Every sunny afternoon it is appropriate for having two solar energy guests today. Think look outside and think how many kilowatt hours are being produced. Just bam, bam, bam. Unfortunately, most of those kilowatt hours are going into storage, which is the type of thing we'll be talking about today. I'm Howard Wigg, Code Green, Think Tech, Hawaii, June 20th, 2022. I guess today are from Revolution. Any local resident probably knows that name very well. They are the largest solar company in Hawaii. And incidentally, we are not either Think Tech Hawaii nor the state of Hawaii is endorsing Revolution. They are here for educational purposes. So thank you very much for appearing. Tom Corey and Scott Wishart to talk about solar energy in Hawaii.  Solar energy did exist back then, and it started in the backyard of Kali Judd, of the Judd family. And he and his dad were in the backyard building, who are building solar water heating panel. And they formed their own company, and that was by far the first solar energy company in Hawaii. And back then it was strictly solar water heating. Fortunately, they really pushed and other companies such as Revolution joined and joined and joined, and again, focus on solar water heating, which is very, very fortunate because you heat up that water on a nice sunny day like this. And it goes into a tank. And I call that tank and 80 gallon battery. Why, because we have our peak demand in the evening just when the sun goes down. And when everybody went home and turned on the dishwasher and got into the showers. And that's what they benefited from all that stored up energy that was the original battery technology for Hawaii. Then we evolved into photovoltaic or PV cells. And we, it was so successful is so successful. Thanks partially to revolution that the production of electricity in the middle of the day are exceeded the demand. Different relationships between the solar companies and the utility, and it has finally come out to emphasis on storage. Get all those beautiful kilowatt hours that are going on in the middle of the day, store them up and apply them to the evening hours when the peak demand occurs. Why would peak demand occur in the evening. Number one, everybody's coming home from the their schools and their businesses and the homes are beginning to go great guns. And we belong to a tourist economy. And if you haven't figured it out yet tourism is back loud and clear it's almost at 100% again, guess what those tourists do. They go out to the beach to shopping tours in the middle of the day, and they come back when just when the sun is setting, and they contribute to the peak demand in the evening. Yeah, that is a little bit of background. So, why don't we bring up the first. Oh, and I didn't mention my guest name Tom Corey and Scott wish are of again revolution. And let's bring up the first slide and either of you gentlemen, take it away. One of you take it away please. Yeah, so thank you so much for having Tom and I today Howard really appreciate that. And we talked a little bit about the solar coaster as many people call it in the industry. And you're absolutely right we could never, we can never forget about, you know the hard work that college and many others had done, you know, previous to when the solar industry where when the PV market got a little bit crazy or busy. Let me just show right here on this slide 2009 was our inception. Tom and I have been lucky enough to be a part of the revolution team for almost since the inception but we'll be coming up on our 13th year birthday, this next month. But 2009 was the early adopters that was a lot of people that took advantage of the tax credits for federal and state at that time, and put a PV system up on the roof and net energy metering really kind of coasted us through that time period, all the way up until you know, 2015 when that was when net energy metering, more or less was abolished. That was actually October, I believe it was October 13 of 2015. So that was a date that we kind of that remains in infamy with us in the solar industry. At that point in time, a lot of companies including us we had to kind of redirect what we were doing. And at that time, revolution brought in started doing a lot of smart home things that we did as far as air conditioning and different things that, you know, you could model to make the house a little bit more take a little bit more of a holistic approach to making that house healthier and being able to capitalize on energy efficiency at the house. So, then you fast forward to where we are now from, you know, 2017 to the present and it's just been an amazing time for the PV industry, and batteries has really had a big, a big, a big part in that. And I think what we'll be talking about today is some of the programs right now with with HECO that you're looking at battery bonus, and there's another one through swell called battery rewards. So I don't want to say too much about the solar coaster without handing it over to Tom so he can kind of fill in some of the gaps there. So let me interrupt and say that I recently heard from Hawaiian Electric that I believe there are something like 92,000 PV systems on roofs in little old Hawaii, and Hawaiian Electric is not at all satisfied with that they want another upon rose by the year 2030. And that all has to do with Hawaii's transition towards 100% clean energy. Ideally, we will be burning for building homes and buildings, zero fossil fuel by that time to combat global warming. And you mentioned storage, just offhand, what percentage of the systems that you put up today include storage in them. 100%. 99 to 100%. Yeah, I had, I had read somewhere Howard, some companies had said somewhere maybe around 80% or so. But yeah, I think Tom spot on I would say almost 100% of the installs we do right now are with batteries, but there is there is some instances where that may not be needed on a house, depending on my side, the, I'm with the Hawaii State Energy Office and we're pushing solar farms, and there's no such thing as a new solar farm without a commensurate battery farm. We got to store up those BTUs in the middle of the day and apply them towards night. So why don't we go to the next slide and one of you guys can take over from there. What's all this about guys outages. So, this just kind of lays into what you were saying Howard as far as, you know, battery backup and where the industry is going and a lot of homeowners have, you know, really grasp this I mean, I think we're ahead of the spear here in Hawaii. I mean I really feel like we're about five or 10 years ahead of some other states in the nation and what's happening out here. There's a lot of that has to do with Hawaiian Electric Company.  But he go wants to bring in another 50,000 and batteries are going to be the way that we can do that. And that's for the first time. We're sort of their technology wise where now not only is the home we're going to save money on a monthly basis with having a battery or batteries at the house, but they're also going to have that piece of mind that if the grid does go down, or power does go out, they're going to be able to provide electricity for their family. Yeah. And for those out there listening and watching that don't know, he used to have a program called net energy metering where you really wouldn't need a battery to power your home at night. So, since they stopped doing that. That's why that's the main reason why we're installing batteries now is because, you know, during the day all your power comes from the PV that's powering your home. And at the same time, it's filling up this battery. So as soon as the sun goes down, we're running off battery power. And that just happens every day. The backup element is just kind of secondary. It's great. People love that, you know, your lights will stay on you won't even see a flicker but the main reason again is to power your home at night. These batteries are essential now, you have to have them. And let me do a little more background in September of this month, or this year, which is not many months away, our coal fired plant out in Campbell Industrial Park will officially close and that accounts for, I believe it's up to 20% of all the coal oil whose energy. That's going to be a huge huge huge impact. And what's more, we in the energy code business are shooting for 100% electrification of homes and buildings. So we're doing everything we can to increase electricity going into those structures. Because electric vehicles are coming on like gangbusters, and you so you're going to have all this additional draw on the electrical load to get those nice electric vehicles batteries going. How in the world are you guys going to do all of this. Maybe the next slide will explain it. That's, that's kind of the idea behind Kiko's battery bonus program is instead of building another plant or more plants I believe the coal power plant was producing what 50 megawatts per year so it was a lot of power. So to make up that loss in generation that's what they're doing with this battery bonus program you know we're tapping into folks batteries. And why not there's literally thousands of these on homes around Hawaii so it's kind of a win-win, you know it is a win-win, you know the homeowner gets paid to let he go tap into the battery and then he go doesn't have to build another cold plant which is obviously dirty, you know they're using renewable energy from the sun. Yeah, I think it's a great deal. You know and that and that's why the battery bonus program. That's where we're doing it. What was going on with that slide that we just saw. Oh by the numbers. So what we were just trying to show here Howard was that you can see exponentially, the amount of batteries that are being installed is going up. And just to kind of dovetail a little bit on what Tom was saying with battery bonus. It's an amazing program. It looks like he goes going to be making some changes to that actually almost a year to the date it looks like in June of 2023 or June 20 2023 will be when they may stop taking applications or if it's already hit the 50 megawatts that they want to install in. So there's three tranches there's a first tranche of 15 megawatts second tranche of another 15 megawatts and then a last tranche of 20 megawatts. So the credit the payment will go down over time so it's a great time to get into that. But the beauty of this program really is for the people that were in net energy metering that may be installed they were or were an early adopter back in 2010 2011 all the way up until 2015. And for the last seven years felt like they couldn't add to their PV system. And so now is a beautiful time and this is a really just battery rich program or I should say credit rich program with a federal tax credit right now that's still 26% a state tax credit that kind of irons out to be you know somewhere from 2017 to 27% so we'll call it 22. So you're still getting about 50% back from federal and state tax credits for solar now. So our saying always is best to have done solar yesterday so really not doesn't make a whole heck of a lot of money. But what's so great about this program that Hawaiian Electric put out was that this really opens up the door for people that have always wanted to add maybe they've picked up, as you mentioned an electric vehicle over the years.  It's a phenomenal time to basically take advantage of not only putting batteries in and getting a credit, but this also allows you to do a NEM expansion so you get to do a net energy meter expansion so somebody could come in and possibly put up another 10kw worth of photovoltaic 15kw worth of photovoltaic, because maybe that electric bill that they covered early on was only maybe $150 a month, but now maybe that electric bills $500 or $600 a month. That's very real. Yeah, I think a lot of our business now is folks coming back to us that didn't get enough PV the first time around, or they just started using more power since then. And so they need to add to these NEM systems, these legacy systems up until this battery bonus program, you could not add panels to them so that's a big part of this. However, if you don't have a NEM system, and you're installing a new PV system under a different tariff, CGS or CGS plus, you can't participate in the battery bonus program. We recommend maybe, well, depending on your usage, getting an extra battery just to dedicate to this program because you'll need that that first battery to power your home or maybe even two in some cases, power your home at night. The point is, you know, I've never seen a program this good for homeowners I've been doing this for 10 years, other than them. This is kind of like NEM 2.0. You know, and so, yeah, we're encouraging folks to jump on this will still last because like Scott said there's only three tranches. And I might point out that this program is benefiting not only revolution but all the solar dealers out there. I think all of you are probably going absolutely like gangbusters. And then I would also point out as somebody who sees the larger picture that 50 megawatts ain't going to cut it. We need at least I would say, looking down the road at least 150 megawatt so good time to be in the solar business, I would say, you know, what's going on with the next slide here. Well, the one thing I wanted to mention to Howard was, well, well, Max is pulling up the slide. There is also something called battery rewards, which is well, and so swell that that really does cater to people that may have installed, as Tom had mentioned under customer grid supply, or customer grid supply plus, or smart export. So for people that maybe had done an installation in the last maybe five to seven years that are not part of the NEM, that might be a program that that they would look at doing. And that's actually a credit that comes to that homeowner in the form of a monthly payment. And it's derived based upon how many batteries that you have on the house. So that credit could be anywhere between possibly about $40 a month upwards to $150 to $200 a month depending on if they've got one or three batteries on the house, or more. I think that's called passive income. Absolutely. We all need more of that. And by the way swell is it's not exclusive anymore I think there's maybe one other TV company that offers it, but revolution was the first. So it's not available through all contractors, just a handful. Okay, let's go back to that slide. I had a rooftop slide yeah what what's going on with this rooftop here besides being a very beautiful love scenery. I want to say that that's over in Kailua. Well, I think what we were trying to show here, and I pass it over to Tom but just a nice installation on a standing seam roof. And it's just, it's just so we're so proud of seeing the adoption of so much photovoltaic here on the island. I mean we're so firmly we're a lot further ahead per capita than many other states. So it's just really exciting to see everything progress. And I think that these battery programs that Hawaiian electric companies embracing right now have really kind of helped push the trajectory of where the industry is going to go. In the next couple years. Yeah, you know, we read about Hawaii legs here and Hawaii legs there we sure ain't lagging in the solar industry and solar storage capacity. Right, the island of Hawaii usually especially on a sunny day like today, they shut all their power plants down in the middle of the day and it's entirely clean energy run. And that is what all the islands are shooting for. And thanks to every new installation we get a little bit closer to that. So I didn't have. Oh, go ahead Tom. Oh, not to catch you up I was just saying, I didn't know that that's amazing. Also, just to double tail off Scott Scott will say, I think we do need the nation in PV per capita don't we. We're the top. Yeah, need by a factor of two, at least. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. That's right. Yeah, it's pretty amazing.  Right, we pay the nation's highest rates. And that's really part of what drives the market and then our state tax incentives are pretty good. You know, everybody, all the states get the federal tax credit, which is 26%, but not all states have a good state tax incentive for getting PV. Some states have like a feed and tear for it somewhere to any program. But yeah, those kind of make the perfect storm for a solar market is price of power being really high in the state tax incentive. You know, 10 years ago, the state and federal tax incentives haven't gotten any better than anything they're going down. So it's good to note if you're a homeowner watching that, you know, the federal tax credit is going down 4% at the end of this year. So right now, as mentioned, it's 26% of the gross cost. You'll get back as a tax credit starting next year it's going to be 22%. So that's the reason why you see so much PV in Hawaii is a large part because of these tax credits, you know, and the price of power, your payoff is really good here compared to the mainland. Sometimes half your ROI will be half the amount of time doing PV here in Hawaii versus on the mainland, maybe in California. You don't even have because our average statewide rate for a kilowatt hour right now is 36 cents. Thanks to the very, very, very high price of oil, the average mainland kilowatt hour cost 12 cents. So there's a factor of three to one. But we're running out of time. What about another beautiful slide please. What's all this about. And just to touch on this this is exactly sort of what you were talking about Howard is what we would call VPP virtual power plants right so that's really what this program is all about is turning individual homes or homeowners homes into a power plant in a sense that is going to help stabilize the grid help out your neighbors just really help what we're doing out here on the island of Oahu. So it's an exciting time to partake in this program, because that's basically what's happening homeowners putting in one maybe two, maybe three batteries, adding more PV to their house. And just to touch on it one last time that might be a family where things have changed at their household over the years, since they did their first install, where more times than not it might just be a new purchase a new family moved somebody that sold their home, maybe that was an older couple that moved to a condo. Maybe it was just because two of them lived at the house. So they only covered an electric bill about $150 a month. New homeowner comes in has two electric vehicles in the driveway. They've got a $400 $500 electric bill. This is a phenomenal time for them to take advantage of coming in adding PV adding a couple batteries, picking up these the federal and state tax that Tom was talking about. But then on top of that, I mean you're talking about an upfront payment from Hawaiian Electric Company of $4,250 per battery, and then another $25 a month for that battery for 10 years. So you're putting in two batteries on your house, you're talking about $14,500 worth of payments from HECO over the course of 10 years with 8,500 of that upfront. So that really, really helps out that bottom line and the return on investment as you had mentioned. It's worth noting also anything that HECO draws from the battery for this program they're going to give you a kilowatt hour per kilowatt hour credit. So if you're a name a NEM system owner, you'll get that credit for the lifetime of the program which is 10 years. If you're a CGS or CGS plus customer, you'll get that for the first three years. So, you know, you're getting the $4,250 upfront, 3,000 amortized over the 10 years and then these kilowatt hour credits. So even if it also it's worth noting, even if it wasn't for the financial incentive, like Scott said, you know, you're contributing to Hawaii going green and reducing your carbon footprint. You're helping out the community so I think it's worth it just for that reason. And how about looking at worldwide is Hawaii serving as an example here for the rest of the states to follow and indeed for the rest of the world to follow. Absolutely. Yeah. I believe so. I know we are virtually ahead of every nation in the world there may be a couple of exceptions. I think there's going to be all eyes on this, you know, on how well this goes as far as the AES coal plant, you know, closing down come September. And then the transition of what you know we're trying to do with what we would call VPP virtual power plants and it's going to be really interesting to see how that shapes up and hopefully it's going to set the bar and set the bar high. We are have set the bar very, very high. Is there any other slide left to show or did we exhaust the slide. You got about one minute. Oh, you can end on this one. I'll pass it to Tom if you wanted to jump on that one time. Yeah, so what are we looking at here. Keep residential PV systems with and without storage right now. Yeah, okay. So, yeah, when I started, you know, 2011, there was virtually no storage. We were just, I mean, it existed and you could buy but it really wasn't worth it. Because it was just for backup purpose. Now, like I said, you need it to power your home at night if you have a new system. So the point is, you know, there's all these systems that we installed and other contractors installed for the last decade that were under the NEM that don't have storage. So I think there's plenty of capacity and plenty of room for folks that already have PV systems to add batteries and again going back to this battery bonus program. This is their incentive. This is their reason to kind of get off the couch and do it. Yeah, all the systems now do come with batteries. I don't know, Scott, do you know what the percentage is out there of PV systems that have batteries and ones that don't. I would probably take a guess that you probably because you had a lot of PV systems early on so I would I would say that only about 5 or 10% of the PV systems or the rooftop solar actually have batteries that was kind of what that slide was showing in the orange was showing people that have PV and then in the blue was the ones with the battery component to it. So we have a lot. That's why Hawaii capacity. Yeah, they put they put this program out to incentivize people in the NEM to basically come in and put batteries on their house. And on that very cheery note we must bid fond of you. Scott Curry, David Wishart, Revolution, you've given us a tremendously optimistic view of the world, Hawaii, little old Hawaii helping mother earth and showing the way for other people who have 100% clean energy. Thank you very much. See you next time. Howard, we think tech Hawaii. Thanks, Howard. Thanks, Howard. Thank you so much for watching think tech Hawaii. If you like what we do, please like us and click the subscribe button on YouTube and the follow button on Vimeo. You can also follow us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn and donate to us at think tech Hawaii.com. Mahalo.


This is stock number 9T362A. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, your new and used Ram and Ram 1500 headquarters. Today we are checking out this very clean 2019 Ram 1500 Crew Cab 5 foot 7 inch short box. This truck has the 5.7 liter V8 Hemi motor and has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off and this truck is 100% ready to go. Billet silver over black clear coat is the color scheme. We shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second so if you have HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device turn them on right now because it is like you're right here looking at the truck with me and definitely your best way to check out the vehicle before seeing it in person. If you want to check out more photos in the upper right hand part of your screen is a link right to our website so click that and check us out there. Goodyear Wrangler Duratrack LT 27570 R18 tires with about I'd say 70 to 80% of the tread left on them. You get the painted and polished aluminum 18 inch rims. This one that comes with the LED lighting group. You get the LED headlamps, LED running lights and LED fog lights. You can see the front bumper has the parking sensors in it and it is very clean. No dents, dings, scuffs or scrapes on that. You get the sport hood and that is very clean as well. I didn't see any dents on there and the passenger side fender is in excellent shape as well. Passengers side rim no scuffs or scrapes on that and as you go down this side of the truck you can see just how clean the body is, how reflective and mirror like that paint is. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down you can still see the truck, hear the truck and have confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here. So that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises. In fact we offer a Summit Auto Fastpass option in the upper right hand part of your screen. A link right to this vehicle where you can apply for financing, get pre-approved, see a payment quote, even appraise a trade all from the comfort of your own home. Frame and underbody is like new. So when you get here there's absolutely no surprises. That's why we do the videos and you can be confident that you're dealing with the right truck and the right people. Back tires just as much tread as the front and you do get the plastic wheel well liners which keeps your frame and underbody looking great. As we come around to the back of the vehicle you can see it has the dark chrome exhaust tips, the backup parking sensors, the full towing package which includes receiver H4 pin and 7 pin wiring. Tailgate is in excellent shape you get the RAM stamped logo, the blacked out Rebel in 4x4 logos, has the shock down assist tailgate, spray and bed liner and LED bed lighting. What they started doing is you can they got a button back here now you don't have to turn the cargo lamps on you can just press that button and both sides do light up. Really cool and the bed is an excellent shape. Shuts nice and solidly and as you go down this side of the truck just as clean as that passenger side. No dents or dings and for full disclosure this back rim is in excellent shape as well. It does have the capless fuel fill which is a really nice feature on these Rams.  Inside the Rebel package gives you the black and red leather interior. Get Rebel stitched on the bolster there has the cloth insides, leather outsides and then it's kind of like a rubber material as well mixed in with the leather so it's kind of like a three different material piece there. Power driver seat, lumbar, factory all-weather floor mats with the red lamp RAM logo on them, auto headlamps, power pedals, tilt and telescopic steering wheel, power windows, power locks, power mirrors and these mirrors power fold in as well. I was like showing both sides so that you can see that they are working properly. As we hop inside the vehicle here and turn it to turn it the brightness down so we can see a little bit better. There you go has the seven inch LCD display digital spinometer outside temp compass and you can see that this truck has 12,098 miles on it. Rebel instrument cluster gives you the red trim around all the dials and really a good-looking setup. Comes with the heated leather wrap steering wheel with the red stitching, cruise controls, gear selector, Bluetooth and information center controls and then audio controls in the back of the steering wheel. Eight speed automatic transmission, push button four-wheel drive, downhill assist control, axle lock, you get the 8.4 touchscreen radio, the nice RAM red trim, Alpine sound system, 8.4 4C radio, AMFM and serious XM radio capabilities. You can do your climate control here, you can also do your heated seats and heated steering wheel here, you can check out your backup camera which that's a high definition backup camera on there and it does have dynamic grid lines meaning that they turn as you turn the steering wheel and you don't have to put in reverse to check those out. Also you can do your apps here, this one has Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capabilities so you can project your cell phone to the screen. If you got Google Maps or Waze or something on your phone you can project that and then you'll have navigation on your phone as well or on the screen. Dual climate control, factory brake controller that you can see that this one has the four-corner air suspension so right now we're in arrow mode you can raise it up so that you go into off-road mode one and the truck is actually raising up right now, kind of cool. You have stability control, tow-haul, front and rear parking sensors, a CD player, two USBs, two USB-C's and an AUX jack and then there is a 115 volt kind of hard to see but there is a 115 volt 400 watt plug-in down there as well. Passengers side seat is in excellent shape, this truck's never been smoked in, smells very clean, headliners in excellent shape as well. You do get your map lights, power slide and rear window buttons up there and this one does have home link buttons for your garage door security systems and lighting systems. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll check out under the hood. Back seats are just as clean as the front seats. No rips or tears back here. It does have the latch child safety system for your child car seat needs. Power sign rear window with the built-in rear defrost. These headrests do fold down like so. They also can be removed and then these seats go up like so. There is a little storage bin underneath here and I believe that collapses as well. I'm not sure if I can do it right now. All weather floor mats back here you get a 115 volt 400 watt plug-in to usb's and usb-c's and then two in-floor storages with removable bins for easy cleaning. You can put ice and drinks in there so it's like you have too many coolers wherever you go. Take a look at that red trim on the doors there. It's actually kind of like a carbon fiber inlay on the doors there too and then you do get the child safety locks back here. Looks like we're just about out of daylight here so we'll wrap up the video. Take a look underneath the hood. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video you will have been able to tell just how clean this truck is all the way around inside and out. Under the hood we have the 5.7 liter v8 hemi motor. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. This truck has been fully safe. And inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change. All the foods have been checked, topped off as 100% ready to go. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, halftones, three-quarter tons, one tons, you name it we got it go to our website www.summitauto.com. Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summitauto.com and if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube.com slash summit auto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the other videos that you see there. Just take note of how high up I have in an off-road two right now so you can see just how much higher it's sitting than it was at the beginning of the video. But to see more pictures or to see more videos go to youtube.com slash summit auto. In fact a second you'll see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left. A link to more light duty truck videos like this one on your right if you haven't been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle on our website. And we really look forward to helping you with this super clean 2019 Ram 1500 Crew Cab Short Box Rebel. Thanks again.


And with the decentralized key distribution we assume each entity has shared a master key up front, manual exchange, and then we have a protocol that allows us to exchange session keys. The problem was the number of master keys that we need to share up front. Let's say we have five users, A, B, C, D and E. How many master keys do we need? We'll exam question or quiz. Ten, why ten? There are five users, there are five entities, so the number of pairs amongst those five entities, we can calculate as five times five minus one divided by two. Five times four divided by two are ten master keys. A has a master key with B, A needs to have a master key with C, D and E. So from A's perspective, the master keys it needs to know, K, A, B. This is a master key, we'll just list the master keys. K, A, C, K, A, D and K, A, E. They would be known by A. Similar B knows K, A, B. We're using one master key for communications in both directions. So there's four, but also we know that B already has a master key with A but needs also separate master keys with C, D and E.  So there are ten master keys in this small network, simple case. Each user has four master keys. So each user has a master key with the four other users, but in total we have ten master keys. As the number of users grows, the number of master keys in total grows rapidly. Let's show the concept of a centralized approach which will be implemented by the Key Distribution Centre, the KDC, which will see the protocol, but the approach is we still have our five users. The way that I draw them, that is the different location, is not related to the network structure, it's just to make it easier to show the relationship. We introduce a new entity. We have our five normal users and a special entity which will call the Key Distribution Centre, the KDC for short. This will be what we call a trusted third party. It's not a party or an entity involved in the communications between users, that is, A may want to talk to B, C, D or E. They don't want to exchange data with the KDC, they're not involved in the data exchange, they're just involved in the Key Exchange or the Key Distribution and we'll see that they need to be trusted. So we call this a trusted third party. If we don't trust it, we'll see that the scheme will not work. The concept of reducing the number of master keys is that A will exchange a master key with KDC, which I would write as K, A, KDC, but instead of writing K, A, KDC, just to note the master key, KA. The KDC will also have that. B will exchange a master key with a KDC, so will each other entity. So each user will have a single master key, while the KDC will have all of the master keys. B. And now we exchange manually. How many master keys in total? Here with our five users, we just have five master keys. One between each user and this special entity, the KDC. And they will also be manually exchanged. The benefit compared to the decentralized approach is that we have fewer keys that need to be manually exchanged. With decentralized, it was 10 between our five users or N by N minus 1 divided by 2. With centralized, we have just five keys, one per user or simply N. N is the number of users. If we have 1,000 users with the KDC, we have 1,000 master keys. But with decentralized, we'll have 1,000 times 999 divided by 2, about half a million master keys. So this is where the advantage of the centralized approach will come in. We have far fewer master keys that need to be manually exchanged. Once we exchange a master key with a KDC, then we'll see in the next few slides a protocol for distributing a session key. And a session key will be used between a pair of users. For example, A and B want to talk to each other. They need a session key. A and C want to talk to each other and they need a session key. So in both the centralized and decentralized schemes, the same number of session keys are needed, one for each pair. But with centralized, fewer master keys are needed. So we'll introduce the protocol for using the key distribution center. It's a trusted third party. It's another entity in the network we introduce, like a server. And we must trust it. We'll see why shortly. The users manual exchange master keys with a KDC. So that's necessary at the start. And then automatically obtain session keys to communicate with the other users. This shows the protocol for automatically exchanging the session keys. So you will see there are five steps. We'll go through them and then we'll look at some possible attacks or attempts to attack and see how the protocol defeats those attacks. But this doesn't show the exchange of the master keys. Before this takes place, every user has exchanged a master key with a KDC. This just shows the exchange for A and B to share a session key. So we'll go through the steps, explain them, what's known at the front. There must be a master key known by A and B. So initiate A has a master key and this scheme is denoted as KA. So this is before these steps take place. A knows KA. So does the KDC. That's a master key. And B knows KB. We'll see that becomes used. And so does the KDC. So there are two master keys for this exchange. One for A, one for B. And then A wants to talk to B. So to encrypt data between A and B, they're going to use a session key. They don't have a session key yet. So these are the five steps for obtaining that session key. The first three will distribute the session key. We'll see after the first three steps, A and B will have the session key. And the last two adjust, they listed here authentication steps to confirm that everything took place with the right entity. There wasn't some imposter or attacker in the middle trying to pretend to be someone else. So the first step is message number one. And it's between A and the KDC. A wants to communicate with B. So they will need a session key. So they don't contact B. They contact the KDC and say, I am A. I want to talk to B. And I want a session key as the meaning of this message. And it must contain the identity of A and B and a nonce value. Remember, a number used only once like a random number, a time stamp or a counter under the assumption that they're large enough such that they'll not be repeated. Or it will be practically impossible for the attacker to predict what the value is. So we send that first message to the KDC. It can be intercepted. Nothing's encrypted here. The KDC receives it and realizes, OK, A wants to talk to B. The KDC generates the session key. So they choose a random session key, KS. And so after the message two has been sent, the session key will be generated by KDC and sent back in message two. And so we'll add that to the list of what's known by KDC after it receives message one. It generates KS. That's the session key. And it sends it back, but you will see it's actually in two parts here. If you note carefully, there's a concatenation in the middle. So we can see that there's two parts of this message. The first part is here. And then the second part, they just concatenate it together. So we'll separate them into two. The first part shows the session key that was generated. So KDC generates a random number for the session key, KS. It includes it here. And then attaches the initial message. So KS combined with ID A, B and N1. And the idea of including the old message is so that A knows this is a response to the first message it sent. N1 will be included. Let's say N1 was a random number that A generated. It will be included in the response so A can connect this message received with the one it just sent. And it confirms that this session key is for use between A and B only. And this session key, of course, we cannot send it in the clear. It must be encrypted. And the KDC encrypts all of this with KA. So that's the first part of the response. When A receives that response, message two, the first part can be decrypted. It was encrypted with KA. User A knows KA. Therefore, user A can decrypt the first part and it sees. The first part contains ID A, ID B, N1, the value that A sent in the first message, as well as KS. So from the first part, A learns KS. Remember the idea or the aim of this scheme is that A and B both have a shared session key KS. It turns out the KDC also has it. It generated the value. The second message arrives at A. A learns KS, checks the N1 is correct. Note if N1 is wrong, that it doesn't match here, that it doesn't trust the message. We assume it's the same value. The second part in the message sent from KDC to A can A decrypt? Can A see the second part? No. The second part of that message was encrypted with KB. And KB is only known by the KDC and user B. So A cannot decrypt the second part. It doesn't know what's inside. It can guess. It knows the protocol, but it cannot decrypt it. But it doesn't need to decrypt. It simply sends that second part, as is, sends the ciphertext on to B. And if you look closely, message 3 is identical to the second part of message 2. So what happens is that when A receives message 2, they decrypt the first part, learn KS, and simply forward the second part on to B. They don't need to decrypt. They just take that ciphertext and send it on as is. When the third message arrives at B, this is the first time B has heard from anyone, they decrypt. B knows KB. The message was encrypted with KB. When they decrypt, they learn inside of that message, they learn KS. And importantly, they also learn that this KS is for you to communicate with A, because included in this message is the identity of A. And that's the key distribution steps. After message 3, we've achieved our aim of A knowing KS and B knowing KS. The last two steps are just some confirmation to check in the case that an attacker tries to replace the messages or tries to masquerade as someone else. So after message 3, B knows KS. It knows KS is to talk with A because this message included the identity of A. And it trusts this message because it was encrypted with KB and successfully decrypted. The last two steps, B chooses a new nonce value, its own nonce value, N2, say a random number, encrypts it with KS, sends it back to A. If it's the real A, not some imposter in the middle masquerading as A, if it's the real A, they should be able to decrypt because they should also have KS. So A receives message 4 decrypts because they know KS. They have KS. They learn N2 and they send a modification of N2 back to B to confirm. I received message 4 and to prove that I am A and I received message 4, I'm going to send back your same nonce value plus 1 as an example of the function. F of N2 means apply some known function on N2. It may be simply increment by 1. So B sends message 4, A decreases decrypts, message 4 learns N2 and sends an encrypted form of say N2 plus 1, whatever the random number plus 1, encrypts with KS back to B. When B receives message 5, it can decrypt and learns that A must have received my message 4. It's not someone else because they were able to decrypt message 4 and send me back message 5. If it was an imposter in between A and B, so I'm an attacker, they would not have been able to decrypt message 4 because they should not have had KS and if they couldn't decrypt message 4, they couldn't learn N2 and if they can't learn N2, they can't send back the function of N2. They don't know what it is. They can guess but our idea of a nonce value is it cannot be guessed by the attacker. The attacker cannot predict what the value will be. So using a random number or counter there is suggested. At the end result, A and B have a shared session key and they are sure that that session key is actually between A and B. It's not shared between someone in the middle pretending to be A or B. Easy protocol. Any questions on using a KDC? So the question is what if the attacker intercepts 4 and then sends back 5 because B expects that message 5 to come back. If they don't get it, then something has gone wrong. So what could the attacker do? If they wanted to do attack, they intercept message 4. Well, they can't decrypt it unless they know KS. They can't predict N2. Even if they do predict it, they can't encrypt it with KS. So they shouldn't be able to send back message 5 to do that final confirmation. But let's look at some different cases of what the attacker may try to do and see why these five steps allow the user to detect the attack. Before we look at some different attacks, any questions about the steps? What the notation means? So remember we've encrypted these parts with the master keys, KA and KB. When I draw the attacks, I may abbreviate some of them just to save a bit of time and space, but we'll try and draw some scenarios when an attacker is pretending to be someone else. First attack. Let's say we have user A and user A wants to communicate with B. So the first message, if you check, is ID of A, ID of B and N1. That's the very first message. Let's say for the attacker pretends to be the KDC, see what they can do. So instead of being the true KDC here who receives or intercepts this message is the attacker, the imposter here. I will not use M because sometimes in the other pictures we'll use M for the master key. So the imposter, they're masquerading as the KDC here. I will not use A because of the attacker. So here in this attack, the attacker is pretending to be the KDC. What can they send back? Pretending to be the KDC, the five protocol messages, the first one, A sends the identities and the nonce to the KDC, the first one KDC, what's the response? What does I send back? The session key, we've just done message one. What's message two in the diagram? So A expects the messages to follow the protocol sequence. It has just sent message one, so it expects message two to come back. So if the attacker wants to be successful in the attack it must send back a message to initiator A and A must think it came from the KDC. What can we send back? If you look at the general format, message two is some session key combined with the first message. Well the imposter knows what the ID values are. They choose a random session key, they know the ID values, they know N1 and all of that is encrypted. And then in the second part, if you look at the message, the second part of the response is the same KS concatenated with IDA. The attacker chose KS. They chose their own session key. With the hope that maybe A and B will use this session key and then the attacker can decrypt. So the second part is encrypt KS combined with IDA. What does the imposter encrypt this value with? Some key, what key is it not? Which it needs to be. It should be the key of A. It cannot be the key of A because the imposter doesn't know that. So let's say it's just KX and the second part should be encrypted with a key, the master key of B, but the attacker doesn't know the master key. Let's say it's encrypted with KY. When user A receives this message in response, it tries to decrypt the first part, it doesn't decrypt successfully. So we identify something's gone wrong. The attack is unsuccessful because the master key is used to encrypt message to the response. If the attacker tries to pretend to be the KDC, it doesn't know the master key. So that's a simple case. We can't pretend to be the KDC and intercept the first message and try to send back a session key because we don't know the master keys. So this attack doesn't work. What about a man in the middle attack? A slight variation of that one. So we'll look at three or four different scenarios of what if the attacker tries something? Why does it not work? The next scenario, we assume there's some user A, there's a real KDC. A will send the first message to the real KDC, but our imposter will intercept our attacker. The idea in this attack is that A will send message one to KDC, but before it gets there, the imposter will intercept it, learn the values and maybe modify it, send it on to the real KDC with the hope that when the session key comes back, if the imposter can learn the session key, then they can be successful. If they can learn the session key and AMB, don't know that they've learned it, of course. So what I'll try to do is modify that first message. Let's see what they can try. So A sends the first message to the KDC as before, IDA, IDB, and a nonce value. The imposter intercepts what can they do? Let's try if they change one of the IDs. They modify the message. It's not encrypted. Send the same nonce value. They could send a different one. They can change one of the IDs along the way. Let's say the ID was some unique identifier for A and B. They may change that to something else, maybe their own identifier. What could they try? You're malicious. What are you going to try? There's nothing to brute force here. This is nothing encrypted. Let's try if we, say, change the ID of B, keep the original ID of A as the sender, and instead of telling the KDC that this is destined or the exchanges between A and B would change the ID to that of the imposter, ID of I. So that's the value changed. KDC sends back a response. There's two parts, so it's quite long. Encrypt the first part with what? KA, and the first part is the session key and the identities. IDA, ID, what? Good. Let's see what they have. N1. And all that is combined with Encrypt with another key. What's the second part encrypted with? The KDC thinks this communication is between user A and the imposter I. The imposter I has registered its master key, so it will be encrypted with KI here. And what is it? It's the session key, KS, combined with the identity of the initiator. I can decrypt the second part. They learn KS. So they have learned the session key, and that's good from their perspective. That's one of their aims. Learn the session key that A and B are about to use. What happens next? So they can decrypt the second part of this response because it was encrypted with KI. They decrypt that, and they learn KS. Fine. Can they decrypt the first part? No, the first part was encrypted with KA, so the imposter cannot decrypt that. Let's say, of course they need to keep the exchange going. They still need the five messages to complete, so they forward on to user A. A is expecting a response. And this is still the second message. Let's write it all out. The first part is the same as what KDC sent. We can't quantify that. And the second part, we'll see what this key is in a moment. What's going to happen when A receives this response? Thinking it's from the KDC but actually being forwarded on by the imposter I. User A is going to receive the first part. It was encrypted with KA, so they can decrypt it. They decrypt the first part and they say, ah, nice, the session key for user A to be go between user I, there's a problem. When user A sent the first message, they said, I want to communicate with B. But here they get a message coming back from the KDC saying, this is a key to use between you and not B but someone else. So they don't trust this, or at least they're not going to use this session key to communicate with B. Why doesn't I put ID B here? Because they cannot decrypt that part. They don't know KA to decrypt it, meaning that if we modify it, it would not successfully decrypt. So they can't change something that is encrypted that they cannot decrypt. So as a result, user A is going to receive the first part and recognize, ah, that's not what I wanted. I wanted a session key between A and B, but this is a session key between A and imposter I. So don't use that. Now the second part, again, doesn't impact upon that. A will still detect. So the second part is, so it's still encrypted with KAI. So the detection happens because of this value. So two different variations where the imposter tries to pretend to be the KDC. It doesn't work. Any other suggestions of what we can do as the attacker on the KDC? Brute force doesn't work. Let's see what the attacker can try to do to maybe pretend to be between user A and B. After the first two steps have taken place, what can they do in between A and B? Any questions before I move this one? Let's try another case. Let's say the imposter pretends to be user A. We pretend to be user A. We send a message to the KDC. What's the response? We're not right at all. I think it takes a bit much time, but encrypted with KA, KS, and the other parts combined with encrypted with KB, KS, and ID of A. So this is the first two messages. Everything's the same as the normal protocol, but it was sent by user I, the attacker. What can the attacker learn? When they get message two, they can't learn anything about the session key. It was encrypted with KA or KB. So again, they can't learn the session key. They don't have the session key. Can they still try to send a message to B? Let's continue. Even though they don't learn the session key, let's see if they can send a message on to B pretending to be A, the third message. They can send the third message to B. They don't need to decrypt that. The third message is just a copy of the second part of the second message. And be careful there. Even in the normal case, when user A receives the second message, they don't decrypt this part. They don't decrypt this because they can't. They don't have KB. They just forward it on. Let's say it's a thousand bits. They just take those 1,000 bits and send it on to user B. So that's the same as the attacker does here. What does B do? B receives this third message. It's actually the first one that they've heard from. It's the first one they're involved with. This message was encrypted with KB. This is a B here. It's just this part. So they decrypt and they learn KS. And then according to the protocol, they send back a response. Message four in the exchange. Message four, we encrypt with KS, N2. N2 is another nonce value, independently chosen by B. Let's say a random number. What does the imposter do in this case? So these are the normal exchange of messages. The only difference is the imposter is sending them, not user A. The imposter has not learned KS because KS was encrypted with KA and KB and it doesn't have them. But it's continued. It's trying to think that maybe at least from B's perspective, the exchange was successful. They send the third message to B. B thinks, that's all right. I decrypted with KB. I learned KS. So I send back this fourth message, some random number N2 encrypted with KS. Let's say the imposter receives this before the imposter. What if user A, the real user A, received this fourth message? What if the real user A received the fourth message in this exchange? What would they do? You were the real user A and you received this fourth message. What do you do with it? Warned user B? Why? User A didn't send the first message. I will not draw it. If user A received this, it didn't go back to the imposter, then this is strange. This message came out of nowhere. I haven't initiated anything with the KDC. I haven't sent a message to B. So all of a sudden I receive this message. If I try to respond as the real user A, can I? No, because user A doesn't even know KS. User A wasn't involved in the first three messages. They don't know anything about KS, so they can't even decrypt this and learn N2. So if user A gets this, nothing will be able to be sent back and the exchange will fail. What if the imposter gets it? What can they send back? Message 5 needs to be sent to complete the exchange and message 5 encrypt some function of N2 with KS. What's our problem? I don't know N2 and I don't know KS. If I knew KS, I could learn N2. So the imposter still doesn't know KS. This fourth message is encrypted with KS. We cannot decrypt and therefore we cannot send back the fifth message correctly because the fifth message should be N2 plus 1, for example. If I don't know N2, I don't know N2 plus 1 and I can't decrypt that. Even if I could encrypt it, note that there are some attacks, chosen plain text attacks that get that allow us to get a cipher text for some given plain text, even without knowing the key. So there may be in some special cases the way for the imposter to ask someone to encrypt N2 plus 1 with KS. But they don't know N2, so they don't know N2 plus 1. So that's the role of the nonce here. The imposter doesn't know N2. They cannot send back message 5 and B will then disregard this KS. It never gets message 5 back or it gets it wrong and therefore realizes something's gone wrong. So the problem here is that the imposter doesn't know N2. They don't know what to encrypt. They could guess N2 was a random number. So if they guess N2 and add 1, maybe it will work if they can do a chosen plain text attack. But the chance of guessing N2 is practically impossible if we choose a random number with large enough. That's the idea of the nonce value. It cannot be predicted. Any other suggestions to attack this key distribution protocol? I think the main variations we've done in attack are pretending to be the KDC or pretending to be A. You can look at other variations and you'll see that if the imposter tries to pretend to be someone else or even modify messages, it will be detected by one of the entities involved. So this scheme of using the key distribution center is commonly used. It's well suited to large networks especially inside an organization because all the users must trust the KDC. Returning to our diagram showing the keys and what was known. The purple ones were known before the exchange and the grey ones are learned after the exchange. We say the KDC is a trusted third party. What does that mean? When A and B communicate, they encrypt their data with KS. The trusted third party or the KDC can decrypt everything A and B send to each other. A has some data. They want to send that to B. They encrypt using KS. KDC also knows KS so therefore the KDC can decrypt and see the data sent between A and B. This is the problem with this scheme. The KDC must be trusted. The KDC knows all of the keys. So it's useful in an organization where maybe we have some entity that we trust say within SIT all the computers exchange keys using a KDC under the assumption that all of the communications inside SIT we trust or we allow some central server to be able to decrypt all of that. Let's say the business communications so we allow someone else to encrypt our communications between A and B. In the internet maybe such a solution is not so useful because it means that the two users, A and B, must allow someone else to decrypt their data if they want to. So it's a problem that we need to trust that KDC. It's like if we want to allow all the students to communicate securely for all their information about their courses, their private messages, then I give you an application to install on your phone. You all use that and I'm the KDC and therefore I can decrypt all of your personal messages. Do you trust me? You trust me already because you've supplied your password for Moodle. I've got your password already. But with a KDC then we need to have some trust in it and in many large applications we would not trust that. But the benefit of the KDC is far fewer master keys need to be exchanged. To finish this part on how to exchange secrets using symmetric key encryption, we could extend the use of the KDC instead of having a single KDC, we could have multiple. They say one for each department and then have another hierarchy, a top layer KDC that is used between those sub-layer KDC. So you can use it in a hierarchy because one of the problems of the KDC is performance. Let's say we have a thousand users, every time they want to talk to each other they need to contact the KDC. So the server is a bottleneck with respect to performance. To overcome that bottleneck you can have a hierarchy, multiple KDCs. So that was about how to get secrets between users using master keys, a decentralized approach and a centralized approach. The next part is how to get secrets between users by using public key encryption or asymmetric encryption.


Good morning, everyone. We're ready for our second case. This is much more complex than the first case. The first case is our bread and butter breast dog put in the implant. We all, everyone is happy. This is a mastopexy. What is a mastopexy? Mastopexy is when we lift the nipples up. Now this young lady, believe it or not, she's in her 40s. She looks spectacular. She has three kids and she just told me she's going to become a grandma, which I don't believe. Her skin is impeccable. She has great skin, no stretch marks or anything like that. I mentioned that to you is because I'm going to take the fat out of the abdomen and we're going to utilize it in the breast. Let's see what we're going to do for her breast. Number one, she had the Benelli breast lift. That's the one day advertise that's a scarless breast lift.  What happens is that the areola, which should be this small, stretches and livens and encompasses more than 50% of your breast. That's another teaching point. This is our teaching point for this case. Beware. When you get the Benelli, eventually your areola will go from this size to this size. That's what happened for this young lady is because the skin tension pulls the areola and widens it. I talked extensively with her and explained to her what we're going to do for her. The nipple areola is here. We're going to center it in here. Unfortunately, she doesn't have enough skin for me to take out everything. Watch when I take out everything, how we see these tension lines. We're going to do as best as we can to remove as much as the areola to give her the best result. The other thing is she has implants and she had them from 2000. She has a cap so long this side. You can see it's a little bit harder. This side is still pretty soft, but in this day and age, we have a lot of patients that are moving away from implants and going to fat. What we're going to do, as I said, is we're going to utilize her fat, put it up there. I'm going to do a little extra for her today.  I hope she likes it. That's my present to her and we're going to put in as much of the fat as possible up top. Right here to give her the volume up top and not on the bottom because eventually gravity pulls everything down. As I say, it's like an origami. This goes to this, this goes to this, and it's going to look like that. Nice and beautiful, full on top. She wants a D cup. I'm going to do my best to get her up to a D, but I said at least a C, probably a D, but again, it's fat transfer. It's not implant. I'm taking live tissue from the abdomen. We take it out. It's dead technically and we transplant it to the chest. We have to be cautious that we don't put too much in at once because if we do, the center of it can't get blood or oxygen and it'll die anyways. It takes the judgment of the surgeon to do the best possible. But again, this is what happens with the scarless breastlet. I know a lot of my colleague surgeons advertise it and a lot of people go for it, but eventually your areola, look at how big that areola is. It's the size of an orange, so be cautious out there. Thank you so much and we're going to get it started and fantabilize this young lady and get her ready, bikini ready for the summer. I just want you guys to appreciate the areola as it's expanded. Normally the normal areola is about four to five centimeters. This areola is 10 by 11 centimeters and you can see how the line of tension has just expanded the areola because the tissue is thinned out and the way it was put together, which is called a benelli lift or a purse string lift, what happens is over time it just goes wider, wider, wider till it encompasses more than 50% of the breast. So geometrically it's impossible for me to remove everything and put it without leaving some of the red tissue. I told this to the patient and she was agreeable, so we're going to start the case. So I want you guys to see this. This is also a capsule, but this is a thin capsule. This is a capsule. Anytime any foreign body, foreign object goes in the body, the body forms a capsule, but sometimes the capsule becomes solidified and calcified and when it becomes calcified is when we get issues like the other breasts where it becomes tight and it becomes sensitive and it's painful. Here you can see it's soft, it's malleable, it's not impinging on anything, but on the other side it's harder because it's thicker, but again another teaching point. Anytime any foreign object goes into the body, you will form a capsule around it. It depends if the capsule becomes calcified or not. Patients with the implants that are textured that are removing them are going to surgeons and some of our colleagues are charging an enormous amount of money to get, take an end block resection. What is end block? It basically means taking out the whole implant and a capsule together as I'm doing right now. So we're, this is the rib, you could see I'm just peeling it off the rib for her. So this is called an end block resection and as long as it's safe you could do it, but sometimes it gets so thinned out that it's not worth the risk of taking it out and block. But here so far it's coming around smoothly so we're doing it. So look at this permanent suture that they used to put it together. It was, it's a circular suture, but it doesn't hold. It expands. It's not enough to hold the skin together. You see it's permanent, but here it is. I'm going to take it out right now. See part of it is there too. We're going to pull out this, here's some more of it. See that suture? So here we are. We removed the implant. We removed the capsule. I have a tailor tacked. This is what I imagined what she would look like with her breasts more conforming to her body. And we're going to act a fat we're going to take from the abdomen up top to give her more fullness. So it's not going to be laying on her stomach. It's going to be up higher. Her nipple position is going to be in the right place, right at midline. I think it'll look very nice. So we're going to get started. Stay tuned. So I want you guys to see this little like an octopus kind of thing like with the legs is the permanent suture they used previously. So we're just going to try to just gently just bring it out. It's a permanent suture you could see, but it's just totally out of place. It was circular now. It's like an octopus, like with legs coming all the way down here. So you could see it really expands and doesn't work. So here we are. Look at this. This is the suture. You see how I pull it out? There it is. Look at a permanent suture, but did not work again. Here we are. We're using the cookie cutter to put an imprint on a circular device, which we imprint on it. That's why it's called a cookie. And then we could get a nice circle just like we did on the other side. So we dig it in and boom. Look at that beautiful circle. Yay. Here's an inside view of a chest. This right here, these diagonal fibers are the pectoralis major muscle. You see how it fasciculates? Here is the capsule. You could see how it's integrated. It was under the muscle, the implant, and you could see the capsule. This sheer thing is the capsule right there we're taking out. Her capsule was pretty thin. It surprised me, but look at, I'm peeling off and keeping her muscle fibers. That's just good technique. You could just rip them off, but you don't want to. You want to leave as much behind of the natural tissue as possible. So you're just, you just start dissecting and leaving as much of it back as possible. So here we are. This is the posterior aspect of the capsule. I'm just trying to get all of it out, but this is where caution comes in because it could be thin. Right here, we have intercostal muscles, ribs, and you know, the underneath that is the lung. So you don't, you have, you want to be very careful. Look at how sheer this is. You don't want to go, you don't want to go too deep here. Caution, caution, caution. So here we have it. We have a superior pedicle. So the blood flow actually to the ariola nipple is coming from a superior pedicle through these coming in, remaining viability of the nipple and ariola. This is going to get wider. So what now we're going to do is like origami. We're going to put all this together and form a breast. It looks like an explosion, but really this was meant to happen. But this is what end block resection of a implant includes the removal of the posterior capsule from the ribs. So here we are. We're getting the fat from the abdomen to transfer to the breast. So look at that golden yellow fat. It's all nice and yellow, golden, no blood. That's amazing. So here are the implants we took out. They were very small. They're about 240cc. So here she had two small implants. This is the extra skin we took out. You can see from each side. We took out the capsule. There's the capsule. We took it out. Instead of the 240cc implants, I added about 500cc of fat in each breast. And now we just got to sit and wait for the angiogenesis to start and give oxygen and nutrition to the new fat.


Earlier this month, we and some of the other tech community got invited by Galaxy for the launch of some of their more elusive products. To be honest, this was my first time ever holding an RTX 4090, it is absolutely massive. I mean look at how I compared it with my finger. The rumour was set so that the media could actually hold the raw hardware while also seeing Galaxy's products fully assembled into their rigs. Dunna and I played a little doom and did some failed racing attempts. Failure because our racing skills only go as far as Mario Kart 64, overall it was just an excuse for us to kick back, relax and enjoy things we can't afford. This was the lightest mouse in the history of all mice, until I found out why. Buelang lamon. I am however really digging this mouse. My Corsair Ironclaw after only just 2 years of use is dying on me. The rubber is peeling off, the scroll wheel only half works and the battery life is only good for 2 days. This model by Galax in particular is of much interest to me because it doesn't have a rubber grip thus as it ages nothing will be peeling off. I am saying no to all mice from now on with rubber grips. I took a liking to one of their keyboards as well because of the brushed aluminum and the clickiness of the keys. However I would prefer a more minimalist style with less branding. Overall a really fun meet and greet with the Philippine team of Galax and trying out their gear. Have you bought a product from Galax lately? Let us know how your gear is holding up in the comments section below and whether you love them or hate them. Thanks for watching and maybe one of these days, I'll see you in the next video.