In the last 30 days, Singapore has carried out a flurry of activities that should be economic, security, political, and the firmament of the country. A few minutes after swearing in, he completed the removal of the fuel subsidy by his predecessor, which the controversial fuel subsidy is gone. Yes, the statement was made on the inauguration day, which sent Nigerians into some form of commotion. Now, currently fuel prices jumped from between 488 Naira to 515 Naira per litre from 187 Naira, which was pre-May 29. President Tini will also sign the Electricity Bill and Students' Learned Bill into law. He abolished multiple exchange rates and opened the nation's borders that were shot by the immediate past president, Muhammad Ibrahim. He sacked security chiefs and replaced them with officers drawn from many jubilee school zones across the country. And many have given him poodles for taking courageous steps so far, and others have noted challenges ahead. And still, many have frowned at the anti-people actions. Yes, some said it's too early to assess him. Joining us to discuss this is Opponabel Inkotare. He is a public affairs analyst. It's so good to have you join us, Mr Inkotare. Good evening. Good evening, Marianne, and good evening, Nigerians. Interestingly, we've all sat and watched what's happened in the past 30 days, especially the very famous in Alteration Day. When we heard that statement, subsidy has gone, of course, like I did say in my opening. He threw a lot of Nigerians into a state of disarray, and as we all know, many said that it was a bit too early. Many said we should have waited. There could have been a plan before this statement was made. But the truth, as we all know, is that subsidy was already gone, whether we liked it or not. But let's look at the Bola-Metinbo administration so far. Let's start with some of the bills that he signed. Let's start with the electricity bill. What are the benefits of that bill that Mr. President has signed? I thought we were going to start with the subsidy, but probably we'll get back to that. We'll keep subsidy for the last. Okay. When you talk about the electricity bill, it's a welcome to say that. Because we've always had this excuse. I mean, the providers of electricity have always given us special reasons, reasons that might look real, but are not. You know, to tell us that the grid is down, there's all kinds of stories. But the bottom line is Nigerians are receiving them. And the most infernal aspect of it is the issue of estimated bill. You just, whether you use your electricity or not, whether you're in or out of the country, and then in a month, you bring something for you to pay. And once you don't, they disconnect. So we're subjected to all kinds of sufferings. And the decentralization is quite welcome. Because for example, Peter, as far back as 2004, five, already we had the gas power plant that was supposed to generate enough power for reverse. But the problem we had at that time was the distribution. And that was because of the existing law, as of that time, because the law made it only gave the federal government only the power to distribute. So even when it generates, you cannot distribute. I was the whole essence of generating when you cannot distribute. I remember that the then President, the Lucifer, the Lucifer, the one who came and commissioned the gas power plant. And it remained redundant. Because of the law, existing laws as of that time. Now the government office. And I said, of course, it was also a governor. When the government was a governor. But that is an office and it has decided to decentralize it, which is good. So you don't really blame if you really have to blame it, but you have to blame the governor's decision governments.  So I agree. I think, for example, I expect us to have near constant power supply. I agree those equipment that the board and all those things would have gone grocery, but all you need to do is refurbish them and put them to use. So reverse states should have near power supply in the next maximum one year. Because they have to repair, maintain some of those equipment and some of the parts. In the next one year, I expect the state like reverse. There are other states that didn't even bother. They didn't bother as a result of the laws as of that time. Will now begin to consider certain of their power plants because they can now distribute. There's also another way of generating funds for the states. Watching actually go to the federal government will now get to the state. So it's another way of generating good revenue for the state. No state as we speak right now to complain of poor revenue anymore because electricity is what everybody depends on. Everybody uses electricity. And so you're going to generate revenue. All you can do is go into partnership with foreign countries, foreign companies. And so otherwise, if they don't do that and the electricity is elected, it's quite faulty. It will also stimulate crisis in the states. You know, this time around, the government is the people are closer to the governor. Or like before, where if you talk about power outage and the people are upset, they have to go to a manager. Most people are discouraged by that. Now the state and you don't have any justice whatsoever because you're also making money. The tariffs might be a little bit higher. It might be a little bit higher because you understand this this will be focused on making money for itself. So it might be a little bit like the almost for the Christmas kind of level. You know, you remember when the federal government was providing the electricity. Most Nigerians were paying little or nothing. When eventually the private sector came in, we started paying exorbitant prices. And most times they rubbed us off because we have been paying for electricity we never received. Now you get to the state that the handling will be better because you're closer to the people. We still to make a lot of money from it. But the state governments must also be very careful because once there is power outage that the people are not satisfied with the excuses they might have used. Of course there will be problems because that will be grubbing the citizens. Let's come to subsidy because of time. The subsidy removal situation has been a sore point for not just the average Nigerian but even the man who's at the top and even the elite. Simply cut across everyone. And you and I have experienced a few, you know, tightening of belts or further tightening of our belts because of the subsidy removal. Many have pointed fingers at Mr. President. But there are also those who are saying that subsidy had to go whether we liked it or not. And pushing it what I've been delaying doomsday. But let's look at, you know, the future of this. I've listened to many financial experts and business and economic experts who have said we might have to suffer in the interim for the good. But what is the possibility that the right people will be settled with the responsibility and they will not be any impunity looking again at our past and how things of this nature have been handled. Will we be certain there's something that will come out of this? Honestly, the removal of subsidy on the 29th of May is what I'll describe as leadership deformity and lack of a position of the Nigerian situation. It is a shame and a disgrace and highly unacceptable or subject to wind down that the nature tonight will not be able to remove subsidy for the very wrong reasons. There is no clear in the world that energy or patrol is not subsidized. I repeat, nowhere in the world. Nowhere. What they usually do is that's why foreign countries don't do with their taxes. Because they have to subsidize energy for the common man to have access to energy and for businesses to grow. Then the now tax sheet and that in foreign civilized clients, the invasion of tax is as criminal as committed murder. But it is that it does that the taxes they use to provide and maintain the energy you use and the energy you use. The problem is not subsidy. If I really talk of subsidy, you cannot even generate the precedence of the country. First and foremost, they said they know those that is a cartel and they know those that are involved in the cartel. That is what they said. But they failed to mention and expose those involved.  That is eating and abetting. At the most cases are presidents and the ministers of petroleum. You can imagine on that for a solid years, they were paying NFC staff. Maintaining NFC structures. They did turn around maintenance. You are giving out money for turn around maintenance. That is why dirty was being maintained. The system remains comatose. Are you not eating and abetting? Are you not an accomplice? Because they are accomplices. And that is why they cannot, they could not name or shame. The problem has nothing to do with subsidy. It has to do with corruption in the system. For example, now you own a house. And then Robert comes into the house, steals everything and walks away. Rather than fortify your security.  That is not the best approach. That is not it. There are persons involved. Look at the sheep that left Nigeria. They would oil. The sheep had to be arrested and returned. Where are those involved? Because they are hobnobbing with the presidents. I always say president because the president is the minister for petroleum. Those involved in that, what happened? We have about 32, 34 oil wells. New Ruba Nui was the man made in charge of the committee that investigated it. Only 20 had the cover and whatever they call it. They just were just left. We budgeted money for metering of our pipelines. Nobody can even account for the billions or trillions we budgeted for the meeting of our pipelines. You have the minister for petroleum. Is it not their duty? Is it not incumbent on them to monitor? Because the money would have been released to the petroleum. And the petroleum is headed by the president. Why didn't you go and meet other people? Do you know how much you produce per day? We don't even know. That's been a question that has been asked over and over again. And we get all kinds of conflicting figures. That's also an issue that needs to be read. From a minister for state. We don't even know what you produce per day. If you don't know what you have, how do you know that they are stealing? And if you talk about what people are talking about, it's a disclosure. Rather than attacking you just to get it. Even military operatives have been arrested. For arresting. The governor has said this repeatedly. The former governor said he told the military men that came to visit a toxic colony. He told them that your boys are involved. A DPO was fully involved. All what is the ability to do, they transfer. Once you complain, they transfer. And they continue in their retire. They are promoted and retire. So the military is fully involved. The military cannot even investigate itself. Because your duty, your sentinel to ensure that these things don't happen. Your duty is to ensure protection. Are you fair to protect? That's why the boys are doing what they are doing. So how can you observe the ability? The problem is the corruption. The corruption in the system. That's why I'm coming back to the case of president. As we speak, it's not the petroleum minister. It's just marked one month in office. And I want to ask. As much as many have applauded months, many have also queries. You know, some of the positions that he has. Many have said that he is obviously. Yes, yes. But then I have a question. I want to pose to you. Now that we have a ball. I met pinnacles there and you have pointed, you know, succinctly that it is not subsidy. That is the problem. But it's corruption. It's what I'm at pinnacles. And I want to ask. As much as many have applauded months, many have also queried, you know, some of the positions that he's taken. Many have said that he is obviously. Well, I met the man to fight the corruption in the system, especially. Yes. Oh, yes. That is the. That is the function of the teacher of the suppression. But can he do the job? Can he do the job? He can do the job. But he's looking for an easy way out. First and foremost, you remove the subsidy. In fact, we are there, but I told patients. That I have a conviction that one of the reasons the president wants to move the subsidy was because he is going to benefit as an individual based on the confidence of the station. You don't benefit. That is my conviction. Because if you look at the subsidy. For example, let us agree. You want to move something. First you move. About a month earlier than. We had expected because president for my president. I said towards the end of June. Now you're saying that the other budgetary provision for the subsidy. How did we manage it? That make it. And I said end of June. So people are already preparing. A painful preparation. But that doesn't mean that you want to remove the subsidy. You have to have. At least some palliative. So the removal of that substance. Look at the domino effect. Many people have packed their cars they cannot afford. Those with filling stations. Those with generators. Because Nigeria would depend on generators. Those with generators cannot be packed anymore. Then the ripple effect. The cascading effect. The market human. Some can't even go to work again. As a result of that one or two states have declared public holidays. For two days you don't go to work. Three days. You can imagine. And now look at that will definitely have some negative effects on our economy. The five working days. Those who say you have to work for five. We're looking at productivity. Now you're moving three days. And you're still paying them. But you don't blame them because they cannot even afford it. So you're transferring your ineptitude to the masses. If you say you want to do subsidy. All you need to do is set up a committee. Think of the party. Now even when they say how deeply they are sorry. You're even talking of cars now. Taxes. You see there cannot be. I always tell you there cannot be a croeler tyranny than that. Because you don't want to assume that we won't. Every year you now go for renewal. Of ownership of your vehicle. Where will you get the money from? Children are dropping out of school. They are coming. They are depreciating. At this point in time. It's an area of issues that we have to. It's an area of issues that we need to continue to talk about. Unfortunately, Mr. Inca. I should tighten my belt. And why are you losing your belt? I can. I can tell. About this. But thank you. Let me make a promise. We will come back and have it. We will come back and have it. We will come back and have it. Let me make a promise. We will come back and have this conversation for a long time. Because this issue has to be addressed. We will go through it one way or another. But I want to say thank you. It's always a pleasure to have you discuss issues with us. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. That's the show tonight. Thank you all for participating. Don't forget to follow us on YouTube. Subscribe. on all of our different programs, even our previous episodes. My name is Mary Annakum. Have a beautiful evening. Good night.


Hello everybody and welcome back to tomorrow news. We've got a ton of Starship updates to get through, some Falcon 9 and Dragon news and some Moon news and we've got some launches so stay tuned as this is your episode of tomorrow news for the week of September 23rd 2021. Starting up on board the International Space Station crew two astronaut Tomar Pesquet has taken this photograph of the two Dragon vehicles docked to the US Harmony Module. Now seeing these Dragon capsules docked at the same time is super cool but what's happening down in Texas is arguably a lot more exciting. Some new aero covers have turned up at the production site which are the sheets of metal which cover over the mechanism used to actuate the flaps. Booster 5 stacking has also been getting underway with it looking just around one quart completed on the outside. Raptor work has been happening underneath Booster 4, this engine Raptor Center 67 has been removed and it has been replaced by Raptor Center number 64. MacAzilla is well under construction at this point with the large parts of the chopsticks, the arms that will catch super heavy and the carriage, the part that will slide up and down the integration tower being spotted at the construction facility. A new ship Nosecombe currently expected to be for ship 21 has been seen through the door of one of the production tents. The interesting point with this one being that it follows the old design but it has been manufactured with the mounting point needed to attach heat shield tiles. You can also see here that the Nosecone has been ready for those tiles to be installed. Speaking of heat shield tiles it's pretty much fully checked over on ship 20. I can't spot any markings so even if there are there aren't that many to go as the orbital flight tears the looms on the horizon. Some nice and fresh liquid nitrogen has been delivered to the orbital tank farm, something that the tanks will definitely enjoy drinking up. And finally this week with Starship the news isn't coming from Starbase at all, it's coming from McGregor. Located halfway between Dallas and Orson in Texas it's most famous for being SpaceX's Merlin engine testing facility and also where they test out some first stage boosters from time to time. It was also the location where the company first tested launching and landing a rocket booster with the Grasshopper and Falcon 9R programs. The current process when SpaceX wishes to create a Raptor engine is the creation of the engine in Hawthorne, California. It then being driven to McGregor for testing and then it being driven down to Starbase for integration with whatever vehicle it's designed for. However with the construction of a new facility the first step in that process could be emitted entirely. A new production facility has been announced which will be dedicated to manufacturing the next generation Raptor 2 engines and as you might imagine SpaceX will be needing a lot of them meaning that this rocket engine factory will soon become the fastest in the world. A new Raptor test stand has also been built allowing the engines to be tested vertically instead of just horizontally. The current trend seems to be the R-Vax being tested horizontally and the other variants being tested vertically. And don't worry this doesn't mean anything bad for the Falcon 9 or Falcon Heavy as their test stands are completely safe and secure as long as the vehicles keep flying which it looks like they will for a very long time as the new contract from the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure of Turkey has just been announced for the launch of Turks at 6A. And to wrap it up this week with SpaceX Dr. Siam Proctor of Inspiration 4 has released this video showcasing the first opening of the docking hatch revealing the cupola and the earth below. It really is magnificent. We've got some moon news for the first time in a while and it's to do with NASA. The organization's Volosiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover or Viper which is a very cool background name has been chosen to land near the western edge of Nobel Crater at the Luna South Pole. The location is one of the 15 originally thought up locations but it was chosen as it has good visibility of the earth for direct communications, good illumination for the solar panels, the terrain doesn't feature that many steep drops which would be difficult for the Rover to navigate around and it quote maximizes science return and flexibility to help ensure mission success once Viper is on the moon. The launch of Viper is scheduled for 2023 but with spaceflight it's very important you have everything ready certainly with those missions to other celestial bodies. Bringing it a bit closer to home there has only been one launch this week but it is an exciting one as it went to a space station and we had an arrival back on earth with humans inside. The three crew members of Shenzhou-12, Nihai-sheng, Liu Bo-ming and Tang Hongbo touched down in the Gobi Desert around 04.30 on September 17th, ending their three-month stay on the Taian Corp module of the Taian Gong-3 space station. With the main parachute deployment occurring at 10 kilometers above the ground and the heat shield falling off at five and a half the capsule touched down within the expected area disclosed in the airspace closure notices issued earlier in the week. A few days later on September 20th at 0710 UTC this landing was followed by the launch of Taian Zou-3 atop this long March 7th, lifting off from LC-201 at the Wenchang Satellite Launch Center on Henan Island, the second ever cargo resupply mission to Taian Gong-3 and the fourth out of 11 launches needed to build the station. This Taian Zou spacecraft is holding cargo for use on the upcoming Shenzhou-13 crewed mission including a new 90 kilogram space suit designed for EVAs. Docking to the core module just under seven hours later at 1408 UTC the same day it now seems pretty much everything is set for the next three Taikonauts to head into space. Coming up over the next few days there's an Atlas V in the 401 configuration, Long March 3BE, Zhilin-102D atop a Kaio-Zai-1A, Yao-Gan-3202 atop a Long March 2C and Zhilin-102F atop another Kaio-Zai-1A. And here is your space weather with Dr. Tamifeskov. Space weather this week continues to keep us very interested. As we take a look at our front side sun look at that big region in the south this is region 2871 and it's been firing off a bunch of solar storms some of them almost earth directed but not quite. On top of that we've been seeing a lot of other filament eruptions in the south and those have been nearly earth directed we might even get one of them graze us here in the next few days but it'll just be pretty minor but that's not even the whole story. We also have region 2872 2873 and then look at all these little regions beginning to pop out we got 28 possibly 74 75 76 oh my goodness we can't even keep up with all the numbers that are of sunspots that have been coming out on the earth-facing disc we have already boosted that solar flux up into the low 80s and it could easily boost up into the mid to high 80s within the next couple days so this is good news for amateur radio operators who need that solar flux to be boosted. Believe it or not though that's not the only story either because we have this massive coronal hole that's going to be rotating into the earth strike zone here in the next couple days it will be sending us some fast solar wind so even though we had a solar storm just this past week we could easily get yet another one here in the next couple days. Now as we take a look at our far-sighted monitor this is stereo a and it's looking at the sun just a little bit from the side you can see region 2871 as it fires off that gorgeous solar storm on the 17th and then early in the 18th you can see even another solar storm lift up in the north now that one is not earth directed neither of these are really but look at all the active regions that just begin to gurgle up to the surface oh my goodness we're going to have a gorgeous show here in the next probably week to two weeks of all of these active regions and you can tell because you can see the band in the north and in the south this means solar cycle 25 has fully taken hold at least on this side of the sun so expect a potential for m-class flares and this could affect space traffic for any types of radio comms here in the next all maybe two weeks so we're going to be paying attention to that very carefully and also we could have more threat for some decent solar storms. For more details on this week's space weather including when and where you can see aurora and how those bright active regions might affect you come check out my channel or see me at spaceweatherwoman.com before this episode ends let's give a thanks to all of our citizens of tomorrow they contribute financially every month and get access to some of our perks including access to scripts and the escape velocity discord channel if you want to join the escape velocity orbital sub orbital or ground support citizens head on over to youtube.com forward slash tlmorrow forward slash join or just click the join button next to the subscribe button below showing the show around also helps us a great deal so if you feel like doing it i'd recommend you do thank you so much for watching we'll see you next week and goodbye


In the aftermath of Russia's attack on Ukraine, a lot of focus has also been on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO, whose eastward expansion contributed greatly to the crisis in Europe. Anti-war groups across the world have condemned NATO's activities in Europe in the run-up to and after the war. What role has NATO historically played across the world since its foundation? What was the context in which it was formed? Vijay Prashad of Tricontinental Institute for Social Research explains. NATO or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was set up in 1949 as part of a series of treaty organizations the United States set up going from the Rio Pact of 1947, which allowed the United States to have essentially influence and military projection across the Americas going from there to the Manila Pact, which allowed the United States to set up bases in the rim of Asia that was in 1954. And then the Baghdad Pact, which allowed the United States to set up bases in central part of West Asia. Look, NATO was just one of many platforms for the United States to extend or project its military power out of the US territory, build bases around the world and so on. That was essentially NATO's objective. Right up to the present time, NATO is an instrument for US power projection. In a sense, a Trojan horse. It's not actually a place where all the European powers, Canada and the United States have an equal say in the development of a foreign policy or a military policy. The United States sets the agenda. That's pretty straightforward. And the US has strategically used NATO to reign in any attempt by European powers to exercise independence. Every time Europe tries to exercise independence, whether it's Germany or it's France or any other country, there is a way in which the United States has reigned them in. In recent years, for instance, Angela Merkel, the former Chancellor of Germany, opened up and deepened German relations with Russia, including to bring in natural gas through Nord Stream 2, the pipeline. Well, you know, United States tried to say stop buying natural gas from Russia by liquefied natural gas from the United States. Germany refused liquefied natural gas will be much more expensive. So in order for that, they accelerated a kind of struggle that's patently obvious. Till now, Mr. Joe Biden of the United States asks Olaf Schulz to ban Russian natural gas and Mr. Schulz says we can't do that. We'll go into a deep recession. Here NATO used again as an instrument to corral European countries into a North Atlantic project and not allow them to slip into a Eurasian project. After the fall of the Soviet Union, many questioned the relevance of NATO. However, instead of winding up, NATO continued to expand, taking in former Soviet republics and later deploying advanced weaponry in areas near Russia. A vital moment was when it began to consider the membership of Georgia and Ukraine. What has been the purpose of the easterly expansion of NATO? When the Warsaw Pact was disbanded and the USSR broken up into various new countries, at that point NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty organization should have been wound up. It should have been disbanded as well. But it wasn't. In fact, interestingly, NATO based in Brussels received letters of application from many Eastern European countries including Russia. Russia didn't apply to become a full-fledged member of NATO but Russia asked to be a NATO partner which it did become from 1994 till 2014. By the way, if you go back historically in 1954 after the death of Stalin, the Soviet Union applied to join NATO. I mean, that was an interesting period. The Soviet Union basically said, look, we want to be part of NATO but that is going to mean that no threatening weapons from the United States will be placed in Europe. But of course that was rejected out of hand because NATO is an instrument of US power projection. Similarly, it was acceptable for Russia to be a member of NATO as long as Russia accepted the US hegemony or domination over Europe and at the same time as the Russian elites were very keen on economic integration with Europe and the United States. During this period, in fact, seven Eastern European countries including Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Baltic countries that have borders with Russia, they all joined NATO. That was in 2004. There was no problem. The problem isn't just NATO. The problem is, if you are not going to allow yourself to be a subordinate ally of the United States, then it becomes a question. And wrapped in all this is the withdrawal by the United States or the scuttling of two important treaties that gave Russia a sense of security. These were the anti-ballistic missile treaty which the United States scuttled and then the intermediate forces treaty, the INF, very important treaty because that basically said that no intermediate nuclear weapons should be there, especially in this case in the European theater. But by withdrawing from anti-ballistic missile, withdrawing from the INF treaty, the United States basically messaged Russia that we could move intermediate nuclear missiles into Ukraine or into Latvia, Lithuania. Those missiles will have a flight time of under five minutes to major Russian cities. This is actually what terrified the Russians. That's why they were asking for security guarantees. It's not merely NATO's eastward expansion. It's a question of whether Russia wanted an independent position in the world. And then secondly, the West, particularly the United States, driving a policy of instrumentalizing nuclear weapons in Europe and threatening Russia quite directly. The manoeuvres of NATO vis-a-vis Russia are inseparable from the policies of the US towards China. How can the current phase of NATO be understood with reference to the attempt to encircle China and the rising tensions in the Asia-Pacific region? After 9-11, which is the 11th of September 2001, when the Al-Qaeda people attacked the United States, after that period, US strategy, particularly under George W. Bush, his 2002 document on US grand strategy, US strategy was focused on what was called the war on terror. That was the principle focus that ran for about 20 years. A few years ago, the United States began to shift out of the war on terror mentality. And US strategic documents directly said that no longer is the war on terror the principal problem. The principal problem is actually the threats posed to the United States by China and Russia. So focus of attention no longer on Black Sides and on, you know, Guantanamo and fighting off Al-Qaeda here, there and everywhere. The focus now is old-fashioned military conflict against China and against Russia. And in line with that assessment, United States upgraded the Quad, which includes Japan, India, Australia. United States pushed for the AUKUS agreement with Australia and the United Kingdom to sell nuclear-powered submarines to Australia. The United States then accelerates this whole thing about the intermediate nuclear missiles, the anti-ballistic missile treaty, putting pressure on Russia and so on. So in the recent period, combination of withdrawing from the nuclear treaties that had been in fact imposed on the United States by the European people. If you remember the history of the INF, withdrawing from those pushing military exercises, so-called freedom of navigation maneuvers in the Taiwan Straits and so on. All of that stuff in the South China Sea. All of that was a direct indication of this pivot that the US has taken in its own foreign policy assessment from the war on terror to directly engaging Russia and China. You don't need to analyze this from outside. This is actually what the United States government has been saying. And recently, this is exactly what NATO command has been saying in their document NATO 2030, a sort of global NATO viewpoint. They directly say that the adversaries of the time are China and Russia. So again, we don't have to do much analysis. This is right there in their own documents.


Kraft presents the Great Gilder Sleeve. Kraft Cheese Company, makers of parquet margarine, and a complete line of famous quality food products, presents Harold Perry as the Great Gilder Sleeve. Kraft brings you the Great Gilder Sleeve every week at this time, written by John Whedon and Sam Moore with the music by Claude Sweet. We'll air from the Great Gilder Sleeve in just a moment. You know that there's a spread for bread that's made by Kraft and that it's called parquet margarine? Well, sure you do, most everyone knows that. But you know why this spread for bread that's made by Kraft and is called parquet margarine tastes so good? Well, it's that fresh, delicate flavor that makes parquet taste so good. And you know that every pound of this spread for bread that's made by Kraft and is called parquet margarine and tastes so good contains 9,000 units of important vitamin A. Well, then listen to more good news. This nourishing spread for bread that's made by Kraft and is called parquet margarine and tastes so good and contains vitamin A. Also is one of the most economical energy foods you can buy. So, enough said. Tomorrow ask your dealer for delicious nourishing parquet. P-A-R-K-A-Y. Parquet margarine made by Kraft and our friend the Great Gilder Sleeve in Summerfield. The town is suffering from a long, dry heat wave, I'm sorry to say.  We find him not breakfast with his family, considerably past the time when he should be downtown in his office at the water department. He's hot. Lee Roy, could I have the newspaper, please? In just a second.  He's reading the funnies. Well, I want to read the war news. Lee Roy? Nothing new. Patton went through a couple more countries. Lee Roy, I... Who's that? I'll go and see. Who's that? We'll take care of it, Bertie. Well, good morning, Marjorie. Is your uncle still here? Oh, yes, he's been very slow this morning. Come on in. Thank you. Come in.  Relax. Oh, I'm perfectly comfortable. Thank you. He's bothering you. Must be wonderful to be skinny. What's on your mind? Have you seen the morning paper? Not yet. I haven't been able to get it away from Lee Roy. But, my George, I... Really? I'm a little Lee Roy. Here. Let me read you the item, Gilder. You will love this. Well? Mayor Cyrus J. Williger was the victim of a freak accident last night when his car skidded on State Highway 47 where it passes the Summerfield Reservoir. The mayor suffered minor lacerations and contusions. Yeah, too bad, wasn't it? Investigation of the cause of the accident led to the discovery that a number of live eels were leaving the reservoir. Eels? They were crossing the highway at this point and it is thought the mayor's car skidded on striking the procession of slippery creatures. Eels? If you ask me, the mayor was full of root beer. Well, what were the eels doing walking across the road? You know, come to think of it, there's an old belief that when eels leave a pond, it means it's going dry. That's nothing but a superstition. Eels.  Always has been. All things ridiculous. Maybe I'd better get down to the office and look into this. Bessie, I can't see him. There's one man that's been waiting for quite a while. I don't care. Here's his card. All right. Professor Luther T. Berry. Rainologist. Send him away. Send him away, Bessie, and get me Charlie Anderson on the phone. Charlie Anderson? Yes, Bessie. The engineer out at the reservoir. Oh, he's one of the people that's waiting to see you. Well, show him in. E-God, what's the matter with you, Bessie? By George, I'm going to have to let her go. Well, commissioner, you sure keep backwards always. I've been sitting out there since 8.30 waiting to see you. Where have the tickets? No, Charlie. Leave us alone, please, Bessie. Yes, sir. Charlie, what's the water situation out at the reservoir? How's she holding up? That's what I come in to see you about. We're put in there dry.  If the reservoir is that low, I didn't you warn me. Warn you? I've been sending your report on it every day for a month. Did you read them? Well, I... Let me see. Would they be in the in-basket or the out-basket? Oh, here they are in the immediate action file. Well, quite a few of them here. Well, I sent you 20 or 30. Oh, yeah, well, let's see. According to the most recent, the water is down to 18. Is that feet? No, it's inches. Oh, my goodness. Yeah, if she drops another three inches, the intake pipe on the pump will be out of water. What happens then? What do you think happens? We pump air. Folks will be taking baths in there. They'll be washing their clothes in there. They'll be... Yeah, I understand, Charlie. But why can't we lower the intake pipe a few inches? Can't you do that? No, you can't. Lower it three inches and you'll be pumping mud. Folks will be taking baths in mud. They'll be... Yeah, they'll be washing their clothes. Yeah, that's all right. Well, Charlie, we've got to keep calm. Oh, Mr. Youngster. That busted what do you want? So, did the commissioner say we wanted to be disturbed? No, Charlie. We did. Which privacy, Bessie? What is it? Well, the mayor just called. He wants to see you right away. Well, you tell that fathead to go take a run at the shop. Oh, no, Charlie. Under the circumstances, I think I'd better go and see him. Pretty hot today, isn't it? I'll be with you in just a moment. Yes, sir. Pardon me. Keep me standing here, the petty bureaucrat. Miss Riggs, have you got those tax figures for last year? They're trying to make themselves look important. Well, if you'll just call me when you haven't, please. Put them on your head. Yes. Now, give the sleeve. Thank you. I'm sorry to hear about your little accident last night. Well, it may have been a blessing in disguise. It's called my attention to the state of things out of the reservoir. Well, I certainly hope you don't believe that old superstition about the eels leaving a sinking pond, your honor. Amusing theory, though, isn't it? Very amusing. But what are the facts? The facts? Yes. Is the town in danger of going dry or not? Well, I wouldn't want to say we're in danger, but at the same time... Yes? Well, I wouldn't want to make a definite statement without getting all the facts. Well, confirm it, get the facts. I want a complete report. Well, I... And I want it in 48 hours. 48 hours? Why, that's only three days! It's two days! Can I count on it? You count on it, your honor. I'll make it my personal responsibility. Very well. For your own sake, I hope the report is satisfactory. Yes, sir. One thing more, you'll just leave. Yes, your honor? I wouldn't want you to think all this has anything to do with the fact that you ran against me from there. It hasn't. There's nothing whatsoever. I'm simply doing my duty, as I see it. You understand that, don't you? Oh, yes, your honor. Eurocratic oldies with small times of titteriness. Well, thank you, your honor. Thank you. Let's see. To begin with, there's no water. Hmm. We'll have to find a better way to say it than that. Oh, well. Yeah, something's leaking. What? Who? What? You've got a moment, friend. Who are you? Well, you have my car there. Professor Luther T. Berry. Oh, there, Bessie. What are you doing in my office? Oh, that I'll explain, friend. That I... Hey, wait a minute. What are you locking that door for? Well, what I have to explain is of a scientific nature. Huh? Mm-hmm. And in the ears. Maybe listening. No, look here. I'm a busy man. Oh, for my friend. But if you would give me just five minutes of your time... Well, what do you want? Tell me, Mr. Gilder-Sleeve, what would a cloudburst be worth for you right now? Cloudburst? Mm-hmm. How would you like it if it rained cats and dogs tomorrow and just kept right on raining? You mean you can make it rain? That's what I mean, friend. That's what I mean. Oh, brother. Oh, wait a minute. Look, I'm a busy man. I haven't got time to listen to any nonsense. Ah! Mm-hmm. I seem to detect a little note of skepticism. Only natural, of course. There are charlatans even in this business. But let me ask you. You've heard of Benjamin Franklin. Certainly I've heard of Benjamin Franklin. And I've heard of Alexander Hamilton, too. And Thomas Jefferson. Oh, yeah. Oh, well. I get around. No. Well, now let me tell you. Franklin proved, that is, if you remember, that thunderstorms produce electricity. Is that right? Well, I guess so. Mm-hmm. Very well. Then why shouldn't electricity produce thunderstorms? Well, I don't know. Why shouldn't it? No reason at all, friend. No reason at all. Now, I have patented an electronic device which does just that. It generates high-tension electrical charges which are transmitted by means of a reverse lightning rod to the clouds up above. Mm-hmm. Gradually, the potential is built up there until it's sufficient to cause a discharge. In other words, lightning, lightning. Mm-hmm. The lightning breaks the atmospheric tension causing precipitation. You follow me? Oh, yeah, yeah. Now, if you'd care to see my credentials, here are some newspapers. Very interesting. Very interesting. But there's one thing I'd like to ask. Yes? How much do you charge for this? How's that? I say, how much do you charge? There's no charge. No. That is as such. No. My interest in this is purely scientific. Well, fine. In that case... All I require is an advance payment of $500. $500? To help defray expenses. Good day, professor. Oh, now wait just a minute. I've wasted all the time I'm going to. You better think it over, friend. And don't call me friend. Good day. I still say you better think it over. What am I thinking of? I ought to have my head examined. A rain maker. Let's get back to this report. Hey, no water. By George, if that fellow could make it rain. After all, they laughed at Edison. They laughed at Marconi. Uh, professor. Come back here, friend. The gilder sleeve will be with us again in just a few seconds.  Whether you prefer it as crunchy toast as a plain slice from a golden-crusted loaf or as rolls and muffins, you're sure to enjoy bread at its best when spread with delicious parquet margarine. Craft makes parquet margarine, so naturally you'd expect parquet to taste extra good. They have a fine, delicate flavor that really satisfies. And remember, parquet is more than just a good tasting spread. It's a splendid energy food, one of the best you can eat. Equally important, craft fortifies parquet so that every pound contains 9,000 units of essential vitamin A. So for good nutrition and real flavor enjoyment too, buy and serve parquet, P-A-R-K-A-Y. This economical, nutritious spread for America's bread requires only two ration points a pound. So ask for parquet, the quality margarine that's made by craft. Back to the great gilder sleeve who really seems to be on the spot. His aspiration is contracted for the services of Professor T. Berry, the eminent rainmaker. But he's keeping very quiet about it. We find him now on his way home from the office seeking solace in the company of his old friend and family pharmacist, Mr. Peabee. Hello, Peabee. Oh, man, hot enough for you? Don't mention the weather, Peabee, please. Excuse me, there's a fly on that table behind you. I wonder if you'd be good enough to... Here's the flyer. Darn flies, they get all over everything. Always buzzing around. It's like Mark Twain said, everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it. Peabee, how much longer do you think this dry spell can last? Well, that's hard to say, Mr. Gilder sleeve. Hard to say.  Well, that was in the newspaper. Don't tell me you believe all that stuff about eels. Oh, no, no, no, no, it's pretty hard to fool an eel. Eels are pretty slick. Yes, they're pretty slippery, too. But that doesn't mean any more than you and I do. Yeah, no, I wouldn't say that. An eel can be wrong, you know. Have you ever known an eel to be wrong? I've never known an eel. Let's forget about eels if you don't mind, I don't like them. Squeamish? I'm not squeamish, I just don't like them. Peabee, tell me something. Do you believe that science can produce rain? Mr. Gilder sleeve, you weren't thinking... Well, I'm asking this for a friend. You see, I have this friend, he happens to be a water commissioner, too. Lives over in, well, I forget the name of the town. But they have a little problem over there. No water. Well, anyway, to make a long story short, Peabee, this friend of mine, the water commissioner, he discovered a scientist who claims he can manufacture rain. Now, my friend wants to know if such a thing is possible. And your friend asking me? I'm asking you, my friend asked me. What do you think? Well, I don't know any more about it than my friend, but you make things in your back room there, do you know about science and stuff? I'm afraid making a few ounces of barley water is a little different from making a cloud burst. That's a pretty large prescription. I didn't say you could do it, but do you think it can be done? That's what I want to know. I mean, my friend does. Well, I'd be the last to say anything was impossible. After all, look at your fountain pen. But there's one word of advice I'd give your friend, if you see him. Oh, I'll be seeing him. Well, tell him that if this scientist brings up the question of payment... Well, come to think of it, I believe my friend said the fellow wanted $500 for the job. $500? That's a lot of money in any kind of weather. You're telling my friend? Well, my advice would be to pay the man after he produced the rain, not before. I wish my friend had thought of that. If you ask me, Mr. Gillesleve, it sounds as if your friend were a little soft in the head. Now, listen! My friend is just as smart as you are any day of the week, and don't you forget it. Goodbye, P.P. Goodbye, Mr. Gillesleve. Oh, and my regards to your friend.  Where are you going, Uncle? Nowhere. Can I go? No. Why not? Because.  Be quiet.  You can come with me if you'll keep quiet and stop asking questions. Okay. Where are we going? Out to the Eels. A reservoir. What for? I want to conduct some experiments. What kind? You'll see. Why so early, Uncle? I want to get the jump on the weather. How are you going to do that? You got it, Leroy. Stop asking questions. You'll see when we get there. I quit. Dad, first did I quit. No, Charlie. You can get yourself another boy. Charlie, all I ask you to do is cooperate with the professor and help him out. Professor, my eyes. That geek's as duffy as a bonny bird. Leroy, you know Uncle Charlie Anderson. Sure. Hi. Ah, kids. As I said before, I quit. Come along. You just let me handle the professor. You can have him.  He don't know what he's doing. This is a little out of your line, Charlie. That's all. Yeah, out of his tune. Good morning, professor. Ah, good morning, friend. A fine morning. But we've soon changed that, eh? What's that then? Now, Leroy, don't bother the professor. The professor is going to make rain for us. Oh, gosh, Aunt, you forgot your umbrellas. The kids all right. Well, don't encourage them. How about it, professor? Is your apparatus about ready? Yes, all hitched up. Just in time. Just make one more connection here. Fiddler, Fiddler. Listen, Tom. Now, if my good friend here will give me a hand with the engine, you're called out of urgent. Give him a hand, Charlie. Oh, silly. All right. You may fire when ready, Gridley. Oh. Just turn her over. Oh, crazy. You keep out of this, Leroy. Well, if at first you don't succeed, just try, try again. Once more into the bleach, dear friend. What? Turn it over again. Oh, that's silly. Everybody into the pub house when the rain starts. Ready? A lot of teabags. Oh, I can't understand it. It worked in Moose County. It worked at Hoosier Falls. What? I don't want to give up the ship. I'll make it rain if it takes all summer. Oh, spit in his eye. That's as close as he'll get to rain. Never mind, Charlie. We need the water. Let's save it. I knew it wouldn't work. Just an idea, that's all. Just an idea that cost $500. Is that for me? I certainly did, you'll just leave. Sit down.  I'm ready now. Sit down. Yes, sir. I'll report, but I want to... Never mind the report, Gilda Sleeve. What the devil is this? That, uh, oh. Well, I'll tell you, Your Honor. It's a requisition for $500, isn't it? Well, yes. And who authorized it? Uh, I did. You have no authority to requisition any such sum for your department and you know it. Well, it was an emergency, Your Honor. What is the money for? Well, it was, uh, to make it rain in Summerfield. To make it rain? $500 to make it rain? Who got the money? Jupiter Puvius? No, Professor T. Berry. He's a scientist. He knows a scientific way to make rain by electricity and I thought it'd be a good investment for the town. Hmm. When is the professor going to make his experiment, uh, Gilda Sleeve? Uh, he made it this morning. But I don't see any rain. Gilda Sleeve, I don't think this is going to surprise you particularly, but you're... I am not, I resign. You're fired.  I quit. Well, either way, clean out your desk today. I'll get going. Oh, okay. Some reports, reports. Throw them away. Average water pressure for the year 1942. Who cares about that? All water over the dam now. Here's something you might want to take with you, Mr. Gilda Sleeve. Uh, what's that? This, this clipping. It's a story in the indicator the day you became water commissioner. Oh, yeah, let me see it. A new era in public service was promised Summerfield citizens today by Trock Martin P. Gilda Sleeve. Who moved into his new office as water commissioner at City Hall this morning. Put it in my briefcase, Bessie. Yes, sir. Oh, me, the path of glory leads but to the grave. Were you speaking to me, Mr. Gilda Sleeve? Oh, no, I wasn't Bessie. That is not particularly. Well, I guess I might as well be going now. Oh, Mr. Gilda Sleeve, it isn't going to be the same without you. No, Bessie, you and the new commissioner will get along fine, whoever he is. Oh, but I like you. I can't stand to have you go. That's very nice of you, Bessie. I'll miss you, too. You may not be the best secretary in the world, but I'll miss you, it's the same. Oh, thank you. Now, Bessie, can't find it. Very commissioner. Charlie, what are you doing here? What's this I hear about you quitting? Well, it's true, Charlie. Well, if you quit, I quit. They could get another boy. That's the way I feel, too, Charlie. I want to quit, too. You keep quiet, that buster. I won't.  I value your friendship. Yeah. It means a lot to me, but you've got to stay on. You've got to stick to your job. Yeah. The city needs water. You'll have a new commissioner in a few days, and he'll need your help. He'll need more than that. The intake pipe is high and dry right now. Goodbye, Mr. Gilda Sleeve. Where's my hat? Oh, got it on. Briefcase. Well, goodbye, Charlie. Goodbye, Bessie. Goodbye. Goodbye. Fine people. No man ever had better employees. Well, they'll carry on in the Gilda Sleeve tradition. Commissioners come, commissioners go, but the waterworks goes on forever. Good night. Good night. Good night. I give the best years of my life to the water department. What thanks do I get? Good night, commissioner. Commissioner. Oh, well, those are the breaks, kid. Miss Birdie. Mr. Gilles, see, I've fixed you something. I know you're going to like it. I just happened to make a jelly roll this afternoon. I know you man to like jelly rolls. Very sweet of you, Birdie, but I'm afraid I couldn't this evening. the truth I'm not very hungry somehow all you should take it so hard Mr. Guilford it ain't so bad being fired I was not fired buddy I resigned well it ain't so bad to resign well I think you were lucky to be fired uncle mort I mean it's lucky you thought of resigning I think it's the best thing that ever happened to you by you probably have all sorts of wonderful opportunities now such as what I don't know but something I'll turn up you think we'll starve won't not immediately I'd be glad to give all my music lessons and save money and I could quit school and take a job well I appreciate the offer my boy but that'll not be necessary if that's for me I'm not in this and done with the list is calling this book that must be fair McGee that you work I'll put him on paper was on your mind you have uh-huh uh-huh uh-huh sounds very interesting well if it pans out the way you say I might be willing to give up my job at the water works much obliged McGee I'll be hearing from you so long yeah well those are the brakes children McGee and I are going to make a million dollars good night everybody music on this program was directed by Claude sweeten this is Ken Carpenter speaking for the craft cheese company makers of parking margin and a complete line of famous quality food products crafted by to listen again next week at the same time for the further ventures of the great gilder sleeve your family is passing up fresh green salad here's how to stir up brand new appetite interest in these nourishing fresh vegetables for a new surprise touch of flavors zip up your salad dressings with tangy golden craft salad mustard it's creamy smooth and blended to crafts own special recipe made of choice mustard seed mild vinegar and fragrant spices so you can use craft salad mustard in all sorts of tempting ways it gives a grand flavor lift to cheese fondues and Welsh rabbits blend smoothly into an appetizing cream sauce for hot cooked vegetables adds delicious flavor to deviled eggs in the cold meat cut so have a jar of craft salad mustard handy whenever you prepare meals luncheons or snacks by that other favorite to craft mustard with nippy horseradish added head up your shopping list tomorrow with these two popular variety craft horseradish mustard and tangy golden craft salad mustard have you heard that Joan Davis and Jack Haley are back in the seal test village store consult your local newspaper for the time and station this is the national broadcasting company


I was rereading the intro to your book, Sacred Economics, last night. And one of the points that you bring up is what is the core of being human? And you say, you kind of add your own little flavor to it and say, our purpose in life, what is the human purpose in life? And I'd be curious to hear a little potted explanation of what you think the human purpose is. And maybe if you could extrapolate that down into what is Charles' purpose? Yeah, sure. Start with a small question here. I think everybody also has the answer to that question on a general level, which is that we're here to serve life and beauty on Earth, just like every other species is here to do. Every species that comes into the planet, whether it's the first multicellular organism or flowering plants or whatever it is, it increases biodiversity on Earth and adds something new to the mix that wasn't there before. So human beings are the same. And as individuals, as long as we're contributing in some way to life and beauty, then we're going to feel that we're fulfilling our purpose. We're going to feel, yeah, I'm here doing something meaningful. I'm doing what I came here to do. And if you're not doing that, or if you've reached a glass ceiling and you have that feeling, I could be doing something more. I'm kind of in a rut here. I'm making enough money. I'm surviving just fine. But I'm not really expressing my capacity to make the world more beautiful and alive. Then you're going to feel dissatisfied.  Oh, yeah. I mean, in my 20s, I was a translator in Taiwan, which was challenging and lucrative. And I had prestigious clients. And I was well-regarded. But I didn't actually care about most of the things that I was doing. I didn't care about this annual report for some insurance company or some marketing materials. I didn't care about it. And I was like, do I ever get to do something in life that I care about for real, not that I'm paid to care about it? But I actually care about it. Like, do I get to live my life instead of the life I'm paid to live? And once I had that realization, then I couldn't keep doing what I was doing. Yeah, I mean, yeah, I would like to say that as soon as I had that realization, I totally changed my life. But that's not what happened. It was this growing discontent that I just couldn't put my full energy into what I was doing. But I was still stuck in it. I was kind of addicted to the money and addicted to the routine. And here's this client. Can you do this next thing for us? And let me raise my rates. But now I'm getting even more business. It was hard to get out, actually, until I just moved. Like, I just pretty much, at some point, I had to leave that entire environment. And that's when I moved back to the United States and then spent years trying to figure out what I did care about. Because I was out of touch with that. How did you figure it out? By trying some things that I didn't care about. Like what? Oh, like I trained as a yoga teacher. You know, I was OK. I toyed with the idea of going to grad school, took a couple of classes. But it's really about learning to trust my feelings, the feeling of enthusiasm. Or like, say I start to procrastinate and I become lazy. Is that a character flaw that I have to overcome to be productive? Or is that a message from my soul saying, the reason you don't care about this is because you're supposed to be caring about something else. Does that still happen to you at all? Yeah. Yeah, because it's not like, oh, OK, I found what I'm going to do for the rest of my life and I never, ever have to listen to my feelings again. Right now I'm kind of in this transition zone, too, where the kinds of books and essays I've been writing, they just don't juice me as much. Sometimes they do. You know, I go through a spurt where I'm excited to write another essay. But a lot of times it feels kind of dutiful. And so then if I can pull back from the routine and the rush, the crush, and take some time to myself, like one thing that's coming to me is, wow, I have this amazing idea for a screenplay. And like that feels exciting in a way that I haven't felt for years. Interesting. But to actually step into that, you know, it requires disengaging from a lot of things that have a pretty strong grip. And a whole new skill set. But I mean, sometimes.


Greetings and welcome to the Introduction to Astronomy. In this video we are going to talk about the search for extraterrestrial intelligence or intelligent life outside of our own planet. So we want to look at a few different things here and we are going to start off looking at the possibilities of interstellar travel. How can we travel, possibly travel between the stars? It is not something easy to consider. Distances are tremendous beyond anything we can consider. And if we think about that, we've had the New Horizons spacecraft, the fastest craft yet launched from Earth, took 10 years to get out to Pluto. And that is only about 40 astronomical units away from us. And to try to go to the nearest stars, we are talking hundreds of thousands of astronomical units. If we think about even light travel, it takes light traveling at the speed of light four years to reach the nearest star. And if we look at some of the current craft, such as the Voyager spacecraft, which are the most distant ones away from the Earth now, it would take them 80,000 years to reach another star. And even by the time we did that, of course, it would still take years to get signals back from them, even if we could send something to another star. So it becomes very difficult to do, something that is very difficult unless we find some other form of travel that goes beyond what we know right now. If we look at just one trip, so what is the expense of traveling faster? If we could get up to 70% the speed of light, meaning that it would still take years to get to the nearest star and back, it would take hundreds of thousands of years of the electric consumption of the United States to be able to generate that amount of energy. So we need some new source of energy that would be able to allow us to travel with current technology it just is not feasible to be able to travel between the stars to look for other intelligent life. However, there are other methods that we can use to still try to communicate with life that may be out there. So we have sent some messages out and this is an example. This is the pioneer plaque, which contains information about our solar system and where we are. So our solar system shown down here, each of the sun and the planets, including Pluto at the time, when this was made, and then marking where the craft is and which planet it came from, so identifying where we are. We have the sizes of two human figures relative to the craft itself and the position of the sun relative to the center of our galaxy and a number of different pulsars. So this is all binary encoding of the various pulsar pulsar tines and that could be then used to triangulate the position. It also shows the little what looks like two little eyeballs up here is the spin flip transition of hydrogen relating to the 21 centimeter radio line. Very important for studying intergalactic material, interstellar material, and that would be something that we think another intelligent civilization would be interested in. So we've sent this out. Of course, this was on the pioneer craft and these are still ones that are just getting to the point of leaving the edges of our solar system. We also sent a record out on the Voyager spacecraft and in fact the golden record here containing the sounds of earth, containing greetings in 60 different languages, music samples from various cultures, natural and man-made sounds from the earth, and various diagrams and photographs that have been encoded in this. Now we have to remember that we talked about already it's going to take 80,000 years for a craft like this to reach another planet, to reach some place, to reach another star. So while we've encoded all of the information there, it's not something that an alien civilization is likely to detect in the near future. Space is just so vast and empty that the likelihood of them being found is very small, that these will ever be found is incredibly small, and will they be correctly interpreted? Have we specified general enough things that would actually catch the interest of an alien civilization that might happen to detect these? So that's another very slow method of communication. So let's look at how we could possibly communicate over these interstellar distances. How can we communicate those? Well one of the best waves is going to be radio waves. Radio waves do travel at the speed of light. They also penetrate through dust, so they're very easy to travel through large portions of the solar system. It is a quicker way to make contact than trying to send out spacecraft, but still is not fast. It is still a slow process, taking 8.6 years to receive a response from the nearest star. So if we look at an example, if we send a signal on January the first of 2020, we could expect a response probably sometime in July of 2028. That means it would take eight and a half years for it to get a signal back, and that's if the beings detecting it were able to decipher it and respond immediately. Otherwise it could take even longer to get that back. And that is for the nearest star. If the star were further away that we were trying to communicate with, it would take even longer. Now the question becomes do we broadcast or listen or do we do both? Certainly if everybody listens, we're never going to detect a signal, because everybody's sitting there listening for a sound and nobody is doing the talking. So we're looking like we need to do both because if everybody else is listening, then we're not going to be able to detect a signal. Will the signals be strong enough to detect? We send out signals all the time, radio and TV broadcasts. Those would not be detectable even at the nearest stars. Even though those signals are traveling out there, they're not being beamed in a specific direction. So just general signals like that would be unlikely to be able to be detected. If we were to send a specific signal beamed towards a star, then we need to discuss where we want to send that signal. What stars are going to be most likely to have some kind of life around them? And finally how do we determine if a signal is natural or is it artificial? Things like pulsars were discovered as very regular signals that occurred. And they were thought maybe to be an artificial signal at first, but eventually found to be something natural, a rapidly spinning neutron star. However, it may take some time to be able to determine whether any signal we're getting is a natural one or an artificial one. Now we can look at the radio spectrum and that is a big place to be able to look for signals. What part of it do we listen? What frequency, at what frequency do we want to look for signals when we're listening for them? At what frequency do we want to broadcast signals when we are selling them? Now here we see essentially the noise. So the higher the lines on this, the more the noise and the harder it would be to detect a signal. So the galactic noise here is very hard to detect. There's some other noise here that makes it very hard. So where this is the lowest right in here is probably the region we want to look. And we tend to look at this region between emission of two lines, one of hydrogen and one of the hydroxyl or OH molecule. And that is what we call the water hole because H and OH makes H2O or water. So we call that the water hole and this region is one of the areas where we most look for signals and where we try to broadcast signals. It is a region of low noise, but it also has some significance with water being very important for life. Now what kind of signals can we expect to detect? Leakage is very hard to detect. So just leakage, our television shows, our radio shows. Those have traveled out, well radio shows almost 100 light years away from us. However they are so weak that it would not be able to be detected easily because we're not beaming them towards a specific star. We are just sending them randomly out into space and they get weak very quickly. We would look for beacons or messages being beamed to us. So what is being sent straight towards us that we would then be able to detect? And that would be much easier. So let's look at sending some of these signals and what has been done. This is an example here of what stars. Do we look at sun-like stars? Do we do stars with known habitable planets that we begin to know about? And will we receive a response? One of the problems is what is the technology level of the civilization? It has to be comparable to ours to be able to receive that. So if we look at that, if a civilization is much as we are, we're back in the 1700s, even just a few hundred years ago, we're never going to receive a response for them. Even if they were as we were in 1900, we are not going to receive a response for them because we had not yet developed radio communications. Radio telescopes were not really developed until the 1930s and didn't pick up until the 1950s. So if someone had sent us a signal at this time, we never would have been able to detect it. So another civilization at this level of technology would still not be able to receive and detect our signals. Are they interested in communication? Do they not care? That's something again that we do not know.  This is the Aeroscebo message sent in 1974 towards a globular cluster known as M13. That cluster is 25,000 light-years away. So while it was sent in 1974, it'll take 25,000 years to get there. And who knows what we will be like by the time it gets there. And of course, if someone there does respond, it will take another 25,000 years for the signal to get back. Now, within it, there are a number of things encoded, including the DNA molecule, the Aeroscebo telescope itself. This is our solar system with the Earth kind of sticking out. There's a human figure in here, and the various amino acid encoded in here as well. There's a number of different pieces of information were encoded, but the problem is trying to be able to decipher this and to get it. And what is sent is what we call an anti-coded message. And that means it's set so that there's only two ways to decipher this message. For example, if you were to send a message with 24 pieces of information, 24 bits of information, well, you could look that as one string of 24. You could look at it at two strings of 12. You could look at it at three strings of eight. You could look at it at four strings of six. Or you could go six strings of four. If you get my message here, what there are, there are a lot of ways to be able to decipher this. If you send something that is with, like a, say, 35, then it can only be seven by five or five by seven. So there are only two ways to decipher the message. And that is what this has done. There are only two ways to put this together. One would give you gibberish and one would give you a message. So there are not a lot of ways to be able to do it, as there would be with certain types of messages. Now, one of the other things that I want to look at here is what is called the Drake equation. The Drake equation is a way to estimate the number of technological, communicative civilizations that are present in the galaxy right now. So that's kind of amazing. We can use this equation to calculate the number of civilizations that are there. It's based on estimates and probabilities. So some of the terms are better known than others. And all we have to do is multiply these seven terms together. And that tells us the number of civilizations present right now. The thing is, we know some of these numbers pretty well. And others are a great big question mark. So we don't actually know all of the values accurately going into it. But it still is a great discussion point for starting. Let's look at what those terms are. And the first one is the rate of star formation, how fast stars are forming in the galaxy. The second is the fraction of stars with planets. And the third is the number of Earth-like planets. These first three are the astronomical terms. So these come from astronomy. And they are relatively well known. They may not be known precisely, but we can get a pretty decent estimate on these. We're starting to find lots and lots of stars with planets, so we can get a pretty good estimate of things like the rate of star formation and the number of Earth-like planets that we're beginning to be able to detect. So we have a pretty good handle on these. The other ones are... The next three are sort of the biological and cultural... Let's do all four. Biological and cultural terms. These ones we do not know. What is the fraction of planets that develop life? We only know of one place this has ever happened. What is the fraction of those planets that develop intelligent life? Again, we only know of the Earth. We're life-formed and then intelligent life-formed. We could be optimistic and say it's one, that every planet that develops life will eventually develop intelligent life. Or we could be pessimistic and say it's one in a hundred, one in a million, or one in a billion, and that would make it much less likely. Do they develop communications? So do they develop a way of communicating? And the big question mark is the lifetime. How long is that civilization actively communicating? How long does a civilization last? So it could be a very small number, or it could be a very large number. Do civilizations last millions or billions of years? Do civilizations last only a few decades? And that's something that we have absolutely no clue of. So let's look up what's the answer to this equation. There is none. The answer is a great big question mark because we don't know. There's a wide range of values, especially when it comes to these last four. We really do not know. There could be one civilization, us. There could be thousands or millions, depending on the values that you pick for these different terms. It is really more of a discussion point than an equation that will ever have a definitive answer. So let's finish up here. We have that first, is there life out there? It's an open question. We can't honestly answer it. Yes or no? We do know that the building blocks of life, the amino acids are common in the universe, and that there are likely many planets with conditions that are similar to the Earth. The big question is how easily does life form? Does life form easily? Or is it a very difficult thing? We believe life form very quickly on the Earth, very early after its formation. That gives us some confidence that maybe it is easy for life to form elsewhere. But we do not know any of that for sure, and whether that life then evolves to intelligence within a regular basis. That took a long time on Earth. That took billions of years. So even though life forms easily, how common is intelligent life? And again, the biggest question, how long does that advanced civilization last? It may not, if it's only a few decades, then we're unlikely to communicate with anyone else. Even if it's millions of years, will they quickly become too advanced to even want to communicate with us? So let's finish up here, as we do with our summary. And we talked about really the possibility of life in the universe. It's a big question mark. We know of life here on Earth. We don't know of any place else where life has ever formed. We have sent messages to civilizations by a number of different methods. And we talked about the Drake equation, which allows us to consider the variables needed to determine if there are other civilizations out there. So that concludes our lecture on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. We'll be back again next time for another topic in astronomy. So until then, have a great day, everyone. And I will see you in class.


Hello and welcome to this session. This is Professor Farhad in which we will work a statement of cash flows using the indirect method. To prepare the statement of cash flows, you will need an income statement, you will need a comparative balance sheet, two years of balance sheet, and you might need additional information, which we are giving in this exercise. So here's what we are told. One, a fully depreciated plant asset, which originally cost 20,000, had no salvage value, was sold for 1,000. Well, if that's the case, if it was fully depreciated, it means they have a gain of 1,000. Why? Because the book value for that asset was zero. Bond spable were issued at par. Two-thirds of the bond spable were exchanged for land. If we look here at our land account, we see it went from zero to 86, but it looks like it was purchased via a bond spable. The remaining of the bond was issued for cash. That's good information. Common stock was sold for cash. We went from 250 and I'm going to make this number of common stock to 85, 275. The only entries in retained earnings accounts are for dividend paid and the amount of 10,000. We paid dividend for 10,000 and net income for the year also affected retained earnings. A normal depreciation expense was recorded during the year and the franchise was amortized. Now we are told to do what? To prepare the statement of cash flows using the indirect method. Again, this number is 285. We'll get to it. Well, how do we prepare the statement of cash flow using the indirect method? We will start with net income because that's the purpose. It's to start with net income and prepare all the adjustments. What adjustments do we make? Well, we want to find out if we have any non-cash expenses at them back. We do. We do have depreciation. However, depreciation is not a separate line. If it was a separate line, if depreciation expense was given as a separate line, it would have been easy. I'll just add this amount. Well, it's not. It's part of operating expenses. What do I have to do now? I have to find out how much depreciation was taking. I made this exercise a little bit challenging because that's what you want to do. You want to know how to analyze account. We're looking at an account called accumulated depreciation with the beginning balance of 80 and an ending balance of 80. I'm sorry. The beginning balance was 86 and an ending balance of 80. It's a little bit unusual. It's not very unusual, but usually accumulated depreciation by its name. It should go up. Well, why did it go down? Well, we are told that we sold an asset that was fully depreciated for 20,000. If you remember note one, well, that explains why it went down by 20. Well, it went down by 20. It started at 86. It went down by 20. That's 66. It ended up to be 80. It means I can imply that my depreciation expense must have been 14,000 for it to balance. Therefore, I will add back my depreciation expense. Before we proceed any further, I have a public announcement about my company, farhatlectures.com. Farhat Accounting Lectures is a supplemental educational tool that's going to help you with your CPA exam preparation as well as your accounting courses. My CPA material is aligned with your CPA review course such as Becker, Roger, Wiley, Gleam, Miles. My accounting courses are aligned with your accounting courses broken down by chapter and topics. My resources consist of lectures, multiple choice questions, true-false questions, as well as exercises. Go ahead, start your free trial today. No obligation, no credit card required. What else do I have to do? I have to analyze my franchise because I was told the franchise was amortized. It went from 32 to 24. Well, it means I took an amortization of a thousand. That's the difference. That's how much it went down by. I'm not giving any other information to worry about. Also, on the income statement, clearly I'm giving the entry that I sold an asset. I was giving the information that I sold the plant asset. I was not told the gain, but the gain is here. What do I do with the gain? I subtract the gain. Now, why do I subtract the gain? It's worth taking a minute, although I explained this in the tales in the explanation, but it's worth taking a minute. When I sold this asset, I received cash of a thousand dollars. Accumulated depreciation of this asset was removed for 20. The plant asset was removed also for 20. I booked the gain of a thousand. This was the entry. This is the gain that went on the income statement. The gain is not cash. The cash is the thousand dollar. The cash will be accounted for somewhere else. If I sold the plant asset, that's a financing activity. Therefore, the gain is a deduction. Now, I'm going to analyze current assets and current liabilities to find out how do they affect my operating section. I see that a count receivable went from 74 to 79. It means a count receivable went up by five. Well, that means it's a deduction from my cash. It means 5,000 of my sales, 5,000 sitting here is accrual sales, accrual sales. Therefore, if it's accrual sales, I have to take it out. Inventory went from 118 to 124. What does that mean? Well, if I'm buying more inventory, it means I am spending money on my operation. It's a deduction. So, notice every time a current asset goes up, other than cash, obviously your cash flow is negative. And the classic example is prepaid. Prepaid went from five to six. How do you acquire prepaid? You pay for them. So, if your current asset of prepaid going up, your cash is going down, negative. So, that's minus. And obviously, the opposite would have been true if current assets are going down. It means you are using your current asset. It will be a positive cash flow. Now, let's take a look at the liabilities. Accounts payable went from 41 to 53. If accounts payable went up, it means we are using our liabilities to operate. It means we are not paying cash. Therefore, it's an increase 12,000. Now, I net them, they net out to 21,000, all those adjustments. I will take my net income plus the 21,000 equal to my net cash provided by operating. Simply put, what I did is I took my accrual net income and convert it to what I called cash net income of 47,000. I'm done with one section of the statement of cash flow. Well, let's take a look at the next section. The next section is the investing section. What's the investing section? It appears that we sold an asset, a plant asset of 1,000. That's easy. We sold an asset. We received cash. Also, if we look at our plan asset account, let's take a look at that account. If we look at our plan asset, it went from 224 to 279, although we sold plant asset. We must bought something. We must bought plant asset. Let's see if we can analyze this account. If we look at our plant asset account, plant asset, it started at 224. It went up to 279. That's what I'm giving on the balance sheet. I was also told from note one that I sold a plant asset of 20,000. Well, if I take 224 minus 20, it doesn't give me 279. What I need is to add 75,000. This tells me that I purchased 75,000 worth of plant asset. Well, what does that mean? It's going to be minus 74 purchase of plant asset as a result. Net cash used by investing is 74,000. My next section is the financing section, and I'm going to start with the easy part. We were told that common stock was issued for cash. Well, if we look at common stock, it went from 250 to 285. Well, if that's the case, I received 35,000 in cash. That's easy. I was also told that I sold bonds payable, but two-third of it went for the land, which is I told you at the beginning, and the remaining was for cash. Let's see how much I issued in bonds. My bonds went from zero to 129. If I take the 129, I have to split. Two-third of it is land, one-third is cash, and I'm concerned with the cash amount. So the one-third is cash. Whatever that amount is the cash that I received, which is 129 times one-third is 43,000. Well, let's keep going with the easy part. Dividend is 10,000. I paid dividend. The last thing I did not analyze as far as financing is notes payable. Notes payable went from 58, I'm sorry, went from 63 to 58. Well, what does that mean? I paid down my notes. Therefore, it's a negative. It's a minus. And my net cash provided by financing is 63,000. Now I have the second section and the third section done. Let's take a look at the complete cash flow statement. This is the operating section and we brought in cash. This is the investing section. We spent cash, and this is the financing section we brought in cash of 63,000. Now I net them plus 24, minus 74, plus 63. I have a net increase of 36. Well, if I take my net increase and add it to my beginning, would it give me my ending? And it does. And my ending cash is 98,000, which means my cash flow balances. Now I also have to disclose the notes, the bonds that I issued to purchase the land because the investors and the users are going to say that I have land, but I did not account anywhere for it here. Well, it's because I purchased it issuing bonds. This is called the non-cash investing slash financing because part of it is financing, part of it is investing. Financing is the bond. Investing is the land. I will disclose a purchase of land through the issuance of stocks. And this is basically the complete cash flow statement. I highly doubt it. You'll have to complete a complete one on the exam. But if you understand this example, you should be good to go. What should you do now? Go to Fahat lectures and work multiple choice through false work additional exercises that's going to help you do better. Good luck, study hard, stay safe and stay motivated.