up and I've sent a zip over to Tom so he can show you what happens after he receives this publish folder so as Jeff was writing the train to Burnu he sent me the zip file that he created just as he demonstrated before so I have it here the fedora 24 zip and I will just unzip it everything is in there so by removing the type platform from the project Jason Jeff ensured this was a standalone .NET application which means I don't need .NET to actually run this package of course since I'm a .NET developer I have it on my system because it's on my path variable and let me just change my path variable to convince you it's no longer on my path variable and this folder because Jeff created it the permissions are not 100% okay because Windows doesn't know the execute permission so I need to make one change which is add the execute permission to the web application binary and now it is just running so the application developed and published standalone can just run on your fedora machine without there being any requirement for .NET being available there which is quite nice so let me open up this link to show you working quite well here so this is a very nice feature and as I said during my presentation .NET Core 2 will bring a Linux X64 RID so where Jeff just showed us using Fedora 24 at that place we will be able to use Linux X64 and that will enable the standalone application to run on all major Linux distros so Jeff was using Visual Studio on Windows I will show you Visual Studio Code here running on my let me open up a new terminal just to get my regular part in there I will show you Visual Studio Code Visual Studio Code is a free open source IDE it supports quite a number of programming languages including C-Sharp you enable that by installing the C-Sharp extension just like in Visual Studio Visual Studio Code has IntelliSense so this is also powered by OmniSharp and OmniSharp is also open source and it uses Roslin which is the .NET compiler platform under the hood so if I use the app variable here which is an I application builder it shows me all the methods which are applicable for that type if I pick one of the methods I can see the different overloads which are available so IntelliSense powered actually by the same tooling which is powering also Visual Studio on Windows I can also go and debug that app I put a break point here so I can launch a debugger here from Visual Studio Code and you will see everything you'd expect a debugger to have available so once we hit that break point I'll see a list of variables show up here I can zoom into that look at what is here for example the amp contact route path for this demo etc here you can see the call stack and you can just have a very nice debugging experience here also while developing using Visual Studio Code on your Linux machine the last thing I want to show you is also a cross-platform feature let's say is publishing this application into OpenShift so OpenShift is a container platform and Red Hat is contributing a lot into OpenShift and as I said during my talk we have a source to image builder and the source to image builder is capable of taking build NAT code and just build it and deploy it and that's what we'll do here so my code here is on github and I can just use the OC which is the OpenShift client tools and I create a new project here for OpenShift so my project shows up nicely here in the coobie and next thing I'm going to do is an OC new app I specify my runtime which is .NET 1.1 now I give it a URL to my source code repository I tell it where my startup project lives inside this repository and I need to set one and far and this is actually mapping the code that we'll be using to the port exposed by the container running in OpenShift so after I issue this command you see that a build has started in OpenShift I can just click here we're waiting for the build to start and this build log in a couple of seconds you can also just touch that on the console using the command that OpenShift client tools just gave us there so now it's pulling this builder image and then it's pulling in my source code from GitHub and the first thing it will do is what you also saw in Visual Studio is it will restore dependencies specified in the project JSON file so there it goes it will fetch the dependencies this is the builder image which comes already with OpenShift and we're making some improvements to that as we learn ourselves how .NET Core applications are built typically so for example the ASPNET Core which I had to set there in the next version of the builder image that will be included so you no longer have to specify that variable Jeff also showed some tools like Bower and Gulp you will be able to enable those so if you want to use those for your front-end website you will be able to say I'm using the Gulp task runner please make sure it's available when I build it so like that OpenShift will also be able to use your front-end using the JavaScript tools you like most so it restored the dependencies and then it started building our app and as a last step it will take the app and it will publish it as a container into OpenShift and this will be our runtime container so this will be the container which is launching the .NET application so at the end of the log it will push like four layers of a Docker image and then it will take that image and deploy it I'm actually using an OpenShift staging server so sometimes I see some error message which is not on the production server but I ignore it so if I understand well it doesn't run in Bower and Gulp at the moment because this is a plain C sharp and I ran actually for this project in advance the Bower and Gulp tools because it is not yet available in the source to image builder which is now in OpenShift but when we upgrade the builder you will be able to specify while it's pushing these images I can show you this repo the source code for the image builder is also online on github and if we have a look in the readme you will be able to specify with an end for far for the build deployment the tools you want so if you would set this variable to Gulp Bower it will do an npm install and you will be able to use those for example as part of your publish step let's see where we are so it's pushing the layers still it's a good time to drink a cup of coffee one thing we also want to do is make the runtime image a bit smaller and this would also make this step a bit faster Windows we saw you run the application in isexpress what is the web server running here so I think in Windows probably it was using isexpress as the front-end web server and then castrol after it so castrol is the open source .NET core HTTP web server and it is using castrol here as well and it's a very high performance web server it's capable of handling millions of requests per second and Jeff mentioned in his talk also the tech and power benchmark how it is performing against some other well-known web frameworks and web servers so we are using to run the .NET core application exactly the same web server as Jeff was using in his demo actually comparing performance here there is an ASP-NET benchmark possibly I think but as far as I when I last looked at it it had been updated for a while and it was very serious here which you need to take into account so if you look at the tech and power benchmark it is using castrol and nothing is in front of it for example Jeff was using their castrol with IS in front of it performance will of course be a lot lower there if you put NGINX in front of it it's a very fast web server but if you put something in front of it which you will most likely do in a production scenario performance will be less and it depends if you are running it in a container then of course something will be in front of it again so it depends on your deployment where castrol is running and who is handling the requests why is the running the same web server so the interest in having a high performance web server is really there the same Microsoft wants to make this a great web server on the NGINX as well do you want to add something Jeff so the question was the question was what's the interest in Microsoft in making a high performance web server that works the same on both Linux and Windows and we want to maintain one source code base we want to make sure everybody gets the same features at the same time and that we don't rely on something that's deep embedded in Windows that not all the other operating systems have so that helps us also make sure that it will work great when we deploy to the cloud Azure or OpenShift or the bookstore at Amazon we want to make sure it works great on everybody's cloud so the castrol web server is really designed to be rebuilt from the ground up and very highly compatible we're seeing numbers in our most recent tests that looks like castrol is about 5% faster on Windows than on Linux it's still millions of requests per second so you're in pretty good shape when you put that behind in a patchy or in-genet server you're going to see performance drop off a little bit but it's a trade-off for more security and better protection so I think the ASPnet benchmark repository is really the place where you need to look to see what the numbers are and also the different front ends who are taking your requests and handing them over to castrol there so probably there will be an update in the near future of those benchmarks so in the meanwhile our runtime image was pushed into OpenShift and here it is running for web application so this service is now running internally in OpenShift could for example be an internal web API project we want to expose it so I'm going to run the expose command here now the website we just built in OpenShift and deployed is available to everyone on the public internet and there it is quite nice only handing it to URL and building and deploying in OpenShift so that was it for the demo we already had some interesting questions are there other questions no thank you for attending the talk and for helping me with the demo that's it thanks thank you you're welcome I have an incredible presentation back here yes you can go after I was just saying is that method that you have to go get the models and the other parts of the we call the wrapping wrap those things will be forced out and there's a scheme of an empty state Oh, good. Oh, that's great. All right. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay. Okay.


The life of a family physician is intimately linked with the lives of his patients. His source of medical supply is close at hand. Nearby, the community hospital is well staffed and ready to serve. Many trained technicians in all manner of medical supplies and equipment are available. All of these elements are simple links in the personal chain of doctor-patient relationship, whether for a common cold or a major operation. But in time of war, the patient of civilian life is replaced by the casualty on the battlefield. The role of the physician and his aides materially change. Intimacy with his patients is neither prolonged nor continuous. From the moment the casualty is wounded, there is, of necessity, a continuity of medical effort. Personnel of the medical service will administer too many casualties, but usually only once to a single casualty. Along the well-organized chain of evacuation through which he passes. To provide adequate medical attention to members of the armed forces, large numbers of medical personnel are involved. A doctor becomes a member of a military team of doctors, nurses and technicians, each of whom may contribute but briefly to the care of the individual casualty. It is not surprising that a wounded soldier who may have been moved and treated five or six times from the battlefield to the general hospital would find it impossible to say who his doctor was, or he would have had many. To better understand the difference between medicine in the civilian community and in the army, we must visualize the amount of planning that is required. All of it must take place under a blanket of secrecy, since the success of any operation will be influenced by the element of surprise. Let us suppose a task force, an organization of army, navy and air force troops, literally thousands of men, has the problem of preparing an attack upon this area. Long in advance of D-Day innumerable questions must be answered. What military training will medical personnel require, such as physical conditioning and combat conditioning? How will these units operate as members of the armed forces team in combat? What specialized training will be required for such tasks as mosquito control? And the dusting of civilian populations to control louse-borne diseases. The testing of water for chlorine content. Then there must be training for the care of casualties in the field, as well as instruction for treating all types of serious wounds. And the handling of casualties over rough terrain. In addition to the training of personnel, many other aspects of medical service must be anticipated. How many hospitals will be needed? Where will they be set up? How many beds will be required? What will be the number of casualties? How much medical supply will be required? What is this new area like? What are the endemic diseases? What immunization steps must be taken? The answer to all these questions can be summed up in one word. Planning. And every page that has to do with the myriad plans of the staff will carry the vital warning, Top Secret. This Joint Task Force staff, including representatives of the Army, Navy and Air Force, meet to consider a directive that has been received. Ladies and gentlemen, the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff have directed a theater of operations be established. The Mid-Oceanic Theater, our force will be known as Task Force Flower. The initial operation in the campaign will be Operation Seagull. Task Force Flower will, by joint amphibious airborne assault, invade Black Area in order to establish facilities for further advances against aggressor-held positions. It is ordered that this staff begin immediate preparation of preliminary estimates together with the concept of the operation for Seagull. General Brown, the Chief of Staff, will give you further details. Attention! The Chief of Staff takes over to describe and detail certain aspects of the operation. Gentlemen, to begin with, I will show you the organizational scheme upon which, initially at least, the operation planning will begin. You will note that we've followed the typical Task Force organization. We will have Jays 1, 2, 3 and 4. Present at the meeting is the General Staff, J1 personnel, J2 intelligence, J3 operations, J4 logistics, and the Special Staff, the Task Force surgeon, ordinance, transportation and quartermaster officers, as well as the signal and chemical officers and the engineer. The objective is this section of the western coastal area of the aggressor-occupied territory. The aggressor's troop strength is estimated at 400,000. We expect further information on these forces from J2. Now, here is the information you've all been waiting to hear. Oh, gentlemen, it'll not be necessary to take notes. All of this material will be handed to you at the close of the meeting. Now, what is to be the size of our force? Gentlemen, Task Force Flower will have available for the establishment of the theater the following combat troops. Three field armies, two task fleets, three air forces. He explains that during the assault of Operation Seagull, one Army reinforced corps will be employed. This will include infantry, armored and airborne divisions. He then lists the Navy complement, a fast carrier force, submarines, hunter-killers, logistics support, an attack force, and a troop transport group. As for the Air Force, the exact number of wings is already known, including heavy and medium bombers, fighters, and a troop carrier wing. And even at this early stage of planning, there is a chart of theater buildup from D plus 30 all the way down to D plus 360. All of this information is of vital importance to the Task Force surgeon, General Cross, whose job it is to conserve fighting strength of all personnel involved. With a final total of well over a million men, training areas for these troops will be located as follows. Pennsylvania, New York, and the New England areas. Others will be in Virginia, South Carolina, with Louisiana and Texas, making up the remaining areas. Amphibious and airborne training will be staged at Panama and Texas, respectively. Bases for departure will be from ports of New York, Norfolk, New Orleans, and Panama. All planning details are embraced. For planning purposes, the staff will base its computations on an estimated timetable as follows. Today is D minus 200. D-day landing. D plus 15. Port captured. D plus 45. Port facilities restored. D plus 90. Operation Seagull terminated. We will then have an advanced base for future operations against aggressor. However, gentlemen, in resisting invasion and in counter-attacking, we can expect the enemy to employ all the tricks of the trade. Every known means of waging modern warfare. Consequently, our plans must include defense against biological, chemical, and atomic warfare. These three monsters of modern warfare are of direct concern to the surgeon, General Cross, for he must estimate what they will demand of the medical service in the way of men and equipment. Protection from common diseases and treatment of wounds are still the basic concern of the Army doctor, but are no longer his only concern. Ever since World War I, gas masks have been effective weapons against gas attack. But the possibility of masses of troops becoming non-effective from disease, endemic, and native populations could result in disaster to the entire operation. General Cross speaking? Oh, yes. Yes, right away. Now the wheels begin to turn. Again and again, members of the staff will meet informally to exchange information which will enable them to coordinate their plans. J3 is at the first of these meetings in the office of General White, J4. Yes? General Cross is here. All right, have him come in, please. General Cross, so that the quality of building materials necessary can be determined, would you give us your estimate on the number of fixed beds to be constructed in the objective area? Very well, General White. We're now on fixed beds as soon as we arrive at the evacuation policy. According to the chief's estimate of the kind of warfare we can expect, biological, chemical, atomic, the requirements will be higher. Tell me, General Strong, what troop ceiling are you assigning to the medical service? For Operation Seagull, General Cross, I believe 3% of the total strength will be allocated to you. 3% eh? Does that include Navy and Air Force? Yes, we are planning that Navy will handle all sea evacuations. The Air Force, all those by air. But hospitalization for the entire task force will be furnished by Army Medical Service. A large order, General White. A large order, General Cross. Good afternoon, Colonel. General, have you had lunch? Yes, sir, just finished. Good, so have I. Sit down. Thank you, sir. I wanted to have a word with you before the conference about the communicable diseases that Task Force Flower will run into. Yes, sir. I've been doing some research on that. Oh, by the way, General, you remember Dr. Whitney? Oh, yes, isn't he the public health officer who spent some time in the area of Operation Seagull? Yes, sir, that's the man. Well, he's working now with General Green in medical intelligence for the Department of Defense. Oh, I see. The general and I were at his house last night to see some films he'd taken down in the area. He's quite a character. He brought back a lot of native curios. Odds and ends of weapons, artwork, things like that.  Well, he certainly should, Dr. Whitney. Colonel Darker here tells me he has enough fingers to count the endemic diseases. They're toes, either. I'll switch off the light, General. Oh, I'll get it. Oh, sit down, Bill. The general's got to get a little exercise once in a while. It's all right, Doctor. No fancy titles, words, or music. So I'll just gab right along with the film. This is about how it's likely to look from the outside going in. This wasn't from our boat, it was from the mail boat. Yes, it's a typical tropical paradise where the mosquitoes are as thick as... Well, the hair is on your head, not mine. Dampness, vegetation. You'll find the anatheles, of course. And malaria is endemic. I'll give you some idea of how high the trees grow. We had to keep boys with machetes constantly clearing around the station.  You couldn't put your finger on a Karnsarn native who wasn't lousy, body lice, and the entire population. What about typhus, Doctor? Half the patients we treated had the fever. Epidemics of smallpox often decimate entire villages. But fortunately, there's not much travel between villages. It's too difficult. Travel means but one thing, walking. Would you class smallpox as a major health problem in the area, Doctor? No, we did some vaccination, but it's still a major hazard. This is back on the coast again, the native marketplace. The rat population is extremely high. And it's in this area that you run into sporadic outbreaks of plague. What about water? We used rainwater. We even chlorinated that. For you fellows, it'll be a huge problem. But water supply is extremely dangerous. But diarrheal diseases. That's what's likely to demand your constant attention. Venereal diseases, Doctor? I'd say 98 to 99% of all prostitutes in the area have venereal disease in one type or another. Yes, there'll be many opportunities for contracting VD. But fortunately, I understand today's soldier is a little bit fussier than the old army. Doctor Whitney, you said before that half the patients had typhus. What about the other half? Smallpox, typhoid, dysentery. I see. Yes, gentlemen, you are looking at a hellhole without a name. To this place, add men and guns and, well, get all the supplies you can. You'll need them. Well, that gives us a lot of information. Oh, by the way, we'd better get over to my office for that meeting. Yes, sir. I've been funny busy. Good afternoon, gentlemen. Good afternoon, sir. Please be seated, gentlemen. This meeting is for the purpose of informal discussion of certain factors that should be considered in the planning of Operation Seagull. General Banner, as personnel, I want you to provide and screen out in coordination with the Surgeon General's office the most highly qualified professional personnel that can be obtained. Yes, sir. I'll contact personnel division in SGO immediately. Marek, as plans and operations, you will supply a troop list with a breakdown of medical units for the assault and follow-up forces based on 3% for medical troops. 3%? Is that the limit? I know, Colonel Marek, but 3% is all that we've been allocated. Very well, sir. Colonel Diker and I have already discussed the preventive medicine problem, which I must say is a very serious one. Affecting you, Colonel Jacobi, as supply officer, you will have to provide the additional material required as a result of the various diseases endemic in the area, of which there are many. Yes, sir. I'll discuss the situation with Colonel Diker. What about water? Polluted. All our supply must be purified or brought in. You'd better consult the engineers on purification and take up your problem of water supply into the beachhead with Captain Pearson. We'll do that, sir. Also, we'd like to know about additional supplies to be brought over the beach in amphibious shipping. Colonel Jacobi? Well, we'd like to have each LST carry one medical supply unit to include blankets, litters, splints, dressings, and plasma. For Cross, I'd like to have Colonel Marek give me his plans for moving casualties to the airfield for air evacuation. Army will establish holding companies as near the airfield as possible for the delivery and loading of patients. Air Force will be responsible for care and treatment in flight. Jacobi, what plans have you made for property exchange in air evacuation such as blankets, litters, splints? Dumps will be provided for these exchange items and such items will be replenished as they are used in the transportation of the wounded. In that connection, aircraft going forward to evacuate casualties will, whenever possible, bring these items for replenishment to the dumps. Fine. And now one more thing. Colonel Banner, I know you're aware of the high rate of disease in the projected theater of operations. Because of it, and because of the possibility of biological warfare, I want you to consider the necessity of supplying additional preventive medicine personnel and other specialists. Very well, General. Colonel Diker and I will get together. Any questions? Very well, gentlemen. That is all for now. I will expect your preliminary estimates next Monday at the same time. Good day. Many conferences and many hours of study are necessary before General Cross and his staff are ready for the next meeting. There will have been much research for upon the consideration of all factors affecting the health of the command will rest much of the success of Task Force Flower. All published data must be scanned. All established doctrine and policies will be reexamined and restated in the light of this specific operation. Night and day the planning goes on, for the overall study will take much time, many minds, and many hands. As the work progresses, reports pile up, all pertaining to the answers to these questions. How can sickness be held to a minimum? In the event of an epidemic, how can we prevent disease from destroying more troops than bullets ever could? And how can we best care for casualties as they occur? Finally, all the massive work of the surgeon's staff will be interrelated. It is for this purpose, gentlemen, that J3 and I have called you all together and presented the logistic plan. This completes a general outline of the administrative plan. We will now hear from the various technical services beginning with the surgeon who will present the medical plan. General Cross. By definition, our mission is to provide medical service for Task Force Flower in Operation Seagull. In support of Task Force Flower and during Operation Seagull until it is terminated on D plus 90, all general type hospitalization will be located in rear-based sections of the communication zone, Mid-Oceanic Theater. In Puerto Rico, there will be an allotment of 4,000 beds. In the Canal Zone, 2,000. At St. Thomas Virgin Islands, 2,000 beds. In Jamaica, 2,000 beds. Subsequent Operation Seagull hospital facilities will be constructed in the objective area. And together with other areas available, we will have a total of 91,500 beds by D plus 360. As a point of information, I might say here that air evacuation will terminate in Puerto Rico. Yes, medical planning at the Task Force level includes broad outlines for the future care of a million men. Such a plan must define responsibility clearly and retain flexibility at all times. The Army will assist ship personnel in providing medical service while en route to the objective area. Provide medical service to all casualties in the beachhead or airhead, landward of the High Watermark. Deliver casualties to holding units convenient to airfields, and load casualties aboard aircraft. The Air Force will provide medical care from the time casualties are loaded until they are unloaded. They will make available transport type aircraft returning from forward areas to evacuate wounded unless the military situation prohibits such action. The Air Force will also deliver whole blood and biologicals to the objective area as required. Navy Force Flower will provide medical service to all casualties delivered to beach party medical installations. It will furnish evacuation ships and small craft for transportation of casualties to hospital ships. The Navy will also equip certain craft to the amphibious force to transport and care for casualties from objective area to designated ports in the communication zone. General Cross then takes up the problem of preventive measures. The next chart I wish to show you is the immunization chart. Notice that all personnel will be immunized as indicated. Tetanus D minus 180. Smallpox and typhoid D minus 120. Yellow fever and typhus D minus 90. Collar D minus 60. Plague D minus 30. General Cross, are all of these immunizations necessary? For example, does the threat of plague actually exist in the objective area? Yes, it does exist there. Available medical intelligence indicates that plague, as well as typhus and malaria, are endemic throughout the entire area. Thank you. Malaria's suppressive therapy will commence on D minus 5. Each individual will be issued insect repellent, foot powder, mosquito bar, and water purification tablets. Insect and rodent control measures will be initiated. There will be a careful screening of mess personnel to eliminate possible disease carriers. This completes a description of the preventive medicine measures. Now let's have a look at our evacuation policy. D to D plus 5. All casualties will be evacuated from the objective area. D plus 5 to D plus 30. A 15-day policy of evacuation. D plus 30 to D plus 120. A 30-day policy. This is the termination of Operation Seagull. And then from D plus 120, when a 90-day policy will be in effect, to a maximum of 120-day by D plus 360. Only those casualties capable of being returned to duty within 120 days will be held by the theater. In the case of atomic enemy attack, casualties will be held in unit areas and have medical personnel and facilities available until this headquarters issues a supplemental evacuation directive. This is in order to avoid swamping the patient load capacities of hospitals, which will unavoidably be overloaded in the event of atomic explosions. In such a situation, casualties remaining in unit areas will receive far better medical care than could be obtained in badly overcrowded hospital installations. As to our hospitalization measures, in the objective area, there is one building suitable for conversion to our hospital, housing at least 1,500 beds. We estimate that this hospital can be placed in operation by D plus 45. Ask the mama, General Cross. Yes, General White. How do you propose to do this conversion? Have you consulted with the engineers? The engineer section assures us that the job can be done by D plus 45. Yes, that is correct. General Cross provided us with a blueprint of this building. No construction material will be necessary except for minor modifications in the plumbing. Very well. Carry on. Having established the coordination of plans with the engineer, the surgeon now considers the vital matter of hospital construction and availability of beds. Hospital construction will be programmed with varying degrees of permanency, from flawed tents to semi-permanent construction. Construction will begin by D plus 30, based on 7.34% of the entire theater's strength in fixed beds to be available for operation if required by D plus 360. General, 7.34% in fixed beds seems a little high to me. Can you justify that figure? I'll let Colonel Matic answer that question. Colonel Matic. If we calculate on the basis of 7%, there will be insufficient beds in the theater to hold the patients who will accumulate during the 120-day evacuation policy that has been recommended for the theater. Now, it's possible to reduce this percentage to 6.8% if we reduce the evacuation policy to, say, 90 days. But in doing that, our losses of experienced personnel to the theater will be excessive. Very well. We'll plan on a 120-day policy with 7.34% in fixed beds. You may continue. In the amphibious phase, medical supplies will be packaged in waterproof containers and be so marked. Navy will deliver to the beachhead one exchange unit of medical supplies containing bandages, splints, dressings, and plasma. The surgeon goes on to discuss resupply, supply level, buildup, and property exchange. And so goes the planning, month after hard-working month for a solid, grueling year in every branch of the service involved in Task Force Flower. Finally, the planning is behind us in the wake of the first ship to head for Operation Seagull on D-Day. And now, men, medicine, and machines combine to meet the aggressor on his own ground. Fighting men are alerted. This is the hour. All of us in the medical service that there will be well-trained medical personnel, proper facilities, and ample supplies. All of this for a single purpose. To conserve fighting strength.