Today, we would continue with the human adjustment processes where we were talking about the maintenance needs. Last time, we had discussed four maintenance needs, curiosity, understanding, order and predictability. Today, we would continue with the remaining maintenance needs. The next most important maintenance need is adequacy, which basically is somewhere a greater source of information for oneself in terms of helping you go for auto correction mode, also in terms of realizing what would be sufficient for you given a particular type of situation that you are experiencing and particular type of or a set of expectations that people have from you. So, adequacy that we know somewhere plays extremely important role as to make you realize that find what you have done is adequate enough or you need to do more. Also in terms of say not only complying to the need of the external world, but even in terms of satisfying one's own need, you look at what you have achieved, what were the expectations from you, what you had thought of your own self and then you try to finalize whether it is whatever you have experienced in life, whatever you have finally achieved in life. So, based on your past experiences, what do you consider? Are your achievements sufficient enough or do you want to need to move ahead? Usually in life, once you achieve a target and usually in most of the cases it would be when you are about to achieve the target, human beings have a tendency of sliding the bar little higher. You must have seen in the track and field events for jumps especially, high jump, long jump, pole vault for example, where once you have crossed a limit, then you again make successive attempts just for the sake of record. So, you slide the bar little higher and you again retry to see whether you have achieved that level or not. Now, there is a certain level that you have already achieved, you slide the bar and in case in the games it happens, in case you are not able to do that, your earlier level will be considered good enough for giving you medals. In day to day life, many of us are like that, you set an intermediate target for yourself and while you are able to approach your target, when you know that it is coming your way, very soon it will be there, you just slide it little higher. This basically is a situation where you put yourself under tremendous demand, not only the demand that the environment puts on you, but at the same time you also expect more from you, you think that probably you are able to achieve more and hence you should be trying more and more towards that direction. With respect to adjustment, this whole dynamics plays interesting role because it gives you a reason why to get engaged with the worldly things. So, there is a certain degree of feedback that you take into account, there is certain degree of self appreciation that you take into account, there is certain degree of deficit that you also find I was not able to achieve things this way or up to this level and then all these engagements help you grow in the process, it also keeps you engaged in the process and therefore, it plays a good role in terms of maintaining your mental balance, in terms of helping you out leading a healthy mental life. Then comes the whole sense of competence, how competent you are, now again in the previous case also we found that many of these constructs were interlinked, they were too close to each other. So is the situation here, when you realize that you are competent enough to do something and hence one level again would be that when you realize that you are competent enough to do something and second level where the people in your environment, the other stakeholders would consider you to be competent enough. The more and more know is the sense of competence, now you are full of that self esteem, you consider that these are things that can certainly be achieved, especially in certain cases, I am again trying to now look at couple of situations where the examples could be know two apart in terms of their whole nature, but we are trying to look at it from the competence perspective and how these things finally affect the psychological adjustment. If you look at the different, the life of different heroes, the war veterans, you would realize know that many of them did things which they were not actually expected of, things which their own teammates did not think of, but then and you never thought that know you are competent enough to do that, but somewhere at a given point in time suddenly there is a self realization that perhaps things can be done like this and I can certainly do that and finally you achieved that level. You have a war veteran coming for a talk in the evening, if you read the description, you would find know that type of a situation there, something that the rest of the teammates did not think of, now you think of climbing that know hilt off from the most steepest side and then finally even though you are short with certain bullets, you still know keep on doing what you had planned off. Now, certain sense of realization will come half way when you are trying to achieve a target and this makes you realize that fine I am certainly competent enough to do this. Bullets are not going to stop me, even in 1971 war there was a similar type of an episode, do we have somebody here from Jharkhand, you are from which place, Hazari Bagh, very close to your place know in Ranshi you have a very great war veteran coming from that region, have you heard his name, Albertika, now Albertika was the man, similar type of situation he had experienced during the 1971 war and all he did was know that there was no face to face exchange of fires between the Indian armed forces and the Pakistani armed forces and then this team decided that there could be a possibility of following a longer way out, reaching the Pakistani post from the back and then hitting them because this team could realize that there was one central point from where all these fires were coming. Now, this man now went ahead with that plan in terms of executing it and while he was about to enter that post and there was only one survival, there was only one survivor there in the Pakistani post also. So, the person sitting there with the machine gun could realize that somebody is entering from the back side, so he know turned his gun towards Albertika.  So, he attached it, now you can imagine that you are know completely wounded, you are been know shot with bullets, but then you attach kukri go and finally, he stabbed that person with his kukri, both of them died in the process, but then the Indian armed forces, the remaining forces they got the chance to move ahead. What I am trying to say is that there could be situations that you would have never anticipated in your life, you never thought you are competent enough to do that, but then the situation provokes you. So, the situation makes you realize that you also have the competence of performing something. In terms of competence, if you drag know history from mythology, when Hanuman was know asked to go and search for Sita, his team came to know came close to the seashore and people were lost, they didn't know what to do and then there was somebody in his team Jamwan, who made him realize that you have the competence of flying in the air. So, there could be situations like that also in our life, where you are told by others that you are competent enough to do this, there could be situation like these two war veterans, that you yourself realize that I am capable of doing that and you execute the task. From a psychological view point, the completely diametrically opposite side of it would be a situation what is called as learnt helplessness. This is a very common term used in clinical side of psychology, where you deliberately develop a behavior which is self-defeating, but that makes you realize that you are helpless. You cannot perform now, you cannot do anything, given the type of situation you have been put in. Now, this is basically extreme end where you start compromising with what you are actually capable of. So, we have seen again two extremes of it, one where certain things that you had never thought of in your life.  Second case, where you are not willing to look at your own capabilities and hence you are compromising with your competence, but by and large the very feel that I am competent enough to do this or even many a times realizing and accepting that I do not have the skill to perform this is perfectly okay. It helps you draw lines in your life to say that find these are the things that I will do and these are the things that I am not capable of. Say for example, if you are good at sports, you play badminton very well, you play football very well, you are very good at cricket, you know that find these are my strength, but say if there is a music competition for example, okay. And no people are searching for somebody who can play tabla from this hall of residence, simply no accept that fine I am not good at it. Such type of no realization also make you draw lines that I am not competent for task x, but I am very much competent for task y, okay. So, discriminatability you know that index increases in terms of what I can go ahead with and what are the things that I should I can appreciate, but fine I cannot get involved into doing it. Now the more and more you know you have this sense of adequacy, this sense of competence, higher would be you know the rate of perception of security, okay. You feel you are far more secure. Security you know from a different point of view, if you see research in the area of mental health, where the studies have been you know carried out in disturbed areas, you know like where some type of civil war is taking place, constant social disturbances, okay. Different type of discrimination taking place within the society. If you look at you know the research psychological research on mental health coming from those zones, you would realize that human beings they pay a heavy price for being into situations which are not providing them a sense of security, okay. Even otherwise if you look at the brighter side of our social achievement, say literature, music, dance forms, all types of creative outcomes, you would realize that those societies have really come forward with stuffs like this, which was at peace at a given point in time. So, more and more peace and harmony remains in the society, you find more and more people are engaged in these things compared to when the whole society is put at war or the whole society is at unrest and during unrest you do not find you know creative outcomes coming in, okay. You have the full long engagement of Vietnam with the US forces and you could see what happened in those 10 years in Vietnam, okay. The whole conflict, the continuing conflict between South and the North Korea for example, okay and you could see how much price one has to pay for it. Right now in the Gulf you have you know few countries who have certain degree of instability and you would realize that more and more unstable the social structure is, okay less and less is the creative outcome coming out of the culture, okay. And when you carry out you know research pertaining to certain type of behavioral aberrations or pathological behavior would realize that the number suddenly increases, okay. There are several, several, several research research which proves that this is how things happen. Human beings have to pay a price for you know being in such situations. So, sense of security certainly plays a very, very important role in terms of helping us maintain our level of adjustment, helping us maintain our level of mental balance. Another interesting thing is you know the sense of love and belongingness, you remember last day also we had talked about security and sense of affiliation when we were talking with respect to the Maslow's need hierarchy theory, you know that we have the biological needs first, then the need for security, need for affiliation, self-steam and then self-factualization. So, there also we had the need for security and the need for affiliation. Love and belongingness represents the same thing that you tend to love people and you also want that people should love you. Love and belongingness basically you know makes you also feel secured, you know that there are people who belong to you, okay. And you also know that there are certain things, if you fall in those type of situations then there are people who definitely come to your rescue. So, great degree of you know solace is there, you can very easily know sense in your life that fine there are people in and around me and in at you know during the time of need I will certainly have certain number of helping hands that will be extended to me and this is the reciprocal process. You also know think that fine if there is somebody in need who belongs to me I would also take pride in extending my helping hand to him or her. So, you do not feel know that you are completely isolated, love and belongingness plays that important role. Love and belongingness know also helps you learn several social skills which also have a high degree of you know evolutionary need it satisfies too. For example, the basic feeling of love for human beings will always know help you know take care of people who are not capable of taking care of themselves. For example, you know rearing a child for example, you know when you have very small babies who cannot do anything on their own it is this very tendency that helps you take care of a human baby. Later on when you become parents would realize know that there is certain degree of price that you pay for doing that. It is not that you only love the baby or you only take pride and you derive pleasure in terms of interacting with the baby. Now, the baby would urinate the baby would defecate baby would need all types of attention things which are not pleasant know, but you performed attack. And the whole act is driven by this whole sense of love and belongingness that because I love you because you belong to me and I belong to you hence I provide this care to you. Extend it to the to somebody in the family who is at the terminal end of the life somebody who is extremely old now and is on the death bed. Again you know provide all type of care you are concerned about him or her you take care of that oldest family member of yours who is about to die. Again it is driven by the same sense of love and belongingness that you are my so and so and I am your so and so and hence I provide this care to you because now you have come to a point where your body system does not support you. Love and belongingness again you can extend it to the completely another sphere where you show not only love and belongingness to somebody or for somebody who belongs to your own family, but it could be more and more of a generic type of a love. When you say that I love the mother earth for example, when you say that I have great passion for I love this cause for example, there are even in our own country there are communities who had shown extreme degree of love and belongingness for certain cause for example, Uttarakhand the whole Chipko movement was if you analyze it from this point of view. It is for a great degree of love and belongingness for those green trees and you say that fine we would not allow these trees to be cut. We want to maintain certain degree of greenery around us and we love these trees as much as we love anybody else in our community. There are very interesting dynamics here when you look at love and belongingness from that extended viewpoint. The very fact that you are being loved you belong to people will certainly act as a deterrent in situations when you are about to sing. Because the moment you are sad you are depressed you would realize that there would be people who start humming around you will tell you that fine I do not know why you seem to be in trouble you can share it with us. And especially collectivist culture like ours also is a collectivist culture where even strangers can at times show certain degree of love and belongingness to you. So, that is an interesting side of it in social psychology people read these things from much detailed viewpoint where there would be comparisons between individualistic and collectivist culture where the whole approach of human beings towards the fellow person in the society will definitely get moderated. Because you love and you belong to some people in the society you also seek approval from them. The whole dynamics of human development is somewhere guided by this whole sense of seeking approval. Again look at a small baby growing in a family who is instructed to do something and the baby would seek approval of the elderly members of the family. I am sure you must have seen small babies how they interact with older members in the family. Say small baby who for the first time in his or her life is able to stand up holding some objects. So, a baby who was just crawling suddenly holds a chair and with great effort is able to make his or her body erect stands you know on his or her own foot.  The child will try to repeat it more and more and more and usually you know this behavior such behavior would be repeated in front of others so that every time you approve of it.  You tend to comply to it because you want to get your behavior approved. Remember your earlier days in your schools when the teacher would come and all of you would be expected to stand and in a very very very rhyming form you say good morning ma'am there is a pattern of it you know and very religiously as a new child you just enter the room this is your first day you do not know what happens when a teacher comes and you see oh this is what happens now. You did not know what to do and therefore you kept sitting on your desk on a chair and then the teacher looks at you oh you do not know what has to be done and next day you know ensure that the moment the teacher enters you would suddenly stand up join this whole crowd in the class and sing the same way you know good morning. This is again no seeking approval in life goes to the extent when you come to class ninth and tenth and your friends your parents friends of your parents some of your teachers tell you that how worthy it is for you to prepare for the joint entrance examination. Many of you who would have otherwise know not thought of j e or would have thought of something else prepared for j e because parents wanted so I am sure in many of these cases know this is the truth you thought of something else and even after coming here know many of you plan things different way but j e was basically you know not your dream but the dream of your parents or say you know implanted dreams implanted dreams means you see Verma G you see Sharma G you say things up know their kids have done this. So, this is an implanted dream therefore you could not think what to do therefore you start looking at others and because you see other children doing this so this dream know you graft on your own self and you say my son should also this my daughter should also do this poor son and daughter they do not have any choice no but to accept it fine. So, if not this then what and you say I do not know I am only in class ninth I do not know what are the possibility therefore I am saying do this and you gradually move in that direction but approval from a very different view point if you see know it plays a very interesting role I am taking a completely different stand now think of a situation where you love somebody and hence you do not know seek the approval of that individual can that be a possibility in life till now what we have been saying that approval is something that we always look forth we always look forward for it we want know that others should approve of my behavior and I would also take pride in approving behaviors of other the whole social system has know been developed like that. If I extend it from individual to a systemic level say there are organizations which are headed by group of people who have the whole responsibility of approving something say for example, know food and drug administration know it is supposed to approve certain types of know drugs and foods whether it is good enough for consumption by civilians or not you have say DGCA know the Directorate General of Civil Aviation they are supposed to regulate the whole know movement in the Indian sky for example, there are all types of authorities which are simply supposed to approve one thing or the other there are committees in your own hall of residence you have committees know which is supposed to approve something. So, we have know systematically know very much appreciated this whole process of approval. Now, let us make a mix I give you an example that I am I might be good at badminton I might be good at football I might be good at cricket, but I might not be good at singing I might not be good at say other performing arts. So, I realize that my competence has certain degree of restriction I am mother of a baby and I love my baby like any other mother fine I am not competent enough to sing I have a bad voice, but if you ask the mothers and they will say that they have been singing lorries for their kids all mothers do that and all babies love the lorries sung by their mother not by mothers of others. So, basically as a grown up individual I do not seek approval from my baby or just my voice is the sound level is my voice quality is it melodious does this song is this song or is that song mother never seeks approval from the baby out of that great degree of love and compassion you sing for your baby and your baby loves it. So, this is an interesting dynamics again you see know that at certain point you realize that you do not seek approval at all and you do not even know look at what you are competent often you are not just the fact that there is a requirement that I should sing for the baby which will make her pleased before she sleeps and therefore, I do not relook at my own voice quality and my other qualities which will prove me to be a great singer I simply sing for the baby that now you can look at human adjustment from this point of view also know that for certain segments you realize that I need not seek approval. Now, the fact that you are driven by certain degree of curiosity in your life the very fact that you understand certain stuffs in life your curiosity helps you understand based on the fact that we have understood certain things you are able to put things in order in your life more and more orderly your life is greater is the degree of productivity you derive a sense of adequacy that I am adequate enough to do certain things my achievements are adequate enough to fulfill my dreams you see in yourself that you are competent enough to achieve certain targets all these things makes you know feel secured know you are loved by others you do have people whom you love in your life people approve of your behavior you also approve of them all this thing happens in your life and then you derive value out of your out of this human survival you feel how valuable it is to lead life like this you see meaning in what you are engaged in in psychology there are no good amount of literature on deriving meaning in life or deriving a sense of meaninglessness in life this would be know completely opposite phenomena we would always know like to have an engagement with things which has certain degree of meaning now what I find meaningful need not be meaningful for you that could also be a situation and hence even though I might be engaged in it you do not approve of such type of engagements because you do not find it meaningful but then there would be certain things that as a know at a larger level the social system know values them and therefore people anticipate that you should certainly you know have these things in you you should certainly try to achieve these things because these are value oriented things from the social view point there would be things that you value personally and hence you would certainly like to achieve them but this whole engagement in this life should have certain degree of meaning at least know you should have come to a point where you say that even though a segment of people do not find meaning in doing these things they consider this to be worthless I still find meaning in doing this right now we will come to it when we would be talking about this whole know value oriented know systems and how they become extremely stringent in terms of evaluating you and therefore many many a things many problems that later on we have in life they basically evolve out of the fact that you consider that your behavior does not fit into the value system that you have been grown with there is a certain degree of incompatibility between the two during world war news appeared in the British newspaper that there is a great degree of scarcity of milk for children in Germany and therefore many children are starving the next day there was a brief ad in the newspaper the British newspapers seeking donation that please donate will buy milk and then export it for the German kids who are not getting sufficient amount of milk and this raised the eyebrows of many, many Britishers know the said that how can know you ask for donation for serving children of the country with which we are fighting war and the man who had given this advertisement came in front and said that fine I have no enemy below 16 remember that I am asking you for a donation to serve human babies know not to serve German babies whether know they live or they die finally know they have they are actually the human babies know let we have divided them into German babies know British babies and then we are engaged in war but these babies they do not know what we are engaged in they are having inadequate supply of the milk for them and therefore as human beings beats are responsibility to show charity to this extent that we know collect stuff for them and then send it back to them so that they get the chance to survive in terms of value in terms of meaning you find people who have contrasting viewpoints right now in Allahabad this kumbh is going on and if you look at the whole set of behavior that people are displaying there many people might not find it meaningful many people find it extremely meaningful there is a phenomena that know people follow there they call it kelp was kelp was is basically for the full month you go on the banks of river Ganges and you stay there you can understand in this chilled weather when the temperature had gone up to 3.5 and 4 degree there are set of people who would certainly we living in tents but they go there they live there for the full month because they find it extremely meaningful that their life has been blessed because they were able to complete this full month of kelp was during the kumbh morning 4 o clock and you realize that people will go and take a holy dip right now for it is going on it will continue for some more time people who derive extreme degree of meaning because in doing such things because they find it value oriented taking a dip in sangham create value attached to it and therefore the whole engagement that you show it has highest degree of meaning for many of us it could not we have that value and this act might seem extremely meaningless at many places know most of these religious places would realize know that people perform certain act for example one such act is before the sun rises you turn towards the east you raise your hand worshipping sign you lie down on the ground from your starting point you extend your hand draw a line so that would be exactly your full length body length plus the raised hand so you put a mark there again you stand there again you worship the sun again you lie down on the ground and you do it till you reach the banks of the river you can understand bare body chilled winter morning in this 3.5 degree temperature hundreds and hundreds of people doing it you come to the river bank you take a holy dip and you stay with folded hands till the sun rises you worship the sun and you come out you say that I have no done the highest service that I could have thought of in my life you show it to somebody who does not value such type of practices will say what type of nonsense is this you are putting your life at stake you are know engaged in meaningless act because know these two set of people have different type of value orientation and therefore, somebody who finds act extremely meaningful somebody does not find it meaningful at all. So, these are again interesting dynamics know of human adjustment and remember one thing that it is always good as human beings when you look at others behavior try to understand behavior before you judge them in its own context know if you take any behavior out of context it might look extremely meaningless say for example, if I am looking at the behavior of this individual who lies down on the ground draws a line covers a distance of few kilometers reaches the river bank takes a holy dip stands know like that with wet body in the river folded hands waiting for the sun to rise. If I take it out of the context and I say what type of act is this even if you would not have followed this ritual even if you would not have stood with folded and sun would have still know come in the east because this is a pure geographical phenomena it has nothing to do with your behavior of worshipping the sun. But if you look at it from the social context point of view then you realize here is a culture where sun is worshipped where sun is worshipped in three forms and this is one of the forms of worshipping sun. And then there are know this is say 10,000 years old ritual that people follow and you say good this is a living culture where tradition lives for thousands and thousands of years you start appreciating such behavior. And therefore, many a behavior which is otherwise classified as meaningless behavior and hence can be used as an indicator of your mental health which can be know used to as a denominator to say that know you fall short in terms of that level of mental health that you should be having. It is always important to look at all behavior from it is social context point of view. So, do not know take an individual or the behavior out of the context otherwise it is completely meaningless even say for example, right now I am talking about it standing in front of you it is if you look at my behavior in this context is makes a sense. But imagine a situation when nobody is there in the room I come here open my laptop and then start talking to the chairs it has no meaning at all you will certainly question my mental health know it will certainly know that my mental balance has now gone in the adverse direction. The moment these chairs are filled with you people it derives a meaning all human engagements have this thing know that therefore, it is always suggested that do not take know any behavior out of the context otherwise you are committing a great mistake. And then the most positive thing that one is always supposed to have in life that you always know have a hope and this is again an interesting propeller it is a fuel that keeps on making you move ahead in your life even though you value certain things you have not been able to come to that level even though you find certain things to be meaningful you have not been able to do things that way. But then you are still hopeful today I have not been able to do that tomorrow definitely I will do it I have not been able to do this my children will certainly be able to do that we all have failed but the next generation you know I will certainly be able to do that these know these are no certain hopes that you know keeps bubbling within all of us. And this helps us know whenever we are in a negative mood state we you know just remain in that state for a smaller period of time. But then we again regain our energy and we again getting engaged in meaningful acts because we are driven by know this hope that one day this will certainly come. And you can have n number of n number of real life stories know where you would realize that people did face the most adverse situation in their life but they were very optimistic and because they were optimistic therefore things succeeded for them two true stories. One story I think it has to do with some war which war I have forgotten but some war perhaps it has to do with again I would not I would not make protection it has to do with some war that was the situation of pilot belonging to the naval forces know.  So, this man know took off from one of the air carriers that their naval force had and mid air he was attacked and in that process he lost his eyesight. So, mid air you are flying a jet and you are blinded that was the situation that he experienced he was constantly given command that you still you are holding that button.  So, the commander said that nothing know simply press that eject button because you are still holding the throttle. So, press it your seat will come out and know do not worry we will know save you and this man said that I am still know in hold of everything. So, keep giving me know precise suggestion and I can still land the plane for few seconds this exchange took place when the commander on the ship realized that this man is not going to eject. So, it is better to give him precise instructions so that he can land on the deck. So, they kept on giving him instructions and this blinded pilot could land on the deck of a ship which was in the sea your hope can play such dramatic roles. Another interesting type of a situation know when I think know if you read the stories of people who are into adventure sports. Many of them will tell you know that I would not have survived if I would have left my hope at that point in time know you are caught in a snow clad mountain and you have no other life support system available to you you lived in that situation for two days when you saw a helicopter know searching for you. And how did you survive for those two odd days and you say that there was still a hope know that someone will come. Interesting things you realize know even in comic representations, theaters, movies you would realize know that one generation coming to an end with a hope that now the next generation will certainly do that. Come to one of the hard social realities of our country I will end with that in many places in our country you look at the houses and you will be told that you know this house was built by Mr. X and know throughout his life he lived in a house like this he could know not make a concrete house for himself and his family after retirement he had some money and whatever was left after know marriage education and things like this he could make this but then you know he could not complete the flooring plaster also he could not get it done. Now his son is into job I hope one day this floor will be know will be done now the cementing of the walls will be done and you realize I am sure you must have seen people like that who would tell you the stories know that this house was completed out of the full struggle of two generations two generations three generations and you would still find people who are still struggling to have a house of their own for generations together they have been on the pavement they have been in small hearts but this interesting part of it is that you decide to migrate from one city to a strange city most of our know our development pattern has been such know that the opportunity of growth the opportunity of higher income has been very squidly distributed know economic student will know it much better. So even if you try to work very hard in certain geographical locations you do not have the opportunity to earn whereas in some other geographical location with little effort you can earn more and hence people have know develop this tendency of migrating to such places where there are more opportunities you can earn more but then you realize that people are living in the slums for generations together first generation second generation third generation and then you say my grandfather came here long back 60 years back and my father also was in this slum it is now that I have bought a plot for myself I have bought a flat for myself and you would hear several several several such stories couple of years back I think seven eight nine years back I read in one of the newspaper one person who had qualified the civil services examination that he was from the Dharavi area of Mumbai the slum area of Mumbai and he said that my family had migrated long back to Mumbai for a decent source of funding we lived all together for generations in this slum area when finally my family could make a small room for themselves this very child who was the youngest child of the family I do not remember now how many brother sisters he had but he had few so out of all those know siblings he was the only one whom the family realized was intelligent enough and therefore what they did was that the family had one room so they had put some barrier now in the air within the room so that they create a double-decker room type of a thing this boy was always asked to go to the top so that he can know completely be involved in his studies and while he used to study on the lower side of the room everybody used to keep silent no cooking no television nothing the whole family for hours altogether will keep quiet and sit there as if they are mourning this boy when he finally qualified the civil services exams he said that it is not me who has qualified the exam it is my family who has qualified the exam for years can you believe that a whole family a set of seven eight members keeps quiet for hours and hours because one member of the family has to study now but this is the hope you remember no this is the collective hope of the whole family that this boy will certainly knows change the whole way of our life and therefore we all he can study therefore allow him to study we can keep quite so let us keep quiet and facilitate his studies our hope within that know love and belongingness angle people whom you love you belong to you think know that you can share certain hope and therefore the whole behavior that is displayed within the family within the society can get tape so with this we have completed our discussion on maintenance needs tomorrow when we meet we will be talking about some other process which is important for human adjustment.


Good afternoon, guys and girls. It's theCUBE, the leader in live tech coverage, live at VMware Explorer. Day two of three days of CUBE coverage. We've had a great day one. We're having a great day two so far, unpacking all of the news that came out yesterday and then some Lisa Martin and Dave Vellante. Welcoming back, one of our esteemed alumni for his ninth visit on theCUBE, Saad's Delivery Day, the CTO, Cloud Storage and Data at VMware. Great to see you in person. Thanks for coming back. Great to be here, Dave and Lisa. Good to see you again. So some big news. VSAM Max, love the name. Announced yesterday. Gives me a big announcement with VSAM A last year. A lot of momentum going on. Talk to us about the last year and how that led to the genesis of VSAM Max. Yes. It's a little bit more than one year ago. So as you guys know that HCI is a model. A lot of people think HCI is kind of like a just storage kind of thing, but actually it's a model of how we operate. Excuse me. HCI, hyper-converged infrastructure. Okay. It's helping the audience out, you may not know. It's the concept that people want to have software-defined data center and then how do you make computer, compute networking storage all together into like one easy to manage package. And in that model it's kind of where VSAM kind of took off, where computer storage was together. It kind of made a lot of things easy for a lot of people. It just was convenient. It was also a scalar architecture. But as we went along with the last many years, in the last two, three years, we noticed that the workloads are growing. Pedabytes and petabytes of data is growing everywhere. Data's getting distributed across the globe in multi-cloud. And there's also now the ransomware threats, cybersecurity threats and there's governance, like who wants my data, where's my data. So all of these problems like kind of customers kept asking us that look, this model of computing storage together is great. But we also, our databases are getting bigger. We have use cases of analytics and we have a customer who has about 200 petabytes of elastic search and they want this model of where, they want flexibility of being able to scale, compute, storage, performance, capacity, all independent of each other. So we started off on the journey like two, three years ago, like during COVID time, we have nothing else, we focused on what should we do about this. So the foundation of VSAM is like, it's all still the same. But what we did was that we changed some of the layout of the foundation. So how we lay out those data structures on to the disks itself. We want to be forward-looking for NVMe, QLC, TLC, what else comes in the future. And so we designed this new file system. By the way, log structure file system is the name of this architecture. It was invented by Mendel, the founder of VMware. Just wanted to point that out. Really, he invented log structure file system? That's right. What year was that? 1992. It's long ago, but it's used widely across the cloud. I mean, it's a very popular thing. Come on, really? Log structure file system was invented in 1992. That's right, it was a paper from 1992 by Mendel, the founder of VMware. Before he started VMware, that was the paper he had. And it's used in storage everywhere recently. But it wasn't very like a thing people knew about it. But more recently, what's happened is that it provides you a superior way to handle any device you want. And it gives you a large-scale systems.  So that's what we did. And we kind of rebuilt some of the layout of that to actually do this log structure file system. And also, it made us become a multi-purpose storage system because we have many, many use cases we want to address. And once you have this kind of layout, you can have scale out, your software defined. You can talk to any device you want. You can put many different use cases, like simple use cases, like people want to put large databases. Go for it. You want to use it for archiving, cheap and deep. Go for it. Because we have this multi-dimensional scalability of performance, capacity, whatever. You can adjust your dimensions, whatever you want. You want cheap and deep. OK, go for that. You want high performance, large-scale databases. Go for that, too. So that's the advantage we saw. And then we did the next thing, which is basically separate out compute and storage. So somewhat like a, if you want to scale them independently, elasticity. So that's what we're calling Visa and Max. The foundation of the similar, except that we are trying to be more flexible in how we offer customers. So please don't hate me for doing this. But a little one-on-one on sort of Visa and block storage and LSF. So log structure file, right? L-S-F. L-F-S. L-F-S. Yes. OK, wait. What's L-S-F? Log structured file system. Log structured. L-S-F. The S is log structured is one word. Log structured is one word. OK, fine. We'll go with that. History. So the roots are in block storage, right? Is that correct? That's right. And the way it was originally explained to me, L-F-S, what I was calling L-S-F, is that imagine you had to lay a floor down. And you had only the same exact size floor board. You couldn't cut them. And you had to, you're doing a kitchen. I am. You had to put the floor down in your kitchen, but you couldn't cut. So what do you do? So what ended to happen, you had all this wasted space. That's right. Log structured file system, you can update in place, or any place. You don't have to go back to the exact location. That's right. But now, explain how you get around because this is so ancient, what I'm describing. But the problem was in the original paper, I'm sure.  That's right. Now, you've solved that problem, I'm sure. Because the problem would be, when the system was empty, it performed very well.  But then you got flash, you got NVME, you got faster processors. I'm sure that's all been resolved. So log structure file system is about writing into a log. You see, every write comes in, it's in a log format. So the performance is going to be high, no matter what the incoming input data is. No matter if it's sequential, random, it doesn't matter. It all goes into a log. That's what makes it like a high performance, stable, easy to understand file system. And it's also like, yes, you're pushing off the inline processing to doing post-processing. Either you can do, see, garbage collection, you must do some form or the other, no matter how you build your system. Either you do inline, which affects performance, or you can do offline slowly in the background when there's a little bit of idleness, you can do that. Ultimately, it's a similar idea. It's just that, when do you do the work, and how stable is the algorithm? That's what log structure file gives you, it's stable. So much more efficient. Much more efficient. And then, I know we're going back to ancient history, but vSAN has evolved dramatically since then. So, and now you're, and I said, when I saw the announcement, it's about time. It's separating compute from storage. Don't hate me for saying that, but it's not a concept that's brand new, right?  Snowflake actually popularized it with its architecture. So it's a very popular and sensible, as you described, so you don't have to pay for the compute and the storage to scale together. That's right. Now, what about file and object in some of the other popular formats? That's right. So vSAN already today supports files. So with this vSAN Max with files on top of it, you can get a multi-parabyte scale file server. That's one. And Block already is there. Objects currently are partnering with the partners, but our customers want us to actually have something, kind of make it available to them. They don't want to install it, they don't want to, they want a service from us. They want an object storage service. So maybe next year we'll hear something more, but right now we are investigating how to kind of do that. It's a popular thing because in the new world with the developers, right? Developers don't think of storage the same way that you know how block storage people, VMs think about it. They have two things they want, they care about databases, that's the storage, and then object storage, that's the database, that's for them is storage. But we're not underlying all that stuff, you still need a solid foundation of this vSAN Max. To actually help you. But the developer doesn't care, is what you're saying. They don't want to see that. They don't want to know about that. They don't want to know about that. They want you to take care of that complexity. That's right. But it is a thing you must solve.  Right. The interface is different than what the block is. Right. Talk a little bit about some of the key use cases. I can imagine like cost optimization of infrastructure applications that vSAN Max is going to deliver to customers. Yes. So we are noticing that people in this, in that have a modern new new applications they're running into. They're doing analytics a lot of analytics. It is new AI world, right? There's a lot of data, a lot of analytics. They need large databases and they also like elastic search is example, elastic search. People are putting 200 petabytes of elastic search on vSAN and that's what they want us to, they want that vSAN Max desegregation of it. And besides that, they also want us to protect against ransomware problems. See, protect is the wrong word, recover. How fast can you recover from this? These are innovations we're doing, not just to support these workloads, but also to be able to kind of go and recover because this problem is not going away. Right. Oh no, we can talk about ransomware all day long. It's a household term. It's the, we've seen so much change to the cybersecurity. The landscape is changing. In fact, when you bring up ransomware, I was reminded of Ragu's keynote yesterday. He was talking about the five innovations at VMware and rapid ransomware recovery. I think he said, I think that was like 75% faster was one of them, which is critical. Actually, it's that sometimes you can't even recover sometimes in some cases, right? Right. We're actually able to recover predictably and fast. We convert it into this complex things into a workflow with AI assisted workflow. That's what is our ransom innovations in that. And we want to bring that all to all of our storage, you know, basically no matter what customers do, we want to bring that to that. And also because it's a software-defined architecture, that we send max, the customers get to choose what hardware they want to use. Latest hardware, because Intel produces, like the industry is producing the latest hardware. They can be on the latest hardware. They can dynamically adjust the scale for the dynamically adjusting like workloads they have. Yeah. So that's what we're aiming, that's what we are trying to solve is this new modern workloads. It's a dynamically scaling, large and liquid databases, and this new AI workloads are coming in as well. They also require a lot of data processing. And you need a storage platform because you can deliver on this. What's the connectivity angle? I remember reading, I saw some benchmarks a while ago where in previous versions of vSAN, you couldn't take advantage of higher speed Ethernet, but now new versions of vSAN, you can. Can you explain that? Yeah, so it's not so much to take advantage is that there's a limit of performance you could have in a cluster, right? But now the performance is so high that you can put a 100 gig pipe and it's still like, you know, it'll saturate all the entire pipe. Okay, so it didn't make sense previously to pay up for the more expensive, right? But now it does. Also, now the network can also become cheaper. The cost per port has gone down a lot. And if people want their performance, they can always add that 100 gigabytes. If they want less, they can also add a little bit less networking if they wanted to. So cost, okay, cost performance, keep business outcomes that this is gonna enable for a retailer, a manufacturer, a hospital. Cost, I think cost is important because in the scaling of computer storage together, you're paying, there is inefficiencies there, depending on what workloads you have, it can be inefficient. The right there is a cost to think. Also, Visa and Max is significantly lower cost than currently current, the current market prices for other similar kind of products in the marketplace. With higher performance, with more forward-looking architecture and more integration with vSphere. What do you mean by more forward-looking architecture? Define that. Yeah, because we are building the multipurpose file system. You don't have to reinvent anymore. We are done with, I mean the foundation is solid now. We are adding now high-level workflows. See, customers have to do a bunch of things, right? In the daily, what workflows can we do? Like service knowledge is a good example. What do they do? They have service, they have workflows for everything. Similarly for us, right? We want to, we're providing workflows for all different kinds of use cases, including we're putting database as a service on top of this Visa and Max as a storage because people want 30% of our workloads across VMware, workloads across the customer base is databases. So clearly, people use databases a lot. And so we want to help them by providing a database as a service. But still to do that, you need the foundation of this large-scale, scalable, it has all the features, workflows to actually help you lifecycle the data, lifecycle storage altogether. So who builds that database as a service? That's obviously partners or the customer. So actually, current customers are doing themselves. So we want to help them by, we are actually announcing something. Actually, we did announce something this week. It's called Data Service Manager. It is a database as a service. And it's a managed service. The customer can manage it. In the future, we can manage it also for them. And we are picking a few vendors to partner with. We don't want to build databases. There are enough databases in this world. There are a lot of different kind of database, a lot of innovation going on there. But what we want to do is provide service. Like, provide a database as a service with no platform. But you have a database. We have, yeah, interestingly, we have actually a lot of Postgres. It's like a little DNA left over from... We have a lot of Postgres expertise. EMC acquisition. Oh no, I'm talking about Green Plum. Yes, but that team uses also Postgres. We have a lot of Postgres expertise. And Postgres is one of the leading open source software out there. Well, it is the open source alternative to Oracle. Yeah, and it's pretty solid. A lot of innovation is Postgres. I'm surprised at how much innovation is going into Postgres. And that's just one. There are many other databases as well. There's like different types of database. MongoDB, there's like Databricks. All those things, we want to enable that we bring some of these database as a service onto a platform. And to do that, we need all these storage features. And they can take advantage of this large scale like you say in Macs. Exactly. So did I see in the notes right 30,000 vSAN customers? Yes. 30,000 vSAN customers. What value will vSAN Macs unlock for them? And what's the upgrade journey or migration path like? So customers already have bought into the HCI model. They're happy with it. It's just that there are a new set of workloads which are coming in for them. They don't want to disrupt this. It's working well for them. They want to be able to expand their business use cases. The outcomes are basically customers can get much more flexible architecture and cut costs. Cost is always a factor, cut costs, and be able to support this large databases and dynamically be able to adjust your scale, shrink, up and down your storage architecture depending on the use cases. Because in this modern world, things come and go all the time, like especially some of the modern workloads. It's very dynamic stuff. That's what we are able to offer. The outcomes are flexibility, agility, cost reduction, and simplicity for the customer. It's all integrated into vSphere. It's the same experience you get. You don't have to manage separately. It's a cloud experience you want to get. What if a customer is not one of those 30,000 and they want to take advantage of vSAN Macs? What do they have to do? What's the prerequisite? Obviously they need some physical server. They need some storage. What's the model of the customer? So as you know, there are a lot of VMware customers. There are like, I don't know, lots of customers. Almost everybody has a VMware customer. So for all of them, there are multiple choices. We found that some people want to do their own. They want to buy their own hardware, like from the Lenovo or EMC, Dell, and basically be able to deploy the software of that. We made it super easy to deploy. Click button, you choose. You want vSAN Macs or I want HCI model. Okay, just very easy click. It's done. It'll automatically deploy it for you. Or there are some people, some customers who want a package solution from like Dell EMC or Lenovo. We are working with all of these partners to help deliver a fully package solution for them. And so those are the models you can, both of the models. Okay. Now what about the data play? Our hallway conversation that we were having because VMware announced private AI, sort of at least one third of the content and the keynotes was AI related. And so how does, because you were talking about the developer wanting that sort of abstraction, not needing to think about the underlying storage, just think about the data platform. So does this create new opportunities for customers to have a more consolidated or coordinated data strategy and then bring AI to that data? That's right. Firstly, we want to help with the lifecycle of all data. That itself is big. By the way, you know that, that's a big problem people have that the management of the data itself is such a big burden. We want to simplify that. We're a cloud vendor. We must simplify this journey. That's what we're trying to do. And secondly, because we're having a database as a service, that now we will, we want to be able to enable new type of databases in our, because databases ultimately are kind of like, where you store all the data and how you query things, vector databases, new LLM databases, right? That's I think what we want to provide is a platform that people don't have to worry about this. They don't have to worry about deploying this, upgrading it. No, we will do it for you. We will manage it for you. Here's a service. You just run, just attach. Do your database, ODBC, whatever protocol you want to talk about. And then on top of that is a layering of another set of services which do higher level AI services. That's also kind of similar to the database service, right? Because they're all the services. And we want to also enable that use case as well, like where we want to deploy the whole package. Like if you want to enterprise the AI, we want to provide the entire package of like, here's a custom, like, here's a, you know, like a package solution AI box for you. Like private cloud AI box, something like that. And you get all the components, don't have to worry about it. Just do your business. Focus on your business rather than these components and managing all these things. That's kind of our vision of where do we want to go. And I'm sure that's from the customer feedback you've gotten from talking with so many customers. It's exactly what they're looking for. That's right. What's been in the 27 hours since VSAN Max was announced yesterday? What's been some of the feedback? What have you heard on the street here at the show? So the, we have customers now who are, I met a customer who wants to buy an exabyte of VSAN Max. An exabyte. Exabyte. Because they have something else. What industry are they in? They're shipping industry. So they want to say more names, but I think, so we're hearing this kind of story I'm hearing where people, I mean the sessions are very well attended. We had a C type on Sunday, customer advisory board, and we present some of these ideas. And we saw almost every hand go up on every question we had. Like, you know, we want to do this. They're like, yes, I would like to have this. Because they're looking for simplicity. It's getting complicated, all this data management. So they want us to deliver on that, on their promise that flexibility, you can scale. See, no other storage system is able to provide that scale, performance, compute, storage, all this independently. So every customer is different, right? So we're providing that options for them. Last question. You're in an elevator at the Palazzo. You're going up to some party. You got 30 seconds to talk to a prospective customer who's got questions about VSAN Max and what's in it for me. What's your 30-second elevator pitch? It's, it'll help you cut costs. Number one, it's easy to manage for you. Like, agility for you.  And thirdly, there's a lot of innovation coming soon. That will help you even do even more interesting things for you. That's the foundation of what it is. I like to jump the mic. Sasala, thank you so much for coming on the program.  So I'll try to get you a mug. Okay, thanks a lot. Thanks, Dave, for having me over here. I appreciate you coming and kind of dissecting what's going on with VSAN, the evolution. Thanks so much. And good luck with the continued evolution. VSAN Max, yay! Yeah! All right, for our guest, I'm for Dave Vellante. I'm Lisa Martin and you're watching theCUBE. You can find all of our content from yesterday, day one. Today, day two on demand at thecube.net. All the editorial on siliconangle.com. Next guest is coming shortly. So stick around, you're watching theCUBE, the leader in live tech coverage.


And legacy US automaker Ford Motor Company is expecting to soon announce major jobs cups following similar announcements from rival General Motors last week. An analyst at Morgan Stanley moved Ford stock down today with a research note predicting the car maker would cut a total of 25,000 workers from their global payroll as part of the ongoing restructuring that the company was previously warned could cost as much as $18 billion over three to five years. A Ford spokesperson said any claim specific figure for the cuts, quote, at this point would be pure speculation. And speaking of autos, we move to talk about stocks and start with the auto sector and are most pleased to be joined by the most excellent Melissa Armo, the CEO of the Stockswish. Melissa, welcome back. It's so great to see you. There was a lot of conversation around GM last week and we now see the suggestions that Ford will also potentially lay off some workers. What do you make of GM and Ford? Let's take them one at a time. Start with GM, if you will. Well, GM has to do what it has to do. Ultimately, that stock is in a downtrend. It hasn't been performing that well. And if they need to lay people off to keep going, then that's what they're going to do. It's really not good, though, because the amount of people they have to lay off, as far as the American worker goes, it's just a lot of people are going to lose their jobs. And that's very unfortunate. I don't know if it's poor leadership, that they haven't been managing the company right, or what? There's two things that, one, some folks said, look, they have an obligation. They were once bailed out by the government. They should keep afloat. But it was bad business decisions that got them into the circumstance that made them be bailed out. So perhaps that's not a good suggestion. And another interesting thing, I heard somebody, I don't know, a friend or somebody tell me, they said, look, it's a good time to lay people off at the holidays.  But they're saying, look, people are around families.  So who knows? But if you're one of those workers, it's not good either way. But the same thing could be true coming up in the next little bit of time with Ford. What about Ford stock, Melissa? Listen, I don't think it's ever a good time to lay people off. People need to work. They need to work. And even though people can collect unemployment, it's still better if people are at their jobs and at work. And these companies, all these auto companies, Ford, GM, all of these stocks are at a downtrend. Ford looks even worse than GM. Tesla looks the best out of these car companies and anything. But part of that is that Tesla tries to innovate itself. And Ford and GM, they have not been doing the innovation that is necessary, required to today, stay in age to make it plus the poor leadership. Yeah, I was looking at Ford, GM, and I think one other, and looking at, you know, they're down on six months. They're down year to date. They're down for a year for the 52 weeks. So they're just down. Not working very well. And hopefully something with this trade dispute could change and move things around. Let's shift gears. I really am so excited to have you, because I wanted to talk about markets in general with you. We saw that sort of three down days at the beginning of the week last week. Then Jay Powell made these more dovish comments, Melissa, about, you know, maybe we weren't going to have as many rate increases going into next year. And then we had this announcement, this trade truce, whatever it is, deal or no deal that we talked about on Saturday. But now US markets are down big, 800 points today. My gosh. Huge today. So what do you think that's about? Is it people saying there's no there there? Remember the old Wendy's commercial? Where's the beef? Is there any beef to this agreement? Is that it, or is it something else? What do you think? There's a lot of reasons, I think, why the markets sold off today. But let's just rewind back from previous last week into the big rally that we had after the Fed. And then going into Friday and then the summit over the weekend, this rally that happened, the gap up that happened from Friday to Monday was the largest gap up that the S&P has ever, ever had. Now, even though we didn't hold it, there were still a lot of buying that came into the market. So I'm still bullish long-term in the market. Now, that being said, again, we did sell off big today. What does that mean? It means that the market is very volatile. And I think you're going to see increased volatility in the market in 2019. I think you're going to see more volatility in the market in 2019 than you have in 2018. And what do I mean? An example of the last two trading days where you get all this big buying and then all of a sudden it sells off and you might have the opposite happen. I'm not saying we're going to go anywhere Thursday or Friday in the market and flip around again after this kind of sell up. But I'm saying the market is affected greatly by what is happening with this world events with the terrorists. And what happened is in that summit, not an agreement per se, but a hold on the increased tariffs January 1st. So the market looked at that as positive. But then because there wasn't any agreement, we sold off. And there's also this scuttlebutt about what's happening with the murder of that gentleman from Saudi Arabia. There's a lot of scuttlebutt out on that. And that also may have created some selling in the market. As far as the rates go with the Fed, people got to get used to it. The market has to get used to it. Fed is going to continue to increase the rates, whether it's in December, whether it's three times next year, whether it's four. The market has got to get used to the Fed raising rates. And I believe that it will, but the tariff thing is a problem. And any scuttlebutt with Saudi Arabia is a problem. Let me ask you one more question. I talked about a Santa Claus rally.  But we got the jobs numbers that are coming out. That may have something to do. But you think it's pretty much gonna be volatility with some ups and down? Or do you think there's chance for real prolonged rally as we go into the end of the year? We might have a prolonged rally, but what does that mean? It means we're still could have volatility because it could be a rally that makes people think, oh, everything's lovely and roses. And then all of a sudden you have a day like today. So that's what volatility is. Volatility is the unexpected. People get comfortable and they think everything's great or they think everything's bad. And then the market flips around in the opposite direction. So what does this mean for 2019? It means that, yes, we could have a market rally in December. Do I think the market makes new highs? Probably not after the sell-off today. However, I do think the market makes new highs in 2019, but don't think it's gonna be smooth trading in 2019. If you don't know what to do with your long-term investments, you better sit down with your financial advisor before January 1st and decide because you don't wanna sell out of any investments or quickly buy into any investments without having a plan of action because you're gonna see days like today and days like Monday and you don't wanna make decisions on the fly with your money. That's never a good decision. Yep, and one of the things I always remember for our surveillance meetings at the agency is there's a lot less volume, a lot less liquidity at these holiday times and so you do see more volatility during that time in market. Melissa Armo, we're so good to have you back. I see all the stocks. Thanks. See you again, Melissa. See you soon. Thank you. Yes.


Gwybod ni, mae 24 febwyr. Rwy'n rhan yn 9 am oed yn Llywodraeth, yn ddod i'r ffordd am hynny a adnodd, a'r hoffa'r hoffa'r hoffa'r hoffa wedi'i cyflym o'r rhwng i Llywodraeth. Diolch i'r hoffa i'w syniad, ac yn y byddai o'r hoffa o bobl eu hwyl yn dyfodig yma, rwy'n rhoi'n rhoi'r hoffa, o'r hoffa sydd wedi'i rŵn yn ei gweithio yma.  Ac rwy'n meddwl i'w amdano hyn, while the humanitarian side of things is certainly obviously the most important, what I want to do is just kind of step away and have a look at how markets have behaved as a result of this, and I want to talk about what might happen next in terms of market reaction. Obviously trying to predict what might happen next from a sort of conflict point of view is incredibly difficult, but just a quick update on some of the developments that you'll have already known about, And I'm just looking at my chart actually before I run through those, select the chart on the far right. Is the rubble, which just fell off a cliff overnight as things escalated. It's actually rebounding pretty sharply here. You're not quite seeing the same rebound. Let's move over to the Dax, obviously more impacted and let's say US stock. So this is the Dax where we were heavy into the client last night anyway, but obviously a sharp extension lower. When we bounced a little bit and stabilizing, I've got It is at the bottom left and that has jumped significantly higher. I will go through these figures in a minute. Bitcoin on the bottom right, gold also that is punched pretty strongly higher. Let's take a step back and remind you what the developments are. Overnight according to reports and a lot of these are western reports I might add. ond bach o ymryd aliwch, myfawr, y mhwn o'r hwnnw, ac sy'n meddwl drws i ddweud ar ddweud obydd uchraedd o Gymru ym Gwrthod Nôr. Ac, roeddwn i'n gwneud hynny, gallwn i'n gwneud yn cymryd yn ddod, bobl yn˜an o'r rymes eu bod arall yr amser, yn ymdod, i gweithio'r jagaith, ym weithio, felly, dyma'r rymes drws i'n gwneud ar ddweud a'r drws i'n cwrwm ar ei maen nhw, yn y maintenant cymdeithasol eich hiwydau a'r fawr o'r fawr o'r fawr o'r fawr o'r fawr o'r ymgyrchol i'r Ucraniau, bob yn cael gwybodol iawn o'r fawr o'r cymdeithas. Y rheswedd yna dwi'n gweld roedd Rusiau yw'r fawr, byddai'n cyfnod o'r ddweud o'r ddechisio'r ddaeth bwyd, sydd wedi'u gydweithio'r llyfrig o'r rheswedd ar y ddolygu Rusiau a'r Ukrainiau yn y rheswedd yma. Felly mae'n gwybodol i'ch ymdweud yw'r Putin e'n gweld, By wishy a'n amser y Cymru a'r uwch yn 2014. Mae'n ffordd i'r ddechrau na'r ysgolwyd o'r dechrau teblu am y dyfodol yn Pwtyn a'r ymdyn nhw ydw i wneud yw ei fod yn y syniadau rai stwybaer ymdangos eich�� chi cwm yn, i wneud arno gyllideb i gael ran o'r ysgolwyd. Ond, rwy'n gychwyn i'w rai cyfletoedd y bwrdd ar y grwyddo yn Bellaru ac rwyf wedi cyfletoedd ac nid o gyllid i'r oedd y bwrdd ac sy'n dod i ddylai iawn drafod o'r borth. Ac iddyn nhw i ddweud o syniad. Nw'n gweithio efallai gwneud tarol ac archryffod ac i wneud i anyodnaeth. A oedd yn gwneud y troes yllafeth o'r rulleydd o'r ddechrau a'r ddod o'i ddweud o'r ddoes. Rydyn ni'n imbryd fel y troes o'r fforddau a dywed Syniad o'r ddod o'r wneud o'r wneud. A mae'n rhoi hyffordd dod i'r ddod o'r ddod o'i ddod o'r bobl yma, three fronts and I think ultimately that's why the western media particularly financial markets are alarmed this morning. If I go back to the charts I mean other stuff that I guess has got the western media pretty riled up and you're getting a lot of sensationalist headlines like full on invasion of Ukraine. I mean what's happened the roads coming out of Kiev have been gridlocked overnight civilians are trying to flee the capital. Apparently in Kiev before dawn this morning some financial times reporters heard explosions apparently there's air raid sirens going off in Kiev I think that's what's really got the media riled up here because they're worried this is actually a full-on attack including a move to try and secure Kiev. There's been a lot of missile strikes around a dozen or so airfields as the Russians look to try and disable airfields across Ukraine and that's across the Ukraine and that's including Kiev's airport Borisville so also facilities in the Black Sea you know the city of Odessa airports around there being targeted as well. This is what Putin said early this morning before the move into the country he said we seek to denazify Ukraine and defend victims of genocide despite there being no evidence of such crimes warned other countries against the temptation of meddling in the ongoing events and said Russia's response would lead to consequences that you have never encountered in your history. So obviously very aggressive you know very when you're reading them quite obviously very worrying very sensationalist rhetoric I want to just take a step back here and maybe the ruble is going to help me in my line of argument and I want to just make it clear this is a very live situation and obviously in a live situation of this significance markets can turn and react incredibly powerfully and from a risk management point of view this is about as hard as it gets okay. I mean markets have panets this morning probably the best example the rubles dropped to an all-time low against the dollar down about 10% overnight if I go to a daily chart here you'll see the daily candle you know just taking out that low we have back in January and it's just dropped through the floor although rebounding now I would say other sensational numbers are things like the russian stock exchange is down 45% oil's an important one that's spiked up to a new another new seven-year high Brent crews above 100 bucks by the way I think topped out at 103 I'm showing you WTI crew down the bottom left here and actually the commodity complex more generally is well-bid in certain pockets so oil for sure up 7% natural gas up five or six percent you've got stuff like other commodities like wheat for example where we know Russia's the largest exporter of wheat the Ukraine's the second largest exporter of wheat in the world that is. Wheat's up 6% got stuff like palm oil and soybeans are up 5% and 7% respectively palladium is up 5% aluminium is up 5% all of these commodities where Russia is quite a key global producer are obviously showing some pretty sharp upsides here from a safe haven point of view well gold is a good example which has been pretty slow to kind of get going I would say this year having lagged around down the 1800 handle despite things like Omicron and things like that but this is really woken gold up and certainly over the last couple of weeks it's been well bit but a powerful move here as we spike back up above 1900 dollars we're going to a weekly chart to give you context 1900 is a pretty important price point because that was the high that we saw in right in the middle of 2021 okay so an important move technically here on gold what's happening on stuff like bitcoin well bitcoin's had a seemingly pretty positive correlation between well between it and stocks let's say crypto and stocks have had a positive correlation certainly that's been the case as you've seen this big sell-off as the Russian Ukraine crisis has escalated what's interesting for me is it may be this correlation is just breaking down a little bit even though we did get a big move lower last night I will point out the key level mind so before I get too carried away with my theory that the correlation might have broken down I don't think it's broken down I think it's weakened the key level for bitcoin of course is the lower the year that was set back on the 24th of jam and the move last night was a move down but not quite down to that level but that's a key line to be looking out for so I think what's important and I've traded through these events many times and I guess the closest example would be the Crimea annexation that took place back in 2014 and what I would say there is it feels quite similar in the one hand where Russia piled into Crimea we were worried about a full invasion of the Ukraine but actually it was Putin's strategy was just to take Crimea and then kind of step back I think what's happened here is because the western sanctions were particularly onerous that they rolled out earlier this week I think that's the signal for Putin to get in here I still believe that his endgame is just annexing these eastern regions I hope that is the case obviously any kind of movement of Russian troops properly rolling into Kiev means my theory is wrong so we do need to be looking out for that and that's the worst case scenario from a global market sentiment point of view if you if today we're going to see tanks in Kiev then sure I think these markets whilst they look to have just kind of bounced and perhaps back to finish with that ruble they look to have bounced a little bit here making up maybe half of the losses any kind of tanks in Kiev and I think you got another way to the downside if there are no tanks in Kiev by the end of today then maybe things can settle the west are going to come out fighting in terms of threatening more aggressive sanctions of course and then we'll have to see but look if you're trading this be careful volatility is extreme and you've got to be all over those news channels and making sure you're fully up to date second by second as this very live situation unfolds okay that's a quick update from our side guys good luck


Hello everyone. I am Divya Chandra from Tiruvannathapuram, Kerala. I have secured All India Rank 397 at Civil Services Examination 2018. I was a student of Shankar IA's Trivandrum Centre. And this was my second attempt. I didn't clear problems in my first attempt. My association with Shankar started with the sociology test series that I attended here. The valuable feedback sessions from Rajidha Mam was quite useful in improving my writing skills for the optional writing. And then again where Shankar came to my rescue was the interview guidance program because students like us had interviewed the beginning itself. So Shankar started their interview guidance program quite early in January itself. And there were peer interview sections which was very useful in overcoming our inhibitions in the interview. And for those writing this year's problems, my advice would be to attend maximum mock test series as possible because I think the key to this exam is practice for all the three stages. And again coming to Shankar, thank you everyone at Shankar, all the staff for the valuable guidance and emotional support and all the best to everyone who is writing this year. Thank you.


Welcome to Cleveland, Ohio where it's always sunny and 75. Honestly, we couldn't have any better weather. Cleveland Browns. Wow, Jess. Who do you think is going to be the best quarterback in this job? Justin Fields. Matt Jones. Matt Jones. I like really like Jack Wilson. I was impressed with his throws and pro day. Justin Fields. Justin Fields. Everyone's sleeping on him. Comment on your rival team. What? Comment on your rival team. Comment on the Steelers. The Steelers? They have a rich tradition. They have a rich tradition. Of what? Winning Super Bowl in the very long past. Keep your eyes nice here. Thank you. That was so nice. Nice here? I'd like to call Blash. What? One compliment? Oh man. The biggest bust in the draft. Trevor Lawrence. What? I wasn't impressed. The biggest bust in the draft. Whoever the Steelers pick first. Max. Got my vaccine sticker. Got my wristband. Ready to go. Okay so we're on the field. Finally. And now I'm going to pick a field board. Okay so I made it down to the stage. I'm in the vaccine zone. Everybody here is awesome. It was a great time. And now it's time for me to go home. So it's day three of the draft. It's actually sunny. It's actually nice here. And we're going to take you around Cleveland and show you some cool spots. And show you some cool people. You can go to a Cavs game. They're really fun. Sorry LeBron's not there anymore. If you want to go to a baseball game you can go to a baseball game because we have the best pitcher in baseball. Shane Bieber. I got to go up on stage for our first pick. You were in the chair? Yeah. Oh my god. I asked him if I could keep our pick card.  Yeah. So he gave me the card with the selection on it and signed it for me. That's so cool. And talked to me for a couple of minutes personally up on the stage. That's awesome. Who do you think is going to be the biggest bust? Of our draft or overall? Overall. Hey. Caleb Thorley. Caleb Thorley. I got Zach Wilson. I'm going to say Mac Jones. I'm not a big Mac Jones. I didn't like his walk. That was a strange walk. I don't want to say that. I'll probably say Zach Wilson. No. That's a common answer though. Compliment arrived. Oh no. Compliment? Steelers? Yeah. You have a compliment. Hey. You know what? So... The browns colors match my all modern bull and green. I see the browns colors right before I flush the toilet. Oh my god. Hines catch up isn't terrible. Grangles nice new uniforms. Love them. I love them. They look so good. So sharp. Steelers fans you've turned out. I hope both of you. Steelers and Ravens have spent a lot of money on my town. Yeah. Love it. Drop your cash. They're all out of here. Yeah. Leave immediately. To compliment the rivals I will say they also have a lovely city and a very passionate fan base even though they're wrong. Go down to west third. Take a right.


In this video, I want to prove that the limit as theta approaches zero of sine theta over theta is equal to one. Now this proof is going to involve a geometric argument using the unit circle, which isn't too complicated. I'll take you through it. It's also going to be an application of the squeeze theorem. So what we're going to do is we're going to break this up into two problems. We're going to consider the case where theta is a little bit bigger than zero and where theta is a little bit less than zero. That is, we're going to do a right-handed limit and then a left-handed limit. The arguments will be similar. Now notice, if theta is a little bit bigger than theta, it's positive, that'll actually put it in the first quadrant. If theta is greater than zero, but it's only a little bit bigger than zero, right? Then we can assume safely that it's less than pi half, we're in the first quadrant. And so therefore we can draw a diagram similar to one you're going to see here on the right of some inscribed triangles inside of this unit circle and such. So the circle in play here is in fact the unit circle. The radius of the circle is one, it's centered at the origin right here. And consider the angle theta you see right here. So the usual triangle diagram will give you something like the following. We have some point on the unit circle associated to angle theta right here, and it forms this triangle that you see right there, the O-C-B triangle, O-C-B there. And so by the usual SO-COTOA relationship, sine is going to be opposite over adjacent, cosine is adjacent over, excuse me, sine is opposite over hypotenuse, cosine is adjacent over hypotenuse, and tangent will be opposite over adjacent. Now in the case of the unit circle where the hypotenuse is actually length one, we see that the opposite side of the triangle is actually sine of theta in length, and the adjacent side is in fact equal to cosine in terms of length. Another thing that we're going to use in this argument here is the classic arc length formula. So if we take the arc, the length of the arc from A to B, call that distance S, a classic theorem from geometry trigonometry here tells us that the arc length S will equal the radius times theta, the angle measure worth, the angle measure here is in radians. Now as we are working with the unit circle, this tells us that the length of the arc is actually equal to theta, where theta again is the radian measure of this angle theta right here. So that's important to remember that the length of the arc from A to B will be the number theta itself, okay? So let's play around with the trigonometric ratio for a moment. Consider sine of theta. Well looking at the triangle O-C-B, you have the opposite side, which is B-C over the hypotenuse, which is B-O, but as the radius O-B is a radius of the unit circle, that distance is one. So B-C divided by B-O will just be B-C over one, so that just simplifies to be a B-C right there. So for this triangle, the triangle O-C-B, sine of theta is equal to the side B-C. Now think about this geometrically for a moment, that we have this line B-C, which is interior to the circle. If we were to slide A-C, excuse me, if we were to slide the point C towards A, that is if you get something like this, you start sliding the point C towards A, you see that this line segment that started at B-C will get longer, longer, longer until it eventually converges towards the line segment A-B. So this tells us that B-C will be less than or equal to the line segment A-B. But this line segment A-B is the chord of a circle, and therefore the arc associated to these same two points A-B, because the circle has curvature to it, will be longer than the line segment A-B, and therefore we get that A-B will be less than or equal to the arc of A-B. But like we mentioned earlier, the arc A-B is equal to theta. And so simplifying this, we see that sine of theta will be less than or equal to theta. If you divide both sides of the inequality by theta, theta is in the first quadrant, that is we're a little bit bigger than zero, we're positive, so dividing both sides by theta, it won't flip the inequality around because theta is positive, and we get then the very important observation that sine of theta over theta is less than or equal to one. Now remember, we're trying to show that the limit as theta approaches zero of sine theta over theta is equal to one.  Yellow will be the function in the middle, green is the function on the right side, it's the right bound, and then we're going to use orange for the left bound, which we'll see that in just one second. So to get a lower bound, we need sine of theta to be bigger than something else. What's that going to be? We're going to look at a slightly different triangle. Let me zoom out a little bit on this picture. So for this one, we're now going to consider the triangle OAD, all right, where D is now an exterior point to the triangle. B was on the circumference of the circle. D is now exterior to the circle right here. And this one is less known, I think, to many people. But the length, because I mean, we knew that the length of the segment OC was cosine and BC gave a sign. But if you look at the length AD, this is actually equal to tangent. And likewise, the length of the segment OD, that's equal to secant of theta here. Now, we're not going to need the secant one. So I'm just going to remove that one from consideration. But why is this length equal to tangent? So let's look at the triangle OAD for a moment. OAD, this is a triangle which is similar to OCB that we saw earlier. After all, one of the angles is theta, and it is a right triangle. So the other angle would have, since it has to add up to 180 degrees, that enforces congruence on this angle right here. These two triangles are going to be similar to each other. And since they're similar triangles, that means that all of the trigonometry will be the same for these two triangles. So if we want to talk about tangent of theta, right, we could use the triangle ACB, but I'm going to use the triangle OAD. Now, with respect to theta, the opposite side is AD, and then the adjacent side is OA, which we see right here. But OA is also a radius of the unit circle, so it's going to equal one. So AD divided by AO is equal to AD. So this proves the statement I mentioned a moment ago, that tangent theta is in fact equal to this distance right here, AD.  So this next argument here is that when you take the line segment here, DA, as we start moving D closer and closer and closer to the point B, you'll start to shrink it, what have you. But the important observation here is that the arc AB is going to be shorter than the line segment AD. And I guess another way to think about it is if we were to take this arc, and let's imagine it was more flexible, like it was a rope or a string or something. If we were to start bending it, right, if we bend it the same distance, we'll eventually hit some point, but it won't hit all the way to D. AD is longer than AB, the arc AB in this situation. But remember, the arc AB is equal to theta. So this gives us that tangent of theta is going to be greater than or equal to theta itself. So theta is less than equal to tangent theta. But again, we're going to do some division going on here in just a second. But tangent being sine over cosine, this gives us that theta is less than or equal to sine theta over cosine theta. If we times both sides by cosine and we divide both sides by theta, we can change that inequality to cosine theta is less than or equal to sine theta over theta. Now, we already mentioned how theta is positive in this context. So dividing by theta doesn't change the inequalities. But in the first quadrant, cosine is also positive. So times the both sides by theta doesn't change the inequality as well. And so now we have our inequalities. Putting these two observations together, we're going to see that cosine of theta is less than or equal to sine theta over theta, less than or equal to one. All right. Now, all of these functions, cosine, sine theta over theta and one, these are all even functions, which means they're symmetric with respect to y equals zero, the excuse me, x equals zero, the so-called y-axis. And therefore, if we had moved to the fourth quadrant, negative pi halves to zero, these saving inequalities would be true because of the symmetry of the function. So if we're a little bit to the left of zero or a little bit to the right of zero, then these inequalities will still be true. So now we're ready to do the squeeze theorem. If we take the limit as theta approaches zero of cosine of theta, you're going to get cosine of zero there, which is equal to one. And likewise, if you take the limit of the constant function one, you're also going to get one. So the limit of the left-hand side is one. The limit of the right-hand side is one. And since sine theta over theta is squeezed between two functions, which are approaching one, then we see that in conclusion, the limit of theta as theta approaches zero of sine theta over theta must equal, in fact, one.