QuickBooks Online 2023. Purchase of inventory using bank feeds, periodic method and perpetual method. Get ready to start moving on up with QuickBooks Online 2023. Here we are in our bank feeds practice file we set up in a prior presentation using the 30-day free trial. We also have open the free QuickBooks Online sample company. If you want the to open at the same time we suggest using incognito window or another browser. Support accounting instruction by clicking the link below giving you a free month membership to all of the content on our website broken out by category further broken out by course each course then organized in a logical reasonable fashion making it much more easy to find what you need than can be done on a YouTube page. We also include added resources such as Excel practice problems PDF files and more like QuickBooks backup files when applicable. So once again click the link below for a free month membership to our website and all the content on it. You can open incognito window if using Google Chrome by selecting the three dots in the browser and select new incognito window then type into the search engine QuickBooks Online Test Drive. We're going to be using the sample company to compare the accounting view the one the bank feeds practice file is in and the business view the one the sample company is in. You can toggle between the two views by going to the cog up top and switch the view on down below. We're going to duplicate some tabs to put our major two financial reports in like we do every time right click in the tab up top to duplicate it. Right click in the duplicated tab as it is thinking so we can duplicate that duplicated tab back to the tab to the middle as the tab to the right that we just duplicated is thinking reports on the left hand side. Let's open up the balance sheet report one of the favorites one of the financial statement reports by the way if you're in the business view the reports are located in the business overview and then the reports on the left back to the bank feeds practice file tab to the right. Let's open up the reports on the left this time the profit and the loss the other major financial statement report close the hand boogie and change that range. I'm going to go from 010122 tab 123122 tab. I'm going to run it to refresh it. This is where we stand as of this point in time back to the tab in the middle. That's the performance the balance sheet is where we stand as of a point in time. Let's do the range change 010122 to 123122 run it to refresh it. That's the setup process. Let's go to the tab to the left now and just open up the bank feeds which is where we've been working banking transaction on the left hand side we've uploaded the bank feeds and this is what we have in there if you're in the business view by the way the bank feeds will of course be in the bookkeeping and then transactions up top and then you've got your bank transactions there. Okay, we talked about inventory last time we're going to be continuing on with inventory of this time we talked about three methods using the flow chart just a quick recap if we go to the flow chart you might if you have inventory try to stay in a cash based system that's the easiest thing to do but it would only work if your inventory is quite low possibly you're buying inventory for a particular job and you're going to be billing the client fairly soon after doing the work in which case we can use the bank feeds possibly to record the expense as a cost of goods sold as it happens now we're going to move on to the other two methods where we're going to have to deal with the inventory on the books as an asset one method per pet or periodic inventory method in which case we're going to track the units of inventory outside the system but track the dollar amounts in an asset account in the system and then make a periodic adjustment for the inventory the second method a perpetual inventory system the full service kind of system within quick books which means we're going to track not only dollar amount but unit in the quick book system as we go so let's get some examples of that we'll start off with the periodic system what would we do if we're trying to do a periodic inventory system when we purchase the inventory then let me give me an example of a purchased item here so we'll just use this one and imagine that we're purchasing the inventory with this item so if I go into this one when I purchase the inventory I've got the date notice I have the vendor already set up so I'll keep the same vendor we can use the same vendor that we pulled from the memo as we normally do it's now categorizing to uncategorize because I didn't save the transaction last time or make a rule for it last time we recorded it simply to cost a good sold which is an expense account right off the bat that's the easiest thing to do but now we're going to put it on the books as an asset account of inventory so I'm just going to choose the inventory account there it is that's was given to us when we first set up the quick books file we didn't delete that account so we don't have to make another one note that I'm going to inventory but I'm not actually tracking the units of inventory because I didn't set up an item so it's not going to give me the it's not going to count the inventory or anything like that it's just going to record the dollar amount of inventory with inventory we have a like a difference in terms of measurement that is similar to try to measure things in different units Celsius Fahrenheit for example we have measuring it in dollars and measuring it in units the number of units that we have here we're only measuring it in dollars and so we're going to have to deal with that and we'll talk more about that shortly so if I go down here we could create a rule for it but I'm not going to create a rule this time because this is just a practice for the inventory but if this was something or the system we're going to use constantly then of course we can create a rule even if I go to the splits down here note that I don't have an item the item is the thing that's missing for us to be able to track the units of inventory and we will see the item when I record it on the expense form but it's not on the data input form on these bank feeds so that gives us a bit of a limitation for the tracking of the inventory using you know the bank feeds at the purchase point so let's go ahead and add it so I'm going to say let's add it and then we'll check it out so if I go to the balance sheet then am I run it running and I can go into my checking account of course the checking account is going to go down by that amount I believe it was this one the other side's going to inventory in the split account if I go into the expense form you'll see that the inventory has been recorded but it was recorded with a category it was not recorded with an item which would generally drive the inventory as well as the sub ledger for the item so if I go back closing this out back and then the other side went to the inventory asset there's our $50 in the inventory asset and it's in there from the expense form there's no inventory sub ledger related to it so as I do this in practice I might have a separate Excel sheet for example that's counting the units of inventory that I'm purchasing not just the dollar amount and I might be using a flow assumption like first and first out LIFO or FIFO or weighted average usually weighted average or first and first out and then periodically at the end of the day at the end of the week or at the end of the month I'll do my cost a good sold calculation which is going to be beginning inventory plus purchases which is basically reflected here in the inventory account minus ending inventory gives us the difference that which is going to be called cost a good sold we assume we sold the difference it wasn't there could have been spoilage or shrinkage and that kind of stuff but we assume we sold the difference and then what I would do is I'd have to do an adjusting entry at the end of the day at the end of the week or at the end of the month reducing inventory and recording the cost of good sold which we can do with a plus button we'd have to do an actual journal entry to do that because cash would not be impacted this would be an internal kind of thing or we can go to the register to do that I can right click on the tab over here let's duplicate it so I can get to the register and you can enter a journal entry with a register entry which sometimes is an easier way to go if there's only two accounts affected going down to the accounting on the left hand side and the chart of accounts if you're in the bookkeeping view by the way it's in bookkeeping and then the chart of accounts and then within here you could go into like the inventory has a register kind of like the check register and you can go in here and enter a journal entry decreasing decreasing this account and the other side going to the cost of good sold so that's a periodic type of method that that you could use the next method of course would be the perpetual inventory system in a perpetual inventory system on the vendor side I'd like to use the form which would be an expense form or a bill form to actually record not only the dollar amount but also count the items which means I can't wait till it clears the bank feeds I have to actually enter a check or expense or bill form which has the capacity to add the item and then when I sell the item I can't use a deposit form but have to use an invoice or sales receipt in order for QuickBooks to track the decrease of inventory and cost of good sold at the point of sale as opposed to us having to do that adjusting entry periodically at the end of the week day or month alright so to see this let's set up an item so I'm going to go I'm going to go to that we could set up the item like as we do a data input for like an like when we make the purchase with an expense form or possibly a purchase order but I'm going to sit I'm going to go to where the items are located at and that's under the sales area because it's kind of part of the sales cycle or you can think of it as kind of part of the sales cycle it kind of fits in both but that's where they house it over here and then the products and services are on the right if you're in the other view the business view they're in the get paid and pay area and then they get paid and paid area and then they're in the get paid products and services and then I don't have any items yet set up so I'm going to close this out and I can add an item that I'm going to be selling I'm going to say it's an inventory item because that's going to be the one that we're going to have the tracking of inventory if it was inventory that I'm not tracking in the system I might call it a non you know a non inventory item if it's a service item no inventory related and it's a service service item and then you can create bundles of them we're going to go to the inventory the most complex kind of item and I'm just going to call it inventory item one I'm going to copy it SKU is like a shorthand kind of number for the inventory you can add a picture of the inventory which can be useful if you have multiple people recording the transactions as they happen a category so if you were to categories like guitars versus drums that we sell or you know if we had banned equipment that we're selling so I'm not going to add a category quantity on hand usually it will start at zero because you're going to be purchasing the inventory starting at this point but it's a required field so I have to add the zero I'm just going to start it like at the beginning of the period the beginning of last year and my practice problem to make sure it's before the date another required field which is kind of annoying reorder point I'm just going to say zero meaning it's going to give us a little warning when we get low on the inventory to buy more of them inventory asset account that's going to be the asset account that will go up when we make a purchase which we do with a bill form expense form or check form the description is what's going to be showing on that form and then the sales price this is what we sell them for not what we purchase them for so therefore that amount will be populated when we create an invoice or sales receipt the sales documents the sale of product that's the income account that will be impacted when we make the sale in turn that'll be a sales receipt or invoice that purchase information that's going to be the description showing in a bill check or expense form the cost what we buy it for as opposed to what we sell them for 30 and we're going to sell them for 60 cost of goods sold is the expense account that will be impacted when we make the sale decreasing inventory other side going to cost of goods sold that'll happen with the sales forms invoices sales receipts and then preferred vendor we could add a preferred vendor if we so choose down below I'm not going to do that here save it and close it notice if you have sales tax set up then you can also use your items to kind of set up the sales tax per item as well so those so if you have sales tax involved and you're doing a full service accounting system you can turn on sales tax and then QuickBooks will help you to calculate the sales tax per item so now when we when we make a purchase for example if I was to use the actual forms up top I can I can make a purchase with it as an expense a check or bill form all of them will look similar let's just take a look at expense form and now I can have the item down here and if I choose that item it will populate the 30 dollars the purchase price recorded to the inventory account and the other side will be going to the the the cash here and we'll also have the sub ledger for inventory I'm not going to record it yet I'm going to close this back out and then on the income side of things I would have to use not a deposit form because it doesn't have the capacity of the items an invoice or sales receipt invoice for an accrual system sales receipt for a cash based system if you're at like a register and then if I said if I said that down here we had the item one now it's on there for 60 dollars and this would drive the decrease of the inventory account for the 30 dollars the cost of goods sold and record the revenue at the 60 dollars and record the cash that you received as well so we'll talk about that a bit more in a second let's let's compare that however I'm going to leave without saving to what's on the bank let's go back into our bank feeds go into my banking I'm going to close this up and scroll back down to that area in my banking area let's just open one for now I'll just pick one I'll just open one up notice I don't have the I don't have the area to add the item that we just set up even with the splits I don't have the area to add the item so that's that's the issue I'm going to if I'm using a perpetual inventory system I'm going to have to enter the item in some other way so let's do that now now if I go on the vendor side of things in terms of the flow of the forms you've got a purchase order which you might or might not use depending on if you can request the inventory before purchasing it and then if you do have the purchase order you might connect that to a bill the bill that you received with the inventory when you actually get the inventory and you can and you can connect that out or you might just pay the bill with a check form or an expense form as you receive it if you don't have a capacity for a purchase order and you're just paying for things when they when you pay for the inventory you just buy an inventory then you can just enter it with an expense form if it's an electronic transfer or a check form so let's just show that if I go to the first tab and I enter a purchase order let's go to a purchase order request for inventory and we're going to say this is going to go to Primerica so Primerica because that's going to tie into the to the vendor I hope and then I'm going to go down and say alright there it is and let's say this happened on I need to make it before let's say 01022 I'm just trying to make a date before the actual transaction in the system which I think is a lot later so I can match it to what's going to happen in the bank fees later I'm not going to enter a category we're now entering the purchase of inventory units so I'm going to say that we're buying this one inventory item so inventory item so this is a $30 item now notice that this doesn't have any financial transaction it's not going to have an impact on the financial statements it would just help us to short the request for the inventory because we don't have the inventory yet and we haven't paid for the inventory yet we're just requesting the inventory and it would only be that way you have the capacity to be able to do that you'd have to be in a pretty good situation to be able to request the inventory before you actually pay for it so let's save it and close it so if you were to do that then if I was to track my purchase orders I can do that by going to my expenses on the left hand side so I'm in the vendors now normally you'd be able to sort by the purchase order but this is for the last 65 days and we're working in the past here so I don't have that sorting option because this wasn't as recent you know the transaction however I know that it was in here so I went to Primarica and then there's the there's the purchase order you can also go to the expenses by the way if you're in the other view that would be under the get paid and pay area and we would be under the vendors and there's the vendors and you can also search your purchase orders by going to the expenses tab and then expenses up top and then filter by purchase order once again I deleted the first date so it doesn't have that 365 rule and then there's your purchase order right there as well so if I was to go into the other view that's in a little bit different location and the other view it's under the bookkeeping and yeah bookkeeping and then transactions and then the expenses no sales tab for the purchase order side so there it is now I was right the first time it was under the expenses there it is and then you could sort by the purchase orders over here if you so choose okay so there it is now the next step would be that we imagine the inventory comes to our warehouse with a bill inside of the box so now we can enter it into the system as a bill or we might just enter it into the system and pay for the bill of the inventory that we have received with an expense form or a check form so for example if I hit the drop down we've got copy to a bill that would be the easiest thing to do we can create the bill from the purchase order now and the bill will actually record the transaction now a bill not impact cash that's an accrual component it's going to be increasing the accounts payable so I'm going to go through here and just say the terms I'll keep that as is and we'll say the date let's say it's on the 12th let's say it's still way too early in the year to tie it to the bank feeds but the point is that down here the bill is pulling in the item not the category so the item is what's going to drive it increasing the inventory account by the $30 and the other side is going to go to accounts payable in this case because it's a bill you can see it's linked to the purchase order and so that's going to be and then it's going to be for the $30 and it's going to track the inventory now you could also turn on like a tracking of a customer tracking the bills on the customer just show you how that looks real quick I'm going to close this out but without recording it and I'm going to go to my cog drop down let's go to the account settings up top and I'm down here and expenses on the left hand side and you have this option to make expenses and items billable so if I turn that on you're going to see another kind of form in your bills track billable expense and items as income is the default typically a good one and single account so I'm going to go ahead and just show you what that looks like so I'm going to save that and turn on make expenses and items billable we'll also okay so I'm going to go okay close that out let's go back into the bill so now I'm going to make this into a bill again copy it to a bill and so there we have it and so now we've got this added item that says it's billable what that means is that I could pull this item over to customer if I add a customer let's add a customer customer one now you've got to be careful of doing this billable item but I just want to kind of show it I'm just going to put the minimum data for the customer so when you're pulling it over with an inventory item it's going to pull over the cost I believe so it's a little bit tricky but the idea is that you can put information into a bill or expense form that you're going to that you want to pull over as a line item into the invoice or sales receipt that you're going to later create from it again be very careful of doing that with inventory as we'll see here there's a little bit of a glitchy kind of situation with it but I want to just show you the concept of it alright so let's save that I'm going to say save and close if we see what happens on our financial statements go into the balance sheet run it now we've got the inventory went up so if I go into it the inventory went up when we entered the bill not the purchase order if I go into the bill there's the bill that increased it closing that up scrolling back to the top on the income statement running it again nothing happened to the income statement because we purchased inventory back to the balance sheet the accounts payable is the other side the $30 alright so now there's also going to be a sub ledger for inventory right click on the tab to the right duplicate it to see to run another report tracking the inventory by inventory item reports on the left hand side I like just typing in inventory summary inventory valuation summary let's do and that's fine we'll keep it there and you've got one item at $30 now this does not match what's on our balance sheet because that first piece of inventory we put on the books we did so without so here we've got $30 here we've got 80 because that other item we put on the books with a journal entry without using the items so now we're tracking the one we're tracking is the $30 unit at this point in time now you can also track the bill and stuff on the left hand side that's now outstanding the bill is in the accounts payable so if I go to the expenses and then the vendors then you've got a bill for and again it's kind of limited because this is limiting to $365 up top but I believe it was in here and then now you've got your your bill and you can have a payment a schedule a payment for the bill so that's the next step that would happen you know typically with a bill let's assume now you could make the payment here using a payment form and then use the bank feeds to double check the payment form that you would make or I can try to wait till something clears the bank and attach it to the bill with the bank feeds which will record this next step so let's let's try to do it that way I'm going to go to the bank fees and say okay now this transaction has been recorded I'm going to say this was one on the 1017 one for $30 that's the one I think and so let's take this one I know the dates are way far off but let's just imagine that this one now is a payment that I'm not going to use to record the inventory but instead I already recorded the inventory I'm going to try to match it up to the transaction that I have already put in place so I'm going to try to find a match to it and then I'm going to change the date from 0101 to 2 and so there's our bill that it's matching up now if these things were close in time frame QuickBooks might try to try to match it beforehand it might have picked it up because I put them so distance in time QuickBooks had trouble picking it up and if I and notice I'm matching to a bill now so if I had entered the bill as with an expense form or paid the bill with an expense or check form or pay bill form then then it would match to the pay bill form and that might be easier for QuickBooks to match up but I'm going to select the bill so what's that going to do it's in essence going to enter the pay bill form so now I have if I look at the flow chart I had a bill that was put in place I'm using the bank feeds in between here so instead of me paying the bill and then matching it to QuickBooks I'm going to use the bank feeds to basically record the pay bill matching it to the bill after it's actually cleared the bank alright so let's do it so we're going to say that looks good and I think that's good so then I'm going to save it and so now we've recorded that transaction so if I go to the balance sheet run it again now we've got the checking account impacted the checking account notice it created a pay bill form instead of the normal expense form because the pay bill form is basically like an expense form but it's its own special designation noting that it's used to decrease the accounts payable as opposed to a normal expense form or check form which is decreasing the checking account the other side going to somewhere like utilities or something so if I go into this one drilling down on it then we've got the pay bill form this is what the pay bill form typically looks like we did it through the matching format of the bank feeds so it doesn't take us to the bank feeds takes us to the form closing this back out and then the other side if I go back on up top went to the accounts payable which is now back to zero accounts payable has now been paid so if I go into that this is what we expect to see an accounts payable bill goes up it goes down with the pay bill so the inventory adds a little bit of complexity there now see that's just on the inventory for the purchase side of things the next step would be for us to sell the inventory and so when we sell the inventory I can't wait till it clears the bank I'd have to sell the inventory with a sales receipt or an invoice in order for QuickBooks to track the inventory which would reduce the inventory and record the cost of goods sold on a perpetual inventory system so let's just take a look at that so if I went back on over and said let's make an invoice I'm going to go to the first tab new button I'm going to make an invoice and let's say this is going to be for customer one now customer one has this thing that's linked to it because I made the item billable so it's trying to pull it in but there's a bit of a problem if I hit add I'm going to say okay let's just tap through this so I don't forget anything and so I'm just going to make the date closer to real time let's make it like 10.01.22 or something like that that I'm going to sell it on and then down here it pulled in the item but notice it pulled it in at the wrong rate it pulled in the cost not the sales price so what I'll do is I'll just double check the inventory item down here it should be sold for $60 so I'm going to change this to to reflect the proper price the link works good the cost of good sold I think will be recorded correctly but that's something I want to point out is a little tricky thing with regards to if you're trying to use that billable item with inventory items so I'm going to trash the one below now this actually does a lot this transaction is recording a lot at the same time now it's an invoice it's going to increase accounts payable by the full amount the $60 the other side is going to go to sales or revenue driven by the item which I believe we told it to go to sale of product revenue if there was sales tax it would also record the sales tax on it but we're not going to deal with the sales tax at this point and then also the inventory is going to go down by $30 I believe we set it up for which is the cost not showing on the invoice because we don't want to show the cost to the client and cost of good sold the expense related to the purchase will also be recorded at $30 and the impact on net income will be the sales price $60 minus $30 or 30 and the sub ledger for the customer will be impacted tracking the receivables by customer and the sub ledger for inventory will be impacted showing the units of inventory impacted as well as the dollar amount so actually a lot going on here in a perpetual inventory system when you check something out at a grocery store check register or something there's a lot going on even though the transaction is quite simple to facilitate once it's all set up so if I save it and close it just to double check that go into the balance sheet we can then run it we got accounts receivable going up by the $60 that there's that the other side is going to the income statement if I run the income statement we've got income going up at the $60 if I go back to the balance sheet we also have the inventory which should be going down so if I have the inventory going down by the $30 so it went up and then it went back down again and then if I go back to the balance sheet cost of good sold by going to the cost of good sold it was recorded at the $30 the impact on the income statement would be the increase to the income statement which was $60 minus the impact on cost of good sold which was $30 and back to the balance sheet the inventory sub ledger should track the information in the sub ledger it's back down to zero nothing's in it even though that doesn't match what's on the balance sheet because we've recorded that $160 amount not using items in a prior presentation and then of course we can track the accounts receivable if we use an accounts receivable and the next step there would be we're going to receive a payment on it but we'll talk more about that in future presentations now let's do just one more this time I'm just I'm not going to do the purchase order situation I'm just going to hit the I'm just going to hit the plus button instead of doing the the whole purchase order I'm just going to go straight to an expense form say we're just going to buy the inventory with an expense form so I'll just say expense I'm going to say once again this is going to primarica and so I'll say that is that and then let's say ten one that's fine and then the payment method I'm just going to say cash for the payment method and then down here it's trying to memorize the transaction down below so I don't want it to memorize that I'm going to trash that and I'm just going to open the item so I'm going to imagine I'm purchasing an item I'm going to make a new item now I'm just going to call it inventory item number two tab and we're just going to make the item as we go this time inventory item item two and then I'm going to say quantity on hand zero I'm going to make sure it's prior to the date that I start this thing so we'll say January of last year 22 reorder point zero inventory account I'm going to keep that description let's say the sales price is going to be 100 sales is the account that's going to be impacted when I sell it with a sales receipt or invoice cost let's say is just $50 that's what we're going to buy it for cost a good sold is the expense account when we sell it alright so if I save that then we've got our population $50 item okay so I'm going to record this expense account this is going to be decreasing the checking account the other side is going to be going to inventory and the sub ledger will be impacted by this inventory item accounting up for it by unit save and close go to my balance sheet run it and so now the checking account if I drill down on the checking account we see now we have that decrease to the checking account for the inventory asset I believe it was this one or this one and then I'm going to go back on up top the other side went into inventory so if I go into the inventory we're now up to 100 on the inventory for the item 2 and then if I go back on up top my sub ledger if I go to my sub ledger of inventory is now up by that $50 the one unit of inventory 2 that we purchased and then I need to match that to what happens on the bank feeds so if something cleared the bank feeds now I'm just going to use the bank feeds to match out this time as opposed to recording a new transaction so we're just using it as basically a bank reconciliation tool so I'm going to use this one here and I think I got the dates backwards so that's going to cause me a problem possibly but I'm going to try to find a match now once again I'm not going to record a transaction with this I'm just going to match it to the transaction I already have in place and it is allowed me to put this in even though the dates are kind of backwards but now I'm just matching it out so what is this going to do nothing really new it's helping me to reconcile it's just helping me to reconcile because I already recorded the expense account it's already recorded the inventory it's already recorded the sub ledger but this is just going to help me reconcile this is more of a full service accounting system we would need to do in that case because now we're entering the data and we're kind of checking it to what the bank is doing with the bank feeds in a similar way to what we would do in just a normal bank reconciliation so I'm going to save it and there we have applied that out but no new transaction has been entered into the system we still have the same amount you know in the inventory no new transaction has happened to the sub ledger over here or to you know the income statement okay let's just see what's happening with the trial balance now I know I kind of went out of a we went a little bit out of the system there reports on the left hand side in that we recorded some stuff building our financials not simply just from the bank statement so we kind of deviated a little bit from the from the easiest thing to do so 01, 02, 02 to run it so there's what we've constructed thus far some of these transactions like the accounts receivable has a non cash component to it such as the inventory has some transactions that can't be constructed just from the bank feeds and you would only need to do that if you're in certain kind of industries we just want to kind of point out when those might show up so we'll continue on with it in future presentations


monastery was actually a way of erasing perhaps the pagan beliefs and practices by building right on top of the Temple there sometimes too from a very perhaps even colonial preservation perspective we have places like Palestine and Italy where the World War II damaged exposed the huge sanctuary which is now a major tourist destination and that community rebuilds around material that was laying beneath so it can provide a little bit of optimism in an unexpected way I mean my book's title presumably if it's okay with the editors is Designs of Destruction so I would say that the important thing about destruction is that it's designed of course war is a very particular case in which many people are concerned with destruction most of the time it's usually architects or demolition specialists or preservationists so I would say that preservationists and architects know a lot more about destruction than most people and it just happens that war is a moment when their expertise becomes fraught but it seems to me that the question is the tool of the destruction and the way in which it's planned so it's clear that in the 20th century in opposition to an older idea where destruction was kind of a natural force and human culture was that which resisted it or which didn't resist it destruction begins to be seen as a cultural artifact in itself so a destroyed landscape is itself one is no longer certain whether that's a natural or non-human thing and so that in itself just opens up a discipline so I'm not sure that I would the question of whether destruction is either good or bad again sort of places more objects on the destruction as though there was a monument or not a monument and let's just assume that there is destruction under its design and then the conditions under which it is and who has the tools and I do think that the idea of performance is sort of the latest mode of design and that accords with basically a competition between national narratives which want to perform a certain history via preservation of objects and then let's say forces from below who want to perform a pertinence and belonging via either destruction or construction of heritage not in museums but in a kind of lived experience I think what's so interesting about your question is that preservation practices itself have redefined how I think about destruction so for example Cheseray Bondi whose name I hope I'm pronouncing correctly mentioned earlier and his theories around the lacuna have completely transformed I think for those that are familiar with them I think completely transformed how you might understand flood damage or the missing pieces that emerge in buildings as being more particular than just the word that we use debris or rubble that these things take on different characteristics in the face of the preservation practices that we can use to contend with them or to restore them so yeah. The only briefing I would add is that it is a helpful and provocative question to raise I think but my concern is that we often end up focusing on the five or six kind of key causes around the world at a particular moment around destruction and discussing those and whilst we're aware of the unprecedented level of military power today in the 21st century it's obvious but it's also the return the pernicious return of the nation's state and I think what we often focus on are the international causes but the state and sort of civil conflicts and what's going on outside these international visible cases that the state is inflicting an awful lot of cultural violence, cultural erasure and destruction that doesn't reach the international media and there's many many cases we can think about that and I won't put any on the table right now but I think that's the level of violence through which doesn't really get any provocatively discussed and it's easier to flag up the Syrian cases but I think there's many more that I think are very disturbing that that idea opens a can of worms to that I will kind of think we're going to be very careful about. Given the high sign that our time is up could you do one? I want to give a big round of applause for our panelists and thank you very much for a very good talk.


فشرف بل اشتغالي بالعلم ولا تبغي به ما عشت يا دادا دالا وياله من شراف عظيمي الحمد لله رب العالمين له الحمد الحسن والثناء الجميل وشد الله إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له يقول الحق وهو الهي السبيل وشد والنسيدنا ونبينا محمد صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وأصحابه والتابعين لهم بحسان إلى يوم الدين أما بعد إن شاء الله تعالى we're going to carry on the explanation of the Kitab التبيان في آداب حملة القرآن written by الإمام المجتهد العلمة محي الدين أبي زكرية يحي بن شرف للنووي رحمه الله يتحدث عن مراعات المعنى في ابتداء القراءة ووقفها تجاهل المعنى when starting a verse and when stopping at a verse now we're going to go into the next section إن شاء الله تعالى now إن شاء الله تعالى إن شاء الله تعالى when reciting the Quran is liked and it's recommended that's the general concept that the recitation of the Quran is recommended إلا في أحوال المخصوصة جاء الشروع بالنهي عن الكرات فيها except in situation where the sharia prohibited the recitation of the Quran in it and the author says and he said I'm going to mention that which comes to mind right now I'm going to summarize it by removing the evidences meaning I'm not going to mention the evidences I'm not going to mention the evidences and look at this point that the author says which is I'm going to mention what comes to mind and it shows you that never we authored this book from memory where all of this book from memory is not relying on any external sources all of the narrations and all of the quotes and all the references that he's bringing and he's attributing to where he got it from it seems as though he's getting it from memory نعم so it is disliked to read in the Quran when you're in رقور you're in sujood away in the تشاهد you're not allowed to read the Quran but other than that you can read the Quran in the prayer and also in the prayer the only thing that you're allowed to read with the Imam is سورة الفاتحة when it's a prayer that you're reading loud such as مغرب عشا and الفجر those three prayers are called صلاة جهرية in which a person reads loudly those three prayers you read with the Imam سورة الفاتحة and anything other than سورة الفاتحة one should not read نعم now the author talks about can one read the Quran whilst while doing call of nature is a person allowed to read the Quran الشيخ رحمه الله he says حال القعود على الخلائي whilst the person is on or the person is doing a call of nature for them to read the Quran وفي حال النعاس and in also the state where the person is drowsy he feels that he's going to fall asleep the reason why that is not liked or it is not it is not preferred is because حال النعاس a person can be reading the ayah in a way that may make the meaning change or he may even be cursing himself if the person believes that they are a foreigner and their knowledge of the Quran is extremely weak extremely weak that they may read it very bad which the meaning will definitely change then in this situation it is better that the person does not read it except with the observation of a teacher that a teacher is with them looking at their recitation that they don't try to read by themselves because if they do read by themselves then this person it could happen that they memorize it like this and it sticks with them also the person should not read Quran so this means that if you can't hear the khutbah you're allowed to read Quran even if the khutbah is going on or even if the خطيب is talking in a different language and you don't understand it you're allowed to read Quran if he's talking in Urdu and you don't understand what on earth he's saying then you're allowed to read Quran if, however, the sermon is inaudible it is recommended that the Russian recite the Quran according to the more correct on the scholarly views this is the view that he chooses the sheikh so meaning if the person can hear the khutbah he's not allowed to read the Quran and if he can't hear the khutbah he's not just going to sit there so he's going to read the Quran if he can't hear the khutbah but the Imam the خطيب when he's saying he doesn't understand it then he's allowed to read the Quran and he's allowed to do ذكر he's allowed to it is not misliked to recite while circulating the khutbah and this view is in accordance with our doctrine so what about reading Quran while you're doing طواف around the khutbah he says it's not disliked to read the Quran while you're doing طواف around the khutbah whilst you're going around the khutbah and he says and that's what Imam Shafi'a mentioned in his Kitab he said it is actually recommended that the person recites Quran whilst doing طواف because it's the best thing that a person can read this is the view of the majority of the علماء and the one who transmitted it and the one who transmitted it this is عطاء from who عطاء المجاهد عبدالله المبارك أبي ثور أصحاب الرأي he transmitted it from them who إبن المندر is the one who transmitted it أصحاب الرأي أهل كوفة أبو حنيفة and he's madrasa they called نعم ألحصن العدوص لي أو رواي المصبير ومالك يسلاح المساعدة وما تصدق بالتعب but the first opinion is the more correct of the two because this issue goes back to are you allowed to read the Quran whilst walking and we spoke about this before right so it goes back to that issue and he says that the strongest of the two opinions is the strongest of the two opinions is the opinion of عطاء المجاهد عبدالله المبارك يثور إن أصحاب الرأي and the second opinion which is the opinion of حسن البصري عروة ابنو زبيل and others and مالك is weak نعم we have already mentioned the different opinions regarding reciting and washing places while on the road and the ruling on reciting when one's mouth contains impurities so all of this we spoke about it previously we spoke about it in page 96 to page 97 the issue pertaining to reading the Quran in سونة for example or في الطريق in the path and also the recitation of the Quran of the one whose mouth is got ledges in there فصل في إن كان بعض البدعي في القراء ومن البدعي المنكرة في القراءة ما يفعله جهلة المصلين بالناس في الصلاة ما يفعله جهلة المصلين بالناس في التراوح من قراءة صورة لنعم في الركعة لا خيرة في الليلة السابعة معتقدين أنها مستحبة فيجمعون أمورا مونكرة منها اعتقادها مستحبة ومنها إيهام العوام ذلك ومنها تطويل الركعة الثانية على الأولى وإنما السنة تطويل الأولى ومنها تطويل على المأمومين ومن البدع المشابهات لهاله قراءة بعض جهلتهم في الصبح يوم الجمعة سجدة غير سجدة ألفلام تنزيل قاصدا ذلك وإنما السنة قراءة ألفلام تزيل في الركعة الأولى وهل أتا في الثانية فصل في مسائل غريبة تدع الحاجة إليها منها أنه إذا كان يقرأ فعرض له ريع ينبغي أن يمسك عن القراء حتى يتكام لخروجها ثم يعود إلى القراء كذا رواه ابن أبي داود وغيره عن أطاء وهو أدب حسن ومنها أنه إذا تثاء أب أمسك عن القراءة حتى ينقذي حتى ينقذي تثائب ثم يقرأ قاله مجاهل وهو حسن ويدل عليه مثبت عن أبي سعيد رضي الله وعن قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا تثاء أب أحدكم فليمسك بيده على فيه فإن الشيطان يدخل رواه مسلم ومنها أنه إذا قرأ قول الله عز وجل وقالت ليهود عزير الله وقالت وقالت النسار المسيح من الله وقالت ليهود يد الله مغلولة وقال اتخذ الرحمان ولدام ونحو ذلك من الآيات فينبغي أن يخفض بها صوتك كذا كان إبراه منخع رضي الله عنه يفعل ومنها رواه وبداود بإسناد الضييف على الشعب أنه قيل له إذا قرأ الإنسان إن الله وملائكته يصلون على النبي يا أيو الذين آمنوا صلوا عليه وسلموا تسليمها أيو صلي على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قال نعم ومنها أنه يستحب أن يقول ما رواه أبوه ريرة رضي الله عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال من قرأ واتين والزيتون فقال ألي صلى الله بأحكم الحاكنين فلي يقول بلا راه أبو داود والترمذي بإسناد ضعيف عرجل أعرابي عن أبي ريرة رضي الله عن قال الترمذي هذا الحديث إنما يرواب هذا الإسناد عن الأعرابي عن أبي ريرة رضي الله عن هو لا يسمى داود والترمذي ومن قرأ آخر لا أقسم بيوم القيام ألي صدالك بقدر على أن يحي الموتا فلي يقول بلا وأنا أشهد ومن قرأ فبي حديث بعد هو يؤمنون فلي يقول آمنت بلا وعن ابن عباز وبن الزبير وأبي موسى رضي الله عنهم أنهم أنهم كانوا إذا قرأ أحدهم سبح اسم ربك الأعلى قال سبحان ربي الأعلى سبحان ربي الأعلى ثلاث مرات وعن عبد الله ابن مسعود رضي الله عن أن هو صلى فقر آخر بني إسرائيل ثم قال الحمد لله الذي لم يتخذ ولد الحمد لله الذي قال في الصلاة أن يقال في الصلاة ما فدمنه في حديث يا بيه ربي الله عن هو في السور الثلاث وكذا يستحب أن يقال باقي ما ذكرنا وما كان في معنى والله تعالى ألم الهي رحم الله ألم النووي رحم الله يتكلم عن رغم بعض الانهيات يهيغ ويشاهد تقدي معنى قرآن لذا فهي يكفي تقول من المعنى في ستاة في شخص أولئك في وعنه في العام الأسرقع في العام 7 رمضان يعتقد أن هذا يساعدك بعض الناس يفعلونه في وقت العام الأسرقه رحمه الله ويقلوا إلى الشيخ يقول أنه ما يفعله جهلة المصلين بعض الأسرقه يفعلون هذا إلى الناس وهذا هو فتروحي في تروحي من قراءة صورة الأنعام يقرأون صورة الأنعام في العام 7 رمضان يعتقدون أنه مستحبة يعتقدون أنه يساعد أن يفعل هذا ويجمعون أمورا من قراءة وفي هذا they actually combine and they gather in it many rejected matters منها from them is in practicing this innovation they combine between a number of unacceptable matters such matters include believing that this practice is recommended they believe in something as innovation to be what recommended no it doesn't like that number 2 leading the common folk to believe the same thing ومنها إهام العوام ذلك إهام means to make the general mass think العوام is the general folk you're making the general mass think this is the right way when it isn't making the second raka'a longer than the first again another incorrect thing which is that the Prophet ﷺ the first raka'a was the longest raka'a and the second was less than the first one but what happens here is that if you read سورة الأنعام in the last raka'a then that means you're making the second raka'a longer than the first again this goes again another student which is التطوير على المأمومين you're lengthening the prayer and you're making it longer on the general mass you're making it longer on them when it's not the case ولي داريخ ودي the Prophet ﷺ أفتان أنت يا معاد معاد are you one who wants to cause trials and tribulation and mischief what are you doing you don't lengthen the prayer to the people for so long that they become they leave the mischief or they no longer want to pray with you now and speeding the recitation so that it turns into a babel as opposed to reciting properly another thing that happens is the person starts to read it fast where did he get that from and speeding the recitation so that it turns into a babel as opposed to reciting properly I don't have that in my book is it in brackets is it in brackets stop reading the brackets please yeah don't read brackets please another similar innovation is that which equally ignorant demands do by the liberty of reciting a sajdah other than the sajdah recommended for that time so he reads he reads in a third year prayer he will read يوم الجمعة سجدة which is other than the surah to sajdah so he reads for example اقرأ بسم الله بك الذي خلق and the sajdah in it right so we get those verses those surahs that have sajdah in it other than the surah to sajdah indeed the surah is that the surah to sajdah and the surah to insan view the sajdah respectively in the first and second bak'as of dawn prayers on Friday so one tomorrow fejr what should be read in the first haja and then what should be read after that is surah to insan so the first haja should be sajdah and the second haja should be and that's how the prophet was you shouldn't say to yourself oh I'm going to take the first haja and bring any surah that has sajdah in it that's another incorrect thing now here now the author is going to mention some things he believes that are obscure that are strange which there's a need for him to mention تدور الحاجة إليها and that's the job of a scholar that when he sees there is a need for something to be brought to the people's attention and it needs clarification that the scholar actually clarifies it and that he doesn't withhold now these include if the reciter needs to pass wind he should hold his recitation until he has finished doing so and then continue this shows good manners towards the Quran if a person needs to pass wind because he can't hold it then إذا كان يقرأ فعرض له ريحن he has to pass ينبغي أيوسك عن قراء hold from the recitation don't recite anymore now don't pass wind while you're reading the Quran both of the same time it's disrespect so stop finish passing wind as Ibn Abi Dawood narrated from أطار and this is a good etiquette so everything is clarified to us you might think to yourself this is a bit awkward but the point of the matter is that our religion has come to explain everything to us there is nothing which he left every manners that we need we don't need to take it from we don't need to go and do a course and take a certificate on it and learn it from there الحمد لله we just need to open the books of first of all the book of Allah سبحانه وتعالى of the messenger and look at the kalam and the speech of the علم the books that they have written and the things that they tell us to do so when you're reading the Quran and you have to pass wind stop the recitation of the Quran don't read the Quran and pass wind at the same time this is something that's attributed to عطاء زعم if you feel like something the word تثق أبا تثق basically means you're yawning first of all the person should actually when they're ywn you don't let your mouth you don't just ywn and let your mouth go big and just ywn like that what you need to do is take your palm your left palm and you put your mouth you put your hand on your mouth so you don't ywn like this especially don't use this hand you don't use your right hand you use your left hand and you close it you put your hand on your mouth nobody wants to count your teeth so what you do is you just cover it that also try to stop reading some people what they're trying to do is they are yawning and they're yawning that's how they read it's disrespect don't ywn and read if you feel like you want to ywn stop the recitation and ywn and then continue once he has finished then carry on after you've finished your yawning this is the view of مجاهد this is something I've made قاسم السلام attributed to who I've made قاسم السلام attributed to أسأل إمام الأجررية رحمة الله إن السكتاب أخلاقه حملة القرآن he attributed to him as well مجاهد نعم so the prophet told us the prophet said فليمسك بيده على فيه فإن الشيطان يدخل that if one of you wants to ywn then what he needs to do is فليمسك بيده على فيه cover your mouth with your hand فإن الشيطان يدخل because shaitan will enter your mouth and the scholar specifically mentioned what hand that you need to use and how that hand should be the reason is because when you use the left side for something good right no you don't what about your right side you reuse it for something good right and you use your left side for something bad so they say that the yawning is from who it's something from shaitan it's from shaitan and that's why the scholar mentioned when you're using the miswak to clean your mouth you've woken up in the morning then you should use your left hand are you with me brothers does that make sense if you're waking up in the morning and you want to use the miswak because you woke up and you try to clean your mouth cleaning your mouth from something filthy which is your saliva and everything then you should use your miswak with your left hand or the brush that you're using use your left hand if you're not lacking and you're just trying to revive the sunnah and you're just within the daytime and you use the miswak on your mouth just before the prayer you want to use it before the salat when you do your wudu you just want to run it in your mouth then this is use your right hand because now it's not to clean it because now you're trying to revive the sunnah are you with me brothers because of the hadith and the process of salamat كان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يعجيبه التيام و في شأنه كله and all of these affairs which is the fact that the person is in a state of good they use their right and if the person is in a state of something not good that is happening to them then what they need to do is use their left so the yawning is from the shaytan and the person should use their left hand so the prophet just said hand but the qa'id according to the scholars is that it's the left hand and that the person should then not use the inside of their hand but should use the outside of the hand الله مصنبه مصنبه ريطده نعم did you say who is the son of Allah as well as well as if it's all in English did they still affirm that today they reject that what did they say today I've seen some of them say that yeah وقالت اليهود وعزير ابن الله وقالت النصار المسيح ابن الله so اليهود say عزير is the son of Allah and the jews they say the christians say that عيسبن مريم is the son of Allah so when you come to these verses he says try and lower your voice don't say it loudly and such a verse as when they said when they said that's what they're trying to say and such as when they said الله has taken a child all of these verses because it's people who are disrespecting Allah don't say it loudly say it low when he came to these verses they were always really low he would make sure that it wasn't loud because these people are disrespecting الله سبحانه و تعالى so it isn't something that you should read loudly that's what he does that's what now he's trying to say also among such matters it's what people have reported with the weak generation taking that asha'abi who was asked if a man recites the verse الله sends his salat upon the prophet and it's angels too or you can believe send your salat upon him and greet him in the Islamic way should he stop the visitation and send his salat upon the prophet should he say it but this narration as Noah mentioned himself it's weak from شعبي that he was asked if a person recites إن الله و ملايكة يصلون على النبي يا يولدين آمن و صلوه عليه وسلم و تسليبه should he send salutation to the prophet then should he say that he said yes but it's weak from who from شعبي ابن أبي شيبة in his مصنف براهيم النخع that is authentic so if the person recites صورة تين there's the last ayah of صورة تين يصل الله بأحكم يتفصل رسائل ذلك then he should say بلا و أنا على ذلك من الشاهد I am from those who testify to that ألمام أبي داود who narrated this narrated this it's not in the weak the chain is weak I'm a Arab from a Bedouin man عن أبي هريرة رضي الله تعالى عنهم if the person recites this but with the following addition and whoever recites the last verse of صورة تين should say yes and whoever recites the ending of صورة تين then in what statement after this what they believe they should say I believe in Allah ابن أبي داود narrated and other than him there's an extra thing onto that narration itself which is that and anyone who recites لا أقسمه بيوم القيامة he should say the last part of لا أقسمه بيوم القيامة which Allah says أليس ذلك بقادر على أن يحي الموتام the person should say بلا و أنا أشهد and anyone who recites فبأي حديث بعده يومنون he should recite what he should say فليقول أمنت بالله I believe in Allah نعم it's also reported that ابن عباس الزبير أبو موسع الأشعري ميلا بيوم داوم would recite the verse glorify the name would be glory to the most high and say glory is to my Lord to the most high نعم it's also narrated أعمل أبو خطاب ربي الله فعال would upon reciting the same verse say glory be to my Lord the most high three times أبو الله يوم صورة ربي الله فعال would upon reciting the same verse وصدف the prayers and reciting the end of Surah سورة أبو بني سععيد and then said all praises to Allah not to be got to the sun some of our companions have stated some of our companions have stated that it is also recommended to practice that which we have mentioned regarding the three chapters mentioned in the Al-Malithah و بغيرة as well as the other verse that we have mentioned and that which may apply in similar instances during recitation in prayers و الله أصبح فصم في قراءة القرآن يراد بها الكلم ذكر بل أبي داود فيها ذا خلافاق فارا وعن إبراهيم النخعي رحمه الله أنه كان يكره أي تأول القرآن لشيء يعرض من أمر الدنيا وعن بنط وعن عمار بن الخطب وعن عمار بن الخطب وعن عمار بن الخطاب رضي الله وعنه أنه قرى في صلاة المغرب بمكة والتين والزيتون وطورسينين ثم رفع صوته وهذا البلد الأمين وعن حكيم بضم الحائب لسعد أن رجلا من المحكمة أتا علي رضي الله عنه وهو في صلاة الصبح فقال لإن أشركت ليحبطنا عملك فاجابه علي كرم الله وجاوه وفي الصلاة فاصبر إن وعد الله يحق ولا يستخف منك الذين لا يؤينون قال أصحابنا وإذا استأذن إنسان على المصلي فقال المصلي أدخلواها بسلاة من آمنين فإن أرادت تلاوة أو التلاوة والإعلام لم تبطوا الصلاته وإن أرادت الإعلام أو لم تحضر هنية بطلت صلاته والله تعالى أعلم خلال أصحابنا وإذن إرادت تلاوة من القرآن فإن أرادت تلاوة شخص يتحدث مع another person while in the prayer but with Quran لذا هنية لا تتحدث عن هذا الصلاة ولكن هو رسمته في صلاة وإذن القرآن إنه يكون سرق مختلفة عن هذه المحاول هناك خلافة في هذه المحاول The person is not speaking a normal speech They are What do you call it? They are reading Quran in response There is a difference of opinion regarding this For instance It is reported that This slide is referring to day-to-day incidents Using verses from the Quran إبراهي من لخة عيهية The idea أن يتأول القرآن لشيء يعرض من أمر الدنيا That the person takes a verse And they make it a conversation And they use it like that They use it to dislike this Now It is reported that أمر الدخوط أبلا بي الله ورسائر سورة القطين During the prayer of Makkah And then raised his voice upon reciting And by this line of security حكاية المصعد Rated that أمان المحكمة Came to Ali in the valley While he was praying the dual prayers And said to him If you associate partners with Allah Your deeds will be notified While in his prayer Ali replied Be patient Rary the promise of Allah is true And let those who have no certainty learn from you نعم In other words إذا بعد هو خوارج تندنسي يعني ستعليب لبقى طالب إن أشركت لليحبطن عملك أنا عليب لبقى طالب يسبون التهم واصل in the prayer يسأل فصبر إن وعد الله حق ولا يستخفنك الذين لا يؤينون فصبر be patient إن وعد الله حق الله يسأل إن وعد الله حق ولا يستخفنك And do not let them be little or humiliate you الذين لا يؤينون those who have no certainty They don't know what they're talking about ولي ذلك One of the people who was very good at doing this was محمد الامين الشخصي ورحمه الله I forgot now There's a story A man came up to him And he gave him food And when he gave محمد الامين الشخصي food He gave him the food And he said to him He read an ayah to him And he said to him He gave him food And he said to him كلو وشربو He said كلو Eat He broke an ayah In other words Eat you're from the people with health fire To محمد الامين الشخصي And I'm a محمد الامين الشخصي And he said He was lying down He sat up And he took the food And he got He read the ayah For his response ربنا فزيته عدابا ربنا ربنا الذي قدم لنا هذا أو الله The one who brought this forward to us فزيته عدابا He brought the ayah for him أو الله The one who brought forward this food to us فزيته عدابا Increase and multiply the punishment for him first And others he was محمد الامين الشخصي was somebody like that Who used to be able to read the Qur'an like that If the man enters upon another man In his prayers And the one praying says Enter it with peace and security Of companions who stated that If the person praying Intended to either recite Or to both recite And give permission for entry Then his prayer will be valid If some of you Mainly intended to give permission And did not intend to recite Then his prayer is invalidated So if a person Ask permission On a person Somebody wants to come to your house And they ask permission to come in And then the person is praying He says ادخلوها بسلام He says that Or he recites ادخلوها بسلام If he intended to read that verse And he wants to carry on after that Or if he wanted to read And he also wanted to let you in And give you permission Then his prayer is not nullified But if he only intended To notify you Or He had no intention whatsoever Then بطر صلاة To his prayer is nullified In this case And Allah knows best He said فصلون فيما يقطع القراءة لأجله إذا كان يقرأ ماشيا فمرأ على قوم يستحب يقطع القراءة ويسلم عليهم ثم يرجع إلى القراءة ولو أعدت تعود كان حسنا ولو كان يقرأ جالس فمرأ عليه غيره فقد قال الإمام أب الحسن الواحد الأولى ترك السلام على القار لشتغاله بالتلاوة قال فإنسلم عليه إنسان كفاغ الرد بالإشارة قال فإنرعد الرد باللفظ رده ثم استانف الإستعادة وعاود التلاوة وهذا الذي قال هو ضيف والضعير وضوب الرد باللفظ فقد قال أصحابنا إذا سلم الداخل إذا سلم الداخل يوم الجمعة في حال الخطبة وقلنا الإنصاة السن وقلنا الإنصاة سنة وجب رد السلام على صح الوجهين فإذا أقال هذا في حال الخطبة مع الاختلاف في وجوب الإنصاة وتحريم الكلام ففي حال القراءة التي لا يحرم الكلام فيها بالإجماع أو لا مع أن رد السلام واجم في الجملة إذا عطس في حال القراءة فإن هو يستحب أن يقول الحمد لله وكذا لو كان في الصلاة ولو عطس غيره وهو يقرأ في غير الصلاة وقال الحمد لله يستحب للقار أن يشمت فيقول يرحمك الله ولو سمع المؤذن فقطع القراءة وتابعت في الفاض الأزال واللقام ثم يعود إلى قراءته وهذا متفق عليه عند أصحابنا وأما إذا أطلبت منه حاجة في حال القراء وامكان هو جواب السائل بالإشارة المفهمة وعلم أن هو لا هو مو نحوه فالأولاء يجيب بالإشارة ولا يقطع القراء فإن قطعها جاز والله تعالى أعلم فصل في استهباب القيام ياهل الفضل من العلماء والصالح وإذا ورد على القاري من فيه فضلة من علم أو ولادت أو غيرهما فلا بأس بالقيام لو على سبيل الاحترام والإكرام لا للرياء والعظام بل ذلك مستحب وقد ثبت القيام للإكرام من فعل رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وفعل وفعل أصحاب رضي الله عجن بحظرت وبأمر ومن فعل التابعين العلماء والصالحين وقد جمعت جزءا في القيام وذكرت فيه الأحاديث والآتار الواردة باستحبابه وبالنهي عنه وبينت وبينت ضعف الضعيف منها وصحة الصحيح والجواب عن ما يتوهم منه وليس فيه نهي ووضحت ذلك في شيء من أحاديث فليطالعه يجد ما يزول بيشقه إن شاء الله تعالى


It's the sugarcrate cane. Tables of faith. Radio drama, a hallmark of moody broadcasting for over 60 years. Join us now as we take you back to another classic in MBN Radio History. Ranger Bill, warrior of the woodland, struggling against extreme odds, traveling dangerous trails, showing rare courage in the face of disaster. In the air, on horseback, or in a screaming squad car, his mind alert, a ready smile, unswerving, loyal to his mission. And all this in exchange for the satisfaction and pride of a job well done. What in the world is this steel tower doing out here in the middle of the wilderness? I believe they called it a fire tower, Dr. Harris. What do they do with this fire tower, Franklin? Well, if we were to climb to the top of the tower and enter the little house, you'd be able to see for 20 miles. Oh, I don't believe it. He's quite right, Dr. Harris. Oh, good heavens. Upon my dear fellow, what are you trying to do? Get us out of a year's growth? Where did you come from? I apologize if I startled you. My name is Tom Morgan. I'm the forest ranger on duty here. This is tower three. I was just telling my friend that you can see for miles and miles. Might we see this for ourselves? Certainly, I'd be delighted to have you be my guest. I don't have visitors very often. We tower rangers lead a pretty lonesome life, but it's worth it. But how do you get to the top of this tower? I mean, where's the elevator? An elevator? Or I see other long winding stairs. That's the only way up, gentlemen. I don't believe it. You will by the time you get to the top. The view from here is breathtaking to say the least. It's quite. Upon my word, I don't believe I've seen as many trees in one view in my life. There are millions and millions of dollars worth of trees out there. You see, we're on top of the tower, and the tower is built into the bedrock of a high bluff. We're up in the air quite a distance. Do you run up and down these beastly stairs often? Well, not any more than necessary. I came down to get wider and to check on the humidity. The humidity? What on earth for? Well, we're in a dry spell. When the humidity gets down to 30, we don't allow campfires or gas engine equipment to operate. If the humidity drops lower than 30, we close the forest to everyone. You mean you keep everyone out until it rains? Yes, we do. Have you ever seen a forest fire? No, I haven't. It's the most horrible disaster to natural resources you can imagine.  Worse than that, like a blazing inferno. Oh, pardon my word. That's horrible. I don't believe you. Hello, tower three. Tom, what's the humidity reading up there? Not good, Bill. Just a hair over 30. That's strange. We got 25. 25? Are you sure? We've double-jacked and jacked the double-jack. Wow. Why should mine read so much more? Probably higher there in the forest. But we'd better send you a new one. Close the forest. Yes, sir. Any more orders? Yes. Keep a sharp watch. A very sharp watch. Goodbye. Gentlemen, I have some bad news for you. I gathered that something was wrong. The 25 reading startled you. Is your humidity instrument wrong? It looks that way, Franklin. I've just received orders to close the forest. I'm sorry. You're sorry? Well, how do you think we feel after traveling all this way to see this magnificent forest? Yes. How long would this order apply? Well, until we get sufficient quantity of moisture to raise the humidity. But won't that take weeks or even months? It could. Although I don't know what the weather forecast is at the moment. Is your superior Bill Jefferson in Naughty Pine now? Yes. I shall obey your orders, Tom, and leave the forest with Franklin. But I'm going to object to your superior. It won't do any good, Dr. Harris. I'm sorry, but that's the way it is. In this situation of low humidity and extreme dryness, the tower ranger becomes the most important ranger in the area. The order has been given to close the forest. And now he's the only human being that's inside the forest. He takes painful precautions, so the fire tower won't be the spark that ignites the trees. He walks the steps with moccasins. He inspects the electrical wires to the tower to make sure, doubly sure, there isn't any bare wire. The tower ranger sharpens his usual alertness to razor edge. His eyes carefully probe and search with the help of high-powered field glasses and telescopes. Probe and search, watching for the telltale wisp of smoke. I get a report from the tower shortly after the forest is closed. Ranger headquarters, Bill Jefferson speaking. Hi, Bill. This is Tom at Tower 3. This section's closed. I'm watching. Good boy. Don't hang up. Well, tell you mine. I had two guests today, a Dr. Harris and another fellow. The name is Franklin. I know. You know? How do you know they were here? I know everything. He's a wealthy New Zealander. He's also quite a scientist. And he's also used to having his own way. I figured as much. Anyhow, he's left the forest, but he's going to see you. That's to be expected. Keep a sharp eye, Tom. Say, this is Dr. Harris. Why does he always say, I don't believe it, when an unusual statement's made? Dr. Harris seems to distrust everything he doesn't authenticate himself. I'm sorry, Dr. Harris, but until we get sufficient rain to raise the humidity to safety level, the forest is closed. It rather looks like we're going to have to sit this out, Dr. Harris. Yes, quite right, Franklin. Quite right. I know this interferes with your work. However, the lumberjacks and log truckers and a few more types of business operation have had to shut down. And all the resort areas as well. We don't want you to think that we're picking on just you. That's small comfort, Mr. Jefferson. I suppose it is. The next best thing is to pray for rain. I pray for rain, old boy. I, Dr. Harris, the great agnostic pray for rain. Surely you're justing. Not at all. God makes and controls the weather, just as he controls everything else in the universe. I suppose you believe that Bible you have in your bookshelf. And how? From the first page to the last and everything in between. But how can you believe in something that doesn't exist? I mean, you're a man of science and higher learning. That's where I found the Lord Jesus, in science and higher learning. Science and learning are all well-regulated and based on order. Only God could provide such precision and infallibility.  You allege fantasy, legend, and allegory as fact. By your standards, I'm as pagan as they come. But by my standards, I don't see how any intelligent man can swallow all of that hand-me-down-over-the-century's and legends you call the Bible. Now, excuse me. Ranger headquarters, Bill Jefferson. Bill, there's something that looks like smoke hanging in the air over sector 33. Nick sees it too, but it doesn't act like smoke rising from the ground. It hangs in one place. It might be haze or some natural phenomena. Hold the phone. I want to check the map. Tom, that's not far from the old mine road. I'll send Angus in to check on the ground and check on myself at the copter.  What's that stuff in the air? You're almost in it. I doubt that it's smoke. Some freakish vapor accumulation, I'd say. Well, you'd know if it were smoke by now. You're looking right at it. Ground-faved Ranger 1. Go ahead, Angus. So what do you see? I see two squirrels, one blue jay, and a chipmunk. Good work, boys. You can go back home. Thank the good Lord, it wasn't a fire. Amen, brother, amen. Franklin, will you stop that incessant pacing and occupy yourself? I'm sorry, Dr. Heddis. I'm just as fed up with this forced idleness as you are. Are you really, sir? Yes, but I'm going to do something about it if it continues another day. It precisely what, sir? We're going back into the forest and continue our work. But that's breaking the law, Dr. Heddis. Oh, I hardly think so, Franklin. The Rangers are afraid of sparks and igniting the trees. Therefore, we won't make sparks. We can take a thermos jug of tea and return every few days to refill it. I say that's a fine idea. But how will we get out there if we can't use an automobile? Bicycles. Dr.  When do we leave? At once. But, sir, what if one of those horrible forest fires breaks out? You know, these Ranger fellows seem to be very efficient.  We'll be perfectly safe. Hello, Tom's grocery. If we don't have it, don't ask for it. Oh, sorry, wrong number. I was calling Fire Tower 3. Just a minute. I'll change hats. This is Tower 3. How's the grocery business, Tom? Oh, fine. I sold a bucket of honey to pop a bear. Some slightly used nuts to Mr. Squirrel. They aren't the best nuts, but what can you expect this time of year unless you have them flown in and none of the customers don't want to pay the prices? Going tower happy. Bats in the Belfry. None of the Belfry. Bats in the Fire Tower. Yeah, so much probe and search. What's new over in your area, Tom? Same as yours. Nothing. Well, I got something now. What? Where? Yeah, this is it. Ground fire in section 30. This one is for real. Stumpy, we'll go into the center control area right off Canyon City Road. You're the doctor, young fellow. Ranger 1, do all units stand by for battle plan? If you're not proceeding to the fire as originally planned, let me know as I call your units. Unit 10, the Ranger 1. We've got a flat tire. Should be fixed two minutes from now. Very well, unit 10. Unit 10, proceed to the fire as quickly as you can, and you are now a reserve unit. Acknowledge. This is unit 10. We read you. Unit 14, proceed and replace unit 10. Acknowledge. This is unit 14. We read you. Hey, get that map off the windshield. How do you expect me to see where I'm going? Sorry, Stumpy. Attention all units. Airborne 1 and 2. Proceed according to plan and drop your fire jumpers in exactly four minutes. Drop in four minutes. Angus, you should be 10 minutes from the fire.  We'll also command the fire jumpers. Acknowledge. Bill, the Lotties and I are eight minutes from the fire. This new truck is a darling. I got your orders, and we'll carry them out to the letter, including the punctuation. Good boy. Tower 3 and 4, make your report. The fire is roaring toward Tower 3. Front wall should be clearly visible by 3 right now. Nick is right. I can see the front wall entering the valley. She's a treetop fire, moving at tremendous speed. Angus, can you see the jumpers? Plainest day, Lottie.  Tom, how fast is it moving? 40 to 50 miles an hour. Where'd all the wind come from? Evacuate your tower and join the ground crews. Angus, try to make your stand in Fire Lane. Triple A, Mary John. Triple A, Mary John. Aye, aye. Hey, what are those two bicycles doing alongside the road? Angus, I'm going to try to contain the fire in the valley. I'll make a desperate attempt to hold it at Fire Lane. One B, Robert Jack. One B, Robert Jack. You can fall back when things get too hot for you. Try to delay as long as you can without risk for your lives. We'll make the last ditch fight at one B, Robert Jack. Acknowledge. I'll reach a laddie. I'll reach a loud and clear. And I'm holding up these sleeves for a good fight. Good boy. Ranger one, do all units. Ranger one, control will be at Fire Lane one B, Robert Jack. All reserve and move up units proceed according to plan. Unit 10, how's that flat tire? This is unit 10. We're rolling again. Good work. Stumpy, what did you say about bicycles? So it finally sunk in. There are two bicycles laying alongside the edge of the road back there. How far back? Oh, a couple of miles, maybe more. It's too late now to find who rode them. The fire will be over that area in a few minutes. Franklin, they can't run anymore. We've got to dig a hole here and cover ourselves with earth. You must run, Dr. Hattis.  I'm out of youth. I can't run anymore. I just can't. All right. I'll dig the hole. Well, hurry, man, hurry. It's getting close now. You feel that tremendous heat? Will the hole save us? Yes, I believe it will. Not so long ago, that's what the rangers do. Well, get on with it, man. Get on with it. Dig just deep enough to lay in it and be able to cover up. Get in the hole, Dr. Hattis, and I'll cover you. I'll cover myself. Yeah, you get in here, too. Pour your canteen water over your jacket. Use it to protect yourself. Well, hurry up. I'm ready. Bear yourself. How's the delay, honey? The fire is rolling across the top of the trees like a 400. Oh, this is a nasty one. Real nasty. Angus, we're not going to stop it here. But we've got a better chance to delay it than you had. Now take your men out of here right now. Fall back to Fire Lane 1 Charlie. This one right here on the map. Now these cliffs should form a natural barrier. I want you and your man to get on top of the cliffs and load them with explosives. We can't delay the fire here. And get it under control of some sort. I'll fall back to the Fire Lane between us. That's this one right here. Aye, you can, Able Martin. Right. You understand your orders? Aye, that I do. When do you want me to blow the top of the cliffs? If we lose badly right here and have to fall back quickly to 10 Able Martin, I'll give you the order to set off your explosives. Aye. Angus, I want the trees below those cliffs pulverized and covered with rock. Every last one of them. Aye, that's what you want, Ladi. That's what you'll get. Good boy. I'll scram. Made it. Aye, that's a win. Bill, Bill, we're going to get help. Lots of help. From whom? What? Where? Toad H uses rainings hard up there. It looks like spaghetti hanging from the sky. Help us. Somebody, help us. We're lost. Oh, God, help us. We're going to die. We're going to die. If we could only cool off and get some water. Water. Yes. Water. Yes. Dr. Harris, listen. Stand there. Water. Help us. Please. Help us. It's rain. No. No rain. Oh, please. God help us.  Did you understand? There is no God. Yes, there is. You possibly might not care to live, but I do. God may help us if we pray. I have prayed for water, cool rain, but there is none. It's so beastly hot to move. Listen, listen, rain, rain, cool water, cool air. There is a God, Dr. Harris. The Lord sure sent the rains at the right time. Lost a lot of trees, but the rain kept the damage confined to the valley under tower three. Boy, I think of what could have happened if the fire broke out of the valley. Praise the Lord for that water. Amen. Say, young fella, it's been raining cats and dogs for two days now. How about erosion in the burned out area? Not erosion I'm worried about right now, old friend. Roots of the burned trees will hold the soil for quite a while. We've got to reseed the valley right away. That's no problem. These two days of rain have cooled the ground. Right. The weather boys tell me they were in for a spring wet spell now, about six weeks. I was going to have Hank and his boys from the tree farm at Central City come up and reseed the whole area. Also transplant some seed trees. This rain is only going to stop for a day or two, and a new rain front will be upon us.  A full grown tree can drink up to 400 gallons of water a day. Multiply that by the number of burned out trees. Great jumping chipmunks. If the trees aren't there to drink and store all that water, it'll run off. And so will all the topsoil as we get some seed in there and start growing new trees. We jumped right from the frying pan into the rain barrel. I'd rather have the rain barrel problem any day. Let's take a ride out to the valley in the morning and have a look, Stumpy. And I'll talk it over with Hank and find out how long it'll take him to do the job. It'll sure take him a couple of weeks to hand seed that place. Right. Not to come up with a new idea to get the job done quickly. Well, I think I've got it. You're the man I'm looking for. Shoot. We can use an aeroplane. Don't have to spread the seed all over the area. That's a fine idea, except for one thing. You mean I'm not a genius? The plane would work fine except with the updrafts and downdrafts of the valley and the wind disturbance. The planes couldn't fly low enough. In addition, it's too fast. Well, you've got to admit it's the best, no good idea I've had in some time. Oh, please, God, help us. God, can you hear me, God? Almighty God.  This is a deathbed prayer, but I'm asking you to spare my life and that of my man, Franklin. We've been out here in this barren, desolate place for two days and three nights. If this spurned out and charred valley is any resemblance of hell, I now understand the horrible plight of the unbeliever. If you'll spare our lives, I'll serve you for the rest of my days on earth. This is a solemn promise. Amen. Our keeper is going to put out with you, young filler. I don't blame her. I promise to pick up some grass seed and fertilizer and I keep forgetting. Grass seed, huh? Yeah. Now here it is, right here in this rack. What's the idea of that? Of what, old timer? That pine-sized wheelbarry with holes in the bottom. That's a spreader. Spread seeds out evenly over a lawn. Also makes it easier for the birds to find them.  Seed spreaders for grass. What'll this ink of next? Hang on to your hat, old timer. Hang on to my hat. Hang on to my body. What in the name of common sense is wrong with you? I've got the answer to the seeding job. You did? Where? From you. Me? You mean I'm a genius after all? Yep. When you talk about a seed spreader, you gave me the idea. What idea? What seed spreader's got to do with it? We'll use a seed spreader, a planter, like the farmers use only with a helicopter. And the seeds will fall where we want them to and we won't waste seed from wind loss. I knew you'd figure this out You hear me? Wake up. See us. We all live the night if they don't please God. Help us. That flying machine sure are doing the job fast. I'll say it is. He's doing it right. What's wrong with him? He's going to crash. Great Scott, it sure looks like it. Wait a minute. He's hovering just off the ground. Stumpy. He's looking at something out there. He sure is. Hey, that's where I saw the bicycles. Say, I forgot about the bicycles. I'll talk to him on the car radio. Ranger One, the copter. What's wrong out there? What are you looking at? Bill, I just discovered two men out here. And they're in awfully bad shape. We'll drop a flare close by and continue seeding. I'll radio for an ambulance and doctor. Well, gentlemen, you're looking much improved. How do you feel? I feel pretty fair, Bill. But I'm afraid Franklin's not feeling too chipper. Not quite chipper, Dr. Harris. Well, the doctor says you'll both recover, but you had a very close call. Yes, indeed we did. You know, the Lord sent that heavy rain to save your lives. He also made it necessary for us to reseed quickly so we'd find you. Contrary to what you may believe, Dr. Harris. I believe it. Would you say that again? I believe it. Well, praise the Lord. It appears the Lord was sowing two kinds of seed out there in the valley. Tree seed and spiritual seed. And they both fell on fertile ground.


Good morning everybody, it's Stas here, welcome back to another video. So in this morning's video, we're going to be going over what the market is looking like today on the 28th of March in 2019. First taking a look here at the pre-market futures, then we're going to hop into my Thinkorswim platform, do some technical analysis very quickly on the market and talk about two stocks slash ETFs or maybe three that I'm watching this morning. So let's just get right into it guys. So right now, the S&P 500 is down about 50 cents, down about 0.02%. The NASDAQ down about $1.25, down about 0.02%. And the Dow Jones Industrial Average right now is up about $6, up about 0.02%, as of right now with about 25 minutes left to the market open. So if we hop over here to the SPX guys, not the Gold Futures, the SPX, or we can also use the SPY here. For those of you guys that have watched that watch my video yesterday, we talked about how the SPY and actually the SPX, we can see it a little bit better here, was forming lower highs from the peak at about 2860 about a week ago from today. So we can see the high here at 2860, the next high at about 2828, the next high at about 2820. And now we can see if this is the next high forming which we'll find out here in the morning whether or not the market shoots down or shoots up. You know, this is going to be a very bearish move if the market does end up pushing down and doing something like I illustrated here from yesterday's video, right? So we can also take a look at the SPY which is an ETF that tracks the S&P 500 and we can see something very similar here, right? If we go to the 10 day 30 minute chart, we can see the top at about 285 where that correlates to the SPX at about 2860, the next top at about 281 which is a lower high, the next top at about 280 flat, 281 which is a lower high from the previous had about 282, right? And this right here that we're seeing a really strong resistance heading into the morning here could be the third or the fourth rather lower high, especially if we do end up dumping down this morning. And again, that's a very, very bearish pattern and every morning guys, I'm doing my analysis on the SPY and the SPX to determine what I'm going to be trading for that day. So another thing I want to point out here is take a look. This is a very bearish or bearish rather bearish bearish moving average crossover that we're seeing here in terms of the 50 simple moving average, right? We can see we all know by now whenever the 50 SMA crosses above the 180 SMA, that's a bullish sign which is why we saw a very strong green push on this day. But the inverse meaning whenever the 50 is crossing below the 180 is a bearish sign and we saw that back on the 22nd of March where we crossed below the 180 simple moving average here. Since then, it's been pretty bearish in the markets, right? And we're still having or we're still seeing rather the 50 SMA trading below the 180 SMA and it does not seem like it wants to cross back up, right? But let's say today we have a very strong green day, right? This is most likely going to push up here and the 50 is going to cross back above the 180 SMA and if we break out of this resistance here at 281, if we have a green day, that's really going to put us back into that bullish state in the overall market. So just keep an eye on this chart here, the 10-day, 30-minute, the 5-day, 5-minute and keep an eye on those lower high patterns that I was talking about. And if we're just taking a look at the 1-day, 1-minute very quickly, it seems very bearish on an intraday basis as well, right? The high here, lower high, lower high and it seems like it wants to do something like that, right? So just keep an eye on these levels. Now let's just talk about very quickly what I am looking to trade today on the 28th of March and it's a very slim list today, guys, because again, like I've been saying if you watched my video yesterday, I'm being very patient in this market until we see a direction in the SPX because we see on the smaller timeframe charts that, okay, we could be pushing down now, but if we go to the larger term charts, we don't really see much direction in terms of us distinctly pushing up or distinctly going down, right? Which is why I'm keeping my list very slim and the first one I am watching today is going to be TVIX in the scenario that we do end up aggressively selling off this morning and for those of you guys that don't know, TVIX is an ETF that goes up in price whenever the S&P 500 is going down. So pretty much this is a hedge against the S&P 500. So if you're invested in the S&P 500, for example, and you want to hedge against it, meaning you want to make money while the S&P goes down, TVIX is a great way to do that if you're looking to day trade, right? You can do this. This goes up sometimes 5, 10, 15, 20% in the day. Whenever the S&P 500 goes down, simply 2, 3%, right? If we saw a 2, 3% red day in the SPX, a lot of selling, you can most likely see, I guarantee you see this go up at least 15% to 20%, which is absolutely crazy, right? So this is one that I'm watching this morning, TVIX. Another one I'm watching is Tesla guys, ticker symbol TSLA, and Tesla's been doing very well recently. We saw that the lawsuit got dropped a couple of days ago. I believe we saw some analysts upgrade their positions on Tesla here and we saw the bottom at the bottom of this channel here at about 260 to 255, and from there we've clearly bounced. We broke their resistance at about 275, it seems like, this morning, and I'm waiting to see are we going to maintain this level as well as the 50 simple moving average as a support? And from there, if we do end up maintaining these levels, guys, and we break especially out of this resistance here from back in the middle of October in 2018, I definitely think it's possible to run back up to 290, which is the next resistance at the 180 SMA. And we talked about yesterday how Tesla can be a play between the moving averages here, right? Between this SMA and this SMA from about 275 to 290. This can offer about a nice 5%, 6% margin of profit. This is what I'm watching today in terms of Tesla stock. So the next one, last one really that I'm going to be talking about in this video because again, I'm keeping my eyes on the overall market to see the trend is NVIDIA, guys. And NVIDIA is already one or is one that I'm already in rather. And this is ticker symbol NVDA. I entered this one about two days ago with a small position waiting to add more if the uptrend continues. And if let's say we break below this 50 SMA, that's where I'm going to be cutting my losses because I'm actually in at about 176.20. So right now I'm really up barely, right? I'm barely up. We're at about 176.97 right now, pre-market hours. But the fact that we're still holding this 50 SMA as a support here on the 184-hour chart, that gives me hope to maintain my position here. And again, if we end up breaking this level, let's say we get to the 171s, 171.72s, that's where I'm going to be cutting my losses, which is why I entered in with a small position until we confirm a further uptrend. This way, if I do have to cut my losses, I'm not losing as much money as if I just hopped in all in with 100% of my position right off the bat. So as of now, NVIDIA is looking okay, but one thing that I'm kind of scared about is the lower highs forming in NVIDIA on the smaller time frame as well. We see the high here at 185, high at 181, high at about 177, and let's say we do something like this where we form a high here, then we slowly start to dump if the market does dump. That's not going to be too good of a sign here in NVIDIA, but ideally, I would love to see a pop to the upside. That would be the ideal scenario here. But if this does happen, the downwards push, I'm most likely going to have to cut my losses there in NVIDIA, which is no big deal because again, I'm in with a small, small position. So I hope you guys enjoyed this video. This is the morning update. If you did, feel free to drop a like, leave a comment, subscribe, follow me on Instagram and Twitter. I'll see you guys in the Discord group chat. Have a good one.


augmented reality is just not going to be an incremental innovation. It's a macro. It will change how we interact with the world around us.  I mean, when you think of the internet, when you think of Google, when you think of search engines, Facebook, everything you're doing is with your words. But remember that humans are incapable of describing the majority of the things they see with their eyes, and also most people aren't educated in the world. So what augmented reality will do, it will really make the world around us a lot more interesting and a lot more communicative, where you don't have to just look at it, describe something, actually that world will come to you and the potential is huge. But it's not just one industry. Every industry will get disrupted or benefit from it, whether it's healthcare, it's advertising, whether it's general communications, whether it's education, the list is long, and it's here to stay. And it's not going to be one of those things which is going to last 7 or 10 years. It's going to be like multi-decades where this would become the new normality.