You know, it's arguing against your own position, which I usually have students do. No matter what the homework is or what the essay question may be, I almost always have students argue the other side. And it's easy to do that in law because in legal opinions you have what's called the majority opinion and the dissenting opinion. And so I usually have students, regardless of what your position is, your own position is for the majority always, I mean, they need to write a dissent. You know, not surprisingly, their dissent is usually very, very, very weak. But it's an exercise. And, you know, the more that we do something, no matter what it is, no matter how difficult we find it, the more we do it, the better we get, the easier it becomes. And it may never become easy to do that. But what I'm trying to teach students a big thing is, first, to ask questions. But then secondly, which is very difficult, is to ask ourselves the tough questions that we would ask other people, right? It's easy to try to criticize another view that we disagree with. It's much more difficult to question our own views. But I think that's what we usually mean by critical thinking.  It's asking why would I think that when everyone else agrees, right? Maybe it's because everyone else agrees. And I think most people would agree. That's not a very good reason for thinking something just because everyone else agrees, right? Well, the majority holds this, you know, because there's a consensus, whatever that may mean. Forcing students to ask themselves the questions and try to argue against their position, it is an exercise. And it is part of what it means to be educated, to ask ourselves tough questions. You know, this is why it's so important for students to raise arguments that they themselves don't think, right? Because I try to give more time to the less obvious argument so that they can see why some people would believe that. And again, I'm trying to encourage people to say things that they don't necessarily agree with. I've told many students this, that nothing warms my heart more than when a student articulates an argument that they disagree with. Because it is very difficult. But it shows that they're trying, that they're thinking in another perspective. Again, it's part of cultivating critical thinking and learning to question. And when we can question ourselves, I think that is so difficult. But that's what it means to create, think critically. So I use what I think it's called dialectical pedagogy. That's it, which is basically you posit different points of view, right? And you make them clash. You know, in many of my classes, I say, here's one view of this question. Here's another view or another answer to this question. And the two are not reconcilable. They're competing views, they're opposing views. And I try to teach students to articulate those views as best they can. And of course, students will tend to go for one view or the other, right? Personally, they'll say one view or the other. And then I ask them, and usually in the homework or the exams, I'll ask them, choose that view and defend it. And of course, they're learning how to make these arguments. But occasionally, students will see that it's very hard to defend one or the other. And they don't realize that really what I'm trying to get them to see is that it is hard to defend one or the other, right? They can argue for one, but then they know what the problems are with it. And so they're struggling with trying to counter-argue those weaknesses, which is great. But in the end, they realize, wow, it's really hard to just stick with one position. And so when they say, you know, recently, last week, we were talking about proposals to change the court, the US Supreme Court. We looked at several of them. And they said, you know, they said, you know, coming into this, I thought we should change the court. You know, yes, we need to impose terminements on the justices or change the nomination and confirmation process in certain ways. And they said, but when we talk about the problems that arise, and, well, if we were to do this, then there's other issue, questions that we have to answer. They say it's not so obvious, because as one student said, yes, there are problems with the court. But we also aren't aware of the problems that would arise if we try to correct those problems, you know. And sometimes it's a matter of, well, which problems do you want to deal with, the problems that you know or the problems that you don't know, okay? And which is worse? We don't know. You know, people tend to assume that, oh, yeah, new problems will arise, but it's okay, we'll deal with those too. Oh, really? Okay. How do you know they can be dealt with? It's the problem of the unknown unknowns, right? There's always the unknown unknown. Yeah, when they say, I'm not sure what the answer is, I guess in my mind that is precisely where I want them to be.  I know it's this. This is what we have to do. Those kind of people scare me, but again, those are the people who build civilizations, who are the CEOs of corporations, you know. They're the ones who tell others, this is what we should do, and we need those people. You don't build civilizations by questioning everything. I like to think that people who ask questions are also needed somewhere, somewhere fit in the puzzle.


Thanks for checking out this video. So I did a thing and I thought that maybe if I put it on video that other people would find this helpful at least for Someone like me in the past as in prior to doing this thing. So for the longest time I have loved love love Stanley Kubrick's The Shining But been fully aware that there are a lot of lot of differences between that film and Stephen King's original book Now I've said so many times over the years that I should read the book I should read the book I should read the book and find out the difference and see if the books better and you know All that jazz so one of my friends pushed me rich Smith Thank you very much rich and he just bought me the book and gave it to me and said look you've talked about it I figure just read it So that was the impetus for me to go ahead and read through the entire shining Which for me personally is a pretty big feat because it's a long book It's over 600 pages and I'm a slow reader and I don't really read many books period I'm more of a movie person as you can tell by all the review videos I put on my channel, so I thought I'd make a video just kind of break down for anyone who doesn't want to read Through the whole book but wants to know what the differences are here's what's missing from the shining Stanley Kubrick's The Shining And I will say that a lot of people will say, you know, oh, I like the book. It's so much better I like the movie. It's so much better and they choose one I'm kind of in this camp after reading the book of I like both of them and I like them together I feel like it was the proper Order for me personally to have seen the movie first and then read the book because I feel like You not only see the differences, but it gives you extra context for the movie so that you can go back rewatch the movie and Understand more of what was behind those characters when they were put on the film and it really does help with that particular story Even though it is different So just saying so one of the big things is there's more time to kind of slowly develop the entire scenario and the gradual deterioration of Jack within the book obviously because you know, what about two hours of film? Versus about over 600 pages of book You just have a lot more space and a lot more time to develop things and it's the pacing of it is wonderful I mean this is considered to be one of Stephen King's best books and I easily see why Because everything feels real it feels like it's done at a great pace and it feels Like you see it happening and none none of the stuff takes any Ridiculous leap in my opinion Like it's just these little moments that kind of add on top of each other That feel like they fit within the story that end up leading to that bigger Terrible thing that happens and the biggest thing being the deterioration of Jack, you know You get inside of Jack's head you get inside of Danny said you get inside of the month Why am I blanking on her name right now? The mother's head. Why am I blanking on this? It'll come up later, but Wendy. Sorry. Okay. I look back at my notes One of those moments. I'm getting old, you know Yeah, you get inside of Wendy's head and that's another thing is you get so much more from Wendy's perspective I feel like the film really does minimize Wendy as a character in general and just makes her someone who panics And is just there to be a victim She's a much stronger character in the book and you get a lot from her perspective She's actually the person who puts everything together Story-wise of what's really going on with the overlook and Danny versus the overlook So that's a huge thing. She is more of a hero than a victim in the book And I think that's another huge difference But the big big big big big thing like I said is Jack's deterioration and how real it feels and how messed up It is but it's also just the insight into Jack's past the insight into Jack not being a terrible person Because in the film it seems like he's just a bad guy from the get-go and he just gets worse in the book Since you get so much inner dialogue from him or inner monologue from him You understand him more you feel for him somewhat You see you get information about how he was brought up as a child and how that played into how he turned out His fight with alcohol addiction, which I know is a big theme within the book intentionally by Stephen King because he went through that and It you just get a lot more and he actually becomes kind of a sympathetic character to a degree and in the book There is this separation of what is him and what is the overlook not he's a terrible person And then he just gets worse. So it there's way more impact to be had from the book for that reason I already talked about that Danny Experiencing the thoughts and feelings of his parents as the overlook becomes more sinister and their relationship takes a similar turn like I said, you know, you get a lot more kind of inner monologue and feelings and everything from the characters and The bit one of the big benefits from Danny's standpoint is you understand that he feels what's going on with his parents Which you don't get that from the movie so when their Relationship starts to fall apart partially because of well a large part because of what the overlook is doing to Jack and Overlooks trying to use Jack as a way to get to Danny because Danny is like this Very strong power which you get that in the movie obviously, but His ability to kind of feel that it adds more impact to the story And it adds more of a kind of like building dread for him in the in the story as opposed to what's there in the film Because you're reading it and you're seeing that, you know, he's getting more and more suspicious of what's going on He's getting more and more afraid of what's going on and as a kid It's terrible because of the how young he is and how much he has to deal with because he's got the special power So yeah, you get more information about the overlooks history That's one of the big things that's not touched on at all in the movie But in the book they go into some pretty good depth about the overlooks history Which makes the overlook even more of a character in the book and I love that it brings it to life a lot more I love it the hedge animals. That's one thing totally left out of the movie There are these hedge animals which are you know like bushes that are shaped into animals That are not at all in the movie in the book they have they show up quite a few times They have a pretty significant role of coming after people. They actually kind of come to life and come after people They actually inflict some actual physical damage on people have actual injuries for a few characters So that is very different even though I don't think it it doesn't really impact the story overall that much It's just an extra thing that the overlook does that's interesting Wendy actually experiences Experiences happenings with the hotel when the elevator starts working at night and there's kind of confetti and streamers and masks and everything So not only is Wendy more of a character and she's more of a hero than a victim She also actually experiences some stuff from the overlook. So in the movie she experiences nothing basically She's just experiencing the changes in Jack's behavior and then things that are done to Danny that she has to deal with in the book She experiences things as does Jack as does Danny, but it's kind of this progression of it So like she experiences the least then it's Jack then it's Danny because of kind of their levels of How in tune they are with the overlook? So that is an important thing There are a bunch of parallels drawn to the story the mask of the red death That comes up quite a few times in the actual writing never comes up in the movie And it is appropriate kind of those parallels between the stories of what it is. So that's awesome I really did enjoy that in the writing There are questions raised of how much parents influence who their children become Which is pondered by both Wendy and Jack because of Jack's father and also Wendy's mother So I talked about how you get insight into Jack's upbringing and what made him who he is But you also get that for Wendy a little bit and her fears of Becoming her mother because she has a very troubled relationship with her mother Her it sounds like at least the way it's written out her mother wasn't a very good person same thing with Jack's dad So it's this kind of mirroring of both of them being afraid of becoming their mother or becoming their father And then to some degree actually that happens more so with with Jack But it plays to something that's very real in life, which is people's fears of becoming all the shortcomings of their parents I know a lot of people struggle with that So yeah, and you don't get that you don't you don't get that nearly as much in the film Wendy is aware of the overlooks condition and Danny's as well. She verbalizes most of the revelations about it I talked about that earlier. So she's a very important part of piecing things together in the book She's not at all in the movie Jack becomes so close to and influenced by the overlook that he wants to join the staff and work his way up to manager He the hooks of the overlook get in him so much at some point that he talks about actually joining it So for me, this was really good on giving me more clarity into what it means at the end of the movie Where he's in that picture with all the other people at the overlook that old black-and-white picture Because in the book he wants to become the staff like he starts to act like he works for the overlook And then he starts legitimately having these delusions about working his way up to manager there Believing that he's in this time with all these other people there who aren't there anymore. They're all ghosts basically So that was great for giving more context to the movie because the ending is a little cryptic in In Kubrick's film because of that. So this is why partially why I say that Reading the book after seeing the movie gives it so much more context and I and I like that Already talked about the hedge animals, I don't know why I put that twice on my nose Danny meeting Tony in an alternate overlook in his mind that happens Tony's kind of abandoned for the most part after the very beginning in the film Tony comes up. Yeah, he gets lost for a bit in the book But then he comes up kind of at a key point and in this kind of alternate universe basically or like alternate state of existence Danny meets Tony in a different overlook and kind of gets pertinent information to trying to save himself and his family and Obviously that doesn't happen in the movie at all and I think it was a good Thing to to have in there and I kind of wish they would have done it in the movie, but you know You get insight into the overlook wanting to have Danny for his power in the film. It just seems like events Without motive basically, you know, you don't get that context of the overlook is really coming for him Danny specifically to harness his power. I know that gets integrated into Dr. Sleep though Because Mike Flanagan did a good job of kind of bringing all the sources together to kind of make the the best story possible To bridge the gap between Kubrick's film and King's book Dick Halloran survives and is momentarily overtaken by the hotel by the overlook That's another thing very interesting for a little bit Halloran becomes a minion of the overlook It's very very brief in the book, but it's it gives you more insight into how invasive the overlook is It can't just get into one person And it's kind of a scary moment in the book actually because you're like, oh no I think we're gonna lose Halloran at this point The other thing is Halloran gets killed pretty much immediately in the movie and that's one thing I really hate about the movie is he's an interesting cool character and Once he gets to the overlook to help Danny out and Wendy he just gets axed and that's the end of it It's so anti-climactic it feels like everything with Halloran in the movie was for nothing Where he feels like he's much more important in the book and he really matters and he's a great character in the book And I love that he survives and they have you know a whole thing in the end where it's you know flashing forward a bunch of years and Halloran is you know still there In touch with the family and it's a good ending And then the overlook explodes. That's another thing the overlook explodes At the end of the book giving this kind of finality to done. We're good here So that's actually all I had hopefully people found this interesting I know me from the past would love to watch a video like this But I do feel happy that instead I actually just read the book like I said, this is a big accomplishment for me and it's really Most people would probably assume that it would Reading the book would make me dislike the Kubrick film a bit or maybe a little bit more But no it actually kind of makes me like it even more because like I was saying it gives more backstory It gives more context for things that were a little more vague. So I'm gonna rewatch it. I haven't rewatched the movie yet, but I'm definitely going to so Anyway, if there are things that you think I missed in this or things you just want to talk about the movie The book whatever go ahead and put the comments down there I mean this wasn't this wasn't so much for me to talk about the movie But this was just to kind of for me to talk about what extra is in the book. That's not in the movie That's basically it so but put some comments down there if you want to talk about this We can get nerdy because that's what I'm all about on this channel getting horrid nerdy Do me a quick favor though hit that subscribe button I really do appreciate it when people subscribe Literally I get an email every time I get a new subscriber I look at who it is and I think to myself. Thank you to this person That is that is quite awesome and that's your way to repay me if you've liked any video I've ever done just hit that subscribe button real quick and painless and I appreciate that also hit the notification bell Though because then you'll know whenever I'm putting up new videos like this or movie reviews or unboxings or any of that jazz But regardless I appreciate you taking the time to check this out and until next time keep it brutal


So I was working for the summer in Dr. Richard Bierstra's lab in the Department of Genetics, specifically working on plant genetics in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the role of the BTB E3 ubiquitin ligase family in Arabidopsis. So the first question I'd like to address today is why would we choose Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism? And there are several reasons for that. The first one being that it has a really short generation time of just 60 days. So to go from one generation to the next doesn't take us very long. It's a very small and compact plant and so a lot of plants can be grown at the same time in a small area. It's self-pollinating, which saves us a lot of trouble when it comes to actually going from one generation to the next and generating seeds because a plant just takes care of that by itself. And its genome has been sequenced. The genome was completed in 2000 and since then it's been maintained and updated by the Arabidopsis information resource. The system I'm working on is a system that is involved with proteolysis inside the cell. So what are the roles of proteolysis inside a cell? There are several reasons why a particular cell may want to degrade a protein and some of those reasons are that the protein may be incorrectly made and so errors in the protein sequence itself or the protein may be misfolded. Incorrect folding which will mean that it cannot perform its function. Or the cell may need to regenerate amino acids for re-dropping into other pathways for survival and so it may reduce the supply of a particular protein. Or in certain cases a cell would want to regulate the amounts of certain key proteins and regulatory enzymes and so proteolysis can be involved in regulation as well. In regulation particularly the cell usually tags the protein with a molecule such as ubiquitin and then marks it for degradation. Ubiquitin is a 76 amino acid long reusable polypeptide tag that is used by cells to direct selective protein removal among other things. It is remarkably conserved throughout evolution and it's restricted to eukaryotes and archaea. And typically when a cell is ubiquitinated with a single molecule of ubiquitin the function of the protein is modified but when a poly ubiquitin changes form the protein is usually marked down for degradation. Now I'll come into the system which we're working on. It's the ubiquitin 26S proteasome system and this system is one of the major ways in which a cell regulates the amount of protein it has. So in this pathway the first step is ubiquitization of an E1 enzyme which is called the ubiquitin activating enzyme. So this is the only step in the reaction which requires an ATP. So the ubiquitin moiety first binds to an AMP, the ATP degrades to form an AMP. And then it forms a thioester bond between the ubiquitin activating enzyme, the E1 and the ubiquitin molecule. Then the E1 transfers the ubiquitin to an E2 which is a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and this happens to a transesterification reaction. Now the E2 is usually the protein which transfers the ubiquitin to the target molecule. It usually does this with the help of an E3 enzyme which is a ubiquitin ligase. And the E3 usually serves along with two other proteins as a scaffold which brings the target and the E2 close together so that the ubiquitin can be transferred. The specificity for this entire reaction is also provided by the E3. Now once the polycubic ubiquitin chain is formed on a target which needs to be degraded by the cell, the cell can either remove that ubiquitin chain by using the ubiquitylation enzymes in which the protein will not be degraded or it can send the target to a 26S proteasome which will then degrade the target and release the ubiquitin which will then regenerate single ubiquitin molecules using the ubiquitylation enzymes. Now why are we concentrating on E3 ligases? Because if we analyze the number of genes which are present in the ubiquitin 26S proteasome system, we notice that the highest number of genes are the E3 genes and these are the genes which provide specificity and selectivity to the pathway and it accounts for nearly 5% of the entire proteome of Arabatopsis which means that it is a critical pathway which is involved in a lot of selective protein degradation. Now coming to the BTB family which is a subfamily of the E3 ligases which we work on it consists of about 80 genes and it is essential for survival. This was discovered when this is a scaffold which is used by the E3 in this case the BTB and the E2 to transfer ubiquitin to the target. So when the BTB can only function when either one of two isoforms of column 3 are present column 3A or column 3B and when a double mutant was made with both columns knocked out it was discovered that none of the plants ever survived. So this led to the conclusion that the BTB set of E3 ligases are critical for plant survival. Phylogenic analysis of the BTB family is complete and there are several genes which are discovered which have similar suspected functions but the real functions of most genes are still unknown. And this is the phylogenic analysis of the BTB family and this is the basis for the study which we are doing in our lab right now which involves creating mutants or double mutants of certain BTB genes especially related ones. So the genes for which we have made mutants or double mutants are indicated at the bottom with these U shaped marks and on the basis of this we expect to see phenotypes depending on whether how critical that particular gene is for the cell and its development. Now another question I'd like to address is how Arabidapsis thaliana is mutated. So the mutation is done using a particular bacterium called agrobacterium tumor fashions which has a plasmid in it called the Ti plasmid or the tumor inducing plasmid. So when a plant is infected with agrobacterium the Ti plasmid has the property to transfer a small part of its DNA into the plant genome and it integrates in a random place in the plant genome. The DNA which does integrate is called the T DNA or transfer DNA and once it has integrated we can just sequence the T DNA and some other reason beyond it in the genome to find out where it has integrated in the genome and depending on whether it has knocked out our gene of interest we can use that mutant for the study. So the first objective of my work was to characterize an interesting double mutant phenotype that was discovered in the lab earlier. It showed a pin like phenotype which is clearly observable here and it also never showed more than a single cotyledon while it was being grown. So this is a wild type plant which is grown for the same time as this and this shows two cotyledons and two true leaves whereas this just shows a single cotyledon and isn't growing very well at all. So to characterize this the first step that we thought was appropriate was to genotype the plants that showed that phenotype to see whether the double mutant genotype is actually present and whether that might be what is causing the phenotype. So for this we set up a PCR reaction in which we use three primers. So the left and right primer together were used to amplify a small part of the gene itself so this is the left primer and the right primer and we set it up so that this region of the gene is about 1.2 kilobases in length. At the same time we use the third primer which is called the left border primer which binds to one end of the TDNA. So in case the TDNA is present in the genome then instead of the larger product only the shorter product will form which is about 700 bases in length and depending on which product we see in the gel after the PCR we can conclude which genotype is present. So when we did genotype this what we saw was that when the DNA from a wild type plant was used we saw the expected wild type length which is around 1.2 kilobases. Then when DNA from a mutant in the other locus is used we again see wild type length in the locus for which we are genotyping right now. When DNA from the mutant in the locus which we are genotyping for was done we see bands at 700 bases which is again the expected length. But then when we ran DNA from our suspected mutants which we expect have a double mutant genotype so we should expect mutants we should see mutant band at this location. We see a wild type band instead. We see only a wild type band. We should typically see only this band because that's the genotype we were expecting a homozygous mutant genotype but instead we see only a wild type genotype which indicates that the interesting pin life genotype we saw was not because of the double mutant genotype and this led us to conclude that there may be an extra transfer DNA insertion somewhere else in the genome and one of the ways to find that out is tail PCR. So, since that didn't work out we decided to screen for phenotypes in the F2 generation of crosses between phylogenically related BTP gene pairs in that the phylogenic tree I showed you earlier we picked out closely related genes from that main double mutants and in the F2 generation of those we expected segregation and in plants from the F2 generation we looked for some interesting phenotypes. So, some of the ways in which we did look for phenotypes are these are the cotyledons of a this is a wild type seedling of this these are the cotyledons so we look for differences in cotyledons size, number or the annulate which the cotyledons open or their pigmentation. We looked at this is the hypercotal so we looked at differences in hypercotal length or thickness and this is the root of the seedling we looked for differences in root length or even presence or absence of root. So, the method followed for the screen was in each cross we we plated out more than 50 seeds and looked for phenotypes that were showed by multiple plants multiple because we expected a Mendelian segregation ratio of about 1 is to 16 in the F2 generation and then for the suspected mutants that we picked out we genotype them and a few siblings which showed the wild type phenotype and the result we expected was that the suspected mutants should be homozygous for the two mutant alleles and siblings should segregate again. So, from the screen the results were that we when we genotype each cross with the two individual loci. In some cases we found plants which are heterozygous in both loci which again showed us that the phenotype we saw was not because of our mutant genotype. In some plants we found that one of the loci just gave us wild type plants and there was not even a single heterozygote which tells us that the phenotype was probably because of natural variation from wild type and that the cross that was done earlier did not work. A few of the crosses that we picked up we had to not pursue because they've already been characterized by other labs and in some cases we found plants which are homozygous for one locus and heterozygous for the other which means that when they segregate in the next generation they should give us a 50% double homozygous mutant phenotype which is what we are looking for because that's what we expect will show us the phenotype. Another reason why we could not have picked out certain phenotypes in this case is because several phenotypes are very subtle and we could only pick out very obvious phenotypes so if you notice here most of our phenotypes are smaller in size but there can be more subtle phenotypes which would be much more easily picked out in the next generation when we have 50% double homozygous mutants. In the future direction for this objective is to follow the plans which are homozygous at one locus and heterozygous at the other because they will segregate to give us 50% double homozygous mutants. And some crosses which did not segregate and gave us only wild types at one locus they need to be remade. In our lab recently we found that one of the crosses in which we had found a plant which was homo-head and did segregate in the next generation when we planted the next generation out in which we expected 50% double homozygous mutants we saw a few very interesting phenotypes again which are the cotyledons that we that I've shown you in the wild type seedling which would look like this typically in these plants we see fused cotyledons so cotyledons haven't actually separated after they came out of the seedling and they show us either a spoon-like or a cup-like phenotype so you can see the cup here as well and in the same cross in one particular plant we noticed that it had three cotyledons and we still have to characterize this so we will go ahead and characterize this in the lab and one more learning from that is that this phenotype that I showed you right here is as interesting as the one we saw right in the beginning the pin-like phenotype but we've learned through experience that we shouldn't get ahead of ourselves and make sure that the genotyping is right and the genotype is causing the phenotype before we go ahead with anything else in summary we proved that the pin-like phenotype that was observed was not because of the expected WU-2 genotype and we discovered a few homo-head or double-head plants that should segregate to give double-head roots in the next generation I'd like to acknowledge Dr. Arichar D. Viersha who is lab by Warden, Dr. Matthew Christians who was my mentor and guide and all the members of the Viersha lab who made the summer a great experience for me and special thanks to the Indo-U.S. Science and Technology Forum the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India and UW-Madison for finding an organizing platform


وأقول في القرآن ما جاءت به آياته فهو الكاريم المنزال وأقول قال الله جل جلاله والمصطف الهدي ولا أتأواله الحمد لله الذي غرس شجرة الإيمان في قلوب عباده الأخيار وسقاها وذذها بالعلوم النافعة والمعارف الصادقة واللهج بذكره آناء الليل والنهار وجعلها تؤتي أكلها وبركتها كل حين من النعم والخيرات الغزار وشد أن لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له الواحد القهار الكريم الرحيم الغفار وشد أن محمد العبد هو رسوله الرسول المصطفى المختار اللهم صلي وسلم على محمد وعلى آله وأصحابه البرارة الأخيار أما بعده My beloved brothers and sisters In this episode Insha'Allah تعالى I want to speak about حلاوة الإيمان The sweetness of an Eman أخي الحبيب My beloved brother Am I beloved sister إعلم No رحما لله وإياكم يا الله بمثلاً Anyone everyone of us أما الله تبارك وتعالى bestow his never ending blessings on to us That the Eman has a Halawa sweetness That a believer can find And anyone who Allah تعالى bestows his mercy on to him And he finds that sweetness He will never find a sweetness like it ولي ذلك ابنه عثيمين الشيخ محمد بن صالح العثيمين هسلنس كتاب القول المفيد على كتاب التوحيد هسيز ما يجده الإنسان في نفسه وقلبه من الطمقنينة والراحة وانشراح وليست مدركة باللعاب والفم فالمقصود بالحلاوة هنا الحلاوة القلبية الشيخ رحمه الله سادع which the person finds ما يجده الإنسان في نفسه وقلبه وطمقنينة وارراحة وانشراح it is the contentment and it is also the relaxation in which a person finds وليست it is not مدركة باللعاب والفم it is not on the tongue on the mouth and لبدا but what is it فالمقصود بالحلاوة هنا the sweetness that is referred to here it is the sweetness of the heart it is the sweetness of the heart أخي في الله my beloved brothers and sisters الإيمان هو غذاء القلوب وقوةها إيمان is the food the nutrition of the heart وقوةها and it is what gives strength and power to the heart كما أن الطعام والشراب وقوةها the same way they are eating and drinking they give nutrition to the body and they give strength to the body الإيمان it gives nutrition to the heart and it strengthens the heart وكما أن الجسد لا يجد حلاوة الطعام والشراب إلا عند صحته فإذا سقم فعوة المدال the same way that the body doesn't find sweetness in eating and drinking when it's sick it only finds sweetness and joy in eating and drinking when it's healthy somebody bought you a nice meal but you're sick you won't taste the sweetness of that food you won't feel it but if the person was to bring it to you when you're healthy and you're good, you'll enjoy that meal the same way brothers and sisters you won't find the sweetness of الإيمان unless you're what or you won't find the sweetness of life unless you have إيمان my beloved brothers and sisters فكذلك القلب إنما يجد حلاوة الإيمان من أسقامه وآفاته فإذا سلم من مرض الأهواء المضلة والشهوات المحرامة وجد حلاوة الإيمان عند إدن when a person is hot is free from desires when the person is hot is cleansed from doubts the person will start to fill the sweetness of الإيمان وما تعمريض وسقيمة once you become sick your heart becomes sick لما يجد حلاوة الإيمان you won't find the sweetness of الإيمان the same way your body doesn't find the sweetness of drinking and eating when it doesn't want when it doesn't have health and that calam that I just read on you brothers and sisters is none other than the calam of the great scholar الإيمان إبنورجب الحمبري ورحمه الله إنه كتاب فتح الباري so my beloved brothers and sisters come here and contemplate if you want to taste the sweetness of الإيمان if you want to enjoy the إيمان إذا الله تباركه تعالى speaks about in the Quran then try your best to clean and cleanse your heart from the sins because once the sins come in brothers and sisters what does it do it will fight against that إيمان وليذلك the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم he said in the Harid و هو مؤمن that the person does not commit zina while he or she is committing zina in the state of إيمان لأنه لو كمول إيمان هو لو وجد حلاوة الإيمان because if your إيمان was complete you would have tasted the sweetness of إيمان فاستغنى بها عن استحلاء المعاصي you would have been far from falling to sins you would have been so sins take the heart which stops the person from tasting the sweetness of الإيمان which then affects the person in the long run brothers and sisters إن شاء الله تعالى I now want to speak about إذن الله الكريم some characteristics that if a person comes with they will taste the sweetness of the إيمان they will taste the sweetness of the إيمان and he is mentioning one hadith of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم the scholars they mentioned his hadith has reached متواتر إن شاء الله تعالى that I believe a lot of you have heard of it's in بقار المسلم لحديث ألسم لماركا رضي الله that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم من كن فيه وجد حلوة الإيمان anyone who has these three things has found the sweetness of الإيمان أن يكون الله و رسول أحب إليه من ما سواهما the first one is you love a person more than anything that's the first the second one is you love a person only for the sake of الله سبحانه وتعالى no other reason and the third one is أن يُقذف في النار that the person hates disbelief or hates to fall into disbelief and return to disbelief the same way that he hates to be thrown into a fire this hadith the great scholar عبد الرحمن ناصر السعدي in his كتاب التوضيح والبيان لشجرة الإيمان he says the following he says the Prophet has informed us حرين في هذا الحديث أن للإيمان حلاوة that the iman has a sweetness في القلب in the heart إذا وجدها العبد when the person finds it if the person receives that sweetness of an iman إذا وجدها العبد سلته عن المحبوبات الدنيا و عن الأعراض النفسية وأوجبت له الحياة تطيبة إذا وجدت أخوه once the iman enters the person's heart و تطيب what will happen is that this person all of the evil things it will push them away from it it will get rid of it it will make you stay in line with that which the Sharia has sanctioned it will then bring you prosperity and contentment that's what it will do فهذا هو أخوه رحمه الله و هو أمام عبد الرحمن ناصر السعدي و هو فإن من أحب لله و للرسولي أي one who loves فالله سيك أن the messenger لها جبي ذكر الله طبعا the person who will run towards the remembrance of Allah سبحانه و تعالى فإن من أحب شيء أكثر من ذكره because if someone loves something so much what does he do? he remembers that thing a lot و اتشتاد في متابعة الرسولي و قدم متابعة و على كل قول and he gives presidents to follow in the Prophet ﷺ over everything و على إرادة نفوس و أغراضها he gives it more presidents over the things that his nafs wants and that his nafs is calling him to the الشيخ سيز رحمه الله فمن كان كذلك anyone who is like that فنفسه مطمئنه he is in the state of tranquility مستحلية للطاعات قد انشارح حصدر صاحبها للإسلام فو على نور من ربه that person is swimming in obedience brothers and sisters his chest is just open for islam he is like when Allah said in the ayah فمن شارح الله صدره للإسلام فو على نور من ربه فويل اللقاسية قلوا منك الله he is upon light in our next episode I am going to go into the three that the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم mentioned in this hadith and the importance he gave to it I am going to go into that anything which I have said that was wrong or incorrect he is from me and Shaytan and Allah and his messenger are both free from it سبحانك الله و بحمده أشهد والله إلهي لله أستغفرك و أتوب إلي فعل this the best Ramadan you've ever had by joining our exclusive online community with regular private classes digital resources weekly accountability sessions and daily Quran gatherings this is one opportunity you definitely do not want to miss so sign up now at amu.org and we look forward to welcoming you on the other side


Thank you very much, and I thank the organizers for the putting on this conference This is my first crypto conference, and I really enjoy it and I'm learning quite a bit here so this is joint work with Ben Fortescue and and Minshew shea Ben is a post-doc of mine at Southern Illinois University Carbondale and Minshew is Probably somewhere here in the audience or oh thought maybe you went to the parallel session, but okay good Okay, so this is essentially a talk on secret key distillation And so the setting we have in mind here is that we have three parties Alice Bob and Eve and They have access to some source and this source is spinning out X Y and Z letters to Alice Bob received Y and Eve received Z and it's an IID source so they they have witnessed n copies of this and The goal is for Alice and Bob to convert their stream of X and Y's into essentially Perfectly shared randomness that is secret from Eve Right, so if they have access to n copies here, they they want to produce m perfectly shared bits and At the end of the day they want this to be essentially factored from Eve So Eve has no information here, and then the rate is is the ratio m over n the amount of Bit of key they get per copy of the source Okay, we want to consider this scenario now when Alice and Bob have access to some access to some additional resources So there's a few scenarios. We're going to consider The first is the most restrictive is when they're allowed no public communication So here just in this diagram. Here's the source It Alice receives X n and she has performed some processing here to to obtain variable X hat Bob has Y hat Eve is just sitting along She obtains Z n and then at the end they have generated this distribution P X hat Y hat Z n and of course they want it close to the target distribution Okay, so like I said, this is the most restrictive scenario We can give them a little bit potentially a little bit more power In the form of common randomness, so we assume that in addition to the source there is this other shared randomness that's uncorrelated from the source and Alice Bob and Eve receive W and so then Alice is processing here as a function of X n and and W as well as Bob's so then likewise they obtain this and they want to Finally obtain key at the end Another scenario is one-way public communication So here in this situation Alice is able to communicate to Bob over a channel that Eve is eavesdropping and This scenario actually is It's more powerful than this scenario. Why is that because of course? This can be treated as as the common randomness Because Eve has access to it easy eavesdropping Okay, and importantly then at the end when when they The distribution should be independent of M itself, right? So we now basically because Eve learns M then they must The key is private from E from M as well Okay, and finally we allow for two-way communication so interactive communication between Alice and Bob Okay, so this is these are the four scenarios where where Eve is um nefarious and Then we can consider one where she's actually helping and In this scenario Eve is being very nice because not only is she going to communicate to Alice and Bob But she's gonna sacrifice any correlation. She has whatsoever and she says all right fine I'm gonna help you and also I want you to obtain key. That's secret from me at the end So this is the fifth scenario we call the helper scenario This is also known as private key because the key at the end of the day is private from Eve Okay, so let's just quickly review some known results on the capacity here So the first with when there's no communication and no common randomness This this is a formula given in this paper by Cesar Narayan in 2000 and actually they don't they consider it they don't consider in this particular form This is implicit in one of their results and you see that it's given as a maximization over Auxiliary variables that satisfy these Markov chain conditions The second scenario where there's common randomness This is actually not been studied to to our knowledge So one of our results is that we're able to compute this here and then the third scenario which is probably well known to most of people in the audience here is the the one-way public communication rate and if this was given by Ashwit and Cesar in 1993 And if we compare it to one in three here, you see that they look very similar except in three We no longer have this this constraint on on the auxiliary variables So this is essentially the constraint that imposes the no communication The the two-way public communication. So notoriously. There's no capacity formula for this quantity here on there are a few upper bounds and probably the most well known is something known as the intrinsic information and This is given by the conditional mutual information that is maximized over all variables Z bar that are generated by by Z. So we think of Eve. She has her variable Z She sends it through a channel and then we we look at the conditional mutual information after that stun and we Sorry, this should be a minimize. Sorry there We want to minimize overall all channels Okay, this is known as the intrinsic information and it's an upper bound on the key rate Okay, and finally then in the helper scenarios the private key scenario this is known exactly and This is the conditional mutual information. So in particular this this gives An operational interpretation to the conditional mutual information So if you want to say well, what is this really physically correspond to one answer? You can give is that it's it's like the helper scenario here. It's it's the key rate All right, so the question then that that we study is When is it possible to attain the conditional mutual information under the various scenarios that I discussed and Given the the capacity formula of the fifth one there on the last slide This is equivalent to asking when does an assisting Eve offer no advantage under the various scenarios? Okay so we begin with the Easiest scenario to analyze and this is with Common randomness with no communication, but we all we do allow some shared randomness here And so when we studied this a key tool that we used is something known as the common information so this was introduced originally by a goxon corner in 1973 and If you're not familiar with it. It actually is it has very nice Intuitive characterization So first is the idea of a common function So some variable j is a common function x and y if you can compute it from x and y independently So another way of saying that is if we take our distribution p x y and we decompose it in this way so j is is now running over this this variable and The value of j can be determined both by Alice and y just by see Alice and Bob just by looking at their at their Variable that's essentially what this is saying. So it's disjoint for different values of y and j and So then the common information as defined by by goxon corner is The the the variable j at j x y is the common function of largest entropy Okay, so this is the this is the value This is a variable that both Alice and Bob can compute and it has the maximum entropy of all variables that they can compute Okay, and it is unique up to relabeling That's a nice property of this like I said, this has a nice intuitive characterization and I think Probably the easiest way to see this is in terms of a picture here so we'll look at a few of these diagrams throughout the talk and This is just a distribution x and y and The way to interpret this is wherever you see x's that those are events that happen with some non-zero probability all the other dots are Events with zero probability Okay, so you the actual numbers don't matter here. What matters is what is non-zero and what is what is zero probability? so then we can we can block it off like this and So this is j x y then it has three values in this the common information and The idea is just the following So when Alice for instance looks at her variable and she sees that she has four She knows that Bob's variables lie between zero and four. So she knows that they lie in this block There's no possibility for anything down here So likewise if Bob sees that he has six he knows that Alice must be between five and six So we can circle off that this this region here Okay, so like I said, it's nice nice to easy to depict So then our our one of our first results is that we are able to compute the the capacity for No common randomness and we show that it's actually equal to shared condom common randomness So there's no advantage provided for in that scenario where they have access to some some side-shared randomness and Actually, it's given. This is nice Formula here. It's the conditional common information so it's j x y conditioned on z and This is nice for two reasons one is that it simplifies and in improves the Cesar and Ariane result that I cited earlier. So remember they they had this Maximization over auxiliary variables and actually we can just show that you don't need to do any maximization It's just given by this and also we are able to consider the common randomness Which isn't explicitly done in in this formula here Okay, so Then the the question though that I that I asked in the very beginning is we want to determine what distributions are able to obtain this key rate of the conditional mutual information so Given this here. We basically ask when is this quantity equal to I x y given z Okay, and so we were able to solve this and we identify a specific class of distributions And so I'll I'll describe this a bit it gets a little technical, but it's it's it's still fairly intuitive And so the idea is now we introduce a new quantity known as the conditional common information which we denote in this way and So the way to think of this this j x y given z is now now we have a third variable z And so we look at the different conditional distributions So here's when z equals zero we draw our plane when z equals one We draw our plane and then we compute the common information for each of these planes. So these are the conditional distributions and I can compute it. So when z equals zero we have these these two blocks when z equals one we get get these three blocks here Okay, and so you can see that if you just look at this particular example If we look at the the 1 1 events so in the different planes here There's a the situation is that Alice and Bob are not able to determine Whether the event zero zero occurs in the same block unless they know the value of z Okay, I'll say that again. So if for instance when z equals zero they know that that's Zero zero is in the same block is one one right when z equals one. They're in different blocks But if they don't know what z is they don't know whether this event is in the same block as that event Okay, and this is in this is important So this is some sort of information that they they don't have access to that Eve has access to because it's conditioned on z So we wanted to try to capture this and that's what with this this class of distributions that we call uniform block independence So we say that a distribution is uniform block independent if Alice and Bob can compute Jxy given z for all values of z More formally we can we can write it as this is that this variable is a function of of the common information And also there's another condition is that within each block Alice and Bob are uncorrelated So what do I mean by block? I mean if we if we look in here, and we just look at the distribution here We want that to be uncorrelated. We don't want Alice and Bob to share any correlations except the block number and in terms of a decomposition it means that we can take a take our distribution Px y given z and Conditioned on z and j x and y become independent okay, so these are the two conditions and Maybe it's easy to just look at some examples to understand what this is so the first is this is not uniform block independent and the reason it's not is again because it has this property that If we look at here and here the event 1 1 isn't the same block as 0 0 in both of these But over here, it's not it's in a different block So Alice and Bob aren't able to determine the value of j x y given z simply by looking at at their variables Okay, here's another example. This is not uniform block independent here. They are able to determine the block number But the problem is over here this one within this block here. They share some additional correlations So they're not uncorrelated within this block here. So this is not uniform block independent But an example of a distribution that is is This nice one here because they're able to determine their block number and also within each block. They share no additional correlations Okay, so It turns out that this the distributions that have this property are exactly those that that give us this this nice Key capacity result that it's equal to the conditional mutual information Okay, so that is the the no communication scenario Now we move on to look at the the one-way public communication scenario So again, we'll just be considering scenarios where Alice goes to Bob But you just switch variables if you want to go from Bob to Alice so recall the the capacity formula Which is the single letter characterization here and so what you can do is you just play around with the chain rule a little bit and massage some variables and You can write this the right-hand side here in terms of the the conditional mutual information And what we you see is that you have these these three terms here, which are non-negative So in order for this to be in a quality we need those three terms to vanish Okay, so then so we have that this is equal to this if and only if there exist variables You and V that satisfy this Markov chain condition and also Vanish such that these these three information terms vanish Okay, so when can we find distributions that have that? Well, we weren't able to completely give a nice clean answer to that result but we are able to give a somewhat clean answer in terms of a strong necessary condition and So a distribution will have that the capacity is the conditional mutual information if We are able to find If there's any events that Has some non-zero probability for Alice and non-zero probability for why in different blocks then that the Probability of the joint event must be zero and if that doesn't hold true then the capacity is not equal to the Conditional mutual information Okay, so again, I mean it's probably easier just to see this by an example And and so here if we look at this distribution Okay, so first of we go to the z equals one plane here and we have these two nice blocks here So you see that in the z equals one plane There's Alice has some probability or excuse me why a Bob has some probability of one Alice has some probability of one as well So what that says the theorem says then is that this event one one should be zero, right? That's what that component says there However, if we go to another plane over here where z equals zero we see that that there is a non-zero probability of the one one event there so what our theorem tells us then is that because There's this hole does not exist in every single plane every single conditional distribution This tells us that actually we cannot attain the the upper bound of the key rate Okay, so this theorem as like I said, this is a necessary condition It's also sufficient if the Alice and Bob there for their support or That's rather their range is the same for each Conditional distribution, so the only time that this this theorem doesn't quite give us a sufficient condition as well Is when you have distributions where when z is one value Alice's range is something different than when it is another value and vice versa Okay so so moving along on to the the two-way public communication and It's it was probably a bit Too much to expect that we could answer the result completely given the fact that we don't know the capacity for two-way secret key distillation Nevertheless, we are able to get a nice necessary condition and it's based off the intrinsic information So again, this this should be minimized here. I just copied it incorrectly from the first slide And the idea is is the following okay? So we know that the intrinsic information upper bounds the two-way key rates and in particular An upper bound for the intrinsic information is the conditional mutual information Okay, so then the idea will be that This is inequality only if if if there doesn't exist a channel that for Eve for which We're able to decrease the conditional mutual information So if we're able to construct a channel for Eve such that this holds true then then clearly this is not equal given this chain of inequalities here So that was that was the idea that we wanted to try to exploit and we wanted to try to construct channels for Eve That that decreased the conditional mutual information So the question we asked is what sort of distributions allow us to do this? okay, and so we are able to identify quite a large class actually and I won't go into too many details here. These are all given in the paper but basically we're able to to show we introduce this this relationship between two distributions that that we identify we label by this this Arrow here this dark arrow and it satisfies some some properties and It turns out that if if you look at any two conditions if you have a distribution PX YZ and if you look at any two of the conditional distributions and they they satisfy this Relationship that that we identify then that is sufficient for the the capacity to be less than the conditional mutual information Okay, so I know I glossed over exactly what this relationship is But it's probably easy just to give an it's an intuition with an example And so the first is that if we were to mix an uncorrelated distribution with a perfectly correlated distribution and then we give Eve The the valve we tell Eve which which distribution is which? Okay, so Eve knows which one is uncorrelated and which one is perfectly correlated So for example if it's if it's a three by three distribution when z equals zero that they're they're perfectly correlated when z equals one it's it's they're perfectly uncorrelated here and you can apply our our theorem to this and the theorem is actually the spirit of it is very similar to the one-way scenario where you want to try to identify Holes in your distribution Where it's such that in one plane you don't have a hole and the other plane you do have a hole by a hole I mean a non-zero event, but it actually is a hole when you draw it like this and and so for in this particular example you can always find a hole when it has this this this form of a Correlated distribution with an uncorrelated one and so this is sufficient using our theorem to show that the two-way capacity is less than the conditional mutual information Another nice example is when the the the size is small so when Alice and Bob's Variables range over just zero and one they're binary Then this this whole theorem we don't even need to introduce this this notion of the the arrow black arrow We just have that if you can find a hole in between any two conditional distributions then Then you have that the Key rate is less than the condition of each information Okay so This is there's still ongoing work to try to try to sharpen this a bit because this is this is a Necessary condition, but it's not sufficient and But but nevertheless this is able to to to prove quite a nice number of instances that that actually your rate is Below the the helper rate Okay, and so then another thing that we considered in the paper is communication dependency and So we wanted to know when does the direction of communication matter Matter for optimal key distillation, and we also wanted to know when the number of exchanges matter so the the first example that we have here is a distribution where Eve's variable is runs from zero to two and If you recall this is one of the things we showed that you can write the the one-way capacity in this form here And in order for for this to equal the conditional mutual information these terms must vanish Okay, but it's it's not a very difficult thing to show if you analyze this particular distribution that you can't find variables you and V that Satisfy this Markov chain and also cause these information terms to vanish Okay, so that what that tells us then is that the the one-way key rate is less than the conditional mutual information if Communication is from Alice to Bob However, it's very easy to see that you can actually attain it if the communication is from Bob to Alice and the reason is because The only place where they have correlation is when z equals zero right here There's there's no correlation in these planes and Bob's able to determine that just by looking at his variable So if it's zero and one he announces to Alice and then great They know they have a shared bit if it's two they just discard it and that happens with probability one-third So this is just a very quick example to show that the communication definitely does that the direction of communication matters if you want to attain the optimal key rate Okay, another example then is there are distributions where it required two-way communication to attain the conditional mutual information and this is essentially an extension of the previous example Except what we do is is we add a few more terms for for Eve and then we just permute it so this is now Eve has her range is five and We switch we switched it so here for three We just swapped Alice and Bob's one variable and for two and four we swapped again Alice and Bob's one variable so you can run the same argument and Then you can show that the one-way rates are less than the two-way rates Okay, so just to wrap up here and Discuss some conclusions and future research so we were able to compute the capacity formula For no communication shared randomness an open question is what if you allow a sublinear amount of communication? Does that strengthen the the key rates? And this is a scenario related to something known as the entanglement of purification in quantum information theory Which I won't get into but it's that's motivated from from quantum information and another thing is that we were able to to deduce That's the the question of when the the key rate is equals to the conditional new information for one-way communication is Just done by single copy analysis, right? Everything here is just single copy can the same be done for two-way, right? Do we need to actually consider and copies the structure of those distributions or as one copy analysis sufficient? And then finally we would really like to know for when the the two-way rate is equal to the intrinsic information, right? We consider the conditional new information, but but you can strengthen that and say when when is it equal to the? Intrinsic information and this this question is is motivated by a Related paper of ours on a topic called secrecy reversibility. This is actually what motivated the whole project here Was this question here, and I won't get into it, but there are details at that that paper It's an analog to entanglement in reversibility Okay, so I thank you very much for your time


That was one of the craziest shots I've ever gotten with the drone. That was insane. I thought the farm is gonna get the drone. All right, what's up guys? Welcome to Rotorite. I'm Alex Vandover. I'm Let's Flayr C. And Sean, you know, every time I come to Orlando, I really want to wakeboard. It's all about wakeboarding. We gotta go wakeboarding. So where are we at right now? We're at Noda Adventure Park, guys. And we're gonna try to figure out what we're gonna do about an episode. I was gonna say, Drew told me I had to shoot an episode, you know, every day while I was here. And so we can't just take a full day off to go wakeboard. So I had an idea in my mind. We've been talking a lot recently about is the O3 camera on the drone really comparable enough to the GoPro to where you don't even really need the GoPro anymore. And you and I have been debating this a little bit. So I figured let's go out here, wakeboard. We have a pro wakeboarder and Isaac. He's a world champion. I think we might even get out there and wakeboard a little bit. Let's see which one is better or is the O3 good enough? Let's see if the O3 can take the place of a GoPro. Yeah, let's go do it, guys. Let's do it. Let's do it. I used to wakeboard, so I'm gonna pretend like I know what I'm doing. Yeah, Shawn, let's go. All right, so Shawn got to fly. I got to fly, but now it's my time to ride. So you guys are going to see just how much I've improved in the last couple of years. A little bit. Here we go. This is it. Yeah, we just got back from wakeboarding like five seconds ago. Five seconds ago. It's not the next day or anything. No, definitely not the next day. We have not looked at the footage yet. We intentionally didn't want to do that until we got back to the studio. The only thing I've done to some of the clips is I've applied real stage to some of the GoPro clips. And I've just gotten a couple organized that I think we can show side by side. But I haven't even formulated an opinion to be honest. Okay. But from what I've seen, just like little tiny glimpses, I'm like, oh, you guys be able to tell the difference if we put them up on screen. Okay, so let's check them out. I want to start just with one clip. And I'm gonna play two clips total. And I want you guys to guess which one is GoPro, which one is O3. We're just gonna play a couple seconds. And I'm gonna cut just like the good stuff because we're with the kid. Yeah.  Yeah, Isaac is awesome. I mean, right off the bat, it looks great. Yeah. I mean, really, really good. There's, I don't think I'd turn stabilization on. Okay. For either of these clips just to show, just like make them fair. All right. Well, it looks good. I don't see a whole lot of anything. I don't see any Jell-O or, yep, no Jell-O, no shaky. I mean, the shakiness is all Alex on the sticks, but. He's doing flips and rolls. Okay. So I don't even want to hear an opinion. I would say what looking at this one seems a little bit brighter to me. Like, I don't know, seems like a little sunnier to me. Like the other one seemed like it was overcast when I was watching it. It might have been overcast. Yeah. But this one definitely seems like the sun is out. And the other one kind of seemed a little gloomy to me. Well, and to be honest, that's kind of what I took from it a little bit as well. Now we were trying, I tried to match on my end. And I don't know what you did on your end, but I tried to match the settings to the best of my abilities. But one thing that's worth noting is when you're flying the O3 camera, what you set the goggle like your recording settings to is what you're flying with. So for example, normally we'd want to fly the highest frame rate possible, like let's say 100, 120 frames. But I was flying in basically 60 frames. So that way I could like get a true 60 FPS. Technically, I could have, I guess done 100, but then you get 2.7K. And I wanted to match the 4K to 4K. Yeah. And it is worth noting too that the GoPro 11 mini at least, and I think the full size 11 as well, they can shoot 5.3K 30 frames a second. 4K like 60. So they're honestly in terms of frame rate, what they can do. They're pretty comparable, but obviously the GoPro has more resolution. Right. Yeah, it has more capability in every area. But the whole idea for me is to try to figure out whether or not I can eliminate the GoPro so that I can save the weight. So I built this frame to try to save some weight and see if I can get a better flying drone by saving some weight. So I wanted to see just by playing with this for a few months to see if it could take the place of the GoPro for me. It would be great if it could. And then I wouldn't have to worry about having this extra expense on my drone with the GoPro. And I wouldn't have to worry about remembering to bring SD cards because there's onboard storage. I mean, there's so many pluses to this system if I could eliminate the GoPro.  With all that extra weight on the top, it makes it harder to do those tricks that are upside down. Right. So anyway, in my experience, and you'll have to show a couple of clips from my flying to see this stuff, even in the most recent RotorWrite Rampage video where we were doing the inspection, I could see some Jell-O coming from my O3 system, unfortunately. And that's pretty much the only deciding factor, I think, besides the low light performance that was going to make it to where I don't think I'm going to be able to replace my GoPro with an O3. Interesting. So because the Jell-O... Because the GoPro does a much, much better job of eliminating the Jell-O and eliminating any kind of vibrations I get from props that are perfect. Right. For me, I would say that I've been very thankful. I haven't had really many Jell-O issues. I think maybe one time I use a TPU print amount on the standoff. So maybe yours is TPU as well. Oh, mine's all TPU. Yours is all TPU. Oh, thanks, TPU. I don't know. I also obviously do spend a lot of time, as you know, tuning my quads. I think if you're going to fly the O3, you're going to need to probably go the extra step in those areas, whereas normally like you wouldn't have to necessarily because the GoPro, you know, on a separate TPU mount and everything just seems to handle those vibrations pretty well. Yeah.  You really like to see the raw footage. Except for a cinema. Even then, I don't mind. I think we should break down to kind of like conclude this a little bit into three different categories. I want to talk like from a cinema standpoint, is this a good enough replacement for the GoPro? Okay. Let's talk freestyle and then let's kind of wrap it up with what we think is good for you guys just overall. So let's start with the cinema. I definitely think there are certain areas where that could be a viable replacement for a GoPro. Absolutely. I mean, look at this. The footage just looks really good. If I didn't tell you that this was from the O3, you would probably assume this is a GoPro, right? Yeah. I wouldn't be able to tell. I mean, it's 16 by 9. Yeah. It looks beautiful. 4K 60. I mean, I can kind of tell like it's got that typical like if I'm looking for it. It's got that DJI sky look or kind of like does this weird thing with the sky and like that makes the blue very blue, but I mean, honestly, this is the sick clip. So this is the one where he does the flip. Oh, you almost touched the touch the board. Oh, yeah, that was sick. And what I didn't like about this compared to the GoPro, which we'll show on the screen right now is what I found with this because my camera was lower, I ended up actually like because this is what I'm seeing. I'm reacting to what I'm seeing, right? I found that I actually like the framing a bit better from just being that little tiny bit lower. Just that inch and a half, two inches. So like, I mean, I still think it looks great from the GoPro. But I think when you really look at this frame by frame. Yeah. So like if you go over an object where you like you actually you actually bonged the water bottle on the yes on the slider at one point. And you know, if you didn't have the water ball down, you could have gotten even closer to the slider with the camera if it was lower, right? Exactly. Now you did a different approach though. You put your camera up really high. Right. Why did you do that? So I needed to do this on my design because I was trying to get props out of view. I made a dead cat like you did there. Dead cat. And so I'm still debating on whether to make that a product and we might actually sell the dead cat arms coming soon. But when I put the dead cat arms on, they put them farther back and my frame stuck out really far. And now these aluminum bars, which were very strong, were exposed as the first thing that hits everything, especially if you don't have a GoPro on top. So I was trying to make the O3 fit my frame really well, get props out of view, get arms out of view. So I have nothing but beautiful image like you got over there.  Right. Instead of like getting dented, like the aluminum. So yeah, I mean I think for cinema flying when you compare the GoPro to the O3, the GoPro is definitely the winner. That being said, I feel like if you're someone who is on a budget, maybe you don't want to fly GoPro, or maybe you're flying over water and there's a lot of risk, it might not be worth putting the GoPro on. I mean it really just depends. I think that unless you're doing pretty high-end GoPro shoots, which is not that many people, I think the O3 with the right tune and setup is fine, but you might also be like me where I like flying like this. Like when I'm on set flying with the GoPro, I have the O3 recording as well because it's actually just a great backup to have. Oh, it's a great backup. Absolutely, yeah. It's a fantastic backup. If you're GoPro, you forgot to hit record. Oh no, if things starts recording automatically when you hit the arm switch on your drone. Another really good use of the O3 would be where you need an ultralight quad, like a 3-inch or a 2-inch or something like that. Something really small. Yeah, so a GoPro is going to weigh it down and make it not perform well. Right. An O3 is great because it's a lot lighter. Let's talk about ND filters real quick because I don't have any ND filters on or neither do you, but I was running ND filters with the GoPro yesterday. Did you run the ND on the O3? I did not run the ND on the O3 and it actually looks pretty good, but I know that there are some, I think camera butter makes them. They make these like filters for the O3. Yes, you know. The downside ultimately to me with flying the O3 and this is not just for cinema but for freestyle which we're about to get into is that if you get it exposed just right, that's what you're flying with. So you go into like a shady spot where we were freestyle yesterday and you were watching me like I literally hit a tree because it just, the exposure was just not there. And so like with the GoPro that's fine because you're not flying with that camera. So when you're flying with the O3 you just kind of have to keep that in mind. The benefit being though is you're seeing exactly what you're shooting. Yes. Let's talk about freestyle real quick and I want to bring back to this just a little bit more.  How durable has that been for you? Because I feel like in, I mean, I know you and you make things that are very strong but I also just feel like this is just begging to get this destroyed. The funny thing is that I got, I put this on Facebook and I showed people it and they just said, oh, that's going to be broken the first time you fly it. And I'm like, you'll see, you'll see. I'm an engineer. I went to school for this stuff, right? Not only that, but I've been flying drones for 15 years. This is insanely durable. You'd be surprised. I have not broken a camera. I've scratched a lens but only if I landed in gravel and no matter what you land in gravel, you're going to scratch the lens. But I mean, this has been so durable.  Right. Do you have props in view? It depends.  But for the most part, no, they're out of view. Everything's out of view. It's great. We went out yesterday and we were filming another video for Road to Riot, which you guys might have seen. And I was just running the O3 all day because with my new O3 plates, I could just, you know, not have any of the carbon in view. There are props in view, which I don't personally mind props in view. So this one, your props are in view? Not with this one, but with my Truex, the props are in view or my Squish Deck still. But you know, I was looking at some of the footage and I was genuinely like, okay, like I could definitely see this. The thing for me though is it just doesn't look as good as a GoPro. So there's really not a whole lot to talk about with freestyle, I think. It's kind of the same points as with cinema. It's like, if you don't want to spend the money on a GoPro, then you probably don't need to if you're flying the O3. The biggest drawback though for me again is just that I would want to set the O3 to 30 frames a second because I don't like shooting in 60 and then rendering in 30. It's just not the same thing as actually shooting in the frame rate that you're going to export in. And then with the frame rate, then you lose latency. Yeah, exactly. So like flying around in 30 frames a second is just not enjoyable. If there was somehow a way where you could be like flying in 100 frames, but recording in 30, I would actually strongly consider flying the O3 for freestyle because I mean, I flew a session five for years. So like I did not care that much about my quality. It was just like good enough to see and capture the flight that I was enjoying. And you know, another benefit too if you're not using a GoPro on a quad like this is you save a ton of weight. That's 117 grams and this is the smallest GoPro that you can buy right now. With all the pieces removed. With all the pieces removed as well.  I'm all about weight savings too. So for me, I really wanted when I started flying the O3 for it to be my dedicated set.  And I just, so the fact for me is it's just not quite there. It's ironic though, because I think it's better quality than the action too. It is. Which is just weird. The low light quality of the action too is just black and white when it goes dark. And this isn't that bad. It's much better. I just noticed that whenever I fly into a really dark location it's harder to see than it would be with the FPV systems I'm used to in the past. Exactly. So what we need is some way to be able to fly with like 6,400 ISO in 100 frames a second. But be shooting in like 200 ISO at 30. Because if you're in broad daylight you can get away with the ISO but you can't get away with the frame rate. And flying in 30 frames a second is unfortunately not enjoyable. So I think a very similar conclusion is just hopefully those are some things that if you guys haven't thought about and you're considering, you know, the O3 has been out for probably six months now almost. So definitely something to think about. Yeah. I think a conclusion too, we've hinted at, but I think prices is a big deal because the GoPro is not cheap. There's two ways to think about price. When you buy the O3 you have to buy one for every quad. So if you have six quads, you can buy six O3s. Six O3s. That's six times 200 dollars. That's 1200 bucks. Where you can buy one GoPro for 500 bucks and switch it from quad to quad to quad. So there's different ways to think about price. Depending on how many drones you need to put it on. I think it's also too worth mentioning that like if you're going to fly O3, like I fly O3 in most of my quads I would say. So for me, it's not fun, you know, buying the bullet down 230 dollars for VTX and camera. But thankfully for me, like I haven't scratched a lens yet. I haven't killed a VTX. DJI's made very, very durable VTXs. I mean, we've dumped our air units underwater and stuff like that. Yeah, I did with this one actually. Yeah, you did that with that one. You know, with GoPro like the first day out with the, this is not specifically review about the 11 mini, but I got two of these for this trip and I had a straight on hit with the tree. I broke an arm on my quad, but I killed the GoPro. And then, you know, I've had a lot of crashes with the second one and it's been fine. But that's just something to think about and the difference too is you got to take it to Best Buy. If you get the warranty and now they don't usually exchange them right away. So I don't know. I think this whole subject I'm very torn about because you know, I'm very opinionated. You know, I have strong conclusions on things and I don't necessarily think I can with confidence tell you like one is better than the other overall. I just think that if you're a professional FBB pilot, you are trying to get the best content possible than use a GoPro. Absolutely. That's going to give you the best footage regardless, one way or the other. Yeah. It's always going to give you the best. Whether or not you can live with the footage that comes off the O3 is up to you. Exactly. And I think that if you're just getting into the hobby, I don't think it's really worth getting a GoPro if you're planning on flying the O3 system. But again, it just really depends. Like if you are willing to spend that money, you're willing to take that risk, it's great. But I think what's exciting about the fact that we're sitting here in 2023, we're even having a discussion about an action that we're flying with that can replace it. I think for me, if they tomorrow came out with an update that had at least 100 frames a second, maybe even 60, but I would say 100 with full confidence, 100 frames a second. And then yet I could somehow still be recording 30 and recording in a lower ISO. I would probably, because for me, like I would much rather save the weight, run a bigger battery because I still want some weight. I still like my quad to be about 600 grams. When I went from the session to the 11 mini, that was like a 50 gram increase. And I felt that of course, weight stickler. So I would love to be able to get rid of that weight. Also, a lighter quad too is going to, with this five and a half millimeter arms. Like imagine, I'm sure like your frame doesn't break anyway with a GoPro, but it's going to be more durable, considering how well built it is with it being lighter. Just going to be able to thrash it more. So if you guys have any questions about this too, leave them in the comments down below and maybe we can do a follow-up video down the road. And I also want to know personally, like, are you guys fly O3 just using that as your recording camera or are you guys still sticking with the GoPro and why? Let us know down below. I'm going to be very curious to see your opinions.  Can you live with the O3 footage? Are you just flying O3? Not everybody's as picky as us. That's all I have to say, guys. I really enjoyed going out there wakeboarding. I'm feeling very, very sore today. But I was a lot of fun. If you guys liked this video, be sure just to give it a quick like because it really does help the YouTube algorithm. Don't forget to subscribe to the channel. Check out Rotorite.com and we'll see you next time on Rotorite. We'll see you guys. Woo!


DOS, MCCPIK database of subnational economic output, is a comprehensive database of subnational economic output data, from 1,661 regions in 83 countries from 1960 to 2020. The data is derived from multiple sources including official statistics, e-books, and the literature, and is harmonized for both aggregate and sectoral output. Additionally, the data is spatially and temporally consistent, allowing it to be matched with geospatial data such as climate observations. This database provides researchers with the opportunity to conduct detailed analysis of economic development at the subnational level, consistent with reported values. This article was authored by Leonie Wenz, Robert Devon Carr, Noah Codgel, and others.


Hello there, lovers and friends. This video is kind of like an indirect, by popular demand video. And that is the three ways that you can cure yourself from being ugly. And in celebration of this video, I decided to look how I always look at home. Like if you popped over to my spot, I would look like this. And so, you know what? This is it. This is us. It's just you and me. There's no light set up. We're just going to have a raw conversation about an issue that I'm tired of seeing in the comments section. And the reason why I'm doing this video is that every time I make any type of content around dating or finding the right romantic partner, I scroll down and I see, well, this doesn't apply to me because I'm ugly. And so, as long as you guys continue to see yourself as an exclusion from the happily ever after narrative because of your physical appearance, I believe you. You will continue to be excluded. And I don't want that. No one deserves that. Being a healthy romantic partnership or making intimate connections or just making good connections with people, period, is the recipe to happiness in life and I want you all to be happy. So I thought I would give you the blueprint for how to get over this thing that you seem to think plagues your entire life. So here we go.  You didn't like how that sound probably, which is why I'm going to say the first and foremost rule of curing yourself from being ugly is to stop calling yourself ugly. Stop it. It's unless it's a part of your stand up bit or it's like a part of your charm somehow. There's just no benefit to it. And then secondly, it's not true, right? Like just like you can't say this food is delicious, you can't say that without putting to me in it because someone else who's allergic to that ingredient or doesn't like that flavor is not going to agree with you. It's subjective depending on who you ask and where you go. And if you're going to ask yourself, why would you give the worst answer possible? Choose to see that. Yes, there is a societal expectation or a societal classification of what looks are. But majority of that is really just good marketing. That's it. I am somebody who has benefited from the lottery of looks in the fact that the way that I look has been advertised as beautiful. I am the beneficiary of great marketing, which says, Hey, girls with a certain complexion with curly hair and with light eyes are attractive. Every time I see myself positioned in the media, a version of me, they're positioned as attractive as a result of that. I didn't earn beauty. I just was born into certain characteristics that already had those things checked off. If you are not born into an archetype that is advertised as beautiful. Here's the great news. You can start advertising yourself. That's it. You know, we often see people that were like, that person really isn't that good looking, but like their position does good looking and I don't get it. Probably because they position themselves to some capacity, whether that be because of again, the permission they got from society or the permission that they gave themselves.   A lot of beauty is necessarily even the way that you physically appear. It's the attitude that comes with it. It's the entitlement. Like when you walk into a room and you expect to be looked at and you expect to be respected, more than likely you will achieve those things and we've seen that time and time again throughout history. As a matter of fact, I just watched Bohemian Rhapsody yesterday and I was amazed by the lead singer Freddie Mercury who had buck teeth. He grew up in London in a very racist time when someone who looked like him was not positioned as a sex symbol. And he created that lane for himself and he bum rushed his way into that and you know someone in your school or at your job. Like it is impossible for you to deny that that isn't true. And that's something I'm going to say to you guys as well too. In order to start accepting yourself as beautiful and stepping into that role, you have to have a community behind you. There is a movement that goes with it. And the incredible thing about social media is that you create your own movement. You program your own perspective. You didn't think I'd find a good word, but I found the perfect word. You program your own perspective and so if you want to perceive yourself as such, surround yourself with imagery that supports that perception. So I want you to do me a favor. Right now go on your Instagram or whatever your preferred social media venue of choice is, unfollow three people who make you feel bad about yourself. Even if you like their content and they're really nice people, just for the sake of this transformation that you're going to be undergoing, you have to get rid of those three people that look nothing like you and that make you feel bad about yourself. Then I want you to find three people who make you feel like, oh yeah, me and them are in this together.  Second thing I want to suggest is if you're not a part of again, that definition of what beautiful is okay, that doesn't mean you're not attractive. Attractive literally means the power to draw people into you and what I love about learning about seduction and as you guys know from the video I did, and if you're new to my channel, please go watch the different ways to be a seducer. There are nine different ways that someone can be highly, oozingly, irresistibly desired and in only one of those nine ways has to do with that person's physical appearance. The rest of it, be charming, be charismatic, be a natural, meaning when you walk into a room and you just be, you're not asking for permission or waiting for a thumbs up like you dance when you want to dance. And finally, speaking of being, the last piece of advice I want to give to you if you find yourself ugly, change one thing about your physical appearance. I'm not saying like, cosmetically change unless that's what you want to do or you have the budget for that, but you just have to like, it's amazing to me when I look at the gamut of people, especially on social media, who are like revered as beautiful or as sex symbols, most of them really just have one thing going for them.  You know what I mean? Like it's just, I'd actually came to think of one person right now who's like that. So you don't have to have it all. So if you consider yourself unattractive, just pick one thing that's most accessible to you to start leaning into that. And then again, go back to steps one and two because those are also going to help you. I also want to close with one of my favorite books, which is The Science of Happily Ever After, which has an incredible chapter, which did I do, I'll be so proud of myself. Yes, this is actually if you guys go buy the book, it's a page 168 and it's an entire chapter on why looks don't matter. Scientifically, mathematically, statistically, a better looking person is not more successful. They don't earn more money and above all else, they don't have better relationships and getting into a relationship with a good looking person doesn't equate to more relationships satisfaction. All of those things really are just great for the first impression, right?  And I mean, when you compare yourself against the beauty standard, whether we age or whether we go through an awkward phase at some point or the other, we're not going to measure up to the societal expectation of what good looking is every single person watching this video will be ugly. And if you don't get to be ugly because you passed out of age where everything was perfect, well, I don't think that's a better alternative either. So I'm looking forward to being ugly. I'm looking forward to the privilege of all of this falling apart, which I'm in my thirties now, so there's already a bit of that going on. So that's it in the comment section below. Let's just get it all out. Let's talk about it. Let's discuss ugliness. And I'm not going to put the pressure on you to talk about remedies. If you don't want to talk about that, if this is the last time that you do it, go ahead, throw yourself a pity party. Tell me how this has affected your life. Talk about it. Find community. And then let's just get over it and start moving forward and moving on together as a community. But ultimately, if you do have a tip that I haven't put in the video, I would love if you put it down below, but no pressure. Let's just, let's just talk about it ugly. What's up? When I see a phone, he got the flame had to get the rain.


Moodle has a wiki too, which you could set up for your learners for instance to do a group project, doing some research, or to write a combined essay. To add a wiki, we go to our course page and enable edit mode top right and we click between existing activities or add an activity or resource. Wiki is an activity because learners interact with it. Click once to go straight to the setup screen or click the information icon for more details and then the add button bottom right. The name is important because it's what the students will see on the page to access it, and then you can give a description of what you want them to do in the wiki and you can tick the box display description on course page. Normally, a wiki would be group work, collaborative, but you can by changing the drop down menu here have an individual wiki and then each student could have their own copy for instance as a personal notebook. We are going to keep it as collaborative however, and the next thing to do is choose the first page name and this must be carefully thought out because it cannot then be altered. There are other settings worth exploring, for example activity completion. If we want to track that students have accessed the wiki, do we want them to manually click to confirm they've seen it or do we want it automatically marked complete when they've simply viewed it? To alert course participants that a wiki has been added or updated, click send content change notification. After clicking save and display, we start the wiki by pressing a button to create the page. If you don't understand any of the other formats, just leave it as default, it's fine. And now we have our first page of the wiki. To set up links to make the other pages, you put double square brackets around the name you want to give the page. So here are a couple of examples, and this is how your learners would also make new pages on the wiki. When we scroll down and save, we see that we have links, but these aren't yet pages until we actually click onto them and create those pages in the same way that we made the first page. So if we click on the reading link, we are then prompted to create the page and we can start adding information to it. This is how your students would then add text and information to a new page. Let's scroll down, save that page and take a look at some of the other links in a wiki. From the drop-down, if enabled comments allows you to see and add comments to the wiki. History is a useful way of the other learners and the teacher seeing who has changed what on the wiki, and in case of any problems, that's a handy page to go and revert changes. Map takes us to pages which have been created and we can access them from there.