And then, while we will come to Ous, my name is Hordia, I'm the Mayor of Culture and Sports. And thank you very much for the opportunity to come and give a brief introduction about Ous and our cultural life. It's a takeaway for me to present Ous for people like you. And also, you are doing a great work and I will come back to what its open source means for us in Ous. And please feel free to interrupt if there is any question or don't understand what I'm saying, I'm sorry to make my voice also clear. We are kind of here today to open a new office conference. But as I told, I would try to say some few words about Ous and the development in Ous. Ous is only a small city if you compare it with many other European cities. But we are, even of the second largest city in Denmark, the city is growing and the city is changing. I don't know if some of you have been here in Ous before. Maybe you already see the big development in this part of the city in the heart. The recent few years has been a very, very big development. From being a city in Europe, we are working very hard to becoming a European city. Ous has about 325 inhabitants and we expect to grow more than 10% by 2020. That is a population increase of about 303,000 inhabitants. We have a world-class university and in total there is more than 50,000 students in the city. The university is a good indicator of what we want in Ous. We want cultural and education which you can see in our economic buildings such as here at DOC 1. I hope that you had the possibility to look around and see the building. The establishment of the University of Ous in 1928 gave the city a very good post. The university also attracted several other educational institutions to the city. But the university is not stand-alone. In the past years, Ous has gained new world-class cultural institutions. Ous Art Museum, Ous, which opened in April 2004, the world-famous artist Alfred E. Yesen has created their rainbow on the roof called I don't know if you are visiting that place. I would suggest you do it. It's really beautiful. You can also have a very good view of the city from the rainbow. In 2011, we opened a cultural production center for literature, visual art and stage art at Spain. The fantastic Urosco Museum opened last autumn. And this summer, we opened this building, DOC 1, so you can just imagine, in a few years, so many things have been happening in this city, itself about the development that has been in this city. This library is the most advanced library in Europe, actually, if not in the entire world. The new main library is indeed a new kind of library. You can take a look around yourself and see how it is. The library is not a place where you can borrow books. The new role of the library is to be the center of civic engagement. The idea is that we must first create a platform, in this case, a building, and it is up to the citizens to develop the content. And that's actually the main purpose of this building. It's not that we are going to put the content, but it's up to the people who come here to see how they want to develop, and how they want to use this library. That very top is an open source building. Obviously, it's Europe's capital of culture in 2017. Hope you will come and enjoy. Let's speak events. Our mantra is, let's rethink. This means that we are using this opportunity to build on what already exists. At the same time, we are experimenting with ways to do things differently and smarter. Besides the top-down decisions taken by the city council, we experience a growing up movement. For example, if you need to get right off an old coach, you will carry it outside your house and wait for the dustman to come and move it. However, the idea of recycling is growing in August. On Facebook, you will find a group containing more than 30,000 citizens who scrap all kinds of old things. Follitures, electronics, devices, clothes, etc. 30,000 members of a local Facebook group that is almost 10% of the population in August. This is not happening because of their lit, let's think, mention, let's really reflect their attitude of old. A mindset which goes beyond traditional thinking and is a major part of our vision of all the capital of culture. The deep picture is met of small and large initiative. One of those intent is open source. The reason we are gathered here today in the visibility of almost we have our attention on open source. We believe that by sharing our knowledge and skills, we are able to make something even better. We believe that when we stand together, we stand stronger. We believe that owning and opening up our code and data makes us free, free to work in ways that source and grant us as an organization instead of being looking upon as a part of MS. We believe in being open and innovative which is why open source is a natural way of thinking or rethinking the way we do things. A lot of institutions around the world look open, open source as an interesting new way of thinking and working with IT. Labour Office is a good example of how an open source initiative can grow really strong. Labour Office is one of the most used open source programs in the world. It is an example of how an open source project can get popular by as well-privileged users as public institutions. The many people that are here today show the strength in open source and what difference a community can make if it's believed in its purpose. I'll tell you this, we are proud of being the host city of this year's Labour Office conference and we hope that you will enjoy your city. I'll tell you a few words about what we have not at least about our cultural institutions. So I hope that you will enjoy your time here in the North take a look around and see how it has been developed and get a cultural experience. I wish you all a pleasant stay in August and a fantastic conference here at the conference. Once again, thank you for the opportunity to tell you about how to think about open source and to tell you a few words about our city and also good stay and good day.


Okay. Thank you. Thanks to the organizers for the opportunity to present our work. So we heard this morning that one of the challenges facing TCGA and other cancer genomics projects is distinguishing functional driver mutations from random passenger mutations that are also measured in the genome when we do high throughput genome sequencing. And of course, functional mutation is really a biological phenomenon and ultimately must be determined by experiment. So we can prioritize these experiments by looking for recurrent mutations, mutations that are present in more of the patients than we would expect by some model of chance or perhaps zoom out a little bit and look at genes that are mutated more than we would expect by chance. And so for the purposes of this talk, we'll sort of look at mutations at the level of genes and we'll assume that we've sort of carefully annotated the genes in our experiment and so that we have a mutation matrix where for each patient in each gene, I've indicated whether or not there's a somatic mutation that's present. And so then the question is, are there genes that are mutated more than we expect by chance? And so the standard way to do this is with a single gene test where we look at each column of the matrix and we ask, you know, do we see more ones in that column than we would expect? And then since we're performing all of these independent tests, we then have to go do some multiple hypothesis correction to correct for the fact that we did thousands of statistical tests. So this was the approach, simplified, but that was used in the first two TCGA papers and here are the results from these two papers with the list of significantly mutated genes. And as was described also this morning, these lists are pretty short. We don't find that many significantly mutated genes at a level of statistical confidence that we're happy with. And there's various reasons for this. Our statistical model may not be good and certainly that's part of the reason and our passenger mutation rate may not be quite right. The data itself, of course, has false positives and false negatives in it. Maybe we don't have enough samples. I mean, 91 samples is a pretty small number to try to find recurrently mutated genes, especially given lots of the mutational heterogeneity that's present in tumors. But there's also a biological reason and that's that genes don't act on their own, but of course act together in pathways or networks. And so cancer is also sometimes called a disease of pathways. And this has also been appreciated in the original TCGA paper. In addition to finding single, significantly mutated genes, there were tests of pathways that were done. And the standard approach here is to look at known pathways. So this figure shows a network and within that network of genes, individual pathways were extracted and you can then do a variant of the single gene test, just looking simultaneously at multiple columns in this matrix. And again, as the question is now this pathway, this group of genes mutated more than we would expect by chance. And here we see the P53 pathway. This is sort of a schematic, but in the data, the P53 pathway was mutated in 87% of the patients, which was much higher than any single gene in that pathway. Okay, but of course this approach has some limitations. We're only looking at the pathways that we know. We're ignoring somehow the connections between the genes, the topology. We're just viewing these as sort of columns of the matrix. And moreover, this idea that pathways are their own discrete units is somewhat of a simplification. This figure even shows that the pathways themselves are interconnected, this is sometimes called crosstalk. So what we've been doing is we've been asking the question, we have a lot of, and we're getting more and more, sequenced genomes. So could we start to develop methods where we can look at combinations of mutated genes that are somehow less biased by prior knowledge of pathways. So in going from in the left of the picture known pathways, could we instead look at all combinations of genes, use no prior information. Of course, as we reduce the amount of prior knowledge of which combinations of genes we're going to look at, we increase the number of hypotheses that we have to test. So for example, if we wanted to test all possible groups of fewer than six genes, 10 to the 22nd hypotheses, we would need a lot of samples in order to obtain any statistical significance. So we might look for some intermediate. So maybe we'd want to somehow restrict our groups of genes by those that are on an interaction network, maybe a network constructed from a superposition of pathways. Even here, if we tried to exhaustively test every part of this interaction network, maybe we'd look for subnetworks. We don't really reduce the number of hypotheses that much. So what we've been doing is developing algorithms that are sort of in between and sort of different points of the spectrum. And I'm going to tell you very quickly about two of them. The first is called Hotnet, which uses the interaction network and tries to pull out subnetworks of the interaction network that are mutated more than we expect. And the other is called Dendrix, which gets closer to this idea of looking at all combinations of genes. And both of these algorithms, we compute p-values in a sort of robust manner, and I won't really get to describe the statistics in this talk. So Hotnet, the approach here is that we have a predefined interaction network. This could be some high-quality network that we take the textbook diagrams and pathways and superimpose them. It could be some noisy thing that includes whatever high-through-potato you want. You take your mutation matrix, and the model is to find connected subnetworks that are mutated in more patients than you would expect. So in doing so, now that we've moved to the network, there's really two considerations. It's not just the frequency of mutations that's going to determine which subnetworks we pull out. It's also the topology of the network. So to illustrate this briefly, on the left, you see that we might, for example, have two genes that are mutated at moderate frequency that are connected in the network via a single path. And that's somehow more surprising to us. That's more of a clustering of mutations than if we had the same two genes of the same frequencies, but that are connected through some gene of very high degree, a gene that was connected to many others. And this problem of having these different topologies actually comes up a lot in looking at cancer genes, because many cancer genes have very high degree in these interaction networks. So we need to account for both mutation frequency and topology. And the model we use for this is we actually think of mutations as sources of heat on the graph. So what we do is we heat up each gene, which is a node in the network, in proportion to its frequency. And then we let that heat diffuse over the edges of the network. And what this does is it encodes both the mutation frequency and the topology of the network in a single model. And so now what we have is a distribution of heat on the graph. And we can then break up the graph and find significantly hot subnetworks. And this significantly hot requires a somewhat subtle statistical test, which again I won't describe and I refer you to the paper for more details there. But we can get robust p-values and FDRs for testing this hypothesis of significantly hot. So we worked with the ovarian analysis group to apply hotnet to the ovarian data. And this was published earlier this year as part of the paper. And running hotnet on the whole exome and whole exome mutation data and copy number data together, we found 27 subnetworks of the HPRD network, a network that contained 37,000 interactions. 27 subnetworks with at least seven genes, with a reasonably good p-value. And so here's a picture of them, this sort of shows you the subnetworks each in different color. Some of them are connected to each other, some of them are sort of more isolated in the network. And so what do you do with such a picture? Well, the first thing you do is you go see if you've found anything that was already known. And so one thing that fell out immediately when we looked at intersections between known pathways was one of our subnetworks overlap significantly with the notch signaling pathway. And so here was the picture of notch that appeared in the paper. And what you can see is that each of the genes in this pathway is not mutated at very high frequency. I guess notch three is mutated at moderate frequency. The others are mutated at fairly low frequency. So it's both the frequency and the interactions that's driving this prediction. In total, 12 of the 27 overlapped either a known pathway or a protein complex. And others are sort of novel predictions. Some look interesting. They're all published in the paper. And I refer you to the appropriate supplement. So having looked at the interaction network, we decided to go be a little bolder and see if we could just get rid of the interaction network entirely. Because interaction networks are noisy. And sometimes when I give a talk, people complain about them. So I said, well, let's get rid of it all. Get rid of the whole thing. Well, I said that there's too many hypotheses to test if we wanted to look at all combinations of genes. So what we do is we impose some constraints on the sets of genes we're going to consider. And these constraints are driven by a couple of assumptions that are sort of supported in the literature. And one we've heard about already a few times in this workshop. So under the assumption that driver mutations are relatively rare compared to the passenger mutations. If there's a pathway that is going to be mutated in a patient in order for that patient to have cancer, then there's probably only one driver mutation that's necessary. Now, here we have to be careful, mean by pathway. Some pathways are large and hundreds of genes. We mean something maybe more targeted. So a pathway as shown here. And there's various evidence of this. And what this imposes then is a mutual exclusivity between the mutations. And so the black bars here indicate mutual exclusive mutations. And the red indicate co-occurring mutations. And you can see across this pathway there's lots of exclusivity and very few patients that have more than one mutation in this pathway. The second assumption is that if the pathway, the set of genes, is important, many of the patients will have a mutation in that pathway. So the pathway should have high coverage. There should be lots of patients with a driver mutation in that pathway. So with these two assumptions, we then introduce an algorithm we call de novo driver exclusivity, or dendrix for short. So just directly from the mutation matrix, we try to find sets of genes, columns. Actually, they should be rows. I've transposed the matrix to match the figure. So rows of the matrix here, it's a contiguous set of rows, but that doesn't have to be the case. And we find them to meet these two properties. This turns out to be a computationally difficult problem. So we have a couple of algorithms for doing this. And we have some theoretical results that show that they perform well. And we've more recently, since the publication at the bottom of the slide, extended this with an alternative scoring metric. So I'm going to show you just a couple of examples of running these algorithms on some new data sets. The first is AML. And so if we run dendrix, we get several approximately exclusive sets, each with reasonably good statistical support. And hotnet, we get a few subnetworks. And before I show you a few of these, I was instructed to say that this is unvalidated mutation data. So anything here is preliminary and subject to change. So running the mutual exclusivity, we get two sets, the two top scoring sets. Actually, both have six genes in common. Four of those six are fusion genes. And this is a highly exclusive set. These fusion genes are mostly subtype-specific. So in some sense what we're doing is picking out the subtypes. And then extending that set of six in two different directions are the two other exclusive sets. I've shown you the schematic of exclusivity. And you can see that they're mostly exclusive, some overlap. And together, the set of six, the blue and bottom, cover about 25% of the patients. When you extend them, you get coverage up to 75% of the patients. Now looking at these two sets, there's a question of why they separated. And so if you look across these two sets, what you see is that there's lots of co-occurrence between them. So many patients that have a mutation in more than one gene in the set. Moreover, the co-occurrence I'm showing here on the bottom, the dark red now, is co-occurrence across the two sets. The light pink is co-occurrence within the set. And so what you can see is that there's a lot more co-occurrence across the sets than within, as there should be, because these sets are exclusive. But those co-occurrences are actually spread across multiple genes. What we're seeing is an effective not due, because we haven't done pairwise analysis, but looked at larger sets, we can actually find these exclusivity and co-occurrence relationships that are not just pairwise, but are more complicated across multiple genes. For hotnet, here's a view of five sub-networks. Here's three of them that were enriched for either known complexes, the cohesin complex, the polychrome complex, or the keg pathway AML. Oh, it's a nice screensaver. Oh, it's back, okay. And again, the p-values are not huge, but are not particularly small, but we're digging into this large interaction network with a lot of noise. So pulling out these complexes is, we're pretty happy with. Finally, we've done a quick run of the date on the breast cancer data set. Again, several exclusive sets, all with pretty good p-values and several sub-networks. Some of these appeared on a poster earlier today, which is probably still hanging up. And I'll just show you two of the sub-networks. The first one on the bottom, you probably can't read the gene names there, but the first two rows there are P53 and PIC3CA, which are fairly exclusive, but really they're driving the set because they have very high mutation frequencies. So if we remove P53 and PIC3CA, then the set on the bottom actually contains a really nice exclusive set, genes of moderate frequencies, including Gata3 and CTCF, and even I can't read the slide from here. So again, they're on a poster and you'll see them. So that's the summary. Trying to take a view of the data that's sort of less biased by known biology and see if the data can just lead us to the interesting sets directly. The two algorithms that do that and what we're working on is to bring in more data types, methylation's underway, gene expression will come, and then to do a little more pre and post processing of what we put into the algorithm and what comes out. We've been very naive about it. We just throw in the mutation data itself. We don't filter by subtype. We don't post process. So all these things are sort of add-ons that we hope will get us even more power. So the acknowledgments, my colleagues, Fabio Vendine and Elliot Follett-Brown worked together on me to develop these algorithms. Sintah Wu has done some of the analysis. Genome Institute at WashU for the AML data and Andy Mongol and others at BC Cancer Agency for the fusion gene data from the RNA-Seq and the funding agencies. Thanks. Questions. Have you seen any exceptions to your exclusivity assumption? I mean, I'm not sure what an exception would mean. What do you mean by an exception? I mean, there's lots of gene sets that are not exclusive. There are gene sets that are exclusive, but when you look on the network, they're not interacting in any way that we can see. So that, in a sense, violates the idea that they're within a pathway, at least a known pathway. That's probably a very naive question, but there must be things driving P53. I mean, mutations in P53. The driver mutations, in many cases, are gonna be before that, right? So how do you pick out those from this analysis? Maybe I missed the whole thing. I mean, there's no temporal information here, right? We just get the, you know, we get the mutations from the patients when they were sequenced. So we can't distinguish things that happened before P53 or after. Is that... Yeah, I mean, because probably, right? If you got P53 in 80%, then... Sure, yeah. There are a lot of other things upstream that are doing that, so... Yeah, and... That's really what we want, isn't it?  And I think doing that in a more intelligent way will allow us to sort of pull out some of the things that are obscured by the high-frequency genes. Next question. Yeah, so, you know, a good talk. So, you know, hot night work part, you use HPRD, which primarily contains protein-protein interaction. Yes. But we know a lot of interaction, genetic interaction rather than protein-protein interaction. Sure. So, man, do you ever try to combine different type of interaction through certain analysis rather than only use protein-protein interaction network? We have not, we've used various protein-protein interactions. We've used KEG as a network. We've used IRF, which is sort of a mismatch of a few with some curation. We haven't used a genetic interaction network. If there's a good one for a human, we'd love to try it, but we haven't found sort of a good source of that. Then how much your result depends on the protein-protein network? We know which is very biased and quite noisy. Yes. How that really affect your result? We've assessed this by, you know, running it on these different networks and the results change a little bit, but they don't, they didn't change dramatically. You know, some networks are seemingly give sort of nicer results than others, at least in terms of the known biology, but yes, I mean, the network we're taking as information. Other questions? Okay, thank you. Thank you.


Due to a significant increase in strays, the Johnson County Animal Shelter has suspended the intake of new animals as they have become overcrowded. Wednesday, Mountaintop spoke with Shelter Manager Lisa Trustee Roberts about the importance of adoption and how you can help. We are getting ready to go into spring and this happens every spring. We see an increase in intakes. We have a lot of owner surrenders coming in. I do want to let people know, part of the reason why we are overcrowded at the moment is that we have some dogs that are dog aggressive and we've had them for a while. A lot of rescues, they're just simply not able to take dog aggressive dogs because they're hard to place. And while adopting an aggressive dog is a responsibility, Roberts says owners can take steps to help, such as going to a trainer and keeping them away from dog parks. We just work really hard to find homes for these babies because they're great dogs.  He had been on a chain since he was a puppy. I had other dogs there that just teased him so bad and he's a wonderful dog. He just can't be in a home really with other dogs. But we are doing something that I've not had the volunteers or the manpower to do. I have a wonderful volunteer that is going to start keeping up our pet finder page. And that's going to be another avenue because we realize or I realize that not everyone does have Facebook. So this pet finder page, we're going to be putting all of our animals on and that's going to be another avenue that people can go to and look at our animals and hopefully adopt. I actually do have a pending adoption right now, Red, who's been with us since August. So hopefully, Red will be going home to his new home very soon. At Pikeville Medical Center, we believe that together we can make a difference in the fight against cancer. We are proud to have patients who have experienced successful outcomes over many years. As always, we believe in the power of faith. Pikeville Medical Center, where cancer can be defeated. Another way people can help is by fostering as well. It's the same process as adopting as far as an application, same process as vetting a home for fostering. And if people would open their hearts to fostering an animal, that would open up a kennel for another animal need to come in. And that would also help us be able to see what a behavior or personality of a dog would be, because you can have an animal here in a kennel, but their personality would be completely different in a home, obviously. And that would help us match them to a family for adoption. If you would like to adopt or donate, you can contact the shelter at WowAnimalShelter at gmail.com. You can also reach the shelter at<PHONE_NUMBER> or Pets. For Mountain Top News, I'm Joel Porgyl.


Hi, I'm Zidnapp, and I love linguistics, and if you like linguistics too, you might want to take a look at my channel. I don't have that many videos out so far, but I've already talked about a lot of stuff, from how language changes over time, to different ways we go about writing it down, to what even counts as a language. From languages that are thousands of years old, to changes that are going on in languages today. As I go on making more and more videos, I tend to get better at it, so I'd recommend starting with my more recent videos. Anyway, if you decide to check out my work, I hope you like it, and I hope to see you around on my channel.


Hello everyone, Myself Sachin Rathod working as assistant professor in Mechanical Engineering department from VW Technology Solapur. Today we are dealing with the chapter or the bit differential gearbox. So under this bit the learning outcome is at the end of this session student will able to calculate the speed ratio of the differential gearbox. So the differential gearbox is used for giving or transmitting the motion from engine to the rear axle. This is the first application and the second and very important application of this differential gearbox is to vary the speed from inner wheel and the outer wheel. Means suppose the speed of the inner wheel if you are taking a turn the speed of the inner wheel should be less than that of the outer wheel because the inner wheel will get lesser space or lesser distance than that of the outer wheel. The outer wheel covers the maximum distance if it is taking in this direction. So there is a speed variation in this two wheel that can be achieved by using the differential gearbox. So the construction of this differential gearbox is before that what is the application of the differential gearbox. So you can think about this, this is very simple in atomobiles the differential gearbox is used because if you are taking a turn the outer wheel takes more radius or the distance than that of the inner wheel at that time we required the speed variation between the two wheel that is the inner wheel and the outer wheel that can be achieved by using the differential gearbox. So we will see the construction of this differential gearbox this is a profiler shaft A which is connected to the engine from the engine the profiler shaft is going to rotate. So from the profiler shaft the bevel gear A is mounted on the profiler shaft which is keyed then A from the bevel gear A it is transmitted to the bevel gear B then the B is connected by the arms as the B will get rotated the arm will get rotated. So if suppose we are moving on a state path at that time this whole unit acts as only the single because if the motion is transmitted from this to this there is a no resistance occurs to the any of the wheel that's why the complete this spindle will not get rotated by its own because of that we are getting the state line motion and the unit is considered as a whole single unit that's why the speed of the wheel these two wheels we can call this wheel P and this wheel Q this two wheel P and Q rotates with the same speed on the state path. So next this is a arms the arms and the gear E as connected by this spindle gear C is mesh with the gear D gear D mesh with the sorry gear C mesh with the gear E gear E mesh with the gear D the number of teeth on the gear C and D are the same as well as the number of teeth on the E and F are the same. So if you are taking a turn left or right term at that time if you are taking the turns in this direction at that time the resistance is occurs to this wheel P so as the resistance is occurs to this wheel P this is connected to the shaft P and the shaft P is keyed to this gear C so at that time the spindle will revolve about its own axis so that we are getting the different speed for the C and this gear D. So the gears the speed of the gear C is different and the gear speed of the gear D is different as the rotation this rotates if we are taking in this turn the speed of this is increases and the speed of this wheel P decreases increases and decreases so this will take the more time like this construction is there so we should know how to calculate the speed or the speed ratio of this differential gearbox or the speed of every element used in the differential gearbox so in this case the gear B is fixed gear fixed gear B is this gear B is fixed and gear C rotates through the plus 1 revolution this gear C rotates with the plus 1 revolution that's why gear B is fixed gear C makes the plus 1 revolution so we have to find out the speed of the E now we are knowing the C and gear C and E are external image by the B wear gear so we are knowing and E pi and C is inversely proportional to the number of TC by T therefore as the NC is equal to 1 we are getting and E is equal to TC by T therefore we are getting TC by T as both are rotated in the same plane that's why we have to take the same same convention now the C the gear E is mesh with the gear D now we have to calculate the relation between TC and TD therefore we are knowing that TC otherwise and D by NC is equal to and D is meshing with the D meshing with the E and and E meshing with the NC so E will get cancelled so we are getting ND by NC so same things we are getting so it is equal to TC by TD so TC by TD we are getting as it is the equal number of the teeth so TC by TD is equal to 1 we are getting the ratio is equal to 1 that's why we are getting the 1 but this acts in the same plane as the C rotates in the clockwise direction D will rotate in the anticlockwise means the motion of the rotation of clockwise anticlockwise are getting changed as the C rotates in the anticlockwise direction D will rotate in the clockwise direction that's why we have to put the minus sign so the next one gear B is fixed gear C rotates through the plus X revolution so as the gear C makes the X revolution just multiply with the X C by T and it is a minus X add Y revolution to each element then total motion Y X plus 5 Y plus X into TC by T Y minus X this is the table of the motion now we will see one example so in this example I will write down the given data the pinion A on the propeller shaft has a 12 teeth so the pinion A having the propeller shaft has a 12 teeth so TA is equal to 12 and gears with the crown gear B having the 60 teeth TB is equal to 60 the shaft P and Q of the rare axles which which the road will see that if the propeller shaft rotates at 1000 rpm this propeller shaft propeller shaft is key to the gear A that's why they are given a speed of the A is equal to 1000 rpm and the road will attach the Q has speed of 210 rpm this Q is attached to gear D so they are given as N Q is equal to N D is equal to 210 rpm find the speed of the P so they are find out the speed of the P is nothing but the speed of the C so they are asked find out the NP is equal to NC is equal to how much they are asked so for that purpose you have to formulate one table so in that table gear B is fixed up so the speed of the B is fixed C makes the one rotation that's why one so E will makes TC by T as we have seen in the previous and D will makes this makes the plus one rotation this will make the minus one rotation so as the gear B is fixed gear C rotates through the plus one rotation that's why 0x minus it is rotated in the same plane that's why plus x into TC by T and here the minus x add y rotation to each element and here the total rotation so this is a table of the motion so just you have to check this condition under this given data we have to find out the speed of the wheel this wheel P so right now they are given as the speed of the A so A is meshing with the B so we are knowing that N A by N B it is inversely proportional to the number of TB by T as N A we are knowing thousand divided by N B is equal to number of the teeth on the B is 60 divided by TA is 12 so it is a 5 therefore N B is equal to thousand by 5 200 therefore N B we are getting 200 rpm so this is a speed of the wheel B as this condition the speed of the wheel B is y therefore we are getting y is equal to 200 rpm and the next thing they are given us and q is equal to N D is equal to 210 rpm so here the speed of the D y minus x y minus x is equal to 210 rpm as we are going the value of the y is 200 200 minus x is equal to 210 therefore 200 minus 210 is equal to x therefore x is equal to minus 10 rpm so this is the value of the x now they are asked find out the speed of the P or speed of the C so speed of the C is equal to x plus y so speed of the C is equal to x plus y the value of x is minus 10 and the y is 200 so we are getting 190 so N C is equal to N P so the speed of the P is equal to 190 rpm this is the answer this rotates so by checking this equation we are getting speed of the P means we will attach to the speed V is 190 rpm and the q speed as they are given us that is the q speed so here q speed is 210 rpm and N P we are getting the 190 means this rotates at 210 rpm simultaneously this will q rotate 190 rpm in the same way so we are getting the difference in the speed of these two wheel so I have taken these two references


Ladies and gentlemen, I'm extremely, extremely confused about Amberlynn Reed and I really, really need your help. What is up everybody? This is Chris from the Rewired Soul where we talk about the problem but focus on the solution and if you're new to my channel, my channel is all about mental health and what I like to do is pull different topics from the YouTube community to try to teach you how to improve your mental and emotional well-being. So if you're into that kind of stuff, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell because I make a ton of videos. I actually think I'm making three videos today, all right, but like this is just something that's been on my mind for a long time and like I need to talk to you guys about it. I need to talk to you guys about this video for all of my loyal subscribers, like this video is going to be different. It's going to be a little different, okay? We're going to be talking about mental health, we're going to be talking about bullying, we're going to be talking about what my channel is. I was actually going to make this a Patreon only video, but like I really needed to make this like just a public video because I'm confused. Like the most highly requested YouTuber that I talk about is Amberlynn Reid, all right? I have literally never watched one of her videos. Even to this day, I have never watched one of her videos, okay? So if you're here for some kind of tea or anything like that, like sorry, thanks for coming by, subscribe, ring the notification bell, all right? But anyways, like I'm curious and I need your input. So what I try to do with my channel, which is one of the reasons my channel is growing in my opinion, is I try to take different topics from the YouTube community, I just said this in the intro, and try to teach you how to improve your mental and emotional well-being. I'm trying to find certain things that you can relate to and then teach you like, hey, this is probably happening in your own life, like what's going on? But I get a lot of suggestions. I get suggestions left and right and I don't, like I said, I don't know anything about Amberlynn Reid, but it seems like she's a very polarizing YouTuber. It seems like a lot of people have very strong opinions about her. It seems like a lot of people judge her and I'm sitting here and I can't, and I might be completely wrong. And if I am wrong, let me know down in the comments, like, I hope my comment section blows up and you guys can explain this to me.   Like, because if that's what you think I do here, you're mistaken, all right? I think the most I know about Amberlynn Reid was, Peter Maughan made a video about her a few weeks ago, maybe two or three weeks ago, and I watched it and a lot of it, you know, what he was saying, it kind of made sense.  And, like, that confuses me. Like, I really, I'm intrigued and I want to look into her and make some videos on it, but I'm more intrigued by the audience rather than her at this point. Like, what's happening, you know, what is going on? And then a video came up and I suggested, maybe it's because everybody keeps typing the words Amberlynn Reid to me, but it was like, it was just this, like, bully video. It was just somebody just, like, talking trash about Amberlynn Reid and her weight for whatever reasons, and it was, like, a really, I don't know, it was a really, quote, unquote, popular video, and I'm like, that's stuff, and don't get me wrong. I love watching channels like Danny Gonzalez and Drew Gooden. Jarvis is one of my new favorite YouTubers. I love that guy, Jarvis, if for some reason you watch this video, me and you need to collab. Jarvis does some awesome stuff over there. He talks a little bit about mental health in an interesting way, and I don't know how many people pick up on that, but anyways, like, I love those channels who, like, kind of just, like, talk about and poke fun, but they're, like, not malicious, you know? And what I do here, although I give tough love a lot and I have strong opinions when I talk about people like, you know, Tana Mojo or, you know, just other YouTubers in, you know, in the public eye, I might have strong opinions on it, but I'm never here to do anything malicious or mean or hurt anybody. Like, even Keemstar, like, I've made some videos about Keemstar and he's made some really childish fat jokes about me, but I mentioned in my last video, like, I love the guy, but I just don't like him, right? And, like, even, like, I just, I literally hope the best for everybody, so I don't ever want to come off malicious and, like, I wanted to kind of clear the air on this because I don't know if some people, like, come to my channel because they're like, oh snap, what's Chris going to say about this YouTuber, right? And I'm like, no, that's not really what it is because these videos are for you not to just spill tea or whatever on YouTubers. That's not what I do. So if there are topics that are beneficial that you think, like, let me know down in the comments. Like, one of the things that is interesting to me is that people have been saying that there's a lot of enabling from the, in the comments section of her videos. That's interesting to me because I've talked a lot about enabling lately and I would want to touch on that. Now, one thing, if I'm being honest, because I like to be honest on my channel, one thing is, is that clearly, I don't know if you have your camera or like your video turned on right now, but I have some weight issues of my own and it'll be difficult for me to talk about people enabling her weight struggles when I'm sitting here still continuously trying to lose weight. But anyways, I hope I can get some clarity from all of you. Like, leave comments down below. Like I said, this video is a little weird. I just wanted to get this out there. Give feedback from all of you.  So let me know down in the comments below. All right. But anyways, that's all I got for this video. Quick little video. If you like it, give it a thumbs up. If you're new and you stumbled across this video, make sure you subscribe and ring that notification bell. I'll make a ton of videos and a huge thank you to everybody supporting the channel over on Patreon. If you are not a patron yet, go over, click this link right below. Sign up for as little as a dollar a month. You get your name right here and I have a ton of cool new stuff coming up for patrons. All right. Thanks so much for watching. I'll see you next time.


Hello everybody. Andrea Mayesky here with Dental Health Tutoring. So I just did kind of like a part one video. This is I guess part two of what to expect if you're taking the restorative hygiene program. Okay so depending on where you live, I did mention this before. You might not know what a restorative hygienist is. You might be going, what's that? Well if you don't know then you probably can't take the program. If it's not offered in your area it might not be. But I'm talking specifically in Ontario where it is offered. So it does allow us to advance our skills to be able to place composites, amalgam. We can submit like crowns, bridges. We can take final impressions but we can't prep the tooth or alter enamel in any way. So there's a lot that we can do but there's also a lot that we can't do. So you have to know what that is. I talk about that more in the course that I do offer. It's not ready yet. Courses take time to make but I kind of go through all of that with you. But in the video today I want to talk to you guys about what to expect if you have signed up for the program and you're excited, you're looking forward to it, but what to kind of expect. Now I can only speak to the program that I took. So there was an online component and there was a clinical portion too. So the online was just a lot of theory. So you had to study so much and then you had a test after week one. Of course you had to pass to move on. If you didn't pass too bad, so sad. See you later. They're very, very intense. And at the end you did have to take a big final exam too. If you didn't pass that then you could not move on to the clinical portion. So the clinical portion was exciting but also intense too because it did help me a lot I think because I was a dental assistant first. So I was used to seeing like composites, amalgams, like placing composites, placing amalgams. I kind of knew how the procedure and the different steps worked. Whereas if you aren't a dental assistant first you kind of have to learn all of that. It's not hard to learn but you are still kind of a step behind everybody else who might have been a dental assistant first. So it did really help me to be a dental assistant first. But if you're going into the program and you're not a dental assistant, don't bother going back to take the dental assisting course or something. Like that's not necessary but it will help you. But I can also help you too because in the full course that I have I kind of teach you how to be that dental assistant. So you know step by step what to expect for the procedures that you're able to do. So I do make it a lot easier. So I do talk about like composites, amalgams, crowns, fridges.  What's this capsule for? Oh that's composite you know and there's many different types too. So I do talk about kind of the most common ones. But in your restorative hygiene program for the clinical as I said it was so exciting because even if you've worked with those materials before or not now you're the one doing everything. You know you're the one doing everything. It's not as easy as it looked. And we literally learned as I said we had to place a certain amount of composites, amalgams, we had to cement crowns, fridges, we had to know how to insert like temporary materials such as glass ionomer, different types of Fuji. What else did we do? I'm pretty sure we did work a little bit with ortho too but not too long on that one because they kind of expect your office to train you on that if that's something that you want to do. I will think about that more because I do have to find my notes from school because I know that that would help so much. And I do have those but I think I put them somewhere to keep them safe but of course I can't find them. So just think about again if you were an assistant before this will be easier for you to kind of picture but the dentist does all of the prep work so they do the needle, they prep the tooth with the high speed and then it's all on you meaning if you have an MLTBL you need to place that toffle mire. You need to know well which system am I going to use because now there's many different types. When I was a dental assistant the toffle mire and the band and and the wedges was pretty much all that was out there but now they have like toffle mires they have different types and materials of everything. So I kind of teach you guys the most common steps on that too. They do teach you how to place the rubber dam. They of course you know teach you how to maneuver a toffle mire and they give you a couple different systems to use too so when you start working in an office you will know hopefully how to do the ones that they have and if you like a system better then hopefully you can order that because like talking about toffle mires and the bands and the wedges you know you need to do everything to get that contact meaning when you're doing a filling that's in between the teeth if you don't do it properly when you go to use the floss it just goes up and down but you need that contact because if it goes up and down where there's a space in between the teeth food will get caught that's not ideal that's a bad work like that's a bad job I guess you did not do a good job. If the dentist comes in and sees that they will not be happy and they have to prep out that hard work that you did even though it's not good but I'm sure you did work hard they will have to prep that out again and then do it again because you always have to get that contact and that's the hardest thing but I do talk about that more in the course too little tips that I had learned to get that contact it didn't help me right away you know I was that student where things always took me longer everybody else did a perfect job I was like yeah no I need to do this again because there's a big space there oh okay well let's see what you did wrong you know so it took me a long time but now I don't miss a contact knock on wood okay and that's hard to do even for a dentist it's not easy to get that contact where your teeth are nice and close together if it's like this or I should say like this that is way too open right it has to be close because you don't want the food to get caught but it can't be too tight when you're not able to get anything through so it's kind of a fine line but that's probably the hardest thing that you guys will learn um you learn on obviously like teeth first um try to think at least a couple weeks but that's it like it doesn't take long and then you have to work on real people you obviously can't work on your student partners because there's nothing to prep there right so you have to work on real live patients pretty much right away and it's very nerve-racking because you're like I can't believe I'm doing this but you just have to do it you have to go for it and there you go because they're obviously paying a lot less to have you do it than if they go to the dentist so just kind of things to expect um I remember like we had clinic like four days a week and maybe class one day a week but I can't remember different weeks were probably different too but you do learn so much like you might be thinking you'll learn how to do amalgams one day and then compass it's the next day or you take two days to learn amalgams no you will learn compass it's in the morning you will have to practice them in the afternoon and then you're pretty much tested the next day so you have to catch on fast if you don't ask questions and then hopefully you have a teacher to help you so I can help you guys with that too because that was the hardest part for me where things did always take me longer I would be watching um YouTube like different like tutorials but that didn't seem to help me because I would kind of learn their bad habits I would try to apply them but I still wouldn't do a good job so just just kind of things to expect you will learn so much but it's so exciting to be able to work on real people it's nerve-wracking and exciting so thank you guys for listening I'll probably upload another video shortly about sort of what to expect but if you guys have questions let me know because I need to know kind of what you guys are thinking because this isn't something that I talk about often because not a lot of countries offer it but now that I've started my own practice I started my own dental hygiene mobile practice last year and I'm kind of explaining to people what I'm doing and a lot of comments are I didn't know you could place composites we're not allowed to do that here like what kind of a hygienist are you you know so I'm just kind of opening it up to things you can do because not a lot of people know or think oh is she doing something she's not supposed to be doing because she just said that she places composites we're not what you're not a dentist what's going on so it kind of helps to explain things a little bit more but do not hesitate if you have questions let me know I am so happy to help and I'll see you in the next one


issues in researching media. The mass medium for the transmission of message have come across too much development and innovation. With the passage of time, definitely there is a development in every field of life, like as in the case of media, that with the advancement in modern technology and with the invention of the modern means of communication. The issues in researching media is also getting much more importance. Like such innovations include the innovation in the field of newspapers that firstly newspapers were only available in the hard copy. Now you can and we can read those newspapers online. Televisions, televisions are also getting more and more channels and they are becoming the important part of our daily life. Then the videos, film industry, now the first videos were made for a specific purpose or objective. Now anyone makes a video on the internet and all of a sudden that information spreads all over the world. Then the social media. This is a specific invention of modern day because you want to share your personal, personal, personal information with the world. You want to talk about your functions. There is a conference or research in the world. Through social media you can immediately learn specifically during the pandemic of COVID-19. With the help of social media it is quite amazing. So we can say that in the world of digital media and again the availability of traditional media the issues in researching media they are getting much more importance. Because when we say that the world is under change and same is the case with the constant change in variants of mass media. Due to the technological innovation there is another important hurdle in the way of researching the mass media. We all know that in the media the objectivity that is getting much more important issue. Because the more variety of resources, channels, media instruments, looking for their objectivity and especially to present content with research. That is getting much more importance. Because the people who are involved in the media, I mean all the varieties of media whether it is through videos, TV, social media, video making, film making all of these content is being presented and who is doing it. Whether it is content or information with proper research or planning. Or whether it is just to involve in the race of information. Whether it is just to reach people what is its standard, what is its objectivity, content whether it is harmful for anyone. All these responsibilities, all these important issues are being contacted and these guidelines are being drawn from which platform. For this we get very little information and very little material is available about all these issues. The guidelines say whether this policy is being implemented or not. There are diverse tools of mass media and there are diverse influences on this that is becoming much more critical and becoming harder for the researchers to focus on a single issue and carry its in depth study. This is the real thing where focus is important. Earlier it used to be that if there is one program that according to the theme, the researcher would plan but now in this competition during this ranking time period media channels, media promoters instead of research based presentations focus is more on marketing and to gain more popularity. So definitely all these situations are the field of researchers in media.


The E4B program is a comprehensive training program designed to equip biomedical researchers with the necessary skills to succeed in today's rapidly changing environment. This program provides trainees with the tools needed to identify and validate opportunities for innovation, sell their innovations to diverse audiences, assess the ethical implications of their work, work in teams, and develop resiliency as an innovator. Additionally, the program includes mentor support, a team-based capstone project, and an optional in-person boot camp. The program has been well received by trainees who have reported increased knowledge and ability to perform tasks taught throughout the program. This article was authored by Jane M. Garbutt, Joseph Grayler, Lily Levin, and others.


Wacusta, or the prophecy, a tale of the Canada's, volume 2, written by John Richardson, narrated by Nick Adams. It was on the evening of that day so fertile in melancholy incident to which our first volume has been devoted, that the drawbridge of Detroit was, for the third time since the investment of the garrison, lowered, not as previously with a disregard of the intimation that might be given to those without, by the sullen and echoing rattle of its ponderous chains, but with a caution attesting how much secrecy or purpose was sought to be preserved. There was, however, no array of armed men within the walls that denoted an expedition of a hostile character. Overcome with the harassing duties of the day, the chief portion of the troops had retired to rest, and a few groups of the guard alone were to be seen walking up and down in front of their post, apparently with a view to check the influence of midnight drowsiness, but in reality, to witness the result of certain preparations going on by torchlight in the centre of the barrack square. In the midst of an anxious group of officers, comprising nearly all of that rank within the fort, stood two individuals, a tired and a costume having nothing in common with the gay and martial habiliments of the former. They were tall, handsome young men, whose native elegance of carriage was but imperfectly hidden under an equipment evidently adopted for and otherwise fully answering the purpose of disguise. A blue cotton shell jacket closely fitting to the person, trousers of the same material, a pair of strong, deerskin moccasins, and a coloured handkerchief tied loosely around the collar of a checked shirt, the hole surmounted by one of those rough blanket coats elsewhere described, formed the principal portion of their garb. Each, moreover, wore a false queue of about nine inches in length, the effect of which was completely to change the character of the countenance and lend to the features of Canadian-like expression. A red-wasted cap resembling a bonnet de nuit was thrown carelessly over the side of the head, which could, at any moment, when deeper disguise should be deemed necessary, command the additional protection of the rude hood that fell back upon the shoulders from the collar of the coat to which it was attached. They were both well-armed, into a broad belt that encircled the jacket of each with thrust abrasive pistols and a strong dagger. The hole so disposed, however, as to be invisible when the outer garment was closed. This again was confined by a rude sash of warstead of different colours, not unlike in texture and quality what is worn by our sergeants at the present day. They were otherwise armed, however, and in a less secret manner. Across the right shoulder of each was thrown a belt of warstead also, to which were attached a rude powder horn and shot-pouch with a few straggling bullets, placed there as if rather by accident than design. Each held carelessly in his left hand and, with its butt resting on the earth, a long gun, completing an appearance the attainment of which had, in all probability, been sedulously sought, that of Canadian duck-hunter. A metamorphosis so ludicrously operated in the usually elegant costume of two young English officers, for such they were, might have been expected to afford scope to the pleasantry of their companions, and to call forth those sallies which the intimacy of friendship and the free masonry of the profession would have fully justified. But the events that had occurred in such rapid succession, since the preceding midnight, were still painfully impressed on the recollection of all, and some there were who looked as if they would never smile again, neither laugh nor jeering, therefore, escaped the lips of one of the surrounding group. Every countenance wore a cast of thought, a character of abstraction, ill-suited to the indulgence of levity, and the little conversation that passed between them was in a low and serious tone. It was evident some powerful and absorbing dread existed in the mind of each, inducing him rather to indulge in communication with his own thoughts and impressions, than to communicate them to others. Even the governor himself had, for a moment, put off the dignity and distance of his usually unapproachable nature, to assume an air of unfaithful concern, and it might be dejection, contrasting strongly with his habitual haughtiness. Here the two he'd been walking to a... Sample complete. Ready to continue?


Daily Tech News show is made possible by its listeners, thanks to all of you, including Brandon Brooks, Hector Bones, Dan Crofton, and Derek Silva. On this episode of DTNS, Google leans into generative search. Where is Microsoft going with co-pilot? And who's donating all that money towards AI safety? This is the Daily Tech News for Thursday, March 28, 2024. From Studio Redwood adjacent, I'm Sarah Lane. From Columbus, Ohio, I'm Rob Dunwood. From deep in the heart of Texas, I'm Justin Robert Young. And I'm the show's producer, Roger Chang. Oh, boy, do we have a good show for y'all. The news just kept coming today. Doesn't always happen in March. But it did today. So let's start with a quick heads. FTX cryptocurrency founder, Sam Bankman Fried was sentenced to 25 years in prison by US District District Judge Lewis Kaplan on Thursday for stealing $8 billion from FTX customers. That is what the court decided. Kaplan rejected Bankman Fried's defense claim that FTX customers did not actually lose money and accused him of lying during his trial testimony. The sentencing follows a jury finding Bankman Fried guilty on seven fraud and conspiracy counts back in November. For the first time, Anthropics, Claude III, Opus, LLM, bested GPT-4 on chatbot arena, the popular crowdsource leaderboard used by AI researchers to gauge the relative capabilities of AI language models. For the first time, the best available models, Opus for Advanced Task, Haiku for cost and efficiency, are from a vendor that is not open AI independent AI researcher Simon Willison told ARS Technica. Swedish gaming conglomerate Embracer Group acquired game developer Gearbox Interactive three years ago at a $1.3 billion valuation. On Wednesday, Embracer announced it had entered into an agreement to sell Gearbox, maker of the popular Borderlands franchise to Rockstar parent company take two for $460 million. That is a big cut off of the top take two will acquire a full ownership over the Borderlands including Tina's Waterlands, Homeworld, Risk of Rain, Brothers in Arms and Duke Nukem franchises in the steel and it's expected to be finalized by June of this year. Oregon Governor Tina Kotek signed one of the strongest U.S. right to repair bills SB 1596 in the law. It passed the state legislator several weeks ago by a nearly three to one margin. SB 1596 will take effect next year and requires device manufacturers to allow consumers and independent electronics businesses to purchase the necessary parts and equipment required to make their own device repairs. Similar laws have been introduced in Minnesota and California. Exputer published a series of apparently images of the white Xbox Series X showing a disc free system with the same design overall on the exterior as the existing black Xbox Series X. It also has a robot white coating that Microsoft uses on the similar and less expensive Xbox Series S. Exputer says the new Series X will have some new internal component upgrades such as heat sink upgrades and will cost fifty to one hundred dollars less than the current four hundred ninety nine dollar retail price and could ship the summer as early as June. All right. Let's talk a little bit about how Google is going to make all of our travel plans better at least you know if you're if you're if you're in the search labs program. So the company announced it's starting to roll out an update to its search generative experience S. G. E. that is what Google is using alongside search for for some folks who opt into the program and qualify to kind of figure out how generative models might be part of their search experience going forward. Now this lets users pull ideas from the web previous reviews photos other details that people have submitted to Google for places around the world if they might be wanting to go to one of these locales. So an example a user saying plan a trip to Philadelphia. That's all about history. You would get a sample itinerary that includes attractions restaurants maybe an overview of options for flights and hotels divided by times of day. Now this sounds really great in theory right.  And so I I I put in a query earlier of like tell me what a romantic weekend in Paris would look like. And it was like go to the Eiffel Tower go to the Louvre which if you are not familiar you know very very big museum in the city. You know I was sort of like OK. All right.  But I wanted to ask you Justin and and Rob you know what what what you think about you know where Google is going with this. Well I think a couple of things. I don't look at this for where it is today. I look at it for where it might be in two years in three years.  Now my gut tells me that Google probably should be further along with this than what they are seeing you know seeing how what their competitors can do. But they dominate search and this is where people probably are going to first think to ask these types of questions. So I'm excited I would say to see how this just evolves in the time because I think that you know that you're going to see iteration after iteration very very quickly and in a year 18 months two years from now this will be quite good to where you can get some you know pretty specific information about a locale that you might be. A couple thoughts here. Number one a few months ago I briefly worked with open AI to talk to educators about how they were using chat GPT. This was leading up to the first fall semester that chat GPT would have been in existence. And one of the things that a teacher in South Africa told me was that field trip itineraries was a really big deal because one of the advantages of chat GPT for was that it knew how far things were you would be able to plan out a bus ride and it would recommend X Y or Z that you'd be able to go to. Now Sarah I do think knowing how this technology works you probably picked a not great of exactly category that romance is something that is obviously personal to many people and things that are described as romantic in various different places that they are pulling the information might not quantify it in the best possible way. But if you do want like the examples that they said history food especially if you name a certain kind of category you're probably going to be able to get pretty good stuff because what Google has along with all the money and talent in the world in terms of AI is data. And that's what this leverages is all of this previously available data. One last thing on this it is a replication of what you would normally search for with Google. So normally you would say the best historical tour is a Philadelphia and there would be a blog post that was written about it at some point between you know the birth of the internet on TripAdvisor. I'm saying well I didn't think it was great you know or you know and and half the time you don't even know how many of those reviews are real because those have been games sure you know long long before. But now Google is the product right Google is not bringing you to the product Google is the product right whether or not they'll be able to monetize it in the same kind of way we'll see. But I do think this is a great merging of what should be natural talents. Well so yeah go ahead Rob. Yeah it's like as I said earlier I think the technology itself is pretty cool it's like it's but we're so early but you know always harking back to can I talk to my phone can I talk to my computer like Jordy talks to the Star Trek you know you know to the enterprise computer. And I think that that's kind of where we're getting to to where you can just have a conversation and it kind of knows based off of the prompts it gets from the words you say to it how to actually respond back to you and overall I just think that that's that that is technology that we haven't seen before that's that is a that is a different way to search for stuff. Yes 100 percent. All right Rob tell us more about Microsoft and buttons. So yes so earlier this week Intel shared some of Microsoft requirements for OEMs to build an AIPC and one of the main ones was that an AIPC must have a co-pilot key. Another requirement is a neural processing unit or MPU. This means that some brand new laptops like ASUS's new ROG Zephyrus which has an MPU but not a dedicated co-pilot key don't meet don't meet Microsoft standards for an AIPC. But do meet Intel's. It's kind of you know kind of you know and it's all kind of confusing co-pilot key right now is just a user mappable button that defaults to Microsoft's co-pilot LLM no differently than Microsoft's old office button defaulting the office. Co-pilot doesn't currently require an MPU although later this year Windows 11 version 24 H2 is expected to introduce several new AI features including an AI Explorer which should work like an advanced version of co-pilot running locally. AI Explorer won't require a dedicated co-pilot key though to launch it but it will require an MPU. Still it's all kind of confusing. So Justin my question for you is that do we think that the co-pilot is anything other than just marketing tactics by Microsoft to try to get folks to buy new hardware. Part of this is really really so thrilling to me because it reminds me so much of the times in technology where I was the most excited because there were genuinely really really interesting things happening. And I would say the birth of the Internet and the birth of smartphones would probably be the two biggest ones. This is not among the most exciting things but they are indicators that very exciting things are afoot because there is a race to branding that obviously Microsoft has an inside track on. Their investment in open AI has taken the company to a totally different phase. They are very much leaning on AI as something that will be a branding differentiator for them but this is a little ridiculous right now. We have no idea if AI PC is even a term that will be used in two years although certainly AI will be a part of PCs for a very very long time to come. But they're trying to stake things out so their branded machines are the things that say the thing essentially in my mind. I think half the term will be used. I think in the future we'll be calling these things PCs. Yeah. The thing that we've called them forever. We'll call them PCs. And here's the funny thing is that you know it does not take a week or two for an OEM to build a laptop. That is something that they literally work on for years. You know that there's laptops coming out today but they've already almost finished design for laptops that are coming out a year from today. So the fact that you have a company like Asus who has built a PC that should meet all the requirements for an AI PC. I'm doing the air quotes for folks who cannot see me right now. But because they didn't know that Microsoft was going to say you know a month and a half ago. Oh you need to put a button on there that maps to our stuff in the cloud. There was no reason for them to do that. So for them to be left out is kind of is really kind of disingenuous which is why Intel is like yeah you can call it that. We will agree to it. But we're still going to call the things that have the actual hardware required to do AI type things. We're going to call those AI PCs as well. Yeah. I mean a lot of this feels like semantics. You know it's like OK you know give us a co-pilot button. You know all it does is map to something that you know the the computer could do otherwise. It seems pretty silly. But yes like you said Rob earlier the branding of this the marketing of this would you know that might work for a lot of folks. I'm just not sure that we're in a world where you know like the you know you know Microsoft Windows 95 you know start a button you know that kind of stuff really works anymore. Well let me let me make this differentiation. The button is silly. The making the button the thing is silly. Yeah. The idea of locally run AI that I do think will be a market differentiator. We're all coming up on taxis and then while I don't think that it would be advisable for you to upload your entire year's worth of expenditures to chat GPT-4 to do your taxes you probably could. And when we look at things that we would want to do with AI but we don't want to do into a public portal there's a lot of stuff. And I would say among the things that we care the most about like banking and finance that will be very very well used on local AI stuff. So I do think that there is a market differentiator for stuff like that either on PC or I would not be shocked within the next 12 months we see standalone devices that do stuff like this. Yeah. Just it doesn't make sense to have a mappable button that today does nothing other than you know it's no different than hitting F-12 if you've mapped it to something. Yeah. I've got a stream deck in front of me. I could it's it's the action button on my iPhone currently which I have set up to chat GPT. Yeah. That's that's kind of it's just kind of silly. But the hardware having the you know having the processor having the MPU those things that absolutely makes sense. And I don't think anybody would argue that but but a mappable button Microsoft that is that's what it takes to make you know make your PC a you know an I PC along with the other stuff. It's kind of it's kind of kind of ridiculous. Well y'all if you have that feedback about anything that gets brought up on this show you have a variety of ways you can get in touch with us. DTNS is very social. We are DTNS show on X formerly Twitter. Mastodon at MSTDN dot social Daily Tech News show on TikTok and also DTNS pics on Instagram and threads. Politico has a story about a cryptocurrency tycoon who donated a half billion dollars to the Future of Life Institute sometimes known as FLI. Nonprofit focused on extreme risks from transformative technologies, especially advanced artificial intelligence. The group has only two dozen employees. Thereabouts spread between the U.S. and Europe offices and use its funding to support AI safety researchers and on organizations including several that are advised advising the NISD U.S. AI Safety Institute and the UK's AI Safety Institute. In 2023, the FLI submitted an EU transparency filing where where it the valued was of Shiba Inu coins at 603 million euros or 651 million U.S. dollars. The Future of Life Institute plans to start three to five new organizations per year in its goal to steer AI and other transformative technologies towards benefiting life and away from extremes, extreme large scale risk. Justin, what do you make of the FLI and is it a new chapter in the growing debate over AI regulation? I don't know if it's a new chapter. I do know that it is a fascinating escalation of a conversation that is happening within AI circles and it is a sign that not only is technology very much going to be a larger and larger part of our DC based politics, but they are starting to play the game of the DC politics world. Let's start with the AI stuff first. Guys, how much are you familiar with the concept of A cell versus D cell? Not at all. I've heard of it about 20 minutes ago. OK, during our pre-show meeting. So this is a broad and philosophical debate amongst AI people, people in the community, people who are enthusiasts, people who work in AI. In fact, it was partly the reason why a lot of the people left open AI to go and form anthropic, which Claude now, a very, very capable model, is ranking ahead. Exactly. A or sorry, D cells. Let's start there. Are people for whom believe that AI is a very, very powerful technology and we need to be going slower with AI development because the catastrophic risks that it proposes up to and including any and all things that could happen with what is referred to as AGI, the idea that this is a thing that would think for itself are too grave. And once the genie gets out of the bottle, we'll never be able to put it back. A cell people are people who believe that we should be pushing things further and faster because AI is a net benefit to the world. And the faster we put it in everybody's hands, the faster we have a better, more beneficial life for everybody on earth. Well, some of these debates have been the fault lines for Sam Altman being kicked out of his own company, Open AI. There are things that happen on the internet constantly. And now we see not a little bit of money, not a moderate amount of money, a lot, lot of money that goes into an organization in DC with the explicit desire to affect public policy with it on the decelerationist side. And that absolutely is what the Future of Life Institute is doing. So if we understand that this is a decelerationist thing and we understand what they want, which is probably laws that would hamstring companies from developing AI. What we have to understand next is exactly how much money is being spent, because at this point, the 600 million dollars that are in this company or in this organization that has 12 employees is about on par with the Brookings Institute, which has largely dealt the shaped conversation around public policy in America since the early 1900s and the American Civil Liberties Union, which is among one of the most influential organizations that there are. So if we think that the current technology conversations that are happening in the halls of government are front of mind now, TikTok, Apple, two big ones that we've covered here a lot over the last few weeks, just get ready. AI is starting out as a far more better funded topic than any of those that came before. OK, so let's sorry, Rob, real quick.  I mean, do we have information about where the donor came from, you know, what the donors you know, ideas might be being part of this?  There is there were some real cyberguide. A lot of people, right? Yes, no, there are folks who are truly worried that we're going to die net. I mean, yes, yes, that is. And when you think about it, when you think about AI in movies, about 80 percent of the time, it is just horrible for people. It is horrible for usually AI is trying to take us out because they've determined that we're just not worth it. So there are folks clearly the benefactor behind this six hundred three million or, you know, six hundred three million euro, six hundred fifty one million dollar, you know, advanced to F.L.I. thinks that way. Oh, without a doubt, without a doubt. Now, let's let's separate a little bit of the AI stuff because although, you know, if we're going to stay on politics, reportedly Joe Biden became very, very concerned about AI after he saw the most recent Mission Impossible movie. I do think that there's not a joke, folks. There's there's a lot of allegories that we have used for machines in fiction from the very, very beginning. You know, you can really go back to a Frankenstein to look at the the technophobic elements of our fiction because we are afraid that the, you know, figurative children of humanity will eventually turn against us with AI. It is a technology just like any other, but there are a lot of ways that you can hook into fears of how it will affect people. You could say either in the cyberdyne Skynet system that it will be or the how 9000 from a space Odyssey, that it will be a machine that deems humanity to be the problem and will therefore look to eliminate it. Or you can go a little bit more spreadsheet and say, well, if you make the concept of labor, something that you can scale infinitely, then no human will have a job. We will have mass unemployment in there that will create gigantic unrest for which will over topple all society and culture. Again, these are these are these are serious conversations that are happening. Yeah. And again, $600 million that comes into advanced thoughts like this are it's not a pittance. This is this is as big as the money gets in DC. Remember, DC is not Silicon Valley. It's not Las Vegas. You don't just see billionaires walking around. This is a town in which several hundred million dollars makes you the person.  That's this is a lot of money. It's like, yeah, you could give everybody $2 in the United States. It's still have money left over. That's that's the kind of money that we're talking about. So it is a lot. And then, as you said, when you when you think about like the ACLU, they don't have this amount of money and we hear about them darn near weekly in the news. Yes. Yes. Lookings Institute, as you said, since the early 1900s, they have absolutely driven foreign policy. Clearly it's for the United States, but really it's for the world. We have determined how Earth is shaped based off of what that organization does. They don't have this kind of money or close to it. So there's, you know, they can do a lot. And it's just 12 people right now. Something tells me it's going to be more than 12 relatively soon. Well, and if you are, I wonder where they are modeling their organization because what they are looking to do is spin off into a lot of little organizations. For example, the once Koch brothers now just Koch brother singular, who is you know, Americans for prosperity is one of the one of their biggest organizations. But the joke amongst that organization is they call themselves the coctopus because there's a billion different little organizations that all do different stuff all designed to drive certain policies forward. Some of it on the public policy side. So you were talking to lawmakers and people in government, some of it to the public. And I would imagine that whoever is running this is going to be looking to do any and all. And with that amount of cash, they got the runway to do it. Well, sounds like this conversation with AI will be ongoing as it has been pretty much every day since since technology began. But in the meantime, let's check out the mailbag. Dan writes in as a subscriber to both Disney and Hulu. We're talking about Hulu being part of Disney Plus on yesterday's show. Dan says I'm a fan of combining both in one app. I just want to watch what I want to watch. I hate finding which show or which app the show is on. So having both of these in the same place makes me happy. In essence, I'm saying I want cable again. Oh, no, no, never again. I'm with you again. The more that I mean, YouTube TV, which I subscribe to is is my it's cable. That's what it is. I mean, it's different. It works somewhat differently. But it is. It's like, I'm just in for that thing again. You're paying another bundle, but, you know, you have freedom to watch it in different places. There's technological upgrades, cloud DVR. There's a lot of good stuff to it. It was a meaningful move forward. But yeah, the bundle is coming back. Yeah. And it's still probably a little less than what cable was. The cable is cheap now because they're trying to compute. You're still saving some money. Yeah.  So thank you, you know, Dan for sending that in. And we also want to thank you, Jerry, for, you know, showing up and doing what you do on the show every week. Why don't you tell folks how they can get at you and where they can find you? Indeed, friends, politics, politics, politics. Wherever you get your podcast is where you need to go. If you want to keep up with all the comings and goings of the political world on this week's shows, we have Dave Leventhal, the money man to talk about small dollar donations, tech angle there as a lot of it is app based. And we have a progressive organizer to talk about how they are focusing their messaging. It's all on the PX3 program wherever you find your podcast. Well, patrons, we're so glad that you find your podcast here. Stick around for the extended show. Good day, internet. We're going to talk a little bit more about that whole Sam Bankman Freed's 25 year sentencing for trading fdx crypto exchange customers or fraughting them rather. And also Justin like showgun so much. You can also catch the show live Monday through Friday at four p.m. Easter and twenty hundred ETC find out more at daily tech news show dot com four slash live will be back tomorrow talking about China versus the U.S. and A.I. metrics with Andrea Jones Roy. The DTNS family of podcasts helping each other understand. Diamond Club hopes you have enjoyed this program.


So after going through bad quality videos on foreign websites and other sites flooded with ads, I came upon an official website that had full episodes, ad-free. Okay, the quality wasn't great, but better than most of the websites. I'm the bottom was a link that said, SpongeBob Lost Episode. Being TV I am, I clicked on it. I thought it was probably a screamer or something, but I clicked on it anyway. I was bored enough to click on the video and watch it. I totally forgot about looking for old episodes. The episode video had poor quality and the episode itself was pretty much forgotten by the writers. Like every episode, it started with the theme song. Then the title card read, Patrick's leg, with the normal fun-filled bubble letters we all know and love. The first thing that didn't seem right was that after the title card, the transition, instead of bubbles, it was just a blur into the beginning of the episode. It started out like a harmless SpongeBob episode, with SpongeBob and Patrick watching the sunset. But then Patrick decides to go sandboarding, so they do. So far a pretty normal episode. Patrick then tries to do some sort of traconious sandboard but fails. As a result, Patrick falls and loses his leg, also blood was coming out of it, and SpongeBob goes after him to see if he's okay. During the scene, instead of the usual Hawaiian-themed music, Morse is henceful, serious music plays. Also, Patrick screams a more painful scream than he usually would. Enough that I could feel it. Well I guess that makes sense, he just lost his leg. Nothing that is too far out of the ordinary, right? Well other than the opening and the music in that one scene, it's going pretty much like any ordinary episode. The next scene takes place at the hospital, where the doctor tells Patrick he needs to be in a wheelchair for a little while. As they walk out, SpongeBob is pushing Patrick in his wheelchair when they run into some girls. The girls started talking to Patrick because it's his leg and ask if they can sign his cast as they walk away with Patrick, leaving SpongeBob by himself. So far it's going like a normal episode. I don't remember what happened throughout the episode so I'll skip some scenes. This is where it gets creepy. Later that night, SpongeBob knocks at Patrick's door. In the scene, the backgrounds look more realistic than usual. However, I tried to ignore it. When Patrick opens the door SpongeBob tells Patrick that he forbids him to see those girls ever again. Patrick gets furious, not like he does normally. This is a more realistic anger, and he tells SpongeBob that he hates him. The girls leave him fear. This is when I started to feel funny about this episode. SpongeBob then screams, in an unusually deep voice, something like, Oh yeah? Well as long as you hate me, I can do this. And then starts beating Patrick's lost leg violently with a rock. After that, the scream goes to static for a fraction of a second, and cuts to a scene where SpongeBob and Patrick are apologizing. For something during the daytime, except the lining of the animation and the voices don't match up. The animation in the scene is very poor, as if it was a loop, and it goes on for a good four or five minutes. I was very creeped out, but I wanted to see how it ended. The screen goes black for a minute or two, and then cuts to a scene from another episode, where Patrick has Jeffery jellyfish in a wagon, and says, Come on Jeffery! And the screen goes black again. This time for only about 30 seconds, and cuts to a CG animation of Patrick cutting SpongeBob's stomach open with a piece of broken coral with realistic blood bushing out, while looking at the screen with bloodshot dilated eyes. His mouth doesn't move, but you can faintly hear him say, I knew this day would come. with an echoy voice. You can also hear SpongeBob laughing for some reason. The scene goes on for another three minutes, but nothing is heard but static which gets louder and louder, until it's invariably loud. Then the normal credits come on, but with a very faint image of the last scene still showing. My god, that image will be burned in my mind forever. The United Planktonian Nickelodeon logo isn't shown like usual. After the video was over, it froze, so I had to reload the page, but it wasn't available. I couldn't even find the website anymore.  I understand if you don't believe me, but I know what I saw, even if it was at 1 in the morning.