Scientists opened Jesus' tomb after hundreds of years, their groundbreaking discovery shook everyone to the core. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem has suffered so many earthquakes, fires and attacks, that by 1009, it was totally destroyed. What makes this church so important is that it is said to contain Jesus' tomb. After being destroyed, the church was rebuilt, but modern scholars wondered whether this was really Christ's burial place. Around 17 centuries ago, a delegation from Rome confirmed it, but in 2016, science would be used to learn the truth. The study started in 2016 with the renovation of the tomb. In the New Testament, it is written that Jesus' tomb was built close to where he was crucified. The tomb would contain not only the body, but also the cross he had died on. The exact site of the burial wasn't discovered by archaeologists, but historians did have records on what is today called the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built in about 326 CE by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. Initially, this was meant to be his tomb. His mother Helena was helped by a bishop named Eusebius to look for Jesus' tomb, which had been erected three centuries before. She believed that she had found the burial site. Helena turned her son's tomb into the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which has lasted through centuries. In 1545, the bell tower collapsed and Franciscan friars started a renovation, including cleaning the shrine that housed Jesus' tomb. The monks decided to seal the burial site in 1555 and they added a slab of marble over the limestone burial so that pilgrims wouldn't touch the place where Jesus' body had sat. Now, archaeologists wanted to find proof that Jesus' body had laid there. They had to excavate into the burial place to advance their research. Centuries after the last restoration, it was time for a modern restoration to take place. But here's why things were more complicated than we thought. It was obvious a modern restoration was long overdue, but there was a problem. The Roman Catholic, Armenian Apostolic, and Greek Orthodox Churches all have custody over this church. That meant they all had to agree with the decision, and history shows us they will always have different point of views. Take for instance the immovable ladder. The three churches couldn't reach an agreement over a ladder of Lebanon cedar that was sitting over the entrance of the church. So the ladder hasn't been removed in over two and a half centuries because the churches couldn't put their differences aside. However, the churches decided that they had to do some cleaning up. They had no idea they would be the witnesses of an incredible discovery. Before the 2016 renovation efforts, the last intervention in keeping the Etikule from crumbling was made in 1947, during British colonial rule. They placed iron scaffolding around the Etikule. In the 2016 project, restoration also included an archaeological excavation of Jesus' tomb. Scientists hoped they would reveal the tomb's contents. Biblical archaeology is a growing field that looks for the historical truth of the events and places mentioned in the Bible. The 2016 excavation was going to help archaeologists learn more about the tomb. Thanks to modern technology, the information that could be gathered would help scientists learn if the tomb at the church of the Holy Sepulchre was Jesus' final resting place. After so many natural disasters and wars, and with the passing of centuries, scientists didn't know whether the Etikule housed Jesus' tomb or not. Following Jesus' death, nearly four decades later, Jerusalem was raised to the ground after the first Jewish Roman War. Then, there was physical evidence only for two crucifixions during the time of Jesus. One of the crucifixions was found by archaeologists near Jerusalem in 1968 and the other one was found in Italy in 2018, both being dated to Jesus' time. Moreover, it is unlikely that the burial had remained in that location. But after centuries of destroying and rebuilding or altering the Sepulchre, scientists would soon learn whether this was Jesus' tomb or not. First, the Etikule had to have its exterior reinforced. Renovation also included removing mold and water damage. Around the site, excavations slowly gave hope to archaeologists, who felt that they would soon discover something huge. In the 1970s, previous excavations at the church helped researchers learn that the Holy Sepulchre structure was built to cover the previous ruling religion. The site where Jesus' tomb has been placed was once a temple for the Roman gods Jupiter or Venus. Emperor Hadrian had built its centuries before Constantine became an emperor. In the 70s excavation, a Franciscan priest and archaeologist Virgilio Canio Corbo concluded that the church's enclosure was nearly in the same place as it was during Hadrian's time. That meant that the location of the Etikule had been there since the second century CE. Corbo's hypothesis needed more proof back in the 70s, and here's where excavations during the 20th century confirmed a description from the Bible. The church of the Holy Sepulchre had some rock tomb and there was also an ancient limestone quarry remaining from Constantine's first church from 326. But there was one thing that didn't line up. According to the text in the Bible, we're told that Jesus was buried outside the city's walls. However, the church and tomb are now inside the walls of Jerusalem's old city. According to later discoveries, the walls of the old city have expanded after Jesus' death, which is why the church is now inside the city. The restoration work would soon shed more light upon Jesus' tomb. A team from Athens was taking care of the restoration, and the churches agreed to it, as long as there would be no alterations to the structure. The time to see what was inside Jesus' tomb was drawing close. It was going to be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. The team took 10 months to restore the exterior of the Etikule. The restoration team took great care in removing the mold and water damage from the exterior of the Etikule. They also inserted modern screws to improve the foundation and the walls so that the structure would last more centuries. But the best part of the project was saved for later. The team was ready to finally remove the slab of marble that was laid over the burial chamber by the Franciscan monks. The scientists and the monks had been looking forward to this moment for their entire lives. It happened on October 25 and 26 in 2016. After 64 hours of slowly and carefully removing the marble part, the moment of truth was near. The team had no idea what to expect when they lifted the marble slab. They were now looking at something that had been hidden for thousands of years. Layers of dirt and debris were piled up under the slab and it took hours of sifting through it when they made the shocking discovery. Under the first slab of marble placed in 1555, the team was now looking at another slab of marble, this time a gray, older slab of marble. Taking a closer look, the research team took a collective gasp when they discovered a cross etched into the center of that stone. So what did that mean? It was clear that this second slab of marble was mysterious, so researchers theorized the cross was etched into the marble during the time of the crusaders. Others believe that the cracked surface was caused by Arab conquerors in 1009, before the crusades. The last theory was that this piece of marble was much older. They began analyzing samples of rocks to find the answer to this mystery. Only by analyzing the rock samples from the burial chamber, scientists would be able to accurately date them. This is where archaeologist Martin Biddle's work will go down in history. He used thermal imaging and small robotic cameras to create a virtual model of the edacule to prove that the location of the church hasn't been changed since Constantine's time. But one more proof helped him consolidate this theory. After using optical-stimulated luminescence, OSL, on the rock samples, the team was able to exactly date the chamber. The analysis was made in two separate labs. It took them one year to find the answer, but it was worth the time. The analysis of the rocks using OSL determines when a substance was last exposed to light. Here's what they discovered. Looking at the results, the test of the rock samples inside the burial tomb show that they were last exposed in the fourth century, meaning that it happened when Constantine had built the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Obviously the date is spot on for whatever Constantine did. That's very remarkable, archaeologist Martin Biddle told National Geographic. But there was even more proof. Antonia Maropoulou, the chief scientific coordinator of the Restoration Project explained in a statement to Agents France Press the importance of their discovery. This is a very important finding because it confirms that it was, as historically evidenced, Constantine the Great responsible for cladding bedrock of the tomb of Christ with the marble slabs in the Etacule. Renown Israeli archaeologist Den Baha had initially doubted Corbo's claim of the church bane nearly in the same place where it had initially been built. However, with the latest discoveries, he said that, we really have no reason to reject the authenticity of the site, adding that, there are no other sites that can lay a claim nearly as weighty. What makes this discovery groundbreaking is that the new proof found in Jesus' tomb confirms that this is the tomb brought into the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which was built in 326 by Emperor Constantine. This finding is essential for scientists, archaeologists, and the Church who have uncovered new truths about the stories in the Bible.


He three what type of kid was listening he was rapping when he was Three years old. He was like four. I believe he was rapping then Yeah, we on boss talk one-on-one. Yeah, we gonna tell you 15. You got the baby y'all running around now You turn 16 17 he three what type of kid was listening? He was rapping when he was Three years old. He was like four. I believe he was rapping then He would just kind of say something that really didn't make sense the first sentence And then the next one just were rhyme whatever he said So the second sentence would make sense the first one really didn't you know? Wasn't no really were just something and then he'll come back with a line that you know rhymes with it So he was um very active. I don't know. He was just always different even from birth I remember when you know, he was born my mom was like, yo, baby's bad already And I'm like what he do to like the nurse like I need help with this one, you know And you're a newborn baby. This is what the nurses do. So why do they need help with this? Right? So yeah, he's already he was already ready.   I don't think to do what I'm gonna do right now Sorry, but um you being a young mom It was probably hard for you because you didn't know how to really deal with a young child as much too Well, we that was my friend You see what I'm saying? So it's kind of like just think about it like I had a cabbage patch kid So I knew how to you know, like even though it's a real baby You still this excitement of teaching them what you learning So we kind of grew up together because we're only 15 years So I can't say that because I mean I was mature from like I said my friends I'm 14 my friends are 20 22 like I'm very mature. I'm ready. So I was able to teach him You know what I what I was able to teach him and then of course I had older friends too So it's not like I had to do it by myself when it came to that Who did he look to when when you say he was rapping he had to see it somewhere What was that influenced him to even think about rap? I'm gonna be honest with you I think it's in his dna because his father if he would have played his cars, right He would have been a rapper or whatever have you so I think it was just more so in his dna and He just lived out his father's dreams is what he did. Did he ever he run with his father's father ever keep him at all? Yeah, he knew um, I think snoop was three three or four when his father went to prison He did 21 years from there. So even before then he was in and out of jail You see what I'm saying? So they didn't get a chance to have that that bond at all And you never took him to the prison to see I wasn't gonna do that I mean, I wasn't with him. Right. Um, excuse me snoop Went a couple times with his grandmother. I think oh, so he did get to see him He got a chance to see him when he felt like it but snoop just I let him learn about his daddy by himself. So if he wanted to go, I'll let him go, but I didn't promote it Yeah, we on boss talk one on one one. Yeah, we gonna talk


Hello friends. I am Sanjay Gupta. I welcome you on Sanjay Gupta Tech School. In this video, I'm going to demonstrate you how you can create multi-pick list in Salesforce. So before starting, you can know how you can search me on YouTube. You can type my name and you can watch a series of Salesforce related videos. So now I'm going to create a multi-pick list for custom object that is student. I'm going to search this object. So in my previous video, I demonstrated you how you can create a simple pick list. So here you will learn to create multi-pick list. So let me tell you the basic difference between these two. So here you can read about the pick list. So pick list allow users to select a value from a list you define whereas multi-pick list allows users to select multiple values from a list you define. So as the name suggests, but multi-pick list will allow you to select multiple values more than one or you can choose one also one or more than one. Whereas in pick list, you can select only one option from the available options. So now I'm going to select pick list multi-select clicking on next. So here I need to choose, sorry, I need to write the name of the label. So I'm clicking on subject. So again, we have two options use global pick list value set or you can enter values at your own. So in my previous video, I demonstrated a global pick list value set that is country. So country is not suitable for this because here we need to write the subject's name. So I'm choosing this option. If you have created any global pick list value set that is related to the subject, like you have different objects where you are going to use the subject multi-pick list. So for that purpose, you can create a common global pick list value set and you can choose that here. But in our case, we don't have any global pick list value set for subjects. So I'm writing them explicitly. So I'm writing maps, signs, commas, English, political signs, economics, computer, IT, networks. So I mentioned these values as the pick list value set. Then we have three options display values alphabetically and display first value as the default value. So these are pretty clear by the description. So if you want to wish to select a particular option, you can click on the checkbox as selected. Like we want to show all these values as alphabetical in alphabetical order. I'm not selecting second option because I don't want to choose a particular value as default value. Then this is by default selected restricted to the values defined in the value set. So you cannot enter any other value except these values defined here. Then we have number of visible lines. So we can apply a scrolling box on the page. So you can increase or decrease this value. Then field API name is subject. You can write a particular description or a help text. You can make it as required field. Then I'm selecting visible for all the profiles. So it will be visible and editable for all the profile. And it will be available on the student page layout. So I'm clicking on save. Now I'm clicking on the student tab, clicking on new. So here you can see it is showing available lines as four. Here scroll bar is scroll bar is available and all the values are alphabetically arranged. So you can select a particular value and click on this button. So it will shift to the right hand side. So left hand side box is showing available values and right hand side box is showing chosen values. You can select any other value by chance if you selected wrong value, you can click and remove it by clicking on this button. So it will be available on this box again. So this way you can choose values for multiples. So if you have more values, scroll bar will be added on chosen box also. Right. Now let's see what happens. And we save this record. So you can see all the selected values are available as comma separated. If you click on edit, again, you will find out those available and chosen boxes for multiple. So this way you can create multiple list values for both standard as well as custom objects. I hope you understood how we can create multiple list and how it is different from a list. So again, I'm showing you how you can get me on YouTube. You can watch various Salesforce related videos on my channel. Thank you for watching this video.


Your commentator is Joe O'Brien. Here's the motion picture record released by the United States Navy of the havoc wrought by the Japs' sneak sky and sea raid on Pearl Harbor, America's mid-Pacific naval bastion. On December 7th, 1941, Japan, like its infamous Axis partners, struck first and declared war afterwards. Costly to our Navy was the loss of war vessels, airplanes and equipment, but more costly to Japan was the effectiveness of its foul attack in immediately unifying America in its determination to fight and win the war thrust upon it and to win the peace that will follow. The Japs copied their German masters in striking hard at airfields. Hickamfield, northwest of Honolulu and the Ford Island naval plane base were the first objectives of Japan's treachery. Scores of planes were bruised and battered by the Japs' aerial bombs. Many of these were demolished beyond repair. Direct hits were scored on hangers and these were badly shattered. Equipment and airplane supplies were reduced to smoldering ruins. Here at the naval air station is grim and positive evidence of Jap treachery. Here foul blows were struck while Jap diplomats were talking peace in Washington. America lost three destroyers. Here are seen the United States destroyers down and shore as they rest on the bottom of Pearl Harbor with decks awash after Jap bombers make direct hits on their decks. First to feel the sting of Japanese steel are the USS Oklahoma and Utah, the latter a 33-year-old target ship. Accurate hits by the enemy bombers make short work of these two naval bulwarks. Now with their keels practically out of water they lie helpless wrecks and a sad reminder of cowardly strategy. To make possible a surprise attack within Pearl Harbor, the Japs built two man submarines to enable them to fire sneak blows within waters that are narrow and tortuous. Several of these surprise weapons were blown from the water by direct hits of our naval gunners. Others were beached and captured. While sky and sea fire was still raging, salvage crews inspected our naval craft to estimate what may be saved. Before the din of bursting bombs had been silenced, preparations were underway to salvage these two warships. At low tide, the huge propeller of the Oklahoma, stilled by the enemy, was high above water. It is believed that the small two-man Jap submarines carrying dual torpedo tubes were responsible for these two losses to our Pacific fleet. The actual bombing of the mighty USS Arizona by Jap planes. These pictures were made by a fearless cameraman who thought nothing of his personal safety to make possible this record for all posterity. A single lucky hit was responsible for the disaster that befell the Arizona when a Jap bomb falling directly through one of the battleship's funnels exploded in the engine room and set ablaze tons of fuel oil.  The Arizona's courageous crew stuck to its guns until the very end. Here was displayed heroism that will live forever in the glorious annals and traditions of the American Navy. The once mighty Arizona now rests on Pearl Harbor's muddy bottom, a pitiful relic of its former self, a grim monument to the treachery of Japan. The once mighty Dreadnought's armor plate is twisted and torn, but the great battleship's control tower still stands, a defiant beacon that in days to come will cast its shadow upon Nippon's very shores. Pearl Harbor at Hickam Field in the bomb pocked streets of Honolulu ever is written history, history with a tragic treacherous pen, history that 130 million Americans will never forget and in days to come the Japs too will remember Pearl Harbor. Here is a tragic unforgettable page in the annals of America. Here the cunning deceit of the Japs will never be forgotten. Here they hope to score a knockout before the war began. The Arizona's gun crews battered and broken fired to the last. Their guns pointed skyward from whence the enemy appeared. The Japs' sneak blow cost hundreds of military and civilian lives. The treacherous attack cost our Pacific Fleet two battleships outright, another capsized, the loss of three destroyers and a mine layer. Arms were still bursting and flames still pouring from our shattered naval craft. A light United States cruiser valiantly moves out to join the fleet and avenge Pearl Harbor. In 1935, the Normandy $60 million luxury liner comes to America on its maiden crossing of the Atlantic, an event that occasioned a marine demonstration that will live in history, whistles blue and sirens shrieked a mighty welcome to the new Queen of the Seas. The famed skyline of America's greatest city formed a fitting background for America's greeting to one of the most stately ships that ever crossed the Atlantic. Six years later, shortly after the United States entered the war, the Normandy was seized and placed under naval guard. Hundreds of civilian workers were put aboard the Normandy, renamed the USS Lafayette to strip the vessel of its costly furnishings and to prepare it for war duty as a United States transport. February 9, 1942, the Normandy afire, a fatal tragedy to the big luxury liner and to America as the flames rapidly spread to devastating fury, workers madly scrambled to safety while fire boats and fire engines poured tons of water into the stricken vessel. All fire doors, vertical and horizontal, were closed to protect the ship's vitals from the flames, but this was all in vain, dense clouds of thick, accurate smoke billowed far out over Manhattan, casting a mucky pole over midtown and downtown New York. While the blaze was at its height, hundreds of doctors, nurses and first aid workers were rushed to the scene to remove the wounded and to administer first aid to scores overcoming their efforts to stem the fury of the spreading flames. The ship was then stood in awe when the Normandy first reached America on its triumphant maiden voyage. Again millions lined the New York and New Jersey shores to sadly observe the passing of the doomed and ill-fated ship. Rear Admiral Adolphus Andrews, commandant of the 3rd Naval District, ordered all hands ashore to save the lives of those who were heroically battling to keep the huge liner upright. Hour after hour tons of water were pumped into the Normandy, causing a bad list to port as strong hoses snapped and tugs strove to push the giant vessel close to the wharf. Then during the night, the Normandy met its final doom when, with a resounding crunch of ice and a belch of smoke, the 83,000 ton vessel dipped her flame scarred superstructure into the surface of the Hudson River. Hundreds were injured when America lost its biggest naval auxiliary. Millions of dollars of damage has been done and thousands of man-hours of labor have been nullified. Accident or sabotage, the world may never know, but the fate of the luxury line of Normandy rechristened the USS Lafayette is one of the major catastrophes of our day.


Welcome everyone to the NPTEL course on groundwater hydrology and management. This is week two lecture four. In this week we are looking at the importance of groundwater resources both in the international forum and also nationally why it is important. We have already looked at and discussed in the previous lectures where groundwater is mostly occurring where the aquifers are major and complex in nature and which countries do take more groundwater for their agricultural industrial purposes. We did come across that multiple sources that groundwater is being extracted mostly in Asian countries and of that and of the globe India has the highest groundwater that is extracted in India is for growing very sweet and sugarcane. On this note it is also important to look at the groundwater availability in India as per the central protocol and we did discuss that it is across major basins it has been mapped in the last lecture we looked at what percentage and more precisely we understood that most of the northern aquifers or groundwater basins are highly stressed. Anything above 15 is kind of concerning and we need to take immediate actions to preserve the groundwater resources. Moving on let's look at some case studies to see how the data do change or come in common agreement between studies and some of the international studies on groundwater use in India. As we know there has been groundwater use mostly for non monsoon season because in monsoon you have the curry crops where the crops get and they grow just by the rainfall in nature. Whereas in the rugby season groundwater irrigation is so in this study the researchers at how the groundwater use was in Gujarat region and they found that there is abundant of groundwater recharge and mostly when the dam structures and canal irrigation network was introduced because wherever the canal is going there is a lot of recharge happening. This also seems that the groundwater recharge is prolonged in these recharge networks even though the other regions are not having enough groundwater. For example in November modern regions did not have groundwater resources comparatively to the central regions where groundwater was more abundant in nature and also that also showed the picture that groundwater is being recharged and is available for agriculture. So now the study also looked at how the groundwater based irrigation was happening in 2003 and after seven years. So the study found more and more crops grown during the rugby season and winter season where groundwater is used. So there is more single crop in the rugby and double crop also in the rugby winter season which means the same land is now used for more irrigation because of groundwater. Is this sustainable is a different question but we do understand that groundwater has increased the number of times a land can be cropped. So during the rainfall season we will have one crop and during your groundwater irrigation season during rugby and winter there is a possibility of addition of two more crops short crops but it is possible using the groundwater recharge in the sacrifice. So the study also found that during the irrigation scenario using the surface water that is the canal commands are there right in the south austral region. All the water that is being sent down during using the canals are being indirectly recharged. The canal water was for supply of irrigation because it is not lined and there's a lot of recharge happening and that recharge water can be used later during the non-surface water irrigation period for groundwater irrigation the one plus one crop and plus two crops. Also another study from the same authors that how the introduction of groundwater wells in West Bengal or liberalization in 2015 led to a sudden decrease in the net groundwater. The study first started on the hypothesis by many authors and studies that the Ganges basin is tremendous in nature is huge so there won't be any issues in the groundwater because it will be recharging annually. However the study clearly found a correlation between the number of wells that started to jump after 2015 because of the liberalization of the wells in West Bengal from 2005 to 2015 and the most impacts were seen in 2015 and the groundwater depletion. So if you could see the groundwater was already stabilizing during the non-liberalization of the groundwater network but after 2007 and 2008 when the number of wells start to increase there was a gradual depletion of the groundwater. So the blue line you could see the linear fit shows that the net groundwater level is declining. What a volume or thickness however you want to put it here it is represented as equal in thickness of water in centimeters. So the water levels of the storage is declining as and along the same pace as the wells are increasing. So we already looked at in previous studies that per well it's approximately around 11,000 meter cube per year extraction and 20 million wells in India so this graph can also give you the number of wells in West Bengal that were introduced and how much the water levels were declining. So there is a net decline in groundwater reserves wherever there is groundwater radiation happen it's not bouncing back so if the well level are coming back up to the normal levels then you will say you are using the water and it's recharging so there's no issues for groundwater in India however that is not the case. Here you see in 2005 2006 when it was introduced was stable the groundwater level was all fluctuating because of the seasonal pattern summer, winter and rainfall etc. It will come back to the same levels however around zero average but then it starts to decrease. So both the recharge and discharge were seen here due to the irrigation plants one is where you saw recharge because of the irrigation plants and also another groundwater depletion was of a groundwater market opening. for agriculture. Another study by Mishra et al compared that the area that came under different types of irrigation has changed dramatically from 1950s to 2010. It clearly documents that the number of tubers have increased and or replaced the canal irrigation which is a simplification. The tank irrigation is also canals are given in blue line it's almost stabilized which means it's not increasing. What is increasing is the green line which is the tubers or wells that take groundwater from the aquifers for irrigation. So those have increased and the area under the groundwater irrigation has dramatically increased. So in the groundwater irrigation pattern has been shown in the figure A where you could see the percentage of area and mostly your northwestern regions Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and the central regions of Maharashtra all show tremendous area under groundwater irrigation and that's where most of the wells are being introduced. And there is also a comparison on how the energy is being used. There is electric pumps, diesel pumps, windmills, solar pumps etc. So all these have been as a result of industrial revolution. There has been a lot of technology and development for better pumping these resources to access groundwater. However, it is not an unlimited supply of water. So you can invent all these pumps and engineering tools to take the groundwater out. But it is not something that is unlimited as they imagine groundwater is a limited source. So if you do not conserve and manage properly, the water is lost. It monitors these groundwater levels in India which is a government agency and they make these very informative maps. This is a block and village diagram of India with boundaries where you could see at a block level different colors to estimate the unit recharge of groundwater. Basically this map has been done for the 2017 year and this can be compared to the other data that we saw on groundwater basins where groundwater occurs and how much water is being used. So if you look carefully here, the darker blue sections of groundwater recharge is the highest in India and occurs mostly on the flood plains or along the major river channels. So if you look at this, it is the display basin and also this side is your Brahmaputra network all having high groundwater recharge. But this is only recharge. It is not looking at the depletion and the net groundwater availability. This particular image. So what you also see is in some other regions in India, central and southern, a lot of blue color which shows good groundwater recharge and mostly in the regions where the water bodies are available, the Kaveri basin for example in the south and also regions where there is good amount of rainfall. For example, your western vats where the rainfalls can reach up to 3000 millimeters per year compared to central parts of India where it is around 600-700 millimeters per year. So the unit recharge has been estimated every year or every two years and central groundwater board does put these levels across. They have around 15,000 wells spread across India and they monitor every four months quarterly intervals and make these beautiful maps to show where the groundwater recharge is happening. So the hilly regions are not easy to access. So it is left blank or without any assessments. But most importantly, the smaller levels are present in central India and also that's where all the irrigation also happens. So it is very important to understand where your annual groundwater recharge is happening. So based now on the extraction, so have your groundwater recharge and you know how much water is being extracted based on the agricultural surveys and also the water level after the irrigation session. As I mentioned four times in a year they monitor the groundwater and at one particular time they take it during the peak. So then the whole recharge is happening. The water gets into your aquifer but after that they wait for some time, they wait for the irrigation to happen, the farming to happen and then they take a level. So the difference between the level before the farming and after the farming clearly gives you how much water has been depleted. So now you have an idea of how much water came in and how much water has been extracted. We will get into the actual data and practices in the following classes. But right now I would like to just be focused on the topic which is the importance of groundwater in India and why we are studying this. So if you look at this map in particular at block level, you clearly see that a lot of blocks are overexploited. Allow me to define what overexploited means in this diagram. Overexploited means you are using more than 100% of your recharge. I hope you remember the two, three lectures we saw how the international agencies gave maps on how much water they extract and how much water recharges. So you do a ratio, if it is above 100%, it is overexploited. Up to 100% somewhere near is critical, 50-60% would be semi-critical and safe is below the 50%. So what you clearly see here is the overexploited regions are really high, which is along the northeastern regions and also in the central regions where there's a lot of agricultural activities. The northeastern regions, so north western regions could be tailored or understood because of the low rainfall and arid regions, whereas the other regions are purely depleting in groundwater because of tremendous use of groundwater resources. Also, Punjab, Haryana all have a lot of red color here. So overexploitation is a concern, whereas the other regions are safe and you also have semi-critical, the blue color in some regions where slowly they are converting into the yellow which is critical and then red. So this is how they progress. If you don't take any action, the groundwater levels continue to decline and at one point the groundwater is extracted more than the annual recharge. So if you start taking water more than the annual recharge, you go into the overexploited scenario. This is not a good way to use groundwater, especially in a nation where the culture is the major occupation of the people and agriculture also takes a bunch, a bulk of all the groundwater reserves. So it is very, very important to understand this diagram very clearly, which is based on observation data taken every four months and also assessment of the recharge.  If your recharge is less than your groundwater extraction, then you are overexploiting your water in your block. The other thing that you could clearly notice here is the red blocks do not isolate themselves or in other words, it is not a scenario that occurs just in one location. It is a combined effect or it is a localized kind of scenario where multiple blocks take part in this groundwater depletion. So if you take one water and you deplete and continue to deplete, you are not pulling your own water, but also the water from the neighboring blocks. Recharge may be very localized. You can see blue color in some blocks and then it's localized and because of the blue color around the neighboring blocks can also get water. Same way, the red color indicates that it is overexploited and once when a block is overexploited, it can easily pull water from the neighboring blocks, thereby increasing the radius of your red color which is overexploited. So unless the water conservation activities do not kick in, your groundwater reserves will be gone and this could be through ground activities or community activities that we saw in the previous slides. So moving on, water stress has been calculated by the WRI and they clearly mention tremendous water stress in the Central and North Eastern regions and the Western regions constitute the Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tanjabharyana, Delhi, etc. This could be very different as per the blocks. For example, these could be due to agricultural activities whereas your critical and semi-critical regions along Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad could be because of tremendous use of groundwater for industries and domestic use. Even though agriculture is the major user of groundwater in local urban settings, if the groundwater recharge is not happening, you are depleting your groundwater. And that is also shown in this image that suddenly when you have a combination of a lot of urban settings, your recharge is coming down. So once your recharge is coming down, you cannot use the groundwater based on historic recharge values.  The other thing that is very important to notice here is that the hilly and forested areas are not monitored as regularly because groundwater may not be pumped and the blocks wherever the 15,000 wells percent may not capture the exact pumping scenario. This is because some of the wells are isolated from the groundwater pumping areas and due to regulations and so on and all they are conceived. Unless the government would take in the groundwater well record from the farmers, it will not be more representative. So it is very important to understand that still there is space for improvement on groundwater monitoring and it will be good to use representative wells. This figure is also showing that the cropping pattern also drives the groundwater abuse or groundwater extraction. So these regions are mostly cultivating wheat whereas these regions cultivate rice. So there is a strong correlation between the water use and the crop that they grow. So in addition there is also a correlation between the blocks of groundwater over exploited blocks in correlation with the rainfall. So if you see here along this post where you have the western grass and 3,000 millimeter rainfall it is almost safe and less critical. The water levels are safe and no one worries about too much. So there is groundwater extraction whereas these arid regions where there is groundwater less in the aquifer and also rainfall is less. You cannot be using the same water demand scenarios. This is where over exploitation happens. So you can look at over exploitation in multiple angles. Is it because the groundwater is being exploited too much more than the annual rainfall or annual rainfall is very less and that is why people go for groundwater recharge. Either way the groundwater recharge cannot sustain such activities and also groundwater reserves are not unlimited supply which means it will run out dry soon as you would have noticed a lot of wells have run dry and your agriculture pattern has to change. This beautifully list along with your WRI image on 2013 at the baseline water stress where red color indicates a tremendous water stress and if you map this along with water blocks you can clearly see the match. So the study used data from multiple sources and also surface water and groundwater together. So this is the image on your left looks at total water stress and says that high to extreme water stress is going to be hitting the northwestern region and also the central and southern regions and along the coast. If you compare this with the groundwater block assessments as per CGWB for the year 2017 now almost the years are comparable 2019 the study came out on the left whereas this study from CGWB also came out in 2019 for the year 2017. So what you can see here is that the blocks are in correlation or in agreement with the WRI indicators of water stress at a state boundary. So as done is on the red color where the water stress is high to extremely high across the state and that also corresponds to really over exploited scenarios in the groundwater. So the stress is already there the baseline stress and the groundwater is low so unless you recharge and reduce your groundwater and water stress your system cannot sustain such activity. Let's take other examples where there is red and not much groundwater exploitation. So along the eastern coastal regions of Odisha, Chattisgarh etc you can see that there's not much groundwater depression however there is potential for water stress. This could be because of tremendous amount of flattings and cyclones that hit that area and if you come down on Karnataka, Andhra, Telangana and Tamil Nadu Kerala regions you do see tremendous stress that is being predicted by the WRI both in surface and groundwater which is also in agreement with your assessments in central groundwater both the Karnataka belt, Bangalore etc have been tremendously hit by groundwater exploitation and also some parts of northern and central Tamil Nadu have shown some critical and over exploited blocks thereby both these different studies and different data are in agreement that the surface and groundwater resources are depleting as per WRI and 54% of India is going to be under high to extremely high water stress whereas the groundwater board has estimated that most of these regions also will experience a groundwater depression scenario. So if the stress is high and you don't have groundwater it is going to be a very scary scenario so the concern is being raised in this course and also you would be taught how to manage groundwater so that even though you are projecting to have a high water stress if your groundwater reserves are good or in a positive blue color then you'll be able to sustain the groundwater depletion scenario. So with this I would conclude this week's groundwater lecture of aquifers and groundwater systems and also in the Indian scenario we will also look at some K studies in the next and we will wrap up this week so that we could start getting into the physical hydrology part would explain the concepts of aquifer, block level estimation, how do you estimate your groundwater levels from the top and make these graphs on groundwater depletion scenarios. You will also look at some quick models and introduction to models to see how you could estimate groundwater depletion scenarios based on the well record so for example this central groundwater board has given you the well record and have mentioned where the water levels are more in the recharge and also on the depletion scenario and that can be incorporated into these models along with other data like climate change rainfall to estimate the future groundwater scenarios which is very important to manage. So with this I look forward to this week's lecture on the importance of groundwater across the world and more specifically the importance of groundwater


False accusations of anti-Semitism exploit a healthy impulse to advance a profoundly sick one. The most despicable thing about the way Israel supporters smear all Israel critics as anti-Semites is that they are exploiting a very healthy impulse to advance a profoundly sick impulse. They knowingly exploit the fact that the further to the left someone is on the political spectrum, the more likely they are to support Palestinian rights, and be very receptive to any suggestion that they might be acting in a racially insensitive way. My followers who are on the right side of the political spectrum always have melodramatic conniptions whenever I say this, but there is a lot of value in learning about the role racial inequality plays in the injustices of our society and getting real with ourselves about our own racial circumstances and how they fit into those unjust power dynamics. It's a very healthy impulse to look within yourself and figure out if there's anything in you as an individual that feeds into the racial injustices of our society, whether you're aware of it at first or not. This is especially true of white people, since racial injustices tend to benefit us in this society. The further someone is toward the left end of the spectrum, the more likely they are to respond to an accusation of racism by stopping in their tracks and inquiring deeply into whether the accusation might have some truth to it. If the accusation is that you harbor the same kind of racism that gave rise to the Holocaust, one of the worst mass atrocities in all of human history, then you are all the more likely to stop and take the accusation seriously. This is a healthy impulse. If everyone took seriously their responsibility to expunge everything in them that feeds into the injustices of our world, we would have peace and harmony on earth very quickly. But this impulse gets exploited in the most odiously cynical way imaginable, to defend the interests of a murderous and tyrannical government whose very existence is premised on racism, apartheid, ethnic cleansing, and abuse. Have you ever noticed that it's never the actual anti-Semites who get attacked as anti-Semites? Nowadays, it's very seldom the assholes saying Jews rule the world and are the source of society's ills who are inundated with such accusations. Supporters of Israel tend more or less to leave them alone. The ones who get slandered as anti-Semites are people like Jeremy Corbyn, leftists who've dedicated their entire lives to anti-racism, whose only actual offense is believing that Palestinians are human beings and should be treated as such. In fact, actual anti-Semites are some of Israel's strongest allies. The lion's share of forceful support for Israel in the United States comes not from Jews, but from Christian Zionists, who support Israel because they believe it will bring Jesus back so he can damn all non-Christians to eternal hellfire. Televangelist John Haggi, who believes Hitler was sent by God to help create Israel, had a prominent speaking spot at Tuesday's March for Israel in Washington, DC. While people who hate Jews so much they want them to writhe in eternal hellfire are warmly embraced as allies of convenience by Israel and its supporters, healthy leftists who oppose racism in all its forms are attacked by Israel apologists as Nazis and Jew-haters. This is because their actions are not designed to protect Jews or reduce anti-Semitism. Their actions are to facilitate the strategic objectives of the Israeli government and its allies. Really what's happening in Gaza right now isn't about Jews or Judaism at all. It's about using violent force to take land and resources away from an indigenous population, as history has seen happen time and time again in situations that had nothing to do with Jews. It's a profoundly unhealthy impulse that's been causing immense human suffering for centuries, and people who've noticed the same patterns in Israel that they've seen in all the other settler-colonial projects over the last 500 years are being shouted down and bullied into staying silent, using some of the most unethical manipulations ever devised. The good news is that it doesn't seem to be working as much anymore as it did in the past. People are gradually becoming aware that accusations of anti-Semitism are used by Israel apologists to stagnate and stifle support for Palestinian rights, and are beginning to take those accusations a lot less seriously. There's only so many times you can watch dishonest smear campaigns against good faith leftists before you start to figure out that you're being manipulated. As with most problems, the solution to this one is to expand consciousness. The more people become aware of the way accusations of anti-Semitism are cynically used to shut down pro-Palestine sentiments around the world, the less power those methods will have. That doesn't mean we stop treating real anti-Semitism like a real problem, or that we become less sensitive to racial injustice. It simply means we see what's being done in this specific instance and start calling it what it is.