The equitable life assurance society presents this is your FBI This is your FBI the official broadcast from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Transcribed and presented as a public service by the equitable life assurance society of the United States and the equitable society's representative in your community When you opened the mailbox this morning Did you receive a postcard from a representative of the equitable life assurance society? This postcard I'm talking about was mailed to thousands of people by equitable society representatives yesterday Inviting everyone to listen to a brief but very important message in tonight's middle commercial It will give you interesting details about the equitable society's independent 60s plan a practical workable plan for people who want to be independent after they reach the age of 60 I'll be back in approximately 14 minutes to give you full information on this special plan Offered by the equitable life assurance society of the United States tonight's FBI file the merchant of death From time to time the Federal Bureau of Investigation has reported the latest figures on the current crime wave to you Through the medium of this their official program Now it is time to report on one facet of the latest survey one fact which stands out like a beacon above all others There is a person murdered in the United States every 40 minutes day and night throughout the year These are shocking figures, but even if they fail to impress you in any way your FBI asks you not to ignore their potential danger The killing of that many people more people than died in many of the big battles of World War two Is something that requires every citizen's attention if only out of the selfish motive of self-preservation The victims in some portion of the more than 13,000 murders which took place last year Were criminals who happen to be killed by other criminals Their loss to the community was negligible in most cases and a boon in a few others But the great majority of victims were decent law-abiding people Who merely happened by accident of fate to cross the path of a murderer and Who because of that accident? were killed Tonight's file opens in the attractively furnished private office of John Williams a real estate broker in a large eastern city a Visitor one mr. Homer Cooper has just been shown in well Have a chair mr. Cooper. Thank you, sir. Thank you. I'm sorry. You've kept you waiting Think nothing of it. I'm a patient man. Mr. Williams Well, that's good. Now. Uh, what particular kind of property were you interested in seeing? Oh, I'm afraid there's been some mistake I didn't come here to talk to you about real estate. Oh When I told your secretary this was a business matter. I I meant my business. Oh, I see well What is your business that? That's a difficult question to answer mr. Williams. You you might say I was kind of Commission broker commission broker. Yes. Yes. I handle all types of Unusual services for instance if you wanted to get a passport and you found you couldn't get it legitimately Then you might come to me Understand yes Yes, I think I do and I I don't know what brought you here mr. Cooper But I haven't any need for your services. Let me finish. I came to see you about a commission. I've just received it Concerns you how?  Oh, I assure you. I've never been more serious This party came to me and said he'd pay me two thousand dollars if I'd hire someone to murder you Oh, and incidentally my client says no guns This is supposed to look like a hit-and-run accident Mr. Cooper if all this is true and understand I'm not saying I believe a word of it Why are you telling me? This is my business mr. Williams? You see I thought it might be worth more than two thousand dollars to a man like you to stay alive Oh Well now I get it a very clever racket. Oh, this is not a racket mr. Williams Please believe me everything. I told you was true, but why now look sir You don't have to make any hasty decisions. We have time Why don't you just think this whole matter over and when you come to a decision? Let me know and if I don't Then sir much as I regret it. I will be forced to go ahead with the original plan You mean here is my card mr. Williams You'll find my business address and telephone number on it the price for your remaining lives, sir is $5,000 for that sum I reveal the name of the client who wishes you killed If you wish to pay it just come up to my office with cash otherwise well Then sir, I'll always remember you as the man who wouldn't pay $5,000 for staying alive John Yes, and What's the matter darling? Oh? Nothing Tossed and turned ever since we went to bed Yes, I I just can't fall asleep Something's bothering you Come on John. What is it? Well a man came see me today Man named Cooper and He told me he'd been hired to Well to get someone to kill me John I Don't believe it. I didn't at first. Why the whole thing is preposterous. I know it's so preposterous and that Well, I I I just can't help thinking it might be true. Oh darling.  I accused him of that But he swore that his facts were true. I don't believe him, but and John Look darling try to get some sleep now We'll discuss it again tomorrow Well, all right, I just hope tomorrow isn't too late The rhythm, please the rhythm please mr. Harper the sound as the rhythm dance Ralph hello, and I see you a minute. Oh sure Pardon me. Are you just going without me? I'll be right back What is it and let's go to your office. I can't just walk out on the glass I'll be back. Oh, and what is it? John knows about Cooper what Cooper went to see him at his office said that for $5,000 he'd agree to tell him who hired him By that dirty chiseler Ralph just how much did you tell Cooper about what about us? I absolutely nothing Why didn't Cooper come to you if he wanted more money? I don't know Let's offer him six thousand go to John and ask for eight. That's true racked my brain I can't think of anything does John want to pay him wants to go to the police It's just as bad. I convinced him to sleep on it another night What do we do Ralph? You go on home darling. I'll think of something The next morning at the local FBI field office special agent Jim Taylor approaches the desk of agent Paul Mason Hi, Jim. There's a switching signal. I don't have to go to court Fine fine as soon as you finish your report on that case then we can go to work on this new one How much have we got so far on the body of a rather well-dressed middle-aged man was found on a government Reservation where it now appears that he was murdered. Who was he? We don't know that yet. We're checking on the labels in his clothes I don't think we'll have much trouble learning his identity any word in the report on how he was killed I was sapped with some heavy weapon on the back of the head and his body left on the highway That wouldn't seem to be a very good place to conceal a body Well, apparently this was supposed to look like a hit-and-run accident Oh, there were skid marks in the road and the body was very carefully placed right beside them Do we know for sure that it wasn't a hit-and-run accident? Well the victims clothes didn't have a spot on them Paul. If he'd been struck by a car that was going fast enough to leave skid marks He'd have ripped something when he hit the pavement. Yeah, I guess he would have besides which there was no identity in his pockets Oh, I'm going out now to check on some of the labels that were found on the dead man's clothes Right Jim as soon as we find out who he was we're going to action Well, I stopped off to see that mr. Cooper why I decided to pay him and find out what he knew What did he say? He wasn't there. He's been murdered What? He was murdered last night. How do you know? Well, there was a man from the FBI at his office He told me all about it. He questioned me for quite a while About who mr. Cooper was How I met him Well, I was doing in his office or a lot of things. What did you tell him? Well, I I Lied I told him I'd received a telephone call from mr. Cooper yesterday to come and see him about a real estate transaction I told him I'd never seen mr. Cooper that I didn't know anything about him. Did he believe you? I don't know what else went on Nothing except they're searching for the killer. They know who it is. He didn't say And I Decided to go back to see him the FBI man. Yes, what for I? Was wrong. I shouldn't have lied to him I'm going to tell him what I know John that wouldn't serve any purpose, but I want this is a murder case The tabloids will be filled with every detail. Do you want to be mixed up in that? But I must do something darling go inside and lie down think the whole thing out very carefully And I'm sure you'll decide then that the best thing to do is forget the whole thing Hold it hold it. Well, someone please take that record off Thank you. I'm afraid you're just not watching me Look one and two one and two one and two one and two Now that's simple isn't it all right start the record again Yeah, I'll be right back Go ahead What is it John just came home. He's been to Cooper's office. So there was an FBI man there He told John that Cooper was murdered.  Yes How did it happen? Well, I called him yesterday morning after you left here and asked him if he'd take a ride with me Yes, he agreed and we went out to the country. I started to question him about the double cross. What'd he say?  You used my car. Yes Oh Well, let's back in your garage now. Nobody knows I took it. We have no assurance of that and How much did John tell you about what went on between him and the man from the FBI? Why? Well, do you know whether or not the FBI man asked John if he knew Cooper? Yes, he did. What'd he say? Said he never met him That's fine Why? All you have to do is tell one small lie What are you talking about? If the police should learn from some anonymous source that John was driving your car last night, they'll question you And you want me to say he was? You say he was out all night What good does that do? Darling it hangs mr. Cooper's murder right around John's neck We will return in just a minute to tonight's exciting case from the official files of your FBI Now here's an invitation to all members of this audience an invitation to join a group of American citizens Who have taken advantage of the equitable society's independent 60s plan? If you've ever been worried by the thought What's going to become of me when I'm 60 years old this plan is the answer it provides for financial Independence when it's time for you to retire it enables you to be your own boss to live as you like and where you like I Retired to the little old town where I was born and raised Believe me my wife, and I have a mighty good life now. I'll bet you do mr. Keating Our food bills amount to practically nothing eggs for our own chickens fruit from our own little orchard and Believe me. I have one of the best vegetable gardens in town Whenever I hear a man talk like that. I say to myself Why doesn't everybody in America have an equitable independent 60s plan? They make the same mistake? I made for years They think an independent 60s plan is a proposition only a rich man can afford How did you find out different from my equitable society representative? He showed me that I was already halfway towards independent 60s Thanks to Social Security and the life insurance. I already owned that's a fact in many cases only a small amount of additional Insurance is required to enable a man to look forward with complete confidence to Independent 60 a few extra dollars a week did it for me So why not see your equitable representative without delay phone him soon or send a postcard care of this station to the equitable Society at EQ UI TABLE the equitable life insurance society of the United States And now back to the FBI file the merchant of death The Roman Empire which existed from the year 27 BC when it was established by Augustus Caesar until the year 395 AD Was the home of a civilization which reached heights the world had never before known It contributed military leaders artists and statesmen to the pages of history Men who will be remembered as long as people studied the lives of those who went before them We know a great deal about these people who flourished almost 2,000 years ago We know how they dressed and how they spoke and what the common axioms of their language were We know too that even then the criminal among them was a cause of concern And that through the years he has not changed his habits very much That can be said because one of the axioms that has come down to us through the corridors of time From those ancient Romans is as true today as it was then a Proverb which applies to tonight's case from the files of your FBI and which said Who is content with one crime only? The answer is that no criminal is content with a single misdeed Not even when as in the case portrayed this evening That crime is murder Nights file continues later the same day Special agent Taylor is just signing out at the FBI field office as agent Paul Mason enters Jim you going out on that murder case? Yeah, yeah, Paul we found out who the dead man was Oh who a man named Homer Cooper? He was first arrested about 25 years ago after I learned his identity I went over to his office in the bulletin building and he leads there all out of correspondence I haven't read it yet and there's an old dictograph machine in the inner office But no records any place to be found have we got Cooper's home address not yet But we may not need it poor while I was searching Cooper's office a man named John Williams came in looking for him He seemed to be legitimate. I questioned him for a while. He said he'd never seen Cooper. So I let him go But then I checked at Williams office just to make sure His secretary said that Cooper was in there two days ago and spent quite some time closeted with her boss I wonder why he lies. I think I have the answer We got an anonymous phone call a few minutes ago the person who called said that he didn't want to become involved in the case But he said if we checked closely enough, we would find that John Williams was being blackmailed by Cooper That'd certainly give him a motive. Yeah, well, I'm going out now and pick up John Williams for questioning Just a minute hello, Anne I've got some good news the FBI picked John up for questioning. I knew they would How I told them about him What yeah, I called them and said that Cooper was blackmailing John. Oh I didn't give my name, of course About a drink. Yes, Scott. Mm-hmm They took my car. Yeah, I figured they would why Well, I told him I saw John riding in your car with Cooper last night. Oh There you are darling, let's drink a toast to John May he stay in jail and may we stay out All this Cooper case is really breaking open what happened The lab just got finished examining Williams's car What's the dope the tires match the tracks that were found at the spot on the highway where Cooper's body was discovered There are stains on the upholstery that turn out to be human blood Cooper's type I'd say we had just about enough Jen What's William's story? He says he was home all last night. Hmm. That ought to be easy enough to check I've got the switchboard trying to locate Mrs. Williams now. They tried her at home, but she was out. Oh By the way, those Dictograph records of Cooper's were found in a safe deposit box are being sent up here now. Good. We had it Special agent Taylor speaking Yes, yes, Mrs. Williams Yes, I just wanted to ask you one question if you don't mind Mrs. Williams Where was your husband last night? I see you're sure now Well, thank you very much, Mrs. Williams. Goodbye What'd she say? She really hung it on him Paul Said she's sure that her husband wasn't home all night. Well, that's just about it I'm not so sure. Hmm. Something happened during that phone call that makes me think Williams might not be guilty Sorry, you've had to listen to all these records by yourself, Jim. Did you find anything? Yeah, what this record on the machine now? Exonerates Williams. Oh, it's a conversation between Cooper and someone else and Cooper is being hired to get someone to kill Williams Then your theory about Williams innocence was right Yeah, but it was more than a theory Paul while I was talking with his wife I heard a very unusual set of chimes starting so so I heard the same set of chimes a couple of hours earlier Well, they were in the background when that anonymous phone call came in telling us that Cooper was blackmailing Williams Switchboard is trying to locate the address that goes with the number where they found Mrs. Williams now About this record Jim. Can you recognize the other voice? No, no, I can't quality just isn't good enough This is pretty obsolete equipment Cooper was using now. That's too bad. Well, let's listen to it again Paul see if you can catch anything. I've done this so many times now. I'm kind of numb I'll try okay. I'll start it here in the middle of first half isn't very Messy and I understand I understand Just can't help your name Can you be past my bedtime? Well, if you call me again say day after tomorrow, I'll arrange for you to meet the young man I have in mind with a job Nice youngster. He's got just the right Paul Paul. That's it Oh, how did I miss it all those other times miss what Jim? He said it was getting to be past his bedtime. Come on Let's check on something In your living room, I've just been admiring your taste John's coming up the walk, but he's in jail. I managed to get out somehow. Please darling. You've got to I'm afraid it's too late. What do we do? Let me handle this Tell him you're in here. I'm in here darling. Oh I thought for a moment that you Who is this? I'm a reporter with a bulletin mr. Williams. I came by to ask your wife some questions. Oh But now that you're back just a minute don't go But don't you want to ask me some questions? Don't you want to know how I happened to be picked up for questioning? Well, I'll give you some very good items for a story For instance, my wife here told the FBI that I was out all last night and that wasn't true Why did you tell them that and I didn't John? Yes, you did why they must have misunderstood me I said you were ill and up all night not out Then how does it happen that there was blood on the front seat of your car? Wouldn't you like to know about that? Mr. Brown wouldn't that interest you mr. Brown? John?  Williams But this looks like a family fight to me and our paper isn't interested in that sort of thing. I must leave John dear you don't believe that I deliberately tried to get you in trouble. Do you and I I don't know what to believe But why should I? Hasn't been a day since we were married that I haven't been in love with you John and you with me Why yes, mr. Taylor come right ahead Ralph and I've been arrested. What's this all about this man is the one who hired mr. Cooper he also killed him Ralph they can't prove that can they I'm afraid we can Mrs. Williams I've got warrants here for the arrest of both of you on a charge of murder Ralph Brown was found guilty of murder in federal court and sentenced to be executed Mrs. Williams was also judged guilty and sentenced to five years as accessory to the crime When special agent Taylor heard mr. Cooper's voice on the recording say that it was past his bedtime He realized that he could learn the identity of Cooper's visitor Checking the records kept in mr. Cooper's office building of all visitors after 6 p.m He learned that the man he was searching for was named Ralph Brown When he later learned that the number from which the anonymous phone call had been made was listed in the name of Ralph Brown Things began to gel The information that Mrs. Williams was a constant visitor of Brown's plus the fact that a search of his apartment led to the finding of The tire wrench which had been used as a murder weapon was conclusive enough to bring forth confessions from both And so another crime was solved by your FBI And the solution added further proof that the phrase getting away with murder is just a phrase and nothing more Under the alert eyes of the law the truth of another phrase has been demonstrated time and time again the truth of the simple words murder will out In just a moment we will tell you about next week's exciting case from the files of your FBI Now two final questions on the equitable society's independent 60s plan Mr. Keating now, what's the best age to start one of these plans any age your equitable representative will explain that the sooner You start the less your plan will cost you each year What about the income how much can I expect when I'm 60 the exact amount depends on two factors your present income and your future needs In any event your equitable society representative will be glad to work it out for you without obligation Phone him soon or send a postcard care of this station to the equitable life assurance society of the United States Next week we will dramatize another case from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation a story depicting the short-lived careers of two vicious young criminals It's subject robbery its title threes a crime The incidents used in tonight's equitable life assurance society's broadcast are adapted from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation However, all names used are fictitious and any similarity they're loved to the names of persons living or dead is accident Tonight's program was transcribed and the music was composed and conducted by Frederick Steiner The author was Jerry D. Lewis your narrator was William Woodson and special agent Taylor was played by Stacy Harris Others in the cast were Jack Edwards, Bill Johnstone, Lynn Whitney, Roland Winters, and Donald Wood This is your FBI is a Jerry divine production This is Larry Keating speaking for the equitable life assurance society of the United States and the equitable society is representative in your community and Inviting you to tune in again next week at this same time when the equitable life assurance society Will bring you another thrilling story from the files of the Federal Bureau of Investigation Threes a crime on this is your FBI This is ABC the American Broadcasting Company


As we discuss statistics and data science, one of the really big topics is going to be inference. And I'll begin that with just a general discussion of inferential statistics. But I'd like to begin unusually with a joke. You may have seen this before it says there are two kinds of people in the world. One, those who can extrapolate from incomplete data. And the end, of course, because the other group is the people who can't. But let's talk about extrapolating from incomplete data or inferring from incomplete data. First thing you need to know is the difference between populations and samples, a population represents all of the data or every possible case in your group of interest. It might be everybody who's a commercial pilot, it might be whatever. But it represents everybody in that or every case in that group that you're interested in. And the thing about the population is it just is what it is. It has its values, it has its mean and standard deviation. And you are trying to figure out what those are, because you generally use those in doing your analysis. On the other hand, samples, instead of being all of the data, are just some of the data. And the trick is they're sampled with error.  And it's that variability that's in sampling, that makes inference a little tricky. Now also with inference, there are two very general approaches. There's testing, which is short for hypothesis testing. And maybe you've had some experience with this, this is where you assume that a null hypothesis of no effect is true, you get your data and you calculate the probability of getting the sample data that you have, if the null hypothesis is true. And if that value is small, usually less than 5%, then you reject the null hypothesis, which says really nothing's happening. And you infer that there is a difference in the population. The other most common version is estimation, which is, for instance, characterizing confidence intervals. That's not the only version of estimation, but it's the most common. And this is where you sample data to estimate a population parameter value directly. So you use the sample mean to try to infer what the population mean is. You have to choose a confidence level, you have to calculate your values, and you get high and low bounds for your estimate that work with a certain level of confidence. Now, what makes both of these tricky is the basic concept of sampling error. I have a colleague who demonstrates this with colored m&ms, what percentage are read, and you get them out of the bags and you count. Now, let's talk about this, a population of numbers, I'm going to give you just a hypothetical population of the numbers one through 10. And what I'm going to do is I'm going to sample from those numbers randomly with replacement. That means I pull a number out, it might be one and I put it back, I might get the one again. So I'm going to sample with replacement, which actually may sound a little bit weird, but it's really helpful for the mathematics behind inference. And here are the samples that I got. I actually did this with software. I got a three, one, five and seven. Okay, fine. Interestingly, that is almost all odd numbers, almost. My second sample is four, four, three, six and 10. So you see I got the four twice. And I didn't get the one, the two, the five, the seven or eight or nine. The third sample, I got three ones, and a 10 and a nine. So we're way at the ends there. And then my fourth sample, I got a three, nine, two, six, five. All of these were drawn at random from the exact same population. But you see that the samples are very different. That's the sampling variability or the sampling error. And that's what makes inference a little trickier. And let's just say, again, why the sampling variability, why it matters. It's because inferential methods like testing and like estimation, try to see past the random sampling variation to get a clear picture on the underlying population. So in some, let's say this about inferential statistics, you sample your data from the larger populations. And as you try to interpret it, you have to adjust for error. And there's a few different ways of doing that. And the most common approaches are testing or hypothesis testing and estimation of parameter values.


Life is good all this month at Appalachian Wireless. Get the LG G5 for just one penny with sign-up or renewal of a two-year service agreement. That's almost $100 off the regular price. Better service, bigger savings. That's today's Appalachian Wireless. The Mingo County Sheriff's Office is currently investigating an anonymous tip called in yesterday afternoon. According to police, someone reported a drunk man claimed to have killed an elderly man, buried him in his grandmother's backyard and then constructed an outbuilding over top of the evidence. After questioning several people, police found it credible enough to investigate. We brought a cadaver dog down and the cadaver dog indicated under the building and so right now we're actually digging in search of it. The Mingo County Sheriff's Office was on scene for over eight hours yesterday and is back again today. According to police, the apparent suspect lived with his grandmother in Chatteroy at the time of the alleged murder. The person in question is actually on the run now from felony warrants we have on in here. But far as any other information, that's all we have at this time. According to the tip, police say the murder happened in 2008 or 2009. If there is a victim, police have no information on who it could be or if the person was even reported missing after it happened. We will continue to follow this story and bring you more information as it becomes available. Reporting in Chatteroy, I'm Shelby Steele for EKB News.


Hello and welcome to this next lecture on data structures and algorithms. In today's session, we will discuss a shortest path algorithm, we will discuss the simplest shortest path algorithm which is based on a single source and which happens to be greedy yet optimal, it is also known as Dijkstra's algorithm. So we will discuss shortest path in graphs that are weighted and the underlying property of some of these algorithm, in particular the Dijkstra's algorithm makes use of a property called the optimal substructure property. And finally, we discuss the procedure of edge relaxation, what is the shortest path in weighted graphs, so given 2 vertices a and g, a and g in this graph below, the problem is to find a path that has minimum total weight between them. So we have assumed non-negative weights, weights are 7, 7 and 9 along this particular path, a 23 is a total weight of this path and there are also other paths 1 through D which actually affords a slightly different weight 22, so which of these paths will be the shortest. The length of a path is the sum of weight of the constituent edges and this has several applications such as routing of vehicles, the weight could denote length of a particular road, it could also denote the time required to get from A to B based on congestion conditions and so on. One could look at flight, routing, internet packets in an IP network and so on. Two specific properties that we would like to exploit as follows, optimal substructure, given the path between a and g, what we would like to discover is sub-paths and you like the sub-paths to also correspond to shortest paths. So the sub-path of a shortest path is also a shortest path. In fact, now starting with a source node A, we can show that a tree of shortest path exists from any start vertex S to every other vertex. So for example, the shortest path from A to G here happens to have this weight 11, every other path has higher weight, however the shortest path to F is indeed through D, so ADF. You do not need to connect F to G as part of the shortest path tree because that is not the shortest path. So what we are developing is an intuition that this sub-graph containing all the shortest paths will actually be a tree, it cannot have cycles primarily because we are talking about unique shortest paths and we are only talking about finding one shortest path. So the optimal substructure property is exploited in an greedy algorithm, which is the Dystra's algorithm that the sub-path of a shortest path is also a shortest path. So Dystra's algorithm combines the optimal substructure property with a tree of shortest paths which it keeps track of. So for every node or vertex V, it stores a label DV which is the distance of V from the source S and computes DV successively starting from the neighbors of S. We are of course assuming that the graph is connected, we can make small modification to this algorithm to deal with this graph which consists of several connected components and that we will leave as a homework problem to deal with containing several connected components. We are also assuming that edges are undirected, we will leave it as a homework problem to determine how directed edges could be considered, how to deal with the mixture, combination of directed and undirected edges. And finally very critical for our algorithm is that the edge weights are non-negative. So here is the algorithm by Dystra's, given an input graph G and the source node S, Dystra's keeps track of the shortest path length from S to every possible node V. So SP is basically evolving in size, every time we find a node with the shortest path we add it to SP. SP is actually critical to our loop invariant. We will also keep track of the distance to every possible node in the graph that has been computed to be the minimum so far. So P is an interim state and it is maintained as a min heap. So this is the interim state, distance that has been found to be shortest so far but this has populated for every node. In fact that is what we do here. So initially we keep track of the shortest path to the source node to be 0 and for every other node we set that to infinity. And for every node we go ahead and set the value of the shortest path so far to be SP that is basically infinity for all nodes but the source node. So P is a priority Q and we pick the minimum element from P within this loop, U is that minimum which means U is the closest node in P from S. So initially what you will get from P is the source node itself. So you get rid of that node, the source node. Look at all the incident edges and for every incident edge E you find the other vertex W. So pictorially what you have done is found U that has been found to be the shortest from S so far. Look at all its incident edges. Here is one particular E which has W. We compute the shortest path SP from S to U to that we add the weight of edge E. This is the step called relaxation. So we are basically relaxing E absorbing it into the path to W from S. Now if this relaxed weight R turns out to be less than the shortest path to W computed so far we conclude that R is the relaxed weight is indeed the shortest path. So we set SP W equals R and we update the same within P. So note that the shortest path for all the nodes was initially set to infinity except for the source node. So the first time you hit upon a node that has been visited for the first time obviously the shortest path to that node will be infinity and you will land updating it. Question is whether you will get to update the weight for a node again and that is precisely the loop invariant. The loop invariant for the Dijkstreich algorithm is as follows. So for every node that gets removed from P we can be sure that we have actually found the shortest path to that node. So loop invariant is for each node U that ceases to remain a part of P the shortest path to U is indeed SP U. So in fact that is why we keep iterating till B becomes empty and we can easily prove this as follows. So the last time that P was updated for that particular node U we computed a new shortest path to U based on its neighboring node being found to have the shortest distance from the source S and indeed it was found that the new path to U the relaxed path to U was shorter than the earlier path that was registered for U. So this just means that we can actually not find a shorter path to U than what has already been registered. One can very formally provide the proof for this loop invariant that the loop invariant is actually satisfied at every iteration using contradiction is a very straightforward proof. So let us see the Dijkstreich algorithm in action. We start with a source node D and we look at all its neighbors a, b, e and f. So recall that the shortest path to D was registered to be 0 whereas the shortest path to every other node a, b and so on is basically infinity and this is exactly what the priority queue the min heap is going to carry in the beginning. So P dot min is just going to look at D. So P dot min will actually turn out to be D itself. Next you scan the neighbors of D 5, 9, 15 and 6 are the weights on the paths to the neighbors. You will update the weights SP of a will be 5 plus 0 which is less than exist infinity. So SP of a is 5, SP of b is 9, SP of f is 6 and the shortest path to e is 15. You are going to update the min heap. So what happens? Well the next P dot min should get you a with its corresponding value 5. Then after you will again go ahead and update all its neighbors. Let us see what that means. So yes we got a and now what you have done is updated the weights of its neighbors. You find that the new path through a gives a weight of 8 which is less than the earlier value of 9. A has only one neighbor which is not yet explored because the other neighbor is D itself. Now look at the min heap. What is the next element to pick? Well the next element to pick is f with a value of 6. So you pick f what you do next is scan its neighbors, look for the shortest path and see if the relaxed path is better than the shortest path so far. So 6 plus 8 14 for e is less than 15. For g again we find 6 plus 11 17 to be less than infinity. So you will have 17 and 14 respectively. The next element however has to be picked up and that is b with weight of 8. Again you go ahead and scan its neighbors. Well you find that 8 plus 4 12 is less than 14. So you could update the shortest path for e and likewise for c it is 16 to be updated. The next shortest node from the min queue, priority queue is going to be e with a weight of 12 scan its neighbors. Is there need to update the weights to the neighbors? Well 17 was a 16, 16 is already shorter. 12 plus 4 16 yes you can update g and so on. So again we recall that the loop invariant was that every node removed from the priority queue indeed has a shortest path and that is what we have been doing. We have been actually moving forward in a greedy manner and that is courtesy and ever emptying p. So loop invariant and the greedy nature of the algorithm are very closely tied through the ever emptying p. So let us look at how much time it takes to initialize the shortest path for every vertex it is just a scan over all the nodes. So it is c1 times order v is linear in the number of vertices. Now for every scan for getting the min element of p you will incur log times order v times.  Once you remove the element you are going to scan all the neighbors of u that is going to be accumulated across all the nodes. So we have already accounted for that c4 times the degree of v the neighbor of v and this is going to happen across for every node. And then we also have an update call where you update the weights corresponding to all the neighbors. So this overall is basically for every node so log v times. So the multiplication is between this log v and the degree summed across all the nodes. So more specifically the time required is c3 into c4 the multiplication of these two log of degree of v times and this is basically summed over all the nodes of degree of v. So please note that we have accounted for the worst case here and made it independent of v. We could make it a little bit more complicated and make this dependent on the node size of p. However that is needless because we can always come up with the worst case complexity in the specific case. So we have the summation over all the nodes degree of v plus well the overall cost incurred across all the outer iterations which is across all the nodes. So overall what we get is the summation of degree v times log v plus log v times the size number of vertices themselves. So this is order of e plus v times log of v. Thank you.


Well, thank you, Anastasia. Let me actually start by giving a big thanks to Anastasia, who and her NIH team of people, the working group, for their hard work in this program, but also in their most immediate work of setting up this important planning workshop. So it's been very valuable to have a great NIH team at the helm, and they truly are terrific. And Anastasia is doing a terrific job at this. I was asked to both welcome all of you, and I do welcome all of you, to a Monday morning in Bethesda, or I guess we're technically in Rockville. But also to set a context and a little bit of history for the program, which I'm happy to do because I've been involved, at least as a facilitator and a fan of the UDP, UDN, really, for the better part of eight or more years, mostly with the person sitting to my left, Bill Gaul. I would also tell you that the program has been administratively led by NHGRI almost from the beginning, and the Institute has been delighted to do that, and has been heavily involved in making sure that the intramural component and now the extramural component runs smoothly because we firmly believe in the mission of this program. For those of you who may not fully appreciate the history, I don't want to go through too many details, but I was asked to give a little bit of this to set a context. It didn't always exist. It didn't always exist as a common fund project. It really came to be around 2008, actually at a time when the NIH Clinical Center within our intramural program was looking for ways to really take advantage of the outstanding infrastructure and the outstanding capabilities that the Clinical Center had. And actually, Bill Gaul at that time started to recognize that there could be an opportunity for really using the Clinical Center more effectively, and basically got the support of the Office of Rare Disease Research, and then actually came and talked to me. I was then the intramural director of the Institute, and we said we should really bring sign forward. We should try to do something along the lines of an undiagnosed diseases program, although I don't think it was being called it quite that way at the time. And we got more support from then Institute Director Francis Collins and then went to leadership of NIH at that time, Ilya Serhouni, to see if this was of something of interest to NIH leadership. And it caught on as a pilot project within the intramural program, getting the name the Undiagnosed Diseases Program. As I mentioned, it was housed even starting then within NHGRI, but it was really trans NIH in nature, but it was led by Bill, but he increasingly picked up other people from across the NIH to help, especially in the NIH Clinical Center. The pilot was largely regarded as incredibly successful by almost any metric, but it was a pilot, and it was actually on a short leash funding-wise, although Ilya Serhouni was incredibly helpful as he was literally leaving the NIH to give sufficient funds to keep it going as a pilot. But the money was about to run out, and Bill recognized this, and it was very clear it had to continue, at least, and actually our initial aim was to make sure it just stayed healthy and adequately funded within the intramural program. And so Bill came to me to talk about what next. At that point, actually, I was then the Institute Director in a different office, a different chair, a different venue, but it was also very clear we needed to have a longer term financial stability and budgetary stability for the program. So we started lots of conversations around the NIH about how best to keep this incredibly successful program going. We found our way back to the NIH leadership, who at that point was then Francis Collins as the new NIH Director, and conversations took place. It eventually went in front of the Institute and Center Directors, and the idea, I think fairly spontaneously, and Jim Anderson, the head of the Common Fund, sitting to my right, was at that meeting. The idea was, well, why don't we make this part of the NIH Common Fund and why don't we nationalize this in some fashion? And that idea bubbled up spontaneously and I think was quickly embraced across the NIH by the Institute and Center Directors, and really the rest is history. It then morphed in many ways, picking up even greater representation across the NIH as all Common Fund projects do. We also picked up additional leadership partnership in the National Institute of Neurology and Neurological Diseases and Stroke, and you're going to hear from Walter in a second about that, and it's been, I think, incredibly remarkable how quickly this network has been set up, basically starting just with a nascent component, about a very strong one within the intramural program, but then having to take on all the mechanical aspects of actually having extramural aspects of this as well, as is the case for almost all Common Fund programs. And so that really is the story behind it. I actually, when I woke up this morning, I was thinking, what's an analogy I can make to how this history has been, and I thought of the analogy of the movie The Wizard of Oz, and it was working for a while, because in many ways we've sort of gone around and have talked to people and have been told, go talk to here and get this, and then we've talked to people, just turn levers and make money up here. And all of that analogy was working great until I realized that to make the story really effective, Bill was going to have to be Dorothy. And I'm telling you, I've seen Bill in a dress once before, and it's really not pretty. So it was not a good, so I didn't go with that story. I just went straight with the facts. So in terms of this workshop, I guess I would say these are important. They're not purely symbolic. On the one hand, a planning meeting like this is actually required in some fashion when thinking about a second phase of any common fund project. So I think their aspect of this is we have to check a box off, because what's the main focus of this meeting is thinking about the future. And in the case of common fund programs, they get an initial phase, and then they could potentially renew for a second phase. And so the common fund will want to evaluate whether there's really robust future directions to justify a second phase. So there's that aspect of it, but I actually want to really emphasize that these sorts of consortium as they grow up do absolutely benefit from gatherings like this that sort of take stock of how they're going and then think about future directions. I can tell you that at NHGRI where our extramural program has many consortium that we've run over the years starting with the Human Genome Project. But now probably many dozen or two or three, we have workshops like this that provide key moments in the history of programs and consortia. Because we realize how valuable it is to get people both involved and not directly involved in programs into a room, often in Bethesda or Rockville. And strategize for a day or two to help us think through and they're always proved to be extremely valuable. And I'm sure today's meeting will be just the same. And so again, we think this is very, very valuable for the UDN and we appreciate all of you coming in. We also recognize that this is very valuable for the community here about what's being discussed. Towards that end, we are live video casting this. In fact, the NHGRI communications group sitting behind me who are terrific at their job are here live broadcasting this. But we'll also be video archiving the video of the day and we'll be available forever and for people to access. So remember that as you're talking. But also, I tell your colleagues, I mean the point is there's a lot of interest in this program both in the United States and abroad. And I would not be surprised if when we post this video, many people from around the world will watch in on this workshop to hear about what people gathered today had to say about the future of this kind of activity because they'll be interested for their institutions and for their countries. So with that, I will turn this over to my good colleague, Walter Corshens.


This 2018 Chevy Silverado 1500 Crew Cab Short Box is stock number 21T 174A. We're here at Summit Automotive in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. You're new and used light-duty truck headquarters. This 2018 Chevy Silverado has a 5.3 liter V8 engine. This truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. It has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off per the state of Wisconsin inspection process. And this truck is 100% ready to go. Silver Ice Metallic is the color we shoot all of our videos in 1080p, 60 frames per second. So if you have HD capabilities on your computer, tablet, smartphone, or television, turn them on right now because it is your best way to check out the quality, condition, and options of the truck before seeing it in person. And if you like the video and want to subscribe to our YouTube channel where we do videos of new and used vehicles every day, in the lower right hand part of the screen is a subscribe button. Click that and then click the bell notifications. You'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day. This one comes with 22-inch painted alloy rims with the painted pockets. It has Goodyear Eagle Touring tires. These are 285-45R22s, and they are brand new tires on here. All the tread left. Put those on in our safety inspection. Front fender is in excellent shape. I didn't see any dents or dings. This one does have the HID headlamps, LED running lights, and LED fog lamps. We'll turn all those on at the end of the video so you can see what it looks like when it's all lit up nicely. Front bumper is in nice shape. Headlight lenses are nice and clear. The hood is in pretty nice shape as well. I didn't see any major dents or dings on there. Passengers side. Front fender looks really good as well. And the passenger side rim is in really nice shape. I didn't see any major scuffs or scrapes. That tire is brand new as well. Down the rest of the side of the truck looks really good. We take these HD videos so if you are far away or even if you're close by and just cannot make the trip down but you're still interested in purchasing the vehicle, you can see the truck here, the truck, and of confidence in the vehicle that you're looking at before you even get here so that when you do get here there's absolutely no surprises and you can make a smart and informed buying decision from wherever you're at. Very nice down that side. This back rim is in really nice shape too. And the back tires are brand new as well. Frame and underbody looks really good on the truck. It has a Z71 off-road suspension package. It's like that all the way underneath. Lower rockers. Didn't see any corrosion on them. You get the Z71 sticker on the box side there. Coming around to the back, rear bumper is in really nice shape. It does have the rear bumper steps. Full towing package which includes a receiver hitch, four pin, and seven pin wiring. And the tailgate is in very nice condition as well. It does have a locking tailgate. Shock down assist. It's never going to slam down on you. Spray and bed liner. Very nice back here. Tailgate shuts nice and solidly. Easy to lift. And as you go down the driver's side just as clean as that passenger's side. No dents or dings on the box. And for full disclosure this back rim is in pretty nice shape as well. Driver's side doors look pretty good.  No rips, no tears on the seats. Pretty nice shape. Does have factory all-weather floor mats throughout. Auto headlamps, turned-out four-wheel drive, factory brake controller, tilt, telescopic steering wheel. Power windows, power locks, and power mirrors. Does have the Bose sound system and you get the Z71 trim on the doors as well as on that instrument cluster there. We'll turn the ignition on so you can check out the miles, the radio, and everything that the interior has to offer. You can see that this truck has 44,737 miles. The instrument cluster is very nice and clean. Comes with a leather-wrapped steering wheel. Bluetooth and information center controls on the right. Cruise controls on the left. It does have the automatic transmission with the optional tap shift. How many gears? You always put it down to low if you don't know. So, six gears on this one. This one has the Chevy MyLink system, AM, FM, and Sirius XM radio capabilities on this vehicle. Now, this one does not have nav, but it does have the projection manager where you can project your cell phone to the screen. So, if you have Android Auto or Apple CarPlay and a navigation system on your cell phone projected to the screen, it's like you have nav right on the screen. Pretty cool system. The backup camera shows up CD player. There are your heated seat buttons. Stability control, that's for your cargo lamps and your downhill assist control. This one does have a 12-volt power point and down here is a 110-volt, 150-watt plug-in. Passengers side, floor mat, and seat are in excellent condition as well. No rips or tears on there. And the headliner is in really nice shape on this truck. I didn't see any rips, tears, or stains on it. Map lights up there. On-star capabilities in the rear view mirror. We'll take a quick look at the back seats and then we'll start it up. Take a look under the hood and then check out all those HID and LED headlamps up front. Back seats are in excellent condition as well. No rips or tears. Smells very clean inside this truck. I don't think it's ever been smoked in. Latch child safety system for any child car seats. Fixed glass rear window with the built-in rear defrost. And just very nice and clean back here.  Side carrying airbags on this truck. And bottoms of the door frames here all look really good. We'll start it up and then take a quick look under the hood. Starts right up. No check engine lights or anything like that. I would personally like to thank you for checking out the video today and hopefully from this HD video. You have been able to verify the quality and condition of this truck inside and out. There are those HID headlamps, the LED running lights, the LED fog lamps, and they are all very super bright. Under the hood we have the 5.3 liter V8 engine. Engine bay is very clean, runs very smooth. Once again this truck has been fully safety and inspected by our service shop. Has a fresh oil and filter change. All the fluids have been checked and topped off. And this one is 100% ready to go. There is your mission sticker. Four brand new tires. I would highly recommend this truck from a quality and condition standpoint. And to see more pictures of this truck or one of our other 450 new and used cars, trucks, SUVs, minivans, wranglers, half tons, three-quarter tons, one tons, you name it. We got to go to that website right there. www.SummitAuto.com Full pictures and descriptions of every single vehicle from two locations all at www.SummitAuto.com And if you'd like to check out more HD videos you can go to www.Youtube.com slash www.SummitAuto. Remember to like, subscribe, and share on this video and all the videos that you see there. Click the bell notifications, you'll get updates on the videos we do each and every day here at Summit Auto. In fact, in a second you will see a link to subscribe to our YouTube channel in the upper left. The link to more Chevy half-ton truck videos like this one in the upper right. A link to this vehicle on our website in the lower left. And a link to one of our latest YouTube videos in the lower right. Click those check us out and we're super excited to be with this Ultra Clean 2018 Chevy Silverado 1500 Crew Cab Short Box in Silver Ice Metallic. Thanks again for checking out the video.


Welcome everyone to another edition of crisis conversations live from the better life lab. In this podcast, we've explored and will continue to explore in upcoming episodes, how the pandemic is disproportionately impacting women. Women are carrying more of the childcare housework and homeschooling load from early surveys, you know, although so much is still unfolding we don't really know. But women, especially women of color are disproportionately being laid off and furloughed and struggling with unemployment. You know, and now that many businesses are beginning to reopen, and yet childcare summer camp and schools are not nor is there much talk of a bailout of the childcare industry. You know, no one seems to be talking about that there is a fear that women will again be forced to step back or step away from work because of caregiving responsibilities. And that will only exacerbate existing inequalities and pay advancement opportunity and time. But today we're going to focus on men. And where did the idea come from that men's role, the sort of the role that they should play in family should be the breadwinner, the provider, and that women should be primarily responsible for care. You know, and how those notions how they changed or evolved, especially as women really entered the workforce and mass in the late 1970s and 80s and what's changed and what hasn't, and particularly looking at what's happening now with the pandemic. So we've got a great panel today, the experts and fathers. We also hope to hear your stories your thoughts and questions. So please as please do use the chat function, and our producer David children will reach out to you and bring you into the conversation. You know, before we dive into the pandemic, you know, and also the protests for racial justice and how that's changing. You know, how that's changing change men and fatherhood ideals. I do want to start with a little bit of context. So we're going to start with a story, but from Glenn Henry.  He wasn't able to join us today because he's busy promoting a new documentary on dads produced by Bryce Dallas Howard, featuring her father filmmaker Ron Howard. I spoke with him a few days ago about what a rude awakening he had when childcare costs were getting far higher than he and his wife could afford as their family grew. And so with his wife earning more, he became the children's primary caregiver. So let's listen to Glenn. I thought it was going to be boring and there was going to be nothing to do and the children, I just kind of, you know, be bored, you know, and then one weekend with both children, I cried in the mirror, you know, where both of my kids were outside of the door crying in the bathroom and I and I was inside the bathroom just looking in the mirror just tearful just couldn't like not being able to function. I didn't realize it was going to be so emotionally challenging. And so when I stepped into the role as primary caregiver, it gave me a lot of grace and understanding for women who do do feel that role. And a lot of times the husband's response or the father's response or whatever, the partner's response is, well, you got through the day but why isn't dinner ready or why isn't this clean or why isn't you know and it's kind of like the goal is that every no one died today. You know, we made it through the day and everyone survived. You know, and so I started to I started to have conversation with my male friends about, you know, then being frustrated with them with their wives because they're not doing anything and I'm like actually she's doing way more.  She's doing so much that you don't have to do and she would trade you while you're complaining about traffic. She would trade the amount of time just sitting in traffic just to be alone with her thoughts. So, so that let me start with my colleague Haley Swenson. So Haley she's the deputy director of the better life lab and she's also she's got a PhD when it comes to studying gender and sexuality. She's also been a lead author on some of the work that we've been doing at the better life lab to study men and care. So Haley Glenn clearly felt unprepared for his role as a primary caregiver. So what can you tell us about how common that is for men. Thank you Bridget for having me and I just was smiling throughout that whole recording because it's a lot of what we've heard from men who are now at home with the kids and certainly it resonated with a lot of the research that we've done and the focus groups that we conducted for this men and care study. And one of the things that we found when we talked to men about really we would ask what prepared you to be a dad and it was sort of two things either nothing, nothing prepared me.  But one of the differences is that girls grow up babysitting they grow up, you know, thinking of themselves as future caregivers when I used to teach college classes on this I would ask my students you know raise your hand if you've given thought to your future career and how you'll balance it with with family life. The women in the class would raise their hands because they knew this was something they were going to have to figure out and think about themselves as caregivers as well as as potential earners. But men in my classes haven't thought of that and so it's just really a question of preparation in a lot of a lot of cases, but the men when we did talk to them often got a lot of joy out of this experience they, they would talk about the things that were particularly stressful about But they would sort of say you know where's the support and and one of the comparisons men in the focus group would make is women who've entered professions, especially high status professions they form, they form groups support groups on how to do that how to enter industries that haven't been friendly to women. Where are the dad's groups you know where are the where the men who are getting together and talking to each other about how we can support each other and so it's certainly what Glenn saying there sounds sounds a lot like what I heard in the study. So I want to stay with you Haley for just a minute more. So you just released a new report this week on engaged dads and some of this, some of the findings really surprised me in terms of what men themselves said they valued or was what was important to them as fathers. Can you share some of the sort of the top level findings. Absolutely. So one of the things that really struck me about this is that generally sociologists of these questions folks who study it. They've seen traditionally kind of three P's when it comes to what men do around the house, providing protecting and playmates right so they're these are sort of the three things that have been acceptable for dads to do throughout the years when it comes to engaging with their kids. And we expected because of the state of research the state of what we know about how much of the care burden falls on women we expected to find sort of things that would confirm that that's how men are thinking about these roles. In fact the two biggest answers to a question we asked which was, you know what is very important to you when it comes to what fathers should do. So we gave some options. Financial support financial providing was actually on the lower end of the list of things that were that dad said were very important higher on that list where the highest one was showing love and affection, which I found really important. You know that there were other direct caregiving items that came back as well. Giving transportation to kids making sure they're safe teaching them about life, but the showing love and affection was so emotional and so sort of in touch with these intangible aspects of caregiving that women have done and often has been unacknowledged that women don't have time to take care of themselves. And I think that's what really makes up time and more fathers that that was very important than any other tasks. So I found that that actually pretty hopeful as a sign of just how far fatherhood has come in recent decades. Yeah, I thought that was so fascinating. That's what struck me the most, you know, we tend to think of men as providers, like you say the three P's and breadwinners. So let me turn to Dan Carlson now. So Dan, he's a sociologist at the University of Georgia. He's an expert with the research group that counsel on contemporary families. And he has produced some really fascinating research over the years on the gender division of labor and we've written and cited you and many of our of our work. So, you know, you've also talked about how the fair sharing of the work at home leads to better relationships and even better sex. So Dan, you've also been studying how the pandemic is impacting men. You know, during this really this time of global crisis. And when we spoke the other day, you know, you'd said some people are calling the pandemic a disaster for feminism, but you say it could also be an opportunity. So can you talk a little bit more about what you're finding and why this could be an opportunity? Sure. Thanks for having me. Yeah, so the people are concerned right that the COVID pandemic is going to, you know, reverse 60 years worth of feminist progress, because schools are closed and childcare centers are closed. And people are working from home. And so, you know, there is a sort of elimination of the lines between work and family here. And traditionally, right, when it comes to domestic labor, this is women's responsibility. And so if there's more to do, then it seems like this is going to fall onto women's labs, mother's labs. But at the same time, right, and this goes to Haley's findings, right, we know that men want to be engaged at home, right, men overwhelmingly believe in gender equality as, you know, the general social survey has showed us, you know, for years. They want to be engaged dads. And it seems that more or less it's structural issues, not culture, not attitudes that is preventing this. And so if we think about Well, let me interrupt you for just a second. Dan, what do you mean structural issues? What's getting in the way of men, you know, if so many say they want to be engaged caregivers, then why still are women, you know, when you look at, say, some of the studies that you even cite, time use research, women are still spending about twice the amount of time doing childcare and housework. So what are the structural things getting in the way? It's work family policy. And this is a lack of the lack of it, you mean in the United States, right? Right, indeed. And, you know, this is at the workplace level. And this is also at the state and federal level. So it's about a lack of access to parental leave for men paternity leave. It's about workplace culture. All right. And this notion of the ideal worker, you know, men don't, you know, want to be just breadwinners, but that's what is expected of them at work, right. And so they're fearful of lack of promotion, they're fearful of lack of raises. If they, you know, show an inclination towards being more engaged at home, right. And so there's a stigma, right, associated with taking leave and pulling back a bit. And so if you ask them, again, men personally, they want to do this, they want to be engaged. But there seems to be barriers, and those barriers are eliminated in some respects by the pandemic, right. People are forced to work from home, or they're just like lost their jobs. And so the question is, you know, when the rubber meets the road in this instance, right, to use the analogy, do men actually step up, right, and then engage. And our results say yes, they are, right. So, you know, the proportion of families that are or couples that are sharing housework has increased over 60%. It's gone from 27% to 41%. And the proportion of couples that are sharing in childcare equally has also increased from like 45% to 56%. So there's substantial growth here. And of course, right, you know, the other side of that coin is that women are still, many families still doing the majority of work in this environment. But there has been movement towards more sharing. And, you know, you can come to a more equal division of labor in a couple of pathways. One is that women maybe just do less. Well, another is that men do more, or it could be a combination of the both. And what we're finding is that, you know, the increase in the equality is driven by men doing more. And that's the good news of the pandemic. At the same time, the bad news is that there are a lot of women who are doing more and they tend to be in families and in couples where they were already doing the majority of work. So their burdens have been increased. So it's not all, you know, utopia. There's some good news, obviously, men are doing more and this has resulted in more equality. But there's also, and you know, a substantial number of families, women who are whose burdens have been increased. So, you know, and I want to go to Dan Herman, we've got a father here from the New York City dads group. So like, like Haley said, there are there are some groups forming for men to kind of have affinity or support for each other. But Dan, we're going to come to you in just a minute. But Dan Carlson, if I could, if I could stay with you, you know, in the pandemic, you know, one of the things that we've seen like with remote work that it's really become a signifier of class. You know that if you're a white collar worker, you're much more likely to be able to work remotely or work from home. There are a lot of essential workers who have to continue going into work.  You know, one of the things Haley and I have just written a piece for the Guardian where we looked a lot at healthcare workers who are majority women, you know, nurses and other healthcare professionals.  So you're seeing kind of like a whole wide variety of different experiences for different families. And I'm wondering if that's something, you know, that you've been able to take a look at or, you know, kind of how this men stepping up more at home, how it might play out differently in different families depending upon your circumstance in the pandemic. Yeah, yeah. So we are starting to tease out sort of how these work characteristics among parents are associated with these changes. So we've been looking at, you know, the impact of unemployment, the impact of reducing hours, taking leave, the impact of telecommuting. And so the results generally show that that the more time that a parent is spending at home, the more work that they're doing. And so for men, you know, 40% of them in our survey are telecommuting. And so there's a notable increase in the amount of time they're spending doing housework and childcare when they're telecommuting. But men who also are losing their jobs or who have pulled back voluntarily are also doing more. And that's an interesting piece because past researchers show that, you know, when men are unemployed, or they're out earned by their partners that, you know, they sort of, you know, kind of assert their masculinity and refuse to do these feminine tasks. Right. So there's sort of a gender display notion to this. And we're not finding that right men have been available time. They are available time to good use right they are stepping up and doing more childcare and housework.  But when one of the partners is an essential worker that men actually are more likely to be doing less at home. Yeah, so that's that's interesting. We're finding that, you know, the lack of childcare that women are more likely to be doing more but that doesn't impact what men are doing so childcare is disappeared and who's doing more of it women are doing more of it. And then also this this impact of the lack of schooling option you know it's not being able to send kids to school when families are producing e learning content for their kids they're responsible for finding it you know and setting it up. Right. Find that that both parents actually are doing more childcare and that respect and men are doing more housework to. That's an interesting kind of piece to this. But yeah definitely you know the work kind of situation matters and obviously the family structure matters and we only looked at couples but you know words on single parents I you know, God bless them. Yeah, yeah, absolutely. So at this point, let me turn to Dan Herman so Dan, you are with the New York City dads group. You are also the primary caregiver from what I understand. So talk a little bit about your situation does what brings true to you. What, what's your situation been like before the pandemic how has the pandemic changed, you know, what's happening in your family and what you do as a as a dad as a caregiver. Thanks Bridget. Yeah, so I can resonate with what three people said prior in almost everything that you've identified so prior to the pandemic, or if you want to rewind to this time last year I was working as a tech executive for, you know, pretty big company, working on really big projects with large global banks. And, you know, in my wife got pregnant, March 13 of last year, and we, she gave birth to our daughter Aria, who is now almost seven months old so Congratulations. Thank you she was, and we're first time parents, and she was born on November 24. And I actually lost my job on November 15. Oh wow. Yeah it was pretty much shown the door, unceremoniously. Yeah, we were excited about having a baby, and everything went great. And I've certainly developed a new appreciation for women and my wife after having gone through that together but we had a plan where we were going to stay at home with our daughter for the first three months. And we met during that time. My wife ran into some issues. Nothing major but she was feeling isolated and going through breastfeeding is pretty difficult so Yeah, we look for solutions together and she found a support group full of moms. And it's really been life changing in that it's helped get her through, you know, some of the early parts of being a mother but it also helped us connect with people who we really created good relationships with that we spend time together. I've met a few other dads who have a daughter that are same age as mine and it's been such a great help for us. So not to belabor the story but we found a couple who lives close by. We live in Midtown, East in New York City who were in the group and we decided we were going to share a nanny together. And the first day back of work for my wife was the last day she went to the office. It was. Oh, wow. I think, yeah, it was March 9 and her office has been closed indefinitely and she works in the travel industry. So her industry has been battered and her company had to go through several stages of restructuring which were painful we didn't know if she was going to have a job. And, you know, it was a very stressful time, combined with the fact that we didn't know if we were safe because people were losing their lives left and right in the city so frightening. Yeah, so and I had just come back from San Francisco, and I had a job opportunity that fell through because of the pandemic. I hedged my bets and I had another opportunity and that also fell through so I've my role as you know someone who's constantly on the road. So working with very large companies, focus on big problems has changed to where I really have one responsibility and that's to support my wife and daughter and I empathize with what the gentleman said earlier and that, you know, I didn't rely on my with the person who is in charge of that responsibility. I think I particularly lacked the patience and the sensitivity to take care of a baby. I never held a baby. I'm the closest in age that I've spent time with a child is a two year old so I've never had no experience with kids. Wow, have a very small family so you know things have changed and That sounds like an understatement. If you've never held a baby and now you're like a, you know, totally in charge. Yeah, so tell us about how that's changed. Yeah, I think that, you know, there was a lot of tension in the house that was caused by me due to my, you know, just frustration and after a while it just becomes enough so you know I've, I guess I've, I just turned the corner about a month ago. I think a lot of the progress we've made as a city where things seem to be a little less restrictive now we started socializing a little more with our friends and family at a distance, trying to be responsible. So I think going back to some of the patterns of behavior before pandemic is just, you know, improved just our sense of well being but I didn't want to be the guy who created tension in the house. And I wanted to just enjoy and embrace whatever time I have with my daughter and watch her grow because I know pretty soon I'm going to be back to work. You know, she's going to be spending time in daycare so I, and it's funny it only occurred to me, five months after my wife joined a group for me to join. And, you know, I haven't met with these gentlemen yet but I'm starting to reach out more and try to speak with people who are, you know, sympathetic or even this discussion itself is very helpful because it's hard to understand or know what you're feeling if it's just me that's creating a problem or is this frustration that I should be dealing with or is it common for everyone else so I'm glad that I jumped into this I've never done a podcast before so I just thought it'd be fun. But I mean, I'm sorry. No, I just said, I'm glad you're here. You know, at this point what I'd love to do though is I'd like to bring Glenn Henry back in. And then Dan Herman I'm going to come back to you to see if some of this rings true. You know, when I when I spoke with Glenn the other day, he was saying that, you know, for many men this pandemic is is like a culture shock.  But he also talked a little bit about some of the tensions that that can that can occur with between, you know, men and women and Dan some some of what you'd brought up so if we could please play the clip of Glenn talking about laundry.  But sometimes it's like we want you to I want you to do it this way. You know what I'm saying?  And just because it's not your way doesn't mean it's not right. You know, and so my wife and I have had plenty of conversations about that because, you know, sometimes like, I would wake up early and like just do laundry. And then, like she'd be like, thanks. But all the clothes are folded, not how they're supposed to be folded. But I'm like, yo, I did the laundry. But you know, like sometimes like it's kind of like she my wife wishes she had the capacity to do it herself. But she didn't have to ask me for help. And I've been trying to like help her understand like, listen, like I am here to help you. That is what I'm here for. Let me help. Like it's not going to be done correctly.  You know, so, so Dan Herman, does that ring true to you that that's that sense of, you know, different standards and kind of do it my way or Yeah, I read a book about something like this.  I, my wife and I have always been good at splitting up the work, the division of labor in the house. I don't mind doing things myself. I think with the baby, it was definitely like that. But I think it was more so in a sense that, you know, my mom, my wife's mothering instincts were kicking in. And for her, you know, nothing was good enough. She wanted to be a perfectionist. And there were some tensions around that, especially in the first two months when the baby wasn't sleeping through the night. I think once the baby started sleeping and we started sleeping, we had a lot more patience and talking through our parenting philosophies and it took almost six months but now it's sort of like a tag team effort where for the baby needs one of us is going to do it. And since we're in this tiny apartment, I know exactly when she's going to be on an important conference call which means it's my turn to take care of the baby. And she's pretty much the ambassador for the baby she takes care of the clothing, the feeding, introducing solids maintaining milestones, and I just sort of fill in when she's working so we have a good. I would say chemistry around that and it took about, you know, five, six months to build. You know, at this point, I want to turn to Haley. So Haley, you know, one of the things that struck me when Glenn was talking about doing the laundry he said that, you know, he wants to be a helper, he wants to help around the house.  And you know, you've written a lot about mental labor that sort of invisible load that that can really sometimes it's not measurable but can make the person doing that invisible labor feel even more burdened like it's even more work. What can you talk, can you tell us a little bit more about some of the invisible mental load. Sure. I mean, the one of the best ways to explain this to people I think is to think about the paid workforce where the job of strategy of vision and then finding out a way to execute that vision make sure it was followed up with. Not only is that a full job but it usually comes with a raise or a promotion you know that's that's management and that has to happen in the house to and so it's really important that when we think about the work that it takes to make a household run and function and to be happy and healthy place that that somebody is is making sure it gets done that that pickups are scheduled as they need to be that meals are planned that you've got the groceries on hand to make the nutritious meals that you want. And we know that it's overwhelmingly women who do this and that sometimes the mental load is kind of the last piece of the puzzle. Before it's solved that it's one thing to redistribute the kind of tangible concrete tasks in a household, and another to redistribute well who's going to think about this work. And one of the reasons for that is it's invisible and very often if you're not the one doing that work thinking through those problems and doing that problem solving. It's happening because it's happening so well, you know, things are happening in such a seamless way. So one of the pieces of advice that that we've been giving couples and, and that marriage therapist give couples is to make that work tangible by writing it down. You know, make it make it a thing who plans pick up and drop off who plans getting the kids homeschooling done with them who plans to play date. Actually list these things as tasks. These are planning development tasks, but they're really important. And it's important that you don't overlook those and you make sure that when a couple wants to divide up that work that's on the total list of things that you're going to split up. That's great advice. Yeah, that was something that early on I wish I had known. When my kids were little, you know, we're coming down on time. So, Dan Carlson, I want to give you the last word about like what, what could last and where do we go from here if we want to really lean into creating opportunities for couples to have gender equality or gender equity if that's what they choose, you know, you want to be able to form your family in whatever way it is that you want to form it but let me go back to Dan Herman for just really briefly.  But you do talk about at some point you're going to go back to work and your daughter is going to go off to childcare. And I wonder if, if you think because of the experience through the pandemic or, you know, being unemployed. Yeah, that will change the way that you're engaged or will that change the way that you, you do or think about yourself as a father even when you do go back to work. Yeah, that's a great question. I'm not sure I spent that much time thinking about that I know I definitely will experience some separation anxiety is my daughters deeply integrated to all of my routines now. I have such a strong bond with her now that it hurts just to think about sending her off to childhood. And then I think the other point you're referring to is like maybe just the guilt factor of focusing on myself now that I'm not taking her all the time. I think it's just something I have to do because we live in Manhattan and it's expensive to live here. And we're living in austerity now. Where, you know, our income is about 50% of what it was last year and costs are only going up so it's important for me to get back in the workforce. I'm sure I'll appreciate my time with her much more now. I'm very grateful for this experience I wouldn't change it for anything not for a million dollars. Okay, well, great. And we'll see what happens in the future. You know, so down down Carlson, let me let me turn to you talking about the future. You know, you're saying again through some of the research you're showing that while it's not utopia it's not Nirvana we're not we're not at parody. There is movement toward more gender equality. And what I wonder is, you know, once things open up we will we have a vaccine will things snap back or or could this be lasting what are and and if it's going to be lasting what will it take. Um, it's a good question. Right. And obviously the the future is yet to be written. But what we know about men who take leave and who stay at home that research shows that even if they go after they go back to work, they still remain engaged and do more housework and childcare than before leave. And so that suggests that even if we kind of stand back into, you know, similar work patterns as before, that the amount of housework and childcare that men are doing now that that increase at that level will be maintained. And that levels of equality will will stay heightened and it'll be a new normal. But at the same time, going back to the structural issues, we don't know what's going to happen with childcare. And we don't know what's going to happen with schools. But we do know people are going to go back to work. And that's really where the rubber hits the road right is is okay so we're all going back to to our jobs. Many of us will leave telecommuting and go back to two offices, but will childcare and schools also open and will we have those same supports that that we used to have. And there's also still the possibility that we'll have more supports than before the pandemic I mean some jobs will never go back to the office I have a neighbor who works at Young Living here in Salt Lake City right and they do essential oils and things like this. And he told me the other day that that he's never going back to the office they've gave them money and to create remote offices, and they have no intentions of letting those those workers come back. Well that happened for a lot of other companies who knows, but it's a possibility right that, you know, we'll have more flexibility right in our jobs than we used to. And that bodes well.  All right, we'll have to see a haley and we're going to give you the last word and then we'll then we'll wrap up. To echo what what Professor Carlson was was saying there I think that is is really significant. The truth is from this study, I found, you know, these calls for men to do more to care more the idea that we want involved dads in the United States. People's hearts and minds are there for the, for the vast majority of American parents they say we want equal parenting. We want shared responsibility, but they're doing this under duress you know trying to find these solutions like Dan Herman is talking about on 50% of their regular income. This is a struggle. This is a country that doesn't even guarantee paid maternity leave, let alone paternity leave to fathers. This is a country where childcare is falling apart right before our eyes and it was already a pretty tattered and broken system, only about half of childcare centers have reopened. And childcare has been given $3.5 billion of support where, you know, Delta Airlines alone has been given $5 billion. So if as a country we really want to allow parents to be able to be conscientious and deliberate about sharing the load. We need to provide them the policy and economic support that they they need to be able to do that. Absolutely. Well, I want to thank all of the panelists for being here today for sharing your stories and your perspectives. I want to thank the participants. We had some lively chat. Thank you so much for sharing those resources and stories as well. And I want to thank the new America events team, the better life lab I want to give a shout out to Jed Zaya St Julian who works for our program she's the one who connected us with Glenn Henry and belief and fatherhood which is a fantastic YouTube channel if you haven't seen it do check it out. The videos are really fun and great. I also want to thank David Shulman our producer. Thank all of you for being here next week we're going to be looking at telemedicine equity and the future of medicine and how that will impact work and care systems and I hope all of you stay safe. Wash your hands. And we'll see you next week.