So Michelle Heyflit, I'm very excited to have her with us again. She is our census guru. Michelle is the Data Services Librarian at UNC Chapel Hill where she has worked for 10 years. Prior to that she worked in similar capacities at the NCSU Libraries and the State Library of North Carolina. She has been learning about census data since 2000 and continues to learn. So thank you very much, Michelle, and you can go ahead and start. Maria, thank you. I have an agenda and I will apologize in advance. This is a ton of material and I'm going to have to go really quickly to fit it all in. I did take screenshots of everything so I wouldn't have to fuss with trading into different applications. And there's pointers on each screen to point out the things that I really need to point out. So hopefully that part will go quickly. But it's also beneficial to you to have screenshots in there in case I don't finish everything. So I do have slides scattered throughout to prompt people to ask questions.  So do ask questions as you think of them. Don't hold on to them to the end because you'll forget. All right, so first I'm going to talk a little bit about American FactFinder and then move to the tools that are available that have aggregate data. I'm really going to focus on the tools for aggregate data. I'm not going to talk about the tools that are available for microdata. But there is bonus material at the end of my presentation that addresses those microdata tools. So if you're interested in that, there is at least some information there. I did not do screenshots though for the microdata tools. These are the tools I'm going to cover, NHGIS, Social Explorer, Simply Analytics, and PolicyMap. And most of these tools have multiple datasets in them. I'm going to focus on population data. And although all of the commercial sources have the ability to map data, I'm not going to address the mapping components of those products. I'm not only going to talk about the data. And yes, we will send out the PowerPoint after the session. So I believe it will be linked from the help webinars homepage. And you can get it in your email as well. So first, the bad news. You really do have to know something about the census data to be able to pull it from any of these resources. Oh, Linda is reminding me that I should also mention the recording on the YouTube channel will also have a link to the PowerPoint slides. So census data is just complicated. And there's no way around the fact that if your data collection is complicated, then the way the data are presented is going to be complicated. So the more you know about the census, the easier any of these tools will be for you to use. I'm not going to talk about census methodology much, but we just did a help. Well, just did. We did a help session about the census methodology back in 2013. And so I refer you to that session if you want to learn more about the methodology overall. I am starting with American FactFinder because sometimes it is the right tool to use. So bear that in mind. I have to admit I have a little bit of a bias towards American FactFinder because it's the tool that I've used the longest and probably because I understand its limitations pretty well. So I'm going to try to explain to you its limitations and its strengths and do that for all of these tools so that you have a better sense of what's best to use when. I highly recommend playing around with the tools. The more you use them, the easier they become to use, and you can't break them. So if you play around with them, you'll be able to see what you can and can't do with them. So I did these, excuse me, comparison tables to give you a quick snapshot about the tools. I'm not going to dwell on these tables. I'm just going to point them out to you. I do in this table rate the ease of use. That is completely my own opinion. And if you get used to using a different tool, it's very likely that you will disagree with my ratings. So bear that in mind. There are additional elements in this table to give you a comparison amongst them all. These are notes that go with the table. I'll skip over that. Okay, so American FactFinder. It is the Census Bureau's official online database. The Census Bureau's mission is really to focus on collecting the current data. And so they do not keep older data. If you're looking for historical data, American FactFinder is not going to be the place to find it. We'll talk about that in the next slide a little bit more. It does have the strength of having all of the tables that they produce and all of the geographies that they use. Some of the other tools really focus on just the most commonly used geographies and variables. And so if you need something unusual and all you need is the current data, then American FactFinder is a good place to go. It's not exactly user-friendly, but I think that once you understand how the interface works, it goes a lot easier. And I think that's true of all of these tools. So you can see what you think after we go through some of the screenshots. American FactFinder does have a 30-minute timeout, but let me back up. 30-minute timeout, and that means that if you are trying to download a lot of data, it will probably timeout on you. But they do have something called the Download Center where you can create bigger downloads, all of the blocks in the country, all of the Census block groups in the country, that kind of thing, or many, many, many variables. The Census Bureau doesn't have a lot of confidence in block group level data from the American Community Survey. They really make it difficult to find. And particularly from the start of the American Community Survey, the first block group data produced were in the 2005 to 2009 five-year data set. They did not make those data available in American FactFinder pretty much because they weren't great quality. The sample size really wasn't big enough to make those reliable data. So the first time that block group data is available in American FactFinder is 2013. You kind of have to use the five-year summary vials for block group data because that is the largest sample size as opposed to the one-year data. And so the smallest geographies like block groups only show up in the five-year data. If you are a regular attendee of these sessions, you may have heard me talk last June about data.census.gov. I haven't heard anything about the progress they're making in transitioning American FactFinder over to data.census.gov. But that transition is supposed to be happening like now. Between now and 2020, American FactFinder will be going away. So there's that. So these are the records management rules under which the Census Bureau operates. They only keep two of the decennial censuses, the current and one prior. For the economic census, which runs every five years, they keep the same, the current and one prior. With all of their annual surveys, their rule is usually the current and for prior. But because the American Community Survey has a five-year rolling sample, they keep the current and five prior. So there's always one-year summary files available that's outside the current sample. Okay, so this is what American FactFinder looks like when you first come to it. I tend to use the advanced search, but if you're not very familiar with it, the guided search may work better for you. The downloads that are just below that for the big data downloads. When you enter in the advanced search, this is what you see. If you have a particular topic or table name in mind and a particular geography, a particular larger geography, you can input them here in the middle of the screen. But otherwise, you can start with any of these blue buttons over on the left side. Topics includes not only topics about people, but also about economic topics and topics from other surveys, like the American Housing Survey and the Survey of Governments. I think that census is government, exactly. You can do them in any order. You do have to choose a topic and a geography. And when you get to the list of tables that match your selections here, then you will be able to select from different years in that final table screen. I'll show you that just a second. Oh, well, here it is. So you see over here under the data set listing on the right, there are all tables here from 2017, but there's lots of pages here. And as you page further into it, you can get to earlier years. There are also ways under the topics screen to limit the years there if you want to do it there, too. As you make selections with the blue buttons or up here with this search, then those selections always show up in this box at the upper left so that you'll be able to see what you have. The mistake that I see people make most often with many of these tools is that you try to select everything at once. If you do that, you're not going to find any tables in this list. The tables that show up here are only those that match all of the criteria that you've selected. And so if you put in race and income and education, there aren't going to be any tables that match those criteria. So you'll just have a blank screen here. So if you ever encounter that where you have a blank screen, back off some of your criteria and take a look at what else is available. In the same way, sometimes you'll see tables that start with an S. All of these tables start with a B, which in this case stands for base tables. S tables are subject tables that often cover multiple variables. And it's possible that you would put in a bunch of variables in your selection and then only be able to see subject tables because those would be the only ones that include all of those variables. If you want to see information about what's in each table, you can click on the table title to just go ahead and go to the table. You can also click on the I to get a table shell. It doesn't have any data in the table. It just tells you how the table is constructed. So you can go directly to an individual table here or you can use the checkboxes to select multiple tables and use this download option right next to the red down arrow that I put on top of this to show you the table titles and download the data directly from there. The National Historical Geographic Information System was created by the University of Minnesota Population Center. I don't know if you know, but there are population centers at universities across the country and the University of Minnesota Population Center really focuses on making a wide variety of data available. They have a lot of tools and there are at least two, maybe three other of their tools in the micro data sections of bonus material at the end of the presentation. National Historical GIS is the tool that focuses on aggregate data. Most of the data sets that they make available are micro data. So the difference between aggregate data and micro data, aggregate data focuses on summarizing data for an area. So you'd be talking about maybe a town, maybe a county state or smaller administrative geographies like a census tract block group or a census block. You're going to give you a single number that describes, say, the total population for that place, whatever it is. With micro data, you're not looking at data at any kind of summarized level. You're looking at the individual responses for whatever area you're looking at. You might still be looking at a place or, I'm sorry, a town or an administrative geography. But what you're getting are all of the responses that were collected for that area. The thing about the NHGIS that's special, there's two things really. One is it's the first place that census data back to the first census in 1790 was available. Well, are they available actually because data is available? So that historical range is exceptional. There are only a couple of sources that do that, and this is the only one of them that's free. The other thing that it does is if you notice that GIS part of its name, it really is oriented towards providing data for mapping purposes. Any kind of system that does GIS mapping, you can export files from the NHGIS to use in those kinds of programs. It might be the software from ESRI, like ArcMap, or it might be an open source mapping software. But if that program uses shapefiles, you can export shapefiles from NHGIS. The implication of that that kind of has a negative effect for many users is that because it's adapted for exporting a lot of data, it doesn't work at all to generate a single number. So if what you really wanted was the population by race for a single county, you're not going to be able to get that. It's going to generate all of the counties in the country. So it's kind of a blunt instrument that way. You do have to register to use NHGIS, but it's free and you create your own login. I think that the Minnesota Population Center uses that information to measure their impact. Most of their funding is grant funding, and so they have to show their impact back to their funding agency. Accounts are renewed on an annual basis. They try to emphasize with people that you shouldn't try to identify individuals from these data. You shouldn't use these data for commercial purposes. It's a research database. The interface is not entirely intuitive, but just like American FactFinder, the more you use it, the more it makes sense. You still do need to know a lot about the census, and the fact that it has historical data can be challenging in this way because the Census Bureau has made different choices about how to organize the data over time. And so in 1980, the census tracks are in a slightly hidden place compared to other years. The good thing is that their documentation is excellent. They have a user forum that can answer lots of questions, and their staff are available.  I've never had them lag more than a few hours when I've been trying to get an answer to a question. It's an asynchronous system, which means that if you are asking for a lot of data, like every census block group in the country, they're not going to process your query as soon as you submit it. They're going to wait to process that when there's not as much demand for their system. So it might be that it runs at 3 a.m. and a query like that that is asking for a lot of data might get actually answered or completed rather the next day. They'll send you an email when your file is ready to download, and it'll have a link in it to get you back to the place to download it. So here's the screen that you get when you go to NHGIS.org. Links for all of these tools are in the slides. I will point out a couple things here. First, this is where you log in. You can do a fair amount of poking around in the interface without having to log in, but if you're going to download – well, not even if you're going to download data. If you're going to actually submit a query, you have to eventually log in, and it'll prompt you if you don't. Here's where you find their FAQs and help documentation. And then to actually get into the system, you either select data or get data, both of those, take you to the same place. And as long as we're on the screen, I'm also going to point out my data. My data is where you log in to retrieve your files once they've finished processing the query. So I point that out now because we'll come back to it after I run you through a search. So I clicked on log in, and this is where you get the registration form. I wanted you to see the kinds of things they asked for on the registration form. There's a quirk about their general research statement. They require that you enter at least 50 words here. And if you are able to describe your use of the system in less than 50 words, that's perfectly fine. They see this all the time. I don't know why they keep this requirement here. But then you can just fill in the rest of the 50 words with gibberish and lots of spaces. Okay, so this is the interface. It seems a little bare bones, but it's the same kind of... So you can start with any of these green buttons to add the criteria, just like you did in American FactMinder. It doesn't matter where you start. You can do it in any order. I started with geography, so you see that the default is to give you the most popular ones, that you can switch to others of these categories if they better match what you're trying to do. If you click on one of the plus buttons, that's what actually selects something. If you click on the title, that will tell you which years those geographies are available for. So that can be useful information if you're not sure what you're going for. And again, it'll pull all of those geographies for the whole country. It doesn't give you an option to just pull specific areas. So then once you've made your selection here, you click submit and you get a screen similar to FactMinders where it lists tables that match your selections up here. Once you start choosing topics, those will show up up here in the data cart on the right. Notice what I've selected so far is just counties and there are 33,984 possible tables that have county-level data. So the tables in this list match the selections up here. Same thing. If you started selecting multiple variables up here, I often use race income education because I just know there aren't any tables that do that. Then you would get no tables down here. So then you could just delete some of your variables and back out to see what's really available. So there's still things that I don't fully understand about NHGIS. They do have these table topic filters. And when you're selecting your topics to begin with, the ones in this outer column are the ones you want to focus on. There are breakdown filters available, apparently, for some things. But for instance, I chose race and then further down tried to choose income. I know that there are some race tables that crosstab with income, but it left me with no table options. So it's not always the breakdown filters, even when they're available, don't always apply for what you're doing. It might be that I had, because I was selecting the county level, that's why the race and income crosstab wasn't available. It might be that that crosstab is only available for larger geographies. So you see here the selection screen for topics and the one for years. It will gray out things where it doesn't match the selections you've already made. So now that I've selected counties, years, topics, I have a list of tables that are available for what I want to do. I will point out, again, the more you know about a given part of the census, the more this is going to make sense to you. The thing that stands out to me here is having chosen 2008 to 2010, I know that this is American Community Survey data, and it's three-year data. The three-year data sets don't exist anymore. They cut those for budget reasons, but just the fact that it is a multi-year summary file tells me that it's American Community Survey data. This box, I wanted to point out that there are three different kinds of tables that you can choose from. The greatest number, of course, are in source tables, but NHGIS has created some time series tables with the most common, the most basic count, the most basic variables. So in this case, there is not a time series table that matches my selections up here, but you will see time series tables available. I think that NHGIS, there's three products, there's only three products that offer time series data, and NHGIS has the best, most thorough methodology for that. So I do recommend them if you're needing to use census data as time series study. And then the GIS files are available there as well. You do the same thing here of selecting a variable by clicking the plus button, and then that shows up in your data cart up here. When you're ready, when you have all the things that you need, you click continue up here to continue. And then you get a screen like this. This screen just gives you a chance to change some of your options. It shows you that you've only selected one table, and you have one of 23 available geographic levels. So if you wanted to add more geographies here, you could do it here. Mostly I just click through it to the next screen. So on the next screen, it gives you some options for changing the structure of the output that you get. If you need to use this in a GIS package, you could use common delimited default. But if you needed to use it in a statistical package, a fixed width format is going to work better for you, so you could change that. You can also combine files into a single data file or keep them in separate files, depending on what your needs are. I point out the description regularly because if you use any GIS with any regularity, you get a long list of your queries at the end of the process. And the description is the only way you're going to be able to tell them apart from one another. You'll see when we get to the end, I have not a long list, but a list of my queries, and I've only done descriptions for a few of them. So it's pretty easy for that to get out of hand if you use this very much at all. Oh, so here it is. This is the extract history page that you get to when you finish your query, and you'll see that it shows your most recent one as being in progress. And then when it's finished, you get a complete message, and there will be a link in one of these two columns for you to actually download your data. Apparently, I did some exporting of team data for a patron named Tom. I don't even remember what that was about. It wasn't that long ago either. I did ask the University of Minnesota Population Center staff if it's possible to clear out this list. And what they told me is no. There is no way to clear your list. What happens with this is there aren't any links in the table now because they only hold the download file for a couple of weeks. So you have some time to get to it, but then after two weeks, it goes away. And they maintain this list in order that you can resubmit your query if you find that maybe you trash that data, and a year later you need it again. You don't have to reconstruct the query. You can just resubmit it. Once you have an email that says your data query is ready, you can follow that link, or you can come back to the NHGIS page and click on that My Data link so that that will take you back to the same page. So we had a question come in a little bit later about American Fact Signer. Jenny might need to type in to explain a little bit more, but she was asking basically whether or not the search was Boolean style in the American Fact Signer search. If the search is Boolean style, yes it is Boolean style. I don't know if you can insert ORs. I don't think it really works that way. I think they're only using AND. So there's that. And then the question that we just got about New England Places, those are a specific category of geography for the Census Bureau. And so you will find New England Places as their own thing. It's what they call them is geographic summary levels. And so there is a specific summary level for a New England Places. Other questions? Jenny meant cross-tabbing, and I think she typed again in here. Oh, you mean for the Boolean question? Yeah, for it. Yeah. Cross-tabbing. Okay, so what happens with cross-tabbing is that there are standards for how much data the Census Bureau can release without breaching confidentiality. They are required by law to protect confidentiality, and there are both fines and jail terms if you breach confidentiality. So the Census Bureau is serious about not putting up too much data out there. Okay. Still, I think that that's a good question. You will find three, maybe even four variables cross-tabbed in a given table, but you're not going to find any more than that. At that point, you're going to want to switch to the microdata to get custom cross-tabbing. Okay, social explorer. It has a very user-friendly interface. It is the other tool that I'm willing to recommend for time series data. It has a user-friendly way to do it. The third tool is the longitudinal track database from Brown, and that's much harder to use. So I do recommend social explorer for that, and I don't think I noted that it has time series data. They do occasionally use tabs in their interface, so that can be tricky. It does have a full history back to 1790. It's commercial. It does have a little bit of free data on their website, so you can take a look at that. It does say it has all the data for all the years, but they do tend to focus on the most commonly used things. And it does have separate interfaces for maps versus tables. The maps interface has fewer variables than the tables one. It's just not easy to map everything. It does have some nice options in mapping for comparisons. So once you – you do have to create an account with social explorer even when you have subscription, and this is the dashboard that it puts you on once you log in. So you choose either maps or reports. Reports is the interface that you use for generating tables. When you go to my reports, it says you don't have any yet. So then you click on create report to create one. And then it's a drill-down system. So you select the data file that you're interested in using. I think I went with ACF five-year data. Once you choose it, it opens up a detailed window so you can choose the year that you need. Then it puts you into a drill-down system for the geographies. So nation is the default, but it has a hierarchical system. So the indents show you how the geographies run. Counties are, of course, subsumed under states. So when I choose counties, then it offers me the chance to choose a particular state. It also lets me choose if I want all counties in the country or just all counties in the state of North Carolina, or you can choose individual or multiple counties down here. Once you've chosen them, once you've highlighted them, you have to add them to put them in what you can barely see there is the current geography selections. So I chose all counties in North Carolina and added it to my selections, and then you click proceed to tables to go on to the variable selection. The list tables is the default. I find that the search by keyword is often more efficient when you know the terminology that you're trying to use. Okay, so then it does the same thing after you add it to your selections. Then it says something like proceed to data or proceed to results. And within here, you see, again, the tab selection. Here's just a viewing area for the tables, and you only get five geographies at a time, but you could switch to Excel or data download for statistical package formats to download all of the data. And here's some of the formats available for the data download, tabs are limited. You could include all of the geographic identifiers if you're combining this table into a GIS project. You can do CSV, you can do setup tables for SAS or SPSS. Questions on that? All right, I'm going to buzz right ahead. Keep questions coming. I have to cover simply analytics because it's available to North Carolina folks through NCLive. I feel like it's my least favorite of these tools. It's a complicated interface, and they put data in there that I don't think they should put in there. I'll explain that in a minute. The more you use it, the easier it's going to get. And they do have good introduction videos and documentation to help you use the interface. It focuses on the most current data. Further back, the historical data goes is 1980. It is commercial. If you're not in North Carolina, you would have to probably get a trial to see the interface. But there might be some introductory material on their commercial website. It is mainly oriented towards maps, but once you create a map, you can export the tables behind it. This is what I'm talking about. The data that I think should not be in there. So the Census Bureau produces data down to the Census Block Group level with the American Community Survey, specifically because the sample size is not large enough to create estimates for any smaller geographies in that. And like I said, they're not very confident in the Block Group level data. And yet, Simply Analytics publishes Census Block level data for the American Community Survey. And I just object to that. It seems to me that there is no way those data can be reliable. And because this is a commercial product, they don't tell you anything about their methodology for creating those estimates. So they're in there. And there's no good indicator for the fact that they aren't data that are readily available, not just readily available. They're not available at all from the Census Bureau. So they do list the source, but I am always cautious about sending new data users to this tool specifically for that reason. It does have a lot more than just Census data. They get data from a lot of different sources. And so if you need to combine data, if you need data that goes beyond Census data, it is a good resource for that. And they have some features like radius searches. So this is the screen that I get when I go to it as a subscription. We access it through NC Live, but we as a university have also purchased some additional modules. So I'm not sure that this would look exactly the same if you were going through it just through NC Live. You can use either your own account that you create or sign in as an anonymous guest. But if you sign in as a guest, then you will not be able to save your work. So over here on the right is where they have their documentation. Over here on the left is where you make your selections. The Data tab is the default. And so you can see right off all the different kinds of data that they have there. If I go to Population, then I get a more specific list to choose from. And if I choose one of these variables, then I get a more specific list. Yet this is where it tells you the source of the data. It's really easy to miss that because it's kind of grayed out. But it's also hyperlinked so that if you click on it, it will give you more metadata about that source and how, like, what survey it was collected with. So let me go back to that last slide. Oh, the other thing is that the year selection is down at the bottom of this detailed list. So sometimes people have a hard time finding the years because it's not a separate tab up here. It's kind of buried down in the data selection. If you change to Locations, you can do a variety of things here. There's a search box in this black rectangle where you can search for names, places. When you hover over it, it gives you this note that you can search for all these different kinds of geographies. The search does not work for the census administrative geographies, tracts, and block groups. But you can zoom in, like, if you search for Charlotte, which is what I did, then you can zoom in to see the tracts' level data. But then you kind of have to know where the census tract is that you're looking for. So it's kind of difficult to use if you're looking for a specific tract and you don't know where it is. So this is my map of Charlotte. Note that it automatically goes to a zip code level. But you can change that if you wanted to switch to one of these others. I am sorry to say that the red color is the default. And wow, I have a hard time looking at that every time I go to this. But you can edit that over here. You can change both the color scheme and the ranges that it displays the data in. So there is some ability to moderate that glare. If you wanted to switch to the comparison table here, that is how you would get to the part where you can export the table. I highlight the edit button and the comparison table again. So when I click on comparison table, this is what I get, just the simple table. And then if you go to export, that's where you get to be able to export in different formats. They have Excel and CSB and that kind of thing. So now if you switch to the businesses, you can look at industry categories either by SIC or NAICS. I chose retail trade and got then a more specific list. And if I went to grocery stores, there's two different ways, two different categories of stores to look at. So that if you wanted to look at food deserts, you could use this information to do that. The thing is, it doesn't display these on the map. It just gives you a list of the businesses that are in that industry category. So you would have to pretty much export this again as a table to use that outside of the system. And this is reached by clicking on the businesses button down. Okay, questions on that? Slying through this, we only have eight left. I missed that question. Linda, could you read it back to me? Yeah, sorry. We're wondering how you would compare, for example, with Simply Analytics, some of the other tools the Census produces such as Census Business Builders on the map. Yeah, so I can't really address that question within the context of this webinar. I'm really focusing on the population data here, partly because my expertise is really not in the economic data. So maybe we can have another webinar about that and recruit somebody else to do that webinar. All right, the last tool is PolicyNAP. This is another tool that focuses on mapping. I think it's a pretty easy interface, but it does take some orientation. It's hard to tell where the Census data are, kind of like Simply Analytics. It doesn't make it very obvious what the source is. It also focuses on mostly the current data. The history is only back to 2000. And again, it's commercial. You'd probably have to request a trial. You can export tables for the most part from this, but they source some of their data from third-party vendors. And so if the vendor only licenses their data, then they're not going to let you export those data tables. There is a way to get to a list of their sources where you can kind of figure out that it's a third-party source. But you should email me if you want to know how to do that, because it's a little complicated to explain. There is a wide variety of data in here, all of it oriented towards public policy issues. And you can upload your own data to map it together with the data that PolicyMap includes. So that's kind of a nice feature. It does have a feature called three-layer maps, and those can be a little tricky to figure out. Another thing that I don't mention here in the slide, it has both point data and layer data. So if you're familiar with GIS mapping, you know that sometimes you're going to map the specific addresses of, say, a business or a hospital. And sometimes you're going to look at boundaries, like city boundaries. And sometimes you can do point data for places that have boundaries. So instead of doing boundaries for a city, you might only have a point on the map for where a city is located. If you're looking at it from a high-level, like, shadow-like kind of view, you're not going to be able to see the boundaries anyway. You're just going to see the point location. So if you're familiar with mapping, then you're going to notice the difference between the point boundaries, the point locations, and the layers within this tool. But if you're not familiar with mapping, you're never going to see those distinctions. So this is what it looks when you go to their website. You can search for a location here and a topic here, or you can zoom to a location on the map and select different variables up here. I'm pointing some of this out. Uploaded data is where you could load your own data. And then this is where you get your topics. So I went to demographics and then to race and got this more specific list. And then when I chose Asian, I got all of these different categories of specific kinds of Asian origin. So I chose Vietnamese. They go with a default purple color scheme, which at least is not so bad as the red for people who are colorblind, but still maybe not my first choice. It shows you the day of layer you selected over here and the source is right there, teeny tiny letters. Again, if you click on that link, it will take you to more metadata about the source. You can change your options somewhat in the legend by selecting a different year, by changing the colors or the ranges. So it's pretty intuitive that way. And then up here, there's a citing link so that if you exported this to use in a report, you could just copy the suggested citation to go in your bibliography. Okay, I made it. That's all of the material that I had hoped to cover today. And if you have questions, we still have a couple minutes if you want to type in and let me know what they are. There is another slide in here somewhere that does race by town. Okay, so I hate to say it, Jenny, but that's an impossible question. At least for the time being, it is still true that NHGIS and Social Explorer, even though they go back to 1790, they don't have all of the data that's available. And those earlier years of the census still have pretty limited sub-county level data. So I think NHGIS only has place data back to 1970. So if you wanted race data in 1790, that's available down to the county level. But so far, it's not possible to get place level data back to 1790. All of these tools are still being worked on. They're still loading more data as they process it. It's just that it's such a massive amount of data, it's going to take a long time before they're actually complete. There is another slide somewhere. It might be out of place where I summarized, I would recommend this database for this use. I did include a slide about on the map in the bonus material. So there's a little bit of information about that there. And there's different kinds of reports that you can generate from on the map. So these are the kinds of things that you can do with that. Oh, here's the summary slide. So American FactFinders Best for Current, Complete Variables and Geographies, and so forth. To, again, give you more information along with those tables to compare what the strengths and weaknesses of the different resources are. Other questions? We had a question about the individual historical synthesis. The actual enumeration forms. Yeah. So that's, and that would be heritage questions. I mean, when we use here, I don't know if other people in the ancestry have heard. We don't have access to it, but. Yeah. We had ancestry for a while because we help them with newspaper content, but we don't have it any longer. I believe our public library does. And that's not through NC Live. That's just the database that our public library decided to subscribe to. So you might check with your local public library and see if they have options. The enumeration forms are released 72 years after a census is taken. So as far as I know, 1940 is the most recent that's out. Yeah, 1940. And heritage questions through NC Live, if you are North Carolina. That's what we do now. And that, yeah, that's a great resource. I think it's owned by ancestry.com right now. But if you can get it, I think it's cheaper than ancestry. But we get it through NC Live in North Carolina. Well, I'm sure. Thank you so much, Michelle. This has been a really great overview of some of these sources. And for Minnesota Population Center, there's a webinar that we did in 2016, I think, where they go, actually, Minnesota Population Center did a webinar on their products. And so they go into all the different things besides just NHGIS, which is a wonderful, wonderful product has saved my life many times. Yeah. But thank you so much for doing this. And I see if there's any more questions. Well, I'm happy to help. I'm glad that this was helpful to you. And if you have questions about the census, you're welcome to email me. If I can help, I'm happy to give you quick pointers. You may not be able to do something in depth depending on what time of the semester it is. But I am happy to point you in the right direction.


If you could please describe your program. Okay, so I'm currently in the role of Indigenous Liaison Coordinator. I'm covering off a medical leave. Grand Prairie Regional College has the only on-campus Friendship Centre in a post-secondary education in Canada. And my role is to work with that program but to support Indigenous students as well as staff and faculty on campus in pursuing their dreams, more or less. How do you support them? What types of things take up your day? Well, student-wise, I support students by, of course, helping them find different funding routes and stuff like that. So, for example, at GPRC, the average student is 26 years old and female. So, in most cases, if she's Indigenous, she perhaps has children. And we also have a very high amount of students from the North, and by North I mean Northwest Territories. And so it's helping students figure out their housing, figuring out their childcare, how to get themselves to school, how to get their children to school. I don't really do a lot of advising about actual academics. The student advisors help students pick their courses and stuff like that. I help them figure out different ways to study. I work with the Friendship Centre to make sure that they have the appropriate supports up there. And then with staff and faculty, it's more or less helping them find resources moving forward. Sometimes they'll flag a student for me, and so I will go and find that student and see what supports can be offered to help them. And then part of my job is to working with the Circle of Indigenous Students on campus. So the Circle of Indigenous Students, there's an elected executive, and they are elected to carry the Indigenous Voice of Students on campus and ensure that Indigenous culture is honoured and celebrated. So part of my role is helping them to get their job done because they're students, right? And they typically engage, well, they don't typically, they do engage in celebrations every single month. And they offer a lot of different things to students, so making sure that they have the resources that they need in order to do that. So what I hear you saying is your focus is not on the academic and the paper administrative side of things. It's on the human soft side, people's skills and basic needs being met. And helping the students make sure that their culture and needs are represented in all facets of the college. Yes. So the students and the on-campus Friendship Centre, kind of the goal of that is ensuring that students are immediately connected to the urban Indigenous community and that they're getting their needs met in there. What do they do after 4.30? And how are they addressing homesickness? How are they making sure that they have access to celebration, ceremony, whatever it is that they feel they need? Right. And so that's why it's so nice to have an on-campus Friendship Centre because then students are automatically connected to the urban Indigenous community through many different programs at the Friendship Centre, but other things that go on in the community as well, you know? There's, of course, there's the Head Start, the Baby's Best Start, if they're travelling, if they've moved here and they have young people with them, there's the youth programming, there's the suppers, there's all different kinds of things, but then there's also, you know, like traditional past society and different things like that. So making sure that people have those opportunities if that's what they feel they need in order to be a successful student. And so through the on-campus Friendship Centre, that's a physical space on campus. That's like a mini Friendship Centre for students. And that's one of a kind in Canada, which is amazing. It's a satellite Friendship Centre and what it is, is it's through partnership through Grand Prairie Regional College and Grand Prairie Friendship Centre. So the college provides the space and furniture, computers, all that stuff. And the Friendship Centre provides the outreach worker, and part of their wage is subsidized through the college. And then the elder in residence is, that's where she's located too. And so the elder in residence is full-time this year. She lives on campus and the college covers that portion of it. She lives in family housing. So students have access to an elder in the evening and stuff like that. That's very accessible, very accessible. I guess I'm curious, I wonder why it's the only campus in Canada? Well, I think a lot of that has to do with, you have to have the perfect storm, right? You have to have a very healthy Friendship Centre. You have to have a very healthy post-secondary. And you need to have a healthy Indigenous student executive. And they all have to come together under a common goal, you know? And fortunately, we were able to do that in Grand Prairie. And the On-Campus Friendship Centre has been open since 2000. Wow, so it's 18 years coming closer to 20 then. That's amazing. Well, you've talked about the aim of the program. And some of the first people that were on that circle of Indigenous students before 2000, like when what happened was there was Indigenous students on campus. That was before we had University Transfer and all of that. And a lot of the students that were attending GPRC were going to... They were part of the Grand Prairie Friendship Centre as well. They were going there for supper, yada, yada, yada. And the staff there realizing some kind of support needs to be in place for these people. And like I say, it's kind of like creating the perfect storm. Like people that were part of that original executive were like Brian Callio, who's part Banff Centre now. Right. Corvorgia, you know, people like that. It just... everything came together as it was meant to be. I'm very proud to know that it's in our community. Yeah. We have something so unique. I know, I was a student at one time here and it helped. Yeah.  I felt so very blessed to work, I guess, in my perspective. I felt so very blessed to come to work every day in this fabulous space that was a circle of people. You know, it was physically a circle. Yeah. With our culture represented all around us. And, you know, excited students coming through the door every day. Well, they weren't always so excited. Yeah. You know, but to be there to help. Absolutely. And to see these people doing such wonderful things in the relationships. Yeah. Lots of those relationships have maintained because of that. Mm-hmm. And, yeah, it really helped me at a time in my life, too. That's good. Of needing to engage in the community. Yeah. So it has so much benefit to it. Yeah. I think I'll ask you this question. What in your opinion makes an example of excellence in Indigenous education? To me, an example of excellence is when it is indigenously led. It honors Indigenous ways of knowing. And it gives voice to the Indigenous expertise in whatever field that may be. So highlighting local resources. Highlighting local resources, but through a true and authentic voice. And to me, that's very important. I think that it is essential to have the non-Indigenous community be a part of and lead things and share that expertise. But the true authentic voice needs to be there in tandem. How would you define that true authentic voice? I just would really like to ask you more. How do you see that shining through? Yeah. No, I see it in all different departments and facets of learning and so on. So for me, whether you're talking science, health, fizzad, whatever, there is a way to build in different Indigenous ways of knowing how we did those things historically and how they still ring true today. Right. So to me, that's that authentic Indigenous voice. And I do not believe that every instructor is going to be Indigenous or anything like that, but you can bring in those people. With your role or the college and all of the things we've discussed here, how do you measure the success of your program? How do you see the successes? Well, to me, there is success in looking at enrollment rates. Absolutely. There is success in that. But to me, looking at course completion and program completion is a truer sign of success. And I think too that a person needs to be careful when they're looking at success in academia and making sure that your aspirations or the aspirations of the institution don't overshine the aspirations of the student. I remember, I was in this role as you know years ago and I was an Aboriginal liaison coordinator at that time for seven years and then I left. And I remember at one point, well, and I still do that now, people who have a GPA of a certain amount and all of that, the college would like you to get a hold of them and discuss that. Right. And you know what kind of resources do you need what's happening and all of that. And doing that now, I'm more than confident in doing that but when I first stepped into this role many years ago, I was like hmm. And some of those marks I didn't see as a big issue. Right. So I was a little bit leery and I will never forget, there was a student on my list that I was supposed to contact and talk about low grades and I hadn't contacted her yet. And she contacted me and said perfect, we can talk about her grades.  And she said I know, I'm so excited. And I said yeah, and she said yeah, I am so pumped, I am so excited.  Because, you know, like she was. And guess what I'm going to do, Kelly, and I said what are you going to do? She says I've printed off my unofficial transcript and I'm rolling it up like a scroll and I'm giving it to my grandmother for Christmas. Oh wow. You know, so she can be proud of me. And I stopped in that moment and I thought don't ever let somebody else dictate somebody's success. Don't pop that bubble. You know what I mean? And so for me that was a really, really good lesson and a good guiding principle to when I talk to students, how are you feeling about how you're doing? Because their end goal may not be that stereotypical, I'm done the program in two years, I have a GPO of 4.0 and all that. Their goal may be, you know, I make it through. Maybe I take three years to complete the program instead of two. Like finding out what defined success for them because that's what success is. And not falling into those traps of what success means. At that point, that was years ago, the circle of Indigenous students started having their year-end celebration where they honour all students. Whether they're graduating or whatever, you came, you attended, you made that part of your dream come true. And so they honour all students at their year-end celebration. And to me that's very important. Yeah, that's honouring success. That's acknowledging one another. Yeah, just huge in our culture. Yes. Acknowledgement. To me also, part of the on-campus friendship centre, that was huge. Just acknowledging one another. People to say hello and to know your name, that was huge for people. So thank you, that's a very good description for measuring success. Even the word measuring is not a good word. Yeah, it depends what their success is. What does that person just find as success? Right, so student-led definitions. Absolutely. And community-led definitions. Family definitions is what I hear you saying. Yeah. And it's a matter of perspective. Yeah. One, how you look at what's really happening. Thank you for that. From your perspective, what is Indigenous education? How would you define that? I guess to me, Indigenous education, I have two definitions for. For me, Indigenous education is a level playing field. And everybody at the table having all the same toys and all the same roles. That to me is Indigenous education. I guess the other way I look at Indigenous education is ensuring that Canadians as a whole have the opportunity to learn who are the Indigenous people of Canada, who were we and who are we today. So I see it as twofold. Right. And when you say all at the same table with the same toys. Yeah. Let's talk a little more about that. So for me, true Indigenous education, I guess, is when we all come to the table and it's the same for everyone.  And that you're being taught in a facility that is the same. It's not an inferior facility. And that the people offering you your education have the same credentials as everybody else. And that the way you're treated within those educational institutions, whether it be preschool, elementary, high school, post-secondary, that you are treated the same way as everybody else, which is hopefully with respect and dignity. Right. That all that be the same. Right. And then you go in on equal footing. Okay. For me, I am always very disheartened when I look at... Well, I'm happy and disheartened, you know? Yeah. When I look at how many students are in upgrading, I'm so happy and so proud of those people for building their lives, taking control and all of that. Right. At the same time, though, I am always very disheartened when I look at how many of those people are indigenous. Mm-hmm. And I, why are you guys always upgrading? Yeah. You know what I mean? Yeah. I do.  And that bothers me. Mm-hmm. It doesn't bother me that we have adult people taking control of their lives and building brighter futures and all of that. But I'm very discouraged at the amount that need to start out at an upgrading level. Right. Because there's a backstory there. Absolutely. They each bring a backstory. Absolutely. That may contain not an equal playing field. Exactly. Exactly. Really examining where they're coming from that created that. Mm-hmm. The why, why, why. Mm-hmm. That's a very good perspective. I'm glad that you said that. I haven't heard that one quite. Put that way. I'm really glad to hear that. What's your vision for Indigenous education over the next 10 years? What would you like to see? I would like to see the playing field come to a more equal place. I don't believe that within 10 years it will be totally equal. But I would like to see great advancements towards that. Mm-hmm. And I would also like to see more indigenization of bringing Indigenous culture, Indigenous ways of knowing, Indigenous expertise, Indigenous scholars into preschool through post-secondary. And whether that be as the professor or the guest speaker or the reading resource material, whatever, you know. And to me, that will make great advances. Like, for example, I was up in the on-campus Friendship Center the other day. And the students in their English class were reading about, talking about the book they're reading. They were always doing that, of course. And they're reading Richard Walcomie's Indian Horse. And I was like, what? Ah. You know what I mean? Like, to me, that's it. Mm-hmm. We have expertise. And I'm not saying that we should dominate the whole class. Like, every novel that's read in the English class, I don't think needs to be by an Indigenous writer. Mm-hmm. But I think that that needs to be in there. Yeah, absolutely. You know, especially when you're looking at the Canadian experience, Canadian education, Canada has a lot of Indigenous experts that need to be brought out and the sun shone on them. And not just because they're Indigenous. But what they're saying. But because he's a really, really good writer. Who has a lot to say. You know what I mean? Absolutely. And his nuances and his writing style. And yes, his stories are Indigenous and they're of Indigenous people. But he's also a brilliant writer. He's an award-winning writer. Exactly. You know? And that's what I mean. Yeah. And I don't mean to sound disrespectful, but not just buckskin and feathers. Yeah. Yeah. The rest of it too. Not romanticized. Exactly. Like, we need the celebration and we need the beauty and we need the art and all of that. But for example, we have a student in nursing who wrote her paper on a medicine woman. Mm-hmm. You know? She was enriched by the nursing department. Like, I've already seen so many changes. But I want to see more. Yeah. You want to see more. The on-campus Friendship Center had Richard Wagamees here at one time. Didn't they? Yep. I remember that. It was an incredible experience. Yeah, it was. He's a beautiful man. He was. So, it's too bad he's gone. But he had a huge impact. Yeah. And actually they're making Indian horse into a movie. So that's pretty cool. That's awesome. I just read that book a couple weeks ago. Yeah. And I thought, wow, it has a lot. I could think of a lot of young students that are not native. Mm-hmm. That are in my daughter's school that could have benefited from that book. Oh, for sure. To have an understanding of some of the history, the why's. Well, and I think it's bringing some of that history and some of that. Trauma? The trauma of residential schools and everything to light. But it brings it in a form and through a form and a venue that people can relate to and understand. Like it's hockey. Yeah. Yeah. It's a story and it's hockey. You know what I mean? And so that captures the audience. It's not just, we have to be careful that we don't, me personally, one of my goals is that I don't traumatize people with our history. Mm-hmm. That I educate because there's a difference. When I talk about the history of indigenous people in this country and all that dark, heavy reality and abuse that happened, my intent is to educate and share and move forward. My intent and to bring that person with me, whether they're indigenous, non-indigenous, bring them with me on that healing journey and moving forward.  And sometimes that is people's intention and they're very good at it. But traumatizing people with our trauma is abuse and that's not who we are. That's not who we are. Thank you.


Everyone shooting at Wonder Woman! LIMAX! Sand fasting in your face!  Big C is on Heartbeat! Are you? Let me show you what he's done! This is his heartbeat, and you can see many moments that he created around popular content that he enjoys, and he's making videos that get a lot of views using Heartbeat, and I'll show you some of them on the Freedom Central channel. Go to youtube.com slash freedom and click videos. You see, his latest video was about the Borderlands trailer losing Heartbeat, now with over a thousand views. Roll it! You know what, it just launched and I've got some favorite moments that I've found using the Heartbeat tool. H.ki H.ki, that's what you type into your browser to get to Heartbeat so you can start doing this yourself. When you're on H.ki, just click sign in. Get the Chrome extension right here, Moments extension. Once it's installed, then you can just press the H.ki, which is the same as our domain, H.ki. That is not a coincidence. And let me show you another very popular creator on Heartbeat, Stunt Chicken. He's our number one super fan! And you just search for Stunt Chicken, click him down here, and you can see he's got over our almost 1,300 moments that he created around content he enjoys. Now, Stunt Chicken has been messaging me quite often, telling me how much Heartbeat is helping his channel grow, which is awesome. That's exactly what I want to hear when people talk about Heartbeat. Is Heartbeat helping your channel grow? Tell us down there in the comments below or email support at freedom.tm. We'd love to give you a shout out and feature your Heartbeat on The George Show, this show, on Freedom Central. So what do you do when you come to Heartbeat? Just click home, click a video that looks interesting like George jumping from a plane, and then it just shows you the moments. And you can jump to each one. Just click parachute, hop the shoot. Landing. See my wife jump out of the plane. Before me, she didn't push me. The cool thing is my hope. And you can explore all the moments of the video. The best moments. These are created by people, guys.  These are not YouTube chapters that are only made by the creator. This is a crowd sourced collection of the best moments of videos as you watch them. Remember that Chrome extension I told you about and you press the H key while watching any video on YouTube? Well, that creates these moments. That's it. It's much easier to use than the YouTube clip feature. Has anyone actually tried using YouTube clip feature? I have. It is hard to use. Heartbeat is not hard to use. It's just one hot key. That's a lot of Hs. Some of the other cool content that I want to show you here. Dune part two, Riding the Sand Worm. And again, all these moments jump in sand fasting in your face.  And you can switch easily to the other moments. Everyone shooting at Wonder Woman. Why Max? Wonder Woman enters the room. Loses her shield. Oh, let's see that one again. See what happened? The guy hit the shield with his gun. In that moment, you just click it multiple times to see it in detail. Let me show you one more thing from my heartbeat. Because this was really cool. It's a slow motion of an amazing woman doing a high jump. Alright, let's take a look here. I have to find it, scroll through my heartbeats. You know what? Let's go to favorites. Because it's one of my favorite. Right here. Perfect high jump in slow motion. Look at this. Impressive. Now let's see it in real time. Look at that. Versus slow motion. Kind of miss a few details in real time, right? But that's the power of heartbeat. You can capture moments, the best moments of any video as you watch it. Save it by pressing the H key and you too can build your library of heartbeats. Like I have. Like Big C has. Like Stunt Chicken has. And this content is now monetizable on heartbeat. If you didn't know that, just watch this video right here. Estimated Revenue on heartbeat. And click that eye to see this video. Estimated Revenue turns to heartbeat right here. I'll explain more. That means you will now start earning money based on your views and watch time of your moments on heartbeat that you've taken while watching any video on YouTube by pressing the H key. So people using heartbeat will start adding to your estimated revenue just by looking at your content. See, just tell people, hey, follow my heartbeat. Click the link down there in the description below. And yeah, really, my heartbeat is down there in the description below. Click it. When you do, you will go to my heartbeat, which as I've already shown you is right here. You can set like a default moment which I have right here. Let me play it for you. Oops, late. Moments. The moments are right here. And then I can click one and two. Is that my default moment? You can see all the other moments. Refresh! That's my default moment. Join us on my journey as we build heartbeat into a creator's wet dream where people can make money doing the things they love in ways that are just not pop. But you can choose any of your moments as the default moment to welcome new visitors to your heartbeat just as a channel trailer does when you honor on your YouTube channel welcoming new visitors.  You can customize your channel. How? Click this customize button. And everyone can see the things you favorited with that little heart. Click that little heart icon. Where's the heart? It's the one right here. This little heart. You see it? If I click this, landing, click. I've now got a new favorite. Click it again. Remove it. Quite simple. And of course just all your moments, including your favorites, are here. Now I have over a thousand moments. I could be scrolling for some time, show you all my moments, so let's not do that. Now you can also see the videos that just represent the videos you've made moments about.  Like for example, here's some cool things about pomegranate seeds. How to extract them. Hi guys, I'm going to show you how you can give it a good spanking. Thank. Most people love. Squeeze. It's the most incredible color. And I have a bunch of others here. You can check it out on my playlist on my heartbeat. And of course, we're going to be adding many new features like writing, photos and other content types like podcasts and music to these tabs. So there's a lot more coming. You can read about me here. And I'd love to read about you. Make sure to fill in your about section so we can also learn about each other. And of course if you click photos you get to also upload your photos, your favorite photos to your heartbeat. This is something YouTube does not support. Heartbeat is meant to fill in the gaps. It's not a YouTube competitor. We embed YouTube videos. In fact, your YouTube channel grows faster by using heartbeat to get more views from people on heartbeat to your videos. But heartbeat also fills in the gaps like photos. You can't do any photos on YouTube. Thumbnails don't really count. But on heartbeat you can. See look at all my galleries and let's take a look at one of them. Click. It's very cool because it's a click list gallery which means I don't have to even click. I just hover over the thumbnails and it shows the photo. Very easy. If I want to zoom in a bit, just mouse wheel. Look at that pergola. Very beautiful. And every time I want to switch to the next image I just hover. No clicking at all. Let's look at that garden under the stairs. Pretty nice. See how it works.  You can just click settings to look at them all. Especially this little question mark which gives you a list of all the hotkeys. Everything you can press to learn how to use the product. Not only photos, we go back to Heartbeat. We have Heartbeat Studio which gives you all your content. Everything you post on Heartbeat is right here. And you can see how many views and you can sort by views. So I can see my most popular content is George jumps from a plane followed by Halsey performs Lilith. By the way, did you know Halsey's real life name is Ashley? And Halsey is an anagram of Ashley. Just rearrange the letters to get Halsey from Ashley like playing Scrabble. Pretty cool. A little trivia in case you didn't know. Madame Webb followed by your Amazon returns are thrown in the... Oh, what is that? Are thrown in the what? Are thrown in the trash. So, this would be your content in Heartbeat Studio. Alright guys, tell me what you think down there in the comments below. We have a lot more features coming and I'd love for you to start your Heartbeat and send me links to your Heartbeat so you can follow your Heartbeat and hopefully you'll follow mine. How do you follow it? Well, just click the follow button. Let's pick a random Heartbeat here. You see this follow button? That's what you click. Follow. 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Now, I don't want to get down on Tim Ferriss, but anytime I see him talking about his lifestyle and his routine, there seems to be a severe lack of women in the picture, right? Being able to know that at 9.06, you go to bed with your tonic, where does the sex and the hanging out with the chick fit into that, exactly, I'm not so sure. It's a very individualistic and solo pursuit, a lot of this stuff, because it's really around optimizing the individual, which is all well and good, but it doesn't take into account our most basic and pressing needs beyond those of survival, which is community, which is feelings of significance, which is feelings of connection, and of course, which is feelings of sexual satisfaction and intimacy with a partner. In my mind, the absolute most important skill that a man can learn, whether he's going to stay in one city and have a normalish kind of life, or whether he wants to hit the road and be bouncing around the world, taking the best of what's available out there, the number one skill that a man must learn is seduction. It is not an optional skill. It is not a hobby.  Yeah, I mean, that's that may be an element of it, or that may be something that you go through at some point in your life. But seductive skill is the ability to have choice is the ability to go and see that woman over there and go, OK, everyone looks at the back. There's no one there. That one there that one that I want to talk to once, not you, Liam, to go over there and make a good impression and try and get something started. Because without it, you are going to be living in scarcity. Most men, although they may live in a major metropolis, are essentially living in a small village when it comes to the choices they have with women. And they are choosing from a very, very small pool. And therefore the likelihood of finding the one or the right one for that time is non-existent, which means that they're often going to get into shitty relationships with girls that are not right for them. They may be right. The girl and he may be right for other people. It doesn't mean they're awful human beings. Just means they're not right for each other. And so I've met a lot of these digital entrepreneurs who are lonely, right, because they're doing all the stuff and it's working in a sense, OK, I've got the money and I've got muscles and I feel healthy. But here I am maneuvering around the world with a severe lack of actual purpose. So what I want to move on to is looking at how is it that you can develop social networks, friendships, and of course, relationships with people in the most effective for our dating work week kind of way. Firstly, have a think about your best friend. And if anyone's there going, like, we'll go and make one. How is it that you knew or you know that that person is your best friend? Does anyone want to say anything about that? How do you know? Yeah? OK, through all the stuff you've been through together, let's look at that as a concept. On the other side, all of you have had a situation where you've been involved, you've been thrown in with a bunch of people for work or a sports team or a university or something like that and you hang out with those people socially as well and you find that within that group that there's some people you click with and then so after work drinks or barbecues on Sunday or whatever people do when they're part of groups and you have a friendship and this friendship may last for years, but the moment that you move away, the season ends or the university ends or the reason for you guys to hang out together ends, so does the friendship and you just waft off into Facebook acquaintances. Why is it that you may have been with those people for many years. Why is it that you're not friend really, actually friends with those people as opposed to the best friend? Any quick idea? Yeah? Okay, so the environment, okay, the environment shifts and changes, but I mean my best friend and I live very, very different lives now, all right, he's a busker in Australia, very good songwriter, singer and plays music on the streets and I'm me, all right, yet I still consider that person to be my absolute best friend. Now the reason that I have such a strong relationship with that person is because of all the things that we did for each other, all right, it's all of the investments that we made in each other and those were various types of currencies, so I'm going to talk to you guys about a concept I call the seductive economy, which is


So, in the second video on requirements engineering, we talk about the activity known as requirements elicitation. And requirements elicitation is really a discovery, as Someril writes. It's a discovery of the requirements of the stakeholder needs. And this is a really, really important point. It's not about what a client, a user wants, it's figuring out what they need and what is needed generally of the system. So that's the key of it, finding out what you need. And as a part of that, you usually also go into activities like prioritization. So you have a lot of requirements, a lot of needs, which ones are really the important ones. And because you have so many different stakeholders, you end up in requirements negotiations. So usually, someone pays for the system, so it's also a matter of. Even though we have five requirements that are really important, we can only pay for four, which ones should those be? And in the best situation, it's you discussing with the client, but in many cases that's of course a negotiation among all the different stakeholders. For example, you might have the end user needs, you might have certain administrative needs, you might have the regulators coming in, you have the budget. So this is not at all a simple step. Now, this course has as a prerequisite the course with Marta, so I'm not going into a lot of detail on elicitation because you have already done that. But roughly, elicitation techniques include, for example, interviews. You might want to interview a customer or a user. How would you like to use the system? What do you think is important? What kind of problems that you have with previous systems and so on? You can run a survey, a questionnaire-based survey. As you all know, you're going to invite Link, please participate in this survey. It only takes 10 minutes and then you ask different questions. And of course, interviews are very time-intensive. It takes a lot of time to prepare them. It takes a lot of time to analyze them later on if you want to do it properly. Surveys are much, much cheaper. So it's, for example, much easier to reach a large amount of end users so that you get more input. Because of course, interviews give you very in-depth data, they give you all the details, they often give you the background why something is important, but it's only from few people. And if you have selected the wrong people, that's a big problem. So a survey can be a good tool to reach a much broader base. The drawback here is, of course, you do not get all the details. You get a certain answer, but you don't know why. So often you say that a survey answers a what question and interviews can answer more why or how questions. For example, if you do a political poll, which party would you vote for? You get a certain picture, 50% would vote for X, but you can't explain why that is the case. For that you might have to go and interview people. Other techniques are observations, so you can actually go and observe people. For example, figure out how are they using the system. And this is a very good way to really find out what they need. Because in an interview, in a survey, they can mainly tell you what they want or what they don't have so far, but it's very hard to find out what they need. For that, for example, observation might be a good way because you see that, okay, they always use the system in a certain way. It's really strange. Maybe they actually need something else. Again, similar to the interview, this is quite expensive, though. If you want to observe people over a longer time, you need to analyze that somehow. It's not easy and it's not cheap. What is also common is the study of existing systems. For example, if you build a follow-up system or documents, if there's any kind of documentations on how the current system works or maybe a manual on how different processes in the company work, then this is also very common, of course. In many cases you are not developing something completely new, but there might be an existing system. So that's also a source for elicitation. In the Somerville book there is also something listed that he calls scenarios as an elicitation tool. So basically you write down an entire, for example, an entire workflow. When I get into my car, I usually switch on the ignition, then I use the voice command to start the radio and so on. Basically by getting this very rich description of how the whole process works out, it's much easier to tell what are the details, why are certain things needed or maybe why are certain things currently done in a way that we could do much better. So that's what he suggests in the requirements literature scenarios are also very often a tool for requirements specifications, so how to write them down and we'll get to that later. So these are typical elicitation techniques to find out what people need. As I said, I just want to mention them here, I don't want to go into the details because all of them you can easily spend a lecture on. They are quite complicated, plus you have done that in previous courses, but this is just to mention which techniques could exist. There are of course more. Now we already mentioned this is about discovery, so it's rather difficult to find out what people need and what are in detail the problems. So the first problem we have already mentioned, we are talking about needs not wants and it's really hard for people to formulate what they need, they can tell you what they want. The best example of course, if you look at small kids for instance, they're very good at telling you what they want, it's very often different from what they really need and when it comes to complicated systems it's not that different for adults either. So someone can always tell you what they would like to have but it might be a big discrepancy. So that's why you have all these tools to find out, is there something more than what they want? Is there something different? The other difficulty is the domain. In many cases, you as a requirements engineer when you do elicitation, you will deal with a system that is not your specialty. For example, let's say you graduate from this university and you start working for a bank and then you have to develop the system in the finance domain and all the people you talk to will talk the finance language basically. So that's a very different domain and for example they might use terms that are completely different than what you are used to, they might use them in a different way than you do and of course for example they might have existing processes, how to do things that you are not at all familiar with and the problem is always to find out which language are they talking actually and what part of what they tell you are they skipping because for example certain terms for them they are completely natural, they don't think about that they need to explain that. So this is often an issue, it's very rare that you work in a domain long enough that you really truly understand it and for many companies that's actually a competitive advantage if they are really knowledgeable in their domain. Now one thing I have mentioned when it comes to prioritization and negotiation are conflicts. So you have many stakeholders and they will tell you different things. So you have to somehow figure out how do we deal with these issues. If one person tells you we need A and the other person tells you we should not have A how do you result that conflict without causing problems without causing frustration among different stakeholders basically in a good way and of course budget is always a big conflict you only have a certain limited budget on what you can do and then finally we are going into organization politics so different conflicts if you are developing a software for a specific organization they might have internal struggles going on that one part of the organization would like to have something and the other organization wants the other department wants something else and they sort of fight so this is often an issue in these cases. Other things if we don't talk about a single organization are for example regulations so that's very often strong lobbying that certain things you can do in one way but other things you are not allowed to do so these things often come into play here as well. So this is a quick overview of what requirements and the citation is about as I said these are the main techniques you can use if you would like to do that I would recommend to read the dedicated literature on that or refer back to the course that you already had. Thanks and we'll continue in the next video with requirement specification.


What's good George boy Ross back out again with another video, so we're gonna check out botcha mania 462 man y'all know I had to check out me some botcha mania every time they drop one You know, I got to check out the latest one man Appreciate all the love and support you guys have shown on the channel man. We are almost at a hundred case subscribers Bro, I really cannot believe that is a real thing that could possibly happen this month So if you're new here, and you like what you see hey go ahead subscribe to your boy Man and hit that like button as well let's YouTube know that hey you guys like the content the reactions in the videos I'll bring to you guys. Let's see what botcha mania has to say on this latest one I'm pretty Peter Avalon and you're watching I Love that Love the botcha mania intro man when you said I am the table Did you know that that was one of those inside wrestling jokes from botcha mania already?  I've seen a botch, you know, and there's a thing To put someone through a table. Yes doesn't break. They have a thing where they go I am the table powerbombing on the table. I am the table. It did not break Unbelievably the table did not break I am the table When you said no, no, no when you said it they were pumped they were like, oh my god This is like our thing like they were excited. So you you weren't familiar with it at all No, I thought I was being incredibly original I will and I'm also not gonna stop calling myself the table. I am the table Roman Reigns You are the head of the table for brother in every industry. I ever do I am the table Okay, he's been going through a lot he's gone. Oh, this is such a great segment He's just not himself right now. That's it. Okay. He's not lately. He just hasn't been very I Such a great moment, bro You know, it's crazy on the Martin show they used to bro They used to like have to like some of the other actors and actresses would have to like turn away Live on the show because they trying to stay in character But sometimes it's hard to do bro same thing happening here in this segment man Jay couldn't stay in character, bro No, no, stay right here If you don't figure this out We're just gonna change his name You want to know what that name's gonna be we gonna name them Sammy Oh That was a great set She was like Sammy doing a great job of keeping the referee's attention away from her loves her husband. I mean, what's wrong with that?  Am I the only one here that loves my wife? Yes That's funny, bro Asking for a hand shake from the from the night jade team What's happening I guess now when someone I That's that's unfortunate. Hmm. Oh, wow Well, how does that happen? She's just well them on commentary Try to go for the go for a kiss tonight tonight He's dying over there on comedy doing exactly what we expected them as they move On to the semi-final round. Why are you crying teach and jade? Going over and apologizing to the poor soul. She got with one half of the aubergines Honestly, that my aubergines you're gonna watch the man they go they go flying. They'll take your eye out Or make your eyes water in my company partners case Double-team about to be executed on John Silver. Oh wait. No Oh Orange casted a newly crowned AEW All-Atlantic champion has not seen legal action thus far in this match, but That was a It's just To Damn the disrespect. I don't mean to brag, but it was so hard even a cat couldn't scratch What's happening here, why is he jumping from a coffin? Just why I know that hurt Did a fan try to throw something fan literally just tried to throw a chair.  That was wild. What's going on with the mic? To the right, let's move on don't you want to do another take care obviously some audio issues there? No, it's fine. It's real You know in actuality would have to struggle with that problem every day Jesus Christ, we can't even get a mic to work. So shows going downhill Trying to put the devil didn't say that Waller getting a little combination in nice combination there by Waller Don't sleep on this kid Nathan Waller right now. He hasn't like I said boatload of confidence. I Was aiming for you but hitting brawn Was not a mistake. I stood over your prawn body and you My Brother fire credit and undertale. I love these signs That is actually pretty cool that this is become a thing That I love this like brings the community together Damn Well, he is having bro. He has this nigga Roman in a choke rest hold and he's talking to a fan like brah I'm rich, bro. What do we talk about the bones looks in trouble to me big time? Well, this is that the finishing combination for the A little bit of miss timing You see in Japan Wrestling is a sport and the Japanese are very respectful when the odd botch happens Oh Now he said now I'm not done There we go He said now Man Oh Weak one that's a little creepy Oh Did you just say strange bedfellows who me are you? I was just saying strange bedfellows. Do you know strange strange bedfellows? What is that? Well, it means that the people that you've been there No, I know what it means. I mean How do you think those strange bedfellows gonna gonna gonna stop using that phrase gonna why you why do you keep Since when have I ever used the phrase strange bedfellows? That's the first time for everything. I just seem like a really good way of summing up Well, that was the first time in the last story and never I never want to hear that phrase my heat again.    Thanks for watching Sorry everybody has shared intelligence with the us warning of an imminent attack from our ran on targets in the kingdom Yeah, man, I've been hearing that they may be changing how uh, they may change where crown jewel will be held at because potentially attacks being Being sent over there. So I don't know. So we we were seeing if it is going to happen Inside the Arabia. I'm not sure or will it happen somewhere else At a later time we we will see how that plays out But hey, man, this was another great episode. Let me know down below What was your favorite part from this episode, man? This was great that last segment with the weasel radio with the actual wrestling clips incorporated was fantastic But I appreciate all the love and support Roll to 100k appreciate y'all kicking in with me. See y'all in the next one. Peace


The first thing I would say is, you better be scared, you better be scared. Yes, it is not safe to ask questions about things that people really care about. And it's not safe to ask people to say what they really think about these things that they think about. And that's why I think it's important to to have a relationship with students and you do your best. Of course, it's easier when you have a smaller class. But even in large classes, you set out, I have, I think, five ground rules. Maybe they'll become six at some point. Ground rules for civil discussion, I think that's what I call it. And I came up with them in my legal philosophy class, but then at some point, I think after two or three years, I said, hey, this is actually something I should put in all of my syllabi, all my courses. And the first one is, don't assume that just because someone says something that they necessarily agree with it. And I think that is really important. If we make the opposite assumption that we always assume that people only say what they agree with, then no one's going to say things that they disagree with, which I think is really problematic. I think the Senkuen one is do your best to try to understand the other person from their view before you attack them, right, before you criticize that view. Because unless you understand where they're coming from, you really don't know what they think. And so if you're saying, well, I disagree with it, well, how do you know that? If you don't really understand where they're coming from, how do you know that? I think I actually say in the ground rules, be able to rearticulate the other person's viewpoint in your own words before you think you disagree with them. And so I started out with several of these ground rules. And there's one about humility, understanding that there are things, no matter what position you take, there are always blind spots, weaknesses, problems with it. And it's important to acknowledge those. And also to exercise sort of on the flip side of a humility, it's courage, right? It's to acknowledge that, yes, this is my position. And my position, because it entails problems and weaknesses and difficulties, you know, to be able to say, yes, that is a problem. But I still hold to that position. And either you need to change your position, or you need to own up to it, sort of as they say, bite the bullet, and say, this is just one of its weaknesses. And I'd rather deal with that weakness than the other sides. So we have to really think about what we believe and follow them to their logical conclusions. Sometimes I would say to their logical extreme, because until you really see where your thinking leads you to, you may not realize what the consequences are. I mean, definitely, it was some conservative writer, I think Richard Weaver wrote this book, ideas have consequences. Yes, ideas have consequences because people do act on them. And so, you know, what good are ideas unless you act on them? And so when we act on them, you know, we see what happens.   And people can, you know, I think students will say, you know, Professor Chen comes across as being really morbid.   There are consequences to what we believe. So advice, you know, have ground rules. I actually invite students to disagree with my ground rules. I said, these are my ground rules in this class. So if you're in this class, you will obey those ground rules. But I don't assume everyone agrees with them. And in fact, I would encourage you to disagree. And I say in the syllabus, I said, I will do my best to follow my own ground rules. But if I don't, I would appreciate it if students would respectfully point them out, point out that I'm not following my own ground rules. And I would imagine sometimes I don't, you know, we all have our biases and I have mine. We need other people to point out our flaws and our weaknesses. It's much easier when other people do that to us than we do it to ourselves. Starting out with ground rules and modeling those ground rules, which is very difficult, especially for faculty members, you know, trying to, we all have our biases. And we all think we're telling the truth. Building relationship is really important because the students need to feel safe with each other on a certain level. And they need to feel safe with you. One of the questions I have on my informal valuation that I give is, and I think it's also on the official teaching evaluation, it asks, you know, does the instructor show respect for different viewpoints? And I think that's really important.


Everybody forced here rip in 2022 museum collection baseball hobby 6 box half case number 15. It's a random team style break You can always find those results at late and sports cards calm. Good luck everybody. Let's see what we got Here's some buck over the long field goal. I was certainly a long thing. I don't know how far he was but that was Yeah, that was It's funny sealers like handed the game all day and then it was like we don't want to win Elliot Ramos God quad Jersey Angels Anthony Rendon 17 of 75 Copper Wilson Contreras See some museum booms here dual relic auto Yankees are all this Chapman 2015 to 250 and Copper Cowroopkin jr. Got out Thomas got a canvas stonemating Lee Yankees Nice quad relic reds Jesse winker 85 of 99 copper Justin Verlander dude as soon as they scored that touchdown I was I like a shot. I was like, yeah, use your seven done an extra point. Yeah as soon as they scored I was like, yeah, dude. 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That's kind of wild actually Bobby with junior rookie base Archival autograph A's Raleigh fingers 47 to 125 Copper her Shaw J rod rookie base canvas Otani That patch card Cubs Nico Horn or 12 to 25 And a copper Javi Baez as a tiger canvas Yachty Molina God Cubs auto now Nico Horner 73 of 299 and copper rookie Brian de la Cruz Marlins box 3 now Before I get into it museum collection up next Half case number 16 is sold out now That's awesome. Thank you guys. We have a full Divisions case coming up in just a bit here as well. It's right after the next half case That's at 2 to go It's at 2 to go. Yeah, the judge was cool. All those sketch all the sketches in this product. They're awesome canvas Reggie Jackson Yankees Cubs again another Nico Horner here dual relic auto 306 of 399 who Rodriguez copper There very close to 700 now, but archival autographs Braves Tom Glavin 85 of 125 a Copper Cody Bellinger Alec Thomas dual jersey for the Orioles Cal Ripken jr. 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I'll see one of the sketches in this break Vladdie jr. Blue jays quad jersey 62 of 99 And a blue for the Dodgers Mookie Betts 94 of 150 on the Mookie color match Pathetic loss pathetic win. We got a patch card Yankees Aaron judge 7 of 25 Nice one there red for the A's Ricky Henderson one of 50 O'Neill Cruz Ricky base a quad relic for the Phillies Alec bone 82 of 99 and a copper Jackie Robinson Bella Cruz canvas for the Cardinals is Carlson Dylan Carlson there and Dodgers dual Jersey Otto Will Smith 173 of 299 red Sox coppers Annabelle Gertz Kunia Rizzo got archival autographs rookie hunter green 196 of 199 Nice hit for the Reds there first hunter green rookie auto I pulled you go Reds Copper rookie CJ Abrams Padres there Bryson Stott rookie a Jersey card for the Cubs Alfonzo Soriano 8 of 50 copper Max Scherzer It's a canvas Coworkan jr. Quad relic Nat Steven Strausberg numbered 61 75. There is something on that Jersey I'm not sure what that is And purple for the Yankees Anthony Rizzo 61 of 99 Paul Goldschmidt triple Jersey Otto Cardinals You got St. Louis 135 of 150 I think he holds on for MVP or someone takes it from Copper Joey Vado and last one of the half case that's mini box Archival autographs 25 of 25 White Sox Eloy Jimenez nice on card and copper rookie Cubs a Suzuki Yeah, I don't even know if it was game. It was like game-worn game. I have no idea. All right Random to do and then we'll do the recap Nobody had over a 50% majority here So we got Yankees angels Dodgers Phillies on the judge trout bets in a Harper quad relic 21 to 25. That's a nice one right there Good luck on the random. 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Let's say it on the card here Dual relic auto Dodgers will Smith Got um Max Kepler auto with the twins Luis Severino jumbo patch auto 12 of 15 Got auto for the Braves Tom Glavin Nico Horner dual relic auto for the Cubs Cubs auto Nico Horner On card that time Raleigh fingers a's auto fit 47 125 Dual patch auto White Sox Jose a bray you 25 to 25 and then a roll this Chapman dual relic auto Yankees 215 to 250 that'll do it another half case coming up next