So if his professional life isn't solid, if his emotional life isn't solid, if there's contention in his life, a man nor a woman can show up fully in a relationship. So to the extent that they can go fully invest in a relationship is based on how solid the foundation of their life is. Do they have a contentious relationship with an ex? That's gonna create an imbalance to life. They have contentious issues with children. Do they have contentious professional issues? And most importantly, do they love themselves? You know, a lot of people are so deeply wounded from their childhood traumas and adult traumas that it makes it difficult to fully invest in another human being because they're operating from a very empty self-love cup.


Hi everyone, Joe for jaskiescasebreaks.com with a quick little sell-o-pack break of Prism basketball This is number 71 with eight mixer spots being given away in the that luka mixer Let's do the break first big. Thanks all these folks here. Let's roll it. Let's randomize it One and three four times for each list So the randomizer will be at the end for this just as usual four times for the teams and for Not Austin, but Boston Celtics to Chicago sub-colon. What's going on? All right, so there's your list right here Anthony with the Pelicans rich with the Grizzlies could be interesting in this little sell-o-pack Now I think we just need to do one more of these sell-o-pack break Let me actually double check that before I say this on wax Because we're giving away eight in this right? Yeah, I think we just need to do I think we just need to do Sell-o-pack number 72 which is already on the site To sell out that mixer All right, so TWC trade window closed Here's RT 71 Good luck. It's Tyler hero green and Silver Zion silver jaw No, do who to Murray though 72 is sold out. Oh, okay. Well, then I'll go through I got about a million hours to go through after this, but We'll figure out what filled first and that mixer in another sell-o-pack coming up a little bit later tonight. Thanks all right, so that's the break nothing really huge in there, but The huge thing here is figuring out who gets those a mixer spots Top eight after four one and three good luck one two three and Fourth and final time big. Thanks everybody who gave this a shot. Congrats to ASA Daniel Anthony Aaron Zach Zach Derek and TJ Leonard. Congrats to you guys You'll be in the mixer Appreciate everybody else giving it a shot. We'll we'll try again in pack 72. I'm Joe. I'll see you for that one a little bit later Bye-bye


Hello everyone, welcome to the last class on advanced characterization techniques. So, in the course of this series, we have gone through you know the basics of x-ray diffraction and scattering. We have studied small angle x-ray scattering as well as grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering. Then we also studied electron diffraction and finally, we studied some spectroscopic technique using x-rays. In the last class, we had studied a few things about neutrons and in the final lecture today, we are going to extend what all we studied about neutrons to a technique which we had studied earlier that is small angle scattering. In the earlier classes, we had gone through small angle x-ray scattering and we had also realized what are the advantages of using neutrons. And therefore, in the present class, we are going to extend the same geometry or the same concept of small angle scattering to neutron scattering. So, as we had discussed earlier that interaction of photons with matter can lead to scattering or as well as diffraction. Now, scattering of x-rays is essentially from electrons and we had seen earlier in the last class that scattering of neutrons is from the nucleus. We had also seen now this slide is almost borrowed from what I had shown you during small angle x-ray scattering that this is what is your diffraction where your incident x-rays or for that matter neutrons interact with the lattice planes and which occurs at a very small level of the order of the wavelength of the incident x-rays or neutron. While when we talk about scattering, scattering occurs at a higher length scale and small angle scattering most of the times is from interfaces. Now, this is what we had seen earlier also and the same concept remains valid even for neutron scattering. However, I hope you remember that in the last class, we had seen that depending on the energy, we can get neutrons of very different wavelengths. And therefore, we can see a variety of objects theoretically. I hope you appreciate that we can see a lot of wide range of objects using neutron diffraction compared to x-ray diffraction. This is precisely because we have neutrons in the energy range in a wide energy range which in turn gives us a wide wavelength regime. Having said that generally most of the neutron scattering or small angle neutron scattering also has the same size regime as that of small angle x-ray scattering. As we had seen earlier that at the very small length scale, we have very large angle and this constitutes the normal diffraction. As we have for x-ray, we have similar condition for neutron diffraction also. However, at large length scales, we get smaller angle. However, I am now going to say something which may kind of surprise you. We are talking about small angle neutron scattering and in the last class or in the couple of classes before, we talked about small angle x-ray scattering. However, this term small angle within codes is actually a misnomer because if at all we are having a change in wavelength, the angle at which we are getting scattering is going to change and this is particularly valid for neutrons where we can get a wide variety of wavelengths. Therefore, the correct term should be actually low q or low k diffraction for what we term as small angle scattering and normal wide angle scattering can be referred to as high q diffraction or scattering. So, this is just the kind of terminology that has kind of stuck with the technique. But I hope you appreciate that in small angle scattering, we are mostly dealing with what is happening at very low q values while at higher q values or k values, we deal with wide angle x-ray scattering which is the conventional intensity versus 2 theta plot. So, let us move over from there and I would just like to remind you again that the small angle neutron scattering theory is exactly similar to that of small angle x-ray scattering theory and for most practical applications, we are having the same size regime as we have for small angle x-ray scattering. But the big advantage that small angle neutron scattering offers because of the use of neutrons is that we can penetrate deeper. We can penetrate deeper within containers which are made of metallic materials and containing various soft matter like your polymers and what all things are happening to it as a function of flow or applied stress and therefore, we can study the rheological as well as flow behavior of the soft matter using small angle neutron scattering. At the same time a big advantage that neutrons offer over x-rays is their ability to detect light elements. So, particularly this is very important when it comes to biological materials and therefore, small angle neutron scattering has extensive application in biological, chemical as well as ferrofluid materials. Here again for ferrofluids, you know that neutrons are sensitive to the magnetic moment and therefore, can give us information about the magnetic structure. So, all this information is obtained using small angle neutron scattering which is generally not obtained in small angle x-ray scattering. One more important thing that we had stressed in the last class was about the ability of neutrons to separate between isotopes. Now, this ability of neutrons can be used to get better contrast. We will talk about this in the couple of slides, but I hope you appreciate that the advantages of neutrons over x-rays can be exploited in this technique to get relevant information from our experiment. So, just to revise and put things in perspective, I hope you remember that we had this sample on which whether neutrons or electrons are getting you know kind of their incident and we see that it scatters the incident beam. And you see if Ki is your incident beam wave vector and Kf is your scattered wave vector you know we had defined our scattered wave vector Q as Q is equal to 4 pi sin theta by lambda. And the overall intensity that we got on the screen or our detector is nothing but phi is nothing but the distribution of particles and PQ is nothing but the form factor. If you remember like this contribution comes from all the atoms that constitute our particle and the SQ is nothing but the structure factor right and the structure factor comes because of the arrangement of these particles. So, this theory is exactly similar to that of small angle x-ray scattering. So, again if you remember we had two regimes right we had the Koiner regime and the Porot regime. The Koiner regime was valid at Q max Rg less than or equal to 1 this product Q max is nothing but your wave vector right into Rg where Rg is the radius of gyration which was for sphere as square root of 5 by 3 times at the radius of the sphere. So, it gives you the slope of this line minus Rg square by 3 if you plot line of intensity versus Q square this is our Koiner regime. However at high Q now mind you this higher Q is not the high Q regime which corresponds to the wide angle scattering. But at high Q regime we see that line of i is proportional to Q power minus 4 and we see that from this information about what all slope we get we can get information about the shape of the particle right this is what we did in small angle x-ray scattering. Now the same concept can be borrowed and applied directly to small angle neutron scattering. Having said that let us try to see one particular thing or rather one particular concept that is not seen or not quite prominent in x-rays and that is the ability to separate between the isotopes. But before we go there let us kind of rebuild and revise how actually scattering occurs. So all of us are aware that any particle if we take the particles are characterized by a scattering density right which is rho of r. Now this rho of r or the density of scattering depends on what all atoms are there right so the particle which comprises of atoms. So the scattering tendency of the particle is nothing but the summation of scattering tendency or scattering ability of all these atoms right.  Now it has to be averaged over the volume of the particle and therefore the scattering density is nothing but summation Bi over rho. Now these particles are not standing alone instead most of the cases these particles are there in a solution right. So we also have to assume like what is the density of the solvent under consideration so let it be say rho 0. So if at all our neutrons were to pass through a solution comprising of a solvent of scattering density rho 0 and particle with scattering density rho of r where r is a function of the location of the particle the intensity that we get can be given by this formula. Here mind you look what we are having over here so this is the difference in the scattering density of the particle and the solvent and this is what gives us the contrast. So this is the resultant scattering density. Here again the value of Q which we had seen the wave vector is nothing but 4 pi sin theta by lambda right and you see this exponential term and you see it is proportional to d cube r right and the whole thing square. So this is again very similar to our structure factor right and this also accounts for the size part. So moving on the form factor is related as we had seen in case of small angle X-ray scattering also to the scattering density.  Now this is very similar to what we got in case of diffraction right the intensity that we get is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude right. The same over here and this f of Q is nothing but the difference in the scattering density of the particle and the solution right or the solvent okay. So this is the f of Q term similarly if you remember the structure factor which we had calculated in small angle X-ray scattering has remains the same when it comes to small angle neutron scattering and it has to do with the spatial position of the particles. So see we have a form factor which depends on the size and shape of the particle while the structure factor is decides the or rather is dependent on the spatial position of the particles and here you can see that r alpha and r beta are nothing but you know nothing but the spatial coordinates of the two particles. So and there is a big summation sign and everything is averaged for the particle under consideration okay. So now let us move ahead so you see that we do have a excess amplitude or contrast length so this is very important. So this is what we want to maximize in small angle X-ray scattering in order to get a estimate of the shape as well as size of the particle in the solution we need to maximize the contrast right and this is what is the contrast right. So I would like to remind you that this is your scattering ability was nothing but summation bi over v okay. Isn't it rho is equal to summation bi over v into dq and r. So what we get over here is actually a contrast length and this is the term the term on your right hand side which we want to maximize. Now in order to get sufficient signal sufficient number of particles must be there right like if the particle size is very small you should have sufficient number of these particles very small particles in your solution. So that you get good enough signal and from this signal you can decipher the size shape as well as distribution of these particles in the solvent and in order to do this you have to make certain approximations and we assume that all particles should be identical right their orientation is random. We have lower concentration so that there is no interference of scattering cause from one particle with that of cause by the other particle. Another important thing is we ideally like a two component system so you have a solvent and your particle right which is which may be a macro molecule you don't like you know any interaction taking between these two and having the presence of third phase. So in this case the situation is very clean and you can do very easy analysis of your sample and get information about the size shape as well as distribution of the particle under consideration. So before I proceed you see here the contrast term the contrast length that I have shown over here we have just noted down for different nucleus mind you this contrast term is for nucleus I had mentioned that you know it is for different atoms but mind you our neutrons we should remember that neutrons do not interact with the means they do interact with the atom but they do not interact with the electron cloud of the atom but with the nucleus of the atom and you see for light elements we do have different values and very good values you know light as well as heavy elements. Another important thing is look what we are having here hydrogen and deuterium and as I had mentioned that you know they have different scattering cross section here again we see that they have different scattering length not only the magnitude is different but also their sign is different and this is where lies the biggest you know advantage of neutron diffraction you know that most of the biological systems comprises of hydrogen. So many a times we can play and replace hydrogen with deuterium and try to get or improve the contrast now this is something that is very difficult to do using small angle or rather it should be not possible it is not possible in small angle X-ray scattering okay. So again let us go back and try to work on this you know macromolecule solvent stuff so scattering due to solvent and macromolecule needs to be separated right like at the end of the day we are getting signal from both the solvent as well as the macromolecule that we are studying. So we need the overall scattering is essentially rho r rho of r is rho v plus rho f r where rho v is your average scattering density of the particle now this comes from the particle while rho f of r comes from the fluctuation about this mean now this is caused essentially because of the interaction of the particle okay with the solvent and therefore the scattered intensity I hope you appreciate can be given as nothing but rho v which we have over here minus rho 0 square i v q plus rho v minus rho 0 i v f q and plus i f q term so you know this fluctuation term also plays a very important role in deciding the intensity right and this is where it comes the overall intensity so if at all we have to see contrast we have to change this fluctuation right and this will happen how this will happen again this will happen by changing the interaction between the solvent and the macromolecule so that is what I mean that you know we can modify rho 0 by mixing H2O or what or D2O deuterium oxide right so if you have a particular solvent you can add water in it right or you add heavy water that is D2O in it now this will ensure that our i v q as well as i f q can be determined from the contrast series right like once all one in one case you have only your solvent and macromolecule in the other case you add water and in the other case you add D2O and then you compare right so your i v let us go back and see what is your i v i v is the scattering density of the means the intensity due to scattering by the particle while i f is actually due to the fluctuation part right and the fluctuation is going to change as we change the solvent so it is a bit mathematically involved but I hope you appreciate by changing different you know solvents we can get some information having said that there is however you know there are however two problems the first problem is that there is perturbation in the solvent at the interface like if you change the solvent there is almost always some perturbation so the perturbation level may change at the same time what may happen like if you are changing something with say hydrogen right if you are just in a solvent if you are putting water what may happen is the hydrogen iron which is in your macromolecule may get exchanged with the water the hydrogen iron in the water that you are adding it will things will get even more problematic if your hydrogen is replaced with deuterium but having said that it is still the aforementioned technique of you know what you know changing the contrast by adding hydrogen and hydrogen water and d2o is quite valid and as we move ahead we again come across this intensity versus intensity as function of q term which is nothing but i0 plus we see here radius of gyration q square by three term now this is again similar to what we had got using small angle x-ray scattering the only difference that we have over here is that in this case again your scattering ability or scattering density is a function of you know you see for your particle okay as well as but you have to subtract it from that of the solvent I am invariably using particle and macromolecule you know as as meaning the same though you should keep in mind that you know these macromolecules are pretty large and they can agglomerate and form a small particle okay so this is what we talked about was actually what is known as contrast variation so you know that compounds with close scattering length give low contrast that is because if the two atoms are having the same two elements are having the same same scattering ability we cannot differentiate between the scattering due to the individual element however small angle neutron scattering offers improvement in contrast by isotope substitution right so instead of if you are having hydrogen why do not you put deuterium right if you want to look for say a particular isotope of nitrogen right instead of n14 you substitute it with n15 right so this gives us the possibility of erasing the scattering from solvent by using normal and deuterated solvent this means you take a solvent which is normal right and then in one which contains water and in the other case you put heavy water and see try to match how the contrast is changing and if you do it that way what we can do is see the whole idea is if we have more than one type of particle right or more than one type of macro molecule what we can do is we can play with the elements and we can glow so it is just like if the entire wall is painted in white you paint the region of interest in black so there is a lot of contrast and if you want to see the outer part what you do is the black region is painted in white and the rest of the region covers into black this is what has been shown over here so you see here what we do is when you are you have two entities right our row one and row two so these are two particles right so now what we do is we do match contrast matching so in contrast matching what actually happens is we look at row two right the particle two and make its contrast similar to that with that of solvent so what actually happens we are not able to differentiate between particle two and the solvent but this gives us the maximum contrast for particle one right so we can now very clearly see the particle one over here fine now what about particle two well we play the same trick now instead of matching the you know scattering ability of the solvent with that of particle two we match it with that of particle one so now particle one is invisible and we see the contrast only of particle two that is great because you know using these two techniques one after the other we have got information not only about particle one but also about particle two which means we have been able to differentiate between two species which have very very close scattering length or scattering ability so you see how by intelligently doing contrast matching we can get information and separate out two species which are having very close scattering tendency let me remind you that this can be done only in small angle neutron scattering because of the sensitivity of neutrons to differentiate between the isotopes of the same elements so this is one of the biggest advantage of going for small angle neutron scattering just to give you some you know kind of feel about where all we can do use small angle neutron scattering I have cited a few examples I would not go back and you know kind of repeat the same things that we did using small angle x-ray scattering because with small angle neutron scattering we can do all the things that we can do using small angle x-ray scattering and therefore in the next couple of slides I am going to show you certain things which you can do only with small angle neutron scattering right so if you remember small angle x-ray scattering or for that matter any x-ray scattering or diffraction experiments is always are always limited by the penetration depth of x-rays while if you want to study flow behavior right of a polymeric hydrogels polymers or polymer composites polymer nano clay composites well there is no way like we have to apply stresses on it right or to make the polymer flow now how do we do that well we need containers and that is what has been shown over here the common coitre flow cell geometry as well as the cross section of common flow which are used in small angle neutron scattering environment now keep this thing in mind like you know like all these containers contain our polymer or hydro gel of interest and we are going to apply stresses on it right shear stress or to see how they are flow we are going to actually squeezing the material into these cavities now how do we get signal and how do we see how the structure is evolving as a function of say stress or flow remember in order to actually get some information our probe has to have the ability to pass through these containers and gather important information from the polymer or hydro gel under consideration now this is absolutely impossible with small angle x-ray scattering right even if you are using a synchrotron the synchrotron will not the synchrotron radiation will not penetrate through these containers and we will not get good signal however small angle neutron scattering due to its high penetration depth can give us some signal and we can really study in situ the flow behavior how the rearrangement of the particles right of the particles is taking place or the nano clay polymer composite how the flow behavior as well as the reorientation can be easily studied using small angle neutron scattering this is what has been shown over here and you see here we have a biopolymer that was subjected to a shear strain of 145 percent and this is how the pattern goes you see we do see some kind of an elongation over here right and what all information we have this is the experimental part we can incorporate again go back and you know kind of simulated and get this value which has been shown over here now this is done using again commercially available softwares or which are available at the neutron sources various neutron sources in the world and are very similar to the softwares that we use for small angle x-ray scattering but having said that the input that we are taking one is your structure factor and the other one and more most importantly is our form factor so you see we can get very nice information you know from the simulations and we can predict how the particles have sheared as a function of strain not only that we can also get the annular intensity average and this is what we plotted over here and also the sector average 1D scattering which clearly shows that there is a difference in the scattering tendency of the particles perpendicular and parallel to the direction of straining right and here again we see what is very important that there is indeed some reorientation of phases or particles in the bio polymer right so you see like how we can use this and get in information during in situ experiments right as a function of stress or flow behavior in polymers using small angle neutron scattering now as I had mentioned and as we also appreciated in the last class that small angle x-ray means x-ray scattering and neutron scattering or for that matter x-ray and neutron can be used as complementary sources so here I am going to present a small example from a very old paper which is on silicon carbon nitrogen ceramics and here both small angle x-ray scattering and small angle neutron scattering were used to actually characterize the material so this composites were prepared using pyrolysis of poly-cellul carbodyl my precursor at 1373k to obtain silicon 24.4 carbon 42.4 nitrogen 33.2 ceramic now these ceramics were amorphous up to 1673 that is 1400 degree centigrade and here you see after running at 1400 degree centigrade we do get some peaks indicating the crystalline nature okay but below this temperature it is absolutely amorphous but this is about wide angle x-ray scattering now let us go and look at what happens in small angle scattering so on my left hand side I have the small angle x-ray scattering data and on my right hand side I have my small angle neutron scattering data here again you see what we have you see here 15 n so here we have substituted right the nitrogen with its isotope while here we have the native nitrogen right the native nitrogen so now let us compare the 1100 one sample with 15n and the native n now you see the 1100 one is comprising of this style over here and you see where it goes so it goes over here somewhere right so it is here and the 1100 with the native nitrogen is a triangle and you see where it goes oh it goes over here so oh my god we do have a difference right theoretically we were not supposed to have this difference isn't it because as we know x-ray scattering is not sensitive to isotopes however this may be an exception and this can be attributed to some problem during the processing however if you go back and look at the silicon carbide SIC with n native centered at you know rather annealed at 1300 degree centigrade you see that it goes somewhere over here right this one right so we see that here in this region there is almost a bit of mass so let us assume that you know there is not much of a difference right and here again one point that I would like to emphasize is that though we talked about the difference between 1100 15n and native n you see the almost behavior right in this region it is almost parallel right so you remember at very low k if you are getting a parallel region this corresponds to what well this corresponds to in this region well let us not talk about it but it corresponds to the porod regime find you mind you this is in negative right so now if you go to the small angle neutron scattering so let us look at 1300 degree centigrade curve so you have these squares which are over here and here once you go you see with the native nitrogen right so this you see there is a huge bit of contrast right you see huge bit of contrast where very here is you see lot of contrast right in fact it is characteristically different right once you have a native nitrogen and here where you have the isotope right so you see how much contrast we get using small angle neutron scattering we saw that you know increase in temperature like let to the signal shift at lower edge values now this edge is similar to q or k that we had used now even then at low k right your low edge we saw a linear behavior which is similar to the porod regime now here you see here we do not see that right so you see the contrast we are getting different information right from these two scans though the range of the q is same so see with small angle x-ray scattering this is more of a linear log log straight line this is the slope will be about minus 2 to the power minus 4 right so around minus 4 so actually this indicates the porod regime see here you see we see a nice porod regime right while here no porod regime is valid so you see depending on the wavelength and the character whether you are using x-ray or neutron we can get different regime so I just wanted to emphasize that you know we cannot just blindly take the entire theory of small angle x-ray scattering and extended to neutron scattering and there indeed are differences right and here again we saw that isotope substitution gave very much it gave quite a bit of contrast or characteristic difference in small angle neutron scattering right so this is how our study should aim right like you start with normal wide angle x-ray diffraction and then you can do small angle x-ray as well as small angle neutron scattering I am not going to go in details of this particular observation but let us go ahead and look at one of the best advantage of neutrons that is its ability to separate to get information about the magnetic structure so this example from a paper by Copitsa et al what we have done is there is what they have done is there is iron manganese alloy right which has shape member effect right so that they remember once you change you it as a function of stress and go from you know austenite one phase to other phase they remain remember its shape so we used polarized neutrons in transmission mode right and I have not gone given the details but in this case these are nice metallic materials right so we instead of having a suspension these were rolled plates of about 3 millimeter thickness right now you cannot imagine even synchrotron light to pass through 3 millimeters of iron manganese alloys right a sheet of iron manganese alloys which is about 3 millimeter thick even if the synchrotron radiation can penetrate the signal will be very very weak however neutrons can easily penetrate and by monitoring the transmission signal you can see that there was very small they were able to see that there is very small catering which essentially indicated that there is low magnetic heterogeneity not only that they also added carbon and nitrogen again you can add directly or you can add that respective isotopes you can add carbon 12 or carbon 14 or nitrogen 14 and nitrogen 15 however this study they have not done but you always have this option to maximize the contrast and this is what has been shown over here so you see that the momentum dependence on intensity so this is our momentum transfer or q of sands for silica doped iron manganese alloys you see that the difference in intensities of scattering is due to because of carbon and nitrogen so this way we can study what happens due to addition of trace elements or interstitial elements on the overall shape memory effect which has tremendous metallurgical as well as mechanical applications right so again using only and this can be done only using small angle neutron scattering because we cannot get any information about the magnetic structure using x-ray scattering so to summarize I hope you appreciate that small angle neutron scattering offers us a very powerful tool to study objects between 1 to 100 nanometers it can be used or rather it is used widely for several applications in the field of biology chemistry polymers as well as ferrofluids the most important advantage is the contrast variation method for analysis of density in samples containing more than one compound so we can get different materials right different kind of phases which are present right in the same material we are able to separate them in a much better way using small angle neutron scattering and this aspect which I have not touched about but as we already know there are very good softwares right which are available for analyzing small angle x-ray scattering as well as small angle neutron scattering data and we can reconstruct the size shape as well as distribution of the particle under consideration with small angle neutron scattering we can also use to get information about the size shape and distribution of the mic or rather the macro molecule you know which are of the order of which fall in the same size regime so with this we come to the end of this module having said that I hope I have been able to show you or rather give you a glimpse of the entire spectrum of advanced characterization technique that use diffraction scattering as well as spectroscopy principles the major aim of this module was to just expose you to all these techniques so that you are you become aware I have not really gone into greater details and there are plenty of text available on these techniques I therefore request you to go through the text which will be shown which is on the website where you can see what all textbooks can be offered having said that let me remind you that all these techniques what we have used are very much dependent on the instruments that we are having and therefore the best information can be obtained at the facility which offers all these techniques so the main point is if at all you are going to carry out a synchrotron diffraction or scattering experiment or neutron diffraction or neutron scattering experiments it is always suggested to spend some time at that particular facility and carry out your experiments with this I will wish you all the best for your advanced characterization techniques which we will probably find use at some time in your academic career thank you.


If salvation is not of works, then why would the Bible say to work out your own salvation? Unfortunately, many Christians haven't fully grasped or understood what it actually means to be a Christian. So when we hear these these passages such as in Philippians 2-12 where Paul writes to work out your own soul salvation or work out your own salvation, depending on what passage or what translation you're listening to or reading, there might be a little bit of confusion that comes in and unfortunately, it really doesn't need to be there and so obviously we need to go to the text and look and see because it doesn't mean that we have to work something out in order to gain our salvation. So let's just go to the text. To kind of keep it in context, let's start in verse 1 of Philippians 2 and he says, So if there is any encouragement in Christ, any comfort from love, any participation in the spirit, any affection and sympathy, complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord of one mind. Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves. Let each of you look not only on his own interests, but also the interests of others. Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ. He says, of course, here's a famous passage that we quote often. He says, Who though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied himself by taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men and being found in human form. He humbled himself by becoming obedient to the cross.  But what I'm saying is what I'm getting ready to say is that portion that we just read from verses 6 through 8, that's not the meat of the text. That's not the main point. He's given an example or showing the heart of what this text is about and he's using Christ as an example. So back to it, verse 9, Therefore, God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is above every name so that at the name of Jesus every knee would bow or should bow in heaven and on earth and under the earth and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father. Here it is. Therefore, well, when we read therefore, this is what the there is for. This is what is there for based upon what we just read. My beloved, as you have always obeyed, as you have always obeyed, so now only as in my presence, but much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling. And so before we go back to the text, I want to kind of look at something that, again, the English carries it out wonderfully, but we might miss it a little bit and so I want to show you something that is also brought out even more in this passage. When you look at the word that's used here, look over here to the right side where we look at the Greek. And here is this word, categaxaphe, which is, it's to work, but it means to kind of work to prepare to kind of subdue, as you see. In other words, it kind of means to bring under control whatever it is that you're doing. Well, in this case, this is in relation to salvation. So let's read it. Notice also before, and the word order in the Greek is a little bit different in the English, he says with fear and trembling, the salvation of yours, work, subdue it, get under control, make, prepare. So the point he's making is, as he says, with fear, and the word is, not just I'm scared, but in honor, in reverence, in awe, work. That's his whole point. That's the whole point that Paul is making because of what's happened to us, because of what's in us, because of this attitude, because of in light of what all God has done, work. How do I know? Let's, let, now let's read the rest of the passage and let's see if what I'm saying makes even more sense. Verse 13 he says, for it is God who works in you both to will and to work for his good pleasure. So that really is the key. Who is it that works in us? Who's, who's actually doing the work? It's not really us. It says that it's God who works in us. So in light or in view of what all that's happened, God through his spirit is working in us, through us. And so this is one of these ways, and we have all these different warning passages for believers. This is one of these things that he's kind of telling us, make sure you're working. Guys, if you're not working, if there are no fruits, if there's nothing that you're doing, then the light ought to go off. There needs to be something that makes you kind of scratch your head. Hmm, am I a believer? Because in light of my salvation, what should I be doing working? In light of who's in me, the spirit of God, what should I be doing? I should be working. Now, is he saying to what degree? How to compare it with the next person? No, he's not saying that because someone else's work to the view of somebody else might look greater. Your works might look greater than mine. Mine might look greater than his. And so it's not according to how we see it, but obviously according to how he sees it. And it's him, God, that is working in us. And if he's working in us, if the spirit wants to work in us and we're not working, then guess what, guys? Maybe the spirit is not in us. But, good indication, if the spirit is in us, then what? We should be working. And so Paul says a view of what's taken place and who is in us work. Amen.


This is stock number 10465. We are here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used heavy-duty truck headquarters and Ram headquarters. Today we are checking out this extremely clean 2018 Ram 2500 crew cab short box Laramie Sport. This vehicle has the 6.7 liter Cummins diesel and And it has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off The truck has been gone through mechanically 100% per our state of Wisconsin state inspection process requirements and is 100% ready to go Bright white is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p 60 frames per second So I highly recommend you turn your HD capabilities on your computer tablet or smartphone device If you have HD capabilities because it is like you're right here looking at the truck with me and definitely your best way to Check out the vehicle quality and condition wise before seeing it in person has some nice Oral stepbars and it has hostile 22 inch Painted and polished aluminum rims. No scuffs or scrapes on these rims and it has amp Terrain attack tires. These are LT 3 25 50 R 22s and they have probably about I'd say 70% of the tread left 80% Right around there. You can see it has the Bilstein shocks and it has a leveling kit I'd say that's probably about a two inch leveling kit there Maybe two and a half inch right around their frame and under by is extremely clean The Sport package gives you the projector lamp headlamps the LED running lights factory fog lights front bumper parking sensors You get the ram stamped grill part of the 2018 edition and the hood is an excellent condition as well Passengers side fender no dents or dings on that and the passenger side rim No scuffs or scrapes on that and that is in really nice condition as well As you go down this side the truck take note of how clean the body is how reflective and mirror like that paint is We take these HD videos So if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down You can see the truck here the truck and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here So that when you do get here there are absolutely no surprises Cab is an excellent shape and Down this side very very clean Didn't see any dents didn't see any dings very nice condition lower rockers are all in excellent shape and the frame and underbody Very very clean has all the remaining factory exhausts lower rockers look good and we take these videos Because we also offer a summit auto fast-pass option in the upper right hand party screen a link right to our website Where you can apply for financing get pre-approved see a payment quote even appraise the trade all from the comfort of your own home So when you get here, you'll be all ready to go Back tires they look like they have just a little bit more tried than the front tires and the rest of that frame is an excellent shape But that's why we do the videos So you can make a smart buying decision from the comfort of your own home And when you get here all you got to do is drive the truck and love it Rear bumpers absolutely perfect back of parking sensors full towing package which includes receiver hitch 4-pin and 7-pin wiring and that tailgate is an excellent shape as well It has a locking tailgate as well as a backup camera and a spray-in bed liner Bed is in very nice condition a couple little light-duty scuffs, but nothing too bad That tailgate shuts nice and solidly Bad rail covers and tailgate cover are in nice shape and down the rest of the side of the truck Just as clean as that passenger side We want to make sure you get the most accurate representation. So there's no surprises when you get here Or if you get the truck shipped to you, you'll know exactly what you're getting back rim is Very nice as well and down the rest of the side of the truck. I Didn't see any dents or things in the doors It does have the heated power folding mirrors with built-in directional signals, and you do get the entering-go system on those doors there Inside the Laramie package or I should say the Laramie Sport package gives you the black leather seats Memory driver's seat with lumbar. You can always tell if they're the sport seats because they're not going to say Laramie on the backrest Um It's got a little bit cleaner look to them than the Laramie seats all weather formats throughout auto headlamps power pedals and Power windows power locks and power mirrors these mirrors do power fold in and I always like showing both sides Make sure that both sides are working And they are as we hop inside the truck here. You can see that this one has 13,000 487 miles You get these seven inch LCD display digital speedometer outside temp Trip for the trailer time Compass you can change those corners to anything you want, but instrument cluster is very nice and clean you get a heated leather wrap steering wheel cruise controls on the right Bluetooth and information center controls on the left and audio controls in the back of the steering wheel You get these six-speed automatic transmission. You also get the 8.4 4c radio so you get AM FM and serious XM radio capabilities You also get Android Auto and Apple CarPlay capabilities so you can project your cell phone to the screen This one has the factory navigation on it, which I believe comes with the Travel link service and all that good stuff. You'd have to check the original window sticker on this one But anyways, you can do your climate controls here You got dual climate control control them all up there You can also do your heated and cooled seat buttons as well as check out your backup camera without even putting it in reverse Can connect your cell phone to it Bluetooth to talk through the speakers you have your turned-out four-wheel drive if you don't like doing the climate control up there You can do it down here. You'll get a factory brake controller heated cool seat and heated seat buttons down here as well Stability control to haul factory exhaust brake in those front and rear parking sensors You can turn those off and on you do get keyless entry with remote start on the key fob And it is a hundred there is a hundred fifteen volt hundred fifty watt plug in there as well All-weather floor mat on that side and the passenger seat is absolutely perfect No rips or tears and this truck has never been smoked in smells very clean inside You can see you get the speakers in the ceiling part of the Alpine premium Audio system you get your map lights up there power slide in your window and your home link buttons for your garage Door security systems and lighting systems.  I'd highly Also highly recommend this truck from a quality and conditions standpoint I don't think You'd be disappointed in it if you came from anywhere Engine base very clean runs very smooth this truck has been fully safety then inspected by our service shop has a fresh oil and filter change all the fluids have been checked and topped off and This truck is 100% ready to go To see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars trucks SCVs minivans Wranglers half tons three quarter tons one tons you name it We got it go to our website WWW that's summit auto comm full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at summit auto comm And if you like to check out more HD videos you can go to youtube comm slash summit auto Remember to like subscribe and share on this video and all the videos that you see there In fact in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel on your left a link to more Ram 2500 truck videos like this one on your right if you've not been to our website on the bottom link to this vehicle On our website click those check us out and we're super excited to help you with this ultra clean 2018 Ram 2500 crew cab Shortbox Laramie sport edition with the Cummins diesel. Thanks again


See, Briggs, he can make his little jokes about the self and about me and you know, Danny's script and the bottom of the barrel.  All that tells me is that he lacks his energy, he lacks positive energy. I thought I'd give him a hand and bring on the master of positive energy.  Trendy bike car, gentrifier, reason that my brain is higher.  So let's not talk about barrels yet, Briggs-y, frick.


Welcome to this special CUBE conversation. As part of our recognition of cybersecurity awareness month, Steve Keniston is here as a senior cybersecurity consultant at Dell Technologies, Steve, good to see you. Good to see you, Dave. Glad to be back on theCUBE. So look, lots has changed in cyber over the last couple of years and we want to update the audience on the major trends. I want to start with the AI heard around the world. I would argue that prior to the announcement of chat, the good guys, the technology vendors had more access to AI. In fact, I would say most access to AI. And then all of a sudden open AI releases all these tools. Now you're getting, the bad guys have more access and could do more bad things. How has that affected sort of what you've seen in the trend landscape? Well, the first thing I would ask is, you really think that's fair ground, Dave? The AI only used by the technology vendors? I know, definitely not only, but I would say that they predominantly had the best AI tech and then like take phishing emails, for instance, how many bad phishing emails have you seen over the years? And I think, I actually think they're getting better, right? Cause you can run them through chat GPT or give me some malicious code that AI will generate for you. So I would say in general, I think the consensus is, I wonder if what you think about this is that initially the release of chat GPT helps the bad guys, but over time we'll reach some kind of equilibrium that might even help the good guys. What do you think about that? I actually like where you're going with that, Dave, cause I think in my mind I have two avenues or two paths at which gen AI can really be helpful towards cyber security. Well, not to both avenues being helpful. One avenue is how are the bad guys going to leverage it and what are they going to be able to do to you? And then one is, is how is it going to be helpful to a lot of the security tools and technology that are out there that are actually going to be used to combat a lot of those threats. But that's really all kind of at the end. I don't know a lot of vendors that have put a lot of gen eight, gen AI into their solutions yet. It's something that we're definitely looking at. But the real question then becomes, you know, do you have a solid foundation in your environment, a solid infrastructure to be able to have a secure environment? What are you looking to do? What have you been doing? Things like reducing your attack surface. Things like being able to detect and respond to threats. Things like being able to recover from a threat. Those are some of the basic foundational building blocks to being able to make sure you have a secure environment. Well, let's talk about, actually I just want to make a comment. I think, you know, you're right. I haven't seen a lot of vendors yet put gen AI because it's generative AI gives you a different answer every time. So that's probably not the best solution. I'm sure there are other ways to certainly of summarizing, you know, maybe automating run books, things like that, which we've already been doing. But come back to reducing the attack surface. What, you know, how do you do that? What are the major trends you're seeing within your customer base as to how they're, you know, effectively achieving that? Yeah, I think there's a list of things you can do to help reduce your attack surface. But a lot of them start with just implementing a zero trust environment, right? Are you doing the things that require you to have a non, an environment where people are not trusted. They're only trusted once they get in and get through the front door and all of the applications behave the same way. They can't just, you know, the castle and moat analogy doesn't work anymore. You can't just come in and use things. So capabilities like multi-factor authentication are being laid out and used a lot these days. And I think it's very helpful. That's a number one way to kind of really help start to reduce that attack surface. Things like roles-based access and getting consistency among who has access to what and what privileges do they have when they're in there. We have things in our backup environment that are a little bit different that they might not think of but things like dual authorization for destructive commands. So you need two people to basically turn that key to the nuclear missile, not just one person. So if you have a rogue employee walking out the door who wants to delete that data pool, you need two people to say, yeah, that's actually the thing we wanna do. So there are some really important things you can do to make sure you're reducing that surface. What I like about what you're saying is the zero trust sometimes is the amorphous concept to people. And you know, when you think about like the NIST framework or the MITRE frameworks, they're really good but they're hard to operationalize. You just gave three examples of the multi-factor authentication, which of course is just good best practice role-based access, which means more granularity and then, you know, two switch authorization. Those are operational policies that you can actually put in place that fit into a more comprehensive zero trust architecture, which of course is, it's a maturity model, right? You know, not like non-zero trust one day and then you wake up and you're zero trust, it's a journey. Yeah, that is the hard thing.  They can be very intimidating to some customers, especially depending on your size and depending on the skill set that you have inside your company dealing with security. We've actually gone a step further at Dell and we've actually announced Project Fort Zero last year or this year at Dell Technology World. And that's a way to basically one-stop shop, purchase a zero trust infrastructure and put behind it the capability that you're gonna need to be able to secure. Not available yet, right? But will be, you know, in time and US Department of Defense is working with Dell to help implement and put a lot of those partners together to take it, it takes a village, right? We like to say security is a team sport, right? A lot of different folks collaborating and putting things together to be able to deliver a true zero trust environment. Yeah, so Project Fort Zero, typically what Dell does is they'll announce something at Dell Tech World as a project and then a year later they'll productize it. We saw that with, you know, Project Frontier and a number of other projects as well. So I would expect that sometime around next May. What about remote work and now hybrid work? You've seen an interesting trend. I mean, obviously remote work changed the world and then you had hybrid work, now you're seeing a lot of people force back to the office so people having to beef up the corporate networks again. So how has that affected just the overall attack surface? Yeah, I think that's one of the number one areas where things like multi-factor authentication can be incredibly helpful, right? So it used to be once you came into that office and you sat at your desktop in your PC, you were inside the corporate firewall, inside the network and you had access to anything that you wanted, right? Now everybody's outside and they have to be able to get in but not everybody has access to everything, right? Before when I was inside I might have had access to everything but I was considered trusted because at my badge I got through the front door that was fine. Now any application that I need, I actually need explicit permission to be able to use and if I have that and I have my multi-factor authentication key card and every time I try to use it I have to authenticate who I am, now I'm getting, the organization is getting more secure and more granular about who has permission to do what and who can actually have access to those corporate jewels. So this point you're making about used to be if I'm behind the firewall I'm safe, it no longer is so that means that threat detection and response becomes much more important. So what are you seeing there as trends and what is Dell doing in that area? Yeah, so we have a number of different tools starting with our managed detection response team that helps to implement some technology in your environment that actually goes and looks to see what's happening, looks at the trends and this is where we talked about gen AI. Dell uses a lot of AI to be able to help capture things like anomalies that are happening within your environment, changes that shouldn't be happening and send a warning. Now in some cases, those warnings might be a false positive, but at least it's a warning that it's not normal and hey, you better pay attention and see what's going on. And our services organization helps to monitor that. So again, along the skills gap range, you have an extra set of eyes who is paying attention to the things that are going on within your environment and you can even graduate that to an XDR, an advanced set of security onsite, looking for these kind of anomalies to be able to send up a warning, help you stop gap what's going on. And we should go back to another great solution that helps you to reduce the attack surface but is caught by this threat detection, this detection response, is doing things like network segmentation. So if I detect an issue within my, let's say my Oracle database for my financials, if it's network segmented only to that area, then the bad actors aren't going to automatically, they might figure it out, but they're not automatically going to get through to my other database, maybe my Salesforce database or some other database, right? So being able to detect and respond and actually mitigate that blast rays, where things are going and that sort of thing, that's all about detecting. What about the backup and recovery strategies? How have they evolved? Prior to the pandemic, a lot of people said that our business resiliency strategy was really based upon DR, which was essentially an architecture that was designed for an event that was going to occur once every 10 years. They said, wow, now the combination of pandemic and increased cyber threats means that our business resilience strategy needs to evolve. And so part of that is being able to recover and that's why a lot of the attackers go after the backup corpus. So what are you seeing as trends there? Yeah, I think with my knowledge and experience in backup, that's right in my wheelhouse. And I see a lot of changes and a lot of trends going on in that space that are very good that a while ago, you might've thought we're negative, but aren't necessarily today. Things like, the first thing I always tell customers is stop architecting for backup. Start architecting for recovery. Today we have tools and solutions that can back up a petabyte of data in the evening. Big deal. If I can't get back the two terabyte database I need that runs my business, I don't care how much data I backed up last night, right? So start thinking about what, first of all, what is it that runs your business and what are you gonna back up and protect and how are you going to do that? And this is where I see one of those trends of, in the day we used to say one backup vendor, simplify your life, make your organization simple. Things like snapshotting, snapshot backups, replicated backups, backups to vaults, right? These all make sense depending on the data type that you have, right? So technologies like snapshot based backups that can do instantaneous recovery and this will get to another point that I wanna make is now I know if I can do instantaneous recovery for that small data set, even though that product might be a little bit more expensive, it's different than my streaming media solution that's backing everything up to tape or big disk drives. I know for a fact I can get the business back up and running really quickly with that solution, right? And I can worry about the 85% of other stuff that is Steve's PowerPoint that nobody really cares about. I can get that back a day or so late, right? But I can get my business back to operational and that's really important. The other nice thing about having solutions that allow you to do things like instantaneous recovery is testing. Remember in the disaster recovery world, you say you didn't have a disaster recovery plan if you didn't test the plan? Same thing happens with your cybersecurity plan. Which you didn't test, it was too risky. It was too risky, but too hard, right? Too difficult, right? But now when I can just mount that VM, recover and mount that VM, test it, make sure it works, I can even use some automation tools which is really becoming more prevalent these days to make sure that Active Directory came up before my LDAP server that became, before my exchange database to make sure that I could actually get to my email when it came up. I can do that now in a matter of a few mouse clicks, right? Or I can automate that and say do this and have my coffee and come back and test it. If it works great and I feel safe, I feel confident that I'm protected, if it doesn't work, then I can change my automation schedule or I can click this, this, that and the other thing and it comes up in the order that I want and boom, now I have that confidence again, right? So that's important. How are customers dealing with tools creep? You think about threat detection. You got intrusion detection, you got to worry about endpoint, you've got the SIM tools that are kind of legacy but have been around, right? And they're part of the compliance and audit makes you have them. So you've still got this tools creep problem. How are you guys solving that? Is you guys come with a one-stop shop? Is it a services play? How are customers dealing with that? Yeah, that's a really good question from the standpoint of it happens. This has been happening throughout IT for decades, right? No matter what the technology was. One of the things that we're doing at Dell, so first of all, there's no one-stop shop, right? I mean, no one vendor does everything 100% the way you would want it, right? But one of the things that Dell has done is we actually have a security team within the organization, within our infrastructure group. That does something to ensure that all the solutions, so servers, networking, storage, data protection, CloudIQ, that they can run a consistent MFA solution or they can run a consistent roles-based access solution or that they can run a consistent, other security solution. And the premise behind that is to say, if a customer has decided that they want to use one of these MFA tools, we can say that we can make your life a lot simpler. You're not learning four or five new different tools for each type of login that you want. You have consistency among all of your tools, right? So that's one way, right? I think another way that's going to help, and we'll get to this a little bit later, is JNAI will be able to help solve some of that in the future, right, but not right now. What should customers think about in terms of incident response planning? I mean, obviously it starts with planning, but how can you help customers sort of update their thinking and their protocols for incident response? Yeah, I think one of the bigger things that happens in incident response planning is the first thing everybody thinks of is this is an IT issue, right? And what are you going to recover first, which is a good part of the plan, right? You got to know what's going to keep the business operational, but all these other things that make a difference, like how do you notify your customers? Who should be notified? Do you have, how does your website operate? Is it partners come to your site and deliver you things? How do you notify your partners so that you can then, in turn, notify your customers? Are you in a regulated industry? What's your communication protocol out to that part of the industry, right? Or out to the consumer base, right? Are you publicly held, right? What do you need to say? All of those things make up an incident response plan. It's not just about the technology components that are in place to help you recover the data to get the business running again. That's 50% of it. The other 50% is who is responsible for the notification? How does that notification go out? Do you notify the police? Do you have to notify the FBI? Who does that? How does that happen?  How do you want me to respond to you? What data do you want me to collect for you? Those are all pieces of that overall incident response plan that you need to have in place. And again, practice that plan. Should I pay the ransom? You know, it's funny. We just did an interesting survey with the Enterprise Storage Group and 57% of the people that paid, paid again to make sure they got all of their data back and they still didn't get it all back, but they paid twice to be as sure as they could be. I mean, you know, don't negotiate with terrorists, but I mean, at the end of the day, we did an onstage interview with a customer at Dell Technology World and they paid, and they paid because they just wanted to be sure to give the confidence to the consumer that by paying, they were doing everything in their power to ensure that everything was back. No, they won't confirm or deny that they got everything, but they went through the motions to make sure that that was gonna happen. There's some legal risks there too, right? If you're paying a rogue state like North Korea, if it happens that the attack came out of North Korea, it's actually illegal to pay a terrorist like you said. So, it's a really complicated situation. You said you want to come back to Gen AI. What do you want to come back to? Is it a, does it help with skills? Does it help with automation? What did you want to sort of touch on? I think the answer to all that is yes, right? I think we know, like you said in the beginning, that Gen AI is going to cause a massive amount of attacks. Just like Gen AI can help you scale your business from a security standpoint to be able to put tools in place and actually monitor what's going on and have all of that be automated, that's fantastic. So can the threat actors, right? The threat actors can now scale. Like you said, they can, any type of different phishing email now they can make sure it's punctuated, not just the right way, but we have seen examples where they purposely misspell words that your boss might misspell, right? So it's like, oh, it's going to be real. He always misspells L or she always misspells that word. So that's going to be from that person, right?  And it's like, all of a sudden there's a problem, right? So I do think it's going to help with the skills gap because I do think in many ways I've done some early investigation in some work and I know you know these guys, the chaos search guys that can actually look at log files and allow you to ask specific questions about what should I be looking for and where so you don't have to have a lot of knowledge but if you ask the right questions it can tell you what to go look for. And so while training is ultimately really, really important not just training your employees not to click on that mail but training your employees in IT of what solutions that they should be going to look at and what's new on the truck that can help them subvert the adversary. These are some ways that you can actually get a lot of that stuff in place before they actually get that deep level of education. But having that education is obviously very, very important because the user can mess up great security any day. I mean some CSO say don't click on links. Well, how can I not click on links? Don't click on links. Well, but if you send me a YouTube, okay if it's coming from me, maybe it's okay but just think twice. Now all of a sudden the lines are great, right? Well me, well what about the CEO? Oh well, that's okay too. Well now, right, now the world's getting bigger, right? So. All right Steve, hey, we'll give you the last word. Thanks for the support and Cybersecurity Awareness Month. It's a big deal and something that I think as part of that security culture forces us all. It's no longer an IT thing. It's no longer just a board thing. It's a middle out everybody thing. Give you the last word. Yeah, I think we're really excited about Cybersecurity Awareness Month. I think what this allows us to do is to really just hopefully provide a great educational platform for folks. Not necessarily talk a lot about products and solutions but talk about things you need to be paying attention to within your environment. Now of course everything costs money, right? So, but what should I be paying attention to? What type of assessment should I be looking at? How can I properly think about where my gaps are in my environment and how do I balance that with risk and also my budget, right? Those three things play this tricky balancing act and we just want to help close that gap. Well, thanks for the good work that you do and the folks at Dell Technologies appreciate your time. Thanks, dude. You're welcome. All right, thank you for watching this CUBE Conversation. This is Dave Vellante and we'll see you next time.


So what is upper supramedial boundary? So can you see the biceps femoris here? You are recording me? Okay, go ahead. So this is the biceps femoris. And you can see it is getting inserted onto the head of the fibula here. Okay, what was the supramedial boundary? Okay, semi-membranosis is deep and going inside, medial. See, this is the semi-membranosis. This is the semi-membranosis. It was attached here. Only thing is because the muscle was quite friable. So when I was dissecting it, it came off, but it was inserted here. It is inserted onto the medial tibial condyle, main insertion. And then it gives an oblique-publicial ligament, if you remember. But we have removed that. So this is the semi-membranosis here. And sitting on top of the semi-membranosis, a tendinous structure. Can you see the semi-tendinosis here? It goes further down. And where does it get inserted to? Onto the anterior medial surface of the upper tibia in sartorius. So this is the insertion of the semi-tendinosis at the goose-foot, goose-feet here. Since we talked about gracilis, this is the gracilis. But this is not a muscle of this compartment. It is a muscle of the medial compartment. Can you see why is it called gracilis? Because it's a graceful tendon. It's very delicate. That's why it is gracilis. And that's why we said clinically it is useful only for rectal incontinence, yes. So we have seen the supralateral boundary, we have seen the supramedial boundary. Semi-tendinosis, semi-membranosis, and we have seen the insertion of this, insertion of that. What was the intramedial boundary? I know. It's strong. So can you see the medial head of the gastrocnemius here? Okay, open the door if you want. I know. You slowly get used to it. Open the door. You can get used to it, don't worry. So the intramedial boundary, the medial head of the gastrocnemius, and the intralateral boundary, lateral head of the gastrocnemius. Okay, so this is one apex of the pulpitil posa, this is the other apex. Okay, going right through from one apex to another, can we see something here? Yes. This is the, normally the sciatic nerve should divide at the junction of the upper two thirds and lower one third, but here it is dividing a little lower down, and this is the sciatic nerve, it is continuing as the tibial nerve, and this is the common fibular. The common fibular runs under cover of the bicep femoris, and then it comes around and winds around the neck of the fibular here, and just now we mentioned in the class, it becomes the superficial and the deep nerve. So this is the common, the superficial fibular, which comes here. Okay, so this is the tibial. We will talk about the tibial on Monday when we talk about the posterior compartment. So this is one content of the, in the morning I was not getting so much, but now I'm getting the, because it was collected there. So this is one content of the sciatic, of the pulpitil posa. Now let's take a look at another one. These are some branches, so you have already guessed it, this one. This is the pulpitil artery. And you can see where does the pulpitil artery become the pulpitil artery. Can you see the adductor hiatus here? My finger has gone inside it. This is the adductor magnus. This is the hamstring part of the adductor magnus, which is inserted in the adductor tubicle. Can you see this opening here? So from here that the femoral artery came through and came on the posterior side and became the pulpitil artery. The next few pictures are diagrammatic representations of the same dissection with clearly labeled structures. Please go through them carefully and note down all the structures that we have discussed just now. Thank you for watching and have a nice day. This is Dr. Sanyal signing out.