Thanks. This talk has its origins in the Drupal community's sort of semi-ongoing crisis and the things that we've been through this year and some thoughts I had and some conversations I had along the way trying to understand better what was going on, trying to not take sides on any individual or organization side but really trying to figure out maybe how some of this can be avoided. Next time I went to the panel, did anybody go to the panel discussion with Shannon and Jen and Angie about Water Underbridge? That was that was pretty cool too. So I am trying to do the opposite of fanning the flames. I just really wanted to talk about how I thought our community could do better in the future. So this might be Drupal, right? But it's not Drupal to me. Our killer app was never the code. Our killer app is a global community of smart people solving hard problems together and in technology online and even between humans. Who went to Drupal Con Barcelona? Right. And do you remember how hard that time was in Drupal? At that point Drupal 8 was just never going to come out. And this opportunity to release it and have like a really super buzzed amazing con. We didn't do that. And it was really hard. I think I was struggling with motivation. I had been I don't know if I'm supposed to say it out loud but you know selling vaporware for a couple of years like we got way too excited about Drupal 8 way too early. So the mood was I found the mood really really tough in Barcelona and yet right this is Drupal on a bad day. This is the this is the first patch ceremony. This is the sprints in Drupal Con Barcelona. So this is our killer app right here. You know look at how happy how happy we are and what a good time we're having. That's that's amazing and it's this is a this is a great group of humans to be to be a part of. So for our purposes today the definition of a community is a group of people with shared goals and values and our goals in the Drupal community are pretty clear to me. We could we should make Drupal better and with the better Drupal we can make better other things and those other things right. They can help other people communicate realize their own visions and so on in the world. That's what we're doing here. So I think our purpose right is to make a better technology stack. So that's a shared goal. What about our shared values. There are a bunch of things that we talk about a lot but when when where are they documented. How did we agree that they're important to us. How do we know that we really share those values. I want to try and figure that out. I created a little survey earlier in the year to try and determine what people thought their important values were and I asked a lot of open ended questions and put up a bunch of abstract nouns around values and and got quite a lot of feedback from it. So we're from all over the place. We're from lots of cultures and it could make it hard to work together but we have this shared goal. We want to make Drupal better together and that kind of glues us together and it kind of is a it's a replacement for for a value and it served us very very well to build a community. But yeah as we saw this year that doesn't always you know doesn't always work out for the very very best. Most people call me jam. I work at a very small company called open strategy partners. I've been doing Drupal since 2005. I was the 18th employee at Acquia and left earlier this year. Acquia is at about 800 people now. So I've been through all sorts of interesting things in the last few years. I write. I do podcasts. I communicate and now my company focuses on marketing strategy and communications around open source and technology organizations. My approach to what I've done over the years is I think that good communication drives connection between people. That connection can grow into communities and our open source communities can create incredible can and do create incredible value around the world. So that's what we're about. Now as I said a technology doesn't make a community. And the definition of community you know sharing goals values attitudes and interests. You know we all seem to be assuming that we share a lot of values and that led to some real communication problems.  You know thank you. But you know he's there to keep me honest. So you know what we're all in a relationship. If we don't talk about who we are and what we want we don't we we don't have any values we just have assumptions. And if we all just assume we can't know if we actually agree and if we don't agree we don't have a community right. Then it's just some code and you know things fall apart rather easily. I'm a big fan of Simon Sinek and he has this thing that he calls the Golden Circle who's not familiar with the Golden Circle. Yeah. So this is a way of thinking about organizations and in our case communities. And if you start with I'll give you a maybe a different example. If you start with you know our company uses open source therefore we have to contribute go contribute.  That's all cool. It probably all helps. But how do we know that that's helped our organization or even our open source project and how is that measurable. If you just start with the what it's very very difficult to establish if you're actually having any effect. If on the other hand you know why you're doing something if you've said well open source contribution improves our bottom line and our company in ways that we've agreed on then we can say how are we going to contribute. We are going to sponsor two events. We are going to submit patches from our ongoing projects into upstream and we are going to you know take on two apprentices a year right. We have a how we're going to contribute and then our contribution becomes very simpler. Developer team submits patches and is good open source citizens. HR for looks for apprentices and marketing looks for good place to sponsor and then we can measure if we've succeeded on that or not. So this is a really this is a really powerful model and I think about it all the time. In the case of Drupal in the case of communities like ours a very powerful tool to establish what our why is is to make a mission statement and Drupal doesn't have a mission statement. So this is missing. You know it could be what I said before make Drupal better and with a better Drupal make better other things. And then the how right we have a how implementation you know sort of we have a code of conduct that I'm going to talk about a little bit but I don't think it's the best possible implementation because it doesn't really necessarily have a why to point at and then you know the what is the product of the why and the how put together and then we're back at a community that is perhaps happier perhaps more sustainable and perhaps you know a better place for us all to be than it has been during parts of this year. I just want to make a kind of a disclaimer along here. This is pretty much my thoughts on dealing with the structural weaknesses I see in our community and the result of that is the events this year. I see the opportunity to iterate on our structures to state what we're about more clearly and then get on with making good stuff again. It's not an answer. If it inspires you to action please reach out please take apart. If I'm getting everything wrong like maybe that's an inspiration for you to get it right. That's great too. The survey that I took is not scientific. It is not data. It is not statistics. I asked a bunch of open-ended questions and got some really really interesting results and it feeds the sort of things that I like to do which is tell stories that help us all understand who we are and what we should do. So in Drupal and our sense of belonging and how much we love each other right has has led us to perhaps assume that we're on the same page about our values. We talk about contribution and karma and paying it forward and all these catchphrases and it feels like we're talking about the same thing. So we must mean the same thing and feel the same thing right. But I was called out on this. I was called out on this actually by my business partner who's here in the room. She said you know you open source people you talk about this. Where does it say that transparency is important to you Drupal people that it's part of Drupal. I can't find anything in writing that says you have to be inclusive and what do you mean by that. And I had to admit that I don't think we have an explicit statement about our values. We have this code of contact but we're making lots of assumptions about what our values are and what they should be right. And that I don't think that's healthy. So we need to reorganize. We need to do better but it doesn't make sense to reorganize unless we perhaps define what our shared values are and we talk about how we're going to live those values. So our why and our how in looking at the Golden Circle model. This spring showed us we probably don't share all common values and our governance is probably out of date with all the love in my heart. No human should be under as much pressure or have as much responsibility as Dries does running a big company. Being the project lead of Drupal running the Drupal association. All of these things. I do not envy him that amount of responsibility and he said himself that he needs to let others take the lead in some of these areas. And as a community we need to step up and take responsibility and not just expect everything to be spoon fed to us forever. The last five or eight years in Drupal a lot of people who's who's been doing Drupal since let me think about how to phrase this who's been doing Drupal more than five years. And who used in production who used Drupal six. And who used Drupal five. And who used Drupal four in production. Yeah. So I installed 4.6 and I ran 4.7 but then I have to drop out too. But people who came to our community in the last five, six, seven years they never experienced a major version release. They never felt what it was like to have contrib completely behind core. They don't remember community organized conferences. They don't remember the creation of the code of conduct or the Drupal association. So people have found like Drupal seven. It's perfect. It has fully functioning everything and we know how to deploy it and it's a solve problem and the Drupal association is here and Acre is going to sponsor us and here we are. And it's been awesome, right? But it's a little bit different from a lot of places in open source and we need to remember that we are the community and we need to do more and we need to take more responsibility for ourselves. So my idea is that if we can agree upon some shared values, that can inform how we want to live and act upon those values and that can help us create clear, repeatable, scalable structures, you know, governance structures, codes of conduct, rules, however you decide to express them. But we have to figure out how to talk about them and agree on them. So I gave this talk at a CXO day, at a business day and there were Drupal users and there were clients and there were business people and some of them at this point I thought might have been wondering what the heck I'm talking about because they're here to like, you know, drive revenue and improve ROI on long-term, crap, capability. So the point is how many of you rely on selling technology project to make your living or to pay employees? Yeah, so and how many of you, so let's see what other questions, the point is, right, the community, the Drupal community has been a sales tool for us all these years. It matters, the health of the community is directly tied to our success and our ability to sell our project and I know this because I was at Acquia when we participated in the Australian government's RFP process to create GovCMS in Australia and they, in the final assessment, they made a bunch of rules, they said it has to be open source, they said it wasn't allowed to be Ruby, which was funny and they had a couple of the rules and there were three systems in the running in the end and I think Life Ray was one of them and Drupal was in there and there was something else and they did a feature comparison like a months-long study and Drupal came in second place. Drupal in terms of their perception of features and functionality came in second place, but they chose to use Drupal for this enormous, really interesting GovCMS project because of the community, because in Australia, I actually don't. I don't remember what the first fully, like the fully featured one was, I'm sorry, but the Drupal community in Australia and Australia and New Zealand Australia is really, really strong. There's a ton of Drupal talent in the region and they knew that they have a global community, Drupal passes the truck test and this level of activity and everything that we do, they thought that was actually our way of doing it. They thought it was a killer app, right? Well, awesome. However, I see a huge danger when our community very publicly has a gigantic, whatever this is being, cataclysm. So I think it's important to our economic survival, you know, for us business people to care about this soft stuff, this community stuff. 112 full responses came in and I thought that was pretty cool. And it's like these are easy questions, right? And especially, first of all, if you answered this survey, somehow you're connected to me on social media, right? And somehow you have feelings about Drupal. So it's very self-selecting. It's all, you know, people who are into Drupal anyway. So, right, this doesn't mean anything.  So everybody thinks community is important to them. Right. And how are you involved in the Drupal community? Basically everyone attends events. Basically everyone said Drupal is part of their professional life. 70 percent of people said they used Drupal for personal projects and 70 percent said they contribute code. 60 percent sponsors the community. 85 percent evangelized Drupal professionally and privately. Other very popular answers I left in other field are things that I probably should have thought of and included in the survey. Lots of people said they mentor. Lots of people said they do public speaking, writing documentation, doing articles in social media and so on. My favorite survey response was this one. So somebody had a dog named Drupal and I thought that was like, I guess that means it's pretty important to him. The next question was on one of those, you know, survey best practices grids where you have to rank, so in this case, how important is this thing to you for the Drupal community? What is the ranking of, let's see, not at all important, not so important, somewhat important, very important, extremely important, one of those grids. And you could rank all of these abstract value words that we came up with when we built the survey. And then I added the very important and the extremely important to produce this ranking. Okay, so not science. I thought it was really interesting for example, that transparency, right? And, you know, we need to know how the decision making process works and how it's secret cabals and how people are appointed in governance and we have to know everything, right? The blogosphere was full of transparency but it only came in, you know, effectively sixth place. It was lower than I would have expected it to. Diversity came in way lower than I thought. My personal, I think, you know, personally for me, giving back and paying forward is very important. Some of these things, making a positive difference is definitely how I feel it's what I like about what I've been doing in the last years. Contribution came in really low.  And inclusive decision making, so I don't know, I felt that there was a disconnect between the people screaming online and what these people connected to me somehow thought was important. Respect is good, openness is good, collaboration, very important, trust, honesty, like those are things we can all get behind, right? Until, of course, you have to discuss what that actually means, right? I left the field open for other values and people had plenty of suggestions. I think that there are some especially interesting ones like tearing for the craftsmanship of the code itself. Democracy, empathy, forgiveness, solidarity, what else is interesting there? Making room for marginalized people, feminism, I mean, there's a lot of different things. I think sustainability is probably pretty darn important if we want to continue to make a living doing this. So those were some of the answers that people added to my list. My favorite additional answer here was levity and explicitly called out the pre-note. Thank you very much. It's always flattering to know that somebody gets up to be here at 8 o'clock on Tuesday for that. So when we put together the survey, we actually did this thing on purpose and several people noticed it, right? Well, these will mean different things to different people, right? Who's ever heard of the war on abstract nouns? Corey Dr. Olexa talked about that. The war on drugs, right? How do you fight drugs, right? How do we be transparent? What is that? What is fairness, right? I think that's the what of the Golden Circle, right? And plus, we actually have to agree what it's for and how we do it before we can be that, right? And these value words that I put up are neither concrete nor measurable, right? We can have a war on respect, or we can support openness, right? Or we can promote inclusiveness, but I don't know, are we being inclusive enough? We're a pretty diverse project in the open-source world. We're pretty successful financially. We enable people all around the world to make a living. Like, that's all great, but is it enough? I don't know, because I don't know how to measure inclusive or open, right? I don't know. So what we need, like, if we have a mission of making the software better, because that's what we're actually about, right? Creating a sustainable, happy, productive, respectful community, I think that we need a statement of values, right? And how would we... You know, and we could choose, right? We could choose the top five or the top 10 here and build them into a statement of values, okay? And then... But how would we do that, right? And then how would we take mission statement of values and make it actionable, make it measurable, turn it into a new code of conduct and use set of rules, governance, bodies... Whatever your taste is in that, sort of a thing. We're missing how to express them and we're missing how to measure them. And we need to define our working definitions as concrete actions. Simon Sinek talks about this a lot. We need to turn abstract nouns into verbs. Wherever we go with this, this stuff needs to be articulated and agreed upon in a community process. And then, you know, then it can be like documentation. Does doing this action, does this idea, does this process fit our definition of who we say we are? Yes or no? Does that go with how we say we live and act? Yes or no? What's important to us? Yes or no?  I mean, I want to get to a community where that's not the case, right? And I think it's a case we can agree on and it's easy. But then you have like an up-down, yes, no. Is this thing acceptable? If you formulate it right, you shouldn't make a body of laws like this and make it a game to work around it, right? It needs to be respectful and open. But as we grow and change over time, this gives us a framework that we can also iterate and improve on over time and we can be agile and we can be, you know, the good open-source practitioners that we want. So I like this idea. I found this all very appealing. We make a why. We have a mission statement and we have a how, which is this implementation of we say we are this and that we live this way. We express these things and then we have a nice community out of it. And I got some challenges. I got some people complaining that I had taken the survey, complaining that I had dared to express an opinion about this and who was I anyway and how did I get assigned to decide how we live by this stuff. So I decided also that I wasn't going to draft anything like anything near what a statement of values could be because it felt, you know, especially earlier this year that just felt like too many landmines to step on. What I did do though is with some help from my business partner, find examples of guiding principles, statements of values that are really interesting and really admirable and very easy to adapt and adopt for ourselves and some of them frankly, I think we can take them word for word and they reflect very well the community that I would like to be part of. So I have a couple of good examples of how I think that these statements of values actionable, measurable, verb oriented statements of values can look like and the consequence of them would be then we decide how we codify that. So Black Lives Matter is not uncontroversial but it's a very, very interesting movement and their guiding principles are really interesting to look at. This is a really interesting little page on the web but three of their values are very, very well expressed. So empathy. According to the BLM guiding principles, empathy, they say we are committed to practicing empathy. We engage comrades with the intent to learn about and connect with their contexts, okay, that is action oriented. So empathy is a verb and it takes empathy and it expresses how they want to live empathy and then it makes it pretty easy for me to judge whether I am being empathic enough in my interaction with you. I find it very powerful. Another value that they have, they call loving engagement. We are committed to embodying and practicing justice, liberation and peace in our engagements with one another. And the third one that I especially like is diversity. They say we are committed to acknowledging, respecting and celebrating differences and commonalities. And that is super interesting. What do we have in common? What's different about us? That can all be positive and we can all make something great out of that. I really like that. So Black Lives Matter, guiding principles, empathy, loving engagement, diversity, they very much speak to me. Interestingly, my very, very favorite statement of values online comes from the Harvard Divinity School. Harvard itself has a statement of values and the Divinity School, which is a very, very old part of that institution has taken that statement of values and reworked it for themselves like they've extended it even further. So a couple of them let's find yes, so right. A Harvard University value is accountability for actions and conduct in the workplace. That's admirable. It's okay. At the Divinity School they say in seeking the long-term welfare of all, we endeavor to accept responsibility for the impact of our actions on our community, our environment, and the world. We hold ourselves and each other accountable for our behavior and our use of resources. It's pretty good stuff. My favorite one from this community values statement at Harvard University they say respect for the rights, differences, and dignity of others. Good, respect is good. Respect is also on my list somewhere. At Harvard Divinity School, quote we seek to respect, understand, and learn from the cultures and beliefs of the members of our diverse community conscious of our own levels of privilege. We seek with kindness and compassion to engage in open and active dialogue that broadens our perspectives, increases our knowledge and awareness, and fosters mutual understanding and empowerment. I could have used this spring in our interactions with one another in the Drupal community. I could have used a lot more kindness and compassion in engaging in open and active dialogue to increase knowledge and awareness and fostering mutual understanding honestly, really. So I really like this one. I find this a really, really admiral document. I've read it a bunch of times. I got a piece of feedback from my survey that said, quote I think a statement of values can be helpful, but ideally would be intentionally succinct. I've always loved the agile manifesto in style and substance. Four values of things we value more than others and a dozen principles that provide more detail. So the agile manifesto is probably something we're all very familiar here, familiar with. We value, so we value one thing over another thing. Individuals in interactions are more important to us than processes and tools. Responding to change is more important to us than following a plan and so on. And this is influenced how we all work for years and years now. And I particularly like two statements in the 12 principles. Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment and support they need and trust them to get the job done. That's cool. And somehow this fits for me this idea of enabling a sustainable community for ourselves. Then having a goal of sustainable development is obviously we'd love to see Drupal go on forever. I could do DrupalCon forever. I'm not tired of you all yet. This is my 21st DrupalCon. So, agile manifesto. Here's an example unfortunately that I think this statement is dated. The community process that's created this in 2010 was incredible. I think it was a shining moment. I think it was a shining moment in our community's history. The water under the bridge session yesterday Angie Byron talked about past community conflicts. And there was a classic moment of Drupal history from 2007 that she brought up in which a now very, very former Drupal core committer was very, very nasty to someone asking an honest question in the issue queue. And it was before we had codes of conduct or any of this other stuff and it was like looking at it now, it's kind of funny and cute to look at it, but it was horrible. Someone asked some questions about the JavaScript break tag to create previews that we had in 2005 and because he's horrible and uncaring he asked a question that was already answered in the issue description. I'm joking, right? He asked something that was actually already mentioned in the issue description and the core contributor who shall remain unnamed didn't say like, hey, re-read the issue please and then get back to me. So stick your head in a microwave and grill it until you understand. That's not very nice. So over the years we decided that we needed a code of conduct and I think that was right and we needed conflict resolution mechanisms I think the community working group is a very good idea and in 2010 the idea of the code of conduct was floated and it was this incredible for me this really typical moment so who here is from North America? Yes so the North American faction came up with the first working draft of the code of conduct and the language was about perpetrators and incidents and violations and punishments and procedures and remediation which is really beautiful community promoting language, right? Everyone calmed down at the airport and like, right we love that stuff over here in Europe so that's like the extreme on the one hand and then out of Europe came the voices we don't feel that reflects us someone proposed all the code of conduct needs to be is don't be a dick somebody else said you know it just needs to be act with respect and then a negotiation this is a shining moment for me the Europeans are like all we got to do with talk with each other we figured that out in the last 60 years in Europe it's going to be fine and then this negotiation process happened across two giant, giant, giant very, very, very long threads and we came to the Drupal code of conduct and it is very well put and there's a lot of really right ideas in it looking at it through the lens of this year for me I see that it's a bit of a mix of idealistic statements and vague procedures and leaves a lot of questions open for me and also reading the mandate of the community working group in its current form for me leaves some real questions about what are they supposed to do when they run out of ideas and how is it that if we're in a conflict situation that would seem to involve the project lead how is it that the community working group then escalates to the project lead that's really challenging so I propose that we can talk about whatever values we want we can agree what's important to us and we can agree how to formulate them in actionable measurable ways and if we agree on our mission is making our software better enabling people in the world digital world to communicate better and we codify what our values are and how we want to live those values right we are then enabled to modify our code of conduct create a new body, make procedures whatever we want to there's some danger of letting a genie out of the bottle I spoke with a very good friend of mine from the community working group about the dangers of letting go of that document in its current form I acknowledge that that can be tricky but I see an opportunity here to make a to make our community a little stronger to make it a better place and for me I would really like to see all of us acting with more empathy and more loving engagement looking for diversity where we can get getting to a more sustainable open source community that we can continue to enjoy continue to deliver value with, continue to meet each other when we can so thank you very very much for coming to my session I'd be completely happy to answer any questions or hear how I got it wrong thanks a lot yes I think you're supposed to ask into the microphone actually how Gem, you see the community in the next two years how do I see the community in the next two or three years well, we're in a really interesting moment structurally I don't think I don't, well so I think we've damaged our sales tool a little bit with the community and I think that choosing not to have an official Drupalcon I I'm not sure that's the signal that we want to be sending right, because I still see an incredibly strong, vibrant community doing great things in the world and I think that what we're doing is better than how we're presenting ourselves in the world right so we really have some challenges to go out there and tell people about us about open source I gave a talk at Drupalcon Baltimore as well where, you know, we've been kind of like it's the golden age of open source you know, even Wired said so or whoever it was it said so but the proprietary competition is catching up on us and we need to be very aware of those dangers there are legal and regulatory lobbying efforts underway that would forbid us from gaining government work in Germany for example okay, there's a lobbying effort in Germany that says you have to have a vendor to buy software Drupal doesn't have a vendor we don't have a contributors agreement Drupal would be closed out of all government work in Germany if that lobbyist gets that sentence in there so we have a huge amount of work to do to pull up our reputation to spread the word and make sure that things like that don't happen so I don't know, we should see it as an opportunity but we have to find the energy for that right I think we have a challenging three years ahead of us and I the people that I know and love here in Drupal I think we're up to it and I think a lot more people have to stand up and do the community, we have to do our part again and you can't refuse to answer as a speaker at DrupalCon I am legally obliged to answer any question you ask me now thinking about the sustainability of the project and any open source project some of that involves money and finances to be able to allow us to do things now we already see some companies sponsoring people to work on code which is fantastic but not so much sponsoring people to do all of the other things that make a sustainable project what would you like to see people sponsor ooh this is a tough one because the counter the other side of that coin if you look at Linux for example which is undoubtedly the biggest and most successful open source project Linux is highly highly highly professionalized and highly siloed I don't know how much 90% of the work on Linux or more is paid for by a company between IBM and Ford I mean embedded systems and all the cell phone manufacturers they don't celebrate themselves they don't care about getting together but boy do they make money so what if our priority is like having a roof over our heads and our families and the price we have to pay is that we have to find new people to hang out with that's not how I want our project to be so I would sponsor I would sponsor teaching open source stuff in schools you know you want to teach coding make sure it's open source you want to like really do something that's really really effective I talk with Vinitarati from London who runs women who code in London and we were talking about the gender diversity gap three or four years ago and I was doing a thing about women in tech and it was really interesting he said oh you don't need to worry about that at all 10 or 15 years it's going to be 50-50 you don't even have to worry about that because they're teaching coding in all the schools the thing that you need to worry about is what they're teaching and who's sponsoring that teaching and who's designing the programs so let's make sure that Drupal is one of those things let's make sure that PHP is in there I think that is something worth sponsoring okay hey well thank you so much


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Alrighty, I have a really big construction update for you guys today. I'm going to try and give you guys as much details that I possibly know in the moment as possible. So right there on the screen, you saw Electra disconnecting the power. And I wanted to show that power line leads all the way over to the main parks transformers where someone was going to work on it and work on the park's main power. Again, this is definitely a sign you want to see. It aligns with actually even the new construction trailer popping up in the construction area where they store track usually if that makes sense. So you're going to see it in a sec, but there's a little section of the parking lot where they store track construction trailers and anything else. So there's the new construction trailer and there's some forms stored there under those orange tarps that are now displayed as well. So those forms were used to, for example, build those new forms that are in the exit way or entrance way of that new mountain cutout that will then become footing. So as you just saw on the screen really quickly there, there are threaded rods, there's rebar as well that becomes rebar cages and rebar that also becomes formations like building formations, pathway formations and all that. So, wow, there's a lot to go over. Front gate, a lot of work going on still. That main left building still showing a lot of signs of work going on. The brick work is still going on at front gate as well. Outside of that, not much visible work that we can make out. But Leviathan's welding is honestly looking really good. I'm really excited to see the finished product. No signs of anything significant at back lot restaurant as well or coasters or swings of the century. So nothing going on there. No coaster signs in the 2025 speculated area as well. So no signs have come outside of that mountain. They are working really hard on drilling. So you'll see here they have moved over to the right side of the tunnel now. They are, what's the word I'm looking for? Drive piling to restructure that mountain and make it a lot stronger again. So definitely something we want to pay attention to. Elpin, I did learn is the correct way to word it. Lots of work going on in Elpin. So they are refreshing all of the buildings from what I can tell down to the games. It looks like a potential new Coke refresh station there. So maybe the old ones either going to get demolished or changed into something else. They are disconnecting the power to the basketball game today. They were disconnecting the power to the little arcade games, claw machine games next to that basketball game and lots of formation work going on for concrete to be poured here. So there is a lot of rebar cages here and then bolts and threaded rods are in that storage lot. So my assumption is it is for this area. Again, that is a speculated assumption, but it is a safe one in my opinion. I am starting to think we will see some sort of changes to the buildings in the Elpin area. The power was disconnected from the Thunder Run old station and that is usually a sign that you are going to demolish the building or make some significant changes to its structure. So it will be really interesting to see what plays out there. If you were watching the podcast, you learned today about the new Fastlane system coming to Canada's Wonderland. It will start on April 20th, released on the Cedar Fair stockholder documents. This company is going around and essentially cutting lines to install some new electrical equipment at all the Fastlane rides that will help with that new Fastlane system. So that is what's going on there. You can see them here at Lumberjack in this footage and then in later footage as you see right here on the screen, you'll see them at Timber Wolf Falls. That was like perfectly worked out in my favor. So they're just cutting to work that into the system. So that's just something new that a lot of the parks are launching. Again, single use Fastlane will be on your phone as a QR code and then all season Fastlane or day Fastlane will be a wristband that has a QR code on it that you'll scan at these machines and there will be an attendant there. Outside of that, not too much else to report. Again, if you look closely, they are definitely getting ready to do some sort of threaded rod or rebar structure for either walls and anything else that will be involved in that kind of area. So from a logical guest from an engineer who looked at this and compared it to other projects, this is showing signs and similarities to a launch building. But I do want to stress that is a speculated guest. I have heard the station has started somewhere in the mountain and a safe guest would be where we saw those old rebar, not rebar, those old round forms during Halloween Haunt in the 2023 season, the last week of September. So I'm guessing the station is somewhere in there. There are things in the mountain that I have heard through the birdie mill that would suggest this and further construction inside. It is a very big open space in there if you've ever been in there. So I'm really curious to see what this ends up being like, is it going to have two launches? Like we suggest here and the possible maintenance tunnel and quotations. Is that going to be a launch as well? We don't know yet, but based off of what we're seeing here, this could potentially be a launch or a break run would be another guest. So who knows? We'll have to see how this plays out. Wonderland is being a lot more secretive than they typically are with projects. So it is really hard to figure things out. But outside of that, I think I covered everything. I'm going to pause right really quick to make sure I did. I guess one piece of tidbit to add here is maintenance is killing it this season. Leviathan's already got two and a half trains on its track. A lot of the kids rides are done and a lot of that off season work is just moving a lot quicker than we've ever seen before. So just a huge kudos to the maintenance team. Like I can tell how ahead you guys probably are knock on wood. But yeah, outside of that, not much else going on. Again, the tunnel is moving along really well. The first tunnel should be finishing up sometime next week. Hopefully and the second tunnel we should see a lot of action around the Wednesday, Thursday, Friday mark in terms of what it could possibly be. Anyways, thanks so much for watching today's construction update. Have a good one guys. Bye.


So again I have drawn this diagram to summarise what we have discussed but all this all that discussion was only qualitative discussion and we know that for any reactor design this is the performance equation and in this we know input that is the plant capacity you know what is the demand so you can decide what is the input to the plant and then we should know kinetics and we should know contacting and first we started with contacting and then found that when do you use actually batch reactors when do you use continuous reactors and in continuous reactors when do you use plug flow when do you use mixed flow I hope that you have thoroughly understood then we decided to talk about kinetics and in kinetics you have the classification of homogeneous and heterogeneous so the method of designing for homogeneous reactors or the reactions is different or heterogeneous reactors and with heterogeneous reactions is different and what we get extra at least analytically with so many examples what we have decided was that the chemical factors and physical factors both will be present in the kinetics that is in kinetic model it is not simple minus r a equal to k into c a this is a famous equation all the time in all the academic institutions because the first order reaction simplest to integrate and you know easiest to deal with mathematically and also understanding wise so that is why always we will say that we have first order reaction and we never bother about what is mass transfer what is heat transfer and all that but we had sufficient examples to justify that in heterogeneous systems it is the heat and mass transfer which may control the rate of reaction even though it is a chemical reaction chemical part may not present at all that is one example which we talked about the combustion coal gasification sorry coal combustion so in coal combustion many times it is the oxygen transfer to the coal which is rate controlling okay and the rate expression will be simply minus r a equal to k into or k g into c a g it is not k as a reaction rate constant so it is the mass transfer coefficient which you have to substitute there and then find out volume of the reactor instead of actual reaction coefficient so that is why always in heterogeneous systems we have chemical and physical systems both are coming and every time as I told you you have to visualize a model write all the steps and all the steps you have to write simple equations most of them will be mass transfer steps only one step one step will be reaction step and eliminate all the intermediate concentrations then you will get what is called a global rate of reaction now the question to be asked which I have also told you sometime earlier during discussion was how do you define first of all your rate of reaction for heterogeneous systems homogeneous systems it is straight forward and always we will say that moles converted per unit time per unit volume of the reaction mixer but here you cannot have that reaction mixer because if I have a coal combustion unit I have solids plus I have the gas so which one you really take so that is why there are various ways of defining the rates for heterogeneous systems so let us also record all of them and then whatever is convenient to you as an engineer we should be able to take that it is left to us and that is where the greatness of engineer automatically comes you have to choose the simplest one that is possible for you for the design right otherwise most difficult things if you take you know the design will be more complicated unnecessarily complicated okay so based on the unit heterogeneous rates rate of reactions are defined based on based on unit mass of solid for fluid solid reactions fluid solid reactions you know short form of reaction is rxm like action axn right so reaction so the overall rate or global rate for ith component in general can be written as dna by dt and this can be also written in terms of words moles of I reacted per mass of solid per time so this is what we widely use if you have solid and fluid this fluid can be of course either liquid or gas right and as you know I have already told you this and weight is the easiest to one to measure okay it is just simply weighing either 1 ton or 2 tons and then putting it to the reactor so but based on unit interfacial area based on unit interfacial area in 2 fluid systems that means you have gas liquid for example right liquid liquid for example okay so under those conditions or you can also say that in fluid solid systems you can also base on the fluid not on the solid right this is your choice but this one here this equation if I call this one as 1 this equation is based on the solid phase I have again fluid phase there I can also base it on fluid phase so under those conditions or fluid solid reactions based on fluid phase fluid phase how we write this one is again of course to differentiate between this and this this superscripts are given 1 by s dna by dt which is again defined as moles of i reacted per unit surface area or interfacial area and time so this is 2 ya we can also base it on based on unit volume of solid in gas solid system in gas solid system so that will be minus r i triple 5 equal to 1 by v s dna by dt again defined as moles of i reacted per volume of solid volume of solid per time so this is equation 3 then the last one there are many I am just giving only some 4 5 based on unit unit volume volume of reactor dt equal to moles of i reacted per volume of reactor so this is equation number 4 in fact we can also convert one from the other so these equations are simple evidence evidently you can just easily write this dna by dt is just nothing but w r i of 1 single prime then we also have s double prime we also have v s r i triple 5 and we also have v r ya so this is equation 5 good I think lot of discussion can be made on these equations how do you choose right for example we say that here volume of solid and here volume of reactor what is the difference Karthik do you have any difference or no difference ya void volume mainly so if it is a packed bed or fluidized bed volume of reactor means it is the fluid plus solid right or otherwise if it is only solid volume means what the true solid volume but again here there is a problem in the sense that if I have a solid porosity porous particles so now that volume also automatically taken in that solid right so we have to be very clear now how do we define and always I prefer this one because it is easiest but not it is true all the time for example if I have a slurry reactor right if I have a slurry reactor then we have three phases we have gas liquid and then solid and the general thumb rule or general convention of defining rate in a slurry reactor is moles of i converted per unit time per unit volume of bubble free slurry okay so what is that we have taken there it is the volume of liquid plus volume of solid because that is the easiest to measure for me because and if in the presence of bubbles the volume will slightly raise because that much it should occupy so then again I should find out what is the hold up of or the fraction of gas that is there in the reactor volume that is why I think most of us will not tell you the hydrodynamics of chemical reactors so that is much more important than actually mass transfer and heat transfer and chemical reactions because hydrodynamics they play very important role in heterogeneous reactor design we normally do not mention that hydrodynamics what do you mean by hydrodynamics hydrodynamics means we have hydrodynamics means we have how the two phases or three phases involved in heterogeneous systems they move okay even though we call hydro hydro generally represent water right so but in spite of that this is general name given the hydrodynamics in chemical reactors and where you have to predict what is the fraction of each phase in the reactor volume right that means if when I am operating with certain gas certain liquid and solids are constant for example if you take then depending on gas flow rate and liquid flow rate the reactor occupies you know certain volume of gas or volume of liquid solid is constant anyway right so depending on these two flow rates how this fractions change and those are very important because if I have a reaction I am just imagining that I have A plus B plus C in a three phase reactor going to product right so what I told here is one mole one mole one mole but in the actual reactor because of hydrodynamic conditions gas may not be one mole it may be point not one moles because hold up is so low then naturally that becomes a rate controlling step and you will not have you will definitely not get more conversions right point not one percent if you take you know so that is the reason why we should first know the hydrodynamic conditions in each individual reactor not only that not only the fractions hydrodynamics will give you not only the hold ups we also should have flow regimes you know when I have two phases solid of course is there as a batch system and two phases are flowing so if I have counter current system then it is not possible to go for very high values of liquid and very high values of gas why flooding all counter current systems will flood even though we know that counter current system is much more efficient than co current system we know that but in spite of that there is a limitation on the throughput side operation side so that is why that flow regimes will tell me whether what is the maximum gas velocity or maximum liquid velocity which I can take this is what first you should have done in your mass transfer course also particularly for packet beds right gas absorption or even distillation the first thing you do is go to that graph given in tri ball and then try to read what is the maximum gas for a given liquid flow rate that automatically fixes your maximum throughput but how do you find out this for a new column you have to do you have to do the hydrodynamics so that is why all my research is not actual reactions even though I teach reaction engineering most of the time this is the first step hydrodynamics I have never come out of that even after that years still doing hydrodynamics only okay so in every system you should be able to find out what are the flow regimes what are the hold ups and what are the phase velocities what do you mean by what are the phase velocities if it is a fluidized bed okay it may be three phase fluidized bed that means three phases are going solid is anyway constant the volume is is a batch system then gas and liquid both we send right but the solids have to fluidize I hope all of you know what is fluidization right fluidization is the phenomena where the solid particles are kept under suspension so that they behave like a fluid okay so that is why we called fluidization that means imparting imparting the properties of fluids for solid particles otherwise solids are immobile they would not move right so but I should know what is that minimum velocity that is required for this fluidization to take place if I do not know that what is happening I want to use fluidized bed but most of the time it is under packing conditions packet bed conditions so that is why the phase velocities and the other extreme is that I may use very high velocity because I do not know anything about hydrodynamics very high gas velocity or very high liquid velocity and these velocities have already they may be more than the terminal velocities of the particles so if you are not careful or even if you careful and then put on the top of the reactor mesh all the particles will go that is inverse packet bed because the packing will go and stick to the top because because you put a mesh they are not able to go out if you do not put the mesh there is no there will not be any particles inside the reactor at all so that is why that fixes the boundaries the phase velocities that is why these are the factors normally apart from that the pressure drops this is also very important so what is the total pressure drop across my column so that that is the minimum thing which I have to provide through the pump otherwise you cannot push the liquids from the bottom or from the top so the pressure drop so these are the general things in hydrodynamics what we have to study and all heterogeneous systems this is the first study in fact that is why beautifully we have a course called multi phase systems and without multi phase there is no chemical engineering okay single phase systems are very very very very very few so minimum you will have 2 and why even a distillation column you take right so there are hold up correlations I do not know whether you have used them but the beauty using the beauty of using macabre theory method is not to consider all these things it is a wonderful design I think really we have to appreciate as chemical engineers first of all I always think that how do these people get that idea that you are designing a mass transfer column without talking about any mass transfer coefficient you do not use a single mass transfer equation right you simply go for thermodynamics take VLE data draw okay and then go for material energy balance which you studied in your first semester right then balance you will get the operating lines and in between this equilibrium line and operating line chick chick chick that is all 10 chicks means 10 plates 15 chicks means 15 plates right and after that we have a nice fellow called Murphy and go to Murphy and take Murphy efficiency may be 80 percent 60 percent 70 percent depending on the system okay what do you mean by depending on the system when do you take 50 percent when do you take 80 percent Murphy efficiency have you thought normally we tell you in the class take 50 percent you take 50 percent without questioning okay and sometimes we take 80 percent you take only 80 percent but you never question all of you are very good students yeah contacting time what do you expect you know in that design in that in the yeah but in that method on each plate what is that we are assuming theoretically equilibrium and you know what is the time required for equilibrium theoretical infinity so that means you can never come back again if you go to infinity right infinity time if you go again where are you I think we will not be there so that is the reason why practically we have to wait for some time right so actually that is a rate process converted into equilibrium process but the actual rate process what we are using rate means you know mass transfer rate is the other approach we have two approaches equilibrium approach the other one is the rate approach and generally if you have a packed bed you use mass transfer equations that is why two films you draw and then you write the mass transfer equation okay and then how the concentrations are changing how the mass transfer coefficient at each and every height along the column all that you integrate and then you of course again as an engineer you will again simplify that in terms of NTU HTU and all that because easy to convert for the design so these two approaches but there also you need the this phase hold ups you need flow regimes you need phase velocities and definitely you need pressure drop right and pressure drop luckily we have only one equation for packed beds we have to thank Ergun and the story is that I know I do not know whether really we have to believe this or not someone was telling me that story some not Cambridge University some University from UK it seems when he submitted his thesis on the pressure drop of you know pressure drop through packed beds he was failed because there is no contribution from him you know for PhD you need some contribution some totally new knowledge which has not been existing till then right but I think people thought examiners thought at that time that you know there is no sufficient newness in this pressure drop of the fluids through the packed beds he was failed in the examination but you know that failure only we have been even now using even after 70 60 years that is the only equation what what else you have all other equations are only some extension delta X delta X extension of that same equation the same thing even it is in monodes equation or make less mental equation one of those I do not remember now one of those papers have been rejected saying that this paper is not worth publishing you see in the history of this research and then you know development of concepts some things which we have thrown out that it is a useless concept later that is the only concept that was valid okay so all beautiful histories are there if you just try to understand how chemical engineering developed or any process developed good so that is why hydrodynamics are very very important for heterogeneous system good so and most of the time if you look at the at the rate equations given in the textbooks if it is a packed bed many times this is the one that is used if it is a slurry reactor many times that is used is based on volume of bubble free slurry that is what and if it is gas liquid system you do not have any choice except that you have to go for interfacial area and you see the most difficult thing in chemical engineering is finding out interfacial area for surface area for solids it is fine solids also has interfacial area but I can easily find out solids interfacial area if I know the particle size even particle size distribution so I will go to sieving which you learnt in your may be fourth semester fifth semester mechanical operations and then you have various sieves may be between these sieves each time you will have may be 10 percent 20 percent 40 percent like that and in each category within that you know what is the particle size average size find out that interfacial area surface area so like that all surface areas you can add up I am talking about just external surface area sieve gives you only external surface area because what I am trying to say is particles are not changing with time even in the packed bed so you can easily find out what is the interfacial area based on external surface area alone but you also have fairly very good techniques to find out what is the internal surface area for the porous particles what are the methods BET is one method and you also have mercury porous meters but BET will give you to certain range of pores and mercury also mercury porous meter also will give you certain other range of pores but all these pores you have to add and then find out what is the total surface area and that will be very useful for catalytic reactions but advantage there is those particles are not changing with time unless you have deactivation okay so that is why I am very fairly confident about that but the systems with gas liquid and also liquid liquid very difficult because you have the in liquid liquid system droplets one is continuous phase other one is the dispersed phase in the dispersed phase you have the small bubbles large bubbles and unfortunately large bubbles will become we will break and then become small bubbles and small bubbles will coalesce and then become large bubbles we do not know how to really predict what is happening throughout the system in the process that is why that is one of the most difficult parts in evaluation in evaluating the interfacial area and much worse is your bubbles also right that is why if you are able to design a system where you can beautifully produce only single bubbles or single droplets of uniform size then this very very accurate surface area is very very accurate because I have only I have to measure only one bubble size all bubbles are same afterwards so then simply multiply by number of bubbles and then each bubble what is the surface area that is why I like this screen saver there is one screen saver with bubbles I think in windows 7 or so so I mean I always put that wherever I go I have computer in house computer here wherever I see I have that possibility I will push though that screen saver because thinking that how beautiful it would be if I am able to produce that kind of highly beautiful spherical particles on the screen okay but the same thing if I can extend to my research area also that will be wonderful and I am doing some work on the inverse fluidized bed is lost may be 10-12 years so there we have observed this kind of uniform bubbles okay this inverse fluidized bed is used for wastewater treatment the liquid is sent from the top because these are the lighter particles that is why it is called inverse fluidized bed the particles if you just put in batch of liquid this will float to the top because they are lighter particles lighter than water so now to fluidize that I have to push from the top right and that pushing liquid is in simple terms it is the wastewater right and then this is a biological process where the microorganisms require oxygen so that is why I now send my air from the bottom okay it is 3 phases counter current system and why should I use an inverse fluidized bed we cannot use a normal fluidized bed yes it can be used the advantage of inverse fluidized bed is the particles are lighter particles so they have less inertia less inertia so due to this less inertia the particles can easily move okay or rotate when they are rotating they will destroy the film liquid film surrounding the particle what will happen now yeah mass transfer fresh area generates and then mass transfer is maximum so when mass transfer is maximum and particularly if mass transfer is controlled and for even biological processes mass transfer may be controlled oxygen supply for example that is why I told you already wastewater treatment open ponds right very big large scale very very large area you have to use the reason is that you do not have an efficient way of mass transfer to each and every microorganism so they do not work they will die of suffocation so that is why you have to use largest size to compensate for your final production rate so in this inverse fluidized bed it is not right because it is very efficient system where this will break in fact it was found that may be 1.5 to 2.5 times the mass transfer coefficient can increase number wise you may think it is very small so that means it is directly proportional and mass transfer coefficient doubles means area will be half area of the system what you are using so that way it is very advantageous there what we have observed was when the bubbles are coming and the particles are expanding down right and in between those particles the bubble size is almost uniform because the gas has to go through the bubbles I mean through the particles and the liquid is trying to expand the particles so depending on the density hold up of the solids if the hold up of solids is more almost like a packed bed I guarantee almost uniform bubbles through and definitely I know that how much mass transfer you know oxygen going to the liquid then that liquid goes to the surface of solid on the surface we have the microorganisms so microorganisms happily take the nutrients or the food from the wastewater and also breathe the dissolved oxygen then happily it will work it will reproduce because good environment for it because it is good food and good you know oxygen amount of oxygen so that is why what is the next one that is left in the nature reproduction so that is why more and more microorganisms also are developed or produced then you will have very efficient process there also we are studying all the time even now we do not have correct equations for minimum fluidization velocity for example this phase velocities we do not have an equation for pressure drop only recently we have developed that and I think I have to publish that I think we were the first people to say to give a pressure drop equation till now in the world that not had published only student recently submitted his thesis there is no equation for pressure drop in a inverse fluidized bed and of course the flow regimes flow regimes we have not had done but there are just only one or two papers for studying flow regimes and of course hold up some many people studied and beauty there is if I do my experiments it is not telling with other experiments so we have some six seven others we have published this hold ups everyone has a different correlation I do not know what to normalize now in fact my next attempt is that you know what is that why different people have given different correlations I am telling all these even in this course because that is what the information you need if you design a new system it is not existing then you have to develop all these hold up correlations flow regime map and also phase velocities pressure drop correlations all that otherwise you cannot design the equation I mean you cannot design the reactor right okay so this is what is the what are the general difficulties when you go for kinetics and we decided now we have to concentrate or throughout the semester we will talk most of the time on the kinetics part of heterogeneous systems and the first one what we take in this is gas solid non catalytic reactions okay then we will take gas solid catalytic reactions then we take the fluidized fluidized beds will come under gas solid catalytic reactions then we will take slurry reactor right so in gas solid non catalytic reactors we will try to design packed beds and also fluidized beds and in catalytic reactions also packed beds and fluidized beds and in slurry reactor of course there is only one slurry reactor right so this is the overall picture first finding out the kinetics that means kinetic models have to be developed and then we have to use that information in the design of the reactor for either packed bed or fluidized bed or moving bed or rotary kiln procedure is same but we cannot do everything in this course so at least these important things and very frequently used reactors are these packed beds fluidized beds slurry reactors in the industry moving beds also are used but I think very difficult to control moving bed rotary kilns are again very easy and the design also very easy I think you know even though we do not have to design that but it is very easy to design I will let you know when the time comes and rotary kilns are mainly used for gas solid non catalytic reactions of course yes solid solid reactions and non catalytic reactions like gasification okay so people use the rotating kilns okay good so that is the overall picture and now we will go to gas solid non catalytic reactions and first to know in gas solid non catalytic reaction is what kind of reaction first of all you have you may be wondering what you mean by what kind of reactions okay so example I can say simply tell you if I have iron ore reduction Fe 2 O 3 plus H 2 giving me Fe plus H 2 O okay that reaction is quite different that is also non catalytic reaction gas solid when I compared that with gasification reaction or combustion reaction what is happening is here coal plus C plus O 2 giving me C O 2 but there I have the solid product at the end in iron ore reduction whereas here I do not have anything because particle will disappear you may have ash and there are coals where ash is almost negligible 5 percent ash 10 percent ash so then there is nothing in the reactor then how do you design the reactor you do not need any reactor which means so that is why and also there are some beautiful reactions non catalytic reaction for example we are using our computers and all that very happily right and silica is one of the things which chips to make and you know how difficult it is to produce that pure form of silica and one reaction that is used is silane that also I will write S i H 4 going to S i plus 2 H 2 so that means actually it is a gas and after reaction I see the solid product wonderful design and I guarantee you if you develop a process now there are many companies that are trying to do in the world you will become a millionaire why millionaire you can become a billionaire if you are able to develop that process of producing pure silica in India no one is producing we are only importing and of course one good thing with us is we do not design chips okay so that is why you do not have to import that much silica someone else is doing that so that is why very big companies like union carbide now union carbide of course is joined with someone else I think you know yeah those people are still trying to get the maximum there are some processes but which are very costly which are difficult not only costly process wise difficult that means slight change in the process conditions you do not get silica so how do you design a robust process and then try to get the purest form of silica there are still many many reactions like that and another wonderful non catalytic reaction I can tell you ceramics Chinese have made this technique long time back you know beautiful you know Chinese porcelain is one of the wonderful qualities right but we do not have that kind of quality that they are doing even now by earth rather than using science because the solid solid reaction is also not that easy to understand and then try to use the scientific information for the design of tea cups or coffee cups right but you see the greatest in the art because art has been developed over the hundreds or thousands of years that is why they became experts but unfortunate thing is only that family is expert in that they cannot communicate with anyone else but if I have a scientific method whoever understands science happily they can use that information that is the difference between art and science because suddenly I cannot become a painter only it is possible for M F Hussain may be afterwards his children I do not know anyone is his children really painting or not because genes will definitely work to some extent okay all of us know that doctors becoming doctors tennis players becoming tennis players you know the family cricket players and maximum number you can say that movie actors becoming movie actors that is the maximum fraction so these are all always a little bit genes and then environment right because from morning to evening in a movie actors house always they discuss about movie that is good this is bad I fought with 100 people I fought with 10 people today so I am on the screen so all that they will be discussing so slowly the genes also try to change you know through the environment saying that okay finally I have to also become like that right so that is why this first identifying what kind of reactions we have is very important right so now that is why let us just list out some industrially important reactions first I have to take non-catalytic or okay kinetic models for non-catalytic for non-catalytic reactions so let us say some important important okay I can write industrially reactions okay we will divide this into different types and I will say that first I have type A reactions where we have solid plus fluid going to again solid plus fluid I think just now I have told you one example what is that yeah so this is Fe3O4 solid plus H2 gas giving me Fe solid plus H2O gas okay so I have to balance this F3 so then this is for yeah then this is for yeah that is one reaction the other reaction is of course roasting of zinc zinc ore ZNS solid plus O2 gas giving me ZNO solid plus SO2 gas so again if I balance this is 2 this is 2 this is 2 this is 3 I think hopefully I can write 2 4 6 yeah okay so that is the reaction there are many but I just want to give you only one or two so that you are comfortable this is type A and type B we have solid plus fluid giving me solid I have my favorite reaction here that is calcium oxide CAO solid plus half O2 gas plus SO2 gas giving me CA calcium sulphate and this is one of the famous equations for removing sulphur from flue gases you know thermal power plants and all that you have so from there using this reaction you know sending this amount of oxygen this amount of if you have this amount of SO2 this amount of CAO you can always this is what one of the very one of the methods very widely used in fluidized bed combustion you know in fluidized bed combustion what do they do fluidized bed combustion is very famous particularly for sulphur coals and high ash coals okay fluidized bed combustion okay and it is a fluidized bed where along with coal they also put calcium carbonate particles calcium carbonate is nothing but our Taj Mahal okay yeah they do not put Taj Mahal I think you know calcium carbonate particles they just put what happens is this calcination step is the first one calcium carbonate is CACO3 and if you expose that to very high temperatures then you will have CAO plus CO2 that is instantaneous reaction that is why you simply throw calcium carbonate particles in the fluidized bed chamber then first reaction is instantaneous it becomes CAO at any time I will see CAO so now this is another example for me to tell you rate controlling step which one is the rate controlling step either this one or the first one where calcination CACO3 becoming to CAO this one is the rate controlling step because that is instantaneous that means any time I see that I have calcium oxide that means because calcium carbonate has been converted to calcium oxide right so then this reaction takes place and you know there are many beautiful things about this there are at least may be 100 papers on this how this reaction is taking place with CAO okay so what is the beauty in these reactions is that this one this calcium sulphate has more molar volume than calcium oxide molar volume so that means the volume of particle will increase during the reaction and that is bad for the reaction because the calcium carbonate when it is becoming calcium oxide you have lot of pores lot of pores means like our like our bread you know what you will do you take okay more fluffy the bed is the more porosity in the bread just imagine you know without porosity you are trying to eat bread that becomes roti okay yeah it is not bread so that is why the greatness of this modern bread and all that to make lot of porosity but still you know it is nicely edible right so that is why immediately that it forms large pores I mean pores inside the particle then calcium sorry then SO2 will try to diffuse into that so if I just look at one pore this pore may be something like this okay one pore just one pore and I have some thickness of this pore and SO2 is trying to diffuse there this is SO2 of course with O2 and all that right so then what happens because here I have more diffusion by diffusion if I draw the profile the concentration SO2 O2 profile will decrease because of the resistance very small pores so naturally that decrease in concentration will come and you have the maximum concentration at the mouth therefore rate of reaction is more faster so when the rate of reaction is more here calcium sulphate forming will be more and that forms something like this this is the calcium sulphate you see now this pore actually now this is the mouth of the pore all this is solid so after some time what happens is this SO2 or O2 cannot go inside this blocks but still I have large amount of calcium oxide that is left inside the pore this all waste that means if I visualize one single particle if this is the particle size where the reaction is practically taking place only this one that is where you have calcium sulphate and all this is waste for me that means I am generating now lot of solid waste or not good quality of calcium sulphate because outside calcium sulphate inside actually I have calcium oxide that is why in Germany I saw one company Lurgy what they do is they spray water on that after some time of reaction they spray water on that and you can also do not only in combustion you can do this even outside you know flue gases can be taken out first and then have the calcium same reaction in the separate reactor that also they can do so there they spray water what do you think will happen if they spray water because we know the solubility of calcium sulphate that is very high in water but it will just absorb water and then that water will go and touch the calcium oxide this is CAO and you know the reaction between CAO and water what kind of reaction exothermic or endothermic but is it exothermic reaction or endothermic reaction highly exothermic reaction I do not know most of you would have not put this white wash in your house you try to buy calcium hydroxide you know calcium oxide and then make as calcium hydroxide and then try to bubbles actually it seems that is one of the punishments that is given to on the olden days one of the punishment that is given to I mean thieves and or murderers by kings you know what they do they will ask the person to stay like this put all calcium oxide around them and put water he also becomes all his bones become calcium he just you know life burnt that really I mean it was regarded in some you know because ruthless people at that time kings probably we need them now otherwise things may not work here in our country okay so that is why that exothermic heat is used to burn to burn the body right so what happens is when they when so much heat is generated inside and the remaining some of the amount of water which is going that evaporates so when it is evaporated it has to come out what does that do it breaks and come out so when it breaks and comes out all this area is again inside exposed to calcium oxide I mean sorry for SO2 and O2 for reaction to take place you see these are very beautiful simple technique which we never normally appreciate that is why tremendous amount of good innovations are in industry but they never record because by recording if someone steals like that movie inception or other things okay so then they will make millions other people also make millions this this company will go that is why everything is kept under a secret but tremendous technology in fact this silane SI from silane is one of the really strongly guarded secrets by the industries because you know without computers nowadays we cannot live right that has become food for us 2 or 3 days if you do not have computer I mean if you do not have food it is okay but one day if you do not see your e-mails entire world will crumble so that or otherwise if you do not tweak tweak a tweeter tweeter you cannot sleep okay or if you do not chat with your friends whatever you eat also it will not get digested so that is why so many things are there you know with computers so the demand for silica is maximum right so I think someone who is interested in technology can always go for this production of silica pure silica as chemical engineers if atleast one of you can do that I think it is excellent you will become billionaire and then you can come to IIT as chairman board of governors okay that is what normally you know very high level industrialists or academicians are given as chairman board of governors to direct us what we have to do in IITs okay anyway so this is the information about the okay type 2 yeah the difference between type A and type 2 reactions and this is one of the famous reactions and another there are many for example rusting of iron that everyday we see but we never appreciate that one as one of the non catalytic reactions right okay so this is FeO solid plus O2 gas giving us FeO FeO solid again you know this is I mean for me everything is exciting I say I do not know for you how many things are really exciting now everyday we see here and the rust also will not form that nicely all the time sometimes if you see your cycle you will see that you know the some material will come off as flakes and somewhere it will beautifully deposit as grains why we never discuss you never even observe huh yeah that is what that is a chemical reaction okay that is what my interest is different forms of react corrosion is not simply it is a non catalytic reaction but of course in IIT Madras what is happening now is any cycle whatever is by you it is stolen right I think in hostels many cycles are stolen that is what people are telling okay this is balance 2 no this is 2 correct yeah so like that we can list out even type A type B then there are 2 more or 3 more


There has been a huge decline in mental health around the world, which is why we're so committed to creating more content than we ever have. Thanks so much for being a part of our journey. How do you see yourself? Are you very critical of how you look or behave? When talking about things that can destroy your self-esteem, your first thought may be to do with the effects of social media or toxic friendships. But that's not all. The way you view and speak to yourself can also play a very big role. You might not even be aware of some of these tendencies, such as thinking in a self-deprecating manner. So, to help you, here are 7 things that are destroying your self-esteem. 1. Assuming other people's opinions of you. Do you always think you know how someone feels about you? Let's say you have a friend who's suddenly acting differently than normal. Would you jump the gun and believe that it's you who caused their change in mood? This form of overthinking can be damaging to your mental health and affect how you see yourself. Remember that not every negative thing has to do with you. Perhaps they were just having a bad day or are thinking about someone else. Assuming their bad mood is your fault may be a thought process caused by bad experiences in the past. So, don't forget to take it easy and reassure yourself whenever the instinct and patterns repeat themselves. It may also be good to surround yourself with understanding and supportive friends who can reassure you in times when you feel insecure. 2. Carrying long term emotional baggage. Everyone goes through bad experiences in one way or another, and while it's not that easy to let go of them, these unresolved mental hurdles can really stick with you and hinder your growth. It's important and healthy to take your time, but when you're ready to take another step forward, it's good to start making peace with your past. Remind yourself that your previous bad experiences don't define you as a person, they're just memories. Through forgiveness, peace, and acceptance, you can let go of its power and hold over you. 3. Letting yourself go. When was the last time you had a proper, healthy meal? Do you often sleep late and load up on junk food? It's easy to take yourself for granted, but what most don't realize is that these small things can add up over time and become habits. You end up sending yourself a mental message that you are not worth the effort, and this can lead to hopelessness. A good tip on rewiring your mindset is by thinking if you treat someone you respect like you've been with yourself. Is this how you would take care of your friend? If it isn't, then perhaps your body is lacking the pampering it needs. You could try to adopt just one good habit for yourself and stick to it. Take note of how you feel and continue the process until it becomes a sustainable routine. Ultimately, there is no such thing as a perfect lifestyle. A realistic goal instead is to feel better in your own skin and to develop a good and healthy mental state. 4. Being an unforgiving self-critic. Do you tend to obsess over your flaws no matter how small they are? According to Itamar Schatz, a PhD candidate at Cambridge University, the act of magnifying the degree to which minor flaws in your appearance may be noticed or judged by others is called the spotlight effect. This near-constant habit of worrying over your flaws can be harmful to your self-confidence and self-esteem since it can lead to negative thinking patterns. This preoccupation with your imperfections may also cause you to not focus or do any of the activities you want to enjoy, so if you find yourself getting worked up over it all the time, you can try to recognize when you're having these moments and follow up with reassuring and kind affirmations. Most of the time, we are our own worst enemies. By learning how to rewire our self-deprecating habits, we're slowly building a better outlook on ourselves. 5. Complimenting others while comparing yourself secretly. How do you feel when you see others celebrate their accomplishments? Do you praise them through gritted teeth? A lot of people, especially women, tend to do this, but it can be very damaging to your self-esteem. It's a form of self-sabotage because the more you're complimenting their good traits, the more you're contrasting them to your own. And once you feel that you're not the same as them, you end up developing a negative self-image. If you truly want to compliment someone, be genuine about it. Not everything is a competition. If this is something you really struggle with, it may help to keep a gratitude journal. In time, you may learn to see yourself in a kinder light. 6. You tend to use always and never. Are you the type of person who makes extreme statements? As you say, always watch the dishes, or never want to watch that show. Although it sounds trivial, these permanent-sounding words can make your statements sound final and make you feel like you can't do anything to change them. What if you wanted to skip the dishes or watch that show? Chances are, you feel like you can't do these things because it feels irrevocable, which can lead to a loss of confidence and a sense of hopelessness. It's helpful to remember that in your life, there are always opportunities for random, spontaneous moments. So, as much as possible, try avoiding permanent words. And don't be afraid of opening yourself up to new experiences. 7. Ignoring your emotional signals. Do you try to understand your feelings or avoid them? Rejection and abandonment are contributing factors to a lack of self-confidence. After all, if you don't try to understand where your own emotions are coming from, chances are you won't be able to cope or handle them properly. Feelings are feelings. They're automatic and tend to happen whether you like them or not. For this reason, it's good to acknowledge and identify why you're feeling that certain way. If you're sad, try to give some time for yourself to accept, understand, and cope with it. If you're happy, try to determine why and show gratitude for it. Having a good understanding of your own emotions may lead to a boost in confidence. Did you relate to any of these points? Let us know in the comments below. If you found this video helpful, be sure to like, subscribe, and share this video with those who might benefit from it. And don't forget to hit the notification bell icon to get notified whenever Psych2Go posts a new video. As always, the references and studies used in this video are added in the description below. Thanks so much for watching and see you in our next video.


Is this weird for you? It's weird for me. Easter, all right? It's our last day of Easter, so we've really got a, you know, bask in it. And what's beautiful, you know, both of the readings that we have today are conclusions. So in the first reading, we hear the end of the book of Acts. And in the Gospel, we hear the end of the Gospel of John. And the church is giving this to us as a sense of something is coming to a close and something new is about to begin. But before we get to that beginning, let's reflect on what the church has been teaching us during this Easter season. For those of you that have had the ability to go to daily masses, you've probably noticed that through the Easter season, we read the book of Acts. And I love the book of Acts. The book of Acts is my fifth favorite book in Scripture, all right? The first four are the Gospels, all right? And then there's the book of Acts. And I won't go through the rest of the list. I do have a list. But, you know, as part of your homework, I also teach here at Franciscan, I'm a professor of catechetics, so I feel good about giving you homework. If you ever, if you haven't yet, read the Gospel of Luke and then read the book of Acts, both written by Luke. You know, Acts is really a sequel to Luke. It's a continuation of the story. You know, it's like Top Gun and Top Gun Maverick, okay? But it's even better than that. Because I think many times we get to the end of the Gospel and we think, well, Jesus, you know, rose from the dead, alleluia, what more could we want? And what's beautiful about the Lord is even when we're satisfied, he's not. He wants to keep giving us an abundance. And that's what the book of Acts is about. It's what happens when the Holy Spirit comes upon very regular and ordinary people from all sorts of walks of life. Though the book of Acts begins looking at Peter and then moves to Paul, the real hero of the story of the book of Acts is the Holy Spirit. In fact, some people have referred to the book of Acts as the gospel of the Holy Spirit. And it starts with eleven guys who are a bit confused as to what's going on. And Jesus is telling them that through the Holy Spirit they will prophecy to the ends of the earth. And then we get to this last chapter. That's what we heard in the first reading. You know, it ends with this image of Paul in Rome preaching freely and people hearing the gospel and coming to know him. I mean, from Jerusalem to Rome. Remember, Rome is the authority that killed Jesus, right? And now we have at the book of Acts the gospel being proclaimed in Rome in the heart of the empire. Paul, as you know, was about as far away from what you would imagine somebody being a disciple of Jesus Christ could be, but the Lord had a powerful effect in his life. And then in the Gospels today we see both Peter and John, two different people with different callings. Heather was sharing yesterday how much she loved Peter. I do too. You know, I feel like in my own life when we talk about this idea of testimony, I relate a bit more to Peter than I do to Paul. I mean, Paul had this very dramatic conversion. You know, he was persecuting people. You know, he was there when they killed Stephen, right? Peter was a bit more on the gentle side. You know, the first image that we get of Peter in the Gospel of John is he's a disciple of John the Baptist. So Peter probably had a pretty good, holy, devout religious life his whole time. And that's my own testimony. I'm really grateful that I was raised Catholic, you know, with parents who prayed, especially my Nana who prayed for me all the time. And I don't really have much of a dramatic story in regards of coming to the faith. I feel like I always loved God and then I loved him more. And sometimes I've always felt a little bit weird about that. You know, I get to travel around the country speaking. And even a few years ago, I remember I was at a conference and there was a guy, you might know him. He's kind of famous. He was a British guy who was like, you know, in a gang. He sold drugs.  And I hear a story like that and I go, wow, I wish I killed somebody before I came to Jesus. Sounds so cool, you know. But we all have different walks of life. We all have different ways of where we came from and where we're going. And I think sometimes we can get caught in a comparison trap. I think even maybe Peter was falling into that a little bit. You know, Peter was just told right before the Gospel was read in the Gospel of John, Peter was just told the way he was going to die. And so we pick up in the story with the next line where he looks at John and he says, what about John? And John's there like, ah. And Jesus says, don't worry about him. You know, don't worry about him. And don't worry about others. I think it was Chesterson that said comparison is the thief of joy when we look at others and we say, well, what about that person? What about that person? What about that person? You know, sometimes we see people going through a trial in their life and we think, I could never survive that. Well, maybe you're not being given the grace to survive that, but that person is. What about that person? It doesn't matter. You, you follow me. And that's the words that Jesus has for us this morning. You, follow me. It doesn't matter what else is going on because in all of us as disciples of Jesus Christ, that journey, that holiness is going to be manifest in so many different ways. That's, that's the beautiful thing about holiness. I mean, if you just look at it according to scripture, there's only 10 ways to sin, but there's a thousand ways to be holy. That's the beauty of holiness. It's the fullness. It's the yes. It's the various different ways. You know, just like light.  There's light. There's light here. Okay. And white light, I don't know if you know this about it, but white light is the presence of all color. Actually, that's how light is different from pigment in pigment. Black is the presence of all color and white is the absence of all color. But in light, black darkness is the absence of all color, but white is the presence of all color. And that's what holiness is. It's light. It's not ground. It's light. And I say that because sometimes I think we want to define holiness by what it isn't. We might say that holiness is an absence of sin. Well, yeah, but no, because you can't define something by what it's not. Holiness is the presence of grace in your life. That's the invitation. We're invited to this altar today. And before we come before the altar, the church will remind us that we're not worthy. We will all say, Lord, I am not worthy to receive you. And if holiness was just about the absence of sin in our life, then nobody would come forward. But it's the presence of grace. It's the love of the Father. It's the grace of Jesus Christ. It's the power of the Holy Spirit that we are made worthy through His love and we're made worthy through His invitation because whom the Lord calls, the Lord also equips. When He says to us today, you follow me. It's not because we're worthy of it. It's not because we have the skill set for it. If anything, the Lord seems to call the most broken and messed up people just so that He can manifest His glory. So that when they see you doing something awesome and amazing, they go, well, I know it definitely wasn't them. It must be another power. And my life is an absolute testimony to that, that what the Lord is doing in me and through me and for me is so much greater than anything I could possibly imagine. And that's the invitation He has for you as well. And so as we come before the Lord in the altar today, as we reflect on His word, as we receive His Eucharist, let us say yes to that invitation. Let us cast down our idols. Let us rely in the goodness of God, not our own goodness, and allow God to purify us, allow God to transform us, allow God to call us, that we might, like these vessels that we're about to put on the altar, be open for the work of the Holy Spirit so that when that Holy Spirit comes, we may have a new beginning, a new life in Christ, in the Spirit, in love as His disciples.