Hello everyone and welcome back to Conversations with Tyler today. I'm talking with Jimmy Wales of Wikipedia fame Jimmy. Welcome Thank you. It's very good to be here Let's say there's a benevolent donor of either money or time Where in the Wikipedia system is the highest marginal return for that person? Well, I think it depends on that person because if you're looking to make a marginal impact If you have Unique knowledge on some fairly obscure topic that no one else has Then you may be the best person or the only person in the world who can actually make a difference in that area On the other hand if you wanted to be, you know The 11 millionth person who's keeping an eye on the Donald Trump article Well, your contribution while important is probably gonna be marginally speaking a little bit less So I think it just sort of depends. I mean certainly What we see oftentimes is that people who have the largest impact for the amount of time they're spending Are people who are working in smaller languages in the developing world. So if you've got some knowledge there You can have a huge impact just by helping to get the community going building the community and so forth So it it sort of depends on the on the skill set Even for a fairly fixed historical topic take Shakespeare's play Hamlet this year There've already been at least 35 edits to that entry. What exactly at the margin is being done there? Why does that happen? Well, I mean it's very interesting oftentimes. I haven't reviewed that particular article but oftentimes You know things that are relatively stable what we see are Sort of slight improvements to wording making something that seems a little bit confusing read a little more smoothly Adding some obscure fact, but actually one of the things that's very interesting when we first got started We we took a look at and we imported a handful of articles from the 1911 edition of Britannica, which was in the public domain So it was not no longer under copyright. So we were allowed to use it and you know, we imported some articles and you would think Okay, since 1911. What have we really learned about? Julius Caesar. Well, it turns out a lot even on very old topics like Hamlet Scholarship has carried on scholarship continues new things are learned New perspectives are generated, you know for things like Hamlet the impact of Hamlet on the world, of course is still a thing that happens in the contemporary world It's kind of fun to think about, you know, what if we look at the Wikipedia entries from 10 years ago What has changed in the last 10 years on some topic that you think would have been stable for the last 10 years And I think you I think it would be quite interesting to actually study that and Buried you think of Wikipedia first and foremost as an Enlightenment project because it's obviously teaching people a conservative Project, it's conserving the best knowledge of the past or is it also a radical project that it plays a role in mobilizing social movements a Little bit of all three I guess although probably more more of the Enlightenment project Which in its own way is quite radical in today's culture. I mean certainly when we look at The the tone and the style of Wikipedia, which continues to be quite dry quite matter of fact You know the Wikipedia style and contrast that with a lot of what's going on in our media culture Things like Twitter and so forth where you do tend to have a much more Outrageous style in some ways. I think that that's it's quite a radical project to say okay Hold on everybody. Why don't we slow down and if we're going to talk about something like Obama cares? My favorite example Are we forward or against it actually before we know for forward or against it? Maybe shouldn't we actually find out what it is? So shouldn't we just read a neutral clear description as best we can as we can find To understand it before we come to some conclusion And that's you know in today's culture, maybe a little bit radical even though in another sense obviously it's quite old-fashioned If we put aside your official Wikipedia role and just ask you Jimmy Wales As an individual human being are you an exopedian, a medipedian or a mesopedian? You'll have to define the three for me An exopedian is one who emphasizes the encyclopedia like nature of Wikipedia and the the knowledge building component of the project a medipedian Is more of a focus on the social mechanisms the processes the rules the community a mesopedian is supposedly they tell me a kind of moderate I mean, which of those is the greatest attraction to you. I Must be I must be the moderate There are Wikipedia pages on all of these terms by the way. It's amazing. It's amazing. Yeah, I'm a moderate on that I mean, I think for me they You know, in fact, there was an interesting discussion today that I was involved with about I think your name is Susan Greenfield who is the she's the She's no Susan Greenfield is a friend of mine. Anyway Forgotten her name, but she's the Democratic. She's running for the Senate in Iowa, she's the Democratic candidate and Wikipedia doesn't have a page about her and I was somebody said to this to me on twitter Why doesn't he have a page on on this politician who's The frontrunner at the moment to be elected to the Senate in Iowa and I said, yeah, I don't know Let me go check and what I found was this enormously Convoluted very very wikipedia discussion about the rules and the process and there was a deletion a While back because she was not notable when she first announced her candidacy because she was not Someone who we can find any information about however. She has become notable in the last several months including National media coverage, but the whole thing got caught in this web of complicated wikipedia mess um, and I said I cited our one of our oldest rules the ignore all rules rule To say if some rule is preventing you from making wikipedia better than ignore that rule That rule apply to itself It does. Yes. In fact, it's probably the most frequently ignored rule of all but uh, you know and interestingly like it was it was a situation where I in today's sort of Discussion I think you would say I'm I'm the the first one I care most about Let's make the encyclopedia be encyclopedic and good quality and neutral and all of that And the rules are kind of secondary to that at the same time I think the social processes and the rules and thinking about how do we design them is actually the In the long run the important part and the hard part because when I look at a situation like what we had today on that I say gee, you know not This is all hopeless. We got this one badly wrong I'm like, okay, but what exactly should we change because these rules are not completely random, right? There are reasons for them as somebody said, you know, it's it's like The garage band which gets nominated for deletion and and request reinstatement 15 times till people are sick of it Because they're no longer notable Is actually the reason some of the procedures are in place It's just to give us a a mechanism for dealing with those things But in some cases those procedures go wrong. And so we have to really think about okay. What did what went wrong? How do we make that better? And it's a very, you know, it's a very different kind of model as compared to moderation at Twitter or YouTube or somewhere like that where, you know, it's sort of behind the scenes invisible. This is an open Dialogue it's a chewing on ideas and so on It's very very public. Although often impenetrable in It's it's it's a lot of words Which kinds of topics do you think wikipedia is not so very well geared to cover instructively? um, I mean, I I think there are you know, there are cases where wikipedia Is biased not because of any intention of people to be biased But just because no one cares about that thing except fans of that thing So I always give the example If you look at our articles on japanese anime They tend to be quite positive because nobody actually cares about japanese anime except for people who love japanese anime It's sort of a binary thing. There aren't people who Unlike say famous politicians where people do take sides Um, you know, if you don't like japanese anime, you probably don't watch it and you don't write about it in wikipedia And so, uh, oftentimes and that's fairly harmless, right? It's it's japanese anime and and if the articles are not sufficiently critical That's probably not a huge issue um, other other cases are You know, I think there are certain kinds of Disputes where the amount of energy that we put in to Trying to keep the articles good quality Is probably far out of proportion to the results. Um, although the results are quite good. So I don't mean that the results aren't good so if you look at something like George W. Bush and you think about Here's this article and it's this long. It's very detailed and Then you say how many human hours were spent Hammering away making this what it is today and it's an enormous amount of time spent doing it You probably could have done it in a smaller amount of time if you just sat down Four or five thoughtful people and said let's work on this On the other hand, there's something Interesting and something valid about this open public process where everything is open to challenge and a further debate and a further debate Do you think it's the case that wikipedia shifts? The relative social balance away from philosophy and toward history So if I want to read about the life of napoleon wikipedia is clearly a very good place to go If I want to understand better, what is beauty? It's less obvious to me that I should start with wikipedia So aren't you making history more central to our thinking? It doesn't have to be bad. But do you think that's true? Yeah I mean, it's interesting because I think if you if you wanted to Understand the concept of beauty as understood in philosophy wikipedia would be a good place to go but it what you would be reading about in a sense is the history of philosophy and so therefore It would be history again. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah, it's history again. Uh, you know, there's an old Sort of meme and it's it is largely true that if you go to wikipedia and you go to any entry And then you once you get past the pronunciation and you click any uh, like the first link of everything, uh, then It takes only a few clicks and you end up at philosophy So if I went to your uh, biography in wikipedia, it probably takes me four or five clicks By just clicking on the first link of each thing that I come to And then you end up at philosophy and that's just simply because of the the genus species nature of a definition or an explanation of something So I'm not sure that means philosophy is central in the sense you're talking about Now as you know, wikipedia is open. It's free. It doesn't have ads It's a kind of dream of the early tech utopians Why is it the only surviving dream of that kind that has persisted? Well, I mean, it's an interesting thing and I'm not sure it's the only but it's certainly the most famous and the largest and You know, I think there's there's a few different reasons. Um, I I think So I've been on a on a real kick lately to talk a lot about how business model drives Uh outcomes and in sometimes in surprising ways or they're not that surprising after the fact but they weren't maybe not anticipated And so, you know for wikipedia, it isn't so much that it's a non-profit although that probably has has a certain impact as well But the fact that wikipedia does not have an advertising business model means that the wikipedia foundation the organization behind wikipedia Really faces a different set of incentives Even as a non-profit, you have to think in a business like way. You have to say well, how are we going to pay the bills and how do we achieve our mission So if you think about advertising driven social media The real incentive is to show you as many ads as possible. So they really obsess over time on site And it's driven them to create addictive products. It's driven them in many cases to prioritize Agitation and and argumentation in a in a negative sense over education and learning and thoughtfulness Simply because if you you know, if you went to twitter and you found out the three things you wanted to know and you left They wouldn't get a chance to show you very many ads but if you go to twitter and you see 18 people who Are wrong and you've got sort of straighten them out You might stay for hours doing this very addictive hobby and So when we think about things at wikipedia, so for example You know, we could probably increase engagement if we use some of the very basic machine learning techniques to Start showing people random promotional links to other things in wikipedia And then have the machine learn over time how to how to show you links that are more interesting So that you you know, you end up staying on the site longer Now it might turn out that that that's completely normal and and thoughtful and in fact if you go to a You know a well-known economist that it turns out that the the way to keep you on the site longer is to show you other concepts of economics and And economic theory, but it might turn out and probably would turn out The best thing to do is when you go to look up tyler koan to show you on the on the sidebar, you know links to Kim Kardashian, donald trump, whatever the hot topic of the day is and so on Which is not really what you want from an encyclopedia And so I think when we think about that Our incentive structure at wikipedia is not to optimize time on site. It's to say look Every now and then normally at the end of the year we say hey, you know, would you donate some money? and nobody has to donate And so the only reason people do donate and this is what donors tell us is You know, they think this is meaningful like this is important to my life like this should live this should exist So we got, you know, kind of a year Between the time we ask you for money to become a part of your life and make it meaningful enough for you to say I want to click and I want to I want to contribute to this and that's just a completely different set of incentives in front of us in terms of how do we optimize that? How contingent do you think is the history of wikipedia or something like it? So if you and the people you were working with had not come along when you did and done what you did And it was simply left the field were left open Would wikipedia be more like maximizing engagement to for-profit company? It wouldn't be called wikipedia, but it would be some kind of online encyclopedia Something may be more like a facebook model Or do you think there's something intrinsic about your enterprise that it was going to be a not-for-profit no matter who did it? um It's a very good question I mean, I think in many ways it's contingent. I mean, I think it didn't have to exist at all And so the idea of a publicly written encyclopedia using a wiki model is not necessarily something that was inevitable And then a separate part of that is was it inevitable that we would choose a non-profit non-advertising business model? Definitely that was not inevitable. That was a set of conscious choices that we made Um, I used to joke. It was either the best decision or the worst decision I ever made But then I stopped even making the joke Because even if even if I said it was a joke, I would get headlines saying oh jimmy well's regrets that he's not a billionaire It's like that's not what I said actually and it's only a joke anyway. It's clearly a great decision, but the You know ultimately it I think it didn't have to be this way. I mean, I think it could have been different in fact You could you could imagine several different models Let's say that I I was still in charge of everything and instead of putting it into the non-profit structure I kept it in a for-profit structure, but it pursued Sort of like a craig new mark of craig's list You know a model where I say look I'm going to maintain complete control of the stock And I'm not going to raise venture capital money.  So You know, it's an interesting question really What are the greatest threats to the future of wikipedia? um Well, this is what I always have trouble with because I always say I'm a pathological optimist And so that's part of why wikipedia exists as it is because I just think we can find a way and it'll all work out and it'll be fine Um, but the things that I would say that we focus on and think a lot about are really it's about community help So how do we make sure that the community is? happy Uh productive sort of not full of trolls thoughtful kind all of the all of those great wikipedia values Which are, you know, like all Communities all groups of people We have a certain set of values that we aspire to and we live up to them to a lesser greater extent on a day-to-day basis Um, and how do we make sure that we are still mostly doing the right things that we're mostly getting right knowing that it can't be perfect Um, because you know financially I feel like we're okay Uh, you know, the the fundraisers do very well. We're very conservative with money So I think that as an immediate threat or an obvious threat not so much although Technology shifts and so, you know, will the technology Move people to voice assistance where they don't actually come to wikipedia, but they just get the information from us and end up not donating money Not that's a possibility But that's that's kind of it and then obviously there are other potential threats But I feel confident that we can defeat them. But as I say, I'm a pathological optimist There's a lot of noise these days about repealing section 230 of the communications thesis act without which wikipedia couldn't exist I mean, it's completely impossible And I can talk more about that I can talk for an hour about that if we wanted to but because we've got some Noise around that not only from the right. I mean, donald trump has been tweeting all caps repeals section 230 I'm not sure even knows what it is but From the left as well, you know, because people are are concerned about the power of the big tech companies and they wonder section 230 is Has something to do with that and so on and so forth And so I think that is under threat and I think that that is a serious threat to anything that's open on the internet There's something called conquests second law, which I believe is itself on wikipedia And it suggests that all organizations that are not explicitly right-wing over time evolved to become more left-wing We've seen this with the ford foundation pew foundation rocker feller Do you think conquest second law is essentially correct? I I I don't know I I wouldn't think so although I don't know I have no idea. I mean I I think We definitely have organizations that I wouldn't say you could easily categorize In contemporary terms as either left or right-wing and I'm thinking in particular of the catholic church Which have maintained quite steady certain kind of Values and ideas for a very very long period of time with minimal shift over time And you know, if you try to characterize Religion as either right or left-wing. I think typically in the u.s. You would tend to say right-wing, but If you look at the current pope and certain elements of the church's positions, you you would say They're pretty left-wing in other ways. I mean, I don't think they easily fit into that But but the broader point is can an organization maintain You know An explicit set of values over a very long period of time that is neither left or right-wing in its nature And I think so. I mean certainly It seems possible to me But let's say in the u.s. At least that politics continues to polarize along educational lines Now, obviously most wikipedia contributors people on the board Are going to be well educated one way or another if only self educated Is it then really still possible for a wikipedia to maintain what would be seen as a neutral stand? By people on the other side I mean, I I think that's a really a really tough question. Um, I think I think there we can we can we can slice it up a little bit and get a little more refined and say Can wikipedia maintain a neutral stand? Yes, that I think yes objectively speaking. Yes, but That would be recognized as such by some people on the other side that would be universally recognized as stuff As such that could be quite hard. I mean, we're we're in an era where There there's such a decline in respect for traditional journalistic institutions Across the board That you begin to think, you know You know, I the way I think about I think about quality publications that matter and so I think about You know the wall street journal Tending to be a bit more on the right and the New York Times tending to be a bit more on the left And then you think yeah, but where does Breitbart fit into that? Where where where does some of the new media publications fit into that and where do people who? Believe that all of those things are part of some sort of elite conspiracy to You know hide the truth about pedophiles or whatever Um It becomes hard. I mean, I think it's very hard when you have people who have given up on the concept of Objectivity the concept of neutrality and that isn't necessarily just on the right Certainly when we when we think about Postmodernism and some of the the critiques of the ideas of neutrality and objectivity that come from that end of the world It's It's it's sort of a deeper philosophical question. I would say How well and how fairly has the media covered wikipedia? I mean Pretty well pretty fairly. I mean it's an interesting thing because there was a there was a time and Even at that time I I did feel that it was a temporary phase so there was a time when It was a popular thing to do to kind of troll through wikipedia find something wrong and write an inflammatory story about something Was wrong in wikipedia and I said at the time to You know the community to volunteers that You know it there was a there was a period of time when it became fashionable to write very easy cheap news stories about something horrible on ebay You know, you would see oh no someone's selling their baby on ebay or they're selling Their soul on ebay or they're selling the baby's soul on ebay or they're selling a gun or whatever And after a little while people realize actually it's not legal to sell your baby on ebay And it's against the rules of ebay and if somebody posts it as a joke. It just gets taken down and over time The media more broadly got bored of writing a story of like oh no someone vandalized wikipedia. I mean I remember one case in particular when a Famous celebrity died. What was her name? Anna something she was a Uh, she married a really old guy for his money and so on anyway She died of a drug overdose and somebody vandalized wikipedia and wrote something terrible about her Uh, and then I got and it was a huge story the day she died because she had drug overdose. She's a very famous tabloid person And one of the journalists said does this does this show something deeply wrong with the wikipedia model? And I said it shows something deeply wrong with what's going on in journalism that this celebrity dies of I get eight phone calls about Vandalism and wikipedia like that's absolutely not the point So there have been times when I felt oh, that's actually not fair But in general we've been treated well and I I think Certainly over time A lot of the worst fears that people had about wikipedia that was just going to degenerate into a troll fest or something like that Have improved true and and I would say in recent years once we've seen how bad social media can be we've been You know, we've been treated very very nicely What's the biggest problem with how wikipedia has covered wikipedia? There's a whole page as you probably know You know why wikipedia isn't so great Is it too negative on itself? Well, I mean when we when we set ourselves the mission to do something like that We are very thorough and good at it as we are wikipedians Um, and no, I mean, I actually think that's really healthy. I mean, I think that you know, I've said to people you know, if you want to understand Critiques of wikipedia, there's a really good page about that in wikipedia and I think that's great I think that's fantastic. I would say you know, we That the areas where I think we struggle the most and I alluded this earlier just talking about a thing that I just happen to be involved with this morning we We've become Very bureaucratic in a certain kind of way. We've got a lot of history. We've got a lot of rules We've got a lot of procedures. They're all there for a reason. They're all arguably Do more good than harm and yet it it is Hard for people new people to get involved. It's hard for people to understand certain things There was a there was a a good example was we got a little bit of negative press because a a famous author wrote quite a it was actually I thought quite an amusing piece about how something about his ideas was wrong in wikipedia and He emailed us to a correction to say no, that's that's not what I think And he got something back saying do you have a source and he's like what better source could I have for what I think? And that was it's amusing and funny and it's sort of like oh, isn't that terrible wikipedia won't accept an author's own words as except the issue was He emailed us from a random sounding gmail address. There was no proof. It was actually him He had a blog he could have easily written the post of his blog explaining something and so it was it was actually more subtle than that It was like no, we actually do care what he thinks and we're not out to do this But because he didn't understand wikipedia and by the way, it's not his job to understand wikipedia. I'm not sending that at all Um, you know, like we had an outcome that was okay. Not optimal How is the rise of mobile shaped the content of wikipedia? So take a not too controversial article say the napoleon bonaparte one more and more people are reading it on mobile More are editing it on mobile. What's the invisible hand mechanism that connects the rise of mobile? To how the actual words on the page might end up being different So I it's a that's a great question and I define a great question as one that no one's ever asked me So very good I would say that the connection is probably less than it should be So wikipedia editing is still Overwhelmingly a desktop phenomenon Part of that is is that the mobile editing experience isn't great In the past I would say the mobile editing experience isn't great because we need to invest more money in making it better But today I would say actually it's probably about as good as it can be I'm sure we can still improve it and there are people who are working on that but The issue is it's a small form factor like how do you actually make it easy to edit on a mobile device? It's quite difficult and we look at things for mobile participation Like is there is there a way for people to quickly do a spelling fix or something like that? and then the content, you know, so it's written largely on the desktop and therefore There is a divide in a sense between reading and writing But that probably doesn't matter so much because I think the reading experience from wikipedia on On mobile is is perfectly fine in some ways. It's better because the the scan distance for reading is a little shorter but You know, it probably could be a little more optimized for reading on mobile devices Now you don't allow paid for editing, but I've known people who are paid editors on wikipedia. They write things They're not for the most part Slanting content. They're trying to fill in gaps or add detail on maybe the person they work for To what extent do you think wikipedia is actually somewhat parasitic on non transparent page for editing? And you get rid of the worst manifestations of it, but it's still a big part of the underlying foundation um, it's a really good question. Um, I mean, it's something that we struggle with and uh, we know that it does go on and we know that we don't approve of it And around the margins, there are a lot of different kind of angles on on what that looks like and so I think one of the first things to to note is that we we try to make a distinction between Paid editing and paid advocacy editing So the the difference is let's say you're a university professor and your university says Actually as a part of your evaluation We are interested in our professors Being involved in in in the public dialogue a public debate and actually if you can contribute knowledge to wikipedia Uh, and show us that we consider that a positive thing and and you'll get a good review based on that Well, then in some sense, they're being paid to edit wikipedia But they aren't being paid in the same way that the pr department of the university would be paid To make the university look good And in fact, they probably wouldn't have much interested in making sure that you know the page about the university itself is good And so that's paid editing but not paid advocacy editing. So paid advocacy editing is really the problem and in that case People are of Different minds. I'm I'm quite a hardliner on this. I just think it's not something people should be doing at all And in fact, I think what we need to do to cope with it is have better mechanisms That are less combative For people who have a conflict of interest to actually contribute constructively by not editing pages But by making suggestions in some organized fashion that will actually be paid attention to but that That gives rise to a lot of other problems. One of the problems is Um, you know, there's the old saying which I shouldn't know who said it Uh, you know, it's it's very hard to get someone to understand something when their paycheck depends on them not understanding it uh, and so, you know, if you're being paid to spruce up the page about your boss and you know Your idea of what's uh neutral filling in the gaps and our idea might be substantially different simply because you come to it with a an advocacy bias And that's problematic, but you know, I think what works for people is if they come in in good faith and talk to the community That's that's by far the most effective way to get things done but we also know there are people who are who are doing paid editing and Uh, you know, it's it's something that we we basically just proved because we also see The the abuses of it, you know, where people go around Uh trying to charge people a lot of money pretending things that aren't true about what they can get done and so on and so forth Now i'm the rare person who actually has no sock puppets Why not allow sock puppets? What exactly is wrong with them? So what if a person has more than one identity out there as long as you can monitor the identity that is operating on wikipedia? So, I mean, that's a great question. And in fact, we we do try to make a distinction between A sock puppet and a legitimate alternate account and we actually have procedures whereby you can declare a legitimate alternate account To the arbitration committee So that you're you're sort of insulated from any Bad harms if it's found out. So some of the keys are that we we rely on trust and One of the things that that is really important to us. We we do a lot of What we call not voting so it's voting, but it's really a straw poll. It's the the votes are typically not They're not the final word and if somebody comes into a discussion and Pretends to be Five different people arguing that something should be deleted And there are two actual different people arguing that it should be kept That's deceptive and and it kind of skews the balance and so people who are reviewing that say well I sort of think we should keep it, but I see there are five people here with a different opinion So maybe I maybe i'm wrong um And so that that bulking up your impact by double voting on something about pretending to be different people is Super problematic the other kind of uh problematic sock puppeting is sock puppet to Conceal your conflict of interest. So I remember we had one notorious case of a a pr firm that had Engaged in quite a lot of problematic editing and one of their accounts had made, you know, a lot of edits And pretended to be a retired Fellow who was a car collector and there are all these pictures of old cars and so on they had a whole persona created Uh to seem like a lovely chap who just liked to edit wikipedia But if that was just somebody at the pr firm who was just giving a cover And I just think that kind of deception is problematic The kinds of good examples, uh, uh, you know Multiple accounts would be someone who wants to edit in a controversial area um, I mean as an example, let's say, uh, you know, you're a well-known person and Suppose you took an interest in our entries on pedophilia not because of any hurry and interest but simply because you think uh, this is actually an important topic of social impact and and Well, you probably wouldn't necessarily want to be known at your university as the guy who edits the pedophilia articles on wikipedia Like that's just not easy for people to be open about even if you're doing all the right things And so you might say, yeah, I actually want to edit, uh, you know In some areas of world war two history under this identity But i'm gonna do some work over here and I really prefer it not to be tied back to my real life identity And that's kind of okay, right as long as you're not voting in in elections with two accounts and things like that You believe in what the european sometimes called the right to be forgotten on the internet I I have a real problem with the right to be forgotten as it is currently enshrined in european law and You know, I think it's it's a complicated subject but Here we go. So first of all, I think privacy is very important. Uh, and I think that A lot of internet services need to be much more thoughtful about people's privacy And really think harder about this and I also think a lot of governments need to think Harder in the new era about privacy versus transparency about public information about their citizens. So as an example Um, I live in the uk, but i'm registered to vote in florida and so I registered for mail-in ballot And I I got an email saying, you know, here's your ballot information, blah, blah, blah And you can go and I can look up my ballot, uh, not not how I voted, but I can look up my home address Which I normally try to keep very very secret I probably should even mention this because trolls will now know where to go and look for it But there my home address is there and all you need is my name and my date of birth and you can get my home address And I'm like that's not really necessary for public transparency or is it it's a good question like that I think we need to struggle with some of those Questions so right to be forgotten my biggest beef with right to be forgotten in the uk currently is that um google can be forced to take down links to content that is perfectly legal On publisher's website. In fact the case that got this all under way is Uh a link to a newspaper article, which is still online, but google is not allowed to link to it And there's no judge involved and so when we think about this, uh Kind of in a in a an american first amendment Context what you would say is It wouldn't do it wouldn't pass first amendment scrutiny to say. Oh, no, it's perfectly legal to publish this magazine It's just not legal to offer it in stores Like you're you're not allowed to you have to hide it and we would say hold on a second That that's just not right like that that that is a violation of the freedom of expression If you can't distribute your content because clearly if you're not findable in google That's a problem. Like nobody's going to read the the piece and so And there's no there's no easy right of appeal. I mean you can appeal to google and I do believe google's doing the best they can to balance people's privacy interests with With freedom of expression interests, but I don't think it's google's job I don't think that we want to have A company however well intentioned to be tasked in society with deciding Um, those kinds of issues where really if something is such an egregious privacy violation that it should be censored Well, I really want to have a judge involved. I really I think that is something that we need to to not have handled at the company level Now in the middle of all these conversations, we have a section overrated versus underrated I'll toss out a few ideas. You tell me if you think they're overrated or underrated got it great Yeah, fine growing up in huntsville, alabama Overrated or underrated? I would say underrated. Why? Well, huntsville is a really interesting place. So I grew up in alabama Which is not known generally to be a super high-tech place, but huntsville, alabama is where the nasa Scientists are headquartered. So they're at the space and rocket center Which means that uh, well for a time in the early 60s Huntsville apparently had the highest Number of phd's per capita of any place in the u.s So huntsville is quite a high-tech town and yet at least for me what what I feel was important As well was not just the high-tech piece of it, but it is southern in a good way like People are very polite. People are friendly. Uh, it's kind of an open openness of culture Which I think it served me very well With wikipedia because I'm obviously just friendly to people and that's actually very helpful So underrated transhumanism overrated or underrated uh that of both uh probably Over I'm not sure how it's rated I think 99.9 of all people have never even heard of the the idea and probably people are massively into it overrated and everybody else sort of underrates it, so Maybe that's the marley bone section of london Oh Well, let's just say Overrated it's very nice there. Uh, I actually used to live there. I live in in notting Hill now, but um It's really nice, uh, but if you're talking about living anywhere in london I think you have to say take a look at the property prices and you'll say this whole place is overrated It's outrageous Black shoals option pricing theory overrated or underrated Oh I know you have an opinion here Well, again, I mean, I think there was a period of time when it was definitively overrated uh, because it's a genius sort of innovation a very very clever model and uh actually revolutionized a lot about how people thought about finance and enabled A lot of interesting stuff in derivatives. Of course as a model describing reality It's got serious weaknesses, which is why it's been replaced over time with more sophisticated models Uh, so probably by today people think oh black shoals. That's like a little toy model that doesn't actually show anything That's underrating it, but but maybe at the beginning when people thought it was the Uh, you know the second commenting and that was probably overrated And you're peace criticizing black shawls. Is that the first thing you ever wrote? I don't I don't think I ever criticized black shawls. I wrote a piece Uh, that was an extension. I I always like to think it was it was the last extension of the most obscure possible thing Which was the pricing of index options when all of the underlying assets follow a log normal diffusion So it was in the black shoals tradition It was sort of the last little tick of something and it was a huge complicated mathematical mess But it wasn't a critique of black shawls. It was just trying to extend it to a different sort of case I ran subjectivist epistemology overrated or underrated I would say underrated there and I think that's an interesting one because clearly her politics and sort of Ethics and other aspects of her thinking Are hugely controversial and and you know, whatever we could we could Say lots of things about that But but her epistemology, I think is very interesting and I'm not an expert But I used to be quite keen on this area and I read a lot and I got a lot And I think there's some real insights and interesting insights there about concept formation That have not been Appreciated by people who just think oh, she wrote these long ranting novels About capitalism and I think there was more to her thinking than most people realize so underrated What's the weakest part of her philosophy? um I mean, I I think that one of the biggest issues is that her her writing exhibits a lack of kindness and and You know one of her core Values was chewing on ideas something she'd love to do in her in her life And it's something that she advocated is chewing on ideas And what that means is you know, really thinking things through considering alternatives and so on that you wouldn't necessarily know Because once she chewed on the ideas long enough. She has quite sort of Flamboyant and dramatic way of presenting them as if she's just ranting to you about, you know, the world as she sees it Um, and so I think that's that's kind of problematic I think it would be better if if her public image were more about Let's be thoughtful and think and reflect on complicated ideas because the simple answers are probably Not the correct answers How have the last five years or so of our experience with the internet caused you to revise Your self-described libertarianism if at all um like is it working It's a it's a very good question. Um, I'm always very cautious about the the label libertarian Just because I find the libertarian party to be quite questionable on many things I guess where I where I come down is I would say uh on on many many issues I like the the concept that we have in in us law around the first amendment of strict scrutiny Say look if we're going to have the government intervene in something We we need to be very thoughtful about that because we know very well from economics That uh many interventions don't work the way most people think they work and they actually can cause a lot more harm than good And so something very simple. I mean the classic simple example would be You know, let's raise the minimum wage to 40 an hour Okay, I think most people get that actually probably isn't a great idea That isn't actually going to help poor people very much at all. Maybe a few of them, but mostly not um, and so it's the sort of thing, you know, it's like I guess over through my life as I've gotten older I've become more A a centrist in the sense of or a gradualist, right? I think when I was 21 I might have been sort of You know Crushed the state and eliminate all this and freedom is fantastic And now I'm really saying look if you're going to get anywhere and you're going to improve the state of the world and you're going to avoid Authoritarian tendencies and you're going to avoid overreach by government. You're going to have a prosperous society You need to be very thoughtful about how you change rules very thoughtful about how you get somewhere My sort of classic example would be zoning laws If you just overnight eliminated all zoning laws I'm not sure you would get to the same place you would have gotten to Had you had a more market oriented solution from the beginning because zoning laws in some ways Roughly replicate what a more market oriented system might have come to and so they probably You know, it's I don't know. I guess I'm a gradualist in that sense. So you've become more hierarchy and you might say Yeah, maybe maybe That's Possibly not sure What would your management advice? Excuse me. What would your management advice be for facebook? Oh for facebook. I mean So management advice, I don't know. I always say I'm a terrible manager But in terms of, you know, if I were giving advice to facebook Um, I think they've got a real a real hard problem So to be a little bit sympathetic for a moment, although I've been quite critical of facebook in many ways You know, one of the things that we find easier at Wikipedia is that Wikipedia has never been A place that's a wide open free speech forum And so we don't have to really deal with some very complicated edges around what advocacy is Crossing lines that are just too offensive Because really at Wikipedia, you're not supposed to be advocating for any particular thing at all Except for how do we make Wikipedia better? How do we how do we describe these ideas fairly? And so if you come into Wikipedia with some sort of an agenda however Mild That's probably not the right thing to do. And so for us these kinds of things We don't say, oh, yeah, but people should be allowed to say whatever they want Oh, but what if it's so offensive like and they have to deal with that? And it's a really hard because the the point of facebook and twitter is to just post whatever you think and your ideas and And then therefore you're going to find some people have completely horrific ideas so Given that they've got a very difficult problem What I would say is they need to really think harder about the model that they're using for moderation Which I think doesn't scale very well So hiring people in sweatshop conditions to make content judgments um, or Trying to get AI which is not really ready to judge the nuances of human conversation To do it that neither of those is scaling very well None of those works very well as opposed to what I think is really more important is Put more power into the hands of the community. Now. What does that look like for Wikipedia? We know that what does that look like for facebook? That's a hard problem. I don't have a simple solution for them the one thing about facebook that I think is really really interesting is Because of the structure of ownership of facebook, uh, mark zuckerberg has Probably, you know one of the strongest ceo positions of any company He's it would be very difficult for anybody to oust him as ceo And therefore he can make decisions that would be Death to a ceo who has to really panic about uh quarterly results So he can say look i'm going to make some decisions that are going to reduce engagement on facebook But that are going to prevent a situation where the whole world thinks we're destroying western civilization Um, and we're going to maybe make half the money we were going to make but in the long run It's good for shareholder value Because we can demonstrate that if we carry on our current path everybody's starting to hate us and that's not good for business He could do that He has the power to do that and nobody could really fire him for that. Um, and that means I Kind of say Hold him responsible in a way. I mean I hold all ceos responsible for doing morally right things But it's a little easier to understand Uh, you know, if you're a company that says look if I I know what we're doing isn't great for the world But it's not illegal and if I stop doing it, I'm going to get fired because the shareholders will revolt Then it's like, yeah, you've got a tough problem for mark, you know He doesn't need any more money. He's got plenty And so therefore he is in a position where he could make decisions that are Best for facebook in the long run. I I'm not suggesting that he Violate any fiduciary duties, but that he can take a long view in a way that most CEOs unfortunately can't How well is the facebook supreme court going to work the supreme court? Idea wikipedia. I I'm not not a wikipedia at facebook. I I don't know how that's going to work out I think it really I'd like to know more about the structure of it and what actual power they have um, if it's a merely an advisory body, uh, filled with, uh, you know worthy types That facebook isn't going to listen to clearly that's going to absolutely do nothing uh But if they're willing to take seriously the idea and I think they do take this idea seriously that It isn't up to facebook to be the judge of What's true or not? I mean, I I think that's something that they don't want that responsibility Uh, and yet because it's a place where disinformation is being shared in a way that's Is damaging the world and is problematic They also have to take responsibility. So, you know, it's like where do they draw the line? I always remind people if we had a different set of historical facts and you know Five years ago. Well, I think it's longer than that now 10 years ago facebook had suddenly said We've actually decided to start shaping the public conversation By deciding what news is of quality or not And we're going to deemphasize things that we think are low quality. We would all freaked out and said, oh my god It's our willy and facebook is now trying to decide for us what's true and what's not true Now suddenly we're in this opposite universe where everybody's demanding facebook. You must do something There's disinformation on your platform. So they're they're in a tough spot. Um, and so I don't I don't know that the supreme court Good. Yeah, don't know. They better have some power. Otherwise. I'm not sure What is it you think that you might know about the education of children that other people do not Oh, that's a that's a good question. I mean I I don't consider myself an expert on education, but I have three children To have my own experience. You are then an expert on education I mean for me and I also can reflect on my own education. So for me, I think I you would you could put me in the camp that says there is a big downside to traditional education in terms of If you aren't careful, you can get into a very rigid process that is not good for creativity um, and so, you know, this is I'd say my ideas in that area are similar to Unfortunately recently passed away Sir Ken Robinson And you know for me When I was young I had a very unusual education about bringing sometimes it was reported it was Montessori But it wasn't technically Montessori, but it was very open and we had lots of freight free time And I basically spent a lot of time reading the encyclopedia And incredibly valuable just to have time to explore Be encouraged and following your curiosity as opposed to rigidly sitting in rows and and sort of meeting testing standards and all of that Having said that I'm not opposed to having standards for schools and and tests are a good way of measuring that um, but I I think we need to really focus a lot on creativity because if we look forward the world faces a lot of problems and We're going to need a lot of innovation to to solve some of these problems If you had a hundred million dollars to give away putting aside your own enterprises. What would you do with it? That's a really good question. Um well, I I liked seeing today that apparently Michael Bloomberg is spending a hundred million in florida For ads to defeat donald trump. So I I'd be very tempted to go that route But I actually I was disappointed just to read something in the day and I haven't followed up So I don't know what the what the general public conclusion is And he had promised a hundred million to help people who had been disenfranchised in the state of florida Because they had not paid some fines or some sort of fees to the government And therefore their right to vote had not been restored even though they had met all other conditions And he was going to donate a lot of money and then I saw an NGO who said actually the money never showed up And a lot of other people donated but he didn't and they were unhappy with him. So I don't know about that but You know, I think those kinds of things which I mean Actually, if I step back probably defeating donald trump isn't how I if I had one chunk of 100 million But I I think it's really about For me, it's about how do we think about restoring a sense of decency and thoughtful public engagement? where you know We we we have a an election and I and I look at the policies and I say I'm going to vote for this person because I agree with that policy And you say oh, I'm going to vote for the other person because I disagree on that policy And then we have an interesting conversation about the policy and we may not agree But we feel at the end of the day We've chewed on some ideas Rest of the day, you know, it's sort of the the the ranting and the scandal mongering and all of that It's just it's not healthy. It's not really getting us leadership that we need How happy are billionaires? I know quite a few of them. They seem pretty content. How happy you're famous people Um, it's a good question. Obviously that varies quite a bit. I suppose actually to be fair it probably varies with the billionaires That was kind of a flippant answer um I don't think money buys happiness, uh, but the truth is You know, uh, it buys freedom. Uh, and so people, you know, they can pursue interest and and do things like that um The the fame. I mean, I'll give an example of someone who I know uh, recently well, uh, is Sean Parker and He is both famous and a billionaire and I think he Were given the option to choose to give up one or the other. He would definitely give up being famous Uh, because the the grief he's gotten in his life around his extravagant wedding and things like that are Completely not aligned with the things he's interested in. He's super interested in cancer research, right? And he any donates money there and that's you know, whenever I talk to him, he's really passionate about Certain areas of medicine not because he's trying to make money It's just like that's what he's interested in that makes him happy and being famous on the side is actually Annoying that that's me assessing him. I haven't actually asked him that but how happy are people who have power Oof I mean That's a good question. I mean the word even the word happy. I mean what immediately comes to mind is Uh president trump, um, he seems pretty I don't know. Does he seem happy? I don't know. It's a it's an interesting question. Um, I think different people have different personalities Around power so some people Have it because they want to do constructive things in the world and they like having power and so on and they're probably pretty happy Other people I think they're just lost souls and they just want power and an attempt to be happy and maybe it doesn't make them happy It's a hard question. I mean, I I remember A few years ago. I was on the street corner in new york city it was just about to go into the u.n. It was during general assembly and The street was blocked off and then the enormous motorcade went by hundreds of motorcycles new york police then the secret service Trump and more hundreds more motorcycles And I thought for a man who probably uh, and I don't believe in diagnosing people of medical conditions without knowing them But probably qualifies for some sort of medical diagnosis of narcissism This can't be good for him, but he must fucking love it How happy are people who seem to have power but cannot in fact exercise it due to constraints Uh, that's a that's an interesting question. Um I mean I think again it it really depends on On who they are and how they got there Um You know, I I mean I I would sort of put that myself in that category people think I have a lot of power I'm very ceremonial And I give advice and I try to be thoughtful and people do listen to me. So I have influence, uh, but not power Uh, and I'm very happy about that. Uh, for me, I'm very very content about it So other people though may have come to that situation in a way that they expected to have power and they don't So then they must be quite unhappy Two last questions first Can wikipedia truly survive without you? I know you're calling your role ceremonial But you're a kind of vocal point a final layer of adjudication I once said to vitalik buterin in my chat with him Well, a theorem relies on you even when you do nothing You're the russian sage in the background Like in an old dostoevsky novel Are you in fact The american now partly british sage in the background of wikipedia who underpins the whole thing Even when or perhaps because you do nothing um Well, I mean it appeals to my ego to imagine such That, you know, obviously without my sage wisdom and guidance and and calm Uh, ceremonial neutrality the whole thing would fall apart, but frankly I really doubt that Um, I do think that it is a complicated matter that I give a lot of thought to which is And and which I have given one It's not a new idea, but like how do we construct? systems and models and procedures and processes in the community that strive for Maintaining our values in the long run and improving the encyclopedia and building something that we value And I think we've done a pretty good job of that You know, we struggle at times as I say with excessive bureaucracy, but people are aware of that and so on and so forth I think, uh, you know, for me, I think the the the hard bits and the complicated bits are probably around The interface between the community and the wiki media foundation Uh, and I'm not so sure that we have a Sort of a long-term settlement of those issues that I feel confident can maintain Uh without a lot of effort Not just on my part, but on the part of, you know, core people who are around To make sure that the foundation is both able to act as necessary But doesn't become You know imagine that they're going to pursue a model like a twitter or facebook moderation model where they're going to take on all the jobs of Moderation which frankly wouldn't scale it wouldn't work. And so that's the area where I do feel I've got some work to do still Last question. What will you do next? Oh, wow. I mean, I'm I'm really focused a lot these days on Wt.Social so WT social is Rethinking social media trying to create a new social media platform with a different business model I would say it is a pilot project We've got about 500,000 people on the platform But many of them are not active and so we've got a core community working on that Uh, that takes up a huge amount of my time And I can tell you this is not announced yet, but as this won't go out until November it will be announced I've got this goofball idea that I'm really excited and having fun with which is I'm putting together a system so that children can visit Santa Claus. This is why I've got the Santa background here Children can visit Santa Claus virtually this year because People shouldn't be going to shopping malls and standing long lines to sit on an old man's lap Uh With coronavirus going around so you can you can sign up and visit Santa Claus So that's what I'm working on this week and I'm having a lot of fun with it Jimmy whales. Thank you very much great


Well, thank you, Adam. We're back here at theCUBE. We're live at the FEDA in Barcelona, and we're here in Cloud City, which is just amazing. We're really excited to have two guests here from a company called Data On Tap. Algus Axtinas is the founder and CEO, and Alex Bauman is also a co-founder and CXO. Again, Data On Tap guys, welcome to theCUBE. Thanks so much for coming on. Happy to be here. Algus, let's start with you. Tell us about Data On Tap, it's a great name. Yeah, thank you. We are designing and building digital attacker brands built entirely in public cloud. What does that mean, digital attacker brands? So tell us more about that. I think when you want to launch now a new wireless service provider, you have this challenge, you were built from current infrastructure or built something as a green field operation. We think building something new provides these new opportunities, so that's what we are. You guys know, when you start a company with a blank sheet of paper, it's an exciting time. Why did you start the company, Alex? That's a good question. I think for me, I mean, I'm sure we both had our own reasons, but the biggest one for me was being held back on delivering the types of customer experiences that people were expecting. So Telecom is notoriously slow-moving, deliver great products, but take time to get there. And you see all kinds of over-the-top products kind of leapfrogging ahead and needing a bunch of telecoms in some places. And kind of being held back in that kind of older, the full sheet of paper really drove us to decide, what can we do with the blank sheet? How do we go green field? All this new cloud technology, what types of things does that unlock for us? And that's really the impetus for it. So what are you actually selling? What's the service or product that you're selling? We started in Canadian market. Canadian market is maybe considered underserved in when you compare to other markets. And we started with this full-eminent concept, building out from core network all the way to consumer application, including e-commerce, including other kind of value-added services from the get-go even before we launched, before we launched our online service proposition. It's very hard to get into Canadian market. We're still battling out with regulator on that front. But we're building a tech stack for Canada and for other countries to, in the model of the FinTech, in the model of this new business model that's becoming available with public cloud. So public policy is obviously a big part of this, where you have to ride on top of the existing infrastructure, at least get permission to do that. And that's kind of your business model, right? Yeah, exactly. The infrastructure exists very good networks in Canada, and I believe elsewhere in the world as well. But this is the age of service innovation. Public cloud kind of brings that service innovation to the front rather than differentiating on network technologies, which is kind of commoditized thing. The new way of thinking is about service innovation, about what can you build on existing infrastructure? How can you use elements in the public cloud, new economy, new business models to create this new business? So let's talk about cloud economics, specifically public cloud. When we say cloud, we mean public cloud. Yeah, not fake cloud. So you've got cloud, you've got cross cloud. You're kind of imagining this abstraction layer cutting across clouds or extending to the edge. You're talking about the cloud suppliers, they look at the edge as this opportunity. They see data centers as just another edge node. So talk about, how do you think about public cloud economics as it relates to your business and your customers? Sure, so, you know, going with that blank sheet of paper and building out kind of the entire stack, exactly from start to finish everything you need from for the customer to deliver a customer experience to deliver all the tools that are necessary to sell in a completely digital model. The economics process when you look at the public cloud allow you to do a kind of a composite application approach of using the API economy. You can just pick exactly what you need from individual pieces that exist out in the market and typically cloud based products as well. And by kind of building in that model, you can really narrow down a per subscriber economic as a carrier that's kind of wasn't feasible before. And on top of that, that kind of cat-backs the time to market all of those things are so small compared to what you used to have as long as you're building out kind of in that model. So is your strategy to enable service providers and carriers to move beyond connectivity? Is that even, is it feasible or is it an ecosystem that gets built around that on top of that kind of thing? Our vision is that, and this is difficult with a lot of subscription based verticals. You need the subscriber, but you need to know them on a one to one basis. You need that person, not just a building account number. And then once you've got that and you've got your core business around when it is about all the other things that you can build kind of an ecosystem around that customer. So it could be enabling other verticals within the telco tech stack. It could just be about making sure that they have kind of our first approach is you need to be digital. You need to have a digital experience. It needs to be good, it needs to be premium. It can't just be a digitization like the clipboard out of the iPad. It needs to be a real rethought green field experience to be competitive in the future. Well, because when you think about the brands and all of the pandemic, we're all watching movies and viewing on demand. The experience that we have with those services is awesome. The sales, the marketing service all integrated into one. And you think about the experience that you have with traditional telcos and it's just frustration. And so you're enhancing that experience. That's what it's all about, that user experience. Yeah, if you go into our app in Canada right now and go into a marketplace tab, you would kind of feel like in Netflix a bit because the subscription plans are just part of the range of products you can be buying from us. And it truly depends on the customer segment and type and then on the particular customer what we would bring up front for them to consume. If it's a youth customer, a student, or perhaps a new Canadian or a new immigrant to a certain place, they might need a banking product and we might have a prepaid MasterCardovisa available for them to order together with eSIMCard or they might, if they're a university student, they might be buying certain clothing products or other things from around for that university or so on and so forth. The customization is endless and personalization could be really truly personal and machine learned and so on and so forth. And if I could add, most people don't describe themselves in terms of gigabytes. They have other things that they like and other things that make them who they are and being able to understand who somebody is and deliver things outside of just like here is a plan of gigabytes or here are minutes is really the next step. You need to be able to put something other than one GB on a poster. You know, it's interesting you say that Alex because you're right. We don't think in terms of consumers, we don't think in terms of gigabytes but underneath all this is data. It's all about the data and when I think about industries that are data intensive like telco, financial services is another example. These organizations build data products and the time it takes for them to build data products is too long. The user experience is oftentimes too cumbersome and I think there's a new metric that's going to emerge in the industries. How long is a business person? Does it take me to go from idea to monetization? That's the new industry KPI. You heard it here first in the queue because it's all about building data products in the digital world. And so when I think about what you're doing if I understand it correctly, you're allowing the digital service providers first of all become digital and then build data products very quickly, configure them very quickly and offer them to their consumers. Yeah, I like that I to M idea to monetization. I think shortening that time is really important but it goes beyond just like configuring a data product. It's anything that you could pull together within your own ecosystem or combinations of ecosystems or bundles of things. As a marketer, that idea comes to you and you want to test it. It's idea to test monetization. So if you can rapidly test things, iterate on them from an interface that happens in real time and you've got customers that are the data model and the construct around them is customer centric so your marketing can be customer centric. That's really the world we're building. What's the ecosystem? Look, how are you envisioning and thinking about the ecosystem evolution? Well, the starting point was obviously look at the retail store and look what's in the store and kind of have all of that as a starting point so you have that covered but you can go outside and see who else is selling what to that mobile consumer of yours and trust me, all those ecosystem partners are eager to get in this digital kind of platform because they want that access to the consumer and they want a target that access to that consumer. And looking at what other, perhaps, opportunities and values exist outside of it, people pass down the phones to their kids and their senior members of the family. We try to sell their used phones. We started monetizing or started developing systems that allow members to sell to members. Something that may be part of different marketplaces but if you can get that process going and you can be a trusted party that handles these things, that's a really exciting opportunity for certain segments specifically. Well, that's the thing the cloud enables is that you can create these marketplaces and you can build your own ecosystems and that's sort of the next phase. Last 10 years, we're going to be different than the next 10 years of cloud and one of the big differences is the pace at which you can develop these ecosystems. I mentioned financial services. Is that an industry segment that's ripe for this wireless transformation? Are there other segments that you guys are looking at? I think FinTech is maybe a good example of what telecom should be, not necessarily mirroring but at least looking to for inspiration because they've kind of leaped up a little bit in terms of being open, opening up architecture, allowing that kind of service level innovation. One thing is to create some digital transformation or digital green field operation for a network operator but kind of the next step is allowing other types of experimentation on top of what you've built and kind of FinTech is a good model for that. The cloud absolutely enables it. I mean, up until cloud, I don't think we can have a conversation about a carrier opening up for other people to experiment and their platforms are on their systems but the cloud really does allow for that and I think smaller groups of very capable minds will come up with things that we can't even dream up right now and that's the kind of stuff that you want to have happening first on your network and be enabling it and then pull it in and pull those minds into your teams. Attracting talent that can deliver the things we're talking about is also going to be important. We talk about in theCUBE about the API economy all the time and we talk about opening up the telcos and it scares people a lot. Can we replicate the reliability of the network with open APIs and open, no RAM and open systems but are there examples of sort of open APIs, the API economy in this digital service provider world? I think there are. I think if you come from IP, VoIP ecosystem, there are a lot more open and networks should be in a similar place, I think. It provides opportunities. Ensure tech is there, security, home security, IoT, everything can have come to play when you think about it. When you have an app on each of your consumers phone, you have, I think, endless opportunities. You have to provide certain stickiness, you have to provide certain engagement. Why would people come back to you? Gamification, loyalty, other things can come to play to provide this wholesome experience and why people would come back to you and not just for service things. I saw some of your material, private by design. What is that? I think, so it's a bit of a mindset and a strategy when you're developing everything in your platform. As a telecommunications provider, you collect an absurd amount of information about people, particularly if you've architected in a way that you know where every one of those people is. And there's a little bit of a need to respect some of that data, respect some of the privacy that may be around that. And building within the cloud and constructing new data models around how that data is stored, what things exist in a wallet, what traceability happens and audibility happens on that data is really important as you consider the future. So we're already seeing lots of regulation around privacy and data and data processing. So you can't build now and think, oh, whatever, we'll change it later. So a little bit forward thinking is very important for this type of pre-deal. And I think starting point is important of how easy is it to get in and start with telecommunications provider. You'll see during MWC and every once people are trying to re-engineer the onboarding experiences. I think that first step has to be very, very easy for user to take and to get into ecosystem. So just email, good to go, just as any other app. And that's a starting point. And then the rest of it is sort of on demand when needed.  So telecoms usually try to run the credit check before you even, you know, before you even know the name. Yeah, buy me dinner parts, right? Hey guys, we're going to leave it there. Thanks so much. Congratulations on getting off the ground. Thank you. Adam, it's buzzing here. Back to you.


Too much light at night makes it harder for you to fall asleep and too much light at night means you toss and turn during the night and too much light at night means you wake up feeling tired and lethargic. Just here in my living room in Hollywood about 10.15 at night and I'm wearing these orange ledons to blue light blocking glasses because I'm about to have one of the best night sleep that I'll ever have. Why? Because these glasses block that artificial light from overhead kitchen lights from your cell phones like this, from your iPads like this, from a computer screen like this. So they did this study at Harvard, Harvard University and they found that people who used electronics before going to bed took longer to fall asleep. They had less deep REM sleep, that's the really deep restorative sleep. It took them longer to wake up the following morning and they reported feeling sleepier and lethargic when they finally did wake up. Now why is this?  So when your brain thinks it's daytime, it's not preparing itself for sleep, it's not creating melatonin which of course helps you sleep at night. They did this other study, there was a study by the psychologist and sleep researcher Amy Wolfson and she discovered that school children, their grades were suffering as a result of being exposed to this blue light at night. She did this study that showed that students who got poor grades were found to have slept on average 25 minutes less and went to bed 40 minutes later than those who got A's and B's. So if your children are playing video games or they're on their cell phones or their iPads or they're watching TV at night, it may be affecting their clarity, their focus and their ability to get good grades at school the following day. So you might be asking who am I anyway? Well my name is James Swanick. You may have seen me on TV before, I was a former sports center anchor on ESPN on the host of the James Swanick show podcast which is one of the top ranking health podcasts in iTunes. I interview health experts around the world, New York Times, bestselling authors and about a year and a half ago my sleep was really quite average. I mean yeah I was sleeping seven or eight hours but I found it really hard to get to sleep and I was tossing and turning and when I woke up in the morning I wasn't feeling energized. I was kind of like I was actually carrying a few extra pounds as well and I didn't really realize that it was the blue light, it was too much light that I was being exposed to. When I finally discovered this I bought this really ugly pair of orange lens safety goggles. You know there's safety goggles that workmen wear when they're trying to protect their eyes from flying stones and rocks and so I put these glasses on about two hours before I went to sleep and you know what my sleep improved dramatically. It was amazing, it blocked the blue light and started to fall asleep. The problem was is that I looked terribly ugly wearing them because these glasses are horrendous to look at. I went out a couple of times to dinner with friends wearing these safety goggles and they're like what the hell are you wearing James what are those ugly things take them off right away and so I had this idea like how can I protect my eyes from the light but do it in a way where people are like hey they're cool glasses what are they. So then I spent about six months trying to find a really cool frame. I put the orange lenses in these stylish frames and now I go out and people go hey I like your glasses tell me about those. So I get the benefit of blocking the blue light which means I'm sleeping better and people are also saying hey you look kind of cool. Check out this I actually launched these in November 2015 and I sold out within 21 days. From all over the world just went crazy. Here are some of the people who took photos of them wearing their glasses and posted them all around the world. These are actually called swannies. My last name was swannies so I called them swannies the little nickname and since I've been wearing these my sleep is better. I've got more energy in the morning my sleep is just amazing. I don't toss and turn everything's great and a whole lot of health experts around the world have really caught on to the swannies as well now. Max Lugavere you may have seen him on the Dr. Oshio or the TV show The Doctors says that they're the coolest glasses out there. Sean Stevenson the author of Sleep Smarter Big Sleep Expert Big Time Sleep Expert in the world says these are the coolest things you've got to wear these and Tai Lopez multi-millionaire who has dozens of successful million dollar businesses says you must grab a pair of these if you want absolute clarity and focus. So if you want to grab a pair now just click the link below I'm giving you a special discount if you take action right now and you can see that discount right below but click down below I did sell out of these in 21 days when I first launched them and then I had to wait eight weeks to get the next shipment in before I could start making them available to people again so grab your pair right now before I run out of stock again like I said the first batch ran out in 21 days so if you don't want to miss out grab your pair right now and if your sleep is kind of average and ordinary don't suffer block the blue light put on a pair of swannies about an hour and a half two hours before you go to sleep your sleep will improve and remember when the lights go on put your swannies on click the link below right now and grab your pair and there's no risk when you grab your swannies because your swannies are backed by an ironclad money back guarantee try them out for 30 days and if you aren't satisfied with your results send them back and we'll refund you your money no questions asked


So we have a couple of questions here. Like I said, for the presenters, if you guys could think of potential questions to ask each other, that would be great. The general question was any application examples that could use BEC? Yeah, so the way I came to presenting eventual consistency along with Heidi was coming from collaboration software. So I work on sort of Google doc style collaboration software where several people can work on a document at the same time. And one question that came up there is, well, even if we have several people who don't mutually trust each other working on the same document, can we ensure that nevertheless all of the collaborators will converge to the same state? And we realized that, yes, we can do that and we don't require any consensus to do that. Collaboration is where I came from, but I think the set of apps that you can implement with BEC is much broader. So I would say all sorts of social networking and messaging apps where you have several people contributing to some kind of discussion thread or some kind of structure or liking updates or posting stuff and so on. All of those things should be invariant, confluent. There's no particular constraints that need to be upheld there, other than basic permissions that's like access permissions are fine under BEC as well. Also, there's a whole class of sort of enterprise apps. So the types of systems that companies will use maybe internally or maybe for coordination with suppliers or clients in a customer relationship management enterprise resource planning, all that sort of stuff, recruitment systems and so on. All of those are at the moment implemented with a centralized database. And I believe most of those would also be amenable to BEC so they don't really have any invariants that are not confluent, as far as I can tell, apart from sort of like, there's basic stuff like uniqueness of primary keys and stuff like that. You can easily get around that by using hashes as primary keys, for example. So then the need to maintain uniqueness through some kind of constraint goes away. Good question. For Martin, maybe you said it, but I missed it. So I'm actually not entirely sure what you mean by Byzantine eventual consistency, do you? Have a definition for that? Yes, I try to put a definition in the talk. It's defined in terms of five or six properties. So what one property is the liveness property that I talked about, which is that an update is eventually received by all non-crashed clients. There's a convergence so that any two clients or any two nodes that have received the same set of updates will converge to the same state. And then this preservation of invariants and then a few more technical updates. We actually have a causality property in there as well. So you can ensure a causally ordered broadcast, essentially. Right. So it's similar to eventual consistency, which actually, frankly, I've never really completely understood the definition of, so this applies to the Byzantine nodes or the non-Bizantine nodes, the correct nodes? Yes, because we can't make any statement about what the Byzantine nodes are going to do. So we can't say what their state is. So all we can do is make statements about what the correct nodes do in the presence of arbitrarily many Byzantine nodes. Byzantine nodes could still propose values that could get accepted by the correct nodes. There's also not much you can do about that, I guess. Exactly. So Byzantine nodes can generate updates like anybody else because you don't know if a node is Byzantine 40s, so. Okay. And those updates will propagate through the network just like any other updates. The key thing we want to ensure is that, for example, if a Byzantine node is Eve is syncing with Alice and Eve is syncing with Bob, if Eve is Byzantine and Alice and Bob are honest, Eve should not be able to make Alice and Bob inconsistent with each other. So the Byzantine nodes should not be able to somehow mess up the state of the honest nodes. So what makes a good witness? And then also, are there any results with regard to battery life impact on the Android prototype? I mean, so yeah, what makes a good witness? And this is a tricky question. So I guess it depends a lot on the application and each witness brings a certain amount of trust in that that block is gonna be maintained. And now witnesses may be independent of one another. If those witnesses are independent of one another, you can simply add the various levels of trust and you get the total amount of trust. If they are, however, suffer from dependent failures, maybe they collude if they're malicious, then that computation is not so simple. So one thing that we've been experimenting with is like the notion of like sort of real life witnesses. Like what makes a real life witness? Well, the person has to be in the same place at the same time as the event that's being witnessed. So if the events like in a digital farm situation involve sensor readings, maybe they're simply nearby sensors. Of course they have also then more likely you would be having dependent failures. Something that another thing we're looking at is that's maybe orthogonal is using secure trusted execution environments like arm trust zone, which we've experimented with but haven't integrated into the VECSR prototype yet. We have done pretty extensive measurements of battery life with our protocols and it's in the paper draft that we have. There are various graphs that, well, at least one that I know of that deals with like the drain on the battery for the protocols that we use. We compared a little bit with sort of other kinds of more traditional blockchain algorithms, but it could be argued that that's not exactly an apples to apples comparison. But we have those graphs, like the longer the transmission range, the more you reconcile, the more updates there are, all that costs power. A lot of it is negligible compared to the amount of power that your screen on that device draws. So it might be a much cheaper than having your screen on. Patrick, how does your analysis compare to the great key IS and Leonardo's thing I pronounced and that's probably wrong, Bitcoin backbone and then he learned to the paper and then Marco proceeds to say, they say regarding VA, we observe that Nakamoto's suggestion falls short of solving it. Patrick, I know you say it's been a while since you've read their argument, would you mind expanding up on a little bit what you wrote in the chat? Basically that paper was the, I know the first one to give a very convincing model of here's what Bitcoin is doing and that was very good and that's a 2014 paper. My concern with this paper is that as Marco said, it doesn't actually, it says that Bitcoin is not solving VA but then it kind of is almost solving VA. My concern is that this is not the turn we should be taking. Actually, if we want to keep the nice properties that Bitcoin offers and we don't, I would argue we don't exactly know what those are but these are very desired in today's world as is evidenced by how things are. We should be going in the other direction and actually try not to be accidentally solving atomic broadcast because that comes with a bag of technical theoretical problems. And one thing that deserves me in the papers that they're actually doing the opposite even a step further because they then implement an atomic broadcast algorithm using their protocol, their model of the Bitcoin protocol. About the witnesses, I didn't quite catch the purpose that they served. Is it to make sure that an update that has been added to the system cannot be removed again or something like that? That's exactly the purpose of a witness. Yeah, so each witness brings you a little extra guarantee that the update won't disappear. And it's an application question and how much is enough? And this is not completely dissimilar from the finalization question in Bitcoin. How many blocks does another block to be buried before you trust it? So we leave that as an application specific issue although I think it's actually pretty interesting issue in general and I don't actually have a great answer to what makes a good witness but we have some ideas. That makes sense, thank you. Thank you, Robert. Thank you for all of our presenters today for this session that wraps it up.


Welcome back to our lecture series Math 4220, Abstract Algebra 1 for students at Southern Utah University. As usual, I'll be your professor today, Dr. Andrew Missildine. This is our first video on Lecture 10, which will be based upon contents that can be found in Section 3.3, entitled Subgroups from Tom Judson's Abstract Algebra textbook. And as the name of the section suggests, we're going to talk about subs here, which essentially speaking, a subgroup is going to be a group inside of a group. So imagine we have some group in question here where we're going to have, we'll call the group, the set, G in the operation will be circle here. So suppose this is a group. Now we consider a subset of G here, right? Because when you have a group, the group itself is really just a pair. There's a set with a binary operation on said set that satisfies certain conditions as associativity, identities, and inverses, right? But as the set G is itself a set, it has subsets. And so a subgroup is going to be a group inside of the group. That is, if a subset H is itself a group, we call it a subgroup. Now what does it mean for H to be a subgroup? How does it mean for it to be a group? Well, we have this operation circle here, right? Where circle is an operation from G to G. I should say that if you take two elements of G, we can operate them and get something in G right here. So you take some order pair G1, G2, and this will transform into some element G3. Now, as this is a function, right, it's easy to restrict the domain. So we could restrict the domain of our operation just to BH cross H, right? And so you get H cross H. So if you take the product of any two elements of H, this is still going to give you something, right? But the issue is that the co-domain of the function, right, G, how do we restrict that? Well, that's where it can get a little bit tricky, right? If you just pick some arbitrary sets, the restriction won't necessarily restrict the co-domain. To be a subgroup, we need it so that when you multiply two elements of H together, you get an element in H, right? So you get some third element H, which is in H itself. We know it'll be in G because G is this overgroup that covers it, but we want to make sure that the product of two elements in H is an element in H still. And so that's the idea of a subgroup. The restriction of the operation to H forms an operation on H itself. And we commonly denote that H is a subgroup of G using the symbol H is less than or equal to G in that situation, right? So this little curly one, we'll use to denote subset. So if H is a subset of G, but if it comes to a point, that'll indicate that H is a subgroup. That is, it is a group in its own right. It's a group sitting inside of this larger group. Now, every group there exists at least two subgroups. So the first one is commonly referred to as the improper subgroup, and that's just G itself. Because by definition, if you restrict the operation from G to G, which is really no restriction whatsoever, you'll have this group sitting inside of that. And as such, it's commonly referred to as the improper subgroup. And in contrast, a proper subgroup will be a subgroup over some proper subset of the group. So that's always a guaranteed subgroup, the improper one. Now, if we're interested in proper subgroups, well, you know, we don't have as many guarantees there. There is one guaranteed proper subgroup, and this is called the trivial subgroup, which consists of just the identity element itself. And so let's think about that for a second. Why does that form a group? I should say, why does it form a subgroup? Well, if you take just the identity element, right? And we restrict our attention just to that. Why is this an operation? Well, if you take your identity E, act on E right there, right? Well, since it's the identity, it'll just be the other element, which is itself E, right? Notice that when you take E times E, you're going to get back E. And so this is an example of a binary operation. And so this doesn't form. It does in fact form a subgroup, right? We call this a trivial subgroup. So we have an operation, kachink. This operation is going to be associative. Well, there's really not a lot. There's really not a lot to go on here with associativity, right? You're like, okay, E times E times E, right? No matter how you simplify this, it's just going to be E in the end, right? So associativity is pretty quick, pretty easy. It has the identity because that's the only thing it has. And it has inverses because the inverse of the identity is itself, right? So this does in fact form a group inside of the group. And we call this a trivial subgroup. I should mention that the empty set does not form a subgroup of the group. And the main reason is that the empty set does not contain the identity, right? So there's no way that it could be a group because a group is guaranteed at least one element, the identity. So the empty set cannot be a group. And also I should mention that no group itself can be empty for this same basic reasons. So let me give you some examples of groups that we have seen before with some of their subgroups. So let's take the group of addition with respect to complex numbers. Well, every real number is a complex number. So we can actually see the real numbers as a subset of the complex numbers. With respect to addition, if you take complex addition and restrict it to real number addition, that gives us a subgroup structure. That is the sum of two real numbers is equal to a real number. And the addition of real numbers is the same thing as the addition of complex numbers. What I mean is if we view a real number R as just some real number plus a zero imaginary component, right? So we can visualize any real number as a complex number. Adding together the real numbers is no different than adding together that real number viewed as a complex number. The two additions are the same thing. And therefore restriction of complex addition to real numbers gives you a subgroup structure. Likewise, the rational numbers form a subgroup with respect to addition of the real numbers, right? Every rational number is a real number and the addition of rational numbers is just a special case of addition of real numbers. And so the rational numbers form a subgroup of the real numbers with respect to addition. But likewise, there's a transitivity principle going on here. If Q is a subgroup of R and R is a subgroup of C, that would then imply that Q is a subgroup of C as well. Rational numbers are also complex numbers. And we restrict a complex number just to the numbers, the rational numbers. That addition is the same at meaning. It's the exact same addition and thus we have a subgroup structure. Same thing for the integers, right? Every integer is a rational number, which means it's a real number, which means it's a complex number. And if you take an integer and you add them together, viewing it as an integer, a rational, a real or a complex number, the addition of integers is always the same thing. And therefore additions with respect, I should say integers with respect to addition is a subgroup of the rationales, a subgroup of the reals, subgroup of the complex numbers. And so those are all examples of additive subgroups. Now, if we switch over to multiplication, right, we need to throw out zero because we can't divide by zero. If you take the non-zero complex numbers, the non-zero real numbers is a natural subset of that. The non-zero rationales is a natural subset of that as well. And multiplication of real numbers, it's just a special case of multiplication of complex numbers. And viewing a real number as just a complex number with no imaginary component doesn't change how you do multiplication. R star is a subgroup of C star with respect to multiplication. By similar reasoning, Q star is a subgroup of R star, which then by transitivity is a subgroup of C star. And these are all examples of infinite abelian subgroups. Let me give you some example of finite ones though. Continuing with C star right now, if you take the set plus or minus one and plus or minus I, we can actually argue that this is in fact a subgroup as well. Now, to convince ourselves that it's a subgroup, we might have to consider when we restrict to plus or minus one or plus or minus I, do we have a binary operation, right? And so the Cayley table can be useful in this situation. You'll notice that one is the multiplicative identity here. So we can fill out the table pretty quickly in that regard. And to be a subgroup, right, it has to be a group. It needs an identity. So you're going to need the identity of the ambient group. But then other things, negative one times negative one is one, negative I plus I, this is an abelian group, right? So we can actually just copy the symmetry there to fill the rest of the table.  So you can see that when we restrict complex multiplication from plus or minus one, plus or minus I, this multiplication, we'll take two of these things. This will always produce an element of the form plus or minus one or plus or minus I. So this in fact does form a finite subgroup of order four inside of the multiplication of C star. This is a finite subgroup. And my similar construction, if you just take plus or minus one, this forms a finite subgroup of our star of order two. Clearly you don't get plus or minus I because those are imaginary numbers. Let's look at some non abelian examples, right? So we've learned about the symmetries, the symmetric groups of the symmetries of the set, one, two, three up to N, right? So SN is the set of all permutations of that set. Well, if you think of the dihedral group, remember the dihedral group, this is the set of symmetries of the regular in-gone. We could label, you know, with our in-gone right here, we could label the vertices like one, two, three, four, all the way up to N. And if you look at the possible symmetries of the in-gone, those symmetries are naturally going to be viewed as permutations. So like if you just do rotation, let's rotate counterclockwise by like say by one turn, then one will go to two, two goes to three, three goes to four, all the way up to N goes to one. We can visualize every symmetry of the in-gone as a permutation, and therefore the dihedral group naturally sits inside of the symmetric group. And as they're both permutations, it's the same permutation multiplication there. The dihedral group will be a finite non-Abelian subgroup of SN. So DN always sits inside of SN, where that is the same N, the same number of letters is in play there. Another example we saw, we talked about the Quaternion group before. That was a non-Abelian group of order eight. It consisted of eight two-by-two complex matrices. And the fact, when we argued that Q8 was a group, we essentially argued that Q8 was a subgroup of GL2C, right, the general linear group of two-by-two complex matrices. These are the non-singular two-by-two complex matrices there. Because we had to argue essentially that to be for Q8 to be a group, the restriction of complex matrix multiplication had to form a binary operation on Q8. And we made a similar argument using Cayley tables that in fact, the Quaternion group, it was a group which simultaneously was showing that Q8 was a subgroup of GL2C. And this just gives us some examples of groups that we've learned about already with some of their subgroups.