Thank you, and I am not a professional researcher. I'm a hobbyist researcher, so I want to extend particularly great appreciation to this community to you and to the ancestral health health Symposium to listen to me today Unfortunately, I deeply fell in love with this topic And so I'm going to have to speak really fast and maybe even run into the question time a little bit But I hope it'll still be comprehensible. I think this is the thing Or maybe just this Okay, so if you've heard about Uric acid at all it's probably in the context of gout because gout is associated with high uric acid the thing is Not to everyone who has high uric acid gets gout in fact only a small proportion of them do and it's even the case that out of Everyone who has gout only there's a significant minority that don't even have high uric acid Nonetheless, we don't really know very much detail about why it sometimes crystallizes and why it's white and other people it doesn't However, I'm told it's absolutely excruciating I've seen it negatively compared to childbirth and it is associated with high uric acid levels And so I don't blame you for trying to avoid them But another reason that uric acid gets a bad rap is because it's been associated with metabolic syndrome in this Review, for example, we have many studies that are making such an association and a handful of them actually have a relative risk of Over two so it may potentially be serious. I Think high uric acid is a very good candidate for a mismatch argument because as I will show you High uric acid seems to be highly selected for in humans and yet it's associated with these problems So it's possible even that if if we were somehow in a situation where gout and metabolic syndrome were not a real risk That there could actually still be an advantage to higher levels So in order to get clearer on this I'm going to talk about some biochemistry some physiology some evolutionary biology and some cross species analysis Like with anything in the blood Your level is always going to be a consequence of how much is being produced and how much is being used or excreted So from the production side, uric acid is always made out of purines Purines are just a class of molecules that happen to be particularly important to life because a couple of our nucleotides are actually based on it in addition to that a Denocene is made out of adenine and so anything that involves ATP or pure energetic sigling in the brain is also Involved with purines So that means that everything that's living has purines in it And if you're gonna eat something that's if you're gonna eat animal foods or particularly organ foods or seafood You're going to get a lot of incoming purines that are then metabolically broken down And that is one contributor to levels of uric acid in the blood But then of course, we're also made of meat So we're constantly producing our own purines and sometimes they get recycled and sometimes they don't so endogenous synthesis and Metabolizing of purines is actually where most of our blood uric acid comes from Then if you get some kind of tissue damage that can also Be incorporated into blood because anytime that a tissue breaks down that floods the system So people who have chemo or some kind of big injury will sometimes get dangerously high levels of uric acid You might think that then if all people Vegans would have the lowest levels of uric acid But at least in this study that didn't turn out to be the case vegans in this study had the highest levels of uric acid even Higher than the meat eaters They didn't come up with this idea, but I speculate that the reason for this is that a Chronic deficiency in essential proteins is going to require that you break down some of your own muscle tissue to make up for that deficit Okay, so what about the excretion side? Here's a cartoon of uric acid passing through the kidneys and there are pathways for secreting it and for Reabsorbing it there are different polymorphisms involved in the transport and the majority of people who have problems with hyperurethemia Have polymorphisms in the excretion side, but even not taking those into account 90% or more of the uric acid that comes into your kidneys gets Reabsorbed and at risk of sounding like I'm anthropomorphizing that seems quite intentional So just to summarize the different ways that Ceramuric acid is a combination of is you've got dietary peering intake. You've got your own endogenous synthesis I've circled fructose and I'm gonna come back to that Then you have how much you're salvaging versus not and then on the other side you have how much you're excreting versus absorbing Okay, so the other thing that seems really intentional from a species point of view is that most animals and other animals other mammals have uricase which Regulates their level of uric acid by breaking it down into a much more soluble compound to land twin before Excreting it and so that reduces the risks that are associated with having high uric acid We lost this ability a long time ago with a series of mutations starting over 20 million years ago in the primate line So this lack of uricase we share with other great apes here is a diagram of splits related to uricase and the the Changes are all changes in the protein of the uricase function and the pink numbers are just showing how much uric acid can Be broken down, so the one that I've circled you can see that's the first major change in how much uric acid We're able to break down and that's at the primate level But then from there on it just gets lower and lower and lower and when you get up to that right-hand side You start seeing these genes that are actually stopping the function completely and one thing that's really interesting to notice about that Is that it happens independently in different lines and there are redundancies of it It's not just one thing that you could maybe say is accidental And at the same time as all that was happening on the excretion side We also have the you're a one transporter which is in charge of How much absorption can happen and I've circled the words high affinity and low capacity high affinity means that it takes Only a very small amount of uric acid to be present to get that reabsorption happening and low capacity means it gets Saturated really quickly so once you get to a certain level it doesn't absorb anymore and the total of those ideas is that you've got a really tightly regulated system and Then I just wanted to draw attention to the fact that there are differences even between the human and chimpanzee level which may be really important because Among all the primates we have the highest uric acid level So if you look at primates all of the ones under that uricase mutation line don't have functional uricase, but there are still differences in our base levels So there has to be more to it than just that So all of these factors combined Make it highly probable that high uric acid in humans is not an accident first of all It's species-wide right so if you if you think about a loss of function gene And it's just because we don't really need it you would expect to see different polymorphism Surviving because there's no particular advantage to having it or not having it. That's not what happened here There are independent lines of it. It's happened in multiple cases with redundancy and Then of course that reabsorption which in the words of Tavchiga and Striegel Would be very strange for an indifferent substance and Finally the level that we've ended up with is really close to the solubility limit It's about as high as you can go before it. It's just going to go into crystals no matter what you do Since uric acid is a breakdown product It's tempting to think of it as just a waste product like other waste products The reason to exist is just so that it can be excreted and I bring this up because I'm reminded of older literature About ketone bodies where they talk about it as a byproduct of fat metabolism and how it can be toxic when it's accumulated But uric acid is actually used for something so it's an antioxidant There are a few different pathways that in certain cases can actually be really important Some people argue that it's the most important antioxidant that we have of course. They're all important So it's a funny argument But it's been shown to be more powerful than vitamin C that it it's in some ways of measuring it more than half of our Antioxidant activity it can chelate iron. It's really important for extra that exercise induced oxidation It prevents lipid peroxidation And that leads us to the earliest hypothesis about uricase, which is the antioxidant longevity Apothesis so it was first mentioned by proctor and then popularized and expanded upon by Bruce Ames and the idea is that When you look at across species the ones who have the highest level of uric acid also have the highest longevity And of course we we have an idea that oxidative stress and longevity are somehow related But it turns out experimentally that if you just boost antioxidants it doesn't necessarily translate into longer life spans and People have pointed out that Within the human species high uric acid is not necessarily correlated to longer life span Especially when you take into account that metabolic syndrome effect Another component of the antioxidant theory is to notice that in the words of Rick Johnson We are double knockouts. So Another 20 or 30 million years before the uricase stuff started happening. We lost our ability to synthesize vitamin C Why did that happen? Well, some people have suggested again that we just didn't need it and of course that would be more compelling if various Polymorphisms existed, which they don't There are multiple stop genes for this as well Another suggested advantage is that when you create an antioxidant Indogenously it actually creates oxidation and so the net oxidation advantage is Maybe a wash and therefore the idea is that if you're going to get all of your vitamin C Exogenously that's a win over endodgiously because you don't get that oxidation step first But I don't find that very compelling either because you could keep the ability to synthesize it when you need it And only bring it into play when you don't get it The more compelling idea that I've heard about it is that it actually spares glucose and sparing glucose Especially for a large-brained animal could be really important Ascorbic acid vitamin C is made out of glucose. So that's one potential reason Regardless of why we have the vitamin C knockout once we have that we can build on that and say well now the motivation for or the advantage to having high uric acid is that it actually Improves the ability to use vitamin C. It itself is an antioxidant And so between the two we get more antioxidant capacity given that we started from this low vitamin C state And if you look at the proportions in humans Uric acid to vitamin C we have about four times as much uric acid as vitamin C Whereas those who are synthesizing it have only about a third the level of uric acid and some three to four times higher the Ascorbic acid so this idea that one's taking over the function of the other is kind of compelling and So the whole idea behind Bruce Ames's theory is that basically uric acid is a compensation for that previous mutation another important hypothesis is the intelligence hypothesis it it was noticed that prominent intelligent people tended to have high uric acid and The association was kind of weak people started looking into it a lot and after some more study They they decided that it was actually mode higher motivation and not intelligence per se So people who are really prominent in their field who had a lot of influence tended to have high uric acid But high intelligence wasn't enough. You had to also have this Motivation to use it and there's sort of a comparison to cortisol and then of course it was noticed another supporting factor for this hypothesis is that caffeine and theobromine are Are purines and have stimulant effects on the brain? And so the idea is maybe high uric acid is doing that for us as well This is connected to the neuro protection hypothesis There's long been noticed that in many neurodegenerative diseases There's an association at least with low uric acid and some preliminary evidence that in some cases at least adding uric acid or It's a precursor ionicine can Improve outcomes, but I think the jury is still out on whether that's actually the case There is a blood pressure hypothesis so contrary to what you may have heard in all likelihood we probably didn't have very high sodium intakes during most of our evolution and Watanabe and Their group showed that in the context of a low salt diet High uric acid can be really important for maintaining blood pressure Which could have an important role in the transition to bipedalism? But by far the most important and prevalent theory about why we don't have your case is What I'm calling the thrifty pseudo gene hypothesis a pseudo gene is a turned-off gene it comes from Dr. Richard Johnson who is by far the most prominent researcher the most worldwide expert in uric acid. He's obviously very prolific So before we can understand the pseudo gene hypothesis, let's talk a little bit about the thrifty gene hypothesis Forgive me. I spelled James Neal's name wrong. It should be to ease, but he came up with this theory in the 60s And it goes basically like this so in the past we had a lot of famines So it was advantageous to fatten easily so that we could then survive and reproduce during these famines And so we probably had a gene that's making us more likely to fatten And now of course that's a problem because we don't have those famines anymore And so that's the origin of our obesity crisis There have been a lot of criticisms levied against this theory most prominently by John Speakman, but others as well I'll go through a couple of them that relate to this talk So one is This and this one's kind of weak But there is some question about whether how much selective pressure famines really had and whether Some people argue that famines didn't really become a huge problem until after agriculture. That's a question But more important is this survival idea Because in famines the people die of disease not starvation. And so it's unclear that having extra fat would help And more over there are problems with the reproduction idea For example famines tend to affect the very young and the very old not the reproducers and Fertility rates seem to be affected by the incoming signals of fuel availability And it's not clear that just having more fat is going to differentiate there and then another related criticism is that if you look at famines recently Birth rates do fall, but then they're immediately followed by compensating booms And there's no evidence to suggest that it's the fatter people who are creating the fertility booms There's a problem about finding an actual gene that would do this and then finally I just want to mention that We've had some long periods between famines in the recent past And we didn't see anything like the rates of obesity that we have now So if if that was going to happen why didn't it happen then and other questions? Could probably be a whole talk So when I first saw this paper from Rick Johnson in his group that was talking about the Uracase being the thrifty gene or the thrifty pseudo gene I was immediately very skeptical, but it turns out that there are some really good improvements in the specifics of it So for one thing this is we're talking about a pseudo gene that exists not it's not a gene that we haven't been able to find and For another thing the advantage doesn't have to come from intermittent starvation necessarily But only from the reduced ability of fructose and glucose because it turns out that if you eat enough glucose You'll actually start making fructose endogenously So let's talk about the relationship between fructose uric acid and obesity It's been shown that fructose has a unique ability to raise uric acid compared to low fructose and in fact that source of Uric acid has been so well recognized now that this author or these authors put it in terms of the old view and the new view Or the old views said well so much only so much of your serum uric acid can come from diet Because the rest of it's all endogenous and then later we realized oh even that endogenous part can be drastically affected by diet So Johnson and his group with the thrifty gene or a thrifty pseudo gene Hypothesis have what they call the fat switch and it has to do with AMP which comes from use of ATP so when your amp is a Pool gets really high There are two really important pathways that amp can go into and one of them leads to through amp D To fat accumulation and has also this effect of raising uric acid And the other one is through amp K, which actually does the opposite leads to fat utilization and So their great insight is that fructose metabolism results in a huge Influx of amp and not only that it up regulates the amp PD pathway Which can dominate over the amp K and create more fat accumulation and even further than that Some of their research suggests that the uric acid itself can then feed back into it up regulating amp D So you're in this big fat accumulation cycle and Another cool thing about their theory is that they also Incorporate the vitamin C loss into their theory because it turns out that vitamin C at least partially has been shown to Decrease or mitigate that effect of fructose on fat storage and they note that riper fruits have more fructose and less vitamin C and vitamin C Stimulates your excretion so it lowers it and they also note that in Synthesizers if you eat if they eat fructose their synthesis of vitamin C goes down So all of these suggest that even vitamin C might have been an early attempt to raise uric acid So let's compare those then quickly So the the advantage of the thrifty pseudo-dune hypothesis is it doesn't necessarily have to involve famines because it can just involve Availability of flukto fructose and glucose which they did show happened in the time period involved and so They're saying it would be advantageous to fatten easily from that and so we developed these pseudo genes that help us be more sensitive to fructose and We now no longer have that low fructose environment and therefore we are bees One thing I really like about it is it turns the idea from something about you're just eating too much to the quality of the food You're actually eating but or still left with a possible interpretation, right? That high uric acid could be an advantage if you're in that low low fructose environment and a disadvantage now when we're in a high fructose environment And maybe maybe it's actually just a marker for metabolic syndrome One thing I really hoped to do for this talk but didn't have time to do is to do some analysis where you would adjust for some Data and see if reducing uric acid or sorry Adjusting for metabolic syndrome would then show some kind of positive effect, but I didn't have time to do that someone's did some did something similar with cognitive defects or not defects but Dimension of function in old age and dementia they adjusted for CVD risk which is metabolic syndrome, right and they found that when they take that away there was some actual Advantage at least in their data for a decreased risk of dementia So that's interesting But we have to come back to this idea that uric acid itself seems to be causing this ampd dominance and in fact that group suggests or Claims basically that this should be causal of metabolic syndrome and that I don't really have time to go through all of it, but This was an in vitro experiment where they had cells that were starving regular and starving and with uric acid or not and they showed that the starvation effect of upping ampk and Reducing triglycerides and upping beta hydroxybutyrate was abolished basically by adding uric acid. So that's that seems really bad but This doesn't make a lot of sense when you look at the research of uric acid and ketosis So it's long been known that at the beginning of a ketogenic diet or when you're fasting serum uric acid goes way up as a consequence of the clearance going way down and In this same year several papers were published on this topic and I chose this one because it has a need experiment and pretty graphs They showed well They know first of all noticed that the onset of that high uric acid and the reduced clearance is the same as the ketones Going up high and then they showed but that an infusion of beta hydroxybutyrate will also Reduce the uric acid clearance and so this was the beginning of the of our understanding that they compete for reabsorption and clearance in the kidney and I'll just touch on this very briefly you should know that a ketogenic diet that only happens at the beginning it actually writes itself after a keto adaptation so this was a reanalysis of some atkins dieters and if you look at the Results after six months you can see that people who had low or at borderline high uric acid It's the same as baseline after six months Although there's a positive or beneficial effect for people who had hyperurethemia that actually came down So in the long run, it's good for hyperurethemia. So in case you were wondering about that But If we look at this again here, we're seeing a big rise in serum uric acid if this Abolished the ability of AMPK to be dominant and do the policies that we would just die from fasting, right? Obviously in no matter what's happening in vitro. We're definitely becoming AMPK PK dominant during fasting One theory that came out in a paper this year was that it has to do with glycogen stores And what they're trying to show in this diagram is that if you have low glycogen stores Then fructose gets funded into glycogen synthesis and it's even been suggested that that's good for athletes But if your glycogen stores are topped up then only then is the fructose going to go down the fat synthesis pathway Okay, so finally let's look at this from a cross species perspective It turns out there's another set of animals that don't have uricase a Few but birds is one of them and they have very high uric acid For example Here's a peregrine falcon in this experiment their baseline level of uric acid is comparable to humans, right? It's at the high end. It's already six point five milligrams per deciliter after eating a meal of meat Which they normally do It went way up to like Astronomical kind of levels and there's no gout normally in birds of prey The other really interesting thing about them is that in some cases they are also double knockouts So it's not everybody. They've had the uric acid Uricase mutation for a very long time, but some of them in multiple independent lines Also have a vitamin C knockout and that includes Migrating birds forgive me for reading something, but I think this is a beautiful quote The metaphor of marathon running is inadequate to fully capture the magnitude of long-distance Migratory flight of birds in some respects a journey to the moon seems more appropriate Birds have no access to supplementary water or nutrition during a multi-day flight And they must carefully budget their body fat and protein stores to provide both fuel and life support So in other words when birds are migrating they are fasting They are the ultimate cyclic ketogenic Athletes and in fact they are ketogenic when they do this Here's an example of some post-exercise ketosis in birds the levels of beta hydroxybutyrate are pretty high You might not think it's very high because if you think about a human in a similar situation That would also probably be that level, but I've looked at ketosis in a variety of different species And I've never seen that level in humans in any any species other than humans and birds Granted I haven't looked at everything, but for example if you take dogs who do have uricase If you put them in a similar context you would expect about a quarter of that level and they also have high uric acid These are in unfamiliar perhaps units, but we're talking on the low side about 2.5 milligrams per deciliter and on the high side 11.5 and The the authors here we're trying to distinguish between different species and so they did this Principal components analysis saying that there is a negative correlation basically some species of birds rely more on Ketogenesis and some rely more on gluconeogenesis and that that kind of makes sense so the fatter birds are using more lipolysis and That shows up in uric acid because that's a result of proteolysis So what are some different sources of high uric acid? There are the vegan situation which I speculate might be from Excess GNG due to amino acid deficiencies Diabetes we know is a dysregulation that involves excess GNG. So maybe that whole metabolic syndrome Relationship comes down to burning your muscles inappropriately We have tissue damage We have exogenous sources of purine's that get broken down and Then there's only there's only one thing that I know of that has to do with the excretion side And that's that early-stage ketosis where you have the trans shared transporters So I'm gonna say something that's purely speculative. I was thinking about this And I thought well wait a second they're sharing transporters for excretion And we so we know that when there's suddenly a high influx of of ketone bodies the uric acid goes up but what if What if the benefit of high uric acid was to enable higher ketosis? What if the reason that birds and people have so much higher levels of ketosis is actually because they happen to have high uric acid and That keeps the ketones and circulations So it's just a very preliminary hypothesis, but when you look at this figure It's very suggestive because you have you see that uric acid shooting up in the blood and this the ketones shooting up in the blood and the uric acid clearance going down and it kind of Suggests that maybe the clearance of ketones is also similarly impaired in this period so if if uric acid levels lend some benefit and if the largest difference between our Closest primate relatives and us comes from our leaving this hind gut fermenting diet to a diet that's Basically hyper carnivorous very high meat eating so high that some scientists don't know what to make of our isotope levels of animal protein You would you would think that eating a lot of meat would already Raise our uric acid levels so much that you the you would almost think the opposite thing would happen We would lower our ability to retain uric acid to compensate for that, but that hasn't happened So maybe it's possible that the high uric acid that we had boosted our ability to use acute adenic metabolism on our high meat low fructose diet And anyway, that's that's all sheer speculation, and I thank you for letting me say it but even if we don't know What the real advantage is I'm not particularly convinced that the fattening effect is the whole story Because we still have all those problems with fat and as a being fat not necessarily helping with reproduction And we still I think that the question is still open if Fructose and glucose intake is low and glycogen stores are regularly depleted be that through exercise through intermittent fasting or through Periodic ketogenic dieting Is uric acid still a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in some kind of a trade-off manner or is higher uric acid strictly a win? And I I'm really enthusiastic to find out if we can find more experiments that will lead to better understanding So thank you one thing that occurs to me That's not incompatible with with what you're suggesting about ketosis is I I know that urea is which is not the same as uric acid, but is used in the osmotic gradients of the kidneys and Endurance hunting in humans and migratory birds for example There's water conservation is really important and I'm wondering if our high levels of uric acid and tight regulation You're of uric acid might be a water conservation mechanism. I love that idea I I have this suspicion and again, this is speculation that we drink a lot more water than We normally would have and that we probably had a different kind of water and salt Balance than we then we used to Certainly that's that's a big argument in the bird situation with uric acid It's because of the water solubility and there's also something related to having to do excretion while you're still in an egg Which wouldn't obviously That's a really neat suggestion. Thank you as a follow-up on that. Do you have any thoughts about salt on a carnivore diet? Yes, I have a lot of thoughts I Not sure how much since they make but one thing that I've noticed is that a lot of long-term carnivore dieters have spontaneously reduced their salt intake and so I've been thinking a lot about why that might happen and I I'm not sure if it has to do with with again water balance If you you know in the early days of ketogenic diets for epilepsy one of the things that they did particularly was reduce restrict water intake and that that had a Beneficial effect on on sodium and so if if we're eating less or if we're lying more maybe on metabolic water from from fat and Even protein that might have an effect another thing that I learned recently is that if you look at some salt lick Behavior and certain herbivores They will go for salt much more after they've eaten a lot of plants and the idea that the researchers who found this came up with is that Detoxifying the plant compounds actually takes a lot of sodium And so it's possible that actually eating less plants requires less sodium, but I don't know I'm making that all up In your in your research about this did you come across anything and perhaps I missed it at the beginning of your presentation That could anything that would give insight into the mechanisms of gout independent of uric acid or because it seems that this It it seems clear that in some situations high uric acid level may be beneficial It may even serve an antioxidant role or it's competing with BHB things like this It seems that the the equation for gout is more complex than just the elevated uric acid like I learned in medical school So any thoughts about what could be the other piece of that equation? It's high uric acid plus oxidative stress or something else Well, so gout requires that the urate actually crystallizes and once you've got a crystal then that If it's not if it doesn't dissolve again right away, it can it starts to build on itself So that's one problem another problem is that Any changes in in uric acid level up or down? So if you get medication for hyperureosemia that can actually trigger a flare and I think that might have to do with crystals just Coming out again because the because of the levels evening out So now there's more room for uric acid and crystals come out, but they're already crystals, so then it causes another But in terms of like what you could do dieterally. There's you know In terms of stones in the kidneys which have a related kind of problem you can try to Alkalinize your urine and that will help prevent it, but I really don't know I'm not sure. I don't know if that's because it's not known or if I just couldn't find it I've happened. I happened to have done some research on that and What got me interested is long-term fasting your uric acid goes very high But gout patients when they're long-term fasting even though their Uric acid goes very high all their symptoms disappear Well turns out that you have to have another component with uric acid to create gout and Probably the most common one is high blood sugar okay The other which disappears of course when you long-term fast, right and the other thing is High iron you have to have so if you don't have either high iron or High blood sugar You don't get gout if you have high uric acid Fascinating. Thank you. Great Emma. Thank you so much


Welcome back to Think Tech. I'm Jay Fidel. It's Wednesday. That means energy day. Okay. This is Hawaii, the state of clean energy. Mitch. Aloha, y'all. That's Mitch Ewing. From Texas. We do these things in various formats. Right. Okay. And today, Shannon Tinganon, and she's here from Hawaiian Electric, and we love when she comes down, and she tells us what's going on. She informs us. Welcome to the show, Shannon. Nice to have you. Thank you for having me, Jay. So, tell us what the message is this time. Well, today we want to highlight our newest project. Just yesterday, in fact, we went into service. It's the West Lock Solar, I'm sorry, West Lock Solar Project out on joint-based Pearl Harbor Hickam West Lock Aniq. Wow. So, we have, I know, say that, say that 12 times. Yeah, right. Anyway. So, it's a big project. You know, it's our first project, our first grid-scale solar project. We're really excited about it, 20 megawatt out in Ewa Beach on the Ewa Plains. Uh-huh. So. This is Navy Land. It is. This has been Navy Land forever, actually. Yeah. In Kalailoa. Yes. I mean, Ewa Beach. And so, how many panels you got in the solar array? Nearly 81,000. But who's counting? I went out there myself. So, what is this? This is a significant project. Tell us why it's significant. It's significant because it's a partnership, you know, with the Navy.  So, for the company, it's a big deal. You know, we're very proud of the accomplishment of getting this online already. And it just adds to our RPS, you know. We're trying to get to 100% by 2045, so this is one more way to get us to that point. 20 megabytes is a substantial piece. And I say megabytes. Yeah. I was just going to let that go. I mean, we think tech is our middle man. So this is on Navy Land, and therefore, the Navy is a user. It's definitely a consumer of what you're doing, but it's not limited to the Navy, right? No. It will produce energy for the entire island of Oahu. All Oahu consumers will benefit from this. And it's the lowest-cost renewable energy to date. Oh, yeah, let's talk about that. Lowest cost to date. Are you listening? Are you making notes? Lowest cost to date. What is the lowest cost to date? 7.5 cents. Wow. When you think back only a few years, it was like three times that. Neighbor islands, much more. Yeah. So this is very significant, and we're very proud of that. So what does this tell us about the future? Where is this point going forward? Well, all we can do is add more and more renewables. It's not always going to be Hawaiian Electric projects, but it's going to be independent power producers. We have several projects already approved and ready to go that we had in our first RFP and our second RFP, we just closed on applications. So we're going through those now. I think we had over 75 applications come in. That is a statement because that means a lot of people are interested in doing solar or renewable projects in the state of Hawaii. Definitely. I mean, we have to reach our goal of 100% by 2045. So this is just one project, but it's one of many coming online soon. I think the important point there is that if you want to build a lot of renewables, you have to have a lot of projects. And to have a lot of projects, you have to have a lot of RFPs. And to have a lot of RFPs, you have to have a lot of people responding. In this case, it's rec solar. You have to make a deal. You have to make deals all over the place. It's always that way. You have to make a deal with, in this case, the landowner, the Navy. You have to make a deal with rec solar. You have to make a deal with the PUC. You've got to get through the gauntlet on this. And now, just as of what yesterday, you're actually operating. And you're going to have the ceremony on Monday. Talk about the ceremony. Well, we're just going to have a Hawaiian blessing, a traditional Hawaiian blessing. We're just going to dedicate the project and just celebrate the fact that it's online now. Yeah, it's important. You've got to commemorate. And in commemorating, you're also saying that there'll be more. And you're working on others in the pipeline before you know it. There'll be another ceremony. OK, Mitch, your turn. Well, I understand this project doesn't have battery storage. A lot of the PV projects have storage plus battery. So is there any particular reason why that's the case? I mean, you don't need it. We applied. And it was denied. They give a reason why they denied it. I don't have that. Right now. I can surmise this that if you're sending it straight into the grid, the grid has other storage elements. And then a lot of our, yeah, a lot of the project, in fact, all of the projects that we have in our first RFP is soldered plus storage. And then moving forward, that's the way to go. Yeah. And there is a connection or reminiscence of the one at Schofield, which we looked at a few weeks ago, which is also on military land. Also kind of a partnership with the military and a developer, which serves the military, but also serves the community. It's the same kind of pattern. When I get out of this, this pattern is at least, as far as we can see right now, it's successful. Therefore, it should be something we'll do again and again. We hope so. I mean, this is, again, a great partnership. We don't have to purchase the land, which is really, that's how we get the cost savings. And permitting is easier too. The federal government is different than the state, city, what have you. So we've been very fortunate to work with the military on these projects. So you think about going into the service? Yeah. Mitch and I will go to the service so we can relate to that. What more you got? Oh, that's pretty roll it. It sounds like a pretty good project. So congratulations on getting this in place. Thank you. Yeah. Yes, I do have one. So how much does it contribute? Like we all talk about percentages, which is really tough because like, you know, so how much does 80 megawatts represent probably not a huge percentage because we use so much electricity here. On the big island, it would be a lot. Yeah. You know what? I'll have to get back to you on. Stay wide. Yeah, my recollection is about 1,800 megawatts, not megabits or megahertz, but megawatts. Yeah, not megabyte. So 80 is a fair percentage of that. Like the big island grid is like only 180 or 200 megawatts. So that would be like 10% of the big island grid just to kind of give it some scale. But you know the thing is you can't take half an island and dedicate it to one big project. No, you have to have many projects contributing. They've got to be around every corner. And so you add 80 here or whatever it is, and then again and again and again. And after a while, you're feeding the whole system. I guess the issue is the grid. And actually, right after this break, we're going to take, Mitch is going to talk about the grid with some entrepreneurs who are doing technology on the grid. Maybe you should meet them. Just right. One other quick item or factoid. By 2022, we'll have about 4.4 million solar panels across our service territory. So this is an exciting time for renewable energy, our core energy, renewable energy. So I think this is a significant project. And moving forward, we just want more and more. Things are happening. The project's in Schofield. This project, with all of the accomplishments, the achievements built into this project, the notable best practices that are in this project. And then, of course, you have these RFPs out there where you're going to get hundreds of megawatts from all directions. And it's going to change the landscape, isn't it? You're in the middle of a landscape change, and you've already gone a certain distance. Yeah. It's going to be significant changes ahead. You know, we're just excited to see what's in our future. Well, that means you're going to come back and talk to us some more. Definitely. Definitely. And then, tag it on. Ryan Electric, Mitch Ewen, Jay Fiedel, Rick, watch this. Aloha. My name is Victoria, and I'm a host at the Adventures in Small Business. This is a collaboration between US Small Business Administration, Hawaii District Office, and its partners, where we showcase the stories of local entrepreneurs and small businesses, talk about how to start a business, talk about great tips for small business owners. Please join us every Thursday, 11 AM at Think Tech, Hawaii. See you soon. Mahalo. Thanks to our Think Tech underwriters and grand tours. The Atherton Family Foundation. Carol Monli and the Friends of Think Tech. The Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education. Collateral Analytics. The Cook Foundation. Dwayne Kurisu. The Hawaii Community Foundation. The Hawaii Council of Associations of Apartment Owners. Hawaii Energy. The Hawaii Energy Policy Forum. Hawaiian Electric Company. Integrated Security Technologies. Galen Ho of BAE Systems. Kamehameha Schools. MW Group. The Shidler Family Foundation. The Sydney Stern Memorial Trust. Volo Foundation. Yuriko J. Sugimura. Thanks so much to you all. I'm Richard Emery, one of the co-hosts with Kondo Insider, sitting next to my other co-host, Jane Sugimura. We're very pleased to be on Think Tech Hawaii and provide this show of education, news, and topics affecting living in an association. About 38% of our population lives in an association, and you have very specific needs and rules to make an effective pairing of your home. So we're glad to be a part of this show, and what do you think, Jane? And yes, we're very proud to be part of this program, and what we want to do is to bring to all of the people who are involved with Kondo, especially people sitting on the boards and the owners, topics that will assist them in governing their projects and dealing with issues that boards and owners have to deal with on a day-to-day basis. In our shows every Thursday at 3 o'clock, we hope you watch it and always feel free to send in topics for discussion. Aloha. Aloha. Hey, well, welcome back to Hawaii, the state of clean energy. We just did a quick line change, like we did when I used to play hockey up in Canada, and it went amazingly well and smoothly. So here we are. I'm joined by Derek Stenslick and Matthew Richwine from Hellos Energy, a new company, a new co-start-up. And first of all, I want to ask my guests about their individual backgrounds. So I'll start off with you, Derek. Great, yes. Tell us about yourself. Derek Stenslick, I've been in the energy industry for about 10 years now. I focus that entire time on renewable integration and how we bring on more wind and solar into the grid. My background is in economics, so I've had to learn some of the engineering behind it. But fortunately, I have my partner here to help me out on that front. But look at how to bring on new resources cost-effectively and the grid. Hey, and that. Yeah, my background is on the engineering side, electrical engineering, so power systems, so electrical engineering applied to the grid. And yeah, I've been focused on what are the technical challenges of including all of this wind and solar and renewable generation onto grids like Hawaii? So I guess between the two of you, one with a background in economics, they can tell us how much it costs. And then you can surprise us with how much stuff we need and work out the economics. And can we afford this, correct? You have both. You have both. I view you as two brave guys who stepped away from a much larger company to form your own company. Very entrepreneurial of you to do that.  So tell us about your new company. Tell us. Yeah, so tell us energy. As you said, it's a clean energy startup. It's something we're really excited about. And it's our first year, just finishing up our first year in business and off to a great start. We specialize in analytics and technology for renewable integration, so all the other grid and planning and the modeling, the simulation that you have to do to make sure that these grids are going to operate, like you said, reliably and cost-effectively into the future as we start to bring on more and more technology. So tell me about your client list. I mean, did you already have some clients waiting in the wings or did you have to start with a clean sheet of paper and build it up? Yeah, I mean, we've been in the industry for a little while and have known some people, which is, of course, a helpful starting point. But we really wanted to focus our efforts in Hawaii because we see that a lot of the action here in the grid is, in terms of across the industry, is happening right here in Hawaii in a really applied way, where as Shannon was just talking about, they're really putting in 81,000 more panels and getting to these really big numbers. It's really leading the industry, and we want it to be at the forefront of that. I can almost look at Hawaii then. It's like a laboratory and leading the way, as you said, some leadership here. Yeah, you know, they were actually, Hawaii was actually the first state in the country to implement 100% RPS target. And since then, you've seen a host of other states follow suit from California, New York, and others. But they're a long way behind us. And I guess they haven't even started to experience some of the issues we have as you add more and more, particularly intermittent renewables on the grid. It's a big problem to manage that grid.  Do they have any feel for that? Yeah, so in California, a similar situation, a lot of solar growth going on, a lot of it being distributed on rooftops. In Hawaii here, it's one-third of single-family homes have rooftop solar, which is huge. The thing that makes Hawaii really unique is that as an island grid, there's a lot of additional challenges that California doesn't have to face. California, it's spread out over a large land area. So the solar doesn't all drop off at the same time. They're interconnected with neighboring systems. And so they can rely on these neighbors to help balance out the variable wind and solar generation. So here in Hawaii, it's all got to be balanced locally. HIKO is ultimately the one that keeps the lights on for everybody. And there's challenges that go along with that. I think you guys brought some slides along.  So while we pull up that first slide, and you can talk a little bit about the slide, how are we doing? How are we doing? Yes, this slide just measures out the RPS by each island. So you can see the progression. So just tell people at RPS, because we've used that a couple of times when Shannon was here. RPS, it's a renewable portfolio standard. So it's the percentage of the load that's being served by renewable energy. And so this is a combination of wind, solar, solar, both rooftop and utility scale, as well as some hydro and on the Big Island geothermal. Yeah, and you can see these numbers where we are today and the trend and how much it's grown over a relatively brief period of time. But it still shows we're a long ways out from 2045, where we've got to get all these lines to 100%. And we're really seeing, we're starting to see the challenges now. And as we look ahead, we are anticipating a lot more challenges than that's part of our role here. And with Telecentregy is to help the companies and the stakeholders solve these challenges so that we can really hit these goals. But how are you doing that? How are you helping us solve our problems? Do we have a contract with you from HNEI? Do you have some modeling? How does that help us address these challenges? Yeah, that's right. So one of the big things we do in the power system in the industry where we all count on electric power to be there all the time. And it's painful when we learn the lessons in the field. So one of the ways that we really try to mitigate and get in front of and understand what the challenges are going to be is to model the system. And so Derek and I have, with HNEI, have very detailed models, economic models and engineering models of how the system works so that we can, in a modeling environment, introduce these new technologies, these higher levels of wind and solar and battery resources, and understand how it's going to behave and how we want it to behave before it gets in the field. And kind of going back to the HNEI, so we are out here with Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, part of University of Hawaii. And kind of in that role that University of Hawaii and HNEI has is to really be a third party, independent kind of room for analysis and policy recommendations. And really to just be there to provide technical analysis in a really third party independent way that can be used for the Hawaii State Legislature, for the Public Utilities Commission, and for HECO. So really just trying to bring in a different independent set of analysis on all these grid simulation and modeling of it. We're like a referee. We don't have any axe to grind here. So we can give them an informed independent assessment. And you obviously, I guess not obviously, but you can tell me, do scenario analysis, correct? Like you say, OK, well, this is how the grid is now. We've modeled this. I'm assuming that you validated how closely your models replicate the grid. And then you say, well, what if we add this, this, and this here, here, and here? Is that kind of how it works? Absolutely. I think the scenario analysis is a real key piece of this. Because what's not always obvious to everyone is all of the huge range of conditions that happen throughout time that the grid has to survive. And many of the times, because the electricity, electric grid is so reliable, it's easy to take for granted all of the considerations that go behind making it that reliable in terms of severe weather events or unplanned loss of equipment like power lines or generating plants, these are really significant disturbances to the grid. And you have to make sure that when these emergency events happen, the rest of the grid is able to act quickly and keep the lights on through these things. So yeah, the scenario analysis is a big piece of that. Just bringing up with this scenario analysis, brought us out here this week is actually to support and help facilitate HECO's integrated grid planning effort. We're helping out the technical advisory panel for that. And the HECO IGP, as they call it, is really looking at that roadmap out to 2045. And what does the utility have to do? And what scenarios make sense for new investments or bringing on new IPPs? Really working through that long-term roadmap of all the different scenarios that are possible out there. And what HECO as a utility needs to do to make sure all those pieces fit together in a cost-effective and reliable manner. I hear a lot of people say, well, so far we've picked a low-hanging fruit and now it's going to get harder. What does your modeling say? Going to get harder or is there still some low-hanging fruit out there that we can be picking? Or is there some obvious kind of effective solution that we should really get out there next? I'll start off with the economic part. Sure. Certainly the low-hanging fruit has largely been. So here on Oahu, there's already 500 megawatts of distributed rooftop solar, approximately. That's a lot. And then you have another 150 megawatts of grid scale. And then the HECO project, the Westlock project that was just announced, another 20 megawatts. And you think about that on a 1,000 megawatt load system in the middle of the day, you can be well above 50%, just being served by solar. And so the ability for the grid to accommodate that level of solar in the middle of the day gets to be more and more challenging. And so you have to start thinking about mitigations and what you can do to help integrate more solar. A lot of the new projects coming in, the new ones that got PUC approval, those are going to have storage included with them. So each of those solar plants will have enough storage to shift that energy into evening peak and overnight periods. And you can actually bring up the second slide. I think that illustrates it. So here you have it. This shows two days of operation on a grid. And the yellow in the middle of the day, that's the solar generation. And this is expected once we have some of those accepted projects coming in, as well as the next round of solar and storage, which Shannon just brought up. They just got bids received for that. You can see on the left here, the yellow, that's the solar coming in the middle of the day. And you can see that it plateaus in the middle of the day. And basically that blue, that's the oil fire generation. And there's only so much flexibility there. So the gray part above that, that would be solar that's curtailed. You see on the right, that's when we start to add those energy storage. And you can see it takes that surplus solar from the middle of the day. It shifts it into the evening overnight periods and helps you bring on more solar. Now, that's not the only mitigation though. And you wanna touch on a few of the others, Matt? Yeah, in terms of the mitigations, while I was thinking about, getting back to that low hanging fruit, and we've talked about a few numbers, we've thrown out a few numbers. We were showing earlier that we're around maybe 20 or 30% of renewables. And yet Derek is describing kind of there's certain points in the day where we can be over 50%. And so what does that mean? What is that? How do those numbers work together? And I think it's important to differentiate between when we talk about the RPS standards and these targets of going to 100% and where we're at about 20 or 30% today, that's in terms of energy throughout the whole year. But when you really think about it in terms of reliability and managing this, you have to consider at every given moment, the grid has to be made reliable. And so that's when you're seeing at these instantaneous moments in the middle of the day as we were showing, that you have to hit those 50, that we're hitting those 50% numbers. And so that's why, when we're talking about the challenges coming and the low hanging fruit, as we're climbing that scale of these instantaneous rates of renewables throughout the day, that's where we're really getting into those challenges. And so that's why some of these challenges are so significant and happening at relatively low levels of energy throughout the course of the year. Okay, so we have that big band of blue at the bottom of both slides, which represents like oil, fire, or fossil fuel generation. How are we ever gonna fight into that?  Because you gotta generate all that electricity during the day, store it and or wind. A lot of people say we've kind of maxed out our wind capability here on Oahu. A lot of it maybe because people don't wanna have, you know, not in my backyard and we're seeing some of that up here on the North Shore already. So how do we get rid of that big band down at the bottom? Any thoughts? I mean, I don't, suppose you have a solution, but how do we bite into that? And that's exactly what we're here in doing this modeling, this grid simulation. That's what we're here to work on is how do you take a bigger bite out of that oil, fire generation, the carbon emitting generation? And there's several answers to that obviously. Storage is one of them. Load management is another. So how can we more closely align our load, the electric consumers with the times that the renewables are generating? So can we shift load from that evening and overnight period into the middle of the day? Can electric vehicles be charged in the middle of the day to avoid CO2 emissions from the transportation sector?  HECOs come a long way, getting those units to be more flexible and allow them to turn down to lower loading levels in the middle of the day to cycle on and off more frequently to be able to turn it off. There's limits to that too, that the oil fired generation fleet is fairly old here in Hawaii. So some of the oldest units in the country. And so getting flexibility out of the legacy oil units is gonna become increasingly challenging. And so it could be a host of new technologies that help. And I think a part of that, what one of those also is the renewables themselves. And there's a lot of capability in this new generation, but it's still, it's relatively new in terms of the span of over a hundred years of operating a power system. This is really in the last decade or two. And I think the industry is still understanding how can we fully deploy the capability there. So that's also part of this slate of solutions that we're looking at is also, how do we tune up the existing, the renewables plants to make sure that they're contributing the most that they can. Oh, you have another slide. Can we flash up the next slide? Oh, that's what we're talking about. Absolutely, and here what we wanna talk about is how can you reliably take off and retire some of that old legacy fossil generation and replace it with a host of renewables and storage. And I think storage is gonna be a really valuable tool and a really flexible tool for all the things that happen in the middle of the day, like smoothing out some of the solar variability, providing grid services, shifting that energy to evening peak. There's still gonna be challenges. It's not the only solution. It can't be the only solution. There's gonna be challenges that come up. What if you have multiple low solar days in a row? And there's times when today, having a fossil fired unit on the system, when you push that button to start it, you can rest assured that most of the time that's gonna start when you need it. With energy storage and renewables, you have to be more careful about managing the state of charge and making sure you forecast out what your renewables are gonna look like. And you have to really manage an energy limited resource and how do you plan the rest of the grid knowing that some recent resources aren't always gonna be available. And so we look at this very probabilistically and look at across many years of operation, many years of weather and look at all the possible configurations and make sure that when you need energy, there's something there to provide it or there's load flexibility to work around it. How about energy efficiency? It was really popular a few years ago, kind of the, at least the visibility level has gone down. I mean, should we be looking at how we do things differently? Yeah, I think energy efficiency goes with part of that, the state of solutions. But in some sense, as we're really, as we're shifting the generation mix, it's the energy efficiency piece is, it's really the mix, the shift in technologies more than the energy efficiency that is the hurdle that we're seeing. And so one of the things particularly is, the wind and solar generation, how it connects to the grid, it connects through a device called a power converter and that's very different from the conventional generation that used a large copper and steel machine that was connected. And so while the energy efficiency initiatives are good at kind of keeping the total demand down, it's really a technology shift that has got our attention. And I think kind of on the topic of energy efficiency, getting load management is gonna be increasingly important. So not just reducing the overall load, but how can we have it be more flexible in response to the real-time conditions on the grid? That's gonna be increasingly important. It's not just about reducing it, but making it more flexible. I see a great future for you guys. Thank you.  So I think you've picked a really good business to be in and I hear you guys are really good at it. So believe it or not, we've blown through our time. So I told you it would go fast. So thank you very much for having us. Thank you very much for having us. It was a great time. Thanks. Okay, thanks. So Aloha y'all. I'll see you next Wednesday at Hawaii, the state of clean energy.


SCP-3444 opens onto an urban area, stylistically reminiscent of that found in SCP-3444-3. The area is typically portrayed as some form of slum or poor neighborhood. At this point, the Cognito-Hazardous effects ordinarily begin to alter not just the actions of the subject, but their personality too. They will consciously take on the role of someone living within a slum or house within the neighborhood, attempting to become successful at their chosen field, but instead relegated to a less desirable form of employment. The SCP-3444-9 instances will often be hostile to the subject, either through aggression or through attempts to take advantage of the subject's vulnerability. After these interactions, the subject will perform a soliloquy, or for golden events running the musical script, a solo musical piece, discussing their condition, before returning to SCP-3444-1. Please consult Experiment Log 3444-15 for more information. Experiment Log 3444-15, Section 4 Subject D2508, a female from Vermont, USA, convicted of the premeditated murder of her boyfriend Keith Baker. This experiment is notable for being the first occasion on which the musical script was activated, in which each silver event features an elaborately choreographed musical number. Story of Prior Silver Events At SCP-3444-2, Origins, the station opened onto an orchard in Vermont. A small farmhouse containing SCP-3444-9-A was located 50 meters away from SCP-3444-2. SCP-3444-9-A took the form of D2508's father. The incits appeared to have imbibed a large quantity of alcohol, and spent much of his dialogue blaming D2508 for her mother's death. Upon leaving the farmhouse, D2508 sang a musical piece about how she wished to leave the countryside and attain some form of success in the city, before returning to SCP-3444-2. At SCP-3444-3, Bright Lights, the station opened onto Times Square in New York City as of 2001. D2508 entered through several shops located around Times Square, while singing a musical number along with several SCP-3444-9 instances acting as background singers and dancers about her hopes for life in the city. Once the musical number had finished, D2508 returned to SCP-3444-3. Begin Log The station opens onto a street in New York, lined on both sides by rundown, depravated housing blocks. Unlike the rest of the locales visited, which appear to take place in the early 2000s, the appearance of the buildings is more akin to New York in the early 1990s. D2508 exits SCP-3444-4 and walks into the street. She is swiftly approached by an SCP-3444-9 instance, apparently representing her boss.   But sir, sir, I've got to get back.  You be at the diner in 15 or you're fired! I run a business, not a charity! Look, sir, if I could just- No excuses! You wanted this job, you have to put up with it! The boss instance walks away. Oh, what am I to do?   Oh, what's a girl like me to do? Another SCP-3444-9 instance, bearing a strong resemblance to Keith Baker, then approaches D2508. Oh, Keith, I'm real sorry, baby, but I've got to work tonight. Dammit, girl, you're breaking my heart, you know that? I've been slaving away at work all day. The least you can do is get me my goddamn supper. I'm sorry, baby, please don't get mad at me. I've got to bring in money. I should be the one bringing in the dough. Me, that's my job, isn't it?  For God's sake, I thought we were trying for a baby! We are, baby, we are. It's just not that simple, you know? I swear, once you make it big...  Be back before midnight or you'll get what you deserve. At this point, D2508 begins to sing. And log. Summary of subsequent silver events. At SCP-3444-5, first sight, the station opened onto a French restaurant in Manhattan. SCP-3444-9-B appeared as a copy of D2508's acquaintance Jacob Manuel. The two sing a duet concerning forbidden love. At SCP-3444-6, Big Break, the station opened onto the ticket office of a different train station. D2508 bought a ticket to Albany, New York State, before engaging in a solo song concerning themes of romantic love and heartbreak. At SCP-3444-7, Love, the station opened onto a woodland in upstate New York. D2508 met SCP-3444-9-B, the two then engaged in an impassioned duet, in which they proclaimed their love for one another. The sound of an alarm was then heard. D2508 then ran back into SCP-3444-7. At SCP-3444-8, Climax, the station opened onto Times Square again. Several policemen were present, telling D2508 that she had been completely exonerated from the murder of the Baker instance. In response, D2508 initiated an elaborate musical number involving all the SCP-3444-9 instances present, including SCP-3444-9-B concerning her newfound freedom, desire to stay in the city, and relationship with SCP-3444-9-B. At SCP-3444-2nd manifestation, Wake Up, SCP-3444-9-B and the Baker instance appeared on either side of D2508 after she stepped onto the platform. Piano music in the key of E minor could be heard as SCP-3444-9-B attempted to encourage D2508, while the Baker instance attempted to denigrate D2508. D2508 was noted as being visually upset at their appearance, swiftly exiting SCP-3444.


Hi everyone. Now this video was originally going to be a highly edited wide web world video but I've since scaled that down because it's been years since I've been planning it and I can't seem to find a good way to make it in it's original highly edited form. So today's video is kind of just me talking about what I was going to talk about and not as intensive a format. So video game donkey, it's this YouTube creator that you all probably know started out as a new grounds animator, you know back when that was a big thing that kids on the internet would do animating in quotation marks and in Microsoft, sorry Adobe Flash, now it's like Adobe anime they keep changing the names for all this stuff. I'm not really here to talk about that this isn't the documentary on video game donkey what I want to talk about is just like his history on the internet and one specific part of it that always got to me so if you guys know the guy, he does videos on video games, he does like movie reviews and stuff like that, he's made some pretty iconic videos that you might have seen at different stages of the internet so he's been around for a long time. But one of the series which often gets ignored about him is his Mario 64 series probably because it's been unlisted from his channel but it's one of those things which really impacted me when I watched it and I want to share that with you guys so his series on Mario 64 is this really old series on his channel that he does, he plays through the video game, he goes through the levels and gets his stars, it's his classic comedic fashion where he goes around and you know he just says his random lines and says random funny stuff. But soon into the series like around I'd say episode 18, 19, 20 it starts getting really dark for no reason, it starts getting really really dark and video game donkey starts talking about like all the stuff that's going on in his life and he starts talking about like his experiences making friends online and how he thinks a lot of the friends that he has are fake.  I don't know, I find it oddly cohesive in a way because for as much as the tone doesn't fit, the actual content and the delivery and the way that it's given, it makes him sound so nonchalant when he's talking about this serious stuff.  Eventually what's interesting is that there's this magical turning point in the series by the last episode, so he actually meets his wife I think in the last episode and he shows his future wife, I think at the time, girlfriend or something like that. But he also talks about how everything is turning around slowly with the companies and he's starting to make more money so it's this really interesting redemption that he experiences in this Mario 64 series. I always thought it was quite an interesting little tidbit of internet history and while I know I didn't get to turn this into a full wide web world episode, I'm glad I was at least able to make this basic little video talking about it.  I gotta say his videos like Game Dev, Tycoon and a few others were like one of those things I watched a lot as a kid, probably for the worst but they were things that I was exposed to and it definitely affected the way that I made videos on this channel. And I find it interesting how the character now, the guy who does it now kind of lives in this weird world of making semi-ironic videos and making serious artistic movie reviews while also making silly just gaming videos like what he used to do. I feel like the tone of his content hasn't really changed since like his Mario 64 videos where he used to just talk about nonsense and play the game. But yeah I hope you guys enjoyed this random little video on this thing. I think it's one of those things which I have always really appreciated is when you can see somebody's history on the internet and it's like such a fascinating story. I hope everybody enjoyed this video. Goodbye.


hi guys welcome back to my youtube channel for those of you who are here for the first time read about me in the description box after my nca strategy series yes i'm going to make a vlog about how my journey has been in the legal field in canada how i came here and everything that you want to know all the question queries that i'm getting in my inbox and also i would like to discuss that last time i discussed constitution law and foundation law so i would like i suggest that people who are giving the exams for the first time and who've just started their nca journey should think about giving the admin the consti the consti admin and foundation together maybe because they have overlapping topics or if you want to give them separately i suggest start with consti go ahead with admin and then step forward towards foundation and thereafter criminal or pr and whatever other subjects that you get so in this order i think you'll be very systematic and you'll know where you're heading to because constitution is as i said it's the law of the land it's very important and then foundation it's theoretical but it's the jurisprudence here and about administrative law it is very you need the you need to understand the big picture for admin law which i'm going to explain today i hope you like the video if you like it do subscribe to my channel like and share that what is admin law and how does it work in canada administrative law if you know there is a power of the government and of every but every democracy there's a power of delegation you delegate the decision making so so happens in canada also you have to delegate some powers to the immigration maybe to the federal bodies to the provincial bodies to the maybe any ministerial body that you can think of because they are the people who will decide the day-to-day affairs of the country and they have their own statues of the admin bodies and all of that so all this under a broad category they can be called the administrative law how they have to be very careful with the procedure that they you know incorporate in their day-to-day life dealing with people because that is what what if you challenge that that is what is called judicial review of the decisions so this subject has majorly two parts to it first is if you understand the bigger picture first is the procedural fairness and second is the standard of review which the courts use in order to determine has the admin body been fair to the person so these are the two main categories one the procedural the second the standard of review in order to approach the subject i would i had a certain strategy in mind and i'm going to explain the same strategy to you guys so when you understand that this has two parts to it you will know that there are two main cases now there are three main cases to this topic but when i studied there were two main cases so the two main cases for procedural fairness the first case which is absolutely imperative and important is the baker case now i would suggest keep before even starting with your material just go and go through the baker case baker case if you open in the supreme court of canada or on kandhi you will get it very easily and it has been applied in number of cases thereafter hide some five or six synthesis which describe what are the procedural fairness rules that the admin body is supposed to keep in their mind second part of this whole procedure once you're done with the duties and everything that they're supposed to do once you are over with the procedural topics which i think is about one to say about nine in your syllabus is all about procedure then the tenth chapter comes of standard of review now if the admin body goes wrong what do you do if the immigration is wrong say if the immigration is not treating you properly you have some kind of discrepancy with them where do you go which door do you knock you go to the federal court so the federal court has the power of judicial review and now what standard of review will the judicial court apply because you know the tendency is that the court will want to give the admin body some kind of weightage yes they want because obviously they have given the stat the statutory laws given them power the appeal power is with them everything is with them now they want to know that what should we do the as federal court wants to know what should we do what standard of review should we apply should we apply reasonableness should we apply correctness or what are the other whatever the standard of review should be earlier during my time it was duncemer now duncemer has been overruled and it has been specifically mentioned in your syllabus now that it effective from may 2020 do not mention duncemer if you mention duncemer duncemer is the bad law it's a it's a gone law it's a old law do not mention duncemer case mention valvilov or mention bel canada i would suggest go through their judgments valvilov is a very big judgment do not go through the whole of it go through the facts of it and go to the standard of review part now you will get the whole jurisprudence you will get everything in the standard of review if you go through valvilov and if you go through bel canada you are done with the standard of review also then after reading these major judgments and after understanding that what exactly the procedure of admin body has been in canada and what is the jurisprudence for administrative law in canada i suggest now you start with your notes the first chapter may be dealing with admin law in general and everything that what do they do what are the powers then you will have these baker synthesis separately you will have to discuss topic wise they are in the syllabus but they have the cases mentioned along with that so refer to the cases in which these cases has been these major landmark cases have been applied they've mentioned that in the syllabus go through those judgments along with the topics so as long as you are reading the topic go through the judgment along with it it will be very really helpful for you but never in admin law get into miscellaneous extraneous details do not get into that you will get lost into that always have the big picture in mind so i would also suggest once you are done with your syllabus and once you're done with your reading go to the federal court of canada website then you can go and read some judgment some recent decisions and you will know how they you know defer to the uh defer to the administrative body or defer to the decision that the lower court has taken so you will understand some kind of application of this administrative law i suggest this is quite useful and it would help you a lot also if there is something i would tell you that try and try answer writing one by one so once you're done by procedural fairness go ahead and do answer answer writing practice for the procedural fairness topic because that's a separate topic now procedural fairness is over then your mind will be very much sorted and you'll be ready for the next concept to understand because there are two there is too much information to digest so once you're done with the procedural fairness go to the standard of review then once you're done with standard of review try and answer writing that separately then after that the last chapter i think the last topic is remedies so once the court has determined okay the admin body was not right in gear that decision then you can go ahead and find the remedy there are many types of remedy there's pecuniary remedy monetary remedy damages there is reinstate of that person so however remedy is you know available and whatever the court deems fit so you can try and read about that so the last chapter is remedies once you are done with all these these this this is basically administrative law and you will have many constitution parts overlapping with it so that will be really helpful if you know the constitution before admin in admin law is that once you are reading the judgment the way the law has been applied to the facts your test is just a jubica testing and your synthesis is a more fax case that kester apply kare ho jo language ever beauty so you need to read that and aapko apna jo ko answer karnai beshit first time you are looking at the judgment and answering because paper may you don't really get that much time that you can open the book and you look at it until your notes are very extremely well flagged and that too whenever you can't refer every question you can refer one say one question in five four five questions so in in that case i suggest aapko application fact peh bohot zada dhyaan do you should know ki how the test has been applied to the facts because that is the thing that is going to fetch you the maximum marks so you have to read the test and you have to know the test by heart or at least at least in your language and then you have to apply it to the fact this synthesis of applying and the synthesis of using the test is very important and the i think one of the most important things that you can do in admin law is this you can you should know the baker five factors of baker what are the synthesis of baker synthesis and how does it apply to judgments thereafter then you should know about the standard of review then remedies there another important topic that obviously like in consti like in foundation is aboriginal and the duty to consult so they have the government has a duty to consult the aboriginal people whenever they are doing something which is abridging their rights or anything like that so and so on and so far there is so much is so much to read in this but go topic wise have a bigger picture in mind do not get into minute details and i am sure you're going to pass this exam i'm going to make on criminal law both of them and i'm going to upload them soon and then after i'm going to start my vlog about i'm going to finish the censure strategy series and i'm going to start my log how my journey has been how i came whatever happened with me so i'm going to share some maybe some mistake that i did which i do not want you people to do and yeah all these all these blogs will follow up soon so you stay tuned subscribe to my channel and if any question query or concern get in touch with me on the comment section or get in touch with me on linkedin instagram everything is in the description box i hope you guys are at home stay home stay inside and take care of yourself and your loved ones bye