So there's two answers there. First of all, there are very specific genes that speak to aging And if you have the good version of those you're much more likely to live that long Then there's what was she wired for and what did she do? What were her habits? So those good genes? There's literally a gene called foxel 3, which is the longevity gene if you have the good version of it You're just much more likely to live a long life because your body Fights off all the things that are aging, you know, like stem cell regeneration a lot type of stuff Your body just does it better. You're better at surviving and strike and thriving So I want to start start off with the base basics I think everybody knows but let's let's get real basic what the heck are genes and what makes Understanding your own unique set of genes important Yeah, sure and that's important place to start because we very we have this sort of this mystique about what our DNA is It's literally an instruction. So we have 57 trillion cells in our body each one of them has an instruction manual inside it telling those cells what to do So the ability to understand your DNA is like reading that instruction manual Understanding now how am I operating inside? It's your literal operations manual Now I've written about this in a number of my books But I think it's important for people to realize that even though we Seem to be a rather advanced animal at least in our opinion That one would have thought because we're such an advanced animal that we might have By far the most genes of any other animal. What say you? Well, our DNA our current DNA is 250,000 years old, right? So we are the same as a people from that long ago evolution takes time if you believe in that and What we've understood now is that the pace of What's happened in the world industrialization industrialization? commercialization Globalization versus the pace at which we've evolved This is why we think there's so much illness because we're not designed for what we're doing and we can dive into that what our DNA is telling us but There's actually correct me if I'm wrong sand fleas have more genes than you and I sure yeah, and we're This degree away from being pigs, you know, we're closer to Bananas than we are to certain animals, you know genes are very interesting things a minor You know a nuance in an instruction completely changes the outcome. Okay, so that and that's a good stepping off point. So what do What do genes have to do with chronic disease and aging? I mean are we built in to chronically age and get disease or what do you think? This is where we think that the genetic industry has gone wrong Because the belief is that genetics is only for genetic conditions, right? You have sickle cell syndrome or some rare condition where a switch was turned on or off and it equals the problem What is then said is well chronic diseases like diabetes, you know cholesterolemia breast cancer You're not born with these things they happen in an around the age of 50 Maybe by 60 you have two of them. That's kind of the American dream if you're not taking care of your health, right? So what we believe is that if you understand genetically where you're suboptimal? So you understand you may that you have an 80% chance of Alzheimer's for example Well, you're also saying I have a 20% chance of not getting Alzheimer's, right? So which so the truth is that the people that have this weak genetic profile? They don't do something properly The environment nutrition and lifestyle choices for the 80% and the 20% were different So what we're saying is that if we understand your risk? Here's your profile that you may not be doing something properly and your DNA will determine that We now know what food what exercise what environmental exposures are wrong for you that will lead to the disease That's the gap that has been missing from genetics Gotcha, you know in my in one of my first books the plant paradox. I profile a woman who was really one of my Mentors by the name of Edith Murray and she lived two weeks shy of her hundred and six birthday And I actually met Edith when she was in her early 90s, and I thought she was 65 No kidding literally. I I mean I had to look at the chart several times. I didn't believe it So why I guess with question a lot of people say is well, you know, she lived to a hundred and six Because she had good genes and right so Are we are we mistaken about that or did she play her genes right? So there's two two answers there first of all there are very specific genes that speak to aging And if you have the good version of those you're much more likely to live that long Then there's what was she wired for and what did she do? What were her habits? So those good genes there's literally a gene called foxel 3 which is the longevity gene if you have the good version of it You're just much more likely to live a long life because your body fights off all the things that are aging You know like stem cell regeneration all that type of stuff your body just does it better You're better at surviving and strike and thriving Then there's things like well you look at what is the number one killer cardiovascular disease? We all know that right 30% of Americans are gonna die of cardiovascular disease So what causes that it's not the heart the heart's usually doing well It's usually the arteries right the inflection inflammation in the army that leads the cholesterol etc So we can determine what quality hardware do you have are you a grandma that can smoke tell she's 90 years old? Not that we would recommend that to anybody But some people can get away with that because they have stainless steel arteries Some people don't much more prone to inflammation, which means that you're gonna get that disease earlier So now if you know you are that person that genetically we can determine you have the bad quality hardware Well, you need to be making different choices than the grandma that has the stainless steel arteries Right you're you're putting yourself at greater risk. So those are the questions that we can now answer Yeah, that's that's a very good observation One of the things that we do routinely You know in in our clinics is we do measure for the apoed genotype and we also measure the mth fr mutations and Number years ago, I met a black woman in her 90s in perfect health who Carried the apo E4 gene, which you know is is quote the Alzheimer's gene, but here she is in her 90s She's she has no chronic diseases She's you know bright-eyed and bushy tail and brought mind is sharp and I started to talk to her about her diet, which is my interest and Kind of she said you know out of the box. I Wanted to eat green things even as a kid I just used to shock my parents that all I wanted to eat was greens and They didn't get me she grew up in the south kind of Gravy and biscuits and she didn't want all she wanted was greens and I went wow, you know Knowing what I know about your genetic profile. You couldn't have chosen a better nutritional lifestyle And you know here you are the proof of it. You know you you've done great So I think your point is is very well taken. Yeah for sure. We see that over and over again that Diet choices the number one people thing want to know that they want to know is what do I eat because that's you're going to eat anyway Right, so you might as well be eating the right thing So when it comes to the latest fad of the keto diet or paleo or vegan Well that it works for certain people and doesn't for others Why because there's certain genes you need to do that function of okay?  There's a gene that actually determines that and if you're not you might feel good for the first couple months But then you're going to start to get lethargic and the issues will kick in should you be a vegan? Well again could be great for certain people But there's certain genes that produce the enzymes required to break down the beans lentils legumes where you get all your protein from So if you don't do that well again first couple months, you'll feel great Eventually, it's going to start to taper off the same is true for any type of diet You can understand how you're wired what you're supposed to eat and just feel a lot better. Yeah So what about mental health? People have believed kind of from the start that mental health is a disease But we're now beginning to realize maybe we're completely wrong about that Do genes play a part in this process? I would say the two biggest areas where we focus our research that needed the most help was Female hormones health and mental health why because mental health was such a gray area like think about the process It's it's objective You're asking questions and you're trying to understand how do you perceive? How does the patient even perceive what they're experiencing what they're saying may not be what's really happening, right? So we now can be empirical because we can look at the genes that drive the neurochemicals So I'll use myself as an example. I'm a guinea pig my family when I was growing up There was a lot of addiction Right and I there was actually I had a cousin though committed suicide to be straightforward, right? Because of this lineage of what we call reward-seeking behavior. Why does it happen? Your dopamine that's the chemical that allows you to feel pleasure or reward There's one gene called DRD to that determines how dense the receptors are how much you can actually use Right, so that's step one step two is there's a gene called MAO Which determines how quickly you break the dopamine down to sort of get back to normal Then there's an enzyme called comp to another gene creates that to sweep everything away So my family has the lowest density of dopamine receptors So we don't really feel much. We have the fastest MAO and the fastest comp So whenever there's pleasure or reward it goes by like that and it's felt way down here So what are the potential outcomes? Depression because I don't experience the world the way the people around me do it It's just the pleasure isn't there or addiction Because I find something that feeds that pleasure and I go down that route more and more and more because of that low dopamine It drives me there or achievement Because instead of going down the pleasure route. I went down the reward route I started feeling good about achieving things and I whatever I did yesterday wasn't good enough anymore And if you look at my family, they're all business people. They're all entrepreneurial and they're all addicts So they were kind and now that I know that about myself I'm healthy because I've understood why my brain works the way it does. All right, but wait a minute now I'm really depressed listening to this Our audience is going to say well, wait a minute now I If I have those genes then there's basically I'm screwed and there's nothing I can do about that But you're not saying that right now And this is the most important part of everything we could talk about When it comes to genes and everything we've heard it's always been I don't want to know because I'd rather just live life Not without the anxiety of being told I have an 80% chance of something Why because there's never been a belief that you can do anything about it, right? So now what we did in our research we spent the last three years studying 7,000 patients The the failure in genetics is you only study the DNA you send somebody your blood or your saliva in the lab test The DNA they never meet the people they don't understand how they behave who they are what their environment load is on them So we made the effort to sit in front of and clinically review 7,000 people one by one by one by one to understand what were the lifestyle habits What were the diet habits what medications were they on everything about them to now be able to say of the 80% and the 20% Here's what the 80% did wrong and here's what the 20% did right here now that we know that you're in this profile Take me for example again Prone to depression which I have suffered from earlier in life before I knew this What I what do I need to do I need to deal with my dopamine levels So there's supplements like L. Theanine that help you boost dopamine right there's cold exposure And you wonder why as a kid I used to enjoy skiing so much because that cold temperature boost your dopamine levels You know, there's temperatures Disregulation when I go in the shower I switch from hot to cold because that again boost your dopamine levels You know, it's structuring your day so that you feel you're not chasing the reward But you've already put it in place Right, so now all of a sudden I've created an environment that suited to my DNA and I'm thriving in it as opposed to it being a burden So this that's the biggest thing is yes, we'll identify the profile, but now what do I do? That's what we figured out That's fantastic. Now a lot of people who Kind of poo poo DNA Yeah, say well DNA is really not that important. It's epigenomics. It's what you Tell your DNA to do Where where do you stand on all that? That's you put it very beautifully. That's exactly what we're talking about here What we're saying is your DNA tells you how you're wired, right? I'm a Ferrari I was built as a Ferrari take that Ferrari off-roading. It's not gonna work out so well, right? But I could have a beautiful Jeep SUV that I take off-roading. No problem. They're both cars Yeah, we all humans are all humans, but we're wired differently So the epigenetics is now what load am I putting on my genetics that causes the expression of these problems? simple example like myself I Have low dopamine the load of cold temperature causes that gene to work harder and now expresses differently The avoid of cold and sitting in a regular temperature room. I feel not so good So the expression is the key. That's the thing where we're saying we're identifying here's what's kind of wrong Here's where you need to work on Here's what you marry with it the right habits. So you're at your best How you get the best out of this and that's it you talk about sleep Cardiovascular diseases diet hormones, you know mood and behavior Inflammation we can speak to any one of these things from this perspective So for you it turns out living in Toronto just to continue the idea is a great idea Yeah, because you can go get a blast of cold right now or roll in the snow and you'll do well So it's a double-edged sword because I I feel great in the winter all my friends are complaining They're sitting at home with a fireplace. I'm like, no, let's go outside with shorts on right So that's that's one, but the other end of it is Genetically I don't deal with vitamin D. So well, so I used to have the winter blues like a mood disorder I would feel horrible in the winter mentally, right? It was it was an extra load. Don't mean plus this or it was even worse in the winter why You know that clinically when we test DNA we take sorry a vitamin D You look in the blood and see how much is there that's step one There's three steps genetically step two There's an entirely separate gene that takes the vitamin D from the blood to the cell where it's actually used true Right. Yep, then there's a third gene that determines how well you connect and bind it true So you could do a really good job. So now look at me slightly darker skin I have a sort of Middle Eastern equatorial background So my ancestors spent a lot of time in the Sun So I did I do a good job of taking that vitamin D from the Sun and putting in the blood But I do a horrible job of transporting it because my ancestors had too much vitamin D now fast forward a millennia And I'm in Toronto and I'm in the winter working indoors because of COVID. We've had the worst lockdown in the world here, right? So, right, you know all of a sudden it was horrible So I've had to boost my vitamin D not only the amount But I split dose several times a day because I just can't transport it fast enough to use it So these little insights can truly change the game for somebody I think I think that's fantastic and we We actually I'll give you a great example. We were up skiing in Park City earlier this week and we brought a good friend and The skiing wasn't very good.  He said no, no, I'll be fine.  But you're exactly right and Interestingly enough the the more cold exposure he had the more he was enjoying the entire experience. Yeah Yeah, and people think he's crazy, but it's just genetically wired. He's designed for to do that activity Yeah, so right? Yeah, that's a perfect example. And if he's listening, I won't mention your name. So So, okay So this is great information Let's let's move to that you say that chronic disease Will soon be a choice. Is that what you're trying to get to with all this? Yeah, our what in our research what we've done is we said, hey, we you know People can go on our website and buy the DNA test and learn about themselves. That's one But we're saying there's there's a lot more to this We're saying if we map out biochemists not just here genetics is your instruction manual We also have to understand biochemistry. How does the body work? You know all these systems hormones brain, etc What's actually going on when we marry the two we start to understand why disease happens? Right and and now instead of dealing with the well I'm just gonna wait and see which is kind of like what happens right now You can ask the question. Do I have that why that red flag? I'll give you an example when it comes to genetics a lot of people talk about the brachygene breast cancer Right and every woman is scared of that four letter word Bracka, right? And but then if you ask that same woman, what does Bracka do? They don't know, right? So they're scared of something that they are not even aware what it is because they've been told to be scared So Bracka is a gene that repairs things it repairs other genes and it's a tumor suppressor So if you have cancer it will go to work to try and fix it So if you had the bad version, it's not really doing his job of fixing or repairing or fixing DNA damage, etc That's not why you get cancer. That's how you fight cancer. So let's then ask why so you start by looking at well Most women this is not all but most women get breast cancer in and around the menopause age. That's typical, right? Then you start to ask well, what's happening in biochemistry before we ask about the genes and we start to look at well It's not menopause equals cancer. It's some women are estrogen dominant meaning that in that hormone cascade They just net out a lot more estrogen. It could have been testosterone, etc They just have a bigger pool of estrogen They and this is step one of three step two is what is that byproduct because when you have your monthly cycle You're not clearing estrogen. You first convert it into a byproduct either two Four or sixteen hydroxy estrogen two is clean. That's what you want. It's the nice stuff four and sixteen or highly toxic Potentoxins, right? So you may be producing one of those So now your estrogen dominant maybe also estrogen toxic step three is you're supposed to clear that toxin There's a you know different detox of things happening in your body that help you get rid of it Including the menstrual cycle. Maybe you don't do that so well. So genetically we can now map and understand these three things and predict Even then this doesn't equal a problem What happens when your menopausal is you no longer have a menstrual cycle So you're no longer clearing this toxic metabolite, but you might still be producing it So what does your body do to protect you? It starts to store it in fatty tissue It wants to keep the toxins away from the organs and not and avoid any problems And where do women have fatty tissue in the breasts and the hips and What's in the breast that was never meant to deal with that level of toxic insult all these Sensitive glands the cellular structure wasn't designed for that your lungs were designed as like a filter Firstly your gut was designed as a first line of defense inside your breasts. No Even then some women don't get sick. So what's the difference? That's when you get into the epigenetics, which is okay now you're in this you're in this bucket estrogen dominant estrogen toxic You don't clear it. Well estrogen toxic insult towards your breast because that's where you're storing it, right? Some women 85% of North American women will spend a long time on a birth control pill That's more estrogen fueling the estrogen toxic fire Some women an increasing number Will go on a hormone replacement therapy as they get into menopause, which is fine But they might be taking the wrong one mismatch to their genetics more estrogen fueling that fire Some women are exposed to hormone disruptors like, you know, something as simple as a Teflon pan Which literally acts as an estrogen mimic more estrogen fueling the fire So that's when you take this profile. It's not Bracka causes cancer after all this Estrogen dominant toxic stored in the breasts too much birth control even more estrogen That's when Bracka supposed to get to work and Suppressed the damage being caused But if you understand all this you didn't you don't need to wait for Bracka to get its work done Let's just let's just develop the right habits. You don't ever cause the tumor in the first place Right and you name a chronic condition It can be spoken of at this level because we now understand biochemistry why it happens and what genes Drive each one of those steps so you can look at your map and say, oh, I do this well and I don't do this Well, here's where I need to focus Gotcha. All right. So let's talk about the DNA company Why'd you decide to start this company? What's the ultimate goal? So I actually was sick. So I don't come from the space. I was in the PR and marketing business I used to help companies grow And I'm now 42 when I was around I guess it was around 36 I'd eczema psoriasis Crazy migraines my business partner would have to drive me home because I couldn't function from the migraines Acid reflux depression like I told you and each one of these things was being treated You know and you've spoken of this more than anyone else. It's like a pill for this a scan for this It was all siloed, you know, yeah, right and nothing was getting better Everything was just sort of being managed and I thought like this doesn't I'm 36 years old Why is this happening? I haven't done anything wrong, but I didn't know what I actually did wrong, right? so the the sort of tipping point was when we had a renovation and They were using this epoxy this toxic blue and I got my eczema got so bad that I couldn't open my eyes Wow Literally they were shut because it was just my skin just flared up And that's when I kind of that light bulb went off that it's not just me It's stuff that I'm exposed to that makes turns those dials up and down That's when I started to dive into my genetics and started to understand That there's the way I operate the reason why my business partner were driving home because the thing that was affecting me wasn't affecting him Right, there was a manufacturer downstairs in our building that was putting Toxic pollution into the air vents that when I would breathe in I would get a migraine that when he would breathe in nothing would happen Why? Because there's a set of genes that drive your glutathionization pathway your ability to Bind on to a toxin send it to the liver to clear it you're supposed to do that guess what I'm missing one of those genes It's not even about what version or what variant I don't even have the gene and that that's possible for certain genes So this step of getting rid of the toxin I didn't do it So it caused this inflammation and I would get these crazy migraines And I started to see that all of these problems the eczema psoriasis They were rooted in the central hub of a few genetic failures For which now the load of the toxic exposures too much stress not enough sleep started to express on all these various conditions So I literally walked away from our PR company. I handed the keys to the staff. I said, thank you for helping me build this It is yours. I found what I used to work on and We built the DNA company on the belief that if you understand your genetics But you also understand what choices to make the epigenetic choices on top of those genetics You should be able to be healthy and when it comes to chronic disease and we haven't looked back since Now Dave Asprey is one of your investors. Is he not? How the two of you and he's a he's become a good friend Okay, tell me how the two of you met and what he likes about your product So we you know about I would say about a year and a half ago We were at this point where the research was looking very good We had partnered with 20 or so clinics that were helping us research And we said we now need to get this out there. We just start helping people and So I said I need somebody that can work with us to be you know The voice and speak and tell people that this is the real deal So I found out that Dave was gonna be at this conference and I got on a plane and I flew there Yeah, and I followed him around for 45 minutes until he agreed to spit in the tube And he finally said this this guy's pestering me so much. I'll give you my saliva just to go away So what we found was Dave had used to have a real problem with mold. Yeah, yeah, he had a so serious issue with mold and He was never able to figure out sort of the root cause There was a lot of things he were doing to help it and support it He when it comes to supplements, he's a guru, right? In our conversation with him We specifically showed him why he has those problems exactly what the body is supposed to do with mold and why he has The problems with his peers don't that's the thing that's at the light ball for him He had done a $50,000 full genetic sequence flew somewhere in Europe We're all designed to sat with him and right and he said that he learned more in one hour from this $400 test and he learned from that $50,000 experience Because we speak to the conditions as opposed to here's this version of this gene now go try and figure out what that means Yeah, I think that's a very Differentiating factor.  I mean, there's lots of companies that can do genetic tests like 23andme and ancestry.com and So keep talking why are you why is the DNA company different? So I would say the key thing if you were to ask how is it different than anything else because there are a lot of genetic tests out there genetic tests are What genetic science is studying the sick? Right, it's studying sick care and trying to work with pharma to say how do we learn from genes to make more drugs? You know 23andme's biggest investor is GlaxoSmithKline. They give them 300 million dollars Why because they want the data right and so the test isn't designed for how do I help you? It's designed for how do I get the data that the data buyer wants was paying me a lot more money than the test buyers Right so in that we realize that we need to we do need to understand why the sick are sick But we need to understand more importantly why the healthy are healthy So when I tell you you have an 80% chance of Alzheimer's, but you don't have it yet. I Also tell you that also means you have a 20% chance of not getting Alzheimer's I need to understand the habits of the 20% Because the person that wants their DNA They're proactively thinking how do I stay healthy right or if I have a condition, how do I reverse it? They're not looking for a band-aid, right? So we deliver the information our research was structured in that way where let's study the healthy and understand what they did Right what were their environment nutrition lifestyle habits with the same weak genetics for whatever condition you want to talk about and They didn't get the condition Because here's the habits that we now need to teach to the person with those same weak genetics That's the way we look at DNA, which nobody else does because they're all trying to be part of the sick care system got you right so Let's suppose and just full disclosure I've recently submitted my saliva to the DNA company and I guess so we've got the results I haven't seen them yet. So I promise everybody I'm gonna start sending stuff out on Instagram and This is gonna be fun for you It's gonna be fun for me because I'm probably a wonderful trainwreck and now but but so far I've been doing a lot of good things I think but we're gonna find out. Yeah, so can you actually use this test? Let's talk about nutrition recommendations for because you mentioned when we started that Certain things aren't gonna work for everybody Yeah, can you give us a few examples of how you could eat for your genes? Like for instance Is there people who keto is a really good idea and yeah contrast that with a vegan whom So what what's in it for the genes? So that's that's another reason why Dave invested as we know he's sort of one of the Founders of this keto movement. He was very early, right? And we showed him how for the person who is wired for it. It's the best thing they can do For the person who's not wired for it They may get tricked into thinking as good because anybody that goes on a keto diet feels good in the first few weeks Right because all of a sudden there's no starches. No, no insulins pikes, etc But if you're not a saturated fat metabolizer, which we can determine genetically Longitudinally over time, you're not gonna do well Right, you're gonna start to feel sick There's gonna be a bit of brain fog because your body is gonna be struggling to get through all that fat There's literally one gene that does that function and if you don't have the good version It's so easy to determine and make the right choice looking at this one gene same thing with being a vegan We have to look at two things your ability to break down vegan foods But also deal with the inflammation that comes from certain Greens like for example kales and spinach. There's Remember these plants were designed to defend themselves And so they produce certain chemicals to defend themselves some people no problem Some people that's going to cause them bloating gas issues, etc So we've figured out that in the gut There's a gene called gstm1 Which determines how well you filter toxins Meaning that for that person that eats that plant which is fine that has those toxins that was not meant to enter the bloodstream Some people get rid of it some people don't And that's why two people eat a kale salad one feels amazing and one's bloated and can't eat their next meal Right. Yeah You have it's so easy to understand what is right for you because the genes don't lie Right, if you look at it from the perspective that we look at it. It's very different than saying You know, here's your genetics quote unquote versus here's what the habits of the healthy are Here's what they did right So yeah when it comes to diet and that's where everybody should start because you're already eating you eat all the time So you might as well eat the way your your body is designed to eat I'll give you one more simple example So i'm south asian background, you know, like indian subcontinent So i'm told that genetically i have a bad heart Right because heart disease is huge in the south asian community What's actually going on is we have bad we talked about this earlier indothelial the inner lining of the blood vessel It's more prone to inflammation Yep So how do you deal with inflammation b complexes b12 b9, you know that methylation that you were talking about the mth fr So your ability to reduce inflammation in the body is powered by your methylation system There's certain supplements you need b12 b9 to power the methylation to push it So my ancestors didn't eat beef Because in india pakistan bangladesh First of all the indian hindu thought the beef was holy and it was also too expensive Why kill the cow when you can drink the milk when you were you know, it was a lot of poverty for a lot of time So they ate instead goat and sheep and lamb The b12 that comes from those These animals versus the cow very different. So genetically i can't absorb b12 in my gut So when Indian people go to the doctor and they're told you don't have enough b12 because you're a vegetarian go take this pill And the level doesn't change then they'd say take more It's because you literally can't even metabolize it You need to take take a sublingual under the tongue Which is the version you used to get from the goat and the lamb and the sheep which you're now genetically wired to take So it's not just about your food. It's also about your supplements. What version what dosage You know, there's all these choices on the shelf. Which one is for me? Well, your genes will tell you that He has a great example. I tell a hilarious story about one of my patients who carries the mth of our mutations and so he he has to have methyl b12 and methyl folate and it has to go under his tongue Because he doesn't absorb them like you and so I give him these things and we measure these and we also measure homocysteine And he comes back three months later and his homocysteine still highs b12 is low and I go you're not taking it He says I I take it every day. I said no, you know, I said you're not taking it He says I do I take it every morning. I said you you put it under your tongue, right? He says no, he says it's so sweet.  I'll see you in a month Sure enough once he put it sublingual Everything resolved. So you're right. Uh, yeah, and so you could tell somebody Uh, you know here. Yes, you you don't need to go through that trial and error We can upfront know exactly what you're wired to do and you follow those instructions, right? Yeah And I'm I'm going to bring up one more example of I have a couple of very committed High keto dieters who go on it and you know huge high saturated fat diet And their their cholesterol numbers go through the roof which Quite frankly didn't worry me And they're feeling great like you said, this is about two months into it, right? But all of their endothelial Inflammation markers now which would be normal are now through the roof and they go But I feel great and I said, well, I'm just telling you long term That you may feel great right now, but this you know is is just waiting To give you a big surprise and it's probably going to be sooner rather than the later Yeah, they wouldn't have known that Yeah, you're right on because that that that's sensorial People go by feeling because why wouldn't you right? But there's certain biomarkers you can test for and then you understand where you're really at, right? Right, but the question is why what did I do wrong? Right, so that's where genetically we can sort of dive into what you did wrong So how does the DNA company Encourage users to keep up with their health recommendations? I mean what what's in it for them once they know all this stuff? Yeah, so and that's another big part of genetics, which is You know, it's not one and done like here's your report. You bought it go away, right? That's kind of have a nice day Yeah, it's more like we you should continue learning from that because your DNA doesn't change Right once you've been tested. That's what the those are the cards you've been dealt The science keeps evolving. So what we do is we keep updating the algorithms in the report So you log back in and six months into the portal and you're learning more things Right, there's new genes that have been added. There's new science on those same genes that you looked at before There's more recommendations. We learned about this supplement. We learned about this food We learned about, you know, blue light filter glasses are right for some people Some people don't need them as an example, right? so That Continue like you're the one thing that you should keep coming being able to keep coming back for and keep learning and learning learning Is your genetics as opposed to a blood test as a marker in time? Here's today that report is now no longer good in six months. You need to do it again and again again So it's kind of that gift that keeps on giving And we structured our research in that way to make sure that when you every time you log in you're learning more and more and more Yeah, I think you you just mentioned a point that's so important to make I can't Tell you how many people that will do a genetic test on like the apo E4 And then two years later I'll see them and they'll say Can we test my apo E4 gene again because let's see if I've changed it And I'm going no no no you don't understand, you know this That's unchangeable. I'm sorry But yeah, what you do with that gene Is is very changeable And um, and you know, I have a huge practice in apo E4 is uh because of that and Knock on wood. We're very successful knowing What you can do with that gene That's exactly what people should do. They have The DNA is guidance. Where do you focus right? What's not working? Now it just makes the clinicians job easier and people are fortunate to work with someone as brilliant as you The solutions are already there But it's you take the trial and error out the one size fits all is removed It's here's exactly what this person needs to focus on and by the way Dr. Gundry has the best in practice of how to fix that thing, right? So that's what you can do with this tool All right, so now okay, so somebody does your test and how do they work? With an existing doctor clinic or health team because quite frankly So many well-meaning healthcare people doctors nurses Just say What do I care about your genes?  How do I agree with that? We struggle with that regularly and we realized the difficulty was that the education gap First of all, clinicians are busy. Their staff is busy. They already know enough stuff They don't want to know more they're they do what they do So we did two things first of all The report that the consumer gets Is so easy to understand because we speak to the conditions and that's been a big problem with genetics It's not easy to use right here's your list of genes. What does that mean? Yeah, someone has to interpret it, right? So we the reports speak to the conditions anxiety low medium high risk Here's why and if you want to geek out and learn here's the genetics information also, right? So that's one the the reports for the consumer. I would argue that you don't need anyone's help to understand exactly what's being said On the other hand, there are some people that say now now that I have this I want to fix things I want to work on things. So there's two answers We have coaches that are trained on genetics that can help people Right that you can work on it. I need to lose 10 pounds. My mother had breast cancer I don't want it We can build programs to help people that but for your clinician We build clinicians summaries that go straight to the red flags Right now all of a sudden the clinician doesn't need to go through A stack of paper to figure things out. It's like sleep. Here's why they can't sleep and here's what's recommended Because they're prescriptive. We have to give it to the clinician. We can't give it to the consumer, right? But if you want it for your clinician, just tell us and we'll send it to them and all of a sudden they have The kind of document that they want they don't want to go learn something again They want tell me what it is and what to do about it and I will help you with that And so that's what we did those two things easy to use report Clinician summary that fits the way a clinician thinks and works so that they'll actually use it for you All right. Well, this has been great Where can your listeners get their own dna company test? so we if they go to the website we actually added a Sort of a discount for your audience because we understand that you know, first of all, we love the work you do My family's been i've i've read your books and my family's been following you for some time um, so if people go to the website the dna company.com forward slash gunnery Right, so the dna company.com forward slash gunnery when you get to the checkout there'll be a discount built in So you'll see that when you get to check out just it's our sort of gift back for listening today We appreciate and value everyone's time and thank you for joining us so So just do that the dna company.com forward slash gunnery You can get the test and report and you'll get a discount if you need more support in terms of coaching Being directed to a clinician that's tuned into this type of science and just contact us through the website We will help you with all that also right. Yeah, and just for my listeners and viewers you should know that For over 20 years We've been doing specific genetic tests that we knew now over for over 25 years That we could do something about so but you're absolutely right most genetic tests that you get It's gobbledygook and you're given absolutely no guidance. So I'm you know, I'm very excited about what you're doing and so Can't wait to dive into your dna and expose it to the world. Oh, I know.  Thanks very much and please check out the dna company and slash gunnery and get yourself a discount Sounds good. Thank you. All right. Take care and go get some cold All right


Creating presentations using Google Slides. Google Slides is one of the most popular presentation tools available, and there are many reasons that make this a good choice. Google Slides is browser-based, which means there are no programs to install and you present right from the browser. This makes it a good option if you're unsure about what kind of computer will be in the room, as well as allowing you to present without downloading any additional software. Slides has themes. This makes it easy to find free, attractive, and easy to use themes and templates to make your presentation look good with little design knowledge. In this video, we'll cover the basics of using Google Slides to create a beautiful presentation. The first step is outlining your content. Decide on a working title and some main points that you want your audience to take away from the presentation. This will give you a rough structure that you can begin to fill in with more details. If you can, try to frame your content as a narrative. Stories and personal anecdotes help your audience to relate to you and your content. To learn more, watch our storytelling video on the Learning Portal. The narrative format can help keep an audience engaged, but you need to back these stories up with relevant data and examples to boost your content's credibility. This can be done through relevant charts or infographics to keep your presentation visually interesting. To begin the process of creating a presentation, open Google Slides and log in with your Google account. Chances are you already have one of these, whether it be an account with Gmail, YouTube, or Google Sites. You'll immediately be presented with options to start a new presentation from the template gallery. Feel free to explore all the potential options, download a free template online, or create a new presentation from scratch. When you click on the chosen template, you'll get an entire pre-populated presentation. This is a very simple way to create a presentation. Just replace the content with your own. This does not always work very seamlessly, however, because you're likely not going to be giving a presentation with the same regression as the sample. If you do decide to use the Slides template, try to make it your own by editing the design. Select Slide in the top menu bar, then click Edit Theme. You can edit the master presentation by clicking the slide image under Theme or individual layouts by clicking the slides themselves. Make any changes you like, such as backgrounds, placeholders, font styles, size, and color. This will apply to the entire presentation, so you won't have to edit new slides when you create them. You can, however, still make these changes on an individual basis or change your theme entirely whenever you'd like To begin adding your content, click on any placeholder or text, and replace it with your own work. Make sure the fonts all match your theme if you decide to copy and paste. To replace any images included in your template, simply right-click on the image and click on Replace Image. You will then be given a choice of location to get your new image. You can upload any images from your computer, search the web, locate an image in your Google Drive or Google Photos, paste a URL, or use your camera. Choose your image, then click Replace. This will apply the new image into the same size box as the original, so you may need to resize it using the guides. To add new content to your presentation, click on Insert in the top menu bar. Here you can insert images, text boxes, audio, video, shapes, tables, charts, diagrams, word art, and lines. Audio can be uploaded from your Google Drive, and video from YouTube or Google Drive. So if you want to use any multimedia, you'll first have to upload it online. Text boxes, shapes, and lines can all be drawn directly onto your slide and formatted using the menu that appears when you click on them, or right-click and select Format Options. Tables can be drawn using the grid provided and formatted in the same way. The available charts are bar, column, line, and pie. Choosing these will insert a sample chart that you can alter by clicking Open Source in the upper right corner of the chart. This will bring you to Google's Sheets, where you can change the data, titles, and colors of the chart. Alternatively, you can import a chart you have already created from Google Sheets.  Done well, they can add a little bit of movement and interest to your presentation. To access transitions, select the Transition tab from the toolbar. From there, a motion menu will appear where you can select and add timings for all the transitions you'll need. Animations can be very interesting to reveal information or help to emphasize a specific point. To animate an element, first click on it, then choose Animate from the top toolbar. You will then be able to choose the controls and speed of whichever animation you'd like to use. If you have multiple animations on one slide, you can change their order by clicking on the Animations Pane button. You can preview your transitions and animations by clicking Play at the bottom of the motion menu. When your presentation is complete, it's time to begin rehearsing. The more you practice, the better you'll know the content and the technology, and you'll settle into the presentation. Thus appearing more comfortable and confident to the audience. To help you with rehearsal and eventually your final presentation, you can add speaker notes. There should be a space for them under each slide. If you don't see this, click View in the top menu, then check Show Speaker Notes. Here you can put parts of your script as prompts for yourself during the presentation, or reminders to pause for questions, or anything else you can think of adding. When the time does come to present, there are three options for presenting. The first is to just click Present in the top right corner. This will open the presentation full screen, from whichever slide you are on. If you click the drop-down arrow beside the Slide Shows button, you can start from the beginning to ensure that your presentation starts from slide 1. The last option, Presenter View, is my personal favorite. Selecting this opens two windows, one for your eyes only and one that the audience sees. The window that only you can see has a section for you to view your presenter notes for each slide. It also shows the elapsed presentation time and a drop-down menu to quickly access all of your slides. Presenter View also includes a very interesting feature called Audience Tools. Here you create a link for your audience to be able to use to interact with you and your presentation in a live chat. They can ask any questions they may have, start a discussion, or react to other audience member's comments. You can add these comments into your presentation in real time to address them specifically. You can do this either throughout your presentation or as a Q&A period. As mentioned earlier, you present in your browser in Google Slides itself. So we recommend also saving your slides as PDF files in case anything goes wrong on the day. At least in this case, you will have the slide designs and content ready to go as a backup. To do this, click File in the top menu bar, then click Download. Here you can choose the file type that you want and it will automatically download. You can also share your presentation by publishing it to the web or via searching your contacts, sharing a link, or emailing the file to yourself or any other collaborators. Congratulations, you're done! With this knowledge under your belt, you should now have the tools to create your best presentation yet.


So the next question says select the answer with the correct number of decimal places for the following sum So when we look at these types of problems sometimes it's hard for me to Kind of realize how I'm supposed to do this So what I like to do is kind of put the decimal place underneath all all of them Underneath the first number. Okay where the decimal places on first So 2.0 Grants and 19.6442 Grants now let's erase all this stuff And we know where our decimal is going to go now Okay, and it also tells us where we're going to cut it off So remember we cut it off to the one with the if we're adding they're subtracting and in this case We're adding right we want to cut it off to the number that has the Least numbers after the decimal place. So if we look at this this has two after the decimal place This has one this has four so the final answer is just going to have one so everybody get that Okay, wonderful Didn't seem to Enthusiastic about getting that but I'm gonna take it for granted So 4.65 plus 2.0 plus 19.6442 We add that up and the answer I get is 26.29 9 4 2 Okay, so like I said, we're gonna have to cut it off to there, but look here. We've got a nine So what are we going to do to the two? Round it up, right? So the final answer is going to be 26.3 Grants any questions on that one?


Yeah Yeah, we're about to show them Okay, before I show you probably my most embarrassing Valorant moment yet I wanted to thank today's video sponsor opera GX the absolute best browser for gamers lagging in Valorant is the worst And sometimes it can cost you an entire round that can then lead in snowball into losing an entire game The good thing about opera GX is that you can choose exactly how much RAM CPU and bandwidth usage you wanted to use giving you full control Also, have you ever opened up a web page in your current browser and the page is so white It feels like you're being flash banged well a cool thing about opera GX and probably one of my favorite features of the browser is that they've completely fixed that issue with They're built-in for stark pages it even has a really convenient twitch integration so you can see when all of your favorite streamers go live and Also a discord tab to stay in touch with all of your communities Another pretty cool part about it is their GX quarter section where you can stay up to date with the best new and free games Deals and gaming news all in one place So if you want to take control of your browser experience download opera GX with the link in my description below today Oh my god, well, did anybody see me lag on the cypher that was do my whole computer. Just like I Literally melted in my chair taps him that guy is he's clocked out. No, no, no, he's actually clocked out He's clocked out now for the rest of the game Oh my god, I was hit that big something nice to kill mid mid mid mid The redemption the red no, no, no, that's that's payback. That's payback.  I got nothing. I think they come back to the spawn. I do have sweet. No one's on me There's three here. Yeah, they're all three out there coming Get three of them both there. Nice guys There's some here. They don't have a spike. What's on mid or nice license to left to do I Haven't slaps. Yeah, I love I love Haven it's such a good


Now, we turn our attention from the past toward the future. The Linus Pauling Institute is moving into a new era. The legacy of Balt's fry will never be forgotten, but now we're in the hands of new stewards. All of the Institute today will forge ever forward, and to give us a glimpse of the future of the Linus Pauling Institute, I'd like to invite our new director who starts January 1, 2018, Dr. Richard Van Bremen, to come up to the stage, tell us about your vision. I understand you've got a few slides up your sleeve. Welcome. It's a pleasure to be here. Thanks, Maret, for organizing a fantastic conference. I know I'm the only thing standing between you and dessert, so I don't want to dwell too long, but we've got a great facility, great building. Balt's fry has definitely done a fantastic job bringing together a group of investigators, developing the Linus Pauling Institute, helping to, with the support, of course, of all the friends of the LPI and the university, Oregon State, and all the donors to build a great building. Fred mentioned the word synergy a little earlier in his talk, and I think this is what this building helps to do for the LPI, bringing together a talented group of investigators, junior investigators, students, visiting scholars, staff, and together they can do a lot more together as a group than they could possibly carry out individually. And the building helps to coalesce this whole idea and create the synergy. I want to just reiterate the mission of the Linus Pauling Institute is threefold. Of course, the basic science and the working, as we heard, mechanisms of action that drives the hypothesis-driven research that is essential to the basic science mission. Understanding, did I do that with the, oh well. OK, we got the right one. Following up on the basic science and the mechanisms of action, we need to translate these discoveries and research into delivering health care, improving people's lives. And part of that is also the public outreach that we've already heard about tonight. So it's threefold, the basic science, mechanism of action driven, translating this research, and sharing it with the public and with health care providers so that the vision of Linus Pauling in promoting optimal health and helpful aging can be shared with everybody. So I'll be better off. I search long and hard on the internet for pictures of the Linus Pauling Institute group. This is the only one I could find, actually, on the internet. So that's one of the things I want to change in the future. I want to have the whole team and pictures to share. I had a great chance to sit down with Donald Reed today, who was the first leader or director of the Linus Pauling Institute. And he shared with me some of his ideas, both past and present, and I'm very grateful for that. Waltz and I are going to have a heart-to-heart talk next. So I'll learn a lot more from him, as much as I possibly can. I want to also acknowledge, in between Waltz and me, has been Fred Stevens. And Fred, I want to thank you for doing a great job as the interim director. Donald and Waltz did a great job getting the institute going. Fred did a great job presenting it to me in as... Well, my mother always taught me when you're staying with somebody to leave the house in a better shape than you found it. And Fred, thank you very much. You've improved things already, so thank you. Since I couldn't find a picture of the whole LPI team that's current, I thought I'd show a picture from the first of the Diet and Optimum Health Conference meetings, which back in 1991 was held up in Portland. This is my one wordy slide. So what I think is key to the future of the LPI is, goes with this idea of synergy, but a collaborative effort. And it's collaborative not just between the faculty. We want to go outside the LPI and bring in involved faculty from the other units of the university. We need a cross interdisciplinary effort. We want to go beyond the walls of OSU and involve other institutions. We want to collaborate with industry, with trade organizations. We want to translate this work and work together with clinical partners, both within Corvallis and beyond Corvallis to Portland and even outside. I see the idea of the LPI becoming a world, well it already is a world-class organization, but I want to do my best to promote its image and its impact by driving a collaborative effort that will make it even, perhaps, better, more influential in promoting human health than it has been thus far. And I'm going to do my best to keep that effort moving in a very positive direction. I think my final slide, I want to talk about the educational mission of the LPI. It's certainly it's a research institute, but all the faculty train graduate students and we train undergraduate students and we have visiting scholars and post-doctoral fellows. And each faculty member can train a couple students and send them on their way each year. And in a career you might graduate a hundred. By adding 12 principal investigators, that becomes 1200. By adding junior or adjunct faculty and working in a collaborative effort, we can educate new generations, and I mean multiple generations of experts to promote optimal health and healthful aging. And so that's my closing effort. Collaborative work, synergy, and education for the future. And so thank you very much for giving me this opportunity to lead the LPI. It is a tremendous honor. Fred tried to recruit me many years, maybe the last 12 years. He had me out a few times. Volts Fry had me out to give a seminar to the Linus Pauling Institute. He gave me a nice shirt. When I was here it says Linus Pauling Institute. I started wearing that at all the public events in Chicago, so I'm getting a lot of comments about that now. And people will do a double take and they'll say, oh that says Linus Pauling Institute on it. Aren't you gonna be moving there soon? So thank you very much for that and the opportunities to visit Corvallis and get to know you a little bit over the years. So the decision to come here was just an easy one. My wife is now saying, why didn't we move sooner? So we're both looking forward to joining Oregon State in the new year and thank you very much. And I wanna thank Joanne Facy and the, oh for this donation of this fabulous painting and the Gershaw and Benjamin Foundation for their support, their continuing support of the Linus Pauling Institute and the university. So thank you for this gorgeous donation.


Thank you for coming together to discuss the challenge of growing global importance. As someone with a background in engineering, I am deeply interested in the remarkable phenomenon of artificial intelligence. And as Secretary General of the United Nations, I am strongly committed to promoting global cooperation on this emerging issue. Artificial intelligence is advancing dramatically. It is already transforming our world socially, economically and politically. We face a new frontier, with advances moving at warp speed. Artificial intelligence can help analyze enormous volumes of data, which in turn can improve predictions, prevent crimes and help governments better serve people. But there are also serious challenges and ethical issues at stake. There are real concerns about cybersecurity, human rights and privacy, not to mention the obvious and significant impact on the labor market. The implications for development are enormous. Developing countries can gain from the benefits of artificial intelligence. But they also face the highest risk of being left behind. This summit can help ensure that artificial intelligence charts a course that benefits humanity and bolsters our shared values.  Together, let us make sure we use artificial intelligence to enhance human dignity and serve the global good. Thank you.


Hi guys, welcome back. So, in this lesson, I just wanted to share or talk about the importance of dynamics in music. Okay, we use this word sometimes loosely.  So, in other words, if you measure anything, like let's say temperature or, you know, the number of coronavirus cases, which is the most popular graph in the past few years, basically, you're measuring what is happening over the x axis, which is time. And music is a very time driven art form, right?  Yes, you can imagine things around it, but actually, it's just a static art form. Music is dynamic.  And it's more like you're telling stories using the audio medium or the oral medium, rather than the visual medium. So when creating music using dynamics, we need to keep a few things in mind.  I think these points hold good for all. Okay. And we just, we just need to look at the physical quantities of music, which are available, and then learn how to tweak them, learn how to manage them, and more importantly, control them with pretty much anything we do on the instrument, whether it's play melodies, whether it's accompanying a singer, whether it's following a drummer, anything. And a lot about dynamics is about either you imagining the music, imagining the story it's telling and imagining the purpose of what you're doing. And also another reason why you would need dynamics is to serve your band members or to serve the musicians you're playing. For example, to follow the singers dynamics. Sometimes we look out for singers because of how obvious their dynamics is. Sometimes their lyrics itself would mean, okay, you have some sad sentence. So you have to play the piano in a very kind of sad melancholic way. Or if it's more chirpy or a bit more uplifting, you have to bring up the flavor on the piano. Another great way to look at dynamics is to follow the intensity of the drummer. If the drummer is sort of belting it or slamming it, you need to be with the drummer or follow or combat or work with the drummer to bring out or to make the drums sound better. Sometimes a little bit of what we do should make our fellow musicians also sound better. So a good gig, which you might perform would be a gig where you just make the singer sound better or you make the drummer sound better. And if the singer sounds better, the show is a success. If the drummer sounds better, everyone dances. So there's no harm in kind of staying behind the scene sometimes and exploring dynamics. So dynamics could be used in a visual story-like context where you are imagining a story or you're trying to work with an existing story by, let's say, your music director friend who works with you or you're just playing with the art form, which is a dynamic art form. You want to say, okay, there is a hero, there is a hero going through all these stages in the movement or in the story or in the journey and your music needs to support that. And also dynamics is important to follow your bandmates or your singer or your choir or the overall objective of the arrangement of the song. So coming to all the properties which we can change on the piano or pretty much on any musical instrument is volume. The volume component is the simplest thing which you can kind of float and change and really bring out the art form. So if I take a simple phrase like this, this is at the upper volume, you know, spectra. So instead of that maybe, play it softer. Why not combine the two? Reach a kind of a crescendo or a decrescendo where you're kind of climbing down. And a lot about playing dynamics is also working from within your body. What you have within you, what you clearly know you have is breathing. So if you can time your dynamics or time your performance with your breathing, it kind of helps. It's worked with a ton of my students and it's obviously worked for me to play something like this and breathe. So just focus on your breathing, you know. So what happened there, I just took a deep breath inside and the volume just became louder and then I couldn't breathe anymore. So the volume kind of stayed where it was. Come down, rest. So I've taken a breath out.  Volume is what we've been chatting about now. Volume is the most organic way or the easiest way for a musician to bring about dynamics which is a change over time and thus creating a more storytelling environment which is what we need for our art form. The other kind of dynamics which you can do on the piano and a lot of instruments would be legato and staccato. So if I take music like this just a chord progression, you see the smoothness is what we call as legato where it's connected versus same music but played in a lot more staccato. So that means the length of each of what I'm doing, each note or each chord is trying to be zero. So obviously you cannot have zero sustain. You'll have to then be very percussion like it's just like a clap. So there will be some kind of tail, some kind of sustain but with staccato one technique which I find on the piano which is very useful is to flick your fingers and create a fist like this.  You get a nice staccato vibe. Don't go, don't lift your whole shoulder like you're getting some kind of an electric shock or something. You don't need to be getting a shock doing this. It's just a flick. Just flick the fingers back towards your palm and you should get a staccato while legato. You just go through the motions, the natural motion of playing the piano and if you like even more connection or more legato we have the sustain pedal which is, there we go. So with holding the pedal gives you this sound without the pedal not so much legato. With the pedal more legato and obviously staccato without the pedal and with the flick. So you could have one section of the song which is staccato and then the next section could be legato and then the emotions come through back too. I hope you're feeling the difference in emotions. That's the key. That's the point of dynamics. To change your mood, change the story, change the landscape, change what your actor is doing in the movie through these simple things volume so far and then the duration of the notes legato or staccato. What's a nice another great way to build or progress with dynamics on the piano. I would just say the other quantity of sound we've covered volume, we've covered the length of the sound we have not necessarily yet covered the pitch of the sound. So a sound could be very deep or very low or very high. So you get a very kind of a thin sound when you go towards the higher registers. So this could be more like a melancholic scene where someone has lost a loved one or whatever. You'll probably have all these these sort of music played in the higher register. But if I go lower and play the same thing, this is more like it's a struggle going on. But I kid you not, I'm playing the same music. I did not change my notes. I did not change my chord. I did not change the speed or the rhythm. I didn't change anything. I think see now just played it lower. Now you get that epic brave kind of sound or like there's a lot of destruction, you know, or like the spoils of war or something also with intensity because you can combine volume with pitch. Remember both the elements of dynamics. Same music played higher and lot of these things it's like we didn't really do anything. We're just playing it lower and then playing it higher. You're just leaving it to I would say leaving it to mother nature to just beautify the sound. So as a player you have to showcase these things. You have to showcase these kinds of movements in music. So again dynamics coming back to the definition change over time. Another final way to talk about dynamics to leave you in this lesson would be what I call as density. Okay. Density basically in in physics means something heavier per unit volume or mass per volume, right? kg per meter cube if I'm not mistaken when I learnt in my engineering courses. Okay. So with musical density you have the same volume which is in this case the beat or the bar. The volume is the amount of time what I call as a time container. But how much are you squeezing into that container will be your density value. What is your density? So to give you an example I can play everyone's favorite song. So it's just one, two, three, four, one. So I'm not really going inside the beat. So with density we don't really change the melody or the chords or anything. We just try and add something deeper. What did I do there? Something has been added, right? I've added like what we call as quavers. Now we can add more making it a 16th note back to a more timid way or a more uplifting way. There we go. So that's how you add density in the same amount of time you add more and more elements, right? So we've looked at volume control. We've looked at pitch control. We've looked at duration control, legato, staccato, and finally I like to leave you with that term musical density, right? Where you add more subdivisions to your performance or explore more subdivisions with your performance and to cap this video off the importance of dynamics is huge for you as a professional musician or an upcoming aspiring musician. What you could hope to achieve, the way I like to put it for my students is if you have 100 people who are in a kind of a hall or whatever and they are asked to play the same music, right? I can guarantee you if someone is judging those 100 people and let's say those judges, some of them were musicians. Some of them are not musicians. It doesn't matter. The top 10 out of that 100 will be the people who play that exercise or that music with dynamics. The remaining 90 may show off a bit more. They may color it. They may really play very, very fast. They're not going to win the prize. The guys who are going to win are the guys who can show off their dynamics, right? The effort of showcasing the physical changeable quantities of music, which is pitch, time, pitch, duration and volume, length of the note, velocity or the attack or the loudness of the note and the where you're playing the notes. And finally, we have density. So if you want to be in that top 10% group of people, play with dynamics. Don't think about the other stuff which everyone keep talking about. Let's learn how to play fast. Let's play super, super speed or things like that. You know, those are the things which are quite attractive for a musician, but may not be the things which actually attract your audience or whoever you're playing music for, right? So from the audience point of view, what can they feel? They're not going to enjoy music played supremely faster. They're not going to enjoy music which has more complicated chords or more complicated things. They may, but they will feel the thing which they feel will always be dynamics. So you need to also keep it immersed within you and then project it to your audience. I hope you found this talk or this rant about dynamics to be useful and I hope you can apply it in your music. Remember, it is a very, very important tool. It's going to make you pro immediately. You're just going to go from something to a professional player. All you have to do is take the same data you're doing, same music and add all these dynamic ingredients and start telling even more, you know, rich and beautiful stories along the way. Cheers and catch you in the next one.


Well, let's start with defining terms. I'm not going to launch right into propositional logic. If you want that, you'll have to wait for a few videos. Now I like to start with defining terms. It's useful to try to explain the rest. You have to know what you're talking about before you can start making judgments, or even before you can start using reason, or you can start using logic. So let's do it with defining terms instead. So term is, you know, it's a word, right? It doesn't use words all the time. And these words are at least supposed to have meanings behind them. The definition, the concept. Now what we're going to do is learn ways to define terms. Now I don't mean just going to the dictionary and looking at the definition. You know, you can go to a dictionary and look up a definition. It doesn't mean you understand what the term is supposed to mean. It certainly doesn't mean that your audience is going to understand what the term is supposed to mean. So instead, what I want to teach you to do is to learn how to understand the term for yourself. I'm not saying a dictionary is a bad thing. I'm just saying it's not enough. If you want to learn how to define, you'll take these steps. Not just simply walking over to whatever dictionary is on your bookshelf. And you know, especially if you want to explain to your audience what you mean. Maybe it's somebody that you're speaking to or writing to or say papers. You should take these steps as opposed to a single sentence from a dictionary. Now to kind of get started with this, I'm going to introduce two terms. Definitum is the first one. And definitum is just what is being defined, right? It's the word that's being defined. And the definitums is, well, it's what's doing the defining. Now I'm not just simply going to say sentence because it isn't always a sentence that's doing the defining. You'll see what I mean in just a second. So just keep this in mind. Definitum, what's being defined, and the definitums, what's doing the defining. So the first way to start defining is probably the simplest way, although it still leaves room for lots of errors. But hey, at least get started. Right? At least get you started in learning how to define is defining by extension. That's just, you know, the extension is just simply those things to which the term refers. It's just those things to which the term refers. Now you can do this a couple of different ways. You can do this by pointing to different things. That's called defining by demonstration. So if I were to define, say I was trying to define car, maybe I'd take you to the parking lot and point to the cars and say, that's a car, that's a car, that's a car, that's a car. That's defining by demonstration, and it's one kind of defining by extension. Another kind is, you know, suppose you can't point to the thing that you're trying to define, you can define by subclass. So I'd say, okay, you know, I'm trying to define car. So examples of this are the Hyundai Elantra and the Honda Accord and Cadillac. These are different kinds of cars, subclasses of cars. That's what's called defining by subclass. Now this could be a little bit tricky itself because defining by subclass depends upon your audience knowing the meanings of the subclasses that you mentioned. But, you know, it's one of the things that can get you started. Now another way to define is called defining by synonym. Now, I want to be clear, when you define it by extension, when you define it by synonym, this is not sufficient. It's useful, but it's not sufficient. It can help get you started, and it can help your audience kind of ease into the definition you want them to understand. But, you know, at least it gets you started. So if you define it by synonym, you very much provide the words that mean the similar or the same thing. So if I was defining car by synonym, I'd say, what, automobile? Ground vehicle, right, that would be one. You know, ground vehicle is a little, maybe a little bit too broad, but you know, it kind of starts to get in the ballpark. Or even you can use idioms or vernacular, so wheels. Those are my wheels, right. And again, defining by synonym in this way depends upon your audience knowing the meanings of those terms. But, just to emphasize, it can be useful. Now, what's kind of related to defining by synonym is to define by etymology. And this can be useful. It isn't always useful, but it can be useful. You know, words have histories, at least some of them do.  And some of the histories are more interesting than others. But it can help in trying to understand the term. Words have origins from, some words, especially in English, have origins from multiple languages. And sometimes the meanings of the multiple languages come together to mean something new and different. It isn't always useful, but it can be interesting and kind of fun in some ways. So for instance, again, car. Car is derived from the Latin carus, which it means wagon. So that's kind of an interesting little leap, how we've gone from wagon to car, or the meaning of car gets its meaning from wagon. Kind of in the other direction, from synonym, is defining by antonym. Now, this isn't always useful, or it's not always have opposites. In this case, car really doesn't have an opposite. And it doesn't tell you so much what the word is, but tell you what the word is not. And I want to emphasize, you should not just simply try to define a term by what it's not. That doesn't tell you what it's not, doesn't tell you what it is. But it can be useful. It can be helpful. And plenty of words do have opposites. So if you're defining life, say, well, it's not death. If you're defining hot, you say it's not cold. In this case, no, we don't really have an antonym to car. So it's not really going to work. But keep in mind when you are trying to define terms, especially maybe as kind of an example of antonym is defining the extension of antonym. So if you're trying to define justice, you might point to unjust actions as a way of saying, well, it's clearly not this, or it's clearly not murders, clearly not stealing, it's clearly not corruption. That can help put the term somewhere in the ballpark, but it's certainly not sufficient. And related to this, maybe, is what's called, or what I call confused cases. So these confused cases can be instances where something maybe kind of sort of looks like the term, but is not. There's going to be an important difference. This might be more important when you're really trying to specify the term to get, you know, to delineate it from some of these confused instances. So, you know, something for car, a confused case for car would be the El Camino. No, the El Camino is not a car, it's a truck. It has some appearance of a car, okay, but it's not a car, it's a truck. Now, before we move on to the next kind of defining, I want to introduce another term, genus. Now, genus is the kind of thing that it is, right, the kind of thing. So consider this. So what do we have here? They look different. These things look different from each other.  Now, despite the fact that these all look different, there are differences from these three things, they're nevertheless, they have something in common. There's a kind here, and the kind is tree. These are all trees. I've got maple, oak, and spruce, but maple, oak, and spruce are still all trees. So the kind, the genus, is tree. Or even look at this. So we've got three kinds of ivies or vines, depending on how you want to describe them. Again, they look different. We've got different shades of green for the leaves. You've got different shapes for the leaves and how they cluster on the ivy itself. Now that they're all different from each other, but they're still ivy, right? Ivy is the genus. Ivy is the kind of thing that it is. And here we have, again, some significant differences from these three things. Color of the leaves, shape of the leaves, right? But nevertheless, they all have something, they all have a kind. They all have something in common. They're bushes. And you know, even ivies and trees and bushes, they all have something in common. That's plant. So tree is the kind for the maple, the oak, and the spruce. And ivy is the kind or the genus for those three kinds of ivy. And the genus here is bush. And even those kinds, those genuses, they each have, they all have one genus and that's plant. So that's genus. That's the kind of thing that it is. Next is differentiate. So, you know, I'm returning back to the trees here. Each of these is tree. They all have something the same, but they also have a difference from each other. So the maple leaves are red, at least right now, they're red. And their shape is different from the oak and the spruce. And the spruce doesn't really have leaves, it has needles. The spruce has, you know, so it's supposed to be just focus on the spruce real quick, right? The difference that the spruce has from the others, what makes the spruce what it is, is that it has needles. It also grows in a conical shape, whereas the oak and the maple grow, you know, they have kind of in the mushroom shape, rather they have the straight trunk and then the branches and leaves are kind of grouped at the top, where the spruce is conical. The branches also are called worlsome. They kind of spiral out. Now these differences that the spruce has, that's the differential. That's the differential, what makes the spruce different from others of its kind. So this brings us to defining by species. The species is when you put the genus and the differential together. So when you put the genus and the differential together. So if we were to define car, if we were to define car by species, well first we need to figure out its genus. What is this genus? Maybe you attempted to say vehicle. Vehicle might be too far up, too far up in abstraction, right? Because vehicles include planes and trains and boats, right? These are all vehicles. So maybe just like one step up for genus for car. What would that be? Probably something like automobile, right? Automobile. And that basically means ground transportation. So that's the genus for car is automobile. Okay, that's great. That's great. But we're not done yet. We're not defining. We haven't defined car by species yet, because we haven't identified its differential. So what other vehicles are there? To think about differential, to think about other things in the kind, but are nevertheless different. So what? Trucks, vans, buses. These are all different things within the genus of automobile. What's going to make a car different from a truck? Well a truck has an open bed, whereas a car does not. Its storage space, if it has one, is enclosed. So that's one thing. What about, oh I don't know, what makes a car different from a van? So vans, or let's start with SUV, right? What makes a car different from an SUV? Well an SUV has three rows of seats, whereas a car has at most two. So we're narrowing down its differentiate. So if it has a storage space that's enclosed and a car has only one to two rows of seats, what about maybe from, well actually that kind of covers it right now. At least it covers a lot and it gets you along the way. So here's at least an attempt at defining a car by a species. It's an automobile with one to two rows of seats and if it has a storage space that's enclosed. Now defining by species is a really handy skill. If you can knock off a genus and differentiate for a thing, say if you're with a group of people who try to understand the term, that really helps. I mean if you have that skill, you'll be able to describe more and understand more and communicate more than probably other people in the room. Now notice something here. I mean that's going to get us started with defining terms, but I want you to notice something here. I've given you a series of steps for defining and we've got four or five steps here or something like that. And if you complete these steps, say you're doing a paper, if you're completing these steps, you can, depending upon the complexity of the word and how brief you want to be, you can give a nice solid definition of a term and anywhere from 100 to 300 words. If it's a really complicated concept, say if you're doing something in philosophy or mathematics or science or something in history, you can spend, I mean I've seen people spend the solid three pages at least defining a term, defining a term.  But for a typical academic paper for an undergraduate, if you follow these steps, you can define a term in anywhere from 100 to 300 words. That's anywhere from a nice full paragraph to a page. And I have yet to see a paper in the humanities that didn't require defining at least three terms. So these five to ten page papers that you have to write become a little bit less difficult. And this is not just baloney. Making clear the term that you're using is very important work. Most people don't even bother with it and just presume the audience knows what they're talking about. And then sometimes what happens when there's, you know, this, when people don't bother defining the terms, they want to talk about two different things, which can happen very easily because a single word in English can have a variety of different meanings. If you don't believe me, start looking up in the dictionary. Look at the word innocent. You'll be surprised how many definitions there are.  So, um, just, you know, just practice this. Next time you have a paper, sit down and try to define the term. Not just by giving a single, so if you ever have a paperist define this term and like, how am I supposed to fill up a whole page doing that? Well, now you know how. Because I bet you've gone to the dictionary, you find a single sentence and oh, well, that's that. No. Demonstrate to your audience, and specifically your professor, that you really know what you're talking about by following these steps. So, you know, we've had, you know, we've taken a look at different ways of defining. Let's have a little practice at recognizing different kinds of definitions. So, you see here, there's no plant means something such as a tree, a flower, a vine, or cactus. So, what kind of definition is this? Now, even just looking at the sentence, you know, bear with me. If you, if you can recognize it right away, just bear with me. You know, go through the thought process because sometimes that can be useful in and of itself, right? Um, you know, the first step is to identify the definines versus the definindum. Right. Well, you know, having the quotation mark right there, that kind of easily identifies the definindum as well as the phrase means. And so, in English is nice and convenient where you have one word, then means, and then a phrase that follows. What, what that means is that, what follows means is what's, is the definines and what precedes means is definindum. So, with this phrase, we have a series. What was the rest of the sentence we have a series, a tree, a flower, a vine, or a cactus. So, this is a definition by extension. Now, here's a question. We have two kinds of definition by extension. A definition by demonstration or definition by subclass. Subclass. It's definition by subclass. I didn't take you to a garden and point to different plants. That would be definition by demonstration. Instead, I listed off a bunch of different kinds of plants. So, neophyte means beginner. Now, again, you have to identify the definines and the definindum. And, you know, means is really simple. You know, really helps us point it out. So, beginner is the definines. So, how is this definition carried out? Well, notice it's a single word. It's a single word. Well, that means that it's a definition by synonym. It's a definition by synonym. Okay, so here we have a universe originates from the Latin word universes, which means whole or entire. So, what kind of definition is this? So, we have, we don't have means, right? We don't have means. Instead, we have this word originates from. Well, that tells us where the word comes from. Well, that's a definition by etymology. That's a definition by etymology. That one's a pretty simple one too. Now, what's kind of interesting about this, I kind of want to point this out. You know, you have an idea in mind what universe means, but you don't mean whole or entire. So, this gives you kind of a clue as to what's going on, or it's history, the history of the word universe. It gives us a clue as to how it has its meaning. So, suppose I do this. A dog means this and this and this. So, what kind of definition have I given? Well, I haven't, I don't have any written phrase at all. Instead, what I'm doing is I'm just providing pictures, right? Instances, examples. Well, that's another kind of definition by extension. But this case, what I've done is I've given to particular instances of dogs, well, that's a definition by demonstration. That's a definition by demonstration. Let's try another one. Let's say dog means a mammal that is domesticated carnivorous with a snout and a cute sense of smell that barks, whines, or howls. That's a pretty long phrase. Well, you know, so again, identify the definites and the definitum, right? The definitum is dog and we have means and then we have the long phrase. What's happening here, right? So, look at the meanings of the terms. You have mammal, domesticated carnivorous, snout, cute sense of smell, barks, whines, or howls, right? Mammals pretty broad, right? So, domesticated carnivorous, snout, and all that. But, you know, the broadest of those terms, you know, mammals, reptiles, and fish can all be domesticated carnivorous and snout, right? That sort of thing. Or, and there are other mammals that are not. Now, so what's happening here is the word mammal is providing the genus, is providing the genus. And, you know, domesticated carnivorous, snout, cute sense of smell, right? That differentiates this mammal from other mammals. Say a mammal that is domesticated, carnivorous with a long tail, a sense of balance, a cute hearing, sight, and smell that either meows or purrs. Well, that's a different differentia. So, this is a genus and differentia, so this means that this is a definition by species, by species. Honesty is not lying. So, I don't even have means here, right? Just, but the, you know, the definite, the definite of is honesty. And what I said is, well, it's not lying, right? It's not lying. Well, that's, again, this is not sufficient, right? You should not try to define merely by this way. But this is, this is a definition by antonym. I said it's not lying, or, you know, a particular instance, anyway, of an antonym. So, this is, this is a definition by antonym. So, I've just taken you through a few exercises, right? I've just given a little practice trying to point to a particular instance as a defining. But you should keep practicing. You should keep practicing. Get real familiar with these steps.  I mean, I've already defined by demonstration at that point. But what are other chairs? What is, what, if it's appropriate, what's the synonym? If it's appropriate, what's an antonym, right? Try to think of some classes of chairs, and there are lots of some classes of chairs, and give its definition by its genus and its differentiates species, right? And you move on from simpler objects of chair, table, desk, lamp, camera, right? To more complicated things, even more abstract things. So human, sentient, justice, existence. When you get into this habit, I think what you're going to find is that you're going to be able to identify the things that are real. You'll be much better at identifying things that are real. Certainly, you'll be able to articulate this, right? And this is really the first step, right? The first step in learning how to reason, learning how to use your mind. And if you master these, the steps, right? If you master finding, you'll be able to demonstrate to other people very quickly that you know what you're doing.