I think it's time to start. So welcome to my talk. If you are just here because of the title fail, it's quite short. It is about failure in bigger companies and open stack projects, mostly because of the companies are big. So I would like to know if someone on you is currently evaluating or planning to evaluating open stack in a larger company. So if you could raise your hand, that would be nice. Oh, it's a couple of. Oh, perfect. Cool. Anyone else already has some failed projects in big companies in the past, like we tried open stack and didn't succeed? A few. Okay. Maybe you will find the reasons again in this talk. Before we start, I would like to introduce myself a little bit because not many people may know me. My name is Sven Michels, German. Company is called Zektor, which is based in Germany in Frankfurt. So that is something like the internet city in Germany because many of the big telcos come together in Frankfurt. We are doing IT business for more than 15 years and open stack for more than three years right now. So you may have seen me in past summits somewhere in all over the world. Oh, okay. I'm counting on my widespread knowledge because I'm doing a lot of things. So just to count a couple of things. I'm familiar with project management, training, I'm familiar with OSS training, DevOps and stuff like that. And I'm also into network storage and stuff. So it's more like you can ask me mainly everything, which is good because in open stack, all these come together and in past companies you had always silos like these guys are doing network, these guys are doing ops, these guys are doing security. And the problem was always like they need to talk each other and they don't like to talk to each other because it means work. So this comes together and I was used as a kind of proxy between teams in the past and now in open stack. This is quite easy because all comes together and all has to work together. And I'm happy to be one of the first open stack mentors. So in case you plan to be a mentee, you can contact me. Otherwise, if you're interested in the open stack mentor program, you can talk to me also. Yeah. So let's start with the talk. Oh, no, forget something because that one is something I added last minute after I got the details of the survey. I'm not sure if any one of you have participated in the survey. One, two, three, oh, three. Okay. This is one of the reasons I would like to talk about that one because there are a lot of people contributing to that survey, but sadly only 3% from Germany, which is from my side a little bit depressing because I know there's a lot of open stack ongoing in Germany, not that much as here probably or in other regions, but still more than 3% I would suggest. So if you are able to participate to those surveys, do it because it's important for the project for open stack and for all the people involved in that because your feedback is used in future deployments and stuff like that. And there's another thing I would like to add because I have not this failure on my list anymore because I thought it was already gone. But there's a interesting number in that sheet and that is the third from the below. It's saving money, which is one of the top business drivers why people start open stack projects. And the survey showed that if it's important and two-thirds of the people said it is important, then it's top one on this list. So whenever an open stack project starts, the top business driver for doing open stack is cost reduction. It is nice and open stack probably will save costs, but putting that in front of everything else is probably something like doing it wrong because saving money is a wonderful outcome when you have an open stack project running and your company is adopting to it because it will save money in long short. But for looking at like in half a year or a year, you will probably end up in noticing that it will only waste money because you need to educate your people, you need to maybe buy new hardware and stuff like that. And if you just focus on that one, you will probably have a bad time. So just try to stay away from that as top one for your reasons to go open stack because open stack can do much much more than just saving money for you. Okay, so why is it this talk about failure? Because I think everyone in the business know that failure is part of your way to success. You need to make mistakes to learn from that, you need to see where your borders are, which are your problems and you probably don't know about them before. So failure is important, but I would suggest not to repeat history. In this kind of history is not as like 30 years ago, it's more like three years ago, but what I have seen in companies is that they repeat the errors other ones did two years ago, three years ago over and over again. Because they think, oh, we are different. We can do it the same way they did because they didn't succeed. That means not we will not succeed. But most of the time, the failures are so generic that all will suffer from them. So you could just stay away from that and you would probably succeed much quicker than when you stop, buy and hit all of those. So let's start with the first one on the list. And the first one is the one which I was called for like nearly 90% of the time. Companies have something like a virtualization platform or even not virtualized. It's more like bare metal anymore and they would like to move on and they say, okay, we just replace the platform. So what they do is we have something, we replace that one by open stack and then we will have our success. You can try that. I will not stop you from that because then you need me again. But yeah, it probably won't work. It's not probably it will not work because open stack is just more than just a drop in replacement for your platforms or maybe for your processes. That's another one coming up later. It is something which is quite complex and you need a lot of homework to do to understand how open stack works and how you need to adopt to be able to use open stack in a way where it can really powers you because most of the time when you just migrate from one platform to open stack without changing anything, you will come to a point where you're like needing upgrades. Everyone has heard about upgrades in open stack. Have someone did a successful upgrade in open stack on a running platform? Three. So many of them will come to the point where they try to upgrade open stack and maybe it doesn't work but they don't have a plan B for that because yeah well if you do open stack in a from my perspective correct way you will use this as a cloud service and then you should rely on that the cloud can fail at some stages. And if your application is able to handle that one you will have a good time. If you don't then you probably will end up in a disaster. So if you start to plan open stack in your company you need to adopt so you need to change your processes you need even to change your people a little because they need to work different than they have before and if you stay like you are today and you just move on to open stack because that's oh everyone moves to open stack so we go then you will probably end up in losing stuff you already have achieved in the past because it simply won't work on open stack like it was before and if you don't adopt you will end up in having nothing. So this is something people think that often as easy because hey it's just another platform move on and we will find ways to do it but if you have ever used open stack for the first time if you remember that one it's not by just clicking a couple of links and it works and there's a lot of documentation to read on so plan ahead and start changing before moving to open stack. Number two also something I heard often it's like why couldn't open stack be more like I don't call names now but you know plenty of virtualization platforms from different vendors and they have something nice over here and you would like to keep that one and open stack doesn't have that one and then you start asking people from the open stack foundation or the developers why is it different why isn't it like I used it like five years ago it was so easy with the other product and yeah I don't like to adopt that one because that was a good one and yeah but the reason you go to open stack is probably because open stack provides you with something your old product or your other product doesn't support so there's reasons for that and most of the reasons are good reasons so in case of just bugging people making open stack more like something rare or some other platforms try to find the good points on open stack and adopt to them because those are the things that makes open stack powerful like you have all the apis I'm not aware about any other platform that have that much apis and possibilities from the beginning so this is something which is a a good point on adopting because people are often complaining like oh there's no UI for doing so and so because that's a complex task to do yeah but you have an API and you can work on that API and you can develop your own dashboard or connectors or whatever and that will enable you to do much powerful things than you would be when you rely on just what the vendor provides to you number three we're getting quick so this is something I was also hearing a lot from companies because they start open stack projects and they started behind the curtain because they don't want to be to yeah let's say people are interested in companies doing open stack and they won't see what they do with open stack and they would see the move to open stack so they stay behind the curtain with open stack and start their own project with a couple of people involved and everything works nice and then you come to problems and when it comes to problems the best way to do it is to ask people because whatever you think you're doing with open stack I would bet that most of the stuff has already be done by other people there's nothing special and in this time people start to hiding and trying to solve them by themselves and they waste a lot of time and people by fixing stuff other ones already have solved and this is something which i learned the hardware on open stack summits because when you come first to a summit and you start noticing that you can talk actually to people which is great you will probably notice that you can also talk to people working in big companies there was talks by paypal for example and they were happily to share their experience with all the other guys so i would count paypal as a big company and they probably do stuff which is confidential in some ways but at least what what's on open stack side they are happily to share their experience and so if you ever think about doing your open stack projects behind the curtains you can't do that it's no problem but think about that you probably will end up in doing all the work twice or even more times to fix your stuff instead of just going to a summit meet up something like that talk to the people and get some feedback maybe get the right pointers to fix your problems or issues or even you think about doing something very big with open stack nobody has done this before because you don't find it on the internet and then you end up in coming to a summit and three other companies just did the same so if you work openly with open stack it's probably in my point of view the best way to do it because then you can easily adapt to the upstream releases you can easily adapt to new changes on all the projects and you can easily integrate other stuff in your open stack projects so try to exchange with others try to integrate other ones in your thinking and project because that one is really a key driver in all this business if you take a look how many companies do quick releases and stuff open stack still hurts big companies with their six month release cycle because they say oh six months release cycle that's ridiculous we can't do that because we usually do something like a year maybe more if you stay the same way for next two years you will probably end up in running open stack in an in a version which is not only not supported anymore which is more counted like a dinosaur and doesn't provide anything you need today so try to move in the same speed like open stack does or at least try to adjust your speed a little bit more than just a couple of years number four also a thing which is quite common people think that if you run your product or something like that on open stack instead of traditional hosting platforms it will be a success because you can do all the fancy open stack stuff yes in some cases this might be correct but most of the time it's not only about the platform you use and open stack is is a step to your success but probably not the one bringing you up to the top of your path to success so when you plan about running something on open stack because that one is the only problem you have good on you but most of the time you will see that if you move on to open stack they will raise new problems new issues and new possibilities maybe which makes you even which enables you even to be more successful with your application with your platforms with whatever you plan to use with open stack so don't rely on just open stack open stack is just part of your solution never ever is open stack the only solution and if you say it but company number x did it the same way and they were successful that might be correct but it's company x not yours so don't just think that success from other ones can be copied over to your companies or copied over to your project because you don't see the whole effort behind a project or platform and you don't see what's what happened on the way to success from them so you probably will only see the top of their success and the rest is also very important and if you skip those parts you will have a hard time later on so let's come to number five this is something widespread because open stack is often seen as an enabler so if you have traditional developing teams in your company they always often complain about oh we would like having some self-service platform to be enabled to do DevOps stuff DevOps is something everyone likes today if you don't listen to Gardner but an open stack platform is not the only thing you need to be able to do DevOps or agile development or something like that because this is only the platform and a platform itself basically does nothing for you it just gives you the right starting point so if you rely on open stack as an enabler that's okay but the enabling itself is done by you or more important your people so if you want to make sure that open stack enables you to do something then make sure that the company is also changing or adopting depending on what plans you have because this one is yeah it's it's like if you start a new project and you do it the same way and you you have seen in the past that some stuff doesn't work like you don't get releases quickly or you don't get the feedback from the customer just replacing your old stuff by open stack or an open stack enabled platform probably won't change anything of those problems you can just maybe develop quicker but if you don't get the feedback what is the profit of it and something which is also very important if you work with people in your company and i bet you do so don't assume your people are stupid if you assume your people are stupid then ask yourself first why you hired them and secondly if you tell them like we go daffops we merge teams everyone will work like before just better and everything everything will work smoother and everything will be nice uh i don't know anyone who is believing in that bullshit sorry yeah it is just bullshit because what is behind that is like oh we have 30 people working together now then we have 60 and then they count on numbers we don't need 60 people doing that work 30 is enough maybe even less because we do more together and we work more efficient and people will notice these type of changes it's not about providing them a better working environment it's a company companies look on numbers and successes and so companies are moving on in this direction to shape their own employee count a little bit and if people notice that one they will stop working like you would expect it to do they will not like this daffop stuff anymore they will try probably to sabotage your daffop stuff because they know what it will end up with maybe in another company so if you think your people are stupid they probably aren't and hopefully they aren't and it will not work that way because you will have a lot of people working against you in your own company this is not only bad this is the worst you can have so um yeah what are possible steps to success in this case because we heard now what what's probably not working but you will be hopefully hearing what is working so be open minded is just like open stack just as a platform or just as a yeah we just run a bunch of instances on it it's nice uh to to think about it but there's much much more to do you can do much more than just like running instances on it you can run sdns with it you can run like services on demand on it in in in scale and in in a in a way that it was not possible before and if you start thinking about what is possible with open stack you will probably end up in getting new ideas or new projects new applications whatever you can imagine to run into your own company instead of just buying something from amazon maybe um communication and exchange is also very important because um this is where all the knowledge comes from it may be that you know people already from the foundation or maybe not or from other projects or other companies and at least for the summits here in in the open stack area i have never seen that a company denies on exchanging with some other company even if they are working on the same uh platforms issues whatever um normally you will find nice people over here to exchange with them and i would recommend to do so because it's the best thing here you come together with like people from 60 other countries and from hundreds of companies why not using those four or five days to exchange to those people it is quicker and better than whatever you can do otherwise no email no no phone call will be ever that good like meeting people in person over here so go to summits if you have projects in your companies enable people to go to the summits this is key important i was talking to someone yesterday uh they started an open project couple of weeks ago not much more than a than a month and they send up two people over here because they so see it's important to meet other people to exchange um i have seen companies they denied people to go here not here in particular but to summits uh because it's just a waste of time it's one week conference nobody needs that you can look up all the stuff on youtube yes you can but you will not be able to communicate on youtube you can probably post comments but most of the people won't read them at least not the ones you want to reach so enable your people to go to the summits second second thing is we have mailing lists for open stack projects they are also very useful because you have a lot of interesting and intelligent people on those lists and a mailing list is is still old-fashioned but it works we have archives you can look up and on on google and stuff you will find answers over there and you will get answers over there so open communication is the key to success in my eyes next thing is what i personally like is to go to meetups i'm not sure how many meetups you have here around the area or in your home cities but at least in germany we have a couple of them and i can say at least the ones i have attended to they are useful and nice because you met a lot of other people interested in this project and working in this area even from big companies again and they are a little bit smaller than a conference like that where you have seven and a half thousand people we probably it's hard to get to the right ones but if you meet local people that's also a good starting point to exchange to grow your own community to grow your own knowledge and in case everything else fails you can still talk to the foundation the foundation is nothing like a another big company you may not talk to them they are happy to answer your questions they can link you to other ones working in the same area they can link you to the developers they can link you to companies working with the same issues and stuff like that so don't forget about the foundation that's one of the best things we can have an open stack other point is to ask vendors vendors are usually around here like in the marketplace and of course they want to make business everyone wants to make business but they are also happy to help you with your projects i have worked in the past with a lot of vendors and most of them are here right now and i know they are nice people i can promise that they will help you with your projects they will help you with support they will help you with getting in contact with developers on their side so if you have issues they can probably solve that and one thing i have seen in the past was like we requested something and it took two weeks to get a full blown update for a solution from a vendor and two weeks for an open stack release is amazing so don't think there's just sales guys wanting your money they are nice people behind them and they are happy to help you and of course you can ask experts some of them are working around here and if you don't find one you can ask me because i'm most of the time nice and i'm also happy to help you and to connect you to other ones because i personally like the philosophy behind open stack and the way it works and i would love to see this project ongoing for a lot of more years maybe even better than it is today so get support from experts because that's the easiest way to get knowledge into your company i mean growing knowledge in your company is probably hard but at least what open stack provides you with all the documentation it's a little bit easier to do so than with other projects i have been involved with because it's already there you have all the documentation and you have all the stuff you need so you can do your own research and with the right pointers you will quickly be able to do stuff you probably never have imagined before and when you are successful with your open stack project and you are able to do please contribute because many stuff is yeah just keep into the lockers because they say oh this is not important that's probably not right because as i said in one of the failures before many people work on the same issues and if you keep your stuff behind the curtain nobody will profit from it and profit means not probably money but you get recognized and people which get recognized usually get also help so put it on your list in your open stack projects to plan ahead for contribution to open stack it must not be code in some way it could also be like you fix documentation people from the documentation team i'm always happy to get fixed for their own documentation or if you have ideas you can still just support the community with your ideas because some people will probably adopt them and make them possible for you so any questions and comments and please no eggs or tomatoes to me but if you have cookies it's okay i don't see that much because the lights are so bright but i don't see anyone having comments and questions so any no okay so i did and anything wrong okay one final quote this is my personal one because i like to tell people uh technical stuff in the way they probably will understand it and transfer to other ones because people just if you talk about clouds people still look at the sky this will store my data no if you go with open stack and think about another as a car think about open stack is an electrical car one not the traditional ones you have with your gas in it it's a new car with new possibilities but it will only be your new car if your needs and habits fit to that car like if you start going on a trip and you fill up your gas tank like two minutes before you will have a bad time doing that with an electrical car one because in two minutes you will probably not even charge a person so you need to change your habits and you need to be uh you have to need sorry you need to have the right needs to fit to that car so if you go open stack check first if that one is the right way to do it and if you see issues take a research about the issues you probably can solve them with additional projects or additional vendors um before you start moving on because otherwise as said you will probably end up with a bad time so thanks if you have any questions afterwards you can contact me by email or on twitter or if you meet me somewhere around this area just talk to me i'm happy to help talk and have a good time over here so that's it now you can plow it again


Hey there, my name is Dr. Ankit Shah and I will be talking on ultrasound evaluation of rotator cuff pathologies Ultrasound evaluation of rotator cuff forms a bulk of our work in day-to-day practice of musculoskeletal ultrasound During the course of this talk, we will be focusing on cuff impingement, tendinosis, cuff tears and calcific tendinosis It's important to know that the pathologies of the subacromylsubdeltide bursa, the long head of the biceps and the acromia clavicular joint may often coexist with rotator cuff disorders For instance, if there's a full thickness tear of the cuff, you might end up seeing effusion in the subacromylsubdeltide bursa as well as a biceps tendon sheath So just a quick recap of anatomy, the rotator cuff is formed by the subscapularis, the supraspinatus, infraspinatus and the teres minor tendons from the anterior to posterior direction These tendons go and attach to the greater tuberosity When you start doing shoulder ultrasound, get into the habit of counting the layers from the top These are a series of layers that you will see extending from the skin surface all the way till the humeral cortex. These layers can be seen in the long as well as short axis So the layers are going to be the subcutaneous fat the deltoid muscle belly, the subacromylsubdeltide bursa, the echogenic tendon or the rotator cuff tendon and the hypoechoic cartilage The rotator cuff tendon has two surfaces The one which is close to the joint or along the humeral cartilage that is going to be the articular surface Whereas the surface abutting the subacromylsubdeltide bursa or the acromion is known as a bursal surface Any structure or a pathology which causes narrowing of the coracoacromial arch results in shoulder impingement The coracoacromial arch is a fibrosis tunnel through which the supraspinatus stem passes It is formed by the acromion, the corokite, the acromial clavicular joint, the coracoacromial ligament and the humeral head Subacromial impingement is a painful compression of the supraspinatus tendon The subacromylsubdeltide bursa and the long head of the biceps between the humeral head and the anterior portion of the acromion Now mind you, this is a clinical diagnosis The primary signs of this syndrome are Interrupted gliding of the supraspinatus tendon below the acromion or you might have bunching of the tendon or the subacromylsubdeltide bursa along the lateral edge of the acromion For instance, look at this dynamic image. What we see is that the gliding of the greater tuberosity Or the humeral head is it as smooth as it is supposed to be So once you scan the entire shoulder and you don't find any other pathology It's a good idea to do a dynamic maneuver by placing the probe along the lateral edge of the acromion and Asking the patient to do abduction of the arm The secondary signs are of course tendonosis of the rotator cuff or you might have a Thickened bursa or just simple effusion within the subacromylsubdeltide bursa In this case what we see is that the on the short axis We see thickened anterior fibers of the supraspinatus tendon with an ill-defined hypoechoic appearance of the anterior edge When we look at this tendon on the long axis We see that the normal febrillary pattern is lost and we see some amount of cortical irregularity over the gt However, there's no obvious tear to be seen Multiple criteria have been described in literature to aid us in diagnosis of full thickness tears Now I'm going to talk about the more important ones So the amongst the major criteria that we see in day-to-day practice is non-visualization of the cuff There might be an ecopore defect in the continuity of the cuff You may have cuff atrophy or sometimes you may see a focal hyper-echoic defect Now this focal hyper-echoic defect is something that we don't really see that often It's just seen in acute tears and at least we don't see it that commonly So if you look at this long axis of the tendon We see that there's discontinuity of the fibers and there's some amount of Soft tissue which is over here, but then if you look at it closely There's a clear discontinuation between the articular surface and the bustle surface. So this was a full thickness tear Coming to the minor criteria You might have fluid in the biceps tendon sheath and the subacromyl subdeltoid bursa You might have a concave contour of the bursa Cortical irregularity of the greater tuberosity I think this is really important because if you look at the greater tuberosity and if you feel that there's some cortical irregularity There are almost 79 to 80 percent chances that you might find a tear if not a full thickness at least look for a partial thickness tear and Of course a naked cartilage sign that we commonly seen due to interface between the joint fluid and the articular cartilage Hemorrhoid joint effusion is a very non-specific sign and these findings which have been listed as minor criteria Can be seen in combination with major criteria However, if you see only the minor criteria, you should carefully look for the major findings of a cuffed air For instance, this is a short axis view of the long head of the biceps Wherein we see effusion in the subacromyl subdeltoid bursa along with some sign of a hypertrophy and there's some effusion in the biceps tendon Sheath as well. So this patient ended up having a full thickness tear This is something that you should not miss out You know when I spoke to you about counting the layers from the top what we see is there's a subcutaneous fat That's a deltoid and this deltoid is directly resting on the cortex The supraspinitis tendon has completely torn and it has retracted immediately. So this is something what we call is as a As a bald head sign. There's one entity known as a massive tear. They are described as Complete detachment of two or more tendons. So this is Most commonly, it's a supraspinitis and the infraspinitis Get completely detached and this results in superior migration of the humeral head Another case this is a full thickness tear of the of the rotator cuff from the footprint We see that there's a concavity of the subacromyl subdeltoid bursa and if we look at the video in the short axis There's a communication between the articular surface and the bursal surface over here So the tendon whenever you evaluate make sure that you see it in the long axis as well as a short axis Another case where we see a combination of both major as well as minor criteria You see a clear Full-thisk thickness defect within the rotator cuff. You see some effusion as well And when you evaluate the tendon and the short axis or the joint in the short axis We see effusion and the subacromyl subdeltoid bursa along with senovial hypertrophy Sometimes you might see some tendons which may or are tears which might actually look as partial thickness tear But you really need to follow them and all the planes and to make sure that it's not a full thickness tear For instance the image on the left we see a tear which looks like a partial thickness articular surface tear But as we trace it you can see it going all the way to the bursal surface Another patient which we see on the right side this look more like a chronic tear. This was The tear was old so there was some amount of granulation tissue along the edges But then the defect is when we look at it closely the defect goes all the way from the articular to the bursal surface Once you've identified a full thickness tear, what else do you tell that orthopedic surgeon How much is the tendon retraction because this is going to have a lot of bearing on the how difficult or easy the surgery is going to be So stage one and it is just seen adjacent to the tendon Insertion of the greater tuberosity stage two the tendon will lie At the level of the humeral head and of course stage three is retraction probsiment to the glenoid margin Stage three tendons, you know They are a little bit difficult to operate because they have to pull it back and attach it to the greater tuberosity So these kind of surgeries are going to be high tension repairs, which have a high probability of failing So what I said is this is stage one where we see that the there's a full thickness tear But the tendon is lying more or less close to the greater tuberosity Another patient with a stage two retraction the greater tuberosity is Bear and the deltoid is lying just on top of it And there is medial retraction of the torn edge at the level of the humeral head another important Thing that we need to mention in our report in case of a full thickness tear is how much is the atrophy of the Muscle belly because if there's significant muscle atrophy the Operative outcomes aren't going to be that great. So you need to give this. This is very very important Now the classification is based on the Bortelia classification, which was initially based on CT but now we can actually Apply them to ultrasound as well. So this image on the left shows a normal appearance of the Supraspinatus muscle belly Whereas the image on the right on the short axis shows market fatty atrophy with volume loss and sometimes Extended field of view image helps you in giving a good overall appearance You know estimation of the muscle atrophy Partial thickness tears are characterized by discontinuity of the tendon Either along the articular surface of the tendon or along the bursal surface of the tendon or sometimes You might have discontinuity of fibers only within the substance of the tendon Meaning which these tears they do not communicate either with the articular or the bursal surfaces So this is another example of a partial thickness tear This is an intra substance tear as we sweep from the anterior to posterior We see a tear along the footprint, but it is neither communicating with the articular surface or the bursal surface Another patient we look at the tear on the short axis and Of the tendon and we see that this is a curvilinear tear Which is going from the articular surface and stops right at the midway Of the tendon substance. So this is an articular surface tear Now mind you these kind of tears can be completely missed if you look at the tendon only on the long axis Hence you should try and look at the tendon or you must always evaluate the tendon and the long as well as the short axis Quite often partial thickness articular surface tear may not be that obvious That's when we need to use some secondary signs like you know I mentioned about the naked cartilage sign to identify a tear So if you look at this this patient we had you know when we evaluated the patient on the long axis We really didn't find anything much, but then when you look over here You see that the cartilage is seen really nice and well. It's quite prominent So this is known as a naked cartilage sign going back to the long axis We see that there is a partial thickness articular surface tear involving around 50% of the cuff thickness So what all do you report while you report the tear you report the type of tear is it full thickness Partial thickness articular bursal surface. What is the size of the tear you report? What is the distance of the tear from the rotator interval? This will give the the orthopedic surgeon an idea of Which tendons are involved? Is it only the supraspinitis? Is it supras plus infra and so on? You have to give them the degree of retraction and muscle atrophy


First question is from lean queen. Is the fat burning zone a real thing? Oh, man This thing's still around. Yeah, I was queen busy as a trainer and in the You know the late 90s right when I first started one of the first things that we were taught was that there was a Target heart rate zone and the target heart rate zone you want to stay in so that you burned God forbid you like move a little bit Yeah, you want to burn body fat if you go under the target heart, right?  Yeah. Yeah, and so we would see it was really just a sale Yeah, I'm guilty of using that like crazy. Well, I didn't know though. I believed everything. Yeah. Yeah, exactly I didn't I didn't trainers over adamant about that. No, I'm totally 100% and so I remember one day I was like, you know, I was preaching this and this is how I talked to people on cardio This literally had approached people and be like, oh, hi miss. Yo, are you in your target heart rate zone? What's that?    Yeah, and I'd sell you know, whatever Later on I actually did some math. This was like maybe a few years later And I said hmm if I train in my because target heart rate is not super high intensity. It's not low intensity It's it's also so moderate It's kind of somewhere in the middle, right? Yeah And what the when you look at the studies what they show is a greater percentage of calories come from fat In a particular zone by the way, it's a super general because it's very different from person to person But within a certain zone you burn more a greater percentage of calories from fat now the percentage difference isn't that big It's like five more percent, right? But we sold it anyway, but then I went and I did the math and I said if I train at moderate intensity and I burn 300 calories and 50% I'm making up a number.  So really at the end of the day Doesn't make a big difference now. What is your theory on somebody? Let's say let's take like a competitor for example who is you know hovering and they're coming in there They're final three or four weeks. They are sitting around four or five percent body fat extremely lean and They are being low calorie for the last three four weeks. So they've been in a debt They're constantly in a deficit right now because they're leaning out for a show Is it more advantageous for this person to do high intensity cardio for 30 minutes to an hour versus like walking for 30 minutes I think you know I would love to hear your opinion Adam because you're obviously you competed But but you know instinctually what what I would say is it depends on how depleted and how Stress the person is if they're going into competition. They're probably Super dieted. They've been dieted for a while. They're 4% 5% body fat Yeah, a lot of high intensity cardio probably would overwhelm their system and wouldn't make them look or feel good And here's a thing with 4% body fat a couple pounds of water Looks like you gain 3% body fat. It's such a big difference.   So my thought process is okay in that state It makes sense for somebody to use like low intensity or target heart rate type of training and only in that Anybody else you got a client who's 20 pounds overweight or above which is most people that's trying to lose weight It's a calorie game where we want to get as low kids burn as many calories as we possibly can during this period I just look at as another one of those gimmick things that they're gonna hold on to just like we mentioned earlier about epoch I've actually seen a lot of circuit training type of Franchises like back in the day of trying to organize their entire Workouts and everything around this fat burning zone and really trying to make sure everybody kept You know their heart rate down and they didn't want to go too rigorous They wanted to kind of pull people back up and and just maintain this but yeah, it for the most part it was like You know at the end of the day like like you'd said it's a wash like whatever You know your calorie intake is and then your calorie burn at the end of the day It is for everybody else it is for most people for the average person right like everybody like you're talking about the 1% Yeah, when you get down to 4% body fat like every little thing can make you look different This is the big difference is how is it gonna make you look and feel on stage and again? If you're 4% body fat, I've gotten down as low as 5 and I know that I could look like I gained 3% body fat just because my body was holding water right that doesn't happen at 12% body fat Right, you can't tell and my theory is this is that you the body always wants to utilize You know sugar first as fuel right it wants to use that first as the primary source But if you've been running low and you don't have any of that as a source the next primary source is fat Mm-hmm if you don't have very much of that and then in addition of that you push the body really hard My thought is the body will adapt and pair down muscle in that situation Right, so in that situation you are stressing the body. You don't have very much You have no stored energy and fuel you've got very little fat as fuel in there You're already in this thin line and then you're pushing the body addition. It's going to pair down muscle I know a lot of people that think that you know deplete it or they'll do a fasted cardio and then like they'll eat a lot later Yeah, and it's just like it's a wash. No, here's the way you should view cardio View cardio the two different ways one in for health. So okay, I'm gonna do this for health in which case Do the form of cardio that you enjoy the most because you're the most likely to stay consistent doing the one you enjoy the most Don't worry about all these nuances and splitting hairs if you're doing cardio for health, which is a great reason to do it Just do what you enjoy. So if you like hiking, there's your cardio. You like swimming.  There's your cardio.  There's your cardio If you're here's the other way to look at it. It's for athletic Performance if cardio is for athletic performance if you're an athlete and you're doing it to improve your vo2 max or your Performance then you can start to really program it, right? If I want to maximize my vo2 max, then it's much I got to be much more Specific with the kind of training that I do other than that. That's it. That's pretty much it for 99.9% of people listening Everything else don't worry about if it's for health just do your favorite type and you'll be totally fine Well, this is for performance gets this is another reason why I'm like a fan of like, you know You know a slow jog or a walk for your source of kind of cardiovascular training is because that it's more sustainable Yeah, if you or somebody who gets into the like, I'm gonna go get the stairmaster for an hour and just be drenched in sweat and kill yourself Yeah, you might have some motivation for a few months leading up to Vegas or that wedding or whatever like that But the likelihood that you're gonna maintain this Stairmaster for an hour really intense every single day for the rest of your life is very low But you know what I can most certainly discipline myself to walk for an hour like that's whatever you enjoy right exactly


Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankaray's academy, displayed are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the timestamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This editorial and these news articles are in relation to Myanmar where protests and democratic actions are being carried out after the recent military coup. The coup refers to overthrowing an illegitimate seizure of power from a legitimate government. And the coalition of the group, especially the group of military officers that takes power after a coup is known as junta. That is why news articles mention as military junta in Myanmar. The coup has been led by the military of Myanmar, which is known as tatmadao. So today let us see how tatmadao or the military or the army gained power in Myanmar and other similar incidents of coups or protests in Myanmar and their results. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. First, know that Myanmar was previously called as Burma and it was under British rule for many years. In the West, particularly in United States terminology, even now it is referred as Burma only. Now come to the British rule, Burma became a province of British India in 1885-86. In the year 1937 only, Burma was separated from British India and it was made as a separate colony of British. In the meantime, in 1942, Burma was invaded by Japan with the help from Burma Independence Army, which was actually trained by Japanese. But later this army transformed itself into a political party. The party is called as anti-fascist People's Freedom League and over a period of time it started resisting the Japanese rule. So in 1945, this People's Freedom League, it helped Britain to liberate Burma from Japanese occupation. Then in 1948, Burma became independent and a federal system was set up where you know who led the People's Freedom League was made as Prime Minister. But in the period 1950-60, there was a split in this Freedom League. So a caretaker government was set up under the militaries or the Tatmadaw's army general, Niwin. When we say caretaker government is a government that has power for a short period of time till a new government is chosen or we can also say a transitional government, etc. Then in 1960, elections were held in which you know party faction won. But you know started promoting Buddhism as state religion and he was tolerant towards separatism. So both these issues angered the military or the Tatmadaw. So this anger led to a military coup in the year 1962 and the military coup was led by General Niwin. After this, Niwin abolished the federal system, established military junta and he held power for next 26 years. So the representative democracy in Burma came to an end in 1962 with the coup launched by Niwin. See Niwin introduced a new ideology called as the Burmese way to socialism. Now the basic purpose of this ideology was to show that centralism that is concentration of power at the center was the necessary prerequisite for material progress in Burma. It also stated that only if there is concentration of power, there will be unity in the state. So based on this ideology, a new constitution was instituted in the year 1974. Under this, Niwin formed a single party state and the single party is called as the Burma Socialist Program Party. The constitution enabled transfer of power from armed forces to people's assembly which is headed by Niwin and other former military leaders. See people's assembly was the country's new unicameral legislature that was set up under the constitution instituted in 1974. In addition to this, under the Burmese way to socialism ideology, Niwin nationalized Burma's major enterprises and also started banning independent newspapers. This ideology endorsed an isolationist policy. The main issue was that the military junta wanted to achieve unity through centralism and for this they used force or coercion. So as a part of this, whenever there was public demonstration or resentment or protest, the army suppressed through several crackdowns. That is many instances army has fired into the crowd who are unruly and many times the demonstrators were killed and wounded. See because of inexperience of junta in business and the incompetence in handling trade both internal and external, there were food shortages and there were related discontent. So the economic situation of Burma deteriorated rapidly and experts say that once Burma was a rice exporting nation which because of the poor administration of junta faced food shortages. Then in 1982 a law was enacted which designated people of non-indigenous backgrounders associate citizens. So this law prohibited associate citizens from public office. Take a note of this point. We'll connect this point in the end. In 1987 junta carried out a currency devaluation and this reportedly affected the savings of many of its own people and all these aspects finally led to resignation of Niven in the year 1988 and all these issues triggered many anti-government riots however suppressed by army. The largest of these crackdowns happened in the year 1988. See in 1988 in the month of August around a lakh people protested which included students, workers, soldiers and monks. Protesters called for an interim government that would conduct multi-party elections so as to form a democratic government. However martial law was imposed and large scale violence happened and that led to killings of around 3000 people in just one week. But these protests continued to increase as more people participated. So finally armed forces, police and civil services they resigned from Burma Socialist Program Party. So what happened then? A new ruling group was set up and this group was called a state law and order restoration council. And who were there in this council? It comprised only military officers. And what it promised? It promised multi-party elections. It is what renamed Burma as Myanmar. They resorted to centralism and reimposed martial law. So several opposition leaders were arrested. One of them was Aung San Suu Kyi. She was put under house arrest in the very next year in 1989. See Suu Kyi spent nearly 15 years in detention between 1989 to 2010. But in the very next year as promised free and fair elections were conducted. That is in 1990 free and fair elections were conducted and Suu Kyi's party which is the national party for democracy contested and won the election. But this result was ignored by the military. So transfer of power after elections did not happen. Therefore anti-government protests began which was again suppressed by the army. But the economic condition continued to deteriorate and therefore there was rise in fuel price in 2000s. Particularly in 2007 it was ripe. This led to widespread protests in 2007 and that was called a saffron revolution. The reason why it was named like this is because of the saffron colored robes that were worn by Buddhist monks who participated in the protests. So there was mounting international pressure on Myanmar. Therefore to gain international support junta enacted a new constitution in 2008. This constitution is still in place. See this constitution gives military widespread powers even under civilian rule. For example the constitution allows military to take control in any situations that could cause three things disintegration of the union disintegration of national solidarity loss of sovereign power and 25% of parliament seats are reserved for military. But a turnaround of even happened in 2011 when military junta unexpectedly officially dissolved and a civilian parliament was established for a transitional period. Then in 2015 Myanmar held its first nationwide multi-party elections since 1990 and what happened Suu Kyi's national league for democracy party won a landslide victory. She was appointed as state councilor a head of civilian government. But as we know because of the constitution the military continued to have much control and here the democratically elected leader Suu Kyi and military shared power and recently 2020 elections happened in this also again Suu Kyi's party won a landslide victory. But the military was not happy because its proxy political party union solidarity and development party was defeated. So military leaders alleged that there is widespread water fraud and it staged a coup in February 2021 against the democratically elected government and further the military had detained and charged Suu Kyi and placed leaders under house arrest. As we know it also announced a state of emergency for one year during which a senior general Min Ong will take charge of Myanmar. It also announced that free and fair elections would be held once state of emergency is over. Now this has led to widespread protests from public who are demanding restoration of democratically elected government. The protesters have called for civil disobedience, stoppage of work and mass demonstrations. To counter these things Hoontaa has suspended the internet, blocked social networks and have warned public not to join protests. So based on these things Arthur concludes that even after many years of repression and suppression by military the aspiration for democracy is still upheld by the people of Myanmar. So these are some of the important points with reference to the analysis of the articles related to this discussion. Now how the aspect of Rohiniya crisis adds to the recent developments had been detailedly discussed in yesterday's international relations weekly capsule by TP Srinivasan sir. We recommend viewers to watch that particular capsule to know this dimension. With this let's move on to the analysis of next news article. Now let us take up this editorial article which is written by the passenger vehicle program director at the international council on clean transportation. The author talks on the initiatives that India has taken to become less dependent on fuel imports. He also suggests way forward so that India can considerably reduce its import dependency on petroleum and at the same time to increase the fuel efficiency in the country. Let us discuss this editorial in detail. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. In the recent times we have been hearing about nationwide democratic actions against unprecedented hike in the prices of petrol and diesel. According to government sources they say that the reduced fuel production and oil rich nations seeking more profits are the primary reasons behind spiraling petrol and diesel prices in the country. We also read about the impact of excise duties in the price of petrol and diesel as well. In this context we should know that India is ranked as fourth largest petroleum consumer in the world after China, United States and Russia and India is one of the largest importers of crude oil in the world. We purchase well over 80 percent of our fuel needs and this puts immense pressure on the revenue of the government due to fuel imports. And according to international energy agency India's dependency on fuel imports is going to increase significantly in the coming decades because proven oil reserves are limited in comparison with our domestic needs. That is we don't have enough oil reserves to satisfy the domestic needs. Now in view of the growing demand of fossil fuel and also the rapidly growing motor vehicle fleet in our country, government of India has set a target to achieve 10 percent reduction of fuel imports by 2022. In this regard the author talks about various initiatives taken by successive governments to reduce fuel imports and to increase fuel efficiency standards and their implementation status. Let us see them. See fuel efficiency and energy security are two sides of the same coin. In this regard government has undertaken several initiatives to increase both. First the author talks about fuel efficiency standards for passenger vehicles that were formulated by January 2014. In pursuit of this ministry of power issued average fuel consumption standards for cars in April 2015 this standard was made applicable for motor vehicles using petrol or diesel or LPG or CNG. And these are vehicles that carry passengers and their luggage and according to Bureau of Energy Efficiency these standards would be effective from 2017-18 onwards and a second set of standards would come into force from 2020-23. And the heavy duty vehicles which are known to consume 60 percent of diesel used in the country they are now subject to fuel efficiency standards. Second the author talks about National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020. See this plan for the year 2020 was constituted way back in 2013. This was simply to achieve national fuel security by promoting electric and hybrid vehicles. If we go actually with the mobility mission plan it states that that is the vision is to encourage reliable affordable efficient electric vehicles that meet consumer performance and price expectations how through government industry collaboration. This is for promotion and development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities required infrastructure consumer awareness and technology. What is the target to help India to emerge as a leader in electric vehicle two-wheeler and four-wheeler market in the world by 2020 with total XEV sales of six to seven million units so as to enable Indian automotive industry to achieve global electric vehicle manufacturing leadership and contributing towards national fuel security. Note that electric vehicle XEV is a generic name for electromotive vehicles like hybrid electric vehicles plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. Here hybrid electric vehicles are those vehicles which are powered by internal combustion engine and an electric motor. It uses energy that is stored in batteries these vehicles they cannot be plugged into charge the battery instead the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal combustion engine. The next initiative is Fame India scheme which was launched in 2015 to promote the manufacture and sustainable growth of electric and hybrid vehicle technology. The phase one of the scheme was launched in 2015 for a period of two years and this was implemented through four focus areas demand creation technology platform pilot project and charging infrastructure. The scheme initially launched for two years was later extended then in 2019 phase two was launched. This phase aimed to generate demand by supporting electric buses electric three-wheelers four-wheelers and also creation of charging infrastructure. The author states that though these schemes were initiated with good intention they fell short of ambition. For example the author notes that India's 2022 fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars are nearly 20% less stringent than European Union standards and coming to national electric mobility mission plan of 2020 author notes that it primarily focused on hybrid electric vehicles even with the launch of Fame scheme and most of the incentives under this mobility mission plan it went towards subsidizing mild hybrids instead of pure electric vehicles. So this resulted in global electric vehicle manufacturers ignoring Indian market and focusing more on European market. But here author appreciates Fame 2 scheme because it largely now focuses on electric vehicles not on hybrids. Thirdly the author talks about national policy on biofuels. See the government notified new national policy on biofuels in 2018 and in line with this policy government approved a scheme called as Pradhan Mandri Jeevan Yojana. Jeevan stands for Jeevindan Watavaran Anukul Fasal Avashesh Nivaran Yojana. This is for providing financial support to integrated bio ethanol projects which are using ligno-cellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock. The salient features of the policy is given here for your reference. So in this regard the author notes that the share of bio ethanol in petrol has risen to nearly 8% by volume because of the policy. Fourthly the government has encouraged multiple fuel pathways in transport sector including the natural gas. We know that the national gas grid intends to create a network of pipeline infrastructure to connect gas sources to major demand centers. It helps to develop city gas distribution network and to remove regional imbalance in the access of natural gas. So these are some existing initiatives. Now what are the other things that government can do so that we can reduce our dependence on petroleum? See firstly the government should formulate a zero emissions vehicle program. The author asked the Indian government to adopt this program as soon as possible and this program will require vehicle manufacturers to produce a certain number of electric vehicles compulsorily. There are some countries which already have these programs in effect for example China, some states in United States, British Columbia and Canada and also South Korea. This program will make it compulsory for all manufacturers to start producing electric vehicles across all market segments and not just in two wheeler segments or three wheeler segments. Then the government should also strengthen the fuel efficiency requirements for new passenger cars and commercial vehicles. See author at a point notes that two wheeler vehicles which consume nearly two-third of petrol used in India are not subject to any fuel efficiency standards. Then according to a recent analysis by International Council on Clean Transportation, a standard requiring 50% reduction in fuel consumption by new two wheelers by 2030 will have two benefits. One it will lead to internal combustion engine efficiency improvement. Then it will ensure that nearly 60% of all new two wheelers sold in India are electric driven. Then one more thing the government should do is that the extending fame scheme not only to all passenger cars and commercial vehicles but also to agricultural tractors. These measures if the government takes can result in Indian petroleum demand peaking by 2030 and then falling down. So the challenging years by these measures will be limited even though there is tremendous projected growth in economic and vehicular activity. So these measures if we adopt consumers will save money because of more fuel efficient internal combustion engine vehicles and to those who switch to electric vehicles there will be much more savings. The author also provides an option for the government to make GST rates for all passenger vehicles proportional to their fuel efficiency level instead of present system that relies on vehicle and then size of the engine. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. The last suggestion is with reference to positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement concept. If you have better fuel efficiency vehicle you will be paying lesser GST. It acts kind of positive reinforcement. So these are some of the points with reference to this article which talks about being petroleum independent. So following these steps India is set to become petroleum independent after 2030. Now let's move on to analysis of next news article. This image shows the performance led by Suryakran aerobatic team of Indian Air Force. This was part of celebrations of 50 year anniversary of Indo-Pakistan war of 1971. The war is also called as Bangladesh liberation war as Bangladesh was liberated from Pakistan. In this context let us discuss about this particular war which happened in 1971 in the month of December. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. So as we all know the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971 was fought for the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan and also to ensure peace and order in Bangladesh so that the neighborhood is also free from disorder created by the Pakistan army in Bangladesh. India and Pakistan got independence from British rule in 1947 and Pakistan had at that time two parts East Pakistan and West Pakistan and they were separated by about 1000 miles and East Pakistan was mainly the eastern part of Bengal province. The capital of Pakistan was Karachi in the West Pakistan at that time and this was moved from Karachi to Islamabad in the year 1958. But because of discrimination in economic growth sharing of powers the people of East Pakistan they declared independence on March 26 1971 under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. But what happened prior to this is that to suppress the unrest and the growing democratic action in the East Pakistan the Pakistani government primarily the political bosses of West Pakistan they sent troops to East Pakistan and leashed a massacre through an operation called as Operation Searchlight. Now let's see the reasons for this war. See West Pakistan had almost 97% of Muslims and East Pakistan had almost 85% of Muslims. West Pakistan had four provinces Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and Northwest Frontier. The fifth province was the East Pakistan. In comparison with the East Pakistan the West Pakistan used up more resources and according to one estimate between 1948 and 1960 though East Pakistan made 70% of all of Pakistan's exports it only received 25% of imported money. We can say that from 1947 the East Pakistan witnessed comparatively less economic growth. It is said that about 2.6 billion dollars of resources were shifted over time from East Pakistan to West Pakistan and not just that East Pakistan had the largest population among all the provinces despite this it had much less political power than West Pakistan. Therefore Sheikh Mujibir Rahman the leader of Awami League in East Pakistan explicitly demanded more economic and political powers. There was also the language issue. See in 1948 Mohammad Ali Jinnah stated that Urdu was the official language for Pakistan but most of the West Pakistanis they spoke Punjabi and Sindhi while East Pakistanis spoke Bangla or Bengali. Therefore protest or democratic actions erupted in East Pakistan and several students were killed way back in 1952 itself and another issue was the devastating Bola Cyclone. This cyclone hit East Pakistan in the year 1970 but the government primarily ruled from West Pakistan did not provide enough relief to alleviate the mysteries of the people from East Pakistan. Then came the December 1970 national elections. The Awami League won a landslide victory in the national elections in the National Assembly. This Awami League was led by Sheikh Mujibir Rahman. Actually at that time voting took place in around 300 constituencies 162 were in East Pakistan and 138 in West Pakistan. Awami League won a total of 160 seats out of 300 and this was considered a victory and it was reported that the National Assembly was not inaugurated as the military dictator Yahya Khan and Pakistan people's parties chairman Zulfigar Ali Bhutto they did not want a party from East Pakistan heading the federal government of Pakistan. So this led to a clash between these two parties and their supporters and all the other reasons that we have discussed so far have become the cause of this war which was to be fought between Pakistan army and the Bangladesh freedom fighters. The Bangladeshi freedom fighters were grouped under a team called as Mukti Bahini. What happened during the war India gave shelter to the refugees and some reports claimed that we also trained Mukti Bahini and during this time we are talking about December 1971 Pakistan army encouraged Rasakas who are the Bengalis who did not want Bangladesh to become an independent country so as to suppress the rebellion. However on December 16 1971 the then East Pakistan fell to Mitro Bahini then the allied forces of Mukti Bahini and the Indian army. So what is the role of Indian army in this see all these happened to ensure peace and order in present day Bangladesh. India was also facing a huge influx of refugees from Bangladesh primarily because of the oppressive military regime under general Yahya Khan of Pakistan. In addition to this on 3rd December 1971 Pakistan launched pre-emptive air strikes against 11 Indian air bases therefore we have to step in and there was a short and intense war fought on both eastern and western fronts. The war lasted for 13 days and this resulted in complete surrender of Pakistan forces and resulted also into the creation of Bangladesh. That's why we call it as Bangladesh liberation war. An instrument of surrender was signed by Pakistan therefore Bangladesh became liberated and independent. Know that December 16 is recognized as victory day in Bangladesh and March 26 is recognized as its independence day. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article and this year we are celebrating 50th anniversary of Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 or Bangladesh liberation war of 1971. Now let's move on to next news article analysis. This data point is with reference to languages in danger in our country. According to UNESCO Atlas of Worlds Languages in Danger as of 2017 around 197 indigenous languages in India were vulnerable or endangered or extinct and this is the highest in the world in this category which is followed by US where it is 191 and Brazil where it is 190. See this Atlas of UNESCO is intended to raise awareness about language endangerment and the need to safeguard the linguistic diversity of the world among the policy makers, speaker communities and the general public. It also serves as a tool to monitor the status of endangered languages and the trends in linguistic diversity at the global level. Now out of this 197 from India 5 are extinct, 42 are critically endangered, 7 are severely endangered, 62 are definitely endangered and 81 are vulnerable. Here extinct means no speakers left for that language. Critically endangered means only elders speak but partially and infrequently. Sivially endangered means spoken by grandparents. Parents may understand it but do not communicate with children. Definitely endangered means children no longer learn languages mother tongue while vulnerable means most children speak but only in specific places like home. Coming to census data on language and mother tongue, it is important to note that it records languages only with more than 10,000 speakers. But more than half of India's endangered languages have less than 10,000 speakers so they are not recorded in Indian census. So with no recognition of such languages at the national level, they are highly probable to become extinct. Now when we come to non-scheduled languages, see there are around 99 such languages in India. When we say non-scheduled languages, these are the languages that are not present in the 8th Schedule of Indian Constitution. And note that out of this 99, the number of speakers reduced for 22 languages which is a matter of concern. And of these 22, 13 languages are spoken in northeast. Again when we come to 42 critically endangered category, there are also 13 languages are from northeast. So it means that languages of northeastern region are at high risk and may soon become extinct if adequate support is not provided. Here it is important for us to know that UN has designated the period between 2022 and 2032 as international decade of indigenous languages so as to raise global awareness about importance of indigenous languages for sustainable development, peace building, reconciliation and also to mobilize resources for support and promotion of indigenous languages at the world level. Having said that, why languages are important? See, linguistic factors play a strategic role in eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. This is because the ability to obtain a livelihood, to participate in social and public life, to engage in dialogue, it is dependent to a great extent on language skills. See, the discussion on marginalization versus integration, exclusion versus empowerment, poverty versus development are heavily affected by linguistic policies and practices. Secondly, languages are a principal medium of knowledge transmission and languages are essential to achieve universal primary education and also know that languages play a very important role in responding to diseases like HIV, AIDS, malaria and other diseases. So for these aspects to be effective, education which includes health education and also literacy programs, they must be delivered in languages that are understood by those learners. The languages carry local and indigenous knowledge and the know-how of natural ecosystems. So they help in sound management of natural resources. So they are strategic for environmental sustainability. Then languages are important for the actual enjoyment of fundamental rights because this enjoyment is conditioned to a large extent by linguistic factors. Therefore appropriate language policies, that is knowing these rights in their own languages provide an essential medium for exercising those rights. So these are some of the important information with reference to the analysis of this news article and know that according to UNESCO, only if multilingualism is fully accepted can all languages find their place in our globalized world. We should adopt this in our country also to save languages from danger. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. This news article is with reference to tibetology which means study of tibetan history, culture and their language. Recently few reports highlighted the proposal of Indian army that is its officers are going to study tibetology. So it is said that officers of Indian army would study tibetan history, culture and their languages on both sides of line of actual control so as to counter Chinese influence and propaganda. By bringing tibet into the picture, India-China relations can be approached not only at the bilateral level but also by including tibet and the Himalayas. However the definition of the limits of tibetology particularly with reference to Indian army's proposal are not clearly defined. Few experts suggest that tibetology for this purpose should not be confined within the bounds of state interest and territorial conflicts on either side of tibetan plateau. That is you should not see tibetology only for your interest and to counter China. They say that tibetology encompasses a broad spectrum of multi and interdisciplinary study of broader tibetan cultural region and this is most productively situated with and within the Himalayas. And according to international association for tibetan studies, the region of tibet includes not just the present day tibet autonomous region which is called as Usang, Amdo and Kham but also it includes some areas in the Himalayas including parts of Nepal and Bhutan and it may have some relations with Indian states or regions such as Sikkim, Ladakh and Tawang in Arunachalpadesh. So the author highlights that tibet region has to be approached through these trans-Himalayan connections and through this we can know more about Sino-Indian relations and at the same time we can also know about parts of India like the regions such as Sikkim, Ladakh, Tawang and other areas that have connections with tibet. But what approaches shaped the academic engagements with tibet? We see academic engagements with tibet even today but what initially shaped these engagements? See here comes colonization. Like other parts of colonized world, the production and qualification of knowledge about tibet served European imperial interests. Britain recognized the importance of Sikkim and Bhutan in securing its interests in tibet. Therefore, they maintained close relations with aristocratic families in the tibet region. At that time many cartographers, mountaineers, missionaries, linguists and botanists also produced definitive knowledge about tibet for the purpose of British India or for the British imperial interests. While this is happening on one side, there was also fictional works attached to showing tibet as a society that is untouched by modernity and also as a repository of true Buddhism. The colonialism also demarcated territorial boundaries of British India and its neighboring states through the McMohon line which becomes relevant in the context of tibet. So all these aspects, the colonialism, the fictional works, the map making, enthousiasis, mountaineers, they all shaped initial academic engagements with tibet and this trend persists even today. Now let's see India's cultural approach towards tibet after independence. See India recognized economic and cultural ties through the Himalayas with tibet and the role of Buddhism was considered as the connecting tissue. Many institutions were set up in our country to study tibet and Buddhism. For example, we had institutes such as Central Institute for Buddhist Studies in Leh and Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies in Sarnath Varanasi. In Gangtok in Sikkim, we have Namgyal Institute of tibetology. The news article highlights that this institute was set up in the erstwhile kingdom of Sikkim and inaugurated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1958. And interestingly, the institutes in Sarnath and Gangtok are on the list of places where Indian army's officers will study tibetology. However, though these steps were taken before Sino-India War of 1962 and despite the serious efforts to form a cultural linkage with tibet, Indian view of tibetology have largely been influenced by geopolitical tensions with China. This is particularly seen after the Sino-India War of 1962. That is why the news article states that the Indian study of tibet is largely mirrored by India's geopolitical anxieties with China. There are few exceptions, but the works of India towards Tibet is largely in the context of India-China relations, seeing it as a Buddhist home. And this approach is criticized as it leaves out the history of Tibet and also the non-Buddhist religions of Tibet. So this is what is criticized as defining tibetology in a narrow manner and this leaves out the opportunity to study or understand the contemporary India-Tibet relations and also parts of India. So the author highlights that tibetology should be approached in a genuine manner and not just in the context of India and China. And currently India hosts the 14th Dalai Lama in the Central Tibetan Administration, which is the government of Tibet in exile, which is in India, but not recognized by China. India also have 10,000s of Tibetan refugees and Tibetan institutes. So the authors called for studying Tibet in the true sense and not just in the context of India-China relations and coming out of this article, the proposal of Indian Army for its officers to study tibetology is said to become a game changer in countering China's illicit propaganda against India. So tibetology should be approached in the true sense and not just writing more of India into the story. Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. Now this news article states that Supreme Court of Nepal has reinstated the House of Representatives, which is the lower house of Nepal's parliament. See two months ago, President of Nepal dissolved the lower house on the recommendation of Mr. Oli's cabinet. In this context, let us have a brief understanding about Nepal. See, Nepal is a country lying along southern slopes of Himalayan mountain ranges. It's a landlocked country that is located between India to the east, south and west, and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to its north. Its capital is in Kathmandu. See, five Indian states share border with Nepal. As we know, it includes Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim. Now coming to its physiography, it consists of some of most rugged and difficult mountain terrain in the world. Roughly 75% of the country is covered by mountains. And from the south to the north, Nepal can be divided into four main physical bells. Each of these bells extend east to west across the country. The first is Tharai. It is a low, flat, fertile land adjacent to the border of India. The second is forested Churya Food Hills and the Inner Tharai Zone. And the second zone rises from Tharai plain to the rugged Mahabharat Range. The third is the mid-mountain region between Mahabharat Range and the Great Himalayas. And the fourth is Great Himalaya Range. This rises to more than some 8,850 meters. It is this range that consists of many of the world's highest peaks – Mount Everest, Kanjanjanga, Chowayu, Daulagiri, Daulagiri 1 etc. Now coming to major rivers of Nepal, we can say Kosi, Narayani or Gandak, Karnali or Gagra, all of them run southward and they merge with the Ganga River. Now coming to its climate, Nepal's climate is influenced by elevation and also by its location in the subtropical latitude. It ranges from subtropical monsoon conditions in the Tharai and there is warm temperate climate in the mid-mountain region, then cool temperate conditions in the higher parts of mountains to alpine climate at the very high altitudes. The ethnic composition of Nepal is given here for your reference. Know that Nepal is one of the least developed nations in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on imports of basic materials, mainly from India and depends on foreign markets for its forest and agricultural products. And within the ethnic composition, Mahdesis in Nepal are supported by India and they feature in India-Napal relations, discussions etc. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. This news article is about a PIL petition challenging the appointment of Tamil Nadu State Human Rights Commission Chairman. The complaint is about the selection process of the Charperson. There is allegation that no notification was issued and no applications were invited for the post. Had there been a notification, many retired judges of High Court might have applied for the post. So, there is lack of transparency and hence the public interest litigation. Herein, High Court has sought the response of Tamil Nadu State Government over the appointment of Charperson. In this regard, let us see a few provisions about State Human Rights Commission. You see, it is a statutory body as per the provisions of the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993. And as we know, it is a multi-member body having a Charperson and two members. The Charperson is a person who has been a Chief Justice of a High Court or a Judge of a High Court can be a Charperson and a member is appointed from persons who is or has been a Judge of a High Court or who is or has been a District Judge in the State with a minimum of 7 years experience as District Judge. And one member to be appointed from among persons having knowledge or practical experience in matters relating to Human Rights. And note that the Charperson and the members are appointed by the Governor and every appointment shall be made after obtaining the recommendation of a Committee that consists of four members in general chaired by Chief Minister. Other members are Speaker of Legislative Assembly, Minister in Charge of Department of Home in the particular State, Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. In case there is a Legislative Council in a particular State, the Chairman of that Council and Leader of Opposition in that Council shall also be members of the Committee. See, the tenure of the Charperson is three years or until attaining the age of 70 years whichever is earlier and the person shall be eligible for reappointment. See, for members they can hold office for a term of three years they are also eligible for reappointment and no member shall hold office after attaining the age of 70 years. The Charperson and the members are not eligible for further employment under a State Government or Central Government. Note that though they are appointed by Governor, their removal can be only based on order of the President. With this information, let's move on to next part of the discussion. This article states that Tamil Nadu Government has reconstituted the State Commission for Women with Gauri Ashokan as its chairperson. The chairperson and members of the Commission will hold office for a period of three years. Now one major distinction with reference to State Women's Commission and the National Commission for Women is that the Women Commissions at the level of States are constituted under the respective acts of appropriate States whereas the National Commission for Women is based on a law passed by the Parliament. In this context, let us discuss in brief about National Commission for Women, the genesis and powers of this Commission. See, the NCW was set up as a statutory body in January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act of 1990. Let us discuss briefly the history related to this. See, in the early 1970s, Committee on the Status of Women in India was appointed and this committee recommended setting up of National Commission for Women. Later, the National Perspective Plan for Women for the period 1988 to 2000, it recommended constitution of an apex body for women and finally, National Commission for Women Bill received the Ascent of President in 1990 and first Commission was constituted in 1992. See, the Commission was mandated to review the safeguards for women, constitutional and legal. It recommends remedial legislative measures and it can facilitate redressal of grievances and advise the government on all policy matters affecting women. Very importantly, it can investigate and examine all matters relating to the safeguards and it can take up the cases of violations of provisions of constitution and other laws relating to women and it can look into complaints and can take so motto notice of matters relating to deprivation of women's rights and other aspects as portrayed here. And note that the center shall submit the Commission's report before each House of Parliament and should also explain the action taken or actions proposed to be taken on the recommendations made by the Commission. At the same time, it should also say the reason for non-acceptance of any such recommendations of Commission. And while investigating any matter, the Commission shall have the powers of a civil court. With reference to the composition, there shall be a chairperson committed to the cause of women and there shall be five members who are persons of ability, integrity and standing, having experience in law, trade unionism, management of an industry or an organization committed to increasing the employment potential of women then from women's voluntary organizations including women activists in an administration, economic development, health, education or social welfare and at least one member each from schedule cast and schedule tribes should be there in the Commission. There shall be member secretary and all of them are nominated by the Central Government. And as stated already, the Women's Commission at the level of states are constituted under the respective state legislations. So these are some of the important information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. This news article is about Intensified Mission Indra Thanos 3.0. See, it is a massive routine immunization campaign by Government of India. However, the focus will be to cover children and pregnant women who missed their routine immunization because of COVID pandemic, either because of lockdown or because of their difficulty in reaching the hospital or because the hospital is focused on handling COVID-19. In this slide, let us see about Indra Thanos 3.0. Prior to this, we will see brief background. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See, immunization program in India was introduced in the year 1978 in the form of expanded program of immunization. This was launched by then Union Ministry of Health. Later in the year 1985, this program was modified as universal immunization program. So through this universal immunization program, the government provided free vaccination against vaccine preventable diseases. Some of the diseases covered were diphtheria, polio, measles, severe form of childhood tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and pneumonia. In addition, vaccination was also provided against Japanese insiphalitis in selected endemic districts or states in the nation. Despite this UIP being in operation for many years, we were able to fully immunize only 65% of children in the first year of their life. Therefore, in December 2014, in order to strengthen and reenergize the program, Mission Indra Thanos was launched. The goal was to ensure full immunization with all available vaccines for children up to two years of age and also the pregnant women. So at that time, to achieve this high-focus districts across 28 states were identified. Then to further intensify the mission in 2017, Intensified Mission Indra Thanos was launched. This targeted the uncovered beneficiaries who were not covered under the routine immunization program or the UIP. So the main focus was to achieve to improve immunization coverage by ensuring full immunization to more than 90% by December 2018. And following this, Intensified Mission 2.0 was launched. This again was launched to reach the unreached with all available vaccines and also to accelerate the coverage in the identified districts and blocks. This Mission 2.0 was launched to ensure reaching the unreached from December 2019 to March 2020. However, we know the challenges, particularly in the context of COVID-19 in the year 2020. So despite this Mission 2.0 targeted full immunization in selected districts and blocks, particularly in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, among hard to reach and tribal populations, there was difficulties in achieving them because of restrictions involved in handling COVID-19 pandemic. So to bridge the gap and to focus on children and pregnant women who missed or who were left out from vaccination, Intensified Mission Indra Thanos 3.0 has been launched recently. And this campaign is to start in two rounds. One round is to start from February 22, which has already started, and the other is to start from March 22. They will be conducted in pre-identified districts or urban areas across 29 states or union territories. And in this Mission 3.0, the districts will be classified into low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk districts. And accordingly, they will prioritize the immunization or vaccination delivery. In this Mission 3.0, focus will be given to migration areas and hard to reach areas, because they might have missed their vaccine doses during COVID-19. So the ultimate objective is to achieve the target of 90% full immunization coverage in all districts in the country and also to sustain the coverage through immunization. And for proper data monitoring and reporting and analysis, a portal called IMI 3.0 portal has been launched. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to the next part of the discussion. We have come to the last session, the Practice Questions Discussion session. See this question with reference to Pradhan Mandri Jeevan Yojana. Question reads, which of the following is correct with reference to Pradhan Mandri Jeevan? It is a scheme to provide assistance to people who lost their livelihoods due to natural hazards. It is a scheme to provide financial support to integrated bioethanol projects. The correct answer is option B. See Jeevan stands for Jai Vindan Vathawaran Anukul Fasal Avashesh Nivaran Yojana. The correct answer is option B. This question is with reference to National Commission for Women. The question reads, consider the following statements regarding the composition of NCW. The chairperson shall be a sitting or a third judge of the Supreme Court. There is no such condition, so the first statement is incorrect. A chairperson shall be a person committed to the cause of women and is to be nominated by the central government. Second statement, at least one member reach shall be from the schedule cast and the schedule trips communities. Second statement is correct, therefore the correct answer is option B. This question is with reference to saffron revolution. The protest movement saffron revolution is related to which of the following country? The correct answer is Myanmar. See in the year 2007 there were widespread protest with reference to deteriorating economic situation in Myanmar with reference to rise in fuel price. So that revolution was called a saffron revolution because of saffron color robes which were worn by Buddhist monks who participated in the protest. See this question with reference to Nepal. They have given five Indian states asking which of the above sharing bordered with Nepal. See Himachal Pradesh does not share border with Nepal. So the correct answer is option C, 2, 3, 4 and 5 only. This question is with reference to chairperson of State Human Rights Commission. Four statements are given. They are asking which of the statements given above are correct. Only a retired Chief Justice of a High Court can be the chairperson. This is incorrect. Even a retired judge of a High Court can also be chairperson after the 2019 amendment to the Protection of Human Rights Act of 1993. So you can eliminate options A and D. Now we have to check whether third statement is correct or not to arrive at the correct answer. Chairperson shall hold office for a term of three years or until she attains the age of 70 years whichever is earlier. This statement is correct. Therefore the correct answer is option B, 2, 3, 4. All the three statements are correct. See both chairperson and members are eligible for reappointment. This question is with reference to Mission Indra Dhanos. Two statements are given. They are asking which of the above are incorrect. The ultimate goal of Mission Indra Dhanos is to ensure full immunization with specified vaccines for children up to five years of age and pregnant woman. The statement appears to be correct but it is not. Children up to two years that would make this statement is correct. Second statement though launched by Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare various other ministries have come together to make the mission a success and by ensuring that the benefits of vaccines reach the last mile. Second statement is correct. First statement is incorrect. Therefore the correct answer is option A, 1 only because only the first statement is incorrect. We have given two practice mains questions. You can write answers and post it in the comment section. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu News Analysis. If you like the video, click the like button, comment, share and subscribe to Shankaray's Academy YouTube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation.