I would like to introduce Norbert Prynig. He is a developer in the tech live team. Many of you may not know about tech. Tech is instrumental in the background of printing, and actually many books were published in the last 20, 30, 40 years using tech or what became tech. So it's a very important topic still, and I'm sure Norbert can tell you some more about this. One, two, okay, thanks. So because when we say nowadays distributions, we often think of Linux distributions or macOS or whatever, actually we have a huge distribution here and I want to just show about how we and what I mean with we actually a two-man person, it's Calgary and me, are struggling with supporting a huge variety. So first of all, yeah, this is tech and this is not what we are talking about. So don't be scared, we don't go into details of what all this magic mystery there is because this is a pain, but you don't have to know this and this is not the topic. So what does it mean to be mighty platform? In our setting, it means we have a lot of architectures. The standard I86, 386, 64-bit, but also AMD, ARM architectures, IX and RISC architectures, all kind of stuff that runs around, paired with all kind of operating systems. Windows, Mac, Linux, PSDs in all the variants, Solaris pops up still surviving. We have ZigWin which runs more or less like a separate and all of these combinations. Just to give you an idea of what we are caring about.  So this support, I checked today from the website what they are supporting is this free BSD, so 32 and 64-bit on standard architecture on Linux. They have a few more macOS and Windows. Another example would be LibreOffice. They also ship binaries for, well, quite reduced set, Linux 32, 64 macOS only on the newer one. Anyway, macOS on 32 doesn't exist anymore, actually, because I think you cannot install this anymore. And Windows 32. So what is TechLife doing? Well, I just give you an idea. So if I look into our binary directory, we have 452 programs. Of course, these are a lot of scripts and links or whatever, but actual binaries are 156. And I mean these are programs that use libraries like half-bass, font config, ICU library, all kind of stuff. And what we are supporting are all these combinations of libraries. So ZigWin on both free BSD, Linux on all kind of architectures, Linux Musil used by Alpine recently becoming more popular, macOS, NetBSD, Solaris, Windows. So I not even listed all those who have died the way in the last few years because we lost access to the hardware. I started getting involved in TechLife by building Alpha Linux on the Alpha Tech architecture Linux binaries for TechLife. HBBA, HBU. So that is what we are talking about. We are porting this to all, we are distributing this for all of them. So for those who has used Tech here, at least more than half. So they don't have to talk a lot. It's a typesetting language. It's while you have an input and you compile it to an output. The output is either some strange format DVI or nowadays PDF. It was developed by Knude in 1978, the first release. Well, he developed it only for his own typesetting. And just the funny coincidence, most people don't know. Tech had the paragraph format. Looking at a paragraph and breaking lines based on the whole paragraph like when it was released. Adobe introduced it like 2009 or 2010. Big news in InDesign. Finally, we have the paragraph format. By the way, it was open source. You just could have copied the code. It has superior mass typesetting properties. Actually, the OTF-Massphone standard is strongly influenced by the tech typesetting system. The OTF-Mass parameters are more or less one-to-one. Microsoft employed Don Knude as advisor for newer versions of Microsoft Word. So nowadays in Windows formula, you can enter tech codes. So, well, you see there was a huge influence. Probably the biggest influence of all this is not the typesetting. It is the language. It is the standard of communicating mathematical content. But it's much more than this. We don't have so much time. I had the browser open with the showcase of tech. I just came from the indigenous language panel. I mean, we have typesetting system used with tech from all the Arabic since 20 years or a lot of Arabic languages I said. I myself did a lot of support for Tibetan language, Sanskrit, complex languages. I mean, of course, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, CJK languages, graphics, chess, whatever you want. You can do it in tech. So a bit of history. So it was the tech life that we are talking about started from the four old tech CDs very old in 93. It was Sebastian Ratz, who unfortunately passed away two years ago, who built this up. It was originally based on T-Tech, Thomas Aesartech, the most seniors here probably remember this. And so 1996, the first tech life edition. That was actually a CD where you can boot from the, not run from the CD, everything. Just a few historic steps in 2000. In the 50th edition, we removed all the non-free stuff. So it is now DFHG3 more, well, without a few exceptions. In 2002, we added Mac OS support. Since 2006, when T-Tech was added, so support for open type phones, Carl Perry took over as the managing editor. In 2008, we had got a new infrastructure and that was the big change in our distribution. So that changed everything from one DVD once a year to daily updates. So that was a big change. And so we will discuss about this year also. Llewer Tech was introduced. And now since 2009, I would say we have a rather stable distribution. Of course, we have permanent updates because the background packages are updated. But we have cross release updates. The infrastructure, the package manager works quite stable. Well, always new features, but not too many. So what are the features? So it's big and it's complete. We include all the free stuff from Seaton. Seaton is the comprehensive tech archive network. It's like C-PAN, better known or C-RUN, C-RUN for R or PAN for Pearl or whatever. Currently, we package from the Seaton network about 3,500 packages with close to 7 GB of data. So this is what is created on our server and distributed over the net. It's multi-platform. I showed you already all the combinations we have. And it's uniform across. So we have one program that works the installer, the management program. Everything works across all these platforms. That was one of our aims. Everything works cross-platform. You can actually mount the same stuff on Windows via whatever. A Samba file system on the Unix system with NFS. You just have to use different binaries, but everything else works in the very same way. We have our own package manager, take-life manager. It's responsible for updates, backups or the configuration and stuff. We have now these practically daily backups on our server, the TAC server. We have a lot of background jobs. I will speak about this later. And I mentioned earlier it's DFS G3 with some exceptions due to... You want to showcase fonts, but the fonts are probably commercially... It would not be DFS G3 to ship this PDF, but in take-life we don't care about this. So how do we achieve this? Of course there's much more than this, but today I want to pick up three things. Because these are the lessons we have learned over time. So why it enabled us to become this multi-platform. This first is human and machine-readable configuration data. The end is important. Machine-readable, this is useful, but it's both useful. Actually what we use is a Debian packages file. It's like a paragraph. You have stanzas describing a package. It's line-based plain text file. Then the infrastructure implementation language. What do you guess? What language would you suggest? Have you seen the architectures I mentioned? No, there's only one. Perl. There is no other language available on all platforms we mentioned. No, there's just one. And then there's one step that we learned because before it wasn't like this. You need to go for a strict separation between static stuff that we provide and auto-generated stuff as a content. This allows for manageability of the source. Otherwise everything explodes. Let's look at in the detail. So human and machine-readable. Up before 2008, before I rewrote the infrastructure, we had this XML code. Yes, it is very nice. I know everyone likes XML. I don't like it because there is one reason with this. You cannot use, grab, set whatever nice tools and to mangle the stuff to change, to update it. You have for every single car, you have to use a C library. Lip XML. Lip XML. And this one is not available on all the platforms. So it is completely impossible to use. Because of course there is a Perl model. But the Perl model again goes back to the lip XML. So other problem that here was a huge mixture of static and generated content. And so, well, of course, the names, the size, and all these lists, they were all generated and only like the package name and, well, actually only the package name is enough that would have been necessary. So after this, since 2008, we have this input, an empty file. The only information is this package, CoolList. It's called CoolList. And from this, we generate output. This is automatically generated. Now you see also what I mean with this DBN package file. You have just the stanza key value. And, well, all the rest is actually generated automatically from the information that it is CoolList. We get revision from our subversion repository, descriptions from the tech catalog and all the data. So why did we choose the format? I mentioned it already. First, it's human readable. I can read it. I can edit it. I can fix it if there is something broken. We can use grab set whatever for all the cron jobs that are running in background that do the automatic testing updates and consistent inject. It's easily parsable in various languages. I mean, this is something you can write a parser. You mean shell. Actually, I wrote a parser in shell.  It's easily extendable. You can just throw in new keys and that is not a problem. So just to mention your daily ground job will be grateful because I mean if you write a ground job that does whatever check on your distribution consistently checks is every all the files there is everything like LinkedIn style checks. It's easier because you just read over every line. Why not XML? Well, I mentioned it already. It's just we need lip XML XML pars. The binary needs the library and it's not available anywhere. So that was that was a big change. Actually before 2008, when I packaged it live for Debian, I was the only one who actually parsed the XML files. Everyone else was just dropping the files into the in the distributions in the Linux distribution dropping the files bum into the system and hoped everything works. But you actually had to parse the XML file, but that was well, no documentation. Nothing. So implementation language. Well, that's very short here. Why Pearl? It's everywhere and it's really everywhere. You know, there's windows is the only exception where we have to ship a pearl, but on every other system pearl is preinstalled. You don't have to think about it. It has a decent model system. You can write obfuscated code. Of course, I mean that's you can do in every language. But you don't have to. You can actually write decent model lyreist code. And it works on windows also nicely. Other option python is often mentioned and that actually there is some activity. The problem is python. It's first not available everywhere out of the box. And then well, I just see python two and python three while pink and see would be nice. It's portable. You can get it everywhere, but it's just a huge development time.  You know, you're reading parsing lines and doing stuff. And so there's this. Well, it's much more work in C. If someone pays me, I would rewrite it in C, but not other than this. Okay. So static versus dynamic content. I mentioned this already and showed you an example. So what was the aim of this rewrite was, as I said already, we wanted to have a static content that is as minimal as possible. So nothing contained there that is superficial. So no duplication of data because every duplication creates inconsistencies. And so no additional files in sync. Our previous installer had, you had to generate from this XML files again list files because the installer was written in shell and a different installer for windows. And all of them had to pass some text files and couldn't pass the XML files. Not surprisingly. So, well, we had to generate content every time on every day. So this was not very nice. Of course, we also wanted to have single package updates. Like before, we had one DVD a year. Like we shipped one DVD to the members of the tech user groups. You could actually also download. This is not a problem. I see image now while you can install over the internet and every day you get your updates. Also important point, better documentation. We had the XML modules without any documentation. What kind of data structure is safe there in which format, which is now much more clear. So to give you an idea how this looks like. So this central database, it is the tech life database. It's a simple text file. It has revision numbers for single packages. Every package is one stanza, one paragraph separate by an empty line. Generated static content from tech life source files. And we enrich it with additional data from various sources, mainly from the tech catalog, which is based on the CETA network, all the information about packages. So, in basic, it looks like this. As I said, DBN package file, you have name, then the package name, and then the information related to it, then an empty line or more empty lines, and then the next stanza. So very easy, simple key value pairs, one group package and some meta configuration. I don't go into details. This is a typical example of a package. What are the information? So C7340, this is nothing like, we didn't say version, because version, this A0 poster has some version. The problem is the developers often have a strange idea of versioning. I mean, I just, for this, I checked SUSE releases, and SUSE has also very strange version number releases, like 15.2, 49, and then again 16. So it's not necessarily increasing, but for a real distribution, you want strictly increasing numbers, right? So what this is more or less, you take a look at the subversion repository, take the last change revision of all the files and the maximum of it. That gives you a unique, consistently increasing number of a package.  We have here the version of the package maintainer, which is 1.22b, whatever that might be. The source code I mentioned already is an empty file. How this is generated is all from the subversion repository and the catalogue. And here are some more complicated examples with binaries. I told you that we support all these architectures, and now how do you do with binaries? If I install on my architecture, I don't need macOS or Windows or IX or whatever. So all the binaries, the actual binaries are split out into so-called subpackages or architecture packages like here. Bibtech is a typical example, or is a program, a binary program. It has a dependency Bibtech.org, and then we have for each architecture, we have, well, the respective files. And if you install, you can add an architecture, you can normal your architecture, the system you're installing to, these files automatically installed. But on a server, typically you can install three or five different architectures and mount them via NFS or Samba or whatever and get everything's running. So that this splitting made it possible. The input of this is a bit more complicated. Of course, here you see now a not empty source file. Of course, this has to generate, we have to put some information. So we have run, doc, we have some pattern language. I don't go into details, but the pattern language captures all the files that are there and captures all the binaries in kind of stuff. With various tricks, what we do is like we have a set of auto-generated patterns. So we don't want to repeat the same pattern. There is no reason why most of them are empty. It's just generate automatically a set of patterns. The architecture expansion tricks for Windows. Windows is always the biggest problem, of course, because the naming is very different. Well, at the end, what we end up, it's nice we have at the moment, as of today, we have 3,580 packages. Each one has a source file of which 2,800 are empty. It's just empty files. Every information is automatically reduced. And only for the binaries of special packages, there are some we have to have put some information in there. But this is reasonable. It's 300, there's nothing. For example, for every font package, we have to activate the font that it is actually usable. So if there's a font package, there's at least one pattern in there. So you see that reduced all this kind of stuff to a reasonable level. And this is, as I said, we are two people working on this, basically. You want to get rid of, automatize everything as far as possible. And that means no mixture of this content and stuff. For the total number, we have about 170,000 files in our distribution and 6 gigabytes is the current size of the, if you installed size. Of course, I mean we have a lot of people using this and updating it daily. So we go through a lot of testing in QA. So the biggest problem here is that we do for normal packages, like a tech, late-tech package, like Taboo, which is now stuck in DB and unstable with the fix. No, so there we cannot do a lot. This is actually a big to do. We want to have an automatic functionally test for all the tech packages. But this is a huge endeavor because this is not easy. Actually there is no automated way to test them all. Some things I have done on this direction, but we are not completely done. So we only check whether they can be installed on the system, but not whether the functionality works. For our infrastructure packages, we have of course separated them completely. So we have a dedicated repository that is people who want to live on the edge and try out new features, they can try to get updates here through TechLife Critical. We have recover programs for Windows and Shell Expansion for all the kind of unique stuff so that if, well, sometimes the TechLife Manager breaks down completely, then you can recover here. And then we have combined before we push out to our mirrors. We have the Seed and Mirror network. We do a lot of checks. Actually before we do this, we do check all packages and all files for consistency, whether, well, files are double-included, packages are not mentioned somewhere or packages are mentioned that are not existing, all this kind of stuff. Execute statements. These actions are executed automatically after installation. So think about post-instalt script in Debian or RPM, whatever. You have some post-installation procedure. We have this also here. It's like rebuilding a format to activating fonts and this kind of stuff. We have consistent to check on all the dependencies, of course, because otherwise, well, TechLife Manager. And at the end, we do a full installation of the 6GB and only if this works out and afterwards we can run TechLife Manager at least once, then we declare, okay, today we ship out to Seedon and that means to all the users. And that means many of these things are, as I mentioned before, this is all cron jobs and they are all like scripts. And many of the scripts are just crap, set, sort, unique, whatever you had always do on this kind of stuff. And if you have a text-based database, then it's quite nice. So what errors are normally called, so new packages, we add packages but forget them into a collection, inconsistency with respect to font maps that often happens, typos or whatever, then package corruptions. I mean we package them with tar and XZ and, well, sometimes things like some corruption happens, but these are captured, duplication of, duplicated inclusion in the package, and we're correcting Perl models. Sometimes you just, well, make a bug in there and then nothing works, but all these errors are normally, okay. Only short, I want to go over distributing the stuff. So we have the TechLife distribution. This is what we are doing. We have our own installer front-end, everything. This is what you have seen before the architectures.  On Unix, it's practically all systems now use TechLife. Tech is dead since like 10 years now. Windows, there is one more. There's Mixtech and TechLife. There are two systems. Mixtech is developed independently. And MacTech is on Mac, but this is TechLife. Under a name is a nice installer and a nice front-end. The current status, as far as I could check, in DBM we have for Buster we get 2018. Well, the old versions are, well, as you see, it goes back to here. Ubuntu has also more or less 2018. They are all up to date. Fedora is hard to check because there is not really a list when they are up, but currently like, they had 2016 for Fedora 27, 28 and 2018. So that's, there are some more. Suze is, I cannot grasp what LEAP and Tumbleweed and the numbers are, but they have an increasing number of TechLife versions. So it seems they are up to date. MacOS is always at the same time released as with TechLife. And on Windows, we ship also on our DVD. We still ship DVDs. No, it's not that we own the internet. We ship also DVDs. We have protext, upstream and mixtech are included on our DVDs. So lessons learned. Well, for us what was very important is separating the static static from the generated content because that helped to reduce like 3,500 files you don't want to fix manually, but it's only 20 or 30 where you have to fix something that is reasonable. You have to automate all the testing and that is important that you have also machine-readable stuff. Easy. Cross-part from is a pain especially when you try to support Windows. Well, well hidden bugs, cascading is what I meant when we do a separate layer for the critical infrastructure. We have the full API documented and try to be stable. So distributors use this code often. And yeah, switching from DVD to net well was a huge part. That's obvious. Yeah. Okay, I mentioned this. Oops, some resources. So the main page is on the TAC or Actech Live that you get all the information, downloading stuff. There is a web view on our subversion repository. If you're interested, there's also anonymous access for download. I also carry a Git subversion mirror, but if you can only be careful it's now close to 40 gigabytes. The history goes back to 2005. And yeah, well, that adds up over the time. Finally, if you want to contact us, take life attack.org is the mailing list. I mean, everyone can write there without any problem. We have a mailing list dedicated to distributors. So like Linux distributors who want to integrate them. We have also a security mailing list that is more or less closed. Where security reports are handled and we have some internal mailing list. But I mean the main list here or the digital distributors is the most. And always you can also contact myself too. Okay, thanks for the attention. All right, so any questions there from the audience? Since you have so many platforms to support, what do you use for running your automated tests and CI framework? Everything in-house? Everything manual. We have manual people caring for the building. The problem is building this huge part of the source code. And it's getting more and more complex because many of the newer libraries require C++ levels. So for example, for the main E386 and 46-bit binaries, we build normally on Travis CI and take the binaries from there. And before, I used VZ, I think. Because the problem is also you have to use a sufficiently old Lipsy version. Because if you have a two-year Lipsy version, the nothing runs, then you have to compile all the, if possible, all libraries static in there. So everything you want to do, this is for the base, for the standard, like E86 Linux and 466, we can use the Alpin on muscle. We use the Travis CI. But all the others are handmade by people having machines, compiling the stuff. So we are now in freeze for take life 2019. And it's normally like two months of repeated fixes, build fixing. Now Windows is a world apart. And the problem is all the CI service, they don't provide images for most of the architecture. So that's the problem. We could not even set it up there.  Very good. Any further questions? Anyone? So I've, okay, one at the back here. I just want to know, you say that you pushed to CTAN for users to download. I was just curious, how many downloads do you actually have? We don't know because we cannot know. We don't phone home with our own programs. And the servers, the mirrors are not managed by us. So the CTAN network has a lot of mirrors that are distributed over the world. And it's often a service by companies or universities or whatever service who provide CTAN web space as a mirror. But we don't have access to their logs. So we have no idea. I would be interested, of course I would be more than interested. I'm always tempted to write a phone home into take life manager, but I don't do it of course. It's just like a one time first time you launch and then you can click don't show me again. But then you get everybody who wanted to provide a survey. It's a few questions. And then you have a bit of an idea. As you pop up a dialogue box, if you click yes then you are sent to a website for answering yes or no or you send off. Might be, but most people in our community are very privacy concerned. So they are not very happy about it. But it's a good idea actually. Thanks. Yeah, it's a good idea. Okay. Thank you everyone. So one final observation is most technical scientists who graduate, they half of them use tech, like for their thesis, and half of them use Microsoft Word. It seems to be a polarised area. Anyway, let's thank Norbert once again and then we can move on to our next talk. Thank you.


This video is sponsored by OneFootball. OneFootball's app makes it easy to keep up to date with transfer news, scores and stats all in the one place. To download the OneFootball app, click the link in the description. The app is free. Winning the ball back in midfield, that's what has been the difference in our defense this year versus last. He's just been amazing and consistently one of our best players. And when I heard that he wasn't going to be in the sign, I figured probably a point is what I would like the most out of this game. I didn't really see three in it for us, but I understand that, you know, anything can happen. That being said, I understood five at the back. I don't think it worked perfectly, but I do think it kind of worked for the most part, if you'll hear me out. Given that Ghana was not going to play and that we had them rotating all three centerbacks recently, I thought that it made sense with the situation to move to three at the back, five at the back, whatever you want to call it, and just kind of sit back and play defensively solid and just kind of break out on the wings and see if we can't nick a goal. Unfortunately, there were a couple flaws with the system. One was that we weren't playing out of the back while mean it especially. I think what they really took advantage of the most was the fact that our centerbacks didn't know how to communicate in the back three well enough to maybe try to system out against one of the best teams in the world like Manson. I think both goals coming from crosses highlight a lack of communication, a lack of understanding of positioning. And while one was during the back five and one was during the back four, both of them to me signal a problem with how our defense was structured. I still think five at the back was the right play with no Ghana, but unfortunately it just didn't work. But for me, that wasn't the difference today between the two sides. For me, it was finishing. They took their chances and we squandered ours. And the main thing of that is we need to fix our attack in the final third and we need to find a true center forward. Now, I don't know if that means transfers coming in January or just start by trying to bring in some youth from the younger ranks. I'm not saying start a kid who's never played in the Premier League before, but get them on the bench for games, play them last five minutes of games. You know, just play them in a cup game. We have to either bring in talent in January, which is expensive and hard to find. Or we need to focus on the players that we have in our youth system and start bringing them through. Another problem with our attack in the final third as far as I'm concerned is just my opinion is that Theo Wolcott is playing far too much. He starts or gets subbed on every game and he doesn't make enough of a difference to justify his playing time. Now, I appreciate that Theo works really hard and he tries to get in good spaces. He runs at defenders and he does try to track back. Unfortunately, he's failing to make connections in the final third, failing to hold onto the ball in the final third, and he's not finishing. If his end product isn't there, I don't know what he brings to the side other than just raw pace. In my opinion, he can't keep getting in game after game after game without producing more. As far as I'm concerned, I would rather have the youthful exuberance of Adam Ola Lukman than Theo's consistent errors. For me, when Lukman is on the ball, he provides an excitement and a spark that Wolcott is just not providing right now. I'm not sure if either are long term answers at the position, but I'm done with Theo Wolcott. It's just not good enough. Just like Silva did with Jank, maybe it's time to take him out for a few games, get his head right in practice, get his head right off the pitch, and see if he can't come back in a few games and provide a difference. And that brings me to Silva. I have to criticize his first set of substitutions. I hated those first two subs. They didn't make any sense to me. First off, if you're going to take Coleman out, which I understand he hasn't been great as of recent, why is John Joe Kenny not on the bench instead of, say, Morgan Schneiderlin? If you're going to take him off and move to four at the back as well, John Joe Kenny makes even more sense because then you have someone to put in that position and you can take off Yari Mina, who has been playing not that great in the first half, and then throw on a forward, have an actual four at the back.  It just didn't make sense to me that you thought playing Kurt Zuma on the right in a back four would be a good idea.


Aforibu housing, in housing Kenyans, statistics show that at least 25% of Kenyans live in urban areas and 6% of that population lives in the slum. The number is expected also to rise considering the poor factors and the poor factors from urban areas and from the rural areas respectively and the low income areas is growing rapidly. So it is a dream of every Kenya to own at least a decent home that we can live in and be comfortable and call it a home you know leading to this led to the government to come up with affordable housing under its big full agenda. So my question tonight to my panelists before I even ask them that I want them to introduce themselves. Karibuni Sana, I'll start with you can introduce yourself and where you come from and your company and all that. Thank you very much. My name is Pamina Skariuki. I'm the managing director at Yotanjema homes which is a re-rested company. I call it a youth re-rested company based in Nairobi with an intention and an agenda to providing lighting up investment opportunities in the re-rested sector. We provide land selling, we provide housing provision selling and also give investment advice to any in person who is looking to invest with us. Yeah so that's what generally we do as a company. I'm Steve Kenyanjui as you've heard and I run Swadep construction company Limited. What we do, we do design and build actually what that entails from the design process to the construction as a contractor. What we want to do is our third phase is we dream and we build. So what you want to do is actually make as seamless as possible that process of house and home morning so that you can be able to have as many people getting to be homeowners and also think one other thing we also want to do is to make sure that we safeguard our clients interest so that whatever dream they have we visualize by giving them the home. Yes thank you for having us. You guys are doing a messy job so you've heard the statistics 25% of Kenyans live in urban areas and 60% of that live in the slums and the government came up with these affordable housing agenda. What exactly is affordable housing? You know it's such a general term affordable housing could be 10,000 to me or 30,000 to you or 50,000 to the other person so what exactly is affordable housing according to you? Thank you for that question. The reality is the government agenda as you have said 60% of those who live in urban centers actually have a lower capacity to even be able to purchase a house or even own a house with the current market treat. So the government came up with an idea of doing houses between 600,000 to 3 million so the highest house that they are going to be setting is going to be 3 million that is a 3 bed room house whereas one room house which they call single room is going to be going for 300,000 to 600,000. When you look at that the intention of the government is to look at it from the perspective of allowing one to own the house with their own rent. So if you are paying a rent of 5,000 that is what has been planned that you'll be paying for that house or 5,000 but leaving two yards owning your own house. So I believe for me that is a very good agenda and having been involved in the preliminary stages with the CS and the Minister of Housing I believe this was a very brilliant idea because it was going to solve the problem where the slums will be converted to become quite let me say quality or attractive houses to any person or maybe say decent houses. The issue is not cheap houses but affordable and decent houses. Yes Steve let me throw this one to you. Do you think the government plan is achievable? You can say in the long term but yes it is. So 2022 is not? Currently we have gone I think the government has done quite some considering the job with that and actually you can find about 8,000 units going to come up here to guard. So I think so far so good but I think there's more to be done and I know because you have a deficit of 200 units per year. You can hold it like this. So you see that we really have a lot of work to do. It's still I think a chunk of that 500,000 new housing that they want to actually actualize is going to be a good big, big, big way to be able to actualize and actually talking into terms and actually looking at the focus about the low income manas because you will find around 2% out of the total housing that 2% is only for the low income manas so you find this quite a small small percentage. Let me throw this one to Pamina despite the perception that informal settlement housing is very affordable or low are there cases of people who cannot afford that affordable housing? In Kenya there are people who are earning less than a dollar per day. Okay hold it like this. In Kenya there are people who are earning less than a dollar per day. That means even if you want to get the issue of slums it may not eventually go to an end but what I believe the government is trying to do is to bridge the gap as my brother has said the agenda is focused at trying to to bridge the gap and at least reduce the deficit. As you know there are 200,000 houses deficit every year that means that this cumulatively happens so if for instance every year we have 100, 200,000 which are missing even if the government was to give the 500,000 that they have promised it means we still have a deficit at par then but this as I said there are people who can afford a house worth 600,000 to 3 million so there are still people who cannot be able to manage that however with the upgraded slums it means that the others will also be able to get affordable rentals. Okay okay okay we have a there's a deficit of at least 150,000 to 200,000 and and the government is at least building 20,000 houses per annum which cannot even match up to the deficit so should the government give tax incentives incentives for every for for for the investors to build more low income houses to to to cover the deficit Steve I believe so that should actually be the motive because we find developers when they give them it's like giving something that they can that they can gain from and find something that they can have an added advantage so I think having that initiative of tax advantages incentives or find probably when you do more housing you get even the cost the tax you pay is cheaper so you find those things are some of the things that we really calling for in the industry because they help and they also bring even more because you find probably even investors may be shared to come in but when you give them such tax incentives you find such unsubsidized like probably in materials you know people are able to come in because it's that big cap and needs to be have something that should be done about it. Yes and pominels since you are in the real estate let me ask you why are investors only focusing on middle and high-end income houses is there a ready market or what is the issue why can they go and target the low income and I will start that I just want to that question in two ways one from the way the government has approached that issue the reality is they have now changed from being a developer as a government to being a facilitator towards development that means as we speak I can confirm that it is very possible for these lead estate companies to actually partner with the government I have some friends of mine who are actually approached by the government because they are developers like me and they were asked whether they can partner with the government to 300,000 houses for a lower market however why we have been focusing on the middle income these are the people with disposable income because somebody if you look at the statistics have it that only 1% of Kenyans and more than 500,000 about 7% of Kenyans and between actually 50,000 to 500,000 with majority of them 80% of them earning below 100,000 that means even if we are to look at our our financing industry that those majority of them may not have qualification to own or to even acquire some loan that means the accessibility to a loan facility is limited to those who are the minority or the majority with less income from their own uh from their own proceeds in that case why the private developers remember they are also in business they are there to make profit they look at where their risk are minimized so that they can maximize their returns as opposed to going to where the risk is high and also an assured return so in that case definitely any person who is in business they are looking at where you can be able to merge and also increase your your returns yes that's why the focus has been on the higher and the middle income but I believe the gear will shift because also uh with the current changes in the in the interest aspect that may also increase the capacity of majority of Kenyans to own rents thank you you've mentioned something to do with funding and finances let me just come back to you Parminas should the government come up with a kitty for mortgage for for the low income owners uh that's a good question but the reality is already the government has come up with something they are calling KMRC that is Kenya Mortgage Financing Company this is intended to provide where the banks were actually requested all the 60 banks in Kenya who are actually asked to put in some money so that they can be able to facilitate their construction and next week if you you are the people who give us in the news that actually the banks around four banks peraza around six banks had given 1.2 billion towards that kitty meaning the money is already being provided as a as a part of the share share holding by the by the by the banks of financial institutions you also have 10 circles which are already being shortlisted and these circles have a membership of more than 100,000 members that means if these circles and also the financial banks are able to finance the government can give what we call a guarantee to the private developers that once the houses are complete the guarantee that the government can buy off those houses and sell to their own citizens those who can afford an extended mortgage uh make mortgage through the KMRC the Kenya Mortgage Financing Company and that the cycle becomes easier so the private developers will develop the surety of having the government to to give them uh actually the the market or buy off all the units even if uh even if they have not been able the government has not received all the cash from the the buyers but you know the construction people will come in and say we have factors such as the the cement in Kenya is four times higher in the compared to other countries or high cost of land high labor cost you know among other things so how do we strike a balance at the same time offer for the bohousing steve to really have a ways and incentives how we can be able to so to do as we do the general and be able to involve the stakeholders you know we find that is upon production people cement steel think and and more of those subjects I subsidize to the people actually making as easier affordable those those products so that people as the construction people can come in and actually find even more of even in invading people can finance as well as we are ready to build and more of you see you find a gap also when you find above the labor you find there's a gap labor skill labor is quite not sufficient for us so we find there is so much things to to look at but I believe you're headed on the right direction and actually come into times because I believe the population is still growing so even those those statistics will keep on increasing so there's that need is that there need to have things and measures done so you need to sit down to call us the developers the entirely start you can be able to to get to the root of this this issue and now we can be able to move forward okay what's the way forward for us to achieve this is affordable housing what's the way forward according to you for kenyans to embrace the government agenda of the big for jadon housing that is by participating through contribution I know it has been a very controversial debate of the 1.5 percent but I think if we only look at the positive side without necessarily having a pessimistic idea we can all book and by the way I must aratu that majority of kenyans most of the people who have gone to the register and let me do income those who have gone to register for the government scheme because they know that this is going to be a reality and as I said area in my terms this is going to be something that will be achievable it may not happen in the next three years but it may happen in the next 10 years so 2022 should not be the target I'm not saying it should not be the target let it remain the target because you know when you have a target you can either shoot on the target or maybe come closer to where the target is but the reality is I believe with a good deal of the government they are going to be able to achieve that but however I also want to charge the government to improve on the infrastructure some of us developing kiyabu some of us develop outside Nairobi and there is no siwarain so if you're developing where there is no siwarain the cost of siwar is yours the cost of access access road is yours the water source is yours so if the government can bridge that gap believe me we can also be able to provide affordable housing which actually may not necessarily go to the late of 600,000 but maybe something that is between 3 million to 7 million because that is also some other class that is not usually catered for so is faster transport an efficient transport a solution that's a solution considering that if these faster transport like efficient fast trains if they are connecting towns like Nairobi, El Dorret, Mombasa if you have fast train connecting this town it can actually actually improve housing deficit in Kenya yes it could in a way but also there is that aspect that kenyas want to be associated with urban centers so but if you build those trains you can make Mombasa urban center yes El Dorret urban center what you can see is not about infrastructure development but also encouraging the devolved units that the countergovernance our government should also take up the charge and participate towards the housing housing gap by providing even government trust which is idle and give attract private developers with what they say 70 30 percent examples of partnership with the government many developers will go i'm willing to go to Mombasa to develop i know many others are willing to go elsewhere but the question is is infrastructure right for me to go in and and risk my investment in such an area okay Steve are you ready to to go to Mombasa we are ready and what's the way forward the way forward is as Pamela was saying we need to have those infrastructure up and running and you find also there are time challenges when you have uh even issues with approvals you know these these regulations by the by the counties because i was talking to a friend of mine also a developer like Pamela Sia and you find that they are preferring out of town to this set like towns like Nkitingela go to Nkitingela now it's booming the the people are moving away from from from this town center because you find inflated prices and I think also that regulation about the prices to make it I think it's that need to have that that streamlined pricing of the unit so I think also and also I think for us the youth because we are now we're talking to the youth in it's high time because we find the government has gone far ahead and done the TV these TV programs that are that are that are meant to benefit the youth so I think once we we we push and actually I think for the youth is more of not wait for the opportunities but to go and take them we could be aggressive enough that we are so to to utilize these opportunities that come up okay okay thank you so much guys your final comments and how can people reach you especially those want to get houses and develop homes and buy buildings and buy houses how can people reach you from us thank you very much I am accessible through our website we have our website which is www.nyotajemahomes.co.ke you can make an inquiry on Facebook you can make an inquiry on Twitter all these places where we can access the youths you'll be able to access us we can make any advice even if you want to buy some land anywhere even if you don't have somebody to consult just come to us we will not charge you for consulting because I believe even if you don't buy from us today tomorrow will be our next customer if you are satisfied with our investment advisory so I look forward where youths can come up and decide that you are going to own up this nation by investing in real estate remember it's only in real estate that you have viable long-term investment which you can live and help us to your children once again come to Nyotajema Homes we are going to provide the solutions in real estate for you thank you thank you for manas and Steve how can people reach you we are all over social media so we can get us at SWADEP at SWADEP construction yes we have our website www.swadepconstruction.co.ke so you can always find us there any queries about the construction sector anything we are there to help we believe that you you dream and you actualize your dreams so we welcome you to come and take us and you have partnerships with a lot of people as a real estate agent so it's an around that all your queries can be satisfied for the construction industry and thank you again for having us thank you so much for making time to come two eight two five four and today was being was business Tuesday so what I can I can say from the discussion we had in the long run affordable housing is achievable those are not my sentiments they are my panelists anyway that makes the end that brings us to the end of business Tuesday my name is Miriam Masawa good night God bless you the buzz is up next


Abstract germ cell tumours, GCTs, are rare types of cancer that affect infants, children, adolescents and adults. They are divided into two categories based on their developmental stage, pre-pubescent, type 1, and post-pubescent, type 2. Type 1 GCTs are limited to benign teratomas and malignant yolk sac tumours, YST, while type 2 GCTs include seminomas and non-seminomas. Genomic analyses of GCTs in children and adolescents revealed that the WNT pathway is activated by mutations, copy number alterations and differential promoter methylation. This activation leads to poor clinical outcomes and suggests that WNT inhibition could be used to treat GCTs. Additionally, small molecule WNT inhibitors were found to suppress GCT cells both in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential therapeutic option for treating this type of cancer. This article was authored by Lin Xu, Joshua L. Pierce, Angelica Sanchez and others.


Welcome to Toffy TV, this is the starting 11 show, Everton vs Bournemouth. This is the team we are going for to face. Eddie Howe's men in what is a very important game at Gwdysun Park. Three points are much needed for Everton to try and get up, close the gap to 7th place, never mind anywhere else. So, a really important game of football ahead. This video is sponsored by One Football. One Football's app makes it easy to keep up to date with transfer news, scores and stats all in the one place. To download the One Football app, click the link in the description. The app is free. In goal, Jordan Pickford of course, Everton's number one, England's number one goalkeeper. He is going in goal for us. At right back, we've gone for John Joe Kenny. He's done all right in the last couple of games. There's no point just dragging him off the sides. I think if you're going to give anyone a goal, you should give them a run in the team. Whether you think they should be in there or not, or whether the fans think the manager is going to stick with them, he should give them a run. So, let's see what John Joe can do. I think Sheamus Coleman needs a bit of a rest. Maybe he just needs that carrot put in front of him to get himself real and to go to get back in the side if he's capable of doing that. So, we've gone for John Joe. Michael Keane, who I think has been massively consistent this season. Obviously made a couple of mistakes, but you know what I think one of the things we do miss him when he's on in the side is his ability to pass. He's got this brain's ability to cut midfields in half with some of his passes. I think that we've missed that recently, that attacking edge to his game as well. So, Michael Keane in the side alongside him. We've gone for Yeri Mina, who listen, for me personally, I think long time he's going to be our best defender. I think he's got a lot to learn about the Premier League. That doesn't come overnight. He's not the finished article by any means, but he's young and I think he can be a dominant centre-back forever. We'll see. Kate Zimmer made a couple of mistakes last weekend against Lincoln City. But I think what is important now is that the manager decides who is his two when he plays a two and continues with them. Sometimes we'll play with a three, but for this we've gone for a two. And at left-back returns to the side, Luca Dean, we've gone for obviously being consistent all season, bringing down that left-hand side. Although Leighton Baines did play very well last week for us, Dean comes back in the side. The three in the middle, we've gone for Gomez, Guilfee Sigarton and Garner. Obviously those three players all have an important role in this team. You could maybe say, do we need Garner for this side? But for me, Garner, when this team works properly, Garner is a massive part of this side. He allows players to flood forward because he gives them that protection. So hopefully if he's doing his job, other people can do their jobs better. Obviously Gomez hopefully with what eight days rest having playing the second half against Lincoln, he'll be coming back to his best soon now that the game has settled down. And Guilfee Sigarton, obviously alongside, they've just read something saying that Guilfee Sigarton is creating more chances than anyone else in the Premier League. Unfortunately people don't seem to be taking those chances, that's one of the big problems, but yeah, those three. At the end of the day, who's challenging those three players? There's no one. It's Tom Davies had a big chance last week, didn't take it, was dragged off at halftime. Who else in the field can do those jobs? No one really. I think it's the wide areas where we have competition. And for me, I think, certainly both of us, I think now it's time Adam O'Luckman got to run in the team. If he's fading, he's ready to go. I think last week he showed flashes, obviously scored the goal. I think for this kid, he needs to run in the team. Now, no matter what you think about Adam O'Luckman, it's not as if Theo Wocott mean pulling up any trees this season. So, I think it's time to give Adam O'Luckman a run in the side on the right-hand side. With Bernard on the left-hand side as well, I think what's great about those two players is they can change sides and make it difficult for the opposition to get a grasp on who they're marking. I think they can both do those jobs. It gives them something different when they play on the other side. And obviously we've seen Bernard last week chipping with his first goal. We need more from him as we go forward. And up front, Rich Arleson, back in the middle of the park, playing through the middle. Obviously our top goal scorer this season. Again, Dominic Harvent-Lewin didn't do enough last week. So Rich Arleson, hopefully you get him. Maybe it's time we say Rich Arleson is our best striker although we want more out of him. But let's start getting players settled into positions for the second half of the season because we need to start picking up wins, picking up results and getting up that table. And obviously with the FA Cup as well, we need a consistent side. Week in and week out. Obviously changes here and there because we'll need them with injuries and suspensions. But let's get the blueprint of a side and let's get started winning games. Start with this game against Bournemouth. It's not going to be easy but you know what? We should have enough to beat Bournemouth. It's up to the players now to go out and do it. Anyway, let me know your thoughts in the comments. Do you agree, do you disagree with our starting 11 for this game? Let us know. Don't forget, if you haven't already subscribed, please do click the bell for a late. And if you want more videos, join us on Patreon. I'll see you later.


Hey everyone and welcome to Norris Cove. I'm Yoshida and today we're going to be doing our May monthly budget. So we're going to hop right on in. Now that I've organized my budget planner, I can skip right to the monthly. I don't have to like fumble around with it. So here is our monthly budget breakdown. Also, if you like, you can go to my site which will be listed below. I'm going to also try and include these budget breakdowns just right to the link so that you can get right to it so that you can get yours on my website and you can follow along. Let's go over last month real quickly. Let's do a little review. So everything got paid except for capital one. Capital one was caught up. So I chose not to pay that. We ended up making, we estimated $3,000 for the month. I figured I would come in about $3,500. Did not know that I would come in at $4,345. So April was an excellent month budget wise. Nails we estimated 60 and or projected and we made end up making 80. And that was just off two clients. I want to increase my nail clientele. But by me doing at home COVID, I did have more nail clients, but I cut a few back because I just wasn't trusting people bringing COVID into my home. So I would like to have a space to do nails and I could probably take on more nail clients run specials, things like that. But I'm just not comfortable right now with that. So I'm cool with the little people that I have. Nonetheless, Norse code we estimated 200. We came in at 156. And this is not gross. This is net sales. That's like after discounts, shipping things like that. Miscellaneous, we did 50 because I got a birthday blessing. So the total ended up being $4,634. Yay. I'm supposed that money and savings didn't happen. I actually took some out. And this is just a note of how much it was I took it from my everyday carry. And everything got paid. We guessed it made a Shopify at 5931. It ended up being 6133, I believe. Instead of city bank getting 100, they got 31. Barclays got 150 opposed to 200 still not bad. And PayPal, they got 35. So also, I forgot to add my booth right down here. And so my total, instead of being $1,439, ended up being $2,257. But now this month also, here's a note. I have a couple of new things, new budget items, which is plant fitness and uplift, and then Southwest. I need to add Southwest, but I'm not sure. I have to actually do my research on the day that Southwest is due. But what I'm going to do is put it in my budget anyway to pay $50. I don't know the date. I just won't be adding the date. Okay. Now let's skip to our calendar. And here it is for May. I've made, I didn't add a whole bunch of stickers, but I wanted to highlight that these are the things that are auto-drafted. So that way I have a bird's eye view of what's going to come out automatically. So as you can see, I don't, I normally think I don't have a lot coming out, but I do. This auto-draft it. But mostly some things that I just pay on my own. And we've set our goals for the month and all of that. So I'm going to put this aside and we're going to, let's see, prop it up. Okay. That's perfect. And I'm going to zoom in and let's get started. So I'm going to take this highlight and only highlight. I got these on sale from Amazon. I'm just going to use one of these crayolas. And this is the colors of the world. And we are in May already. Wow. I'm going to highlight our total here, our total here, total here. And as I stated in my paycheck to paycheck budget, I leave these kind of plain because I am semi-minimum planner.   So let's put down our first source of income, which is hair, nails. Actually, I need to move nails under Norris Cove. Norris Cove. And then we have miscellaneous. And also on this budget sheet, I have it where you can have four sources of income. I know a lot of times people have more than those four. But if you're beginning a budget for, I think it's great. So now we're going to last month, we projected like a 3000. We're just going to move that up to $3,500. Nails, we'll put in 60 again. Norris Cove, I really, I don't, I want to write five, but I'm going to put 200 again. I'm going to stay on the low end miscellaneous. I don't think I have some things that I kind of want to sell. I want to do some oops bags and things like that. But I'm going to leave miscellaneous like that. So we're coming at $3,760. That's what's projected. Now let's get into the bills. So because I have my calendar out, normally I list out important to me, but I'm just going to go with the date. So on May 1st, we have cloth and paper, Amazon, and these have already come out because I'm late on my budget. But cloth and paper has already come out. That's $38. Amazon, I believe is 1577. On the second, we have community. I've already paid them and I gave them 50. Was it 40? We just put 50. On the third, we have Shopify and I think it's $54, but I'm going to put 55. And then on the fourth, we have Walmart, which I need to go ahead and pay that. And Walmart has a balance of $51.36.  And then again, on the fourth, we have credit one. This is the one that I think that I paid 40, but I'm going to put 50. I can't remember which one it was. I think it was paid 40 there, but I'll have it at the end of the month. Okay. On the fifth, we have uplift due. And I'm putting 40, but it's a little under 40. And then the seventh, we have Canva. And Canva is 1377. Then on the 11th, we have card notes number one. And that is 181.60. And then on the 15th, we have capital one. So we know we'll be giving capital one some money this month. Normally my minimum is $25. I want to give them 50. And then on the 17th, we have Citibank. I want to give Citibank 50. My goal is more, but I'm going to stick with 50. Berkley's. They are doing the 18th. My goal is to get them, I think I need to give them about, I'm going to give them 150 because I'm trying to get them down and get out of the over because of the interest that kicked in. So I'm going to put 150. That's what I gave them last month. And card number two on the 20th. Again, that's 181.60. And let's see, we have T-Mobile on the 21st. So with T-Mobile, I found what works for me is giving them a couple of dollars every week. And then when the bill is due, not having so much because I struggled with T-Mobile for so long. If you look at any of them other budget videos, T-Mobile was always late. And I had so much to pay there was months when I owed $800, $500. So we're not doing that in 2022. And so I know my bill is like 209. I'm just going to put it at like 210. And I'll put the definite amount later because there's some change. And then the 25th, we have PayPal, which I've never gotten that one. But anyway, we're going to give them 50. The 28th is car insurance. That is 206. My life insurance is included in that as well. 29th is GoDaddy. And I just realized GoDaddy is $7.41. I just realized that I forgot something, which is Insta Inc. So I need to go back to April or let's see. Let me pull out a faithful here. If I haven't taken it out, I might have taken April out. Nope, it's here. Let's see. It comes out on the 15th. So we'll just put that here. Insta Inc. I'm about to run out of space because I've added some things how this happened. I don't know. Insta Inc. is $19.99. I want to make sure that I get booth rent in here as well. Uplift is due on the 5th. And we're giving them 40. Okay, booth is a thousand. So this is what you'll do if you run out of room. Just add. You can actually wipe these out and continue your budget over there if you like. But I'm here at the end. So let me take this. Now let's do a little calculating. So our total is $2,460.50. Let's write that here. I'm going to close this and move this out the way. Now let's subtract that from our $37.60 here. That leaves us with $1,299.50. I'm going to move that up here since I ran out of room down here. So now definitely for savings, we want to do, I'm going to put 100. So we subtract 100 from the $12.99. We know it'll be $11.99. Okay, sinking funds, groceries. I'm trying to keep up with that. So groceries, I'm going to do $300. And I'm pushing it. So then we subtract the $300. It's $8.59. And it was something else I needed to write now. I'm going to skip down to, oh, Lord, actually grocery should be in sinking funds. I'm not wiping that out. I'm just not going to do it. Emergency fund, we want to do 100. I definitely want to get back into my envelope stuffing. I'm going to put week ahead and Christmas. Week ahead, I want to eventually get 100. We could do $25 a week and Christmas to get 100. This is just a goal, not necessarily that it's going to happen. So let me go back to the $11.99. So we have four, five, six, 600 here as a total. And we're going to subtract that from the $11.99 and that leaves $5.99. I know miscellaneous is going to get about $300 of this $5.99. But again, I'm not a zero-based budgeter. So I'm not going to stress about it. I'll just keep track of what I'm spending. I'm back to my spending tracker, but this is what we have. So we're projecting $3,760 for our income from at least three sources. Our bills come up to $2,460.50. Also, I didn't include Southwest, so I'm sure Southwest will come out of this what's left. I would like, this is a guesstimate to have $100 in my savings. That would bring my total down to $11.99. And then groceries, I would add $300 because I'm not quite spending $100 a week again. My husband does help with this, but we're just not as much as he was before. And then emergency fund, I like to have $100 in that. And a week ahead, I like to have $100 in that. And then Christmas, I would like to have $100. There are some other categories that probably with this amount, I will be adding two very small amounts. And that's it. So that is our monthly budget. Let's kind of move everything out the way. And then I need to go back into the calendar and add some things. So let me get to monthly. So that's why I like this sheet is because this budget insert is real simple to fill out. I don't want to make it hard, at least not for myself and definitely not for anyone else. It is paycheck friendly. It is self-employed friendly. It is entrepreneur friendly. And again, like I said, if you need color or way to make it fun, use stickers. Let me show you some of my favorite stickers that I like to use.  I could put it right over top. So I'll put one here just to show you and then I can change that total or I can go over top here. Like I think I'll just put one here because so when we get our new total at the end of the month, we can just rate it here on that sticker. These are my favorite. Like I said, let me show you how I use them in the salon section. This is how I come on my totals. This is how I keep myself accountable. This is how I track my money every week is with these total stickers here. So these are again, like I said, my favorite to use. And also I updated them. Again, you can find these in the shop. So this is how they used to come. They was on a smaller sheet there now because I want everything to kind of match. So now they're on a little larger sheet and you do. I don't know if you get the same amount or more. But yeah, so now they're on a larger sheet. But these are my go tos and they come in different colors as well. And I think one of the things I'll be doing is adding new colors. And I'm considering a budget box you guys. So that way, each month, you'll get budget friendly items in a box. And yeah, so let's go over to the monthly. So I am working on that now, the budget box to offer you guys. So I need to put down, I need to make a note over here that Southwest and uplift because I didn't want to use that Southwest card, but I did Southwest credit card. So I need to look into the date that it's due. And I want to like pay it off because it's only $115, but I don't want to let interest accrue on it because that's when you get in trouble. Okay. So to highlight that and bring my attention to it, I was going to highlight it, but I want to use some gray. I have a gray. It's just to bring my attention to it. This is all that I have for the month of May you all. I hope that this is helpful for someone. Thank you all so much for watching. I really appreciate you subscribing. I appreciate you commenting. I appreciate you purchasing from my website. Thank you all so much for watching. If you enjoyed today's video and you would love to see more videos like this from me, do me a favor, hit that subscribe button. Also hit that notification bell and I'll see you in my next video. Bye.