Hello everyone, my name is Michael Reichand. I represent to you the article SSE and SSD, Page Efficient Searchable Symmetric Encryption. This is joint work with Brice Minot, Pyrrhan Foug, Raphael Bost and Angelle Bosseur. So now I want to quickly motivate how and why SSE is useful. So say you have information that you don't want anyone to have access to, say, confidential messages or you know information about the aliens that of course the public should not know about or you'd have information about the one ring and of course SSE should not access this information in order to avoid destruction of the world. Well more concretely we have information, so a bunch of documents and each of those documents contain information about certain keywords, so here in blue for example messages, aliens or the ring and each of those keywords appear in certain documents and these documents are identified by document identifiers. So now we want to outsource this private information and we can do so by using Symmetric Searchable Encryption. For this we have a setup phase, so here the client will generally encrypt the keyword identifier pairs and also the documents and then send encrypted versions of those with potentially additional information to the server. Then the server stores this and later on the client can query keywords and then the server can answer these queries. It's important to note though that we can't just send the keyword ring for example directly because everything is encrypted, so the server can't really search without additional information and this additional information that is required to search certain keywords is a token. In this case for example token ring will enable the server to output all the identifiers and then server can send the encrypted identifiers that match the keyword ring to the client and then the client can of course decrypt all of these identifiers and then later on potentially retrieve all the matching documents from the server. For security we look at an honest but curious adversary model so the server will try to learn as much information as possible about all of our data but we can assume that he adheres to all the protocols honestly. So in general SSE is very efficient we only use at least in Symmetric Searchable Encryption Symmetric Primitives usually it's hash functions, PRFs or Symmetric Encryption and this of course is very fast though in general the cryptographic overhead is actually fairly low but in order to still be competitive with databases that don't have any privacy guarantees we actually need to look at memory accesses and for this of course it's important to know how memory is actually built and what memory we're using. So in general there's two big types of memories HDDs so hard disk drives where locality matters and SSDs where page efficiency matters. So locality measures the number of read non-adjacent memory locations because HDDs can read very fast actually adjacent memory locations so the higher this number the slower the read will be. On the other hand SSDs only care about the number of read pages per query so pages will actually be a few kilobytes large maybe four kilobytes for example and reading a single page is essentially as efficient as reading just a few bytes of information from a single page so in general you will read the entire page and this is why for page efficiency you only actually care about the number of pages you read but if we look into the research progress of SSE we actually find that page efficiency and SSD was actually not studied at all yet so what happened was that in 2006 the first SSE scheme with good security guarantees and also good efficiency was constructed then a breakthrough work of Cash and Tesaro from 2014 they showed that it's actually impossible to have locality read efficiency and storage efficiency constant at the same time so as a consequence we can never be as good as a database that has no security guarantees efficiency wise if we care about locality so if we outsource our database on on HDDs despite this result there's a bunch of photo artworks that try to construct SSE schemes that are as close to optimal as possible so for example in S18 we have log-log locality and or one read and storage efficiency so it's actually very close to optimal but because Cash and Tesaro showed it's not possible and we can never hope for something better and in this work we actually inspect page efficiency and we actually show that if you if you want to construct a page efficient scheme that also has perfect storage efficiency so constant storage efficiency it's actually possible so there's no such lower bound at least in the static case for page efficient SSE schemes and we named our scheme Tethys because it uses a max flow computation and Tethys in Greek mythology is the mother of all river gods so as a recap what we care about is page efficiency we want to minimize page access per accesses per query we care about storage efficiency we want to minimize the server storage and we care about security so we want to guarantee that there's as little leaked information as possible in order to be a bit more concrete about the security guarantees that we have I will quickly sketch the security model in static SSE schemes so in general we have an indistinguishability based security definition where the client interacts with the server and the server is the adversary so again he's honest but curious so in the beginning the server will specify a database and then the client will set up the database using the SSE setup functionality and then send the encrypted database to the client then the client will have to query by the adversary specified keywords so he will send the query token to the server and then the server will answer with the response and in the end the server should not be able to distinguish this from a simulated version where the simulator only gets access to a certain leakage of the information that the adversary specifies so for setup the the simulator only has access to the setup leakage and for the search functionality so for queries the the simulator only has access to the query leakage and in general the setup functions are the size of the database for the setup leakage and the size of the identifier set that you have to return so the response set are in this case so the number of identifiers that match a certain keyword down menu and also the search pattern usually the search pattern is essentially notifying the simulator when a keyword was already queried so that you can re-query the same keyword so yeah this query leakage is usually important in order to still be able to construct efficient schemes but on the other hand because of this static SSE or security definition after an interaction with the server the server can or the adversary can only learn these leaked information so the output of the of the setup leakage and the query leakage from the interaction from the with the client before I dive into all the technical details I will quickly talk about our contribution first of all we define page efficiency and we show that's actually a very good predictor for throughput of an SSE scheme if it's run on SSDs secondly we define data independent packing so DIP schemes and these are actually simple allocation schemes or packing schemes that that are purely combinatorical and from these schemes we can construct SSE schemes that retain the same efficiency measures and then lastly we define actually or we build an efficient DIP scheme based on cocoa hashing for weighted items so this not hasn't been done before so this is a new algorithm that allows us to use cocoa hashing so that allows us to do allocation essentially for weighted items and this is based on a max flow computation and also this is the main technical part of the paper and then lastly we use our framework that we defined before in order to construct an SSE scheme that has optimal page and storage efficiency based on tethys and yeah this SSE scheme is also called tethys so now we dive into the technical part and for this first of all I will introduce data independent packing so for data independent packing we have a multi-map so keys that map to items in total we have n items and m buckets into which we want to also allocate our items and each of those buckets have capacity p and then for the for the worst case where one bucket is already filled up to capacity p but we still want to import items we have a stash where we can allocate items to as well so in general it's purely combinatorical which means that one key defines a bunch of buckets so in this case two and then we can allocate all the items to these two buckets and we cannot actually allocate any green items to other buckets than that and we do the same for the blue key and here again blue items can only be allocated to the blue buckets that are highlighted here and again we do the same for the red key and the same for the yellow key and because for example the past capacity in this case might be five we can allocate the last item to the stash because the first two buckets are already full so more formally we have a size function that returns given the number n of items the number of buckets m that we need in order to store all those items we define this function in order to have the number of buckets be independent on the list distribution so that only the number of items actually defines how many buckets we want then we have a build function that takes a multi-map and returns buckets so m buckets in total that are filled with the items from the multi-map and this also allows to return a stash s that has potentially items from the multi-map also and then lastly we have a lookup function so for example we can look up key two so the blue key and we also need to supply the number of items that the blue key matches to and then this will return the bucket indices so in this case the first two buckets yes so this is essentially the ip and we have three efficiency measures so first of all the lookup efficiency this returns the number of buckets per keyword in our construction this will always be two then we have the storage efficiency meaning the overhead that i need to store n items so i will need m times p space for my buckets and i only have n items so m times p divided by n is the storage efficiency and then lastly i have the stash size so the number of items that i didn't actually manage to allocate to the buckets and by definition dip schemes are actually data independent which means that they informally no information about the number of items that match other keys when we look up one key and this is actually very important in order to construct sse schemes from the ap schemes so for this we have the setup function so the setup function takes us input the database which itself maps keywords to identifier pairs then at first we choose two p's so a key for an encryption scheme and a key for a prf function and then we use the prf in order to map each keyword wi to a mask mi and a key ki so we use the mask mi in order to encrypt li so li is the list length of all the identifiers that match keyword wi and which we will later use for the lookup of adip scheme and then we will store this in a map so we map ki the second output of the prf to this encrypted li in a table t and then secondly we use ki in order to replace wi in the database and then the database essentially is already a multi map and that matches ki to the identifiers that match wi and then we use the setup function of the dip scheme in order to construct essentially a bunch of filled buckets with capacity where p is the page size and also potentially the stash and then in total we define this so the table t and the filled pages as the encrypted database so first of all we store the stash and the keys on the client and the encrypted database we will send to the server and then the server stores the encrypted database so the table t and the filled pages and then if the client wants to search a keyword wi he will have to reevaluate the prf on the keyword wi he gets the token so this essentially is the token twi is the result of the prf and this is again as before the mask mi and the key ki so the mask mi we can use directly in order to decrypt the li so the list length and the number of matching identifiers for wi and then we can use the key also in order to look up using the dip scheme the matching buckets and then if we have the matching buckets we can just return the matching buckets to the client and then the client can decrypt those buckets and retrieve the items that he cares about and here it's important to note that all the efficiency guarantees from the dip scheme are inherited to the framework so to this sce scheme so now i've shown you how to construct efficient sse schemes from efficient dip schemes and all that is left is to construct an efficient dip scheme i mean this is easier said than done because this is actually the main technical content of the paper so i will go through an example with you of how that is works so we have a bunch of items so for example five green items to blue items etc and each color maps to one key so these items we want to store in four buckets each with capacity five and how that is proceeds is that for each bucket we draw four nodes in a graph so bucket one will correspond to node one etc and then for each key we will draw two random buckets so in this case we chose the buckets for one and we will draw five edges from bucket four to bucket one the orientation of the edge is not important now this will be optimized later but what it means essentially is that each item corresponds to one edge and this edge is oriented outgoing from one bucket so in this case all edges are outgoing from bucket four and this bucket will later on be the bucket where we store the item so now all items will be allocated to bucket four and we do this again for for the blue items so we choose two random buckets in this case one and two and we draw two edges and now all the blue items will be stored to bucket one and we do this for all the items now that we've drawn all the random buckets and allocated all the items to some buckets this of course is not optimal yet and for optimizing this we pre-compute essentially our degree of each bucket so for example bucket one has our degree six which means they have six items that are stored in bucket one and of course this is more than five so we want to essentially out optimize this to be as close the odd degree to be as close as possible to the page size for example here the the odd degrees three so that means there's still space for two more items here the odd degrees eight so again over five and here the odd degrees already perfect meaning it's five so this bucket will store exactly the right amount of items so now in order to optimize this what we can do is we can just compute a path from a bucket that's overflowing in this case four to a path add to a bucket that is underflowing and this means that if we reorient the edges the odd degree of the underflowing bucket will increase and the odd degree of the overflowing bucket will decrease and the buckets that are in the middle on the path actually don't change their odd degree which means that we actually improve our allocation by one essentially we have one less overflowing item and if we repeat this so for example again we have still seven items so this is too much we find a path to two which is the only underflowing bucket we turn around the edges so now there's no more path from an overflowing bucket to an underflowing bucket which means that this solution is already optimal and now based on this optimal graph we can actually allocate our items into buckets so again we have four buckets and each edge corresponds to one item so for example we can choose this edge which corresponds to this item and since the edge is outgoing from one we move it to bucket one again this edge is outgoing from bucket four so we move an item to bucket four and the other edges are also outgoing from bucket four so we do the same for all the remaining green items now for the blue items again we choose one edge for example this edge it's outgoing from bucket two so we move the item to bucket two for the other edge it's outgoing from bucket one so we move the item to bucket one similar for the red item we choose one edge for example the one outgoing from three we move one item to bucket three choose one other edge which is outgoing from for bucket four, so we move the item to bucket four. And for the last edge, we observe that we need to move it to bucket four by the graph, but the bucket four is already filled up completely up to capacity, so we can't actually move the item to the bucket. But for this, we have the stash, so we can just move the item to the stash. And then we do the same for all the remaining items, and we get this allocation based on the graph. And then we only have two items in the stash and all the other buckets are actually filled. And it's important to note that this solution is actually best among all these solutions, no matter where you start from, so no matter the orientation in the beginning, no matter what choices you make during the algorithm, it always outputs a graph that later on leads to an allocation with the lowest stash size possible. So this is essentially how Tetris works, and then we show the main theorem of our paper, which states that there exists a valid assignment with overwhelming probability, such that we can choose only m buckets, where m is equal to two plus epsilon times n over p, where epsilon's a small constant. So essentially n over p is the minimal amount of buckets that we would need for any packing algorithm, even if it's non-data independent. So the overhead is essentially two plus epsilon. And secondly, we show that this stash is only omega of log lambda divided by log n pages, and more importantly, this shows that the stash is independent on the size of the database, which is important because later on we will store the stash on the client, so we would like this stash to not grow if we outsource more and more data. And on a more theoretical note, this is actually a direct generalization of cuckoo hashing in the static case. So in our case, we allow for weighted items, so lists of variable size, but if we choose only lists of the maximal size p, then actually this algorithm is equivalent to cuckoo hashing. And we show that even though we allow for variable size lists, so not only the maximal size p, that we have the same asymptotic behavior, so the same stash size and the same amount of buckets. So in conclusion, we show that cuckoo hashing works with stash for items of variable size. Secondly, we define data independent packing and actually constructing efficient DIP scheme. And based on that, we get an SSE scheme that has all of one storage and page efficiency, which is called TATIS. So before finishing my talk, I quickly wanted to show you the results of experiments that we ran. So in dark red, you can see the throughput. And in bright red, in bright blue, and in dark blue, you can see the inverse efficiency of page efficiency, read efficiency and storage efficiency respectively. And if we look at the graph, then we can see that the page efficiency is a very good predictor for the throughput. So whenever we have a very high page efficiency, we generally have a very high throughput as well. Secondly, we can see that TATIS actually has high storage efficiency, read efficiency and page efficiency. And the only scheme that comes close to a plaintext database in all of these characteristics. And yeah, with that, I thank you for listening to this talk. And if you want any more information, then I invite you to read the e-print article or to ask me questions in private.


about 15 minutes for questions and what I'd like to do is take three questions first and then throw them to the panelists and then we'll see whether we have time left and there's another time during the day where we can talk further. Yes, and please introduce yourself. The second presentation, I just came back from South Africa too and sadly I was disappointed by just how segregated it still is, even in cities, but I was very much encouraged by your presentation. I wanted to ask several questions. One, the enumeration system, is that similar to the slum dwellers international enumeration? What's the same? Second, one of the things I heard about when I was there was you have buffer zones, but people still settle on that. So who's monitoring that to make sure that those buffer zones stay safe, unsettled. And third, so in some ways you are dealing with the easier situation of city-owned land. And what I was hearing in other places is the real tough nut is informal settlements on private land, you know, in municipalities. So then the electricity company really feels like they can't provide electrical services because that is starting to recognize those settlements and you know, and clearly there is a private owner. So what do you do in those situations? Okay, thank you very much. Great. We have another question over on this side. My name is Geep Fefferman and I'm an economist. I run the Global Business School Network. So I wanted to ask an economist's question. You've worked for many years and this is a kind of very complex multifaceted social engineering program. What are the resources that you put into this? It looks to me of hand, I would guess that a lot of money has gone into this per person and how do you assess the benefits at the end? Susana Lasterria from the University of Wisconsin. My question is, that relates to gender and rights to land. In both of these projects, it sounds like the Ebenhouser, I'm not sure if that's the name is correct, Ebenhouser Project. With the communal land title, I'm assuming that everyone in the association becomes one of the owners, corporate owners of the communal land. But then, and that I think does include women because everybody over 18 is a member of the association, is that correct? Okay. With the individual land titles, are those legal land titles or are those certificates that are handed out by the CPA? If they are either way, I'm just wondering whose names are on those titles. Are women's names also included in the titles? Regarding the townships in Cape Town, outside of Cape Town, again when you are handing out the occupancy certificates or the residential certificates, are whose names, what is the criteria for putting names as occupants or users or owners on those and I assume those are not legal titles. Those are just within the community itself, recognized within the community itself. And then related to both of those, I'm just wondering what are both the norms and the rules for inheritance rights and do those include daughters and wives? Thank you. Thanks. So you have a full agenda here. David, do you want to begin? Okay. I think the last one was related to me in particular and yes, the community as a whole owns the whole land. Men definitely dominate in the rights to the arable plots, but it's not only men that own those or that have the rights to those plots. In the custom, the current landholder can decide who that land goes to and many of those situations have been where the woman, a daughter, a wife takes over that land and then becomes the land rights holder. It's up to now it's been restricted to the 153 primarily because of a restriction on water. There's hopefully an upgrade of the dam and there will probably be additional water that comes into play. And then any expansion there, there's a particular focus within the community saying that must be particularly for women. I think it's a recognition that in the past that woman within the custom have not actually been advantaged in access to land. You asked whether the title is a legal one or not. At this point it's not. That's why we're also involved in a national intervention to try and get communal rights and or continuum of rights to be recognized and recorded at different levels. So at the moment it's not. At the moment in fact we're still implementing this thing. So the rights that are held are very insecure, some of whom don't have a certificate with the local municipality. So this is the anticipated system that will be implemented once the land is actually transferred to the community. In terms of I think inheritance I explained it. It's really in custom. Most often men receive the rights and that currently it would be the right to communal grazing and to the arable plot. But it's not it's not unusual for women to also do that. But most of it mostly men do receive that in the inheritance. What we found out in Monabisi Park is that it was about 46.5% of the household head was a woman. And so what we particularly did was worked out set of criteria with the community of what they thought was the household head. And in a lot of cases you had couples coming together as well. A lot of women who are not necessarily married. So what we also allowed was a secondary name on the list. So there was there was always allowance for somebody else. So one so the household head and then another. What we also did there was also we made sure that the tenants were also on the community list as well. So I was amazed at that percentage in South Africa. I think for that amount of women to be considered the household head I was blown away. I really was. And very important as well for what it was. But it also shows the urban context and how people migrate and move around between urban centers. In terms of the inheritance aspect we have an ongoing community register. So it allows for people to come and register deaths and births and life basically. But the problem that we hit was the the tennis advocates are not necessarily updated by the city of Cape Town. So then the local not necessarily administrative recognition but the local recognition has a gap for the long term use of it. There was never intention that it would last so long in terms of that we could get quicker legal recognition plus administrative recognition but we still stuck on local recognition. But we do realize that there is a need for that ongoing inheritance or maintenance. It's like a broken tap. You got to when it breaks you got to fix it just like a register. You got to keep it updated. Very important. I'm going back to the first question from Claire. Do we use a similar enumeration system to slum dwellers. I think we did but I mean enumerations are they kind of you know quite standard. But what we did was really try and understand what it meant at the beginning. What is the status quo. So we did a lot of the work on the ground trying to understand whether it was whether it was what the community wanted was this enumeration system. So yes a similar process was followed but I think what we what we're making sure is it's continuous because a lot of enumerations people come in from the outside they do the enumeration and then it goes. But we wanted to make sure was there was some kind of continuity and activity to it. And community ownership is all run by volunteers. The community register office is run by volunteers. They've been trained up in geolocating and mapping and there are wizards on the computer now they have all our community facilities have Wi-Fi access so it can be live data that's fed straight to the municipality on correct systems at the same systems municipality in reality. Buffer zone so who monitors we had a land invasion in 2014 before the elections in South Africa by one of the political parties but the people who came to forefront was the local leadership. And they blew us away. They literally because people wanted to burn down the register office and so kind of normal community dynamics but to its almost extreme and the the the safe note area committee snack. They sort of stood there and hold hands and stop people and there are there are very few kind of in migrations but there's a lot of internal growth is what we find. So you can't stop internal growth. A husband a brother somebody comes from the Eastern Cape and settles in Cape Town and that's not as you know it's normal. So but ongoing monitoring is very important. What about privately owned land. I didn't have the opportunity to present our area but we are working in another area called Lotus Park that is a very different environment on Prasa land. So the local rail organization but they're there they're a subsidiary company. They're not government. So we do have that problem where we have one and a half thousand households on land that is not state. We're going through a different process with them. But it still is one that one can deal with incrementally as well. That one's been a three year land transfer in the process. The land transfer part the legal part doesn't necessarily take that long. The negotiations to give everybody around the table is the difficult part. Just to the economic part the feasibility of all of this. I personally can't put an amount to improving somebody's quality of life. I find that that is insurmountable. I can't. The amount of value we have I think is quite minimal. Our staff members on the ground. We have one local community facilitator on the ground and we have various people who technical staff as well as ground staff who we're employing from the local community. So I feel that there is a little bit of feedback. We have a little construction team doing the public space who live in Monobissey Park. So they're all getting training and skills development through the process. I think partnerships is a big thing. So we don't we don't work alone. We work in partnership. So that's very important. We work with our early childhood development is done in a partnership. So that network that we spoke about at the beginning that that for me is what we need to do. And we need to be innovative. We have to deal with these areas. The idea was to set up the pilot and see how we can roll it out to other areas. So the sustainability of it also means how can we ingrain learnings and teachings beyond just what we are doing and with the city of Cape Town as well. So this for me is an important platform to actually share the information and get further continuity of the project as well. Thank you very much. I think there's one on the same issue. Yeah, just on the economics one. You know, if you consider that 13 percent of South Africa's land is in form in former homeland and 8 percent of the land has now been transferred through land reform. So we're talking the order of 20 percent of South Africa's land, which is either under utilized or unutilized completely. I don't know if people that have been to South Africa, if you've driven through the former homelands in many areas, people are not cultivating anymore. And that's primarily because of land administration breakdown, because they can't trust that someone else's goats aren't they going to come in and eat their their cabbages. So people stop producing. So the value of doing this and it's going to cost a lot because there are many communities involved and there are many land rights that are not clear enough. But the value of doing it means that it's going to make a major shift in the economy in bringing those areas of land under production. At Ebenezer itself, many of the portions of land are not utilized, partially because of the lack of land right, but partially because of the ineffectual canal system. But there again, there's a proposed new canal system being implemented at the moment with and that with an ability to go to a bank and say, here's my certificate for my land right is going to make a major difference to the person's decision to intervene to invest in their land.  Thank you very much. I think we are at the end of this session. And so I want to thank the two of you. And then after this, there's coffee in the back room and we'll read some hope in 15 minutes. But thank you very, very much. And people have more questions for you.


I'm Zeke and welcome to the dream green show y'all already know what time it is in this video I'm gonna show you guys exactly how much I made in dividends in the month of April now dividends is by far the most Passive income way to make passive income You literally do nothing and get paid out every single month guys do dividend investing inside of the stock market I'm gonna tell you guys what companies pay me out this month. Some of these companies are real estate REITs dividend aristocrats and Dividend Kings now a real estate REIT are companies that have to deal with real estate type properties, right? They usually pay out higher dividends because by law they are required to pay out 90% of their taxable income Through dividends back to their investors guys and dividends is what companies pays out to their investors either Monthly quarterly semi annually or annually to attract retail investors like us to invest into that company That's an hey if you invest into our company We'll pay you out of check every single month just from investing to our company That's pretty much what dividends is as passive income The other companies that pay me out are dividend aristocrats dividend aristocrats are companies that are inside of the S&P 500 that means these are the top 500 companies in America So you have to be inside the S&P 500 and have increased your dividend yield every single year for the last 25 years So first of all it's hard to get inside the S&P 500 and then you have to increase your dividends every single year for The last 25 years in order to become a dividend aristocrat and those companies have paid me out in the month of April Also, I have a dividend king dividend kings are companies that have been inside the S&P 500 and increase their dividends for the last 50 years so long before I was born these companies have been paying out dividends to their investors Every single month. So I'm gonna let you guys know what companies I'm investing into pretty much I'm very very close to reaching my dividend investing goal the goal that I started at the beginning of my investing career My goal was to reach $100 and dividends every single month and I'm so so close to reaching that $100 goal So I'm gonna let you guys know exactly how close I am and what companies pay me out Which ones are real estate reach which one are dividend kings and which one are dividend aristocrats in this video But before we dive into it this video is brought to you by Weeble signed up now by clicking the link down in the description Deposit $100 and now you can receive two free stocks value up to $1850 each with those two free stocks You can keep them inside the platform and decide to use it or you can sell those two free stocks and withdraw all of your money It's literally free money. Also, I left a link down to corn base down in the description That is by far the easiest way to buy and sell Cryptocurrency but enough talking let's go ahead and dive straight into this video Welcome back dreamers here. We are on my Robin Hood account. Yes This is the first time I've done one of these videos that my account has finally reached above $50,000 and I blew it right out of the water. I am at $55,971 in six cents and I had an incredible month of in April I'm up 9.68% up $4,939 So April has been an amazing month no April foods for me, baby Just skyrocketed all the way up to the top 9.68% and that's through the help of a lot of my growth stocks I don't just invest into dividend paying stocks. I invested to good quality stocks that just so happened to pay dividends I don't chase dividends. I let dividends come to me So let's go ahead and get it to these to these 10 dividend paying stocks that paid me out in the month of April Okay, here we are on the very first one coca-cola ticker symbol KO This is the dividend king that I was telling you guys about Coca-Cola is inside of the S&P 500 and have increased their dividends for the last 50 years guys I have a total of four shares paying out 42 cents per share So I collected $1.68 if we take a look at Coke over the last year They're up 16.65% and I am up on coke one percent So I wasn't a hole for a little bit, but now I'm up if we look at coke dividend yield They pay out three point zero three percent. They have a three point zero three percent dividend yield And they have a very large well you guys know what coca-cola is I don't have to talk about they market cap. It's a billion-dollar company, right? But Coca-Cola they pay out their dividends quarterly. I mean they pay out their dividends every three months Four times a year. So that is coca-cola. That's going to be my total to $1.68 The next one that paid me out is Walmart Walmart also is a quarterly paying dividend stock on on six point six shares paying now 55 cents per share For a total of three dollars and sixty seven cents. If we take a look at Walmart, of course It's Walmart. So over the last year they're up six percent and I am currently up 11 percent on Walmart My market value is 920 dollars and 22 cents and you guys know that they're a billion-dollar company But they have a dividend year of one point five five percent. So it's not as high as coke But Walmart is the best Superstore is one of the best super stores out there in the world. So that's Walmart So with Walmart paying me out three dollars and sixty seven cents That's going to be my total to five dollars and thirty five cents. The next one is AGNC AGNC is one of the real estate stocks that I was telling you guys about and I told you guys that real estate stocks Which is REITs they usually have a higher dividend yield So I have 102 shares of AGNC paying out 12 cents per share But they pay me out a total of $12 and 24 cents if we take a look at AGNC over the last year They're up forty four point nine percent So they had an amazing year and I'm up 24 percent on AGNC with a market value of one thousand eight hundred dollars And like I said before REITs have higher dividend yields than the growth companies. So they have a dividend year of eight point two four percent guys Usually stocks only go up six percent in a year. Their dividends alone is eight point two four percent So if AGNC never cut their dividends and you want some guaranteed Returns eight point two four percent is looking like a pretty sweet return in just one year So with AGNC paying me out twelve dollars and twenty four cents That's gonna give my total to seventeen dollars and fifty-nine cents. The next one is IIPR Not gonna talk about this one real estate stock if you want to look it up look it up I can't talk about it on YouTube. I own one point five shares Pay me out one dollar and thirty two cents per share for a total of two dollars this time over the last year They're up one hundred thirty nine percent. I'm up ninety percent They have a dividend yield of two point six three percent. So yeah, I'm not gonna talk about this one I'm gonna get them all times on this channel But with IIPR paying me out two dollars and six cents That's gonna bring my total to nineteen dollars and sixty five cents. The next one is also a real estate stock a real estate REIT Ticket symbol or real estate income. This one is known as the monthly Paying dividend stock I own eight shares paying out twenty three cents per share for total one dollar eighty nine cents This is a real estate income. So they're a real estate REIT. They're up thirty seven percent in the last year I'm up nine percent and they have a dividend yield of four point zero four percent and they pay out that every Single month that is why this one is known as the monthly paying dividend stock the contrast that they have under ticket symbol With their rental properties the that the lands that they lease to these companies They're they're gonna get their returns back and that is why they're known as the monthly paying dividend stock So it took a symbol O paying me out a dollar and eighty nine cents That's gonna bring my total to twenty one dollars and fifty four cents. The next one's PSEC prospect capital Have eleven shares six cents per share paying me out sixty six cents over the last year. They're killing it up ninety two percent and I'm up seven hundred and Nineteen percent on eleven shares. I'm up eighty nine dollars average cost was a dollar and and they have a eight point nine Dividend percent yield. So yes, this is also a real estate stock and this one pays out monthly as well So hey, these high dividend REITs are the ones that usually pays out every single month So with prospect capital paying me out sixty six cents That's gonna be my total to twenty two dollars and twenty cents. The next one is gap to assemble GPS I own fourteen shares twenty four cents per share Paying me out three dollars and forty nine cents. Let's take a look at gap. They have killed it up three hundred and seventy nine percent And a single year. I think that's because Kanye West got a clothing line coming out with them pretty soon I am up one hundred and forty one percent On GPS on gap with the market value of four hundred and seventy nine dollars. Oh, man I really wish I would have bought so much more gap back in the day Because when I heard the Kanye West news that he was making a clothing line with them I should have at least bought 100 shares But gap right now is paying out a dividend to me with for three dollars and forty nine cents So we got paying me out three dollars and forty nine cents That's gonna be my total to twenty five dollars and sixty nine cents The next one is SP HD power share SP 500 high dividend low volatile ETF This is a ETF that means ETFs are companies that invest into a broad range of different companies and have them inside that portfolio so if you want to invest into all the technology companies that are ETFs out there for that if you want to invest into all of the Energy sector companies. There's ETFs out there for that but this ETF focus on high dividend low volatile Stocks, right? So I have 30 shares paying me out to a sense per share, but total of three dollars and seventy nine cents Over the last year that up 38 cents I'm up a percent on SP HD and they have a 4.74 dividend yield and this is also a monthly paying dividend stock. So with SP HD paying me out three dollars and Seventy nine cents. That's gonna be my total to twenty nine dollars and forty eight cents. The next one is PEY This is also a another ETF. This one pays out quarterly. I have a hundred shares Six cents per share paying me out six dollars and sixty four cents if we take a look at PEY They're up forty nine percent over the last year I'm up twenty seven percent on PEY on PEY with the market value of two thousand fifty two dollars We take a look at the dividend yield. They have a four point six Dividend yield. So with PEY paying me out six dollars and sixty four cents That's gonna be my total to thirty six dollars and twelve cents and to the last stock that paid me out stock number ten This is NRZ. This is also a real estate stock. This one pays out quarterly Take a symbol in RZ new residential investments. I have a hundred and ninety shares paying out twenty cents per share And this one has paid me out the most by far thirty eight dollars if we take a look at NRZ over the last year They're up ninety seven percent, but we look at the last couple years I bought in at NRZ around seventeen dollars and then bought the dip all the way down to five dollars That would have been an amazing time to get in So I am down just a little bit twelve percent on NRZ But I have made that back from dividends along guys if we take a look at NRZ dividends right now They pay not four point seven nine percent. They used to have a fourteen percent dividend yield, but they cut them That's why the price had dropped. Of course. We all know why they cut them, right? So the dividend yield had dropped and they're slowly starting to recover So so me buying the dip when it was all the way down to five dollars help lower my average cost to eleven dollars So hopefully in the next month or so it's looking like it's back on the right track Hopefully in the next month the next time I get paid out in dividends I will be back in a positive on NRZ and collect even more dividends from NRZ So when NRZ paying me out thirty eight dollars, that's gonna bring my total to seventy four dollars and twelve cents That's right guys I am seventy four percent of the way to my goal of one hundred dollars in dividends per month So there we go guys, let me know down in the comment section, which is your favorite Do you like real estate REITs? Do you like the S&P 500 ETFs? Do you like the dividend aristocrats? Do you like the dividend Kings? Have you even heard of any of those names before let me know down in the comment section? Of course, I love getting paid passive income whenever I can. I'm lazy So whenever I'm getting a check by doing absolutely nothing, I love it So I'm going to continue to dividend invest and also invest into these growth stocks that just so happen to pay dividends So I'm not dividend chasing dividends come to me You know what I mean go ahead and leave a thumbs up on this video But if you made it this far in the video go ahead and grab your two free stocks by signing up for Weeble Click in the link down in the description. Get those two free stocks guys. It's up to $1850 you won't regret it. It's free money, but other than that I'm Zeke bring you to dream green show and I'm out peace


Hi everybody, Joe for jaspyscasebreaks.com with Nick's help right up there. We got our Jaspys 11 box multi-year football mixer. We got the feud on, of course, 11-year multi-year football mixer featuring Russell Wilson. We're giving away that, is that a rookie Russell Wilson? Yeah, it is. Wow. Nice rookie Russell Wilson from Limited. That's what we're giving away. I wouldn't be able to. It'd be Russell Wilson really fast. Russell Wilson, Russell Wilson, Russell. One of the boxes right there, which Nick is starting on right now, congrats to the people who won spots in Optic 14, and then thanks to the people who bought spots straight up. There are the teams right there. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it. Two out of three. Five times for each list. All right. After five times, Bradley down to Jeremy. Rich says Rothsburg will do movies after you. What, under the name Big Ben, what kind of movies would that be, Rich? Don't answer that. It's a family show. Two out of five, five times for, two out of three, five times for the teams. Two, three, four, and five. After five times, Cleveland Browns down to the Chargers. Wow, Sean Corbett on top of that Stafford news. He says that Stafford's wife is pregnant, hence getting a bigger house. That's why he put it up on the market. Allegedly. According to Sean Corbett. Sean Corbett MZ. He hated the real estate industry, so yeah, maybe he heard it from his contacts out there in Detroit, in the Detroit area. My contacts are saying differently.  Alright, let's sort this by team and trades are allowed, we'll do a live trade window while Nick's opening up packs up there and keep the different years in mind. There are a couple of old boxes, 2013, 15, 12, it's definitely kind of a broad multi-year product right here. Steelers up for trade, Philly LA up for trade, we'll give it a few moments, did they win the car? What kind of car is it? Oh, it's a Jeep Cherokee? That's nice. It's a good family car. SNM submissive. What was the question? It's a family show ladies and gentlemen. Those are Falcons perhaps? That's pretty good, that's 500 bucks, that's a really nice dinner for that entire family right there. Oh, that was a consolation? Yeah, that's your consolation. 500 bucks, couldn't give me anything. Probably cost me a bit of flying tickets. That's an 8-3. Oh, we are being shown at work. Expensive skin care product to see dramatic results. Try Olay's skin care. Just one jar of micro-sculpting cream has the hydrogen power of five jars of seed cream, which helps clump skin cells and visited skin wrinkles, while Olay Wet Nail 24 provides visitedly smoother brother skin.  We'll be talking to you by then. Hey, everyone, thank you for taking us to the Pringles Flavors. Hey, Pringles Flavors, make new ones. Any action, T.W.C.? No thanks. Oh, Ron is going to take Steelers? Are you accepting Rich's offer here? Falcon Steelers? What was it? What was the deal? Oh, no, that was with Zach, maybe? Steelers something? Steelers Falcons? Well, Zach has the Steelers. You have the Eagles. Unless it was Steelers Eagles. No, Zach's going to hold with the Steelers. Okay, so it looks like we're just going to roll. All right. All right. T.W.C. means trade window closed. Let's print. Let's rip. Coming up after this will be a quick little five box Dauntress Optic NBA Blaster Break. Oh, Chronicles that is, Baseball. And then the Dauntress Optic Blaster. And that should kind of bring us pretty close to the end of the night. Unless that flawless basketball feels, ladies and gentlemen. I'm down to do that. All right. So here's the official list right there. The 11 box multi-year football mixer with Danger Us. Danger At Danger Us Wilson. You don't want to pile it too high. All right. We have a complete right here. Do we have a checklist for this? No, this is a non-checklist one. We should make a checklist for this. Since there's no checklist for this on groupratechecklist.com, we're going to go with our non-pro uniform rules. So we'll go to the team they played for the longest if they're active or if they're inactive, retired. And the team they're currently on if they're active. So Tom Brady, one of one. Yes, we'll go to the Buccaneers. Hardy Nickerson. Hardy Nickerson. No, not 1965, Hardy Nickerson. Hardy Nickerson Jr. Hardy Nickerson from Orange Eye Team. Cincinnati. Is that Illinois? I thought they were red. Orange Eye Team. Illinois is red. Red color. Indiana is red. Indiana is red. You can see how much college football I watch. Coach by former Bears coach, Lovey Smith. Really? Lovey Smith? I was like, wonder, where did Lovey... All right, Cincinnati Bengals, that'll be Adam Kuperman. Why did he keep rolling... Oh no, they got Daniel out there. I was like, why did he keep rolling Allison out there? She was terrible. Daniel's doing a lot better job than Allison, that's for sure. Now she needs just one good number one answer. Yeah? See, that's a good... See, she... Good answer. The key is you have to give the second... If you give too many number one answers first, it'll be like... And you have to be like, okay, think of another one. All right, next autograph is Josh Caroway. Josh Caroway from TCU. Titans. So that will be for Jeremy Agno. Cowes. Buffalo. Buffalo! That's a good one. She, that's a good one. She's good. She. That's kind of a suggestion. Yeah, but whoever the 100 people survey, yeah. So we missed it. Cow is number one answer. Buffalo is probably number two. Ooh, come on Drew. This guy stinks. This guy sucks, get him out of here.  Two. Drew, it could be $60,000 in that cheap Cherokee. Soccer, oh, now that's a bad answer now. 15, 148, you let your family down. You let your family down, Drew. You let your family down. You let your family down, Drew.  Don't dance. Don't clap. You shouldn't be allowed to clap. You should be thrown out. Patrick Mahomes. Rookie Patrick Mahomes. Nice card going to the Chiefs. Is he still eagle? Or is he now? I may as well top load all of these. Miami Dolphins. I'm assuming the shipping team knows who Mahomes is. Make it easy for them. You say Miami, or Carolina? Miami on Mack Collins. Miami on Mack Collins. So Mack Collins will go to Anthony V. And the Dolphinos. It's minus like 300. Minus 300 on, they're going to play. Plus 200 on pass. No one ever passes. Just pass. Put the pressure on the end. It's like deferring the football? Yeah, yeah, yeah. But no one ever defers it. I'll bet that is a better strategy. We got, oh god, that's poor, Dalvin. That's the worst one yet though. The worst authored penmanship yet. What a great player. The DC four. If he had it closer together, it would be better. I actually think this was early in the season, right? These college ones? I want to say as the season goes on, he's one of those rare guys where his autographs got better as the season went on. Because I remember early on everyone was like, oh. But he kind of gave you a little extra as the season went on, thankfully. Ryan Redman, the Dalvin, still a nice auto. I think someone got in Dalvin's ear and was like, Dalvin, come on, man.  First round running back? First round running back. First round running back on a high profile team that has a history of good running backs. Come on, man. Maybe get some old prominence out of the way. 15 select. The Andrew Luck box. Maybe some of this. Roopies and stars. What are we closing with here? Plates and patches. Plates and patches? All right. Okay. All right, we've got some good stuff. All right. Awesome. Thank you, Nick. Crown Row Retail. We've got Miles Kilbrough for the Detroit Lions. That'll be for Carter Lawson. That's 249. Tyler Irvin. Rookie Silhouette Relic for the Texans Daniel Paterra for the Texans. Joe Flacco to 199. And there's a Rodney Smith rookie auto. Looks like an eraser right there. 72 out of 225, like a novelty eraser with the Vikings logo on it. Another Viking for Ryan Redman. Ooh, they're going to pass. Nick, they passed. This family passed. Ooh. Now Steve Harvey's acting like that's a bummer. But let's see if the strategy put the pressure on them. 218 out of 999, Justin Brown. Zach Paul with the Steelers, last bottom ojo. Out of 99, Xavier Rhodes. And Niall Davis, nice patch, nice autograph. Out of 100, Chiefs, Anthony V. Watch a film. That's terrible. Ooh, that strategy might have worked. That other family that passed. 2015 prison football. No, that's a little too on the nose, isn't it? Yeah, XXX. Other family can steal. Wow. Good strategy, good strategy. Marriota, autograph. Rookie autograph, Marcus Marriota. Tennessee Titans, Jeremy Agno. Okay, interesting. Ooh. No, you failed. They couldn't steal. What are the other answers? Pre-consider, crazy. Scream, cry, panic. Shane Ray, tie-dye. P, Hershey Squirts. What's the number two answer? 23 out of 25, Broncos, Chris D. Vince Maley to 50. Nick at Backfire, they couldn't steal. So they lost that round. That's a fail, though. They should have been able, they had the whole time to think about an answer. Mohamed Sanu to 99. Chris Connolly. These red ones aren't numbered, but they will ship. Sanu goes to Adam and the Bengals. Devin Smith, Rookie Silver. Dan Marino flipped around like this. Troll job right there. Russell will ship. Arab Marshals, Big Ben. Cameron Harris Payne to 150. Leonard Williams. Here's that Russell Wilson we're giving away. Pretty nice. Rookies and Stars from 2019. Rookies and Stars. Ed Oliver to 10. Christian McCaffrey, big time. Nice patch there to 25. Panthers, Chris Rowe. Justice Hills, 99. Alright, see his, I know. P's, yes, I have P's. Cool, thank you. We got Cross Training. J.J. Arthegal Whiteside to 199. That'll be for Ron Wester and the Fly Eagles Fly. And we've got Terry Godwin II to 25. I don't think I've ever heard of this guy. Maybe Chris's brother? That goes to Chris Rowe and the Panthers. Alright, there we go. Redemption, Brady to 50. Can he say he wants to play until he's 50? Jalen Ramsey, Jaguars. Plow. Oh, did she get it? Yeah, plow. DK Metcalf, Dress for Success. Seattle, Adam Cuperman. Travis Combine, right on the tractor. Rookie Sape on Barkley. Hayden Hurst, 99. Annie Dalton, 99. Alright, so that is XRC Auto II. Let's go to, alright, good answer. CardboardConnection.com. 2018, Select Football. XRC Prism Redemption Checklist, no. XRC Mystery Autograph. Card 322. Is Nick Bosa. There it is. Card 322, Nick Bosa. And there you go, Niners. That's going to be for Edwin Hack. Hi, Ryan. Yes, we do. There's the schedule right there. And we'll be adding more to it for tomorrow. Passing my home, second year. Marjax and Rookie, this is 2018, Select. Sub-Chat. I know Nick told me about that earlier today. Styling for just under a mil, right? It's wild. We're going to randomize the points to someone in the break. It'll be the Russell Wilson and the second one will be the 400 points. We've got Snapshot, Tideye, Ezekiel, Elliott. The Sean Watson to 175. Oh, no worries, Ryan. You're in Jumbo Random 2. Yeah, it'll be around 7.30 in the morning. 10.30 East Coast Time. Bradley Chubb to 199. Little Rivers, Field Level, Silver for the Charters. That'll be for Jeremy Agno. Bradley Chubb for Chris and the Broncos. And Lamar Jackson. Oh, that was going to be an autograph. Three-color patch. There you go, 66 out of 99. That'll be for Adam Cofferman and the Ravens. Then we've got Plaxco Burris Jersey and Autograph. Giants, Kevin Benedict with the New York Football Giants. 28 out of 75. Next box, Ben Banagoo for the Blue Horseshoes. That's going to be an autograph for Harry Laos. Daniel Jones, Rated Rookie. DK Metcalf, Rated Rookie Hollow for Adam Cofferman and the Seahawks. Nice. Yeah, he's having a pretty good day, Bill. Makes up for trying to make up for all the not-so-good days. Christian Kirk is your Daenerys Threads Relic for John Stallone and the Cardinals. Darius Slayton. Dexter Lawrence Hollow. Chandler Cox, Orange Scope to 79. Yeah, you can ask him about that tomorrow, Mark. We've got Sean Murphy Bunting. He passes the Bunting. That goes to Kevin Benedict and the Buccaneers. Jason Stick, Rated Rookie Hollow. Sterling Shepard. Donner's Threads. Giants. Kevin Benedict. Daniel Jones, Bronze. It's exclusive to this blaster set here. David Montgomery, Rated Rookie to 79 for the Bears. That'll be for Matt. Reggie Wayne to 10. We've got a Kobe Fleener. Remember him? Rookie Paytard Relic for the Colts. That'll be for Harry Laos. 30 to 49. We've got Lee Roy Selman. Old Buccaneer. Lee Roy Selman. Two out of 25. We've got a die-cut autographed D'Angelo Peterson. Redskins to 49. That'll be for Harry Laos. Ronnie Hillman, three-color patch and autographed for Chris and the Broncos. Playboy vehicle, Jim. Come on, Jim. Rookies and Stars? No, I'm sorry. That's Chronicles, plates and patches. Benny Snell, Jr. is your autographed. 50 out of 50. Die-Cut, Zach Paul. Last got Mojo. That's a good answer. Kurt Warner to 99. Did he get that? What was it? What's the last answer? That's a tough question. Club, Playboy Club. I would never have found that. Winner take all on the points. That's 1,300 points right there. So spot number two behind the Russell Wilson will get that big chunk of points. That's a healthy amount of points. Andy Isabella to 25. You might be able to sell those points for the cost of the spot, if not more. JJ Watt to 99, whoever wins that. Texans, that'll be for Daniel Patero. Turn down for Watt. Nick Bosa to 99. Alexander Madison to 199. All right, the last box here, there's Robbie Anderson. That's 99 for the Jets. We got Vic Beasley Jr. to 50. For the Dirty Birds, Rich Schmidt. Leonard Fournette, nice patch in there. Supreme Swatches to 99, 43 out of 99. For the Jaguars, that's going to be for Joe Clanton. We've got a Buccaneer. Autograph, nice Mike Alstott. Leaps and bounds. That's a great shot. Good photography there. 63 out of 99. Buccaneers, Kevin Benedict on card auto as well. A little inscription right here too. And the plate, Steve Largent. One of one for Adam Cupperman to close things out. All aboard the Big Head Express. Now let's give away some nice stuff here. Name on top gets the Russell Wilson. Second name gets all of those points. So let's flip back to the list right here. So let's get everyone from John all the way down to Harry Laos. Let's copy all the names in here. Let's roll it, let's randomize it. Seven times, four out of three. Top two, get something. Good luck. One, two, three, four, five, six, and seven in final time. After seven, top two. So 13 under points, a hefty amount of points. And thanks everyone for getting in. Hefty amount of points going to Edwin Hack. There you go Edwin. And the Russell Wilson. Rich Schmidt, there you go Rich. You got the 999 Russell Wilson from Old Limited Football. 2012 Limited Football. Rookie Russell Wilson. On-card autograph. Number 299. There you go, congrats to you Rich. Thanks to everyone for getting into the action. I'm Joe for jashbyscasebreaks.com. I'll see you next time for the next break. Bye bye.


The first characteristic that all living things exhibit is this concept of hierarchical organization. And this is fundamental to understanding how life functions and why it works the way it does because it's got these levels of organization that at each level, in fact, at each level there are emergent properties that are characteristics of just that level. Okay. So let's write this down. Hierarchical, hierarchical organization. And in fact, there are some very, very small levels of organization, small into the like physics, like crazy quantum physics level of tininess of matter. We're not going there. And all the way up to the biome, which is our entire planet and its atmosphere and all the critters and everything that are on it. Let's start with the subatomic particles that we're going to look at in this class.  And I'm going to start from the smallest and we're going to move to big. And so the smallest level of organization that we're going to look at is a subatomic particle. Subatomic particle. And tell me, what is an example of a subatomic particle? We've got protons, neutrons, and electrons. And if you've never heard of this, we've got an entire lecture coming up day after the next one on chemistry, which is we'll be talking about these different subatomic particles and what they do and why they're significant. If we take subatomic particles, like protons, neutrons, and electrons, and put them together, so let's take groups of subatomic particles and we're going to make what? Sub below the atom. We're going to make atoms. Atoms are the basic building block of all matter. And again, we're going to spend an entire lecture. Yeah, you might wish. You might be glad that we're only spending a lecture. We will understand shortly that all function, all critter function really can be boiled down to what's happening at the atomic level of organization, where atoms and molecules are interacting with each other and causing you to exist, which is phenomenal. When you take atoms and you put them together to build something bigger, something a little more complicated, you get molecules. And molecules are just, it's like Legos. We're going to take molecules and we're going to, we're going to take atoms and we're going to put them together like Legos and now we've got a molecule. Now I'm going to do, so that I can try and fit my entire thing on one page. I'm going to go this direction now. I feel like I'm playing dominoes. When I play dominoes with my kids, they, their domino trains like go all over the place. We had the airplane domino going on with one of my, whatever. So that's what I'm doing. I'm making a crazy domino train right now. Because if we take molecules and put them together into basically bigger molecules, but a level of organization that has new characteristics, we get biomolecules. And I need to tell you what those biomolecules are. We have four categories of biomolecules. So molecules are groups of atoms. And now we're going to put our groups of atoms, our molecules together to get these specialized molecules that are big and they're found in living systems and we have four categories. We have nucleic acids, nucleic acids. That's like DNA. That's your genetic material. We have proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids. That builds, rah, rah, rah, like that giant massive biceps. Domest with me because it's really strong. Lipids. Lipids are basically fats and carbohydrates. That's our other group of biomolecules. So these are all big examples, big molecules that are used to build living things. If we combine, this is a tricky place. People often get mixed up here. If we, we can use biomolecules to build structures. They're like little tiny machines. And once you see how these things work, you're going to be like, what? We have those things inside our bodies, inside our cells, inside our what, 100 trillion cells. Okay, 10 trillion cells. Yes, you do. They're called organelles. Organelles. And organelles are little, they're machines. They're machines that are found inside what? Cells. Now, let's just take a minute to do something amazing like this. We've got the cellular level of organization because we've got these little machines, these little organelles, and we put them together and now we have the first level of organization where life is evident. Before this, you didn't have, none of this stuff is alive. The organelles aren't alive. They're machines. They do work, but they're not alive. Only the cell is the first level where we see characteristics of life, one of which is this hierarchical organization. Okay, now you have cells. Now you have living things. Well, we can combine these living things. We can combine these cells together. And if you get a group of cells working together for a common function, we get tissues. The study of tissues is histology. We will use the microscopes to study or to look at some tissues in this class. If you're moving forward to human anatomy next, you will spend a good chunk of time studying tissues in that class. But it's a group of cells that are working together for a common function. You can take tissues and you can use them, like Kleenex tissues, like adipose tissues, and epithelial tissues, and connective tissues, and muscle tissues, and nervous tissue. And we can put them together to build organs. So an organ is a group of different kind of tissues that are all working together for a common function. Heart, a brain, a bone. Your humerus is actually an organ. Bones are groups of lots of different kinds of tissues that are working together to carry out a common function. Muscles, my gigantic biceps brachii that I'm so proud to show you here, is an example of an organ. There's a whole bunch of different tissue types in there that are working together. Organs, if they work together for a common function, are you seeing a little pattern here? Then you get organ systems. And an organ system, an example, a cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, the digestive system. Here we've got multiple different organs that are working together, and they're all working together to do the same basic function. And organ systems, when you have a whole group of them working together to carry out, to maintain homeostasis, which we'll talk about in a second, organ systems make up an organism. Now, where does an organism start and where does it end? That's actually another rather philosophical conversation that we could have. We'll try to avoid, we've been doing way too much philosophy. It like hurts my brain. But we're not done. We actually get to keep going. And we're going to keep going into the world. Maybe we'll take it and make it green. Because groups of organisms can live together and work together like all the same kinds of critters can live together like a little family or a little city. And that's called a population. So groups of, so a population is one species of critter, all living together and working together. And I mean, think about this. Do we live in isolated populations? My house is not an isolated population because there are other human organisms, my husband, my two children. But we also have other critters, other species living with us. And I don't even want to think. I'll just tell you the ones that are living with us that are, that I would actually admit. I don't even want to think about the ones that are living in the dust bunny piles under my dresser. That's a little frightening. We have a chicken named Mabel Madeline. She likes to come in the house whenever she can squeeze in through a door that a boy leaves open. Oh, that happens all the time. We have a dog named Lottie Dog. We have a cat named Lois. These are all different species. So we actually live in a community, a group of multiple species, many species living together. And our community can actually, we can make the whole community if we look at all these different species and their non-living environment. Then we have a ecosystem.  And then the whole thing, I have to make it in a whole new color. The whole thing, all of it makes up the biosphere. Whoa, did you follow my little path? Look, I'm going to make it yellow because yellow is my favorite color. You don't know that yet, but it is. And yellow is a hard color to use because you got to get it just right or else you can't see it. We started with subatomic particles. This was the simplest, the smallest. We made it all the way to the biosphere. How did we do it? We went through atoms, then molecules, then biomolecules, then organelles, then cells, first living system. Then tissues, then organs and organ systems and organisms to populations, communities, ecosystems, and to the biosphere. Looks like the yellow brick road. And all living things display this kind of hierarchical organization. Just because something is hierarchically organized doesn't mean that it is necessary a lot, necessarily alive. So there are other characteristics. In fact, there are four more characteristics that we're going to look at. And the next one is homeostasis. So let's find out what that is.


Just before you go to lunch. I just want a couple minutes of your time Just a couple of housekeeping things or kind of interest points, you know each day we've been calling out How many people have joined the webcast so on Wednesday was on the order of hundreds? Yesterday was on the order of 250 People joining the webcast watching the webcast and today the numbers have steadily increased and now we're back to the 250 So there's tremendous interest outside this room. I think that's very gratifying on a particular housekeeping point several people asked us what's going to happen to the webcasts Our team back here is going to have the webcasts available on the same link Or on the genome gov link the same webcast number the talks will be Linked to the agenda so you can actually go through the agenda and and review specific talks I think that's very nicely organized as I understand it The the webcast the videos will be available starting the week of August 5th and NIH always makes transcripts whenever they do a webcast so the transcripts from all the talks will be available Starting the week after beginning the week of August 12th. So a good deal of the meeting will be Archived and recorded third housekeeping point today's the last page to vote for your favorite poster and be sure and vote At the end of lunch is when we cut off voting There's a belt box right outside the poster room So please be sure and vote and the individual who wins will actually get a placard or certificate. So it's worthwhile So we haven't decided what to do about that we'll contact the speakers and figure out how they want to handle that So we'll be able to to post a notice or something to the participants and let us let you know what we're gonna do with the slides I know what you mean So we never we never negotiated that with the speaker So we want to try to work with them to see how they feel about sharing their slides So we'll we'll get back to you We'll probably send like a global email or whatever To let you know what we're planning to do and we're going to send out a survey to the participants anyway So we'll probably add some follow-up items about this meeting after the meeting is over within the next week So actually I also want To take this opportunity to thank a lot of people a lot of people I mean, I certainly was called out as a person During the speakers, but I want to make sure you folks here understand This was a major undertaking involving a lot of people it took about a year to organize and I just want to point out that Probably a genesis of this meeting was about two years ago when Jeff Gordon was talking to me one day and gave me this charge And I thought oh my god You have to get all that he said you have to get all the NIH directors in the room together to talk about this And I said well, I can't do that but the idea kind of started to grow in my mind about how could we get the NIH together in the second Piece that that that fed into the development of this meeting was we really started to see this tremendous increase across the ICs on the microbiome So clearly that seemed like the time was ripe And then I went to a triple AS symposium last year that Jeff Gordon organized and he had this structure We had each speaker call out a current gap near challenge in the context of the talk I said bingo. That's what we can do with all the speakers. So really we have to credit even though Jeff's not here We have to credit him with really planting the seed for this idea So what I want to do though is because I pointed out there are so many people that were involved If you could just raise your hand or stand up or in some way acknowledge your presence in the room I think it'd be great great for all the participants. So first of all Owen's here to my left Owen and Michelle Jillio is she in the room? Oh great great. They were tasked with Organizing this meeting and I don't know that they understood what they were going to undertake when I when I made that request of them and Michelle has been absolutely. I had no idea. She had this this kind of organizational skill set So she's been amazing and keeping us on track and Probably on budget Let's see There's a so it wasn't just us there was a core committee, so there's two layers There's a core committee which involved Rob Knight and Jacques Ravel. So Jacques Ravel is here And I think Rob is in the room perhaps They helped a lot in terms of really brainstorming about the structure of the meeting and who we should invite and what are the goals of the meeting? Also that core group was part of a larger committee that involved representatives from 16 different Institutes at the NIH that were part of the organizing committee We had lots of conference calls and Google Docs and spreadsheets and all that to try to make this agenda happen So you've seen I'm not gonna ask you to raise your hand, but you've seen many of these same committee members Serving as session co-chairs or co-moderators or running the mics around as we have open floor discussions So they've been engaged on all levels to make this meeting a success I do not want to forget the strategic results meeting contractor Sue Dilly And I think I'm in a garbled Janine's last name Obazitsky and done and Janet Burt are they've been in the back, but they were very Collaborative and helping us make this meeting happen making lots of creative suggestions about how to make it successful So I really appreciate their their input the sponsors You know they've been kind of silent partners here But they contributed a lot of money and they've been in the back here They want to sell their products, but they've been an important financial support for this meeting and I Want to call this out Chris Wellington and Nick DiGiacomo. They're in the back of Chris and Nick raise your hands Shilah is not in the room a Shilah Chiba was also an analyst with the HMP and they are the You know the the backbone to keep all these activities going so you really help But they also contributed in two ways both Dr. Collins slides and Eric Green slides Included data that Nick and Chris collected like for example the HMP citation data or the Distribution of funds across the NIH in the microbiome area, so they actually computed contributed data to their talks Which I really want to commend them for that In the back another set of silent people Are the NHGRI team Maggie Bartlett Alvaro and seen us and Steve Benowitz. I think Steve is still in the room They have been running all the webcasts They came Tuesday evening at 9 o'clock and spent four hours setting up the cameras Setting up the stage and lighting and all that so that this became a seamless process for webcasting broadcasting this Across the web, so I commend you folks in the back Common fun. I know Mary Perry's in the room Mary Perry not only support provided the lion's share of the funding to make this meeting happen But also encouragement and real excitement and was very Interested in the new model of this meeting that really want to develop. So I really appreciate that Mary and The invited speakers, you know You really embrace that charge for this meeting and really worked hard to share your thoughts about current gaps Nature challenges so we could all really think about if those are things that we need for the field I really appreciate your embracing that the spirit of the charge Ed Young is in the room somewhere Maybe he's not he was here earlier He'll come back in the afternoon We called Ed right away when we realized we want to have these open floor discussions and he had moderated the the Paris meeting the international human microbiome Congress in Paris last year and it occurred to us You know, he might be a great person to do this for us. So I really appreciate this not his normal role He's a journalist, but he has a tremendous interest in the microbiome So we really appreciate his willingness to be game to achieve our results and All you participants in the room, you know when I think about it now saying this to a couple of people Most of us do not go to the same meetings if you look at the distribution of expertise and disciplines across this room We're looking at four or five or six different scientific communities that come around around the microbiome So that requires the interest and willingness to in fact go across disciplines And so I think to have all these different scientific communities coming together to talk about the microbiome You folks really made this a successful meeting And Jeff, I do you want to say this wherever you are? I hope that you feel like we've met your challenge and I'm very proud to to be part of this. Thank you Let me just add a little more color to this. I wanted to Just to talk briefly about the successes of this meeting I am mightily impressed by how many people are still in the audience I think it's absolutely amazing and the the data point of 250 people watching. I just can't believe that and Obviously, we've had just an incredible Collection of luminaries to present and I think it's just an incredibly successful meeting from that angle Let's not forget that we're also going to get a report out in nature I'm really excited that last night. I attended a dinner where people were sitting down to talk about protocol standardization and I just couldn't believe how much it touched my heart to hear Julian Davey say that this is the most exciting time in in his whole life and Since this is the most exciting microbeat my bio meeting ever. He must be at an absolute peak, right? This is it right now. So I just want to just want to say I think what's so interesting about this community Is it reminds me a little bit of one of his slides that said that bacteria are both? Competitive, but they're also highly cooperative, and I think that's very true for everybody out here I think the the vibe of This can consortium or this group of people is that we're just so supportive Lita has really rigged everything So we've really been listening to each other and we're establishing this great relationship to NIH So all of these elements that we've just been talking about Lita has played an instrumental role in it all, okay? I marvel at the fact that this group of people We don't hate each other We really seem to be getting along very nicely And that's because of the the tone and the vibe and what you have just absolutely brought to hold this So let's just thank Lita for Now what are we gonna do about lunch? Another housekeeping because we're running late what I'm gonna recommend is that we have lunch for an hour because I don't want to Torture you for the rest of the day have your one hour lunch, but come back at one rather than 1245 so the rest of the schedule for the remainder of the afternoon will be shifted now by 15 minutes Okay, thank you. So come back at one. Thank you


Live from the Oracle Conference Center in the heart of Silicon Valley, extracting the signal from the noise. It's theCUBE, covering the Oracle Cloud Launch, brought to you by Oracle. Now your host, John Furrier and Dave Vellante. Okay, welcome back everyone. We are here live on the ground pre-event coverage or pre-gaming Larry Ellis' keynote at Oracle Cloud's platform announcements. I'm John Furrier. My co-host Dave Vellante, this is theCUBE, our flagship program. We can go out to the events and extract the signal and noise. Our next guest is Prashant Ketkar, VP of Product Management, infrastructure group, welcome to theCUBE. Thank you very much, great to be here. The press are rolling in, exclusive announcement, Larry Ellis is going to be on stage with the flare, boom, boom, crane, jib, all the cameras are rolling. Yeah. What's going on? What's going on with Oracle hardware, space, the infrastructure, engineered systems? Is that coming together with the cloud? What's going on? Yeah, I mean, look, you know, we are investing in all three layers of the stack. As you know, we've been on the journey for several years and making sure our applications are available in the cloud as SaaS offerings. We announced the platform offerings about a year ago and we are now, you know, entering and continuing to expand our footprint in the infrastructure space. So we want to play in all three layers of the stack, in the software as a service area, in the platform as a service area, and in the infrastructure as a service area. So one of the big announcements is the Oracle Cloud archive storage, kind of like leaking that out a little bit here, what's going to be minutes before it gets announced. We heard a global CIO on earlier who says, I want my people focused in on not on what's going on at the port level, I want them focused on the business application kind of analytics. That's right. And I want that abstracted away. Is that what you guys are doing? Can you share what you're doing in that area? Yeah, I mean, we are on the infrastructure side. We are doing a few very interesting things, specifically around the storage side. You know, we believe we are going to do disruptive things on the business model side. We've also innovated on the technology side, where what we've done essentially is build a single policy based storage fabric through which a customer can tune the types of storage services that they're using in the back end without having to change anything in their application. So if you- Zero application change. Zero application change. I think that's the key. If you were to go to any one of our competitors today, if you wrote an application that called on, you know, the S3 storage service with Amazon or with their Glacier storage service and you tomorrow decided that you had to make a change to that class of service around storage, you would actually have to go tweak your application and change your application to accommodate for that back end service change. With what we are doing, we are making it completely transparent to the application developer so that he can really through policy change the type of service that's being accessed on the back end. So my policy could be age-based. It could be age-based. It could be performance-based. Compliance, issue. I want to put this in my deep archive. Absolutely. And so, you know, you mentioned Glacier, Amazon claims it's one of its fastest growing services in history. Yes. You know, whatever it is, a penny per gigabyte per month or something to store it. How do you compare and can you get it back or do I have to sort of wait six months? Absolutely not. I think you can get it back instantaneously or based on the policy that you set on how frequently you want to access it or when you want to access it. So you definitely can get it back. And we're going to do something very interesting from a business model perspective. I think you should wait to hear Larry announce that in his keynote, which he was doing shortly. I can't tell you exactly what we're going to do. But we're talking pricing and we're talking sort of how we're doing it. I gave you a little bit of an indicator into what we are doing from a technology perspective and how we're going to differentiate. I think the other key driver is what we're going to do from a business standpoint with storage. We are also doing very interesting integrations between our infrastructure or hardware products on premises, storage products on premises and products on the cloud. So as an example, today if you use our database as a service product, you can simply back up a database into the object storage service that we have in the public cloud space. And it's a simple URL point. You don't have to write code. It's a simple click and you can back it up to the Oracle Storage Cloud. So tight integration. Tight integration between hardware, software and apps. So how are people going to use this? What type of customers are candidates for this? Yeah, I think there are a variety of industries that come to mind. Any industry that requires to retain data for long periods of time. So you know, your typical usual suspects, the financial services industry, the insurance industry that require to retain claim records for regulatory purposes for, you know, I think it's 20 years here in the United States. You know, media and entertainment companies that, you know, archive masters of their films are, you know, interesting candidates. But you could see that there are a variety of verticals and a variety of industries that could use the service in many, many different ways. Prashant, one of the things that people are concerned about with the cloud, forget security for a second. We can talk about that. But there's data location. Yes. I'm in Germany. I have my data has to stay in Germany. Are you hearing that? Of course you're hearing that. But how are you solving that? Does this solution help? Yeah, I think it's a journey and it's a two-step journey. I think there are classes of applications that have very stringent requirements around data sovereignty and where data resides. And then there are other classes of applications for whom the data could be anywhere. Or in fact, they would want the data to be, you know, stored in a backup site someplace else where it's at least 500, 600 miles away from their primary data center. So we see very, very interesting scenarios in which customers are using not just the storage cloud, but the cloud in general, right? And the storage service. They are using it to DR, their primary data center to the cloud. So they DR to the cloud is one scenario. DR of the cloud is another scenario. I'm already running something in the cloud and I want to put it on some other cloud. You know, it could be Amazon, it could be Microsoft. What have you? So I got to ask you if a customer says, hey, just bottom line me, are you DevOps compatible? Yeah, you know, look. Then what does that mean? Yeah, I think it's a very interesting question. I think it's the- Just say yes. No, no, but I mean, that's what they want. They want some future proof. They want to know that I'm going to build an agile application environment. I need storage that's going to respond in software. Yes. So what we are doing is we are making sure that when we think about the design point for what we are building for public cloud, we are also factoring that back into what we are doing with our on-premises software. Be it the database product, be it our infrastructure products with hardware, be it our operating systems. And what we want to make sure is that customers have compatibility between architecture that is on the cloud, public cloud and architecture that they're building in their own data center when they are using our products. So that when they build an application, whether they're building it on the public cloud or they're building it in their own private data center or private cloud environment, they can move back with as little or no code change as possible. I think that's the core of what we are trying to do with investing in all three layers of the stack and making sure that the architecture stays consistent between on-prem and on the cloud. So everyone's rolling in now, we're getting ready to break. If I want to ask you a final question, what's the vibe inside Oracle right now? A lot of mojo back from old school Oracle, engineers coming in, engineers coming in, new blood coming in, engineered systems as a good bet, clouds here, application markets exploding and transforming. You guys seem to be positioned well. What's the vibe internally? I think, look, it's a very interesting space to be in, particularly in the enterprise side. The journey is just beginning. I think the enterprise infrastructure in the cloud or the enterprise platform in the cloud is not built yet. There's a lot of opportunity and we are very, very excited to participate in the journey with our customers. Well, thanks so much for joining us in theCUBE. We appreciate it. We're getting ready for the big announcement. The press are rolling in. You can see behind us Dave. We've got a lot of action happening. We're going to take a break. We're going to do some segments in between Larry Ellison and the execs. We're going to break away from that and do our kind of half-time commentary. That's theCUBE. Stay tuned for more live coverage. Larry Ellison will be about to kind of get on stage. He's in the building from what I hear. We'll be right back at this short break.