Hello, I am just taking questions here and there. Nirma University, Amdabad, you have any questions? What is different between conservation equation and non-conservative equation? Okay, the question is what is the difference between conservation equation and non-conservative equation? Okay, actually we will get back to you. All that I will tell is whatever the form, there is nothing like non-conservative equation. There is nothing like that, that is first thing. Second thing is that we have conservative form and non-conservative form. We will write the equations in the non-conservative and conservative form and get back to you. This is a good question. I would request you to put it in moodle. Sudeep, please note down. There is nothing like non-conservative equation. The only the equation, it is conservative or non-conservative form. That is to put it in a very simple term. You can see these terms getting conserved in one form and in another form you cannot directly see them conserved. Nevertheless, the equations are conservation of mass, momentum and energy. That they cannot violate. None of these equations can get violated. Is that okay? Any other questions? Shown on page number 64, can you explain that significance of the arrow you have shown in with written that pipe central line? 64 of which convection 1, convection 2, convection 3? Convection 2. What is the significance of this figure? That is the question. See, as I said in the previous transparency, we have u plus, we have y plus. Of course, they are not u and y directly the dimensional form. u plus is u by u tau and u tau is square root of tau all by rho.  All that what people found is of course, this can be although it has been stated and said that as if it has come from empirical, it can be derived from fundamentals. You can see this derivation in Professor Bajan's book, Convective Heat Transfer Book. So, or even in Sebastien-Brodshaw boundary layers by Sebastien-Brodshaw, the point here is if I take any measurement of shear stress along the boundary layer at different y locations, if I take those measurements and non-dimensionalize my velocity and shear stress in these lines, the profile is essentially going to follow initially linear in viscous sub-layer and then logarithmic in turbulent boundary layer and also in buffer layer. That is what we are trying to say. Over to you, if you have any specific question in this, I would like to take up that question. The pipe centerline and the arrow you have shown there, can I know the significance of that? The question asked by one of the participant is that, what is the significance of arrow mark in the pipe centerline? That means the significance of this arrow mark, this only means that I am going towards pipe centerline. This is the pipe wall, this is the pipe wall for internal flows or for a floor flat plate, this is y equal to 0 just above the flat plate or just on the pipe wall. As I move away from here, I am moving into the boundary layer, first viscous sub-layer, then buffer layer, then turbulent boundary layer, this is towards the pipe centerline if it is pipe case. Is that okay? VIT Pune, any questions? My question is, while non-dimensionalizing the momentum equation, may it be steady or unsteady, we end up with one non-dimensional parameter that is one by RE on the other side of the equation. While non-dimensionalizing this energy equation, we have assumed that flow is a steady and we have ended up with the non-dimensional parameters like RE, PR and ICART number. Now if we consider the unsteady energy equation, do we lead to some other parameter? Yes. See, one of the participants question is that, if we take steady flow, I get RE as a non-dimensional number in momentum equation. If I take steady energy equation, I get the non-dimensional number as Reynolds number and Prandtl number in energy equation. See there is, I do not have to assume unsteady. Yes, if I do not assume the flow as steady, I get another non-dimensional number what is called as Fourier number. Whether it is momentum equation or energy equation, most of the times as you and I know, we handle steady flows. So that is the reason, we do not consider that Fourier number. Sorry, not, what is it? Froude number. Sorry, the non-dimensional number is Froude number. If you take unsteady flow irrespective whether it is momentum equation or energy equation, you get what is called as Froude number. But I would think this is a very good question. So for unsteady flows, we get non-dimensional number as Froude number in momentum equation. But in energy equation, we end up getting Reynolds and Prandtl. The point is as long as the flow is steady, you get Reynolds number in momentum equation and Reynolds and Prandtl in energy equation. If you take unsteady, you take, you get Froude number as the non-dimensional number for the unsteady term. I think that is a good question. Then you may ask me, what is Froude number? I do not have right now the Froude number definition. It goes something like this, u squared upon square root of lg. I will elaborate this question. I will elaborate the Froude number definition in the next session. Is that okay? Professor Sevatkar. Thank you, sir. Thank you. NIT 3G, any questions? So in boundary layer formation, we have discussed flow over a smooth flat plate. If our surface has any, if our surface is, we have any surface roughness factor or it is not a smooth surface, such a case is what would be? Okay, one of the questions is if the surface is roughened by rougheners, what it would be? Okay, we have answered this several times and we will be re-dealing with this in internal flows again. Nevertheless, I have been telling time and again, if the surface is roughened, if the surface roughness height is such that it breaks the laminates of layer and which is what we generally want to do, if that is the case, my surface would have the boundary layer completely turbulent. That means the heat transfer coefficient will be very high because my friction factor has gone up. Because my shear stress at the wall is essentially minus rho u prime v prime bar. So, laminar sub layer is not going to exist. It is going to be completely turbulent. Is that okay, Professor? Sir, one more question. Yeah. So, in cricket, during fast bowling, compared to England and Australia, our cases, the swing is very less in the Indian conditions. Is there any role of a boundary layer formation in that? The question asked is, when we play cricket, the swing in India is much lower than the swing in England. That I do not know the answer, why in England it is more, maybe because of the wet condition. But all that I can definitely say is, what is essentially happening in the ball is that, while there is a linear motion, there is also a rotational motion. Because of this rotational motion, there is a slight lift generated, which is what is called as Magnus effect. This is what we study in fundamentals of fluid mechanics. So, in fact, few people in early days, they wanted to use this Magnus effect and move the ships, but they failed. But this Magnus effect is the one which is actually generating the lift for swinging of our tennis ball. Now, if you ask me the question, why in England swings more than in India, I think it is something to do with humidity or the wetness. So that is essentially, what is different is the density. Density, I think, but it is a very specific question. Why? I have not answered one part of your question. That is, why in England it swings more than in India? I am hand waving, but I will come back to you. This is a very good question, but there is a lift. You have an answer? Yeah, professor Atul wants to answer this. Why do not you pitch in? Basically, your question is the effect of seam conditions. If you remember, if you play any of, I mean, if you watch any of these cricket games, if you see the bowler, he tries to hide one side of the ball. So, that one side is hidden just because they do not want to show the condition of the ball on that. So, what they do? They shine the one side and they roughen the other side. That is why you have these incidences of ball tempering and other things using your nails and the caps of water bottles. So, they try to roughen the other surface. So, when you have seaming conditions, the role of boundary layer or the effect of seaming conditions on the boundary, on the ball, on the two sides of the ball would be different. So, the boundary layer formation on the roughened side would act in a different manner as compared to the smoothened side. So, that is why you have the swing. The ball tends to move towards the roughened side. So, I mean, seaming conditions are as Professor Prabhu has told. The wet conditions compared, I mean, in England compared to India, they definitely play a role. But if you have the condition of the ball, which is equally good on both sides, the seaming effect would be, would be subsided. So, in order to have the swing of the ball, you need to temper or you need to have different conditions on either side of the ball. Sir, this is, thanks Professor, thanks Professor. Kolhapur Institute of Technology, any questions? Sir, in case of oil bearings, the viscosity is going to change with respect to temperature. But do we take into consideration the mu value is constant or is it changing with temperature as a function of temperature in case of these equations? So, the question asked is by one of the participants in bearings, whether it is ball or roller or whatever, whether the viscosity varies, because the temperature in the bearing changes as it is being used because of the friction, the temperature of the oil inside the bearings will keep changing. So, whether the viscosity we have to, whether should we be taking the variation of the viscosity with temperature or not in the equations? Yes, one has to take the variation of the properties with temperature. In fact, as we go along in convection, we are going to see that there is significant influence of the property variations with the temperature when we are calculating the heat transfer coefficient. So, what you asked in bearings? Yes, viscosity variation with temperature has to be taken into account in my set of equations. Okay, next question please. Thank you sir. Sir, one more question sir. Sir, we discussed the universal profile for flow over the plate and flow in the pipe. Can we apply that universal profile in agitated vessel? No. So, the question asked is one of the participants question is that can I apply this universal profile whatever has been taught this u plus y plus the viscous sublayer buffer layer and the turbulent boundary layer it is, we said that it is applicable for flow over a flat plate and for flow in internal pipe. Is it applicable for agitated flows? No. See that is why I said this is only applicable for these two class of flows, because that is what it has been tested for. Generally for any other special or specific problem this is not applicable as I said even for jet impinging flows for example this is not applicable. People are struggling or trying to come up with some other profile but that is not working. So, they have tried at least to the extent possible I know to the best of my knowledge velocity profile they have succeeded but not for temperature. In fact we have similar temperature profile also which we will be studying little later but universal velocity profile they have slightly succeeded for impinging flows but that profile looks different from this. So, that is why then it is not going to be universal at all. So, there is nothing like I mean we should not be calling this profile as universal. So, the point is for each class of a problem the stress distribution with velocity is going to be different. So, to answer your question for agitated flows this is not applicable. So, now we will stop this question and answer session and professor Arun is going to teach us from where he had stopped. We had introduced or come up with the non-dimensional form of the equation. A quick two minute recap why was this done? See we will go back to the dimensional form of the equation this is the dimensional form of the energy equation. Please do not see this in isolation see this in conjunction with the x, y momentum equation and the continuity equation and we said that there are four variables of interest that is u, v pressure and temperature. So, we have four equations one continuity equation one x momentum equation y momentum equation and the energy equation. So, four equation four unknowns this problem is a nice closed form problem because whether we can solve it directly for all situations that is a different question. Then we said this energy equation is nothing but first law of conservation of energy and then this first law of thermodynamics and from here we can derive the diffusion or conduction equation when this term u and v is go to 0 pressure work goes to 0 viscous dissipation goes to 0. That means when there is no flow associated with the problem you can transform this equation to the transient 2D conduction equation with constant properties. We saw that also and then we said let us non-dimensionalize these using a certain set of non-dimensional variables. These are chosen with an idea that the non-dimensional parameter that is obtained x star y star u star v star p star and non-dimensional temperature is all varying between 0 and 1 a general rule of thumb. What this l is what this v is all those things will be problem specific situation specific to the problem whether it is average velocity free stream velocity or any other velocity whether it is the length of the pipe diameter of the pipe length of the flat plate so on and so forth that depends. We said in fluid mechanics we have u local and u infinity as the 2 variables I mean 2 quantities related to velocity. We do not have anything like u surface whereas in heat transfer you are going to have T s in addition to a local temperature and T infinity. Therefore, we have to encompass or take into account all these 3 quantities to define a non-dimensional temperature. After all this algebra which we hope you do it later today you come up with the nice non-dimensional form of the equation which looks like this and we said that this occurred number which is representing the inter conversion from kinetic energy to heat becomes dominant in case of high speed flows typically because you are talking of this ratio. When T s minus T infinity is large or C p is large also these things go small and therefore, we tend to drop this term and this term viscous dissipation term and pressure work terms are neglected they are not equal to 0 they are neglected in our normal heat transfer problems that we are going to do in this course that does not mean these are unimportant these become important in high speed flows. Somebody I had a question on if I have a unsteady term what is a non-dimensional number that is going to affect this part also. In fact, if you go to aerodynamics the same energy equation this term will become far more important or this term will be of comparable order of magnitude and somebody had asked in the Moodle also can this I do not remember this thing about high speed or something like that we had mentioned about this occurred number which is valid for high. One question in the Moodle that when can I take the flow as compressible and when can I take the flow as incompressible and one of you had answered also very rightly that is for all Mach numbers less than 0.3 the flow can be considered as incompressible and for all Mach numbers greater than 0.3 the flow can be considered as compressible and of course why Mach number less than 0.3 can be considered as incompressible that is because essentially the density variations that is delta rho by rho the density variations is less than 10% for all Mach numbers less than 0.3 and for Mach numbers greater than 0.3 the density variations become significant density variation is what we have been telling for compressibility into account. So for compressibility and incompressibility other criterion which can be taken into account which is what usually is done is Mach number. Mach number less than 0.3 is incompressible and greater than 0.3 is compressible because density variations become significant for all Mach numbers greater than 0.3. So now what we are saying is you have a non-dimensional energy equation what is the use of all this what are we going to get at the end of this. So before we understand what we are going to get let us just look at these three equations that we have. This is the continuity x momentum and the energy equation and y momentum equation if you see what is the y momentum equation for those of you can write down y momentum equation rho v du by dx plus sorry rho u dv by dx dv by dy equal to mu d squared mu d squared v by dx squared plus d squared v by dy squared minus dp by dy right now minus dp by dy ok. So what happens to this for flow when we have this kind of a situation we are talking of steady incompressible laminar flow of a fluid with constant properties this is a set of equations and the boundary conditions. So at x is equal to 0 what is x is equal to 0 x is equal to 0 represents let us say I have flow over a flat plate this is my coordinate axis x is equal to 0 represents this point. So when the flow is not or just come in to the region of interest velocity u at all wise is u infinity free stream velocity temperature at x is equal to 0 for all wise is equal to t infinity. So this fluid has not started to flow over the flat plate it is just coming into that region of interest ok. Second thing y equal to 0 y equal to 0 represents the flat plate surface x axis this is the no slip condition u is 0 v is 0 and temperature at all wise for temperature at y equal to 0 for all x is equal to the surface temperature. So for this surface if t s is greater than t infinity I can always say that velocity u v both are equal to 0 at wall and t is equal to t s at so this is what is given by the second boundary condition third boundary condition is y tends to infinity what is this y tends to infinity it represents the region far away from the influence of the solid surface ok region far away what is this so called far away this so called far away refers to a region much beyond the boundary layer. So if I have a boundary layer that is firm the region beyond that y tending to infinity I will have the governing boundary conditions as u at all x locations at y tending to infinity is u infinity. So the fluid does not know does not remember anything about seeing a flat plate somewhere far below 8 temperature is also unaffected t at y tending to infinity equal to t infinity are these enough are these enough all that is what we have to see we have u in terms of x we have u in terms of y so d squared u by dy squared is there so two boundary conditions in y I have two boundary conditions in y one boundary condition for u in x I have that one boundary condition for v in terms of y I have that then the remaining are all related to temperature one two three conditions for the temperature so this is a well posed situation what happens to the y momentum equation why was that not considered it I want to leave this as an exercise for all of you what will happen to the y momentum equation is should I leave it yeah you will see that terms will get cancelled off will get dp by dy equal to 0 if I urge all of you to try this if you do not get this and you are unable to proceed please ask us or please put this on model we will reply to all of you together okay but y momentum equation simply is going to vanish okay so it is not going to give you any information which is going to be relevant except the fact that dp by dy equal to 0 and what does dp by dy equal to 0 mean that also you should interpret partial derivative of something with respect to a variable is 0 means pressure is not a function of y so that is something which you will have to interpret and then you will be able to appreciate that we have only three equations we urge all of you to write down the y momentum equation and please do this mathematics okay so I think it is there in the tutorial today okay so we will cover that we are not going to do it here explicitly so with the same non-dimensional parameters that was used for the energy equation let us non-dimensionalize the continuity and momentum continuity as we quickly saw it would have been v u star is equal to u so I will get v I will get l here so v by l du star by dx star plus v by l dv star by dv star is equal to 0 that l by v goes off momentum equation u star u du dx I will just spend half a minute writing this because people get overwhelmed very easily when I non-dimensionalize this is v u star d by dx will have a l dx star du star will have another v du star okay so this becomes v squared by l u star du star by dx star I like to keep the functional form of the term the same u du by dx u star du star by dx just a change in the nomenclature on paper but what is coming in front of it is this v squared by l when I do that for all the terms what do I get the similar term for the similar form for the second term is v du by dy will essentially become v du star by dy star that we just put it here v du by dy becomes l yeah v is equal to p star v times v star du star v l dy star so this will be v squared by l v star du star by dy star essentially the same functional form with this v squared by l sitting in front then the right hand side I have mu d squared u by dy squared so that is going to be taken care like this mu d squared u by dy squared is going to be mu d by dy second time I am going to do this so I would have d by dy of du by dy this is mu y is what let us recall y star is y by l so this is what I am going to use this is v du star by l dy star and again I would have your l dy star I hope all of you are with me here so I will get this as keeping this in mind I will get mu v l squared d squared u star by dy star squared something in front the mu is also there the functional form is essentially the same mu d squared u by dy has become mu v by l squared so on and so forth and let me go back to the last thing dp by dx will be non-dimensionalized in this form dp by dx is nothing but pressure was non-dimensionalized as rho v squared dp star this is l dx star so if I keep all these terms together in the non-dimensional form I would have write it one by one v squared by l u star du star by dx star plus v squared by l v star du star by dy star equal to mu v by l squared d squared u star by dy star squared minus dp by dx which will give me minus rho v squared by l dp star by dx star so if I that this is divided by v squared by l I hope all of you can see that so when I do the jugglery cancel of v squared by l on this side I would be left with u star du star by dx star plus v star du star by dy star equal to l l cancels v cancels here I would get a mu l v rho I think I have missed somewhere let me just go back yeah there is a rho here sorry about that there is a rho which is there so this rho keeps coming all the time so there is a rho here there is a rho here there is a rho here so that will be there and I would have here minus v squared by l cancels off so I will be left with a rho dp star by dx star divide through by rho I would have rho here this will cancel off and what am I left with I am left with this form rho v l by mu is my reciprocal of Reynolds number so what do I see u star du star by dx star plus v star du star by dy star is equal to 1 over Reynolds number based on some l some characteristic dimension which is not volume by surface area d squared u star by dy star squared minus dp star by dx star okay so what was my original equation my original equation which was not before this was rho u bring this rho down you get u du by dx plus v du by dy is equal to nu d squared u by dy squared minus 1 by rho dp by dx and that is what I have here in the non-dimensional form as the reference side is same except for the stars I have 1 by Reynolds number which is something which is very important and dp by dx is just left as it is and we have done the same thing for the for the energy equation and we showed this just before we went for t that it is of this form if I neglect the viscous dissipation and the pressure work term my energy equation reduces to u star dt star by dx star plus v star dt star by dy star equal to 1 by re l pr d squared t star by dy star squared please keep these two in mind this is probably the heart of convection I cannot over emphasize this because now if you look at these two equations forget whether the independent variable is u I mean sorry dependent variable is u or t look at the left hand side if I cover the right hand side look at the left hand side identical instead of u here I have u star I have t star point sorry instead of u star I have t star otherwise it is exactly the same thing left hand side same very good if dp by dx went off to 0 that means I throw this off here I have d squared u star by dy star squared d squared t star by dy star squared this is just the constant coefficient in front of it Prandtl number let us say it is equal to 1 for just for the sake of simplicity it is identical right so let me for the sake of being repetitive I will just bring this up here again the functional form of the governing equation non-dimensional governing equation looks identical when dp by dx is made to 0 and pr is made to be equal to 1 essentially identical form I have non-dimensionalized the governing equation so I have to non-dimensionalize the boundary condition which is a matter of which is very straight forward all of you can do it x equal to 0 x star equal to 0 y tending to infinity y star tending to infinity t you just put it appropriately you will get 1s and 0s so that is also non-dimensionalized here okay what am I saying because of all this is something which is so so so important is the following let us just go back here the same equation I have recast when do not read all this Chilton Colburn do not read all that for now dp by dx when it is equal to 0 and pr is approximately equal to 1 the non-dimensional momentum equation and the non-dimensional energy equation are identical in its functional form if I have an identical equation differential equation and the boundary conditions are identical the solution is also identical what it means now if I just go back step by step to the boundary condition here u star at 0 comma y star is 1 where is this coming from this free stream velocity I have another thing here free stream temperature this essentially is u star becomes 1 because I have non-dimensionalized using u infinity which is the representative capital V that we chose okay that instead of capital V you can use u infinity which is the maximum possible velocity in the flow this t star by definition is going to become equal to 1 am I right t minus t s divided by t infinity minus t s go back here when in doubt go back to this t infinity minus t s divided by t infinity minus t s gives me 1 so non-dimensional temperature will be 1 that is precisely what is given here these two okay then what else is there u star at x star 0 t star at x star 0 is 0 x becomes x star here also 0 remain 0 t s minus t s you will get in the numerator so that ratio is going to become equal to 0 non-dimensional temperature is equal to 0 for this boundary condition this one then remaining 3 are here y tends to infinity this one all x so x star infinity 1 because this is again u infinity x star infinity this is going to be 0 sorry x star infinity this is also going to be 1 t the ratio is this is t infinity and the ratio is t infinity minus t s divided by t infinity minus t s so that is going to be 1 v was non-dimensionalized by again by the same scale so this will be x star 0 equal to 0 so what am I getting here I have three conditions for you u star u star u star t star t star t star forget the v part for a minute these are identical am I right so when Prandtl number is of the order 1 of the order means roughly equal to when dp by dx is negligibly small can be neglected or made equal to 0 then the non-dimensional I am going I am repeating again then equations are not the same the non-dimensional x momentum equation and the non-dimensional energy equation have the same functional form and the non-dimensional boundary conditions are also identical okay so this is probably the heart of what we have studied we are going to study the non-dimensional equations are of the same form the non-dimensional boundary conditions are identical that means logically I know that the solution nature of the functional form of the solution is going to be the same I think this cannot be any better explained because you take any differential equation d square y by dx square equal to constant or d square t by dx square equal to constant you will get the same functional form same thing here with the same boundary conditions this equation and this equation when in the non-dimensional form are identical therefore my non-dimensional velocity distribution will be identical to the non-dimensional temperature distribution okay I will restate this non-dimensional velocity distribution would be equal to the non-dimensional temperature distributions not written here but please write this down and take this away with you I think this is something which our students at an undergraduate level are not taught it is not appreciated and what we say some Reynolds analogy is given write short notes on Reynolds analogy this sort of a question is asked in an exam write short notes on Reynolds analogy what is Reynolds analogy it is essentially this part it is telling you this when the non-dimensional energy and momentum equations with identical non-dimensional boundary conditions are there that means it is of this form we start something in front this is the nature let me go back here this is the nature I have written on the white board just brackets the square bracket can be u or t let me call it a a a this a can be u star or t star okay when Prandtl number is approximately equal to 1 and dp by dx star equal to 0 the form of the equations non-dimensional equations are the same boundary conditions are identical it means non-dimensional temperature and velocity distribution u star and t star this is something which we have to carry with us at the end of heat transfer convection introduction this is what the student will have to carry what does this mean it has far reaching implications what does that mean let us see here when Reynolds number what is this use why is this done this is essentially done because I want non-dimensionalization gives me this freedom of collapsing multiple variables L V E T infinity nu alpha into two simple non-dimensional number Reynolds and Prandtl number that is why we are interested in non-dimensionalization okay that apart what we are saying is this when I have the non-dimensional momentum equation which is given by this okay solution of this two equations is going to give me u v okay and p also because p we have absorbed in the y momentum equation already so u star which is the non-dimensional x component of the velocity is obviously going to be a function of what it is going to be a function of Reynolds number local r e l it is going to be a function of x star it is going to be a function of y star correct because I want u d squared t by d squared y by dx squared plus d squared y sorry d squared f by dx squared plus d squared f by d y squared f is going to be a function of x and y same thing here u is going to be a function of x star y star and this Reynolds number that is what I am writing here so in general this is going to be the relationship in general t star non-dimensional temperature is going to be function of same thing x star y star r e l and there is one p r sticking there some constant which is there that also is going to influence the temperature distribution so just look at these two I am going to flip back and forth between these two identical solution form what does it tell me if I fix the location if I fix the wall as the location y equal to 0 y wall why not y equal to 2 centimeter from the wall it is because y equal to 0 represents a very important condition for us shear stress is evaluated at the wall that shear stress is given by what mu du by dy so if I fix y that means y star is fixed this is no longer a variable of concern so I can write this du star by dy star is essentially mu v by l right because I am non-dimensionalizing u so du star will be v du star y will be l dy star at y star equal to 0 that means this is going to be some functional form of x star and r e l because y has gone in it has been eaten up so mu v by l is what again mu v by l I can recast this multiply divide and do something and get it in terms of Reynolds number we will see that c f x coefficient of friction is therefore our definition one half rho v squared that is in the denominator tau so tau is mu v by l divided by rho v squared by 2 f of x star r e l and this is nothing but 2 divided by Reynolds number what does this tell me so important so important so elegant coefficient of friction for a case with dp by dx equal to 0 is nothing but a function of the local position and the local Reynolds number thus coefficient of friction can be for a given geometry can be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number and the dimensionless space variable local position x star x star is nothing but x right so x star alone instead of being expressed in terms of v rho etcetera this is so important I do not know how much more to emphasize this coefficient of friction is a function of this now people had asked questions you know what happens to the boundary layer thickness as you move along the length of the plate why should it increase this is the answer this is coefficient of friction we can do a similar thing for boundary layer thickness and you will see it is a strong function of Reynolds number Reynolds number is what defined in terms of the local location that is going to increase now let us not forget that we have to look this always with the temperature distribution non-dimensional so non- dimensional temperature distribution we got from this how did we get this just by looking at this equation t star is the dependent variable it is dependent on x star y star r e l and p r that is what I have written here heat transfer coefficient was defined first lecture minus k of fluid d t by d y at the wall divided by t s minus t infinity this on non-dimensionalization is going to give me d t by d y would be minus k I will just do this because this is important so I will just do this very quickly h is equal to minus k d t by d y at y equal to 0 divided by t s minus t infinity this is going to be minus k t infinity minus t s times d t star divided by l d y star I hope I am doing this right y equal to 0 translates to y star equal to 0 this divided by t s minus t infinity cancels off there is a minus sign already sitting there so it will become plus minus sign is already sitting there this is t infinity minus t s this is t s minus t infinity so there is this is going to become plus so h is equal to one of the most important findings k d t star by d y star at y star equal to 0 what is this k k of f now one more step and we are away away from something which has been bothering us so much take this l and k on the other side h l by k fluid what is this just go back here this is what we had this I recast in this form nusselt number therefore is d t star by d y star at y star equal to 0 far reaching implications just go back one step c f f is nothing but non-dimensional War-shear stress that is equal to 2 by r e f of x r e l basically what am I doing here here also I have taken the derivative of temperature with respect to y and evaluated it at y equal to 0 or y star equal to 0 so this derivative no longer is a function of y star is this derivative is going to be some g 2 times x g 2 function of x star r e p r now all the questions all the correlations in the world that have come for force convection this has to be the functional form nusselt number is going to be a function of the local Reynolds number which involves the position x star and the Prandtl number associated with the fluid now our u g curriculum where you are given a bunch of formulae and student have to memorize each and every formulae associated with a geometry there is no need to memorize anything ok in fact that is a stupid way of testing you should give all the formulae the student should be asked to choose you give force free convection mixed everything does not matter the student if he is smart enough will choose that for a force convection problem the the functional form of nusselt number has to be r e and p r alone it will not have anything else that is testing ok so nusselt number which is equivalent to a non-dimensional temperature gradient at the wall this is the definition of nusselt number what is c f x non-dimensional wall shear stress non-dimensional wall shear stress this is non-dimensional temperature gradient at the wall both are quantities evaluated at the wall both are derivatives with respect to y but both are non-dimension we are not saying d t by d y or d u by d y we are saying non-dimensional force free gradient non-dimensional temperature gradient now let us say why is this important why what a why am I marrying these two again and again it is because one step before this we said if the governing non-dimensional governing equations are same identical in form and the non-dimensional boundary conditions are identical the functional form the distribution of the u star and t star are identical if the distribution is identical then the derivatives are also going to be identical the derivative evaluated the wall is going to be identical except for the constants which are associated I am going to say for sure that the non-dimensional temperature gradient at the wall and the non-dimensional wall shear stress distribution or c f x coefficient of friction is going to have a similar form okay and that is what is explained by right short notes on Reynolds analogy this is Reynolds analogy that is this Nusselt number how how did this come this came from just these two Nusselt number is g 2 of x r e l p l p r this is f 3 of x r e this one these two are equivalent are equal because the non-dimensional temperature I am not saying where in mind students come back and ask is velocity distribution temperature distribution the same no the non-dimensional velocity distribution the non-dimensional temperature profile are the same are identical because boundary conditions are identical governing equation is identical assuming p r equal to 1 and d p by dx equal to 0 this thing is called as Reynolds analogy what does this tell me if I know the coefficient of friction fluid mechanics experiments are relatively easy to do compared to heat transfer if I know this and if all the conditions that were used in this derivation are satisfied then I can get local heat transfer distribution if I know the local coefficient of friction if I know the velocity gradients at the wall at different location then hopefully I can translate that to local heat transfer coefficients by this so called Reynolds analogy so this is something which we have to see again and again Nusselt number is equivalent to the dimensionless temperature gradient at the surface and therefore we say all correlations typically will have this functional form now let us just quickly go back to that transparency on Nusselt number that we had convection 1 here you will see this Nusselt number we wrote it we didn't we quickly didn't do this transparency nu is hlc by k we wrote it just like that now we have shown nu is hlc by k just go back here hl by k we have shown that non-dimensional analysis and what is it it is not something which is a non-dimension number which just comes out of air in fact you cannot calculate this because the actual aspect actual thing that you do is calculate Nusselt number first by using Reynolds and Prandtl number from getting Reynolds and Prandtl number you use the appropriate correlation get Nusselt number then use the definition of Nusselt number from here and calculate h it is not the other way given h calculate Nusselt number no that is not the nature of problem the problem is the other way calculate Nusselt number from Reynolds Prandtl and then calculate h from knowing the Nusselt number so this is essentially the definition heat transfer through the fluid layer will be by convection when the fluid involves some motion and conduction when it is motionless essentially this is the definition so Nusselt number represents enhancement of heat transfer through a fluid layer as a result of convection relative to the conduction larger the Nusselt number more effective is convection nu equal to 1 for a fluid layer then the heat transfer is by pure conduction so this I think will now correlate marry everything that you had all questions hopefully which you had relative to this Nusselt number fully are understood answer because we are definitely going to take other questions it is not that we are not going to take let us quickly one last slide we just complete that and I will hand it over to Professor Prabhu so this is Reynolds analogy similarly there is what is called as Stanton number which is essentially relationship between CFX and see this is CFX REL by 2 Nusselt number and then the Stanton number is defined this so I put these two here because Nusselt number is a function of REPR you get this Stanton number and this forms the crux of what we call as Reynolds analogy u star is equal to t star du star by dy star at y equal to 0 or y star equal to 0 is dt star by dy star at y star equal to 0 and this one ok so for laminar flow over a these are some kind of correlations that you have seen so anyway we are not going to detail going to details over this one word of caution dp by dx star is equal to 0 was a necessary condition for the non-dimensional equations to be identical in form for a pipe flow there has to be a pressure gradient along the flow direction if any flow has to occur so in that case we cannot apply this Reynolds analogy business to this kind of pipe problems that is the word of caution root force do not try to apply it everywhere please understand under what limiting laminar flow condition this was there dp star by dx star was equal to 0 that was the limiting condition ok


Hello friends, welcome back to the channel, the next Terrorite Event for Pokemon Scholar and Violet has just been announced, we're going to cover all of the details in today's video. So as of a few minutes ago, as of recording this video, we've had an update from Cereby in regards to the next Terrorite Event for Pokemon Scholar and Violet. I was completely expecting a 7 star raid to be announced for this coming week, but it turns out it is going to be a spotlight Terrorite Event and it will be featuring Lissy this week, so a returning event that we've had from the past that's going to give us the opportunity to get lots and lots of Terror shots, it's a really handy event but it isn't a 7 star Terrorite, it will be running from October the 20th, so this Thursday evening or Friday morning depending on where your time zone is and running through over that weekend until the 22nd of October, take a few more details here on Cereby's website, the next Terrorite Event Battle has been announced for Pokemon Scholar and Violet. This event will feature the return of the blessy raid event which features an increase in Terror shots and XP candies which is really good for rewards. This event will run from midnight UTC on October the 20th through to 2359 UTC on the 22nd of October, so I'm presuming on this date on the 22nd is when we'll get the announcement of the 7 star Terrorite Event when the next one will be or it might be before that through this week coming up, who knows but to give you an idea of what to expect from this Terrorite Event you can see here this is the previous one that did run and you can see the amount of drops that you do get, you get a lot of large candies and a lot of Terror shots and you're going to get the one off raids where they are a bit rarer than the other ones but they're going to give you 5 of each Terror shot up to about 65 Terror shots I think they give out so it's likely it will be the similar sort of raid event coming in this Thursday Friday from the 20th till the 22nd of October so that's what we've got coming up later this week of course as always we'll put together some builds that are going to make it super easy for one shotting this blessy when the raid event goes live on Thursday and as always we'll cover it here on the channel just to make sure that you are aware of the event when it's running because as of rewards it's going to be probably one of the best Spotlight Terrorite Events that we've had in the games for a long time at least since the last time this event did run and it just makes getting items in particular those Terror shots and level up candies so much easier especially if you're going and playing competitive or you just wanted to build Pokemon in your game so thank you so much for tuning in friends that is everything for today very quick update if you've enjoyed today's video please do drop a like consider hitting the subscribe button if you want to stay up to date with all of our Pokemon scholar and violet content and I will see you all in another video very soon until then take care of yourselves and bye


the happiest careers and jobs, that's what we're going to be talking about today. But before we do that, gently tap the like button in order to defeat the evil YouTube algorithm. On this channel, we talk about opportunities, careers, personal finance, and college degrees that will lead you to success. And we also talk about avoiding some of the common financial traps that so many people fall for. If you're new here, and that sounds like something that interests you, go ahead, and if you haven't done it already, hit the subscribe button and ring the notification bell so that you never miss an opportunity. So with that out of the way, let's jump right into it. Now, as a personal finance channel, usually what I'm going to be talking about here is careers and degrees and whether they're a good opportunity or not financially speaking. I go over the most important things when it comes to your personal finances, like doing your research, having a plan, having a backup plan, and always gently tapping the like button. But when it comes to careers that make you the most happy, well, I have no idea and that's why I make YouTube videos. No, but seriously, happiness is extremely subjective and it really does depend on the person. Some might love like a really boring government desk job where you're in an air conditioned room and you barely do any work all day, whereas other people would absolutely hate that. That would be their literal definition of hell. They want to be outside working with their hands doing something active. So when it comes to choosing a career, of course you don't want to go with just the one that makes the most money. There are a lot of other factors to consider and I've talked about this before, but I think the best way to think about this is the Japanese concept of Ikegai. Ikegai basically means it's your reason for being and what it basically is is four different areas that are very important. So you want to find a good balance between what you love, what you're good at, what the world needs, and also what you can be paid for. If you can nail all four of those things, then you've got your personal Ikegai. So just to use a really quick example, let's say your passion is painting. You love painting. You're very good at painting. You could argue that the world needs painting. I mean everybody loves staring at beautiful paintings. I said painting a lot of times in that sentence. But there's a good chance that it won't fall under the category of what you can be paid for. So maybe instead of painting you could consider doing something like graphic design where you might have a better chance of making a good amount of money with that and it kind of fits all of those other ones as well. Or if you really want to do painting, you're probably not going to be able to find a job but you can get a little bit creative with it. You can get a little bit entrepreneurial. Maybe start a YouTube channel and then you can find success. The YouTuber ZHC would be a perfect example of this. They channel their creative artistic abilities in such a way where they can entertain people on YouTube and they've created an entire business out of it. Now you also hear that cookie cutter advice of just go for your passion. Don't worry at all about the money. Just blindly pursue your passion. And I think that's really bad advice as well. Numerous studies, numerous statistics have shown that having more money does make you happy up to a certain point. Usually it's around $75,000 a year although that study was done about 10 years ago. So it's more like 80-85,000 now. But you get the idea. Your happiness absolutely does increase up to a certain point. After that point it doesn't really matter as much but you want to get to that certain level or at least put yourself, set yourself up so you can get into a career where you can maximize your happiness. Now on top of that financial issues are one of the main reasons for people's unhappiness. For instance, financial issues are the number one reason for divorce.  However, if all you care about is your finances, all you care about is making money, you're also going to set yourself up for a lifetime of unhappiness. So again, it's all about finding the balance and it's going to be different for everyone. Now with that being said, number 10 on the list is going to be assistant controller. No, no, no, no, that's not the type of controller that I'm talking about. So this is a type of job that you can go for. Generally speaking, when you're an accountant, this is one of the verticals that you can go up, one of the career paths that you can follow. So as the assistant controller, you would be helping the main controller with different accounting tasks. And you would be making sure that the day to day operations in terms of the numbers are going really well, as well as making sure that the company is up with the different legal requirements. Now this one came out to have a happiness score of about 4.02 out of five, which is excellent. And they also make around $73,000 a year. So it's pretty close to that $80,000 a year number that I talked about before. Now usually you're going to start in the public sector or maybe with a consulting firm. As you progress through your career, you can get higher paying industry positions. Now accountants, that's one of the most common jobs in the United States. There's millions of accountants and assistant controller and controller tend to be one of the highly coveted positions that a lot of accountants want to move into. Now as an assistant controller, you'll be preparing the financial statements within a company. You'll also be making sure that the company's financial statements fall within laws. An assistant controller will be working to reduce losses that could be caused by incomplete information or even sometimes fraud. Now an assistant controller of course is going to have to have good financial and accounting skills because after all they probably were an accountant. But on top of that, they're a little bit more social than your average accountant. So you're going to have to be communicating with a lot of other people within the company. You're also going to be making reports where you summarize what you've learned. Now most people in this position probably have an accounting degree, but some people get into it with a finance degree as well. Now a lot of the time this controller position does take several years to work up to. You're going to have to get certified and get some experience, but it can be a good one to get into. It pays pretty well and it also makes people happy. Number nine on the list is going to be a network engineer. Now network engineers also referred to as network architects are basically going to be responsible for all of the communication within a company. So we're talking about the connectivity of different networks within the company such as data, information, texting, voice calls, video calls, etc. This one has a bliss score of 4.02 out of five, which is good. And they also make about $70,000 a year. So there's a lot of different industries that network engineers can work in. And depending on what industry you're in, you're probably going to have different specializations. But basically you want people to be able to communicate with each other in such a way where the data is stored for one for two, it's very effective. It's very fast. There's not any, you know, technical issues, anything like that. And three, it's safe. So it's not easy for someone to break into where your network and steal all of your data.  You're going to be talking to people pretty much all day long. So you have to have good communication skills and soft skills as well. You want to be somebody who's very good at problem solving because you're basically going to be dealing with problems all day long. Now this is one of the careers on this list that you can actually get into sometimes without a degree.  A lot of network engineers do have degrees, but it's not something that you absolutely have to have. Most of the higher paying positions you are going to find mostly people who have bachelor's degrees in either computer science or information technology. And this is one of those careers where you're constantly going to have to be learning new things, problem solving, you're probably going to be taking continuing education credits all the time. But for the right person that can be great. A lot of people always want to be lifelong learners and just be constantly absorbing new information. Next one on the list, number eight is going to be one that's not as high paying, but it still has a very high bliss score, which is going to be executive administrative assistant. And basically what you're going to be here is you're going to be an assistant to an executive within a company. You're going to be taking a lot of their calls, screening their emails, making sure they don't forget to give their wife flowers on Valentine's Day, you know, all that important stuff. Now this one came out with a bliss score of 4.04 out of five, and they make only about $45,000 a year. However, I suspect a lot of people employed in this position are maybe only working part-time. And so that might be bringing down the salary a little bit. So if anybody's ever worked at a very busy job, or maybe there's some entrepreneurs watching this, where they get a lot of emails every single day, you know how distracting that they can be. If there are people who are constantly emailing you, expecting you to get back to them right away, it can be extremely distracting. And most of the time, you don't have to really get back to them all that fast. Let's be honest. But once in a while, there is an email that's truly urgent, and that's why you always have to check it. It's hard to get any deep work done. If you're constantly checking your email and probably checking Slack and your text messages and all these other things, it's almost impossible to get any meaningful work done. That's why a lot of these people will have an assistant who does all of those day-to-day tasks for them, and kind of screens people in order to tell them what's important, and what can wait for later. Of course, you'll be doing a lot more than that. You'll be assisting them with all kinds of other different tasks. But that's basically what it is. You're kind of just taking some of the workload off of the executive. A lot of the time, these are the people that will decide whether someone who's trying to get a hold of somebody who's high up in a company gets a hold of them or not, and how they get a hold of them as well. So they might be the person who decides whether you get a hold of someone if you're trying to get a job, for instance, or you're trying to sell the company a product. Now, in most cases, you don't have to get a bachelor's degree, of course, in order to get into this position. Only a high school degree is required. Now, interestingly enough, I know somebody who worked as an executive administrative assistant. They actually worked in Hollywood with a famous movie director. They did such a great job that they basically became this person's, like, favorite employee. Eventually, they were able to work their way up and get better and better jobs, and they always worked with this person and made sure that they networked with new people, and they were able to become a producer in Hollywood. So they're now a huge producer in Hollywood. So getting into positions like these, sometimes they will allow you to network with a lot of other people within the industry that you're in. Number seven on the list is going to be a construction manager. And basically, what you're going to be here is kind of like a project manager within the construction industry.  Everybody is going to report to you. Sometimes you are the top, top person, and sometimes you'll be reporting to maybe one person that's above you. You'll be seeing out the project all the way from the beginning, where it's just a thought in somebody's mind, and then it's going to be a write-up, and then maybe they'll make a stick figure house out of it, and then eventually they will build the house itself. Now, this one comes in with a bliss score of about 4.06 out of 5, and they make around $77,000 a year, which is pretty good. I think a lot of the scores on this list are a little bit lower than they are in reality, and BLS, it shows that construction managers make more than this, but a lot of the people responding to this list, this survey, are probably young people, so they haven't gotten into their later years in their career. So the median pay on BLS, for instance, is going to be $95,000 a year. There's 476,000 jobs available, and it's growing at 8%, which is much faster than average. So this one doesn't quite make it into the six-figure club, but it's pretty close, and it definitely meets that $80,000, $85,000 a year threshold. Now, surprisingly enough, a lot of the large construction firms do want you to have a bachelor's degree and experience in construction.  Not that many people have both, there's some people that will get a degree in construction management, but they don't have any practical skills, and so they're going to have a very hard time finding a job. So if you're interested in this one, I would highly recommend if you're getting a degree in construction management to also get some experience on the side where you're working with your hands in building houses yourself. Number six on the list is going to be a logistics manager. So logistics management is all about managing the supply chain of a company. I like to give this example, Amazon is a great version of a company that does logistics the right way. They've pretty much changed the game forever because of the fact that they're so good at logistics management, they're able to literally, you know, you click something and then the next day it arrives right at your door. So basically you are going to be controlling the movement of different materials and where they are stored within a company, you know, their different warehouses, etc. All the way to getting the product to the very end where the person who purchased it, the customer actually gets it and doing that as efficiently as possible in terms of time as well as cost savings. Now, this one is going to have a 4.07 bliss score, which is excellent. And you're going to make around $62,000 a year. And like I said before, that's definitely lower than what it actually is. So out of all the years that I've ordered stuff from Amazon, I think they've only made one mistake out of everything. And, you know, they quickly fixed it when I contacted them. And it's honestly mind blowing to look into the actual statistics and how many boxes the Amazon ships, etc. It's hard to even imagine how they're able to keep everything organized and do it in such an efficient and fast way. But because of the fact that they mastered supply chain and logistics, they're now one of the biggest companies in the world. So a lot of the time you're going to see people with college degrees, you can actually see people work their way up from the bottom in this career, but usually they're going to have college degrees, then they're going to get a ton of on hand experience and sometimes even some certifications. Number five on the list is going to be a senior application developer. So a senior application developer would be managing a team of software engineers and software developers in order to create or upgrade an existing application. There's a lot of careers within technology industry, whether it be software development, software engineering that are really, really well-paying and the companies treat their employees, especially the good ones like royalty. Everybody's heard about all the perks you get for working for a Silicon Valley company like Google, for instance.  Complimentary, free, whatever you want. They are just like spoiled workers, but with this one your bliss score is going to be 4.08 out of five and they're going to make around 86,000 a year, which again is way lower than what it is in reality. Number four on the list is going to be a construction superintendent. So basically, you know, before we talked about the construction project management sort of career, this one is more about running the day-to-day tasks that you have to have on a site. So for instance, you might make sure that they have enough cement, you might hire and fire people, you realize that you're going to need an external subcontractor to come in and do something for you, you would find them and hire them and make sure that you're paying them a good wage where they're going to do a good job for you, but you're also not going to get scammed. This one has a 4.1 out of five career bliss rating and they make around $68,000 a year. Now for this one, generally speaking, you're going to be working your way up from the bottom. So you're going to be someone who is a blue collar worker and you're just going to be someone who really excels at that and you're going to work your way into this position. Most of the time, people do not need college degrees in order to get into these types of positions. Number three on the list is going to be a senior sales representative. Now a senior sales representative is generally going to have years of experience selling the types of products that you're selling at your company. So they're going to be not only really good at sales, but they're also going to have a lot of technical expertise in whatever types of products they're selling. They're also going to have a really good idea of the market in general and they're going to know their customers really well. With this one, it has a 4.19 out of five bliss rating, which is excellent and they make around $67,000 a year according to the survey, which is probably quite a bit lower than it actually is. Now I always say when it comes to sales jobs, it's very important that you choose your industry as well as the business that you work for very carefully. If you're an excellent salesman but you're in an industry or you're working for a business where there's just not that much opportunity, maybe it's like a dying industry, for instance, you're probably not going to make very good money. But if you're a good salesman and you're working in a booming industry, something like maybe finance or technology, even if you're just a decent salesman, you can make really good money. So when it comes to being a salesman, it's very, very important what industry that you work in. For instance, it's not uncommon to see life insurance salesmen make multiple hundreds of thousands of dollars a year, whereas it would be very rare to see a car salesman making multiple hundreds of thousands. Number two on the list is going to be a senior quality assurance engineer. So this is a relatively new position. It's kind of similar to a DevOps engineer where you're basically going to be testing a product to make sure that it can actually get out to the consumer as fast as possible.  So what they do is they create different tests that you can use on the software to make sure that it can hold up when you bring it into the market. Now this one has about a 4.23 out of five bliss rating and you make around 82,000 a year, which is definitely on the lower side. So basically you're going to be trying to find different bugs, glitches and different ways that you can make the performance of a website or a software better. Now most people who get into this job again will have a degree in either computer science or software engineering. However, you do see the rare person who's able to work themselves into a position like this without getting a degree or by having another degree that's kind of semi-related like maybe mathematics or statistics. Number one career on the list that had the best happiness bliss score rating is going to be real estate agent. This is going to be a person who assists other people in selling or buying a house. Their bliss score rating is 4.26 out of five, which is the highest on the list by a mile and they make around $53,000 a year. That's right, the grand Stephens and the meat kevins of the world might be right after all. Now according to BLS they make around $50,000 a year. There's 477,000 jobs available and it's growing at 2% which is a little bit slow. But the great thing about this one is you can get into it with just a high school diploma or an equivalent. This is really good especially considering the fact that you don't have to get a college degree. There's not a very high barrier to entry. You could probably become a real estate agent within a few months after graduating from high school. And the really cool thing about becoming a real estate agent is it's kind of like a sales job where you're paid for the results that you get, not necessarily the time that you put in. So it's a little bit entrepreneurial in that regard and there's pretty much no ceiling. There's real estate agents that make millions and millions of dollars a year. Now a really good normal job might pay you $50 an hour but as a real estate agent you're going to get paid every single time you help your client buy or sell a house. This can be a good thing or a bad thing if you don't help your clients buy any houses or if you can't find any clients then unfortunately you're not going to get paid. But if you get really good at this and you're just selling houses left and right let's say you make like $10,000 on each house that you sell and if you're selling a house every single week that would be $520,000 a year. If you haven't done it already go ahead gently type the like button in order to defeat the evil YouTube algorithm. Make sure to smash the subscribe button, ring the notification bell and comment down below any thoughts, comments, criticisms, etc. that you have on the video and before you go make sure to check out my other videos right here. I made them just for you.


Hey guys it's Chilly and today I'm going to be talking about nano-rymo and am writing because I have made the decision that I'm going to be doing nano-rymo this year even though I'm like stress leveled through the roof and I'm in a writing slump but I like logged onto my nano-rymo account and I saw that I'd done it for the last three years in a row and I've like successfully completed them all and I was like I can't let that marathon go to waste you know I'm on a roll I gotta keep writing I gotta keep doing it and it was also when I logged on that I saw that the last novel that I had written like last year's one was also the first draft of the story that I'm still currently working on and I have read it back like a small snippet of it and it's terrible it was a horrible draft of that story and it made me feel really good because I could see like how much work I had done on this book and where it was at now so I've kind of completed my second draft of that but I'm currently working on my third but when I say currently working I mean I spent three hours yesterday writing like seven sentences on it because I'm super struggling to like get into my character's heads at the moment but I think what I'm going to do is that I'm going to write this third draft as part of nano-rymo but I'm not entirely sure whether to do that work on like what would be the second book in the series or whether to just write a completely different story so although I am going to be doing nano-rymo I'm not actually entirely sure what story I'm going to be doing I mean the first time I ever did nano-rymo back in like 2013 I started it three days late I wrote 10,000 words in like two days I deleted 10,000 words because it was rubbish and restarted the story and still finished on time with no preparation beforehand so I'm pretty confident that I can maybe get something done I'm not confident at all I don't know why I just said I was I really have no idea what I'm doing anyway I will leave a link below to my nano-rymo account all you guys can add me it's just simply my name just tealybooth I'm so happy to like talk to people about this and get into like a complete writing mindframe because I think that's like the best way to go about it is to have like writing buddies and just talk to each other and encourage each other and yeah so if you guys want to do that I'm totally down for it so yeah I'll leave a link below you guys should become my buddies and I'll become your buddies and we can all just like get excited and write and maybe even cry at the later on stage just because it's so stressed out and the stories are probably just not gonna be right or something's going to go wrong who knows either way I am super confident that we are all going to go home and like finish this at the end of November and become winners for another year but those of you who don't know what nano-rymo is it is basically national novel writing month so you have to write 50,000 words in 30 days and it's kind of like really fun and stressful but in a way it really helps with your writing because it gives this deadline to want to finish it it is a charity organization so it is encouraged that you guys donate to it you don't actually have to to participate but you know it's still like a nice thing to do if you guys have the money for it but I know that not everyone does that's just a quick update I'm probably going to be doing a vlog of the month I'm not entirely sure I don't do vlogs very often although I have had a few people ask me to do vlogs so yeah let's see how that goes hopefully you guys are all starting to get prepared for it and I shall see you guys all writing and happily completing nano-rymo rhymo I keep changing the way that I pronounce that hopefully you guys have a lovely bookish weekend and until then I hope things go great for you hey guys it's Tilly and I'm about to throw so many diverse book recommendations at you guys you won't even know what's coming


Today my beauty for people, I will guide you to every single new legendary to enter the game with the bounty of Blood DLC. Today you will see each and where it's farmable, and the locations to all the enemies the legendaries are dedicated to. How's it going guys, my name is DPJ and today I bring you another BR3 video. If you do enjoy it leaving a like really helps me out and subscribe if you do want to see more. So this video will have timestamps and will be in order of location alphabetically, with the last three being buses. Feel free to bot mark the video and come back at a later date if it's still early days for you into this DLC. So let's get into it people, starting with Ashfall Peaks. Gary Dunluck, who's located right here. His dedicated legendary with this DLC is Rubbins Cool. Hayden Ma, who's located on screen now. His dedicated legendary is the Knarp. Lanny Dixon, who's located on screen now. Her dedicated legendary is a complex root. And then we have Abadoxys. You'll see the root to this dude on screen now. And his dedicated legendary is the Contained Beast. Okay so moving on to Blood Son Canyon. And first up we have Caba Doubt. His dedicated legendary is the BL2 classic Unkempt Harold. Location to him you can see on screen now. Next up we have Dickon Goyo. His dedicated legendary is the Gargoyle. Location to him you can see on screen now. Next up we have Jerick Logan. His dedicated legendary is the Beacon. And the location to him you can see on screen now. And lastly on the Blood Son Canyon we have the Minosaur. His dedicated legendary is the Flipper. And location to him you'll see on screen now. Okay so moving on to Obsidian Faust. And first up we have Whalen Hurd. Dedicated legendary is the Spade. And the location to him you'll see on screen now. Next up we have the Hydro Goyen. Dedicated legendary is the Proprietary Licence. Location to where you can farm this you'll see on screen now. Next up we have the Electrical. Dedicated legendary is their Frequency. Location to where you can farm this you'll see on screen now. And lastly for Obsidian Faust we have the Lasso Dactyl. Dedicated legendary is the Light Show. And location to this enemy you'll see on screen now. Okay so next up we have the Blast Planes. And starting with the Bronsons who drop the Bright Side. Location to these are on screen now. Next up we have Ipswitch Done. Dedicated legendary is the Blank. Location to this dude you can see on screen now. Next up we have the Rendon Esk. Dedicated legendary is Plumage. To farm this, follow the route you can see on screen now. Next up we have the Pterodomani. Dedicated legendary is the Dauzing Rod. Location to where you can farm this you'll see on screen now. Next up we have Slivermore. Dedicated legendary is the Mother 2. Location to this enemy you'll see on screen now. And lastly for Blast Planes we have the Vaar Ducan. Dedicated legendary is the Satisfaction. Location to this enemy you'll see on screen now. Okay so the final three legendaries are all located and dedicated to bosses. I will state before we get into these though every other legendary I've just mentioned they are all world drops. The three from the bosses are nuts. So we're going to start with Cormash. He's dedicated. Legendary is the Stone, Shrower. This dude is located on Ashfall Peaks and you can see the route to him on screen now. Next up we have the Quartermaster. He's dedicated. Legendary is the Miscreants. He's located on Bloodstone Canyon and you can see the route to him on screen now. Lastly guys we have the Ruinar, the final boss. He's dedicated. Legendary is the Bloom and he's located on Creator's Edge and the route to him you can see on screen now. And those are eight people, the legendaries and the locations in which you can farm them and I hope this video helps you out. On that note we have come to the end. If you guys enjoyed it leaving a like really helps me out. If you're new around here and want to see more borderlands be sure to subscribe and if you never want to miss a video I upload you can turn notifications on by hitting that bell button. But guys thanks as always for stopping by. Hopefully you enjoyed the video and hopefully I will see you on that next one.


done. Okay, Mr. McDowell? Yes. Mr. Duvall? Aye. Mr. Vines? Aye. Mr. Davis? Aye. Mayor Benjamin? Aye.


Welcome to every way to take charge. Face those imperfections. How do you do it, Cheryl? Well, you know what, I'm fortunate to have been blessed with a very, very healthy dose of confidence. So quite frankly, I don't let mine bother me all that much. A funny story I think of is a while back, my ex-boyfriend and I, and he's my boyfriend at the time, we were hanging out on the couch at my place and we decided we wanted to go grab some dinner. And so we left the house looking like we just came off the couch. We were couch potatoes. And then we drove into town and we saw this restaurant, the Goucho Grill, and we decided, you know, why don't we just go in? So we went in there, knowing good and well, we looked like crud, but we sat down and we had a meal.  And it didn't matter because it's like, you know. Wait, wait, hold on. She said she wanna go to the restaurant and look like a brat. And then she went to the restaurant. Okay, yeah. Do you have time on beach? She didn't have a reservation. Oh, she got the table. No reservation? Look, I barely could. She was all alone. You know, I find it really interesting though because coming from the fashion industry as a model, where a lot of times these differences or these imperfections were celebrated as uniqueness.  They've got this gap tooth and all this and their exotic beauties. And for me and most of the women, I know we look at ourselves in the mirror, we think, oh, you know, something's wrong with me. I hate this, I gotta change that. I wonder how much it costs for a nose job. When, how old do I have to be to start my Botox? I mean, I see everything that's wrong with me and it's really hard to think that those are things that make me individual or that I should celebrate. I think sometimes that it starts with our parents and our brothers and our siblings and our family. That's true. Because growing up, I had a grandmother and I loved her dearly now that she's gone. That was a happy thought. Thank God, bless her soul. Bless your grandma. Oh my God. But one of the things she used to say all the time is as I was getting older, you know, I have freckles and I had them a lot as a kid and she would look at me and she would look at me and go, ugh.  And that was her thing. We had a lot in common, Madison. Because my grandma used to tell me, you know, I used to love popsicles and like ice cream sandwiches and she'd be like, girl, you gonna be as big as this house, girl. Because I have a big booty. Yes, yes. And if I can get my booty sucked, I would just a little bit. And some people want to keep their stuff, but I would like to get mine sucked up a little bit. But she used to say, you know what? You keep eating those ice cream sandwiches, you want to be as big as this house. And I was skinny as a two-thing. I lived in San Francisco. I walked up hills and mountains. Oh my God. Did it give you the complex? Were you worried about being imperfect enough? Mm-hmm. As far as my booty. I think it does. It plays with you a little bit.  And I'm like, oh, you know, but I try not to make up a song or tell her not to eat popsicles. I really want her to enjoy it. Make up a song for most of us. There was a mom, she used to make up a song like, oh, that big belly. Your song. She does the same thing. She does the same thing to you? She does the same thing to me the other day. She's only two. And she was singing to your belly. She's two of my belly. I know when I touch you, I'm like, uh. After I, my son was about four, about a year ago, and I'm a fit person, I consider myself to be extremely fit.  I was kind of depressed. I just started my divorce. And my, and my son looked at me and touched my belly and he goes, having another baby mommy. Oh, can you touch your belly? Yeah. And he's going, you have another baby mommy. I went, oh my gosh. What am I going to do? My whole point to like, my niece doing that to me and like, let's get real. I lost 160 pounds. Yeah. Right. Obviously, thank you. Obviously, that was my, like I have a lot of imperfections and that's one of them because I still, I still struggle with that, you know? But at the same time, I can't be looking at all my imperfections. I, I've learned to embrace them. Right.  But what's the stereotype of being on a cover? Skinny, right? Mm-hmm. And I, yeah. You know, I got on and I got on and I got on. I have a Coca Cola body, but I would lug my hips and like just, my booty just, they get, maybe that's, I'm still on that tip. Right, you are. To get like a little firm, like, like I want the muscle, I want muscle there. You wanna see less minutes in your hourglass? Yeah. What do we look at? It jiggles sometimes, but I, I was teased. I was teased. But sometimes, sometimes women look at, generally speaking, they did a survey. Women look at what's attractive and we tend to look at what's on the thin side, including our men. Then men look at what's attractive, they tend to look on what's on the heavy side. Right. Men don't look at cosmopolitan and go, that girl's hot. They look at the muscle. You know what I think is really interesting though, in this conversation, is that when we are referring to imperfections, we are all talking about our bodies. And that's really telling of where our focus is because none of us have talked about our imperfections and, you know, our habits or our personalities or our lifestyles. What are you talking about? Yeah, exactly. I mean, I don't have any. I'm not speaking to anything. That's a good point. But you know, because it does start from the outside, because a lot of times what we feel on the inside is what we reflect and see on the outside. That's why we focus on the outside because it's the easiest thing to hit first in terms of work. Yeah, that's it. I'm in therapy right now. It's like they told me to look in the mirror. My therapist at one point did say that. He said, you know, when you look in the mirror, what you're seeing when you see these imperfect reflections is really just what you're struggling and what you're fearing inside of you. And those are the imperfections that we have to deal with. That's the only way we're ever gonna really embrace and love the perfection in our own perfection. You know what, now that I'm older, though, I don't really wanna take that much ice cream sandwiches.  But I liked what Anna was saying earlier, because sometimes what can be perceived as an imperfection is what makes you beautiful. Wow. So it is kind of learning for yourself, because if we look at ourself in pieces, we can all break each other apart and break ourselves apart. But what does it look like as a whole? And what does it feel like as a whole? But if I was to look at myself in pinpoint at an imperfection that doesn't have to do with my looks, it would probably be that I'm too hard on myself. Wow. Too hard on myself. And that's truthful. And I had to have somebody here tell me that. So I realized that. And I was like, oh man, she's right. Well, if it makes you feel any better, I did make a New Year's resolution to drive around with a clean car inside and out. Wow. Not doing so well with that. Yeah. Thank you. Well, watch for your shiny car at the valet. We'll be right back. Coming up next, more Every Way Woman.  The memes working nine to five.


Live from Las Vegas, it's theCUBE, covering UiPath Forward Americas 2019. Brought to you by UiPath. Hi everybody, welcome back to Las Vegas. We're at the Bellagio at UiPath Forward 3. Day two of theCUBE covers. theCUBE is the leader in live tech coverage. We go out to the events, we extract the signal from the noise. Eric Lexis here, he's the Vice President of Global Intelligent Process Automation at GE. Eric, thanks for coming on. Yeah, absolutely, excited to be here. So you guys have a COE? You're obviously heavily involved and essentially running the COE, is that right? Yep, yeah, that's my role at GE. I lead our Global Center of Excellence for Intelligent Process Automation. You know, our journey started with UiPath a while back in 2016, so it's been an incredible journey so far. And I want to get into that, so what's the, before I do, I was struck by the Forester Analyst, Craig LeClaire this morning, made a statement, I don't know if you're in there, but he said, yeah, COE, setting up a COE, maybe that's asking too much. I talked to a lot of people that have a center of excellence, maybe it's definitional, but what does your COE look like in terms of just, you know, its role, size? Yeah, it's a great question. So I think in terms of the role that we play more broadly, I mean, we provide a lot of the technical expertise, the hands-on development, and the operational support for our business units. And so, you know, we've really kind of developed that expertise over time, and we use our business units to really drive and identify the opportunities that come in through the COE. So, you know, in terms of the size of the COE, we've got, you know, in total of number of heads, we've got about 50 technical, primarily technical resources there that are supporting development as well as ongoing operations. Awesome. Okay, so let's talk about your journey. When did it start? You know, what was the motivation behind it? How did you make the business case? And we'll get into it. Yeah, so our journey started back in 2016. You know, we used to have a shared services organization that, you know, we had a very forward-thinking CEO at the time who wanted to really disrupt the way that we worked. And so, RPA was something that was just coming out and kind of getting noticed by a lot of these shared services organizations. And so, you know, throughout the year we assessed a couple of technologies, obviously landing on UiPath for a number of reasons. And I would say in terms of our journey, 2017 was kind of our year to prove the technology. We wanted to see if this stuff could really work long-term and operate at scale. Given that I'm still here, obviously we proved that was correct. And then 2018 was kind of the year of scaling and operationalizing kind of a sustainable model to support our business units across the board from an RPA standpoint. So really building out a proper structure, building out the governance that goes along with building robots and building kind of a resource team to continue to support the bots that we were at scale at that point. So maintaining those bots is critically important. And then, you know, 2019 has really been the year and, you know, I think the theme of this conference in general, a bot for every person, I think that's the direction we're moving in 2019. We've kind of perfected the concept of the back office robot and the development of those and running those at scale. And now we're moving towards, you know, a whole new market share when it comes to attended automation and citizen development. So in 2016, it was kind of kicking the tires, it was almost like R&D, right? And then 2017 was really essentially a proof of concept, right? So still a small team, like two pizza team kind of thing, right? And then when you talked about scale, help us understand what's involved in scale. I know it's also another big theme of this conference, sir. What are the challenges of scaling and how did you resolve those? Yeah, that's a very good question. I think it's a question that has been very common throughout this entire conference. I would say, you know, when I think about scale and what I've noticed over the past few years is that, you know, the actual bot development is about 25% of the work that you need to do, right? When it comes to scale, there is everything outside of the actual development is the important part. So how are you funneling opportunities into a pipeline? How are you streamlining the entire process re-engineering of, you know, fitting an RPA into an existing process? You know, what is, what are the governance, what's the governance you have in place to make sure that the code of that development is clean and can be maintained long term? And then more importantly, I think that people overlook, you know, people think of scale as being able to develop a lot of bots. I think more importantly, what scale is, is being able to efficiently maintain a large portfolio of bots. And that's what I've realized this year. We've got now about 300 automations in production and, you know, your reputation as an organization is really on how well you maintain those bots. Because if your bots are consistently failing and you're not fixing them quick enough for your functional users to leverage them, then you lose a lot of credibility. So I think that's been a big learning for us as we reach scale. Yeah, it's interesting. I mean, I think about scripts, you know, how fragile scripts are and if you've got a lot of them and they almost always break. Yeah. And so what is the discipline that allows you to have that quality of bot that is maintainable? Is it a coding discipline? Is it a governance? Is there other automation involved in maintaining those bots? Yeah, no, there is. And I think the team that's under me, my technical team has done a phenomenal job of setting this up, but we've got some very rigorous standards that we've put in place around, you know, we do have reusable components, for example, that need to be used on every single robot that goes into production. So that, you know, when I look at, for example, a box login, that box login is going to be the same across all my bots. So every developer who's going to be maintaining that bot knows what it is and how to fix it. I think the standardized logging as well to make sure that we've got robust logging for every single robot is incredibly important because, again, that's going to be critical when somebody goes to try and fix the bot. So you're like an app store, you're enforcing rules like Apple for developers. Exactly. Okay, so let me ask you a question. See, now several years in, if you had a mulligan, what would you do differently? Yeah, I think that's another very good question. I think, you know, when you first start with this technology, it's unbelievably exciting. You know, because it's something that you can immediately see the difference and the impact it can make. And so you want to try and apply it everywhere to everything to solve every problem. And I think that's kind of where we got a little ahead of ourselves. We weren't as thoughtful as we should have been when we started taking in the use cases that we were bringing in. And while I sit here and tell you that we've got 300 automations in production, I've also decommissioned about 90 automations as well. Because, you know, you kind of live and you learn as you go through that process on, this doesn't make sense for RPA. It's not driving the value anymore. It's not driving the right value for the company. And is that because the process needs to be reworked before it's automated or are there other factors? Yeah, I think there's a couple of factors there. I think, number one, some bots are intentionally just for short-term use, right? We look across the portfolio, some bots you design to operate for two weeks, for a massive, for example, document transition or something like that. So that's a common reason for decommissioning. I would say secondly, you just pick the wrong process. It's not big enough. You know, you think this is perfect for RPA, but it's saving somebody maybe five or 10 minutes a week, which in reality, do you really want to put all the effort in to continue to maintain something like that on a back office level? So I think the size of the processes and the complexity you've got to be thoughtful about as well. Thinking about, you know, a bot for every worker. Yeah. Like what does that actually look like?  How does that actually manifest itself?  You know, you've got that sitting on your desktop and you use that for a number of different things. I think that's kind of how I envision it and everyone, when they come into GE, they'll get their laptop and it's part of their kind of package of software that they get, one of them will be UiPath. And I think, you know, again, we've, GE we're, I see that as the future. We've got to be thoughtful about how that's rolled out because, you know, you want to make sure it's done the right way and you want to make sure that that succeeds. And what comes along with that is a lot of education. There's a lot of people that need to be educated on the technology in order to roll that out effectively. So it's part of the onboarding, just part of the HR onboarding. And so you open up your laptop and based on your role, you'll have a library of bots that are applicable for your job. Is that kind of what you envision? You know, again, I think that's kind of the future state. And so HR will have a common library that they can pull from and finance will have a common library that they can pull from. And, you know, I think the announcement this weekend of, or this week of our StudioX is going to make life significantly easier. So if you need to kind of edit any of those components or make any custom steps, you can do that with StudioX. But I think having a pre-built set of bots by function would be extremely important. And StudioX is the citizen developer, right? So, okay, so now how do you then enforce the edicts of the COE if, you know, if Dave Vellante's writing automations? That's, it's honestly a question that we haven't answered yet. And I think that's the piece that we're trying to solve for now, to roll it out more broadly. And I think part of it's going to be training, right? Educating the broader group. Part of it is, you know, giving them access to front office robots. And so you do have the code back at the orchestrator so that you can see kind of what's going on and make sure if there are massive changes that need to be made, you can make some of that centrally. So I think figuring out how to centrally maintain and store some of that code is going to be important. And the idea of moving beyond what they called this morning the snowflake into the snowball. So reusable components is something that I've heard a lot about. That's not trivial, right? Because mapping the right component for the right job is always going to be some kind of unique, not always, but there could be some unique element, you know, to be able to work. So what are your thoughts on kind of futures? I mean, we touched on some of them. It sounds like even though you started early 2016, it sounds like you're still got a long way to go. What's the roadmap look like for you guys?  They're automation platforms with all of the different features. And, you know, you look at the broader ecosystem of the technologies being pulled into play. I think it's, you know, moving from robotics process automation into intelligent process automation. And that's really our goal. And, you know, leveraging the ecosystem that the UI path is built is, I think, what we want to do more of going forward. And the primary measurement of value to you, I'm inferring, is time saved from doing nondifferentiated tasks. Is that really a key metric, or are there others that you're looking at? Bottom line dollars that you're saving? Yeah, so I think the way that we measure productivity is really in three major buckets. One is the hours saved so that employees can do other things. And I would say that is far and away the largest bucket that we have. But I think additionally, you've got to think about direct cost out. I mean, if my finance team comes to me and says, you know, we're thinking about hiring a person to do this, you know, why not an RPA? You know, why can't we use an RPA to do that instead? So, you know, it's not like anyone's losing their job over it. It's just figuring out a better way to supplement your existing workforce. And I would say the third way really is thinking about the compliance element of things. So, and that's often overlooked. You may not save anyone time. You may not save anyone hours or dollars. But what you can do is, you know, expand, for example, in your audit function, it's expand your testing or sampling of, you know, a certain criteria. Instead of sampling maybe the top 20 risky, you know, units, you can now sample 100% of a population, which fundamentally changes how you can get comfortable with your financial statements and other elements of the compliance space. I was talking earlier, I was just, I asked, is sampling dead because of RPA, right? It really feels like that, you know, and so... Eric, it's super knowledgeable. I really appreciate you coming on. Absolutely. And congratulations on all your success really. Thank you very much, Dave. I appreciate it. All right, keep it right there, everybody will be back. We're the next guests right after this short break. We're live from UI Path Forward 3 from Las Vegas. You're watching theCUBE.