This week I want to take a step back from the practical aspects of open education to ask something that I don't think any of us here will be able to answer correctly. What will open education look like in 20 years? But before we look to the future we need to reflect on what's happening right now. There are four major trends in open education today. Legislative support for open education, growing numbers of open resources for K-12 educators, the development of open pedagogical practices, and the globalization of open education. First, let's look at the legislative support for open education today. Legislation in support of open education has passed in countries and states around the world. This support, similar to support for open access, has a lot to do with public funding. For example, South Africa's draft policy framework for the provision of distance education asks educators to do what many researchers are required to do already, openly license and share materials that they create using public funds. Other policies, statements, and bills supporting open education take different approaches, some expressing support for open education abstractly, and others offering funding for the advancement of open education directly. For instance, the United States Affordable College Textbook Act, recently reintroduced into the U.S. Senate, would provide funding to institutions of higher education to support programs that expand the use of open textbooks. These systems encouraging the further development of open educational resources are still fairly new, but their existence as drafts and proposals alone shows that national and international support for open education is growing. But legislation isn't the only big thing happening in open education today. Another major trend in open education is the inclusion of more K-12 resources. Now, you might wonder why the inclusion of educational materials for children and high school students is such a big deal. After all, historically, open educational support has targeted the needs of students in higher education, who carry the brunt of their education's costs personally and for whom material costs are extremely high. Children in public school systems do not need to purchase their own books, so costs of this type don't affect them, right? Not exactly. What you need to keep in mind is that open education is not about cost savings for individuals. Open education is about improving access to knowledge. Many elementary schools, both in the United States and abroad, are currently suffering from a lack of funding and resources to support student learning. Because of this, teachers are having to use personal funds to buy materials for their classes, and out-of-date textbooks are being used by school systems that can't afford newer additions. Broadening the focus of open education to better support these groups is an incredibly important endeavor and one that I hope continues on in the future. But we're not looking at the future yet. We're looking at the here and now, and if any innovation in open education could be said to be the hottest new thing today, I think it would be open pedagogy. Open pedagogy can refer to a few different things depending on who you ask. But usually, open pedagogy refers to the use of different teaching styles and even assignments that are only possible through the use of open educational resources and teaching. For instance, an instructor applying open pedagogical practices to their classroom might allow students to edit select materials used in class, something that is only possible due to the open licensing of OBR. But like I said earlier, open pedagogy is a fairly new idea in the open education movement and it will continue to grow and change over time. What I'm interested in seeing is how its focus on student participation, learner-centered teaching, and nondisposable assignments will evolve as support for open education continues to grow nationally and abroad. Which brings me to our final point about open education today. Globalization. For the sake of this video, globalization refers to the contemporary phenomenon in which international groups and individuals are able to share and exchange information. One of the biggest advantages of using open educational resources is the fact that it allows for content to be remixed and altered for use in different learning environments. In some cases, this can mean the use of examples that students in particular area can relate to better and in other cases it means a textbook or other course material can be written or translated into an instructor's native language. Over the past few years, there's been a lot of discussion about how open education can become truly inclusive to all people and not just for the English-speaking Western audience that dominates much of the online culture today. These discussions are a great start but we need more than that. As the open education movement continues to grow, I hope that it will bring in more creators from other cultures, that we will support and lift up the work of these creators and that the work being done will be reflected in the diversity of the items available in top OER repositories and presented at open education conferences. So now that we're thinking about it, what is the future of education? Note that I left out the word open here. If we're looking as far as 20 years into the future, I'm not sure that there will be a line drawn between open education and all the other education anymore. So let's think about what that could mean. With all the changes happening in open education today, it is possible that in 20 years the support of national governments, growth and available resources and adoption of new teaching practices built around the use of open educational resources could build a new, more inclusive kind of education. It could mean that worldwide we are able to provide an authentic high-quality learning experience that is tailored to the cultures and needs of learners from the age of three to 103. If we continue at the pace we're moving right now, there is a possibility that 20 years from now we could be reaching a new age in education. One that highlights the importance of access, equity and innovation for everyone.


Okay, good morning. It is Wednesday the 18th of March for now still broadcasting from the office in London But we will do our uploads to continue Doing our sessions should be even need to do this from home One thing to give you a heads up though The plan is that we will be moving these regular morning briefings offline into a private room So stay posted for more details on that But we still will be publishing regularly content in a much more shorter form on our YouTube channel. So please do Leave us some comments any ideas on things that you'd like to see do let us know but before I begin obviously every day it almost feels like this The situation is becoming ever more real for I'm sure you're the same people you talk to friends and family. So obviously, I'll try to be as Sensitive on the issue as I can but it's still the biggest dominating thing. There's nothing else really to talk about but the overall growing threat of a global and potentially Severe recession that we're facing now on the back of the reality of what this is going to mean economically as it's going to most likely get worse before it gets better and In terms of what's happening now as you can see from the headlines to the side of me is a number of coordinated pretty unprecedented really since war times amount of government Spending that's going to have to take place in order to offset and try and get ahead of this impending downturn That's going to face every nation on the planet pretty much And this was the main one coming out of the US last night. I'm sure you probably would have seen And just yeah the clothes on Wall Street. We were up over a thousand points on the Dow The Trump administration discussing a plan that basically amounts to about 1.2 trillion dollars in spending including direct payments to US American consumers of a thousand bucks within the next two weeks that they were saying however I will put a caveat on that in a second The administration have been discussing a total aid package of about eight hundred billion But later discussions then that number went up to that north of a trillion dollar level Although this isn't yet concrete ironclad confirmed at this point To give you an idea Congress back in 2009 This was in the immediate aftermath of the collapse of markets during the global financial crisis to combat that they did also Take this step of sending out these kind of stimulus checks But to give you a historical precedence from the time of signing the bill to actually getting those checks issued Took two months So this idea that they can do it in two weeks I'd say is incredibly challenging But here Len lies the problem is that you know businesses most likely are going to have to take quite Radical and immediate action, which means that people again could face Unemployment within a matter of days weeks which Comparative to the speed of which these checks are going to go out This is then you could take this up a few notches the same for businesses Although as we're going to discuss the UK government is talking about government-backed loans The idea the problem here is the ability to get access and approval to those loans in time before these companies basically go out of business And that's the worrying threat and the reason why markets most likely will continue to trade with this very Fragile and risk-off kind of sentiment overall I mean at the moment what we're looking at here is a market still a little bit Filling the aftermath of that that those big headlines coming up the US yesterday Obviously, I did fire up US equities But as we've seen with other measures on the monetary side the gains in terms of longevity Particularly short-lived US stock futures already limit down However on that point. I would just Say that the limit down nature of US equities No, this is let me just make this bit bigger US stocks have gone limit down Every session for the last five sessions. I should say limit down I should say they've gone limit level one whether up or down every session So it's becoming less and less kind of a real Shock and all type thing now. This is just a regular way of which the the current market is is performing at the moment Another interesting statistic you might see me share on Twitter, and I'm not saying that This is going to happen today But it is a quite interesting observation that I saw and it was the fact that the S&P 500 has started each day Moving in the opposite direction from the previous day's late-day move every day for the last two weeks And so what this data would basically suggest that given we ramped up into the close on the fiscal package We're going to sell off the following day And we are seeing that already in the case of the futures But then if we tank today and particularly in the last half an hour That means we rally sharply tomorrow is essentially what the data is telling you over every session of the last two weeks We're looking at the S&P 500 over those time frames Elsewhere just jumping back to this idea of stimulus Wrapping up the US individual taxpayers Maybe getting a deadline extension on paying their tax up to one million dollars corporations might get Tax deferrals up to ten million dollars over in the UK We had the Chancellor come out so after issuing the budget which had its own kind of coronavirus related Emergency package that's been added to basically and let me just run you through some of the details Ministers are promising to help with mortgage payments support for airlines shops the hospitality industry 350 billion pounds of government back loans grants and tax cuts for struggling companies that does equate to about 15% of GDP So prior to the Trump coming out and kind of pledging this trillion dollar package The UK one actually was the biggest pretty much seen in the world as a proportionate of the country's GDP You know the UK government has done pretty much more than anyone in terms of the amount of money that they're willing to spend To offset this downturn So again as I mentioned it did talk about things like a three-month mortgage payment holiday for borrowers But that would be again contingent on affected Or those most affected by the virus and again, this is where it's about how quickly Can the government really convey the details and also unleash this promised cash Which is going to be the real crucial point on how severe this economic recession could be The fear being that it's not quick enough and that will amplify the fallout and it's almost a vicious Cycle where the more people then unable to do that more businesses shut the more unemployment There is and then that spills out and starts to manifest itself The Bank of England have said it will set up a lending Facility for affected businesses. You've had overnight the Federal Reserve have done the same thing So adding to their emergency slashed to rates to zero the 700 billion QE The Fed have come out and talked about opening an emergency lending program for the primary dealers again Remember what I was talking about yesterday Trying to avert a financial crisis in a sense of all banks having a lack of liquidity Which would then put a risk a systemic risk to the system which could make this almost a catastrophic event Not just an economic One of significance. So here primary dealer credit facilities They'll offer overnight and term funding with maturities up to 90 days That facility will run for at least six months You know when and with all of this that I'm saying what I would say is that As you can see this situation is evolving day by day Governments are having to provide more information and more firepower same with central banks every day I would expect that to continue now question I had yesterday is well, when is the market going to hit this eventual bottom and I would say the defining factor What's moving all this of course is the virus. So really it's about now that the you know, there's lots of different simulated kind of Number modeling that they've done with the breakouts in various different geographic regions of the of COVID-19 and and basically It's the trajectory of these these cases as we've seen in in places like Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan South Korea China Generally starting to level off and I think really it's about this exponential growth of the disease or the The pathogen at the moment which in the UK is is growing rapidly It's in that early phase of basically doubling every 24 hours It's when that starts to shallow as a trajectory. I think when markets might start to see a little bit of Reassurance at least that we're getting towards some idea of close to the peak The problem is at the moment We're right in the darkest part of the moment, which is the complete uncertainty and that then feeds the The rationale of the consumer of that become fearful and stockpile and that again makes the whole situation somewhat worse So yeah in terms of that that telling point of when is it going to be? The bottom I think if you were going to watch that sort of thing you'd need to look at then The rate of growth across these other major and Western areas and in the interim period. It's about then The confinement measures that are taken by governments You saw yesterday France now unless you actually have a letter of proof showing that you need to travel basically for more Urgent reasons, let's say that know your doctor or nurse working at the hospital or something of that nature Then they have put a hundred thousand more police on the street. I'm not sure that was just in Paris, but then What that meant is that they can now find you they can question you any proof So real Kind of measures taken to the end to degree and again this in itself I'm sure in the Western world is going to throw up quite a lot of difficulties about how that is going to be Controlled and implemented. So yeah Unfortunately not not good times ahead When I'm when I'm discussing this but the other thing that's happening in markets just to quickly go back I mean from a Bank of England point of view I do think the Bank of England are going to make an emergency announcement I can't tell you when that's going to happen But their next bank meeting is not until a week Thursday and for me. That's too long the Bank of England I've got to go again. So whether that happens today tomorrow in the coming days I think that we are definitely going to see QE from the Bank of England north of a hundred billion most likely buying Guilts and corporate bonds. I think is a necessity now at this point whether or not they cut rates I if they do I think you're probably looking at about 15 basis points to take rates to basically point 1% I think would probably be The most common view of what they could do but as they say I don't think it's a matter of if but when And I think that they will act in the coming days the other thing of course which is Drawn some attention Yesterday and I'm gonna get Sam on and he's gonna have a talk as well about the kind of technical levels, but WTI crude Well, let's just look at the long-term chart here This is what oil looks like flirting its lowest levels in almost 17 years Yeah, you've got to go back a long long way and in fact I was just looking on the weekly chart here if I switch over to my screen. This is the same On my my trading terminal and here you can see this is that key level which we were testing this was the the big fallout that we had with the oversupply the glut in the market really came about here at the end of 2014 November that was when OPEC took that decision to flood the market to squeeze the shell industry You have the China hard landing fears and that was when we hit that 26 Well, we're right there at the moment and actually a whisker below puts us back down at these levels not seen to this kind of period here in Basically the beginning of 2003. So once you start looking below these levels You start to see the next kind of areas I guess down at the March 02 lows and then you start getting down to the the psychological $20 level and then below there. You've got the low that was seen Literally after 9 11 In 2001 that would come at $16.79 now a couple of banks have been out Goldman's have cut their Brent forecast to 20 bucks in Q2 So they are seeing a breach of these current key levels down another few dollars Standard chartered is going for below 20 now put us back down at the 01 lows And I find it hard to really disagree with that view.  I do feel quite bearish with oil I guess it's just how far lower does it go and I Think once you start getting to $20 and around there I don't think it can be discounted that we do get down to that real 16 type level Over the coming weeks is is not off the table. I'd say at this point That is pretty much it from my point of view I mean, I can show you the economic calendar, but as I said, it's getting more and more To the point of really this is less and less meaningful I eat things like building permits howling starts. It's just all of zero consequence quite frankly I mean from an oil infantry point of view probably worth keeping an eye on given We're at pretty precarious levels here technically all it needs is a match to light the The the kind of logs piling up and then the flame the spark could cause the flames in the in oil market That cause it's to crash down quite violently Could potentially happen So definitely would keep an eye out for that, but lol and all I would say the cap economic data now It really doesn't matter what we're trading now is just this kind of behavioral view Monitoring of governments. What can they do? Further updates on that front is going to be key look out for any more emergency measures from central banks I the Bank of England as I discussed I think will move in the coming days And then the escalation I guess in case if you're based in the UK is that we start then at some point To implement more forcible measures like we've seen in France Whether or not that happens, and I'm not here to speculate but We shall see and if it is going to happen that way You're probably going to see some various other steps happen beforehand schools nurseries are still open at this point in the UK But you know just reading and watching the news last night I think political pressure is going to get so much that I'm not sure how much longer they can hold that off And certainly I don't think they can hold that off up, you know and buy enough time up to Easter So again, that's probably force coming as well in the near future. All right, gonna hand you over to Sam Back by popular demand So let's get him on and hear what he's got to say, but take care guys all the best Yeah, guys couldn't get rid of me that easy. I don't know which market to start on I've got pound about a hit 120. You've got S&P limit down. You've got Boyle near one of the biggest levels of The last few years Let's start with oil Look at this insane these moves and I mean, where do we go if we if we close the table over there?  It'd be interesting to see what you think about oil here. I know you've been bearish for quite some time and You know back back last Monday nice little bounce from Ferre if we then try to get above that range But yeah, that weren't happening and then when Trump did the the travel ban overnight Well, I never looked back did it so keep an eye on these levels, of course Big big area 26 bucks as well. Let's have a quick look with the pivots on not that, you know They're gonna be the be all and end all today But you can see if for whatever reason we could drift back up towards $28 You've got a like that as the look of these sort of lows previously as an area to find some resistance 2737 similar kind of thing with the original low that we had last Monday So keeping a watch on that For we to wait 23 the hourly close below this this historical level below the 26 is low 26 I think that could could lead to a further push down and as we bring in that 15 minute You know these the the type of areas though if we don't close below you can get a strong rally higher So yes have the bias that we can you know go one way or the other but just remember You know prices is king here and what will happen will happen eventually But it doesn't have to go down if that's your bias straight away It could of course have a little rally if we fail to close below for example, so yeah big level Potentially a bigger level in markets for me is is that 120 in the pound. Let's just bring this on without those pivots on and Bring this into picture. You can see we we spiked through it Didn't we back in in September very very quickly We broke down and spiked back up and then rallied up to 135 Not saying that's gonna happen now, but you can see the importance of that level as well. This is going back here, too You just hover over that Yeah, that the post Brexit low can't quite get the month on it for whatever reason, but it's around I think it was October time And then if we have a look here on the weekly just to put them into some perspective of you know here where you know The futures here, you know with this going only back to 2001 But you can see how low that is, you know be worth bringing on the the spot market going back even further But here you can just Imagine if we can close the day below here Then you know this market potentially can can fly and you know got certain people in my ear telling me You know look at this trend line going from here down to there. We're gonna get 110 We're gonna get 116.  What is gonna stop it? The dollar is strong at the moment keep an eye on 120 Remember what happened last time just because we briefly go below doesn't mean it's gonna Absolutely accelerate down and ever come back. So just be prudent be careful Euro at a big level as well the 110 put this on the daily chart You can see the importance of this whole area if we just draw up 110 Historically not just from yesterday but going back here to November time October time last last year Below here when yeah, you got to say dollar is king and we're gonna look to test those lows again, which is insane Unfortunately my trade the the fib 0.382 115 hand all high from the the 25th of June. Yeah, I mean that was out last Friday What what hindsight can tell you a I mean that would have been Such a good trade to hold but this is a key level You're coming to a key level in the pound and the euro both against the dollar here one market That is quite interesting Combining those two is euro and the pound. It's been Vertical at the moment. We are coming to a quite an interesting level here This is more, you know, I want to see how we close the days and weeks up at these points going back to September last year And I mean if this breaks through then, you know gonna get that higher from the 12th of August last year, which is pretty much a double top you could save from August 2017 Looking more intraday if it doesn't quite get up there and it's better on the spot You've got quite a key level of support here That I'll be looking at from yesterday's lows today's lows and a bit of half decent price action on the 16th So we can get below there You know, I don't mind the idea that we can potentially drift lower But then, you know close the day above those levels we push on and and those August 17 and 19 levels Well, they could easily come through as well. So keeping an eye on that I think it's worth while the Aussie dollar has been well That's been relentless to the downside and that is on the low right now Drifting that chart back as far as it can go on the daily You see we're nowhere to be seen put it on to the weekly once that loads up You can see now if I drag that there we're at levels Well, we just hit a level which was the post Financial crisis low there in the Aussie dollar futures. So what happens below here is, you know It could really again look for the daily clothes, but it could accelerate down and then you suddenly look into what's this here 2003 levels same for the Kiwi under, you know pressure and these markets not too long ago We're finding support where you think okay, we got a bit of a rally here But again look under massive pressure the Kiwi so dollar is strong at the moment. I mean to see what exactly that is trade on the Dixie Yeah, broke a hundred didn't it long ago, which is a key point did it a bit of resistance from from yesterday evening But yeah above a hundred dollars is very strong to have a look over at equities, of course limit down today. It's You know just looking here at the Dow We haven't had two days positive in a row since the 28th of Feb and then Free I mean going back here to the 12th of Feb, so yeah, I mean where we open today We'll see what obviously happens in the meantime between 130, but Yeah, it's not a pretty picture for equities at the moment and trading them at the moment is very tricky as well You're constantly having these breaks in the market. You're having swings of you know 5% up and down each day minimum and the spreads are pretty big Don't feel like you have to be drawn towards this market because it's the most talked about of course currencies are now moving How equities were so there's obviously plenty of opportunity for that as well. It looks like we could well open up below 20,000 in the Dow Jones, which would be pretty insane to think about that just given how How far how recently we were at all-time highs just from a longer term point Of view, you know, this is when you know, you've got to start thinking about well Hang on is this actually an area for a longer term to to get in and you know, you're you'd be unwise Unwise to I don't know unwise to go full in full size right now But look we are I mean if we do it to where we're training down at those loads You've got a 30% discount at the moment for me you know this This area here Was a is a point where I'll be looking to get in longer term as a sort of a fading in approach looking to to hold some of these Positions for you know number of years and then this is one of those points where I've got marked up as this is a you know We could absolutely smash straight through fine, but it doesn't bother me You know, this is a longer-term play to eventually, you know when this market does start to recover You're getting up towards those highs again. It's a 46% move You know, you're not going to complain too much about that. Where do I think we can go to? Well, that's anyone's guess to be completely honest. I think we have to take out these December 2018 lows That's very much the the talk in the street. We need to do that and then it's you know reassess from then on It would be heartbreaking for the Trump when it if we got down to the election lower at 2028 it's not out the question to be completely honest But the other level that I've got marked up is the 50% Push lower needs to get that currency. So if we were in the S&P to do a 50% move Which would be obviously quite insane. So, yeah, it's just a bit above there You know if we were to get down to those 2016 Lows then, you know, that would be the main part of my longer term point to get in Don't think we necessarily get there though. However, have a quick look over at gold It's you know, it's a market where we're having wild pushes either way as well Just like pretty much every single product. It's one where you've got to be it's a condition where you've got to Obviously identify your levels maybe wait for your your signal your reg to get into that trade and take it on But be quick to get out because these markets can turn on six points and you can see here That's what it's been doing for the last couple of sessions. We have got quite a good line in the sand here 1519.4 the highs from Monday evening Tuesday morning and then we've broken through fan resistance there as well So keep a watch on that and then just having a look, you know here 1487.1 This is the same kind of thing that I've been looking at decent area support good price action through there if we come down You know, why can't we see something similar to talk? We saw it at those levels to the upside and this is how I would look at every product and you know Identify your levels and don't feel don't get that FOMO feel like you need to jump in straight away because there's going to be opportunities throughout the day As well, maybe worth having a bit of a trend line on there comes in probably could potentially come in around the same sort of time They're for gold which incredibly as well is, you know, I mean so high At 1700 to where it is now. I mean that's Centage wise to where we're trading, you know, 12% move those lows we hit in You know didn't quite get taken out here on the future's November levels. I think we could in time get another test of those As well, especially if the dollar is going to remain this strong As usual guys any questions, please do let me know massive levels in oil pound euro and of course equities as well That's just having a bit of recovery So keep an eye on on US equities if they were to get a potential boost from from European stocks But at the moment doesn't seem to be the way. I hope you'll have a good trading date and and any questions guys Please do


Good afternoon, everyone. Hope everyone is having a nice Thursday so far. It's a little unseasonably chilly in D.C. today, like I would now as if I'd been outside today. Maybe take a venture out a little bit later this afternoon. Thanks for joining us today for day four of our Climate Adaptation Data Week online briefing mini-series. I am Dan Versette, the Executive Director of the Environmental and Energy Study Institute. This mini-series is part of our work to highlight coastal resilience issues for policymakers and the general public, and highlight climate change solutions and resilience strategies. On Monday, we heard from two experts about data needs in the state of Washington. Tuesday, we heard about the use of vulnerability and sensitivity analyses to evaluate the risks to our national parks. Yesterday, we were treated to a presentation about cultural heritage sites. If you are unable to join us for any of the briefings so far this week, or if you've missed any of our briefings to date, be sure to visit us at www.esi.org for video recordings and written summaries. And our mini-series will have two more installments. Today, we have bridging the gap between science and decision-making, followed tomorrow with weather and social data to inform participatory planning initiatives. After this week, in combination with the rest of our briefing series, our audience, and that includes policymakers, will have a complete picture about coastal community resilience, or at least as complete as possible. Be on the watch for briefings on two more areas coming up in the near future. Alaska, coastal resilience, the next Tuesday, April 21, and later in the month, TBD on Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. When you visit our website, www.esi.org, take a moment to sign up for our bi-weekly climate change solutions newsletter. It really is the best way to stay informed about all of our briefings coming up. As I described yesterday, this briefing mini-series format is new to us, and it's an innovative way to provide briefings and stay focused on the urgency of climate change. Our goals for this week-long, regularly scheduled briefing mini-series are to explore a topic in greater detail and then recreate online the more conversational dynamic that we would have in person. You can find a complete schedule in this briefing mini-series, like I said, and catch up on those that you've missed at www.esi.org. And while you're there, please also take a moment to complete our survey. Thanks to everyone who's already shared your feedback about this format. It's been extremely helpful. The topic of today, bridging the gap between science and decision-making. After the presentation, as we've done all week, my colleague Amber Todoroff and I will co-moderate a discussion with our expert speaker. And you can participate too by following us on Twitter at EESI online or by sending us your questions by email at EESI or to EESI at EESI.org. And to help us learn how to bridge that gap, today we will hear from Dr. Amy Snover. Amy connects science and decision-making to help society prepare for the impacts of climate change. And she leads innovative efforts to link climate adaptation science with the work of resource managers, planners, and policy makers. People whose day-to-day decisions can help reduce climate risks facing people in nature in the Northwest. Amy's the director of the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, University director of the Department of the Interior Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center. And she was recognized as a White House Champion of Change for Climate Education and Literacy in 2015. We are really happy to have you with us today, Amy. I can't wait for your presentation. I'll turn it over to you. I'm really looking forward to it. Thanks so much. Thank you very much, Dan. I am very excited to be here, to be with everyone. I would call it this morning. You can call it this afternoon, since I'm from sitting here on the West Coast. So I'm very honored to have the opportunity to share my perspective and some recent examples of the work we're doing here in the Northwest to connect science and decision-making to facilitate climate resilience. So as we all know, the urgency of addressing climate change, both the urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and preparing for the impact has never been greater. The window of time for avoiding dangerous human interference with Earth's climate continues to narrow at an alarming rate. At the same time, continued emissions commit us to increasingly severe global and local impacts. And I'm going to share some stories from the two programs that I direct that aim to improve our preparation for and ability to cope with the changes in climate that are already underway. I need to mention that the work I'm presenting here actually represents the efforts of many individuals, both on my team and beyond. It represents deep and collaborative partnerships across academia and with federal, state, local governments, with tribal entities, with nonprofit organizations and others. Some of whom are listed here. So I want to begin by introducing you to the Climate Impact Group. The Climate Impact Group at the University of Washington is a non-partisan, non-advocacy, academically-based boundary organization. We have been working since 1995 as an integrated research and engagement team. We work across sectors and across disciplines to build climate resilience in the U.S. and in particular in the Northwest. And we do this by advancing awareness of climate risk and enabling science-based action to manage those risks. The Climate Impact Group was the first NOAA-RISA, and now we are the host of the Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center. The Climate Adaptation Science Center is one of eight regional Climate Adaptation Science Centers that are joint federal university partnerships. On the federal side, it's the Department of the Interior, USGS. And on the university side in the Northwest, we are a consortium of six universities hosted by the Climate Impact Group at the University of Washington. So our partners are Western Washington University, Washington State University, Oregon State University, Boise State University, and University of Montana. As I mentioned, these Climate Adaptation Science Centers serve every state in the nation. And our objective is to support sound resource management in the face of changing climate conditions. And we do this by advancing understanding of the implications of climate change and variability for fish, wildlife, water, land, and people. So both the Climate Impact Group and the Northwest CAST produce relevant and accessible science on climate change impacts and adaptation action. Both of our groups develop science that is not only useful, but is actually used. And this means that we need to work directly with stakeholders and partners in the community to develop shared understanding of why climate matters to local ecosystems and communities, to co-identify knowledge gaps that impede climate risk management, and to co-produce the needed additional scientific research data products and resources that are necessary for effectively managing this risk. We focus... I want to say one more thing about our focus on climate resilience and adaptation. And we do this for the simple reason that every single day people are making decisions and investments that will either exacerbate or ameliorate the impact of climate change for decades to come. So we're working with today's professionals to enable inclusion of the best available climate and climate impact science and climate resilience thinking in those decisions. So people every day are shaping our future and we are acting to help them shape that future in a way that builds climate resilience into it. Between the Climate Impact Group and the Northwest CASC, we do virtually... We do research and engagement across virtually all climate-sensitive sectors in the Northwest. We work on coast, as I'll be describing today, but we also work in inland deserts. We work in remote wilderness ecosystems and we also work in our urban communities. So despite this variety of efforts and variety of stakeholders and partners, we have a handful of common approaches that we use for connecting science and decision-making. So first of all, we focus on educating key actors about climate risks and response options. We do this by developing succinct user-friendly briefings on major issues. We develop state-of-the-knowledge synthesis and reference documents, and we brief elected officials and policymakers, and we train current practitioners and educators in the current science of climate impact. We also work to enable the use of climate science in risk assessment and management. And my examples that I'm going to be providing today are good examples of that. We do targeted research. We translate science for use. We innovate with science delivery, and we support local adaptation. Our third E here, educating, enabling, and embedding. We also work to embed scientists in management context and science in management processes. We have lots of good examples we could describe another time about how science has been embedded in ongoing processes for toxic waste site cleanups in Washington state and how it's beginning to be embedded in funding criteria for major capital investments in recreation and conservation. So that's enough for the background. Let's get to the real stories here. And I have two specific stories to tell you about. So first, I want to talk a little bit about Washington state sea level rise planning toolkit, the work that we've done to develop that. So this story is about the Washington coastal resilience project, which was a three year multi-partner effort to rapidly increase our state's capacity to prepare for coastal hazards, such as flooding and erosion that are related to sea level rise. So for this work, the climate impact group partnered with a large number of other entities. You saw their logo on the second slide, but they included Washington Sea Grant, Washington State Department of Ecology, and Fish and Wildlife. This project was funded by NOAA's National Ocean Services Regional Coastal Resilience Grant Program, and the overall aim of it was to improve risk projections, provide better guidance for land use planners, strengthen capital investment programs for capital restoration and infrastructure. But more simply put, the project aimed to help coastal communities, planners, and decision makers better answer these three questions. What will happen here in my place because of sea level rise? What is my specific risk? And how does that change depending on how greenhouse gas emissions evolve, my desire for confidence in the answer? And what can I do about it? And talk you through each one of these. So when we started this project, there was incomplete and confusing sea level rise data that was available to communities. There was a 2012 National Academies Report that developed sea level rise projections for California, Oregon, and Washington, but it wasn't sufficiently detailed to inform local planning. So you may not know, but we have a complex coastline here on the west coast that is actually moving vertically up or down at different rates in different places because of complex tectonic processes. So despite the fact that sea level rise along the Washington coast will be significantly different in different places, the National Academy study only provided one point specific projection for the entire state of Washington. After the National Academies Report also, there was more emerging science on the rapid disintegration of the polar ice sheets and lots of questions from communities about how that would affect local risk. So the sea level rise projections that were developed under this study are now currently the best available sea level rise science for Washington and they have four significant innovations. They were the first to incorporate the science on changing polar ice sheets for Washington. They are highly localized. They account for local differences in relative sea level rise along the coastline. They are probabilistic. This is in advance over our previous approaches where we just were able to give people ranges of potential future sea level rise. Now we can give ranges with estimates of the probability of the various rates of rise. And they're also long term. They don't stop in 2100. We developed projections through 2150 in response to our tribal partner's desire for scenarios that would support their longer term planning. So to make the information even easier for community planners to use, we've developed an online data visualization tool that allows users to easily select their online location. There are 171 specific locations along the coast. Determine how the anticipated amount of sea level rise depends on future greenhouse gas emissions. And then they can visualize the range of plausible future amounts of rise, including the likelihood of any specific amount of sea level rise occurring. So for example, this would allow a user to answer the question, well, how likely is it that we will see a foot and a half of sea level rise here by 2050? In order to support risk-based decision making, we developed a second way of visualizing these data that allows users to easily determine when they might experience a specific problematic amount of sea level rise at various levels of confidence. So for example, a user might know that their development or infrastructure would be able to withstand up to a foot and a half of sea level rise. And then they might ask the question, when am I likely to experience one and a half foot of sea level rise here? And they can see the answer for different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, as I've shown here, or different levels of confidence, which I have not. So a common theme across our work is that we shape the science we do by the evolving needs of our community partners. But we also recognize that supporting the use of that science is just as important and requires just as significant an investment as does developing that science in the first place. And so therefore, as part of this coastal resilience project, in addition to developing and delivering these data and tools I was just describing, we also deliver technical advice on how to evaluate and decide among the different scenarios. How do I know which greenhouse gas scenario to use in my planning? How do I know what level of confidence to use? Well, there's actually ways to think through this, depending on the decision context. And so that's our how to choose guidance. We also provided information about how to use these data in GIS mapping of sea level rise impacts and how to use these projections in coastal ecosystem restoration projects. I want to highlight just one actual application of the sea level rise data here. This is a really interesting story from Metro Park, the city of Tacoma, south of Seattle. So they were in the process of redeveloping a coastal park and they had done the development plans not considering sea level rise. But when we were working with them to share these sea level rise projections, they redesigned their redesign of the park. They relocated new buildings away from the future shoreline. They re-oriented access and park design to accommodate the rising seas and even more importantly to demonstrate how important planning for coastal resilience is to Metro Park. And so construction on the park renovation is scheduled for later this year. And in the information that I've provided the EESI site about this talk, I've provided a bunch of links to all of these tools, but also to some of the media stories about things like this Metro Park redevelopment. So example number two is about co-producing tribal resources for climate change vulnerability assessment. So this work was developed as a direct response to a survey that was completed in 2015 by the affiliated tribes of Northwest Indians. AT&I surveyed Columbia Basin tribes to assess their capacity to respond to climate change. They found that there were significant disparities among tribes in their capacity for climate change response with some making significant progress already and others having difficulty getting started. They identified a bunch of different barriers to preparedness that some were social, some were political and some were technical. And the technical barriers were ones that the Northwest Cask and Climate Impact Group were able to step into provide on a project that was led by Mead Crosby and funded by the Northwest Cask. So this project aimed to help Northwest and Great Basin tribes answer these questions. What will happen here due to climate change? What can I do about it? And what are some best practices amongst my peers who are also facing similar challenges? This scope of work was designed in partnership with a tribal advisory board including representatives from tribal organizations that were affiliated with a Northwest Cask stakeholder advisory committee. So at the time this project started the only climate data being delivered specifically to Northwest and Great Basin tribes was information about how annual average temperature and precipitation might change and provided average over tribal reservations. However, tribes are concerned like all of us about a great deal of diverse climate impacts, not just how average temperature will change but impacts on plants and animals wildfire, heat waves water availability and they evaluate climate risks and make decisions across multiple geographic areas not just reserved lands but also the watersheds in which they are living counties their traditional territories and their seeded lands. So based on input from 84 tribes choosing to participate in the tool development Meade Crosby and her team developed an online tool that provides climate summaries and climate information that was specifically tailored to the needs of tribes. It provides spatial information about where impacts are smaller and larger across the specific geographies of interest that were defined by each tribe. It provides summaries of information about changes expected for each geography of interest and even more importantly, I think it provides the information in multiple formats. It provides it in data it is data and it provides it in a map format in graphical format and in text format. Another innovation is that the tool provides a downloadable custom reports that summarizes all of the changes. So a key to the success of this tool was the heavy focus on soliciting iterative user testing and feedback and revising the tool along the way. And it's also I think one of the things that makes this a little different than some other resources is that it actually helps provide some interpretation and language describing the impacts that are easily used in reports and analyses. We provided a curated online collection of available tool guides, data system approaches for tribal vulnerability assessments. So there's a ton of information out there as everyone working on climate adaptation knows. And trying to find resources can feel like drinking out of a fire hose. And so this effort to actually provide a drinking fountain instead of a fire hose with a curated high quality examples of every different stage and different aspects of climate vulnerability assessment by tribal communities. And finally, as I said before providing information on its own isn't enough is really important to provide support in order to ensure its use. And so another part of this project was the provision of what we call the tribal climate technical support staff which was a hotline and email and a phone that tribal community members could call for help on any aspect of their vulnerability assessment work or their use of the data. This tribal technical support desk remains open and this is another really important part in building climate resilience is providing sustained support for climate data interpretation and use even long after the funded project that developed that data and maybe develop those partnerships in the first place is over. So I want to wrap up by commenting on some key roles for both the federal government and regional boundary organizations like the climate impacts group and the climate adaptation science center and some key roles that both level play as they are both essential partners in the effort to build climate resilience for the people and ecosystems of this nation. So if I was going to say one thing about the important role of federal government right now, I would say that it is to both motivate sophisticated climate-based decision making and also prepare to enable this decision making. So by that I mean on the motivation side that the federal government has a role in both requiring and incentivizing science-based action to address climate risk. There are plenty of places where as I said before, decisions are made, investments are being made that are still based on the climate of the past. It's a simple matter to remind people and in some cases to implement requirements that they do consider how the climate is already changing and how the landscape will differ as their decision or investment plays out. So in order to support that kind of work it's important to promote large-scale and targeted research, especially observation and modeling at all scales. The federal government has a very important role in building and sustaining regional and local capacity to connect science and practice. And I also think it's very and so for that one I'm thinking about things like the climate adaptation science centers and the NOAA-RISA program and the local partnerships that they support and enable. And it's also important to recognize the local specificity of needs and to relinquish somewhat these expectations that all projects will be universally transferable to other places, other communities, other sectors because it's really in the heterogeneity and specificity that climate resilience will be developed. Regional boundary organizations like the CASPs and the RISAs and the Climate Impacts Group their important role is to leverage federal resources and science programs for local benefit and to provide a conduit for information about local needs back to the federal level. So our job is to develop and sustain mutually beneficial long-term relationships with local partners to elicit local knowledge needs and adaptation priorities and innovate to meet these needs to develop, deliver and support the use of actionable climate information and to develop capacities for both researchers and practitioners to apply this information in planning and implementation activities across the region. So with that I am ready to move on to questions and answers and I thank you again for the opportunity to share this work with you. Great. Thanks Amy and that was a really excellent presentation. One thing that stuck out to me on your acknowledgement slide were the two names of our Monday panelists, Ian Miller and Nicole Fagin of Washington Sea Grant and one thing I really like about this mini-series format is that it lends itself to callbacks and that really helps us round out the story of climate change and coastal community resilience and it's indicative not just of the Washington and the Pacific Northwest but also the incredible amount of great work and research being done there by you and your colleagues and your partners and how aimed it is at finding solutions which of course is what ESI is all about so I'm happy to see their names it's only been a couple of days but I kind of missed them. If anyone else missed Ian and Nicole on Monday just a quick reminder that video recordings and written summaries will be online already online at ESI.org and there's lots of detail in their presentations just like at Amy's so please if you've missed anything go back. Now we're going to move to Q&A if our audience would like to participate in Q&A you can email us at EESI.org or you can follow us on Twitter at EESI online and ask us questions that way and for the Q&A I'm going to turn it over to my colleague Amber Todorov. Amber is on our policy team with us and is going to get us started so Amber looking forward to the Q&A. Thanks. Thanks Dan and thank you Amy I'm just completely blown away by the breath of the climate impacts groups work seems like you got a lot of work cut out for you but you guys are doing an amazing job. So one thing that struck out to me was your work with the tribes could you elaborate on some of the resilience actions being taken with the tribes with CIG's assistance? Certainly they're so as I mentioned when affiliated tribes in Northwest Indiana did their survey they discovered that tribes are at all different levels like all communities right or at all different levels of engaging in climate change so there are stories of examples that sort of reflect that whole range. One of our longest standing partners is the Swinomish Indian tribal community north of Seattle and in the mid 2000s they embarked on a very detailed vulnerability assessment based using as the approach the guidebook had written for local governments for preparing for climate change and they really showed what a gold standard of really thoughtful detailed analysis of vulnerability could be and followed it up with an adaptation plan and then have since then been thinking about all kinds of things from relocating some of their important infrastructure to developing really innovative community health programs that think about climate change impacts on community and individual health really large so that's an example of a huge effort that the Swinomish embarked on and actually provide as an example to their tribal colleagues. Another great example is an inland one even though we're on the coast of the story, the Calville Nation developed a really interesting set of materials for educating youth on climate change and so they have a bunch of different brochures and activities for students to think about impacts of climate change on many of the species that they tend to collect and rely on and so they have a whole handful of like summaries of tribal impacts on wildlife but also activities and brochures for tribal youth at different levels that they're using in some of the schools. So it really runs the gamut. That's cool might be cool to get some of that information to link to for our web page when this is done. So one of the big issues with this planning process is communicating risk and science to these decision makers. So how does climate impacts group overcome those barriers with the people that need it? So I could tell you maybe one sort of general story and then a very specific one. So in general the way that we handle this is that we work on being really clear to ourselves and then to our partners what we know really well with certainty and what we are less sure about. And so for example in the Northwest I didn't tell you a lot about the impact we're facing but a big one like a lot of the western US is impacts on water supply and we depend on mountain water and mountain snowpack right for our summer water and we know it's going to get warmer every single scenario shows warming means every single scenario shows less snowpack and then less natural summer water. And so the question is just sort of how much and how fast that happens not whether it happens. Then there are other kinds of impacts that are less easy to predict with specificity that maybe have to do with how much rain changes in the spring and we just don't know as much about that there's more possible future. And so if we're really about what we know well and what we don't know well then we really focus our communication on that and help people focus their their planning on that plan with certainty for some certain risks and plan more generally for the opportunity opportunities the wrong word but the possibility that multiple futures could happen and we have to be prepared for both. So that's the general way and then in the sea level rise example we actually have this projection of a range of sea level rise curves that are for example if you want to be 99% sure that the sea level rise I told you to expect is going to happen then I can tell you what number to plan for. But if you're really worried because you have very extensive infrastructure on the coast and you want to know the 0.1% chance that that billion dollar investment is going to be at risk then I can tell you that too and so that's the big innovation in the sea level rise work is being able to quantitative probabilities on it. I have a question for you. You've talked about and on your slides you even had some slides that showed your partners to the south and the east of Washington but what about your partners to the north? Does the climate impacts group work with Canadian partners and are there any ongoing projects that help build climate resilience where there are benefits that accrue to in the U.S. as well as in Canada? That's a great question. I think I showed a map that had a hard line north of us didn't I? We have long worked across the region and we define the recent that we've worked on based on the problem we're working on not based on lines on a map. We actually began in 1995 by focusing on Columbia Basin water resource impacts right and so something like 60% of the water in the Columbia River I made that up that's probably the wrong number originates in Canada. There's no way to study a massive watershed like that without looking across the border so we continue to do that kind of work for both water resources and salmon and other things. We have really strong partnership with a similar organization to ours that's in British Columbia called the Pacific Climate Impact Consortium. We have traded all kinds of things over the years and collaborated on projects and then we have another specific example that was also led by Dr. Meade Crosby who's leading the tribal work to look at transboundary wildlife habitat connectivity. That's another example, wildlife don't know political borders right and as climate changes we need to have wildlife habitat not just connected today it's already fragmented and people are trying to reconnect it but we need to have the habitat of today connected to the habitat of tomorrow and so that involves lots of collaborations across countries including the Canada U.S. border but also across federal lands and tribal lands and state lands. Cool, thanks. We have a question that came in by email that I'm going to have. I think it's pretty interesting I'm going to ask it. How do you evaluate the effectiveness of the tools and services that you provide to decision makers? Are there things that you look at that are in your work that tell you that one approach or one service or one tool is more effective than others? How do you and your colleagues evaluate your approach on an ongoing basis? That is a wonderful question. So first of all I would say that we work on being really clear upfront about trying to achieve with a tool or a resource. Who is it for? For what purpose? What are we trying to achieve? Because there's a whole range of reasons right? I think I often, I think a lot of climate tools that are out there right now are very, are still very focused on the raising awareness stage. They allow people to explore like oh does climate change really matter to me and how warm might it get? But they're not designed in a way to actually inform decision making like what is the basis for the information that went into this and what is the actual range of possibilities and can I download actual numbers that I could put in a model? And that's not to say it's a failure to say that that wasn't the purpose right? And so we work on being really clear. Who are we trying to inform to do what? And we tend not to do a lot of exploratory sort of public focus visualization tools because we're so focused on working with the people making decisions now. And so we tend to evaluate our tools and resources based on whether they're being used. And so you can tell in the development stage with the testing and the feedback of like okay we think we're making something that's easy to use and that clearly you would be able to make these inferences and go from this page to that page and get the data and then we sit down with people and watch them try to use it and that's a humbling experience right when you realize that it doesn't make any sense to them that it may be used. So that's part of the evaluation right is that rigorous testing. And another big part of it is that you have to set it up early in the stage. So when we did our first major development of downscaled hydrologic scenarios for use in Colombian basin watershed management and planning the audience and partners were technical federal agencies. And so we have a fairly technical website right that actually other people don't find very user friendly and I don't find that a failure because it was designed to meet the technical needs. So it's a complicated story of like actually defining the purpose defining the user well and seeking the iterative feedback from them that in the near term is how is it working and in the longer term is are the data showing up in an analysis that they've done are the data being reported or the tool being used in plans that they are publishing. So we see that evolve over time too. That's great. Thanks. Amber, I think you may have the last question of the session. Great, great. And this more involves your role as director with the University of Washington of the Climate Climate Adaptation Science Center. We've had a couple speakers before from Climate Adaptation Science Centers. I think they're super interesting to see how these work. So in organizations, so if you could kind of tell our audience like how these regional centers work together and maybe if there's like a top three things that policy makers should know about what these centers do. That would be a great way to end this series or in this talk. Great. Thank you so much. Thank you, Amber. Thank you, Amber. So the National Science Center program consists of eight regional tasks. We are the one for the Northwest, but there's also Alaska, Pacific Island, Southwest, North Central, South Central, Northeast, Southeast. And there's a regional, I mean, I'm sorry, there's a national office at each of the regional centers is home, is at home in a region is an organization that already has deep roots and connections with stakeholders, managers and folks on the ground to understand what the needs are because they're very different region from region. The reasons that climate change matter on the ground are different for different ecosystems. They're different for different science is really different in different parts of the country, and so you really need to have this local partnership to understand what we know now, what could we know next, what are the needs. So the centers collaborate to share our approaches to talk about best practices in connecting science and decision making. All of us play a big role in educating graduate students and early career folks to engage not only in applied climate science, but more importantly in the co-production in the working across practice and academia. I think that maybe some of the most important things to share about the network right now are that we are, I mean, we are your ears to the ground, right. We are the ones who are seeing the need. I mean, in my last slide about federal rules and like prepare to prepare to be able to meet there's rapidly increasing need for decision-relevant science. That need is exploding. We are underwater trying to meet it. There are so many people from our federal to state to tribal agencies, the first management agencies, cities, towns businesses calling us up saying what is happening? What are the projections? How do I use it? There is more demand than we can meet. We are your ear to the ground telling you that that need is there, but also telling you that the opportunity is right now to meet that need and to really help support is really, is better aligned to the emerging kind of realities that we're facing. Very good. Well, Amy, we've come to the end of our 45 minutes, but really tremendous talk, so informative, and your perspective is really, really helpful. I learned a lot, and I really, really appreciate taking some time during your morning, even though it's afternoon here, right, time is relative. So thank you very much, and let me also compliment you on your background and your flowers. It's a little bit nicer than my sort of dark blue, but thanks so much. This was really great. Before we wrap up, I'm just going to say another reminder, tomorrow noon Eastern, I guess 9th Pacific, weather and social data to inform participatory planning initiatives. It's the last of our five online briefings from this week, so hopefully everyone will come back to us tomorrow same time and join us to wrap up this mini-series. Thank you to our audience, but special thanks to everyone at EESI who wants to pull these off in addition to Amber, Anna, Ellen, Omri, Daniel, Brian, Abby, Sydney, Uma. It's a big team, and we're really lucky to have them, and they do such a great job, and this briefing series has been so great, and we owe it all to them. Thanks everyone. Hope everyone has a great rest of your day, and hope to see you back tomorrow on Friday for weather and social data to inform participatory planning initiatives. Thanks so much. Have a great one.


Hello everyone, today we have two goals. First of all, let's go into save the game whenever we close it so we can keep the progress. And the second one is making it look a little bit nicer, adding a custom font, making the buttons feel a little bit nicer, and let's see what else we can get in there. So first of all, what I'm gonna do is to remove the base because it looks very bad and, you know, we already have something better, which is the graphics. And let's add a new node, which is going to be a control node, a color rect. This is only a rectangle with some colors, nothing else. To make it feel the entire screen, remember we can use the layout and full rect. And now move it to the top of the tree, so it's going to be behind. Now I'm going to pick a dark color because I want to have some good contrast between what the copy, you know, the text is and the background. So let's go with something like this and maybe with shades of blue. Okay, one tip, additional tip, never use completely black or white. Like if you go black, it doesn't look very natural to the eye. We're not very used to seeing those dark colors. And I think it looks much better if you just get just around a very, very dark gray area or a very bright area for the whites. Of course, this is not something that you have to do, but I recommend it a lot. Okay, so this looks a little bit better already. Now let's import some fonts. I have two downloaded. I got them from fonts.google.com. First one is Enriceta, which looks kind of medieval or something like that. And the same for Cinsel, which is, I feel it's like an open version of Trajan. I'm not sure, but it looks very similar. And I'm gonna be using this one for titles and the other one for the rest of the text, I think. Here in Google Fonts, you can select any font that you want to download. And whenever you have the font selected or anything, you can just download and it will give you a zip file with the files that we have. I already did this, so I'm going to open the folder. Here, create one new, which is going to be fonts. And I'm going to paste them inside there. So I have all the fonts that I want. Let's open got it again. And we should have them here in the font score, okay. So first of all, let's make this number. One of the things that was bothering me, like if it gets very big, if you see it is not properly aligned. So let's make it big enough, something like this. I think it's gonna be bigger. And then also alignment center. So whenever the number is getting smaller or bigger, it will always be on top of that button. And let's do our custom font. To do that, here we have custom font. Let's create a new dynamic font. When you do that, you have to click here in font again. And here, finally, we can load the font that we imported. In this case, since I want it to be prominent, I kind of like a title, I'm gonna use scene cell. And let's make it bigger, something like I don't know, 60. And that's too big. So maybe 40, yeah, that looks okay. And also an outline, I'm gonna add an outline of one pixel, which is going to be dark as well. Let's do the color, here in custom colors, something like this, yeah. And okay, it already, I think it looks better. Let's see, let's try some numbers. Yeah, that looks so much better than the other number. Okay, let's try to see how it looks inside of the game.  We have to change that as soon as possible. Okay, now let's continue styling this button, okay? So whenever we have one of these buttons, we can either use a global theme, which is making changes to all the children from that, or a custom theme just for that button. I'm gonna be doing one specifically for this one because the button that you click all the time, I want it to be different than the rest. But if you want to know more about how themes work, I uploaded a view so you can click in the corner and yeah, you're gonna be seeing this tutorial. So let's go. To do that, you can go here to the custom style, the same as we did with fonts, but just with style. And you have different states for the button. Normal is the one that we're seeing, hover is when your cursor is on top of it, and pressed, focus, disable, you get the idea. Let's go ahead first with the normal one, and from that we're gonna copy them and do the other ones. So new style box flat. This is the one that we're gonna use because we're not gonna be using any special images or anything like that. So new flat, and it goes to a very ugly state. Let's go ahead and open it. First thing, the background, let's see. I want it to be a little bit like, I don't know. Let's see what looks nicer. Red maybe, something that insights you to click on it. Yeah, maybe something like this red, but also I will make it a bit smaller. And let's change the caption. We don't have exactly the name of the unit that we're editing. So since you're kind of like a death lord which can reanimate corpses, let's say like we have soldiers or yeah, make a zombie, let's say zombie, make a zombie. Okay, that's gonna be our name for that. We can change this later. Now let's add some border, maybe some border on the sides. Let's see, three on each side. What color? Maybe a darker, I'm gonna, yeah, it looks better. The radius, we're gonna be doing a bit of radius, so it's not that square. Let's see how it looks with four. I'm entirely convinced, but yeah, oops, moved it. Okay, it really looks better. Let's change the font to see if we get more inspired. Let's see, custom font, new dynamic font. Let's select it again and let's go with the regular one and we get a medium, yeah, maybe bold, let's see. Now let's change the size. Yeah, this is starting to look better. Okay, it doesn't look very clickable yet, so maybe if we add some yellow here or blue, since it was the color, let's see, something like that. Let's add some action, okay. And darker, blue, something like that. Okay, well, I'm not sure if this looks clickable, but you get the idea, you have all these properties here and it always helps. It's absolute shadow, okay. So now, let's see. Now that we have this style, we can actually save it. Once we save it, let's create a new folder for styles and let's say main button. Now that we saved it, we can use it for the other ones because right now we have the default, so if we try the game and we hover, you see we change the style to the Godot default style and we want to change those as well. But if I have to do it all again, I have to copy all these properties and that's just a little time, so let's load style main button. So now we have it. What is the issue here with this approach? The problem here is that if we want to change, for instance, the color of the shadow, let's say that when we hover, we want to make it yellow, bright, something like this. So you know that you're hovering it. This looks terrible, but you get the idea. Let's see, something like that. The problem is that seems I'm modifying the same main button thing. It's gonna change also the regular state. So what you have to do is when you're copying this and you already open it, you can press here and make unique, which will make a new style, which is not saved and specific for hover. Now we can go back to the normal one and remove it. Okay, so we have the normal one as we wanted it and the hover with the yellow outline. Let's see if it carried through. Yes, okay. The click doesn't look that bad, but okay, I'm gonna keep it for now. Another thing is that I want the cursor to be the hand because with the mouse only, it looks kind of weird. So you can change that from here in the control node in mouse, you have the cursor shape and we want the C pointing hand. Okay, pointing hand. Let's see if it looks more clickable. Yes, super clickable. Okay, I'm happy enough with this. I'm not gonna continue making changes, but we want to make changes to these buttons as well. Let's see. We have here the auto clickers and remember that they are a separate scene. So since we're modifying a separate scene, let's go and open on one. Okay, we have the scene here, the button, it needs to be more clickable. Let's use the same base that we have before or create a new one. Let's see, custom fonts, first of all. New font. Oh, sorry, new dynamic font. Click on it, font, font, font, font. You have to click on that so many times. Okay, let's go and get that regular. Oof, this looks so bad. Okay, now we have to move the price a little bit there. We also have that zero, which is the label. Yeah, this looks ugly. Okay, auto clicking. Now this number over there and for custom styles, let's use the same one for normal. So load styles, main button, but let's tune it up a bit. Let's make it unique. So we are only modifying this version of it and inside of there, I'm gonna remove so much shadow. I don't really want that much. Like, that is okay. Maybe making it even more subtle. Okay, whoops. And also making it a bit bigger. The font also needs to be bigger so it's easier to read. Okay, now let's move the units per second. Oh, sorry, with the container here. Again, you can click here so the children are not selectable. It's gonna make it easier for us. And you know what? Since we're gonna be using the same font for several elements here, let's go ahead and save it so we can reuse it. So this custom font is gonna be Enriqueta font, something like that. I'm not very creative with name. And let's apply it to this. So here in custom font, load Enriqueta font, same with the value. Custom font, load styles, Enriqueta font, okay. And same with the price. Price, custom font, load styles, Enriqueta font, okay. And the color, let's make it better green. That green looks kind of weird. Okay, maybe change it to yellow, which I don't know, it could be like gold instead of green, more liking, like new games, something like that. So let's say like this yellow is gonna be it, okay. But also I want to make this price a little bit different. This looks very bad, this zero. We'll have to change this. Yeah, let's see what we can do. Maybe an outline or a shadow. Yeah, shadow looks better. And remember don't never use that, okay. So this already looks better to me at least. Let's see how it looks when I save it. Let's go back to the main game. Okay, they are definitely taking more room. So we're gonna be making room, but it already looks better. So since this is the amount of things we have, right? Okay, this is the amount of dose that we have, right? Yeah, so instead of adding it inside there, let's make it like here, like a number, like a thingy. And for the disabled, we also need to do styles and for hover as well. So let's add those, let's see. Auto clicker, first the mouse. We want the pointing hand, we get this, okay. Now for the, here this label was how many we have. Let's get the same font, custom font, load the same one. The alignment is gonna be centered, remember. So it doesn't change the position a lot. And now let's add like a new, let's see, color rect. Let's make it the same color as the background of the other one and move it behind the label and the button. Something like this, yeah, okay.  Let's save it and see how it looks. Yeah, let's add more room to them, okay. They are taking too much space, so maybe we can be a little bit more creative on how we display them. Oof, no, okay, so we need to be more room. We need more room, let's make it there. The units per seconds will be there and maybe making this font smaller will be a good idea. If we change the size here, everything will change, yeah. Okay, so let's change all the font, okay, smaller. Units per second, okay, okay, maybe like this. Let's see, over there, okay. Now let's do the other styles for a button. Let's save this one as auto clicker button. Let's do the disabled version. Okay, we load the same style and we make it unique. Okay, so if you want to preview one particular style and the editor, you don't have it, you have to set it to that node. So right now, let's set it to disabled and we're gonna see how it looks. There's like a default on the font which is making the copy a little bit transparent. I don't really like that because you don't have the control exactly to change that, but it's a good standard, so I guess it's okay. What I'm going to do is just remove color on this one and also on the outline for there, okay.  This seems good enough. Also, I want the hover style, so let's set the disable and for the hover, you have to kind of figure it out like I don't know a way to preview it. There's probably one, so if you know it, leave a comment. Hover, load, let's open the same style. I've looked at the button. Now, make unique and the background is going to be a little bit brighter, like so. We have here the preview at least, so yeah, we get that at least. And maybe the shadow, I also want it to be a little bit brighter, yeah. Let's see how they look. I'm going to save this, I'm going to test the project. Okay, yeah, this looks better. Now have one, okay, nice. So it doesn't look terrible, but it doesn't look very nice either, but at least we have something better there, so now we have a better base. You already understand how you can be creating your own styles to your buttons. And let's go ahead and save this number. Since we don't know exactly when the player is going to close it, we're going to be doing that every second. So I'm going to be using here on main, we're going to be creating, no, it's going to be a timer. This timer will be called saving timer. The properties is going to be how to start because we wanted to start whenever it's existing. And the wait time is going to be one second. That's okay for me, saving every second seems reasonable. Let's set this node, the timeout is the signal that gets called whenever that second ends. So let's connect that signal to the main node, which we have on this scene. And now we have this timer, and here we have to do the saving code. So what is exactly the thing that we want to save here? We want to save the count, which is the variable that we are editing all the time. So instead of starting with zero, we want to start with the previous saved. So first of all, since we know that we're going to be saving all the count for now, but in the future we're going to be saving some other stuff. Let's prepare a little bit for the future and let's create a new variable, which is going to be data. It's going to be a dictionary. And inside there we're going to have our variable, which will be count equal to count. So right now we're creating just a variable which will contain our count. This is what we're doing here. Now we need the file, so we can start saving things. So our file equal to file new, this will create a file where you can save stuff. So file open, it's going to be our user. This is the folder where you save it. And now save that to the XT, whatever. So I use the XT because a lot of editors already have it. So if your user wants to go inside there and modify it or you want to do it, that's just easier. And then for the flags, you have the flag which is called file right. And that should be it. If you want to check on that, you remember you can press control and click on file and you have here all the information you need. For the flags, we have here right, which is number two. So you can use either two or right. Now that we have the file open, we can save the information inside. To do that, we use file store line, and we want to save our data. The problem with this is that our data is just a Godot dictionary. And that's not something that can be translated easily to text. So what we can do is transform it to JSON, which is very similar to what the dictionaries are, but a more general purpose way of saving dictionaries. You can usually use JSON files on websites, on signals like that. So it's a good standard. That way you can encode it to JSON and then you can decode it from JSON when you load it in the future. And after using any file always, you need to close them. So that way it will release it from the memory. If you don't close it, the file will still be being used all the time and it can lead to a lot of problems.  So that's probably because somebody forgot to close the file in some code. So this should create the file with the count inside of it and save it as a JSON information. But we also need to, every time we load the game, load this information. So let's use the ready function. And here inside we're gonna be opening a file, same as we did before. So file, new. And we're gonna have an extra step because we don't know exactly if the user is the first time that you do it or not. So we're gonna check if the file exists. So if file, file exists, and now we do the same user, save.txt. So this way we can check is the file actually there and if it is there, we will go ahead and open it. File, open, save.txt. And sorry, for flags, we want to read. That way it will allow us to read the file. Now we create the new variable, which is the data. Remember that this variable that we created here is nowhere else. So you have to create it, but to load it we have to now file, get line. Remember here we store a line, we save it and here we get it. But before we use that, we need to get it decoded from JSON. Fars, JSON to whatever the result is going to be. So this is gonna give us that information encoded. Here we decoded and now we have the variable data which has a variable inside of it, which is count and that's the variable that we want. So once we have that, we set the count, which is this one that we're making right now. It's going to be equal to whatever it is stored inside the data, so data count. That should be it, let's try it out for now. Let's hope it works because I did a lot of things without testing. So let's see, we have three. If I close it and I open it again, it should load and it has three over there again. That's great, now let's see, 18. We close it, nothing open, open it again and it's 18. Okay, the next thing that we're gonna have to be doing and we're gonna do that in the next tutorial is every one of these, now if I have like two auto clickers here it's gonna be augmenting it, but whenever I close it and we open it again, we don't save that. So we don't have to be saving those, all those, the price, how many auto clickers we have, how many units per second they generate, that information, we have to store everything in that zip file, that way we will continue doing that. That's it for today, I hope you were able to follow through. If you have any questions or anything, leave a comment below. I'm really happy to answer and help you with anything you might have, any question you might have. I also want to really thank my Patreons. I know that I haven't been uploading as much as I wanted but I'm back on track, I also, I'm preparing a bit of like a green screen and I'm really on top of everything just to make the videos better and make them easily. So yeah, that's it for now and see you guys next time. Bye.


No line was cut. No whale was freed. The captain's mind was not of greed. He only belonged to the Whaleman's Creed. She took the ship in tow. Soon may the Whaleman come to bring sugar and tea and rum. One day when the time is done, we'll take our leave and go. Nothing to do with hum, hum, hum, hum, hum. The captain called no hands and saw. We'll take that whale in tow. No line was cut. No whale was freed. The captain's mind was not of greed. No line was cut. No whale was freed. The captain's mind was not of greed.


A woman comes back with a shocking message from the other side. We all know that death is inevitable, but what about those that experience it more than once in their lives? There are only a few people on earth that have experienced near-death experiences, NDE, and they were miraculously brought back. While bringing back someone who has passed is indeed a miracle performed by doctors and first responders, a phoenix resident was extremely lucky. This is her story that has shocked an entire world. It was a cold February morning when Tina Hines just collapsed. It seemed like that was it, but paramedics tried to resuscitate her six times. She was even pronounced dead for nearly half an hour but finally came back. She had a life-changing message for the living that has inspired the whole world. Some people are technically dead and have no memory of that time. However, studies show that around 10-20% people experience visual or sensory episodes during those moments. Scientists have gotten close to discovering what happens during these near-death experiences. It may sound mystical, but it's not. Here's what they theorize about NDE's and why Tina's experience was so incredible. According to a study published in 2013 in the journal PNAS, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, there may be an explanation for the experiences near-death survivors have. Scientists believe that the survivor's brain activity is higher than when they are in a conscious state just before death. This is what the study author stated about NDE. The lead author of the study Jimmo Borgigin explained that a lot of people thought that the brain after clinical death was inactive or hypoactive, with less activity than the waking state, and we show that is definitely not the state. If anything, it is much more active during the dying process than even the waking state, added Borgigin, University of Michigan, in an interview with the BBC. But what did Tina's brain discover while she was fighting for her life? Tina and Brian had known each other for over three decades, since they met at California's Biola University. That's where Brian laid his eyes on his future wife. The college sweethearts lasted through the years, and in an interview with Phoenix's American Heart Association, Brian recalled how full of energy his wife has been ever since they met. Brian said, she was tall, she was athletic. She'd be jogging by or she could be going someplace, and I'd say, hey, what are you doing? And she'd say I'm going running. So I'd say hi to her. The two stroke a friendship, and their relationship eventually progressed. A friendship started, and then we got engaged, Brian recalled. Then, six months later, we got married, said Brian, recalling that she made the things that I liked to do, she made them better by being there. And his feelings are the same now, almost three decades later. But Brian wasn't the only one praising Tina for being a great person. Their family friend also told Phoenix's American Heart Association just how much love she was by everyone. Everyone that knew Brian and Tina could agree that the couple and their family were like a breath of fresh air. Tina is adored by everybody.  The young couple then settled in Phoenix, Arizona and welcomed to their family four children. Just close to their home, Tina and Brian's life was about to be shattered that morning when Tina had her heart attack that left her dead for nearly half an hour. It was just like any normal Monday, recalled her husband. The two were just coming back from a hike when it happened. Jeff had called Brian earlier that day and he was on his way to their house to meet them. When I got there, Tina and I were standing shoulder to shoulder one second, Jeff recalled. The next second, Tina had fallen virtually straight face forward into the rocks. He realized what was happening and yelled at Brian, who was just coming out of the house. Just moments before, Tina was alright and now Brian was confused by the scene in front of him. His wife was laying on the ground. He called the emergency services and was told to lie her on her back and perform CPR. Together with Jeff, the two made the best of this situation and tried to keep Tina alive until the first responders arrived. Jeff, immediately, because I'm talking to the 911 operator, he started pushing down on Tina's chest. Neither one of us had had any kind of training at all. As Jeff got tired after performing CPR, Brian carried on. Here was the girl that I'd known for 30 plus years, that's worked out every day to not have this happen. And here she is dying. I was just pushing as hard as I could. He though his wife was losing her life. Although not young anymore, she was very healthy. But that morning, she died. In an interview with AZ Family, Brian recalled with tears in his eyes that fateful moment.  She was purple and not making any noise or breathing. Tina is a happy mom of four, an incredible wife, and as some may say, healthy as a horse. So what was wrong with her? She worked out regularly and had a healthy lifestyle and diet. However, she went into cardiac arrest right in front of Brian. Soon, he'd learned the terrible truth about his wife's struggle to stay alive. As soon as the paramedics arrived, Tina received CP. Aaron got defibrillated six times until they arrived to the hospital. In total, this woman was dead for 27 minutes. Finally, the doctors were able to make Tina's heart pump blood. She was stable, despite the sudden collapse. A firefighter at the scene was stunned. He ended up shocking her three times on scene and two en route. I've never shocked anyone five times, said one of the firefighters that were at the scene. But this was just the beginning. A paramedic agreed that was a witness to a miracle. However, one more miracle would soon happen, and Tina was the one revealing it once again. Tina's story was incredible, but it didn't end with her coming back from the other side. Her survival was miraculous, but what she had to say about the other side was even more remarkable. Tina woke up in the hospital and realized she couldn't speak since she was intubated. However, that didn't stop her to send her family a message from the other side. As soon as Tina woke up, she tried to gesture for a piece of paper and pen. Both her family and the hospital staff were surprised Tina's first wish was to write. She had been lifeless for nearly half an hour, and she wanted to say something. She tried scribbling something that at first was illegible. Then, the lines began making sense. It looked like a childish drawing or Chinese letters. Nobody realized what she was trying to write, until the lines got clearer. There were two words. The handwriting was bad, but considering Tina's adventure to the other side, nobody complained about it. Then, they saw the message she was sending. She wrote two words, it's real. What did she mean with that? The people in the room looked at Tina and asked her what's real. They waited until tears welled up in her eyes and she nodded up to heaven. As soon as the intubation was out, she could explain what happened as she was unconscious. She caught a glimpse at how heaven really looked. Tina explained she saw a colorful and vibrant heaven. It was so real, the colors were so vibrant. Then she saw Jesus. The woman saw the figure of Jesus during her brief brush with death. He was standing in front of the gates and there were yellow lights coming from behind. Weeks after Tina got better, she and Brian went to thank all of the people that helped her stay alive. The couple went to visit the 911 call handler and the firefighters that arrived to assist them on the day Tina almost lost her life. One of the rescuers said he will never forget that moment. It's one of those calls that none of us will ever forget. I was a witness to a miracle is the way I look at it, said a rescuer. But Tina was not done saying her thanks. As she finished thanking each and everyone for saving her life, she turned to Brian. Turning towards Brian, Tina said in those few moments, if I was on my own, everything could have been different. She was grateful her husband of three decades was there to save her life. Tina's niece was so happy her aunt survived that she knew she had to honor this story. Little did Tina and her niece know that this story would go viral. As a permanent reminder of this incredible experience Tina had, her niece Maddie shared this story on Instagram along with the image of a tattoo. On her wrist, Maddie had those words tattooed, down to the child like writing. Here's her message to the world. She was put on a defibrillator and after miraculously waking up the first thing she did, unable to speak, because she was intubated, was asked for a pen, and in my cousin's journal wrote It's Real, recalled Maddie. The people in the room asked what's real. And she responded by pointing up to heaven with tears in her eyes, wrote Maddie on Instagram. Her story is too real not to share, and has given me a stronger confidence in a faith that so often goes unseen. Someone near Tina had a permanent reminder or her experience. On Instagram, nearly 30,000 people found this story incredible. They all encouraged Tina, sending their best wishes and celebrating her being alive. Tina replied to the photo that was shared on Facebook, adding that she may get a similar tattoo in the future. Although the world has different ideologies and religions, we all strive to find peace in the afterlife. Tina's message saying it's real is an inspiration for those that wish for tranquility.  We don't usually like to talk about death, but Tina was there and came back. This is indeed a miracle. Swade Silver was the tattoo artist that inked Maddie's wrist. He said that the tattoo was a special opportunity for him to learn about this story. He encouraged his friends and followers to read this story. Many other people had shared their NDE and visions after they, or their loved ones had briefly visited the other side. Although scientists believe that our brains create these images through high-frequency brainwaves, people claim they have been to heaven. Take for instance another person like Tina. Brian Miller had a major heart attack and was left unconscious for 45 minutes. In those 45 minutes, he was able to see his departed family members and even visit heaven. In an interview with Fox News, Miller said he saw the light and just kept walking towards it.  A woman named Crystal McVee was dead for nearly 10 minutes. Crystal said she saw two angels, what I saw and felt was just this beautiful, radiant, glowing light. That's the only word I can even think to describe it. She believes she saw the holy trinity. Another NDE story includes butterflies. Eben Alexander was in an accident in 2012, and he went to the other side and was surrounded by butterflies. He was in heaven and a woman told him he had nothing to fear. Is heaven really real or not? Tina would definitely say it is indeed real.