Thank you so much. This is back out. This is the temporary logo. I love it too, but like, it looks like a dead fish. It's not, it's not good. You can't have a, what do you call it, a new company without having some like, credibly pithy like data transform. So I'm worried you need to use that as a place to learn. I actually also like this, the fish way to process data. I wanted to have a caveat for this session. This, my session is gonna be an extremely high level walkthrough. It's gonna be something from, you know, my experience. A lot of you don't know me from Adam. I previously was the, I led Kubernetes for several years. I was the first non-infinity PM for Kubernetes. Started the Kubeflow project. I've been in ML and data science for a long time. This is very much like pains that I have seen in the world. However, this is gonna be super high level. It will not answer many or potentially any technical questions.  A short way to describe this is, you know, PM hand waving for me and real stuff happening momentarily, okay? So just stay with you. So the first thing I wanna do is really set this stage for the world that we're going into. It's an incredibly powerful world. It has got so much attention. And we in the web three space, you know, obviously we know a lot about this, but it's really a general thing that people know about. As Juan mentioned, we're adding a petabyte of storage deals a day. This is new stuff coming on the network. This is like unheard of out there in the world for a platform to be adding this much data constantly. And, you know, when you look at the analysts and whatnot, they talk about how big data and data usage will affect every industry. And I know a lot of this stuff is washed out again. You can go watch it all online, but down the left hand side is basically every domain you could possibly think about. And within the next few years, they will all be affected by the accumulation and use of big data. To measure this, a lot of times about, okay, well, are you using it? Does it actually matter? This is spend per year.  You can say like whatever, for me estimation that at between 300 and 400 billion, roughly in five years, one third of that ish will be on data alone. Like that's an enormous number and an enormous piece of this pie. And obviously we are participating in almost none of that, right? So there's an opportunity there. So there you go. So, and to show you that it is really early innings, you know, you kind of follow where the big data investments are happening. And here you have like about $67 billion in 2020 moving into investing in big data platforms, right? This is all private or, I mean, excuse me, this is all like public markets or private markets and things like that. So there's a lot of stuff. This isn't spend, this is betting on companies to solve this problem. So again, a ton of attention playing in here. And it's not our job to supplant those in many ways that it's our job to compliment these to enable them to go off and build great big businesses. I promise this is the end of the, you know, kind of setting the stage here, but like it's kind of impossibly big to talk about some of these numbers. People asked to make that about $3 trillion is wasted on bad data, bad data processing and things like that yearly. Users generate, this is actually, I promise it wasn't coordinated, but it's actually the number that Juan had circled in that pie chart down in the lower left hand side about 2.5 trillion, excuse me, exabytes of data generated by users every day. That was the circle that it adds up to. So on and so forth. And just to give you kind of inspiration that we're potentially saving the world here, Google is literally using big data help solve fusion, right? Well, not a terrible thing to be spending our time on. But this is, right? So Juan talked about debugability, monitoring, so on and so forth. This is the level of success for organizations, right? And, you know, again, the numbers are small, but almost any of these vary, but they're almost all entirely, you know, 70% of projects are successful or less, meaning like you can basically flip a coin and your project is going to be failed, right? Like it's that bad. So there's lots of stuff we can do to improve this. Okay, so that's kind of the market. I hope I've inspired you to, you know, suggest that this is big and we can go after it and make a big difference. So one thing I want to set the stages, you know, first off, there are many, many super smart data developers in this room right now. You should go talk to them. They work in academia. They work in previous big companies and things like that. And they'll have a really good sense. For those that are not big data developers or have not done this previously, I'm just going to walk through kind of the pain of what they experienced today. And I hope to impart to you like our target market here, at least at the start. So just to let you give you a kind of sense of this, our target is, you know, about four million data developers today who are using big data in some way.  And they're growing extremely quickly. According to whatever various measures, about 10X up from 2016 to where they are today. So like extremely quickly, we can plug into them. And for better or worse, again, referencing Juan's talk, they are almost entirely ignored by a lot of developer tooling today, right? So for example, the standard for developer tooling today, for example, doing breakpoints, because I got this GDB, right? There was no GDB for a distributed system, for data processing, for any sort of pipelines. And that's a nightmare, right? Like how do you set a breakpoint in your data pipeline to know whether or not you are transforming the thing wrong? It's really hard today, really hard. That is like a goal among many others. Like if we did nothing else to take all the standard development tools that people have today on their local machines and enable them to do work in a distributed way, we have already won. We have already done so much better than whatever $67 billion of investment have done. So, you know, that's very modest and we can go much, much further than that. Oh, sorry, it's a little bit washed out, but where do they spend their time? On the left-hand side here, you have like this is the standard flow for a data developer today. It's a data loading, data cleaning. I'm just reading them out since it's washed out. A data visualization, model selection, model training and scoring and deployment models. This is broadly from the ML space, but the concept of developing a model based on data is not specific to ML. That's really standard for what people do. Basically output a set of things, create an artifact and use that artifact in your code or whatever it might be.  Before you even begin to build artifacts. Again, I'm not saying that we can't go further than that, but if we just solve for 70%, I promise you're gonna get a ton of people happy. So for those that don't know what a typical data pipeline looks like, you start with ingestion and processing. You move to engineering and splitting it into some form of, this is the live stuff I wanna train on or analyze, then you have a hold back set that you never touch your training or other code, but you use to test what you train. And you always wanna keep those separate because if you allow your test to bleed into training, then you can overfit and have other issues like that. Then you finally train or create your artifact based on the result, and then you serve it in your overall artifact. And then ideally, you loop back the results to the original. So if you show this to just about any data developer today, they're like, of course, this is exactly what I do, right? And it doesn't matter. It doesn't need to be on a distributed platform. This is also what they do locally. This is what they do all over the world. This is our focus for now. Again, it's not to say we don't wanna do federated learning or distributed training or checkpointing or any crazy things like that. But again, if we just solve this, we will make such a huge difference to the world. What would they like? So to lay it out for you, I've summarized it in one of three categories here. I'm just gonna, I'll show you how I'm plugging and plugging back in, I guess. So it really comes down to one of three things. Familiar, they wanna understand it already, ideally. Second, simplified even from where they are today. And third, collaborative. And I'll get into what each of these are in a second. So first, a little bit about data pipelines. I mentioned that pipeline system today and people often like very narrowly focus on just building a model or an artifact for your end solution. But in truth, it looks like this, right? It's many, many components wired together. Suggestion, transformation, engineering, validation, training, then doing in all those steps again at scale, rolling it out and then ultimately monitoring and observing it in production. This is what really moving things to production is. And again, this is not new. This is kind of like what software development looks like today. Each of these steps are independent and each of these steps are independently composable. Now the challenge here is that every person doing these development will experience it in a slightly different way. This is a classic Microsoft Office thing where people are like, well, why do Microsoft Office has so many features in it? I don't use 95% of it.   Well, here you go. Microsoft actually published this paper about three years ago. They did their own survey internally. One of the most sophisticated machine learning, data development organizations in the world, they have 159 different tools. 159, can you imagine if you're an SRE at Microsoft saying like, oh fuck, I have to support whatever, 10 years old CNTK? Like what the hell? But what? 11 people, 11 people need it. So what are you gonna do? Tell them to go F themselves now. So this is again, super standard, but it really highlights a need for us to understand that people are going to use the tools they're gonna use, and we need to encapsulate those tools so they can keep using it in the way they're familiar with, but still give them an opportunity to participate in this very public data platform. Make sense? Okay, so that's what familiar is. Now, to just up the level of difficulty, we haven't even got, it was just at the tools. We haven't even gotten the platforms, right? So by platforms, you have compute providers, right? And you got a lot of those. And then you have data platforms and you got a lot of those. And those are useful as well, except I think there are too many choices, right? We should get rid of all of them. This is what users actually want. So here's said, this is the Wikipedia from said. Said was invented in 1974. So that's pretty good, 48 years old. I think we should break data science back to the 70s is what I think, right? Like we should make it as easy to use this 48 year old technology on your brand new technology as you do today. And I cannot tell you how many people use said. It is so commonly used out there just to process a CSV file or something like that. They, it is a wonderful tool. Like let's not reinvent that. Let's not try and throw that out. Instead, let's try and meet folks where they are. Okay, so that's familiar. Simplified. Now let me walk you through what the data scientists workflow actually looks like. Here you have a very, very standard. This is like the tutorial in machine learning and data science. This is how you create the housing price data frame, right? So this is something that you go to any tutorial you're gonna see one of these things predict my house price for me. In Jupyter notebook there, you can see it's about, I don't know, three lines of code. Half of that is literally like loading the thing in and you're done. Pretty simple and you can get going to do that exact same thing over there in Hadoop Also whatever 15 year old technology, it looks like this. And this is still missing like half of it, right? That's how bad it is. And so you're asking a data scientist who had something working pretty well locally to now translate all that mess into this for the exact same functionality, like not so good because it's just super painful. Now to be clear, like it's not just even data developers that are facing this pain, SREs face this pain too. So here you go. I'm gonna take you through a play in one act. So the data scientist now has her local machine and it's running perfectly and she signed her data set and her model works locally and it converges. Presto, I'm ready to go. So the first thing she does is go to our IT ops person to provision an entire cluster. Again, this is something that most folks actually face. You can't just get unlimited compute. You don't have protocol labs, credit card. So you need to go to your central IT staff and get it. The first thing she has to do is like provision in and that by itself takes forever, right? So the IT ops person just goes around and says, okay, I have a hundred other things to do. Maybe you filed a ticket on it. I'll get to this afternoon, later this week, whatever. Finally, it's provision. And now the IT ops person says, okay, well great. I'm glad you provisioned it. Now can you do this, right? Like here's half a dozen things or more that she has to do just to take that code that runs locally perfectly well to production. And many of these things are because she works in an IT ops organization that requires ACLs and various things like that. You have to rewrite it into Java. That's a super common request which no data scientist wanted to do. I promise you, use out of date libraries that have passed global security requirements because we're not gonna allow anything to deploy that touches production data without this. Various things like this. It's just a lot of stuff that they ask. And she's just like, well, I just wanna run that simple job. Why can't I just do that? And the reason is because that's the requirements. So she does that, that sucked. And she says, fine, great, off you go. And she provisions it, it runs and success. It actually did, except they forgot to turn it off which happens all the time as well. And Presto, now you've just blown through your entire monthly budget because you forgot that these were GPU machines that cost whatever $2,000 an hour. Super, super common situation. You see this all the time.  I'm gonna plant on GPUs because we have a limited number of GPUs. So I'm not gonna let other people have them. I'm gonna maintain idle processes to make it look like they're working.  But it's what data scientists face today. I'm telling you, man. So one thing they can agree on, right?  We can do better. And finally, I wanna inspire you around collaborative. So literally the reason I joined my protocol lab six months ago was like, I wanted to try and avoid our children and children's children living in a barren hellscape. And this is it, right? Like it's really positive. The problem is this collaboration around science today is really hard and data is even harder, right? So today you have these open data sets all over the place, literally petabytes of data, very valuable data out there in the world that are awesome, right? Here you can see the cancer genome atlas. This is just hosted on Amazon. Actually, technically it's not hosted on Amazon. So it's on like an FTP site. You can click a button that provisions an S3 bucket and copies it there, which means you now start paying Amazon for it, which is messed up as well. But suffice it to say like, there's at least a catalog out there of these things, right? So far so good. So this is Landsat. Alex is gonna talk a little bit about Landsat later. Landsat is already hosted on IPFS, which is awesome. But today let's say you have three scientists that come together and they're like, well, I would like to use Landsat. It's a super popular satellite thing, satellite data set that is donated by governments of the world. So number one data scientist says, I wanna create a tiled version. So I'm gonna take a subset of the original version that is tiled so that it's focusing on different areas that are interesting to me. In this case, she's a volcanonist, volcanologist, whatever. Anyhow, she wants to study volcanoes. So she's like, I'm just gonna grab a picture of that volcano. Second person wants to do scale. So same thing before just reduced pixel density. This is a super common requirement because of not needing that kind of fidelity and images being very, very large. And then the third data scientist says, oh, I wanna do the same thing, but I wanna actually grayscale it. Again, very common when you're building your artifacts is to use lower resolution versions because you don't need that higher resolution. You can achieve the same thing at one tenth or one hundredth of the cost by working on these smaller sets. So far, so good.   I want it scaled to interesting elements. I want it tiled because I don't need all that various land and water. And I want it grayscale, but she can't touch any of those. It all went off into private research. They didn't republish their methodology for doing these particular things. And again, oftentimes papers will describe that, but it's like we were talking about last night, I was talking about the Fonzo.  And it's hard because oftentimes they don't publish it correctly. The code doesn't work on anywhere on their machine and so on and so forth. So not so good. However, with Bakayao, we can change this, right? Same exact story situation, except in every case there, they republish the CID. And now it's out there. And I can see what happened. I can see lineage. I can see from the original data set, it came down and what they did. And now the fourth person comes along. It's like, oh, great. I'm just gonna grab all those and use that as my C data set. And there's a variety of ways we can go about it and achieve that, but not just that, then that becomes collaborative, right? And they can leverage on that. And so now in the next person comes along says, oh, I just want to know what they do. Right, I'm just gonna save time. Makes sense? So unprecedented collaboration because of this, you know, the way that we're operating here. So that's the scope. I hope I'm being like getting to the inspiration you're excited, familiar, simplified, collaborative. Again, these are just my words. I'd love to, as a community, come together and figure out what our core tenants are and move forward from there. So can we improve big data with small changes for data developers? And that's where computer over data and Filecoin is or the back of YOW project. Vision, so this is my words. Again, take it for what you will. I think there's lots of crafting here. It's too buzzwordy, but you get the idea. I think we could transform big data by giving developers simple first class distributed tools and unlocking a collaborative ecosystem. This is, I think, our mission. Again, lots of honing. I think we should probably have an conference just talking about how we talk about this thing. But setting that aside, this is what I would like to do. It looks like all the things I mentioned already. We simplify it, give meeting people where they are, using these tools that they already know and love. We deliver performance improvements because we can and I'll talk about that in great depth in a moment. And then folks later will and launch this new collaborative science community. What does this look like? You take a 10 gigabyte file, CSV, you upload it to IPFS. From that, you get a CID. You then execute using the command line. We have a downloadable.  You submit your job in your CID. You name the CID. And then in the command, you name the command. And so this one right here is I use said, as I mentioned earlier, to process a large CSV and filter it down to just the things within whatever 50 kilometers of Portugal. Pretty simple stuff. Stuff that data scientists do every single day. And then I fetch the results. Presto, I have added a new tool, but most of this is totally understandable to a data scientist no matter where they are. I didn't have to use Hadoop or HDFS.  I didn't have to do any kind of like figure out concurrency or job resolution orchestration. Presto just works. You know, in addition to that notes, temporary storage, using mostly idle compute, the results were automatically added back to the chain. Again, privacy and things we're gonna have to tackle. Right now we're just focused on public data and performance as Juan mentioned. Failure commands automatically resolves failures. There's retries, there's concurrency and ideally quite cheap. And I haven't even gotten to the biggest thing which is no egress. You didn't have to move this 10 gigabyte file. That's it. It was already there. It was like running locally.  Egress, I think is Amazon's most profitable thing.  Stop, there you go. One more. So we go back to our play in one act. Data scientist comes along, says, here's a data, that's perfect. How do I engineer it? Presto, she now submits. She adds her CID in there. She writes her said command. It ran great locally. She knows it's gonna run great in cloud. We're already checking bash syntax, which is convenient because I cannot tell you the number of times that I personally have made bash syntax mistakes. She runs, off it goes. And after a time, it's all done. And now our IT ops person knows how many cat videos are up to YouTube every second. So she has stuff to do too. Very important. So you might say, wait a second. What about these? These are all good things. Homeomorphic encryption, selected execution, GPUs, enclaves, so on and so forth. The vision is there. Nope, not yet. We're gonna get there. We have the vision. We want to achieve all these things and enable great domain-specific things exactly like Juan was saying. We need to enable businesses, organizations, projects to go and do great things on our platform, but not yet. Our goal is exactly like Juan said, let's achieve performance first. Let's make sure jobs run. Let's make sure they run well efficiently. They resolve correctly. They recover from errors. All these things that are kind of the block and tackle for even a system being valuable. Our roadmap is, again, that Tildy is doing a lot of work. Approximately in May, we would like to launch two public consumption, no incentives, 100 nodes, data smaller than 32 gigabytes, fitting into a single sector, ideally on a single machine. One CID only, public data only, deterministic only, CPU only, no incentive structure, no verification of results. So again, this is not for general use, but ideally anyone in the world will be able to consume it, use it, and engage. By October, again, Tildy doing a lot of work here, approximately 1,000 plus nodes, we're not gonna stop. Like we'd love to get 10,000, 100,000 a million and so on and so forth. Running 10,000 jobs, one petabyte of processing across many files, 99% job success rate, 49% malicious nodes supported, DAG execution, so distributed as cyclograph, allow multiple steps to connect together. A primitive reputation system, likely only at a reporting level, not injecting like choice on whether or not I wanted to deploy to a reputable node or provider, and swappable systems, swappable verification, swappable execution, swappable reputation. Makes sense? So you might ask like incentives, why would I choose to run this? Seriously, not yet, promise. Like we're gonna get there. And by incentives, I mean tokens, verification, all these things that are required, stake in particular is dependent on this. How we get there, TBD, but like unless we have a well functioning system, there's no point in going forward to figuring out other things out, really. So let's get through a high functioning system first. It is not that we are ignoring this, it's just a little bit later, promise. I cannot stress enough, we expect there will be many structures, most of which will not be done by this project, right? I cannot stress that enough either, right? Trusted environment execution, GQs, super fast resolution time for subnets and scheduling and all those kind of things, wonderful. We will support all of those, ideally we'll support them via interfaces and loosely coupled systems. And by that, I mean this, right? Extensibility. So Luke and Kai momentarily will talk about the overall architecture interfaces and plugability. They will go into this diagram as well. You can see here, this is basically straight, almost one-to-one from those line items that Juan had earlier. These are core elements that we expect to have many implementations, most of which will not be written by us. It is our job to build clean interfaces and explain to people how to extend into systems that they can build for their own incentive structures and other things like that. And we provide core primitives that, you know, work out of the box, but ideally you can swap out. Some, so critical from day zero, our system must run on these interfaces. Like there's no cheap and cheerful way of not having interfaces at the start. Even at launch, we expect to have those various optionality and like I said, domain-specific customization over time. So sounds great. When? Well, I already told you, right? Nothing new here. Again, tilde, approximate, very approximate. It's software engineering. So like what's the rule of thumb? Double the time in minus two weeks, something like that, add two weeks. But it's not about the data or the idea. Now the number one way to identify that someone is an absolute blowhard is they put a slide on that has like a quote from Steve Jobs. So it's not quote from Steve Jobs, it's me, right? I said it. But this is actually critically important and it just leverages exactly what Juan said, right? Like the disease is thinking the idea matters. I cannot stress enough. The idea does not matter at all. This is about execution. UX is the killer feature. UX at every phase is the killer feature for the data developer, for the SRE, for the storage provider, for the eventual compute provider, the browser, everything. UX is the killer feature. We cannot move forward unless this works liquid smooth. But you say I want it now. How we move faster? It's all of you. We have some key skills and hires that we are missing. Right now it's like three of us doing the coding. So not so good. We're hiring very fast, obviously. We would also love, many, we have lots of partners in the room right now or on the stream. We would love to understand where you would like to go and see what we can do in our core project to support you. So what interfaces, core primitives and things can we take off your plate and work collaboratively on and then figure out where to go from there, right? So that is stuff like storage or plugging in schedulers or things like that. The time to suggest things to us is now. And even if it's just coming by and looking at the already published interfaces, documentation and so on, that's enough. But if you can collaborate with us, I know that we talk to folks about like, how we execute with Wasm, how we do this, how we do that, we would love to talk more. And with that, that is my overview. On time, which I'm very pleased about.


I have notes. I was planning to put them in tech, but I was too lazy. So, at the moment, there is only an end-written copy that at a certain point, once I have corrected all the mistakes I will put on the web. And maybe later on I will write the same thing in Latin. I hope what you find is readable. And the plan of the lectures is the following. Thanks to Stefan, we already have a lot of background on black holes. But nevertheless, in the first of these lectures, I will discuss the black hole of interest, those that have an embedding, and I will give you some details on the object, and then we will study from the point of view of field theory.  I will try to be slightly more general than discussing only ADS-4, where the computation has been done. So, in this first lecture, I will discuss essentially ADS-D black holes in the greater of equal than 4. That can be embedded in string theory and theory and so on. So, they have a consistent string embedding. And tomorrow I will discuss how to construct the field theory using localization, the partition function that is supposed to count and the number of ground state of this particular class of black hole in D equal 4. And in the third lecture, I will discuss how to evaluate this partition function in the larger limit. I want to compare with supergravity using holography, so I will need to perform a larger limit of a partition function of a matrix model and I'll tell you how to do that. And in the fourth lecture, but I'm not sure I will have time to go so far, I plan to discuss something, the same picture for ADS-5 black string that can be reduced to ADS-4 black hole. But I cannot promise that I have time to do all of these. Okay, so today we start with the gravitational description, the holographic interpretation and essentially I want to write the object that corresponds to the entropy and for which I need to find a field theory computation. So, as I already said, I'm interested in black holes that are syntotically ADS and can be embedded in M theory or string theory. Actually, there are plenty of these objects that can be embedded already in a maximally supersymmetric background of M theory or string theory. So maximally supersymmetric background relevant for holography are this one. There is an ADS-4 times S7 in M theory. There is an ADS-5 times S5. This is an equal for superior means and there is an ADS-7 times S4. This is M theory. This is type 2B and this is M theory. And all of these are maximally supersymmetric background and for all of these guys we know what is the dual field theory. Well, this is the basic of the holographic correspondence. This is an equal for superior means. We know quite a lot also about ADS-4. This is the model that we'll discuss in detail and this is the Chern-Simons theory in 3D, maximally supersymmetric. This is the ABJM theory. We will come back to this later. And even for ADS-7, we know what is the theory. This is the famous so-called 2.0 theory in 6D. It's not a grandeur, but some sense is the mother or father of all the other theories because by compactification you can get an equal 4 and everything else. So we have a pretty well understanding of holography for this background. And there are plenty of black holes in such backgrounds that are characterized by a set of charges and in general also angular momentum. At the very beginning I will be more general, so I will consider rotating black hole. Then the main example that I will discuss is actually the one that Stefan discussed in the previous lecture, so static black hole in ADS-4. But for the moment, let me be more general because as I will tell you there are still many open problems here and many of these problems involve rotation. Let me general just to give a picture of what you would like to compute. So what kind of charge you can put? So the idea is that you want to embed the black hole in a consistent way, for example, in type 2B. So consider ADS-5 times S5, for example. Here you have an isometry which is SO2,4. S5 as an isometry which is SO6. And here clearly there is a group of rotation which is inside SO2,4. So you can introduce two spins for this guy, J1 and J2. Essentially I'm always looking at the carton of this non-Abelian symmetry. As Stefan discussed, there are also non-Abelian version of black hole but they are much more complicated. Everything from now on whenever you see a non-Abelian symmetry, a non-Abelian symmetry, at a certain point I will take the carton of it. Taking the carton of SO4 means you choose two angular momentum inside ADS-5. You can choose two of them. And here you can select cartons of algebra, which is you want to the cube. And you can put three electric charges for the carton generators of this. You want cube. So in general you would expect to find a black hole that can rotate in ADS-5 with two independent angular momentum and it can rotate inside the sphere with three, if you want, these are angular momentum inside the sphere that appears electric charge for your black hole. Curiously supersymmetry impose a constraint among these guys. So in principle you have five parameters, but the BPS conditions tell you that there are four independent ones because there is a constraint. This has been a long-time puzzle. People ask why there should be a constraint. When I will discuss the interpretation, I will interpret the microstate of this black hole as states in N equal 4 superior mills with particular spin and particular charges. And in N equal 4 superior mills there is no such a constraint. You can construct many states that are supersymmetric with the spin that you choose, the charge that you choose. So this is a long-standing, well, say, puzzle why the black hole exists only for a constraint among the charges. There is a recent paper by Santos and Markiewicz this June where they say that they found a new black hole corresponding to the missing charge. I don't know yet exactly what is the status. This black hole seems to have some mild type of singularity, tidal force, and this kind of thing. So it's not clear. Maybe there is even a full family depending on all parameters. But for the moment let's keep the standard law. There is a constraint among charges. OK. In this game actually ADS-4 is special because here you can have dionic black holes. Let's consider the same set of charges for ADS-4 times S7. S7, sorry. Here the relevant group is SO2, 3 for ADS-4. It's SO8 for S7. So this time you just have one possible spin that you can introduce in ADS-4. So you can have the spin for your black hole. And here you can break to the carton SO8 and you have four charges. So for sure you can put four electric charges. But also since you are in four-dimension as Stefan explained, you can also have magnetic charges. So here the number of charges that you can put is much bigger. Even in this case actually supersimilarly tells you that there are constraints. And essentially as we will see better later in this lecture there are two constraints. One is a sort of linear constraint of the magnetic charges that will be very important. That's related to the topological twist of the dual conformal field theory. And again, BPS tells you that there is an extra constraint among the spin and the electric charges. I will come back to this constraint later. Now, and you can play the same game here. Here you have three rotations and two electric charges. No magnetic charges. Magnetic charges are relevant in four dimensions where you can have the ionic object. Now, why I'm stressing the magnetic charges? Because the magnetic charges makes a big difference in the holographic interpretation of the black hole. Now, given your black hole, let's consider the effective field theory that you have in ADS-D. So you start with ADS-D time sphere. You dimensionally reduce. In many cases all these black holes that have been found actually have been found in the lower dimension of theory and then uplifted. So you may think that this effective theory in ADS-D is some gauge supergravity or unequal to gauge supergravity as discussed by Stefan or something more complicated, some consistent truncation of your string or theory background. But in general for what I'm going to discuss is not even necessary. So suppose that you just truncate an effective theory. The effective theory lives in ADS-D. You want to use holography. So in ADS-D you will have a very complicated Lagrangian. The relevant terms that are of interest are obviously the kinetic term for gravity and kinetic term for a set of gauge fields. As we saw in Stefan lectures, typically in these theories you also have scalar fields and fermions and other stuff. Many other objects in particular scalar fields and typically the kinetic term for the gauge field is a complicated function of the scalar fields that you need to specify. What are the scalar fields of interest? Here these vector fields have new lambda. The ones that are interested for this discussion are those that are related to the isometries of the internal manifold. So suppose that this is ADS-4 times S7. You have for sure a full set of SOA gauge fields in the bulk. If you're just interested in the carton, you take four, a billion vector, that you write here. These new lambda correspond to the massless guide that you find in your Lagrangian. They correspond to the isometry of the internal manifold. So they correspond typically to the r symmetry of the theory. If this reduction is ADS-5, in principle you have an SO6 bunch of gauge field. If the theory is ADS-4 times S7, you have an SO8 and so on. I will always break to the carton. Now I want to use holography to interpret the black holes. According to the rules of holography, a gauge field in the bulk correspond to a global symmetry in the boundary. So gauge fields in the bulk are global symmetry on the boundary. Again, example, in this case, the global symmetry is the r symmetry of the dual field theory. So the black holes that you want to write and Stefan wrote explicit examples are asymptotic to ADS-D. So this means that there is some radial coordinate r such that the metric for large r is of this form. There is a term dr squared over r squared. And in my choice of coordinates, there is an r squared times md minus 1 squared. So this is a standard form for a space time that is asymptotic to ADS. There are corrections here in one over r when r is not strictly infinity. And here this guy here is just the boundary of your ADS space. And so whenever you write black holes, you typically are working in sort of global coordinates for ADS. Stefan wrote a metric for the black hole where this boundary term contains time and contains the metric on a two-sphere, OK? Which means that they are using as coordinates two angles, theta and phi, time, and the radial coordinate. There is a parameterization of ADS, which is called the global coordinates in ADS that precisely write ADS in this form. So in general, in all the example that I'm interested in, obviously there is time. And so one component, one element of this manifold d minus 1 will be time. And in most of the black holes, the other, the remaining coordinates parameterize a sphere. So for example, these are the coordinates theta and phi of the previous lectures. Or in three-dimension, you have coordinates on a three-sphere and so on. So most of the time, the boundary metric is time, time as sphere of dimension d minus 2. And this is the case I will discuss most because it's simple. Looking at sphere is simpler than looking at more general object. But in principle, you can also construct more exotic black hole if you want, where you just replace this with another manifold. Typical example, this I will discuss in detail, is ADS4. In ADS4, you have the radial coordinate, you have time. Here you have a sphere. Well, what you can do very easily is to replace the sphere with an orbital Riemann surface. There is nothing essentially that changed in the black hole. I don't know if you want to still call it a black hole. It has an horizon that is not a sphere. It is a torus or is a Riemann surface. This object can be constructed. And from the point of view of holography and the point of view of localization, there is not much difference between the two classes. So I will discuss the general case. I will talk to you if you like black hole with, say, hyperbolic horizon. Hyperbolic means that you take a Riemann surface or Iger genus totes the hyperbolic plane with a quotient. And in general, if you go to Iger dimension, you can replace these guys with other stuff if you like exotic black hole. So the first message is the following. Whenever you see a metric in the bulk that is asymptotic, that has an asymptotic of this form, well, what you are doing is the following. Since this is an effective theory in anti-deceptive D, you assume that there is a conformal field theory somewhere. Conformal field theory with one dimension less, D minus one, this is holography. In a sense, the conformal field theory is on the boundary. In standard application, in the original application of holography, one was considering the metric of ADS and this is really either flat space in Poincare coordinates or time hemisphere in global coordinates. So the logic is that when you replace this slice here with something more general, you are just taking your conformal field theory in dimension D minus one and you put the conformal field theory on this manifold, which can be a curved manifold. But we learn in the lecture by Francesco that it's not a problem, not even for supersymmetry. There are many manifolds that support supersymmetry. So we know how to do that. So this is the first message. The black hole that I will consider correspond to conformal field theory on manifold of this form, where there is a time direction and typically there is a sphere or some other manifold. But this is not the end of the story. This is the simplest part. The point is that since there are gauge fields and we saw that you need gauge fields to give charges and have regular black hole, in the bulk also the gauge fields have in general a profile. So what you discover is that in the very example the profile is slightly different but there will be a profile of the gauge field that near the boundary is some power of R that you need to specify times in principle a non-zero function of the coordinates on the boundary manifold. Now, so what is the interpretation of this gauge field in holography? Let me remind you another general paradigm of holography. Recall that subscript of the... It's mu, sorry. Well, let's write it as a form. If you want, I put it here. It's a gauge field. Recall that whenever you have a field in ADSD which I write as a function of the coordinates on this manifold and the minus one and the radial coordinate. And this field has an expansion near the boundary in power of R. So here there are some coefficients that you need to compute and they are typically related to the conformal dimension of your field. Since generically all the fields satisfy second-order equation of motion you can always find an asymptotic solution with two independent parts. And typically the point is that one of the two in a generic situation is a non-normalizable deformation of ADS. So the norm of this finite is infinite. If you compute the natural norm in ADS while the second one is normalizable. This is the generic situation and there are caveats for a particular value of the conformal dimension but don't go in this detail. In general, you can split phi into pieces and the interpretation of the two pieces is different. So the interpretation of the non-normalizable mode is non-normalizable so it's doing something severe at the boundary on your conformal field theory. What it's doing is this guy, if you have a profile for a field in the back where this guy is different from zero what you are doing is deforming your conformal field theory. How you deform your conformal field theory? Well, this field in anti-desitter is due to some operator on the boundary and the deformation is simply you take your conformal field theory and you add to your Lagrangian the guy that you see here suppose that this is a constant at the boundary but it's not necessary so you take this guy here you multiply by the conformal operator and you deform in this way the conformal field theory. In general, if you have a non-normalizable deformation you are deforming the conformal field theory so you are using the conformal operator associated with the fields. What's about the normalizable? Well, the other paradigm of holography is that instead this guy is a source for the operator so when you turn it on you turn on the operator the sub-lead term, the normalizable one is not a source but is a vacuum expectation value. So the interpretation of this second object is essentially a VEV for the operator associated to O. So whenever you have a solution that is only asymptotically ADS and you have fields that runs you can have an interpretation of what's going on in the dual conformal field theory in this way.  So in this case you are doing a deformation and in this case if this is different from zero you can even ignore the second one. If there is a second one that will tell you that there is also some VEV if you start deforming your conformal field theory you will get VEV for the operators and everything else. So the other relevant situation is the situation where the guy is zero. If the guy is zero so if there is no lead in term then there is only this one. So what's the interpretation? You are not deforming your conformal field theory. You are just studying your conformal field theory in a different vacuum so you take the conformal field theory there, the operator has a VEV so for example in N equal 4 superior mills obvious VEV that you can give is to go along the Coulomb branch you take the scalar fields in N equal 4 you give a VEV and you may want to study your theory in this new vacuum. So this is the general paradigm. Now typically the VEV is determined by equation of irregularity in the bulk as a function of finite. So you will find typically when you deform a theory if you compute the vacuum expectation value of all is no more zero is something which is determined by the deformation. So essentially there is always some VEV but the main deformation that you are doing is by adding terms in telegram. So this is the general paradigm that you find on first pages of any ADS CFT review. Now I want to interrupt the black hole in this language so there are gauge fields at least there may be other stuff scalars and other stuff but in general there is gauge fields because you need charges and then what is the interpretation? So here is the crucial point and the difference between magnetically charged and electrically charged black hole. So let's distinguish the two cases. So for an electrically charged black hole in all the cases that I discussed ADS 4, ADS 5, ADS 7 typically a mu lambda fall off at the boundary as a normal normalizable solution. So the term phi naught is strictly zero. The leading term is strictly zero. The same is true for spin and rotation. Rotation you cannot interpret as a gauge field. Rotation is sitting here in your metric. Your metric instead of being dt is dt plus something generically. You still are deforming your solution with term that belongs to the metric instead of the gauge field. Same question, you look at the terms in the metric, you see how they goes at the boundary and you still discover that they goes as normalizable modes. So electrically charged and the spin correspond to normalizable deformation of your boundary theory. So they correspond essentially to the deformation value. So if you want to study a black hole which is electrically charged and rotates, what you have to do is just to take your conformal field theory in d minus 1 put it on the curve manifold in the simplest case is just times times the sphere. So you just put the, you do in conformal field theory what's the name the you go on the sphere times times so you do radial quantization so that's a pretty standard way of studying the conformal field theory but you need to study the conformal field theory in a state with a non-zero expectation value for what? Well, the operator dual to the gauge field is essentially the current so essentially you are studying your conformal field theory in a state with non-zero charge. Yes. The chemical potential for the gauge field? So the chemical potential would be the non-normalizable piece but if you look at a black hole when you fix the charges so it depends on the choice of ensemble so the black hole you can fix charges or chemical potential if you fix the charges that's the gauge field is such that it is normalizable at the boundary so what's the interpretation? Well, you are studying your conformal field theory in a sector where the electric charges and the spin let me call it J I hope there is no confusion with J mu which is the current associated to is q as an effect yes so you are just studying the conformal field theory the electric charge is different from zero and the spin is different from zero what's the meaning? Well I want to know what happens to the conformal field theory in a state with given electric charge and given angular momentum this is a black hole should correspond to an ensemble of states and if you are after the microstate you say okay what are the microstates well the microstates of this black hole should be just a set of spin-full and charge states in the conformal field theory what spin and what charge well this is specified by the spin and the charge of the black hole so if you want to study the entropy of the black hole you just need to count the number of states that have a given spin and a given charge okay that's simple enough and pretty natural this is for an electrically charged black hole if you add magnetic charge and to add magnetic charge you need to be in AdS-4 well you discover that the magnetic charge in 4D behaves quite differently so if you look at the profile of the gauge field in the bulk you discover that the profile of the gauge field in the bulk for larger is not a normalizable solution in this case a mu lambda is a non-normalizable solution I can even write for you because Stefan already did the point is the following suppose that you have a black hole in AdS-4 with a spherical horizon so your boundary what I call M3 is just in Lorenzo signature just time times S2 and the point is that as we learn in in Stefan lectures there is a magnetic charge which means that you have a gauge field F such that if you integrate over the sphere you get a number actually because of quantization in suitable units integral and divided by 2 pi you should get some integer this is just the Dirac quantization condition that Stefan mentioned so and this is should be true at all possible value of the radial coordinates in particular at the boundary at r equal to infinity so if you want to write as please the gauge field well you can for a sphere is very simple okay you see that there is no dependence on r here which means that the gauge survives all the way to the boundary is there you can compute the norm in AdS the norm is infinite so this is a non-normalizable deformation of AdS or you can easily generalize this to a Riemann surface cannot write for you I don't know how to write it well you need to choose coordinates on the Riemann surface but it will take long and it's not important you can replace the monopole with the natural object with magnetic charge on the Riemann surface there is the analogs of the monopole I will call it monopole from now on there is a monopole on the Riemann surface and again the charge is quantized so what's happened to the dual field theory as I told you this is not normalized so you are changing the conformant field theory how? the first thing that you do is to add the background field a mu a lambda mu and what is the natural deformation? well obviously from the point of view of holography every gauge field is associated with a current for a global symmetry so what you are doing is turning on a standard gauge coupling between this guy which is a global symmetry what you are doing is turning on a background gauge field for some global symmetry this you can do in field theory which simply means that you deform your Lagrange by adding the current multiplied by the background gauge field so the point that these black holes have a different interpretation they are interpreted as the formation of the conformal field theory where you put background gauge fields for the values global symmetries to understand a better what is going on it is useful to look at how supersymmetry is preserved so remember that there is always this this guy here essentially a monopole that you turn on if you look at how supersymmetry is preserved you need to look at the variation of the Gravitino Stefan wrote it for us and schematically my notation obviously are not precisely the same as those of Stefan but you can easily make a dictionary well obviously there is the spin connection here and in as he may discuss carefully engaged supergravity the guy is charged under a collection of fields so there is an asymmetry of Gravitino that you are engaging and quite schematically let me call it in this way should put an I here the variation of the Gravitino so what happens is also Francesco was discussing this morning if we are in AGS4 so the boundary is time times S2 time is pretty boring let's take everything constant on time is a flat space it's not interesting S2 is curved and you need to have some BPS equation that tells you how supersymmetry is preserved the spin connection on S2 or even on a Riemann surface is just an abelian gauge field here you have an abelian gauge field so if you turn on an abelian gauge field that cancel the spin connection well the your equation of supersymmetry can be solved very prettily easy in this way you choose a constant spin I'm cheating a little bit because I started with rotating black hole it's a mess so for static one this is the relevant equation that you have to write but even for rotating there is a generalization with things but let's focus on the static case so essentially the point is that on the sphere the spin connection you can do your computation by yourself compute the spin connection on the two spheres you will find a very simple expression the simple expression will tell you that the spin connection on the sphere is just a unit monopole it's a sphere it's precisely of the same form if you write it as a form tomorrow we write it better the spin connection is exactly cos theta d phi so it can be cancelled by the background that you turn on and it is indeed cancelled yes think of the CFT on S2 as being almost two dimensions CFT yes but it is on the sphere and with now I'm coming to this point yes but I want to deform it with this gauge field so what you get and what I was saying right now is that what you are doing is topological twist of this theory indeed as you saw and we will come back tomorrow to this point in details as you saw in Francesco Lectra this is one of the way of preserving supersymmetry on the sphere and as he mentioned it's very old correspond to a topological twist tomorrow we will discuss precisely the meaning in all details but if you remember the whole story about the topological twist as introduced by Whitton there was a change in the nature of fermions so it was mixing the Lorentz group with some asymmetry and mixing the Lorentz group with some asymmetry in this more transparent means turn on the background field for some asymmetry in such a way that cancelled the spin connection so that the equation that you typically cannot solve on a sphere in a well you can solve in a sphere but you get complicated objects the covariant derivative in the presence of this guy becomes just a standard derivative and you preserve supersymmetry by taking constant spin you do what you do typically in flat space essentially so this is the topological twist so the meaning of the interpretation of this black hole is that you are doing a topological twist actually this guy here you may have many gauge fields in the bulk as Stefan was discussing this is a particular combination the one that he called zeta lambda e lambda mu before so there is a particular combination of your gauge field that enters here and you need supersymmetry to SUL you should better choose the right charge for this particular combination in such a way that it can solve the spin connection then you may also have other global symmetries once their symmetry is fixed all of them have this profile this monopole profile so coming back to the interpretation of a magnetically charged black hole is essentially now the interpretation is the following you are taking your conformal filter you are deforming in this way this is just another way of saying that you are doing a topological twist in the sense of written so the magnetic charge correspond to a topological twist they are deforming your theory and what's about the rest if you have electric charges rotation well they behave as precisely as before so the magnet the interpretation of a magnetically charged black hole with electric and charge and spin is the following you take your conformal filter you deform it according to magnetic charges and then you start counting you count the number of states that have a given electric charge and a given spin so you always counting problem counting the number of states with given electric charge and given angular momentum but in the case of this black hole you just count on the conformal filter when you have magnetic charges you count the same states the topological twisted version of the theory we will see that topological twist helps with the computation because give you a computation that you can match with with holography let me also mention that again for the difference between this black hole here the spin is constant very simple and here is a mass especially when there is rotation I couldn't even find the famous class of black hole it's very difficult to find explicit expression but it's a mass typically so typically there are some of them that are just partner and supersymmetry of what I'm doing here so typically in the example that I will discuss there are running scalars so they also induce some deformation but the deformation that they induce is just the supersymmetry part of this then you can have more general black hole with hypers that's more complicated things that you have to do the one idea of this idea of localization as Francesco was discussing that you can compute something but integral or correlation function of certain specific operator yes it's two in a sense but this is a full quantum field theory on S2 so there are excitation that are not topological the only point is that I cannot compute those using localization and I will not need to compute those or what I will need is the partition function that I can compute now so let me summarize what you again what you have to do enumerate all the states with electric charge let's call it QI and spin that can be more than one so let me call J.I. the spin in the conformal field theory on R times d-2 for electrically charge and rotating black hole that's what you have to do or in the topologically twisted CFT on R times Sd-2 for magnetically charge black hole so the magnetic charges enter here in the topological twist now enumerating states is equivalent well this is the way we like to package things in statistical mechanics on instant theory is equivalent to knowing some partition function particularly some I will introduce some grand canonical partition function so I will introduce chemical potentials for the electric charges and the spin and I can package the information that I want this is the number of states with charge QI charges QI and spins JK this is what I want to compute I claim that these are the this is the essentially the term is the entropy of the black hole is the number of microstates I can just package this by summing over all the charges and the spins with chemical potentials I call delta the chemical potential for the electric charge and omega the chemical potential for the spin and I can write a generating function for this object this obviously can be also written as a trace if you introduce operators that correspond to these conserved quantities let's call this operator so the charge operator and let's call I a mover with a letter let's call JTIL with some funny notation the operator whose eigenvalue is JK this is simply computing a trace on the Hilbert space of I delta I the corresponding charge plus omega K the spin operator so these are the operators in the your conformal field theory or something that I should mention I probably was not very precise here you can't hold the states but you don't want really hold the states the same supersymmetries of the black hole so I restrict this sum here to the supersymmetric states those that preserve the same supersymmetry of the black hole now what? or the other states probably will contribute to the entropy of some non supersymmetric black hole extreme non supersymmetric black hole ok the macro state of this one should satisfy the same symmetry constrained as the black hole so this is what you would like to know and then the entropy of the black hole is just hidden in this coefficient here so if you know the partition function the coefficients are easily found by Fourier transform Legendre transform whatever where you integrate where you put your contour of the pencil but essentially what you can do is integral to extract the coefficient if I put an i here I put a minus i here delta i q i plus omega k j k and so that's a if you really know this function for all value of delta and omega you can compute the number of states number of states is the exponential of the entropy of your system so this guy here you want to identify with the black hole entropy so this is what you have to do in all cases even a problem in some lecture always the same structure the goal is to compute this one the generating function of all entropy for all black hole now I will be discussing holography where there is a large parameter as large n so essentially these guys here will be very large so in that case I can evaluate the integral by saddle point approximation okay so I will be always in the case where you can use the saddle point saddle point you know how it works you just punish at this and you take the mean the extremum of the exponent and the extremum of the exponent give you the value in this large limit of this quantity so in the limit where the charges are large or n is large when you can use gravity essentially what you have to compute is the following delta i qi omega k jk evaluated on the extremum of this quantity so you determine the quantities such that the derivative with respect to delta and omega of this quantity here log of z minus i delta i qi plus omega k jk is 0 okay this as you know is also called a Legend transform is something that you do every day with statistical mechanics where indeed you take the thermodynamical limit which is the analogous of the saddle point here and this is telling you that in this limit the entropy is the Legend transform of your partition function quite natural the statistical mechanics so the point is how can I compute this object here can I do that well but okay it's hard because not always you can enumerate all the states in a conformal field theory with a given charge and a given supersymmetry you can do some times for example in n equal 4 superior if I ask what can I enumerate all the one half bps states with a given electric charge yes it's a pretty simple problem I could solve for you in 10 minutes for example complex geometry and nothing more one half bps but if you remember the black hole that I'm interested in are one quarter bps the problem of enumerating all the one quarter bps states in n equal 4 superior is open people tried 10 years ago very hard they couldn't find any solution for the problem there are partial results so this is too hard to compute so well I can hope to be lucky and compute something else hoping that it gives the same result the something else that I will compute for you in this series of lecture is the supersymmetric partition function what's the difference when it's written in terms of a trace of a real space the main difference is that instead of being a trace there is a minus one to the f that counts in a different way bosons and ferns clearly it's not the same object this is an index because you can for free introduce your Hamiltonian here with a parameter which is a fictitious temperature there is no temperature in this black hole there are bps and indeed there is no dependence on this beta and the reason is the old with an index idea so whenever you have supersymmetry the states that have no zero value of the energy are paired for every boson there is a fermion you apply supersymmetry they have the same energy they have the same charge because charge commutes with Hamiltonian all the massive states cancel and you are left with just the states with zero energy which is precisely this sum here and as you know from test book whenever you have a trace over e to the minus beta h you can rewrite as a pat integral pat integral on what well the pat integral is the pat integral on the manifold that I discussed before actually in order to interpret this you need to go to the Euclidean so what you do when you have finite temperature is to take your time direction compactify on a circle of radius beta so you make a circle of radius beta you integrate on the manifold so in all the cases that I I already had a compact manifold I had a circle the radius of the circle will be relevant because the partition function supersymmetry is not actually depending on this beta but you can formally introduce it and this is the partition function with some chemical potential turn on of your conformal filter so this is the the object that I can compute and in general this is different from this one because one counts all the states the other counts all the states with a sign all the ground state but with a sign if they are boson and minus if they are fermions so if you are lucky and many times this happens in theory you are lucky there are no cancellations in the sense that the majority of your states in the larger limit are either bosonic or fermionic if this is the case the physical content of the two partition function in the larger limit is the same and I will show you that for radius 4 indeed there is such large cancellation of between there is no such large there is no large cancellation between boson and fermions so the majority of states are all bosonic or fermionic and this partition function correctly reproduced the entropy of the black hole now this will work for radius 4 as I will mention at a certain point if you try to do the same trick for radius 5 this was done more than 10 years ago you fail miserably the same partition function for the same partition function there is a large cancellation between states this guy is different from this you have to explain an entropy that goes like n squared in field theory you find a number that goes like 1 cannot explain the entropy for some reason with the topological twist remember that the main difference is the magnetic charge that it's over okay no no I can stop here getting there or over it's time it's time, okay good okay so this is the object that I will start evaluating for you tomorrow morning actually I will spend the first 10 minutes telling you precisely the form of the black hole I'm interested in exactly I already had Stefan lecture most of the topics so that part will be quick and after that we will start computing for radius 4 this supersymmetric partition function so the point is that I will take a conformal field theory I'll tell you how to implement the topological twist and how to evaluate explicitly the partition function


predict when players will just boom and bust. I think just Mike Trout and those guys are the standard. Juan Cotto. All those guys that just balled out at such a young age and made it to the league. Exactly. So you probably spent no more than $100 probably. Easily. That's always been my motto. I still have one big card. I think the biggest card I have in my collection my cards are really self-returned too much. My Jalen Hurts have actually gone up a lot.  But the biggest card I still have in my collection that I held on to and I don't regret it is a Zion Williamson Prism Silver Ricky PS810. I bought a box of retail when it first came out. I bought it for less than $100 the box at the time. I pulled the Zion. It was packed fresh. I graded it. Got a 10. I think at the time when the pandemic was just booming those shits were like $4,000 or $5,000.  And obviously I've been injured since then but he's finally back this year and I really do believe in the guy. I think he's gonna do well so if he does have a good season this year and his stuff goes up back to that $4,000 or $5,000 card which it could honestly. Palagans are really good. I'll probably get rid of it this year too. You know. But that's one of the cards of course that I've held on to but I don't really have any regrets. It still sells for like $2,000 but I mean I just kind of think that if he stays healthy and has a monster a year it'll probably go back up to that if not more. And then I have one Prism Draftpix Oregon edition from the rookie autograph to $35 PSA 10. That's another one that was like $1,000 plus at the time I'm not sure what it's at now but that's another one I kind of hold on to. Padding my homes. Breeze Hall. Two color patch to $99. Yeah. But you probably sold those cards before the pandemic really boomed so no one could have predicted that. You have to have been like a hoarder and been like those kind of people that are like I can't get rid of there. I just feel like it's so undervalued. So undervalued. A lot of those people that decided to hold on to a lot of those cards are obviously probably really rich if they got rid of them. But no one could have predicted that. Like I said you just have to have been those kind of hoarders that just didn't want to get rid of so. Joe Burrow. Stars to $249. CJ2K Mechie. You got a Stafford. Jerome Ford. Well yeah those with PGPSA 10s are like a million dollars now. Sevens I have to assume are like 8 to 15,000. Ball Melton. Yeah. I mean it's supposed to be the high end sports card world. Which I guess it should bring value to everything but I expected to be like obviously this previous movie with the whole betting situation what was it called?  It's going to be like those cards that go for like a millions of dollars tens of millions.  He'll feature like a Mickey Mantle he'll feature like a Ty Cobb maybe even like one of the bigger PA's like Luca that sold like his one on one shield.  Wanda Robinson.  I mean that doesn't mean that they're not going to actually get camels of actual people on the hobby. Especially that are actually in the high end sports card world you know but if it's going to be something like that I'd assume it's going to be like some kind of controversy of course obviously if they're going to make it into like a movie so it should be fun and plus he's a big sports fan so that's probably the craziest thing. Trayvon Walker at 50 it's like Uncut, I'll tell you here Uncut Gems it's like you know the one scene where like he like gets he gets like KG's ring and then quickly pawns it to somebody. I was like dude this guy man he just pawns his dude's championship ring the Kobe Dean Matthew Stafford Bailey Zappi, nice three color patch there, that's $2.99 and we got David Ajavo player of the two is about a $50 Breeze Hall to $99 we got a lot of Breeze Hall in this year Jets Matt Johnson Matt Johnson is actually killing it alright guys halfway through halfway through well you're much older than I am Rex I mean I definitely remember him in SNL but I was such a little ass kid obviously his earliest movies when he was on his own are the ones that I remember the most but I mean to be where he's at now you know to have his own kind of like you know directing crew probably you know Happy Madison I think that's the one thing he really wanted to do is like serious roles I think everybody just kind of thought of him as the comedian only kind of just like Jim Carrey one of my favorite Jim Carrey movies that's actually a very serious movie and it's kind of sad really is Eternal Sunshine of the Spallis Mine that's like one of my favorite movies and it's like that's Jim Carrey you know the serious actor in that you know did you see what I got you in the first break that was a weird autograph I did get you some Falcon Tank but we went way back but I don't see anybody I don't see anybody I don't think it's not wrong for like someone like Keenan Thompson to just you know stay at SNL too I mean that one interview with like Adam Farley and and what's his name David Spade he was talking to they were talking to that chick I forget her name but you know he even says like a lot of people decides to a lot of people think like you know once you make it from a SNL and you're such a big SNL like comedian that you're gonna get to be in the movies you're gonna get to do that and you know like for Keenan Thompson for instance I love that he's actually stayed on this long and why try to go do more you know maybe kind of accept that that's what you are right I mean there's nothing wrong with that you don't need to be taken seriously and yeah that's what I'm saying like there's no need to leave if you know a lot of people decide hey actually I'm bigger than SNL in the sense like right I can do more so I definitely I'm end up leaving which is fine you know but it's it's like I think of like Jason Sudeikis like that's when I really was watching a lot of SNL like as a older like teenager into my early 20s you know with like Jason Sudeikis on there and stuff and like look at him now you know like Keenan they were like Ted Lasso and shit you know Tremac Duffy you know couple movies he did we're the Millers Chris Godwin Cam Taylor Britt yeah exactly all of those guys I mean those guys ended up leaving and I've all done like really funny and amazing stuff right you know I've watched a couple seasons of Portlandia with Fred Almson you know I still have actually yet to watch Bill Hader's show that's really really good I know I know it's good what is it Barry I just haven't really got on to it because at one point I didn't have HBO I wasn't paying for the subscription and just recently like the last year or two more like the last year I finally started paying for it and I definitely need to kill that too and of course I've always like Will Forte you know I love this show Last Man on Earth you know especially when it first came out him doing the Gruber and stuff it's a mirror white but you know what I mean like all of those guys have all gone and done like really good really good stuff so yeah you could go out and be even more successful but you know you don't really need to though right it's okay for it's okay to be only an SNL cast member for a long time alright that's the mirror white though that's going to the to the Raiders Brody alright we got a seal of approval Joe Mixon I know Brody I actually was tied up with some things unfortunately I couldn't watch it but I did see the highlights and the score whenever I could and oh yeah man I'm telling you Oregon's rolling what they really needed was just like I said yesterday they really needed that they were open by Georgia honestly not saying they're going to win the national championship but they're playing at a really really high level right now and Bo Nick since that game and just Oregon's offense and you know somewhat for the defense is looking amazing but more offensively Drew Lock Bo Melton I would love for them to make more Grubers but like I forget how it ended again but I don't think the ending left it open for another season did it or actually you know what I think it did actually sorry you're right it did leave it open for another one now I remember Damien Pierce but yeah I would love for them to do more that the show was really good actually I'm not gonna lie it was really good it's just so dumb but it's so funny David Bell 250 Ty Chandler alright guys last two boxes here sorry about that guys had a really long thank you guys I wasn't here the first half couldn't be here for the first few hours but thankfully Chris was able to cover you guys cover for me and was able to rip some products with you guys he did a certified did two NT World Cup Sockers did a WWE he was actually doing some stuff so the way him covering wasn't just sitting here and doing nothing you know and I appreciate you guys of course selling this out here late night as well we had a rockin' day yesterday at the end of the day when you look at what we did today we actually had another really good day three total certified breaks two NT's World Cup that is we're gonna do an NT baseball for the two impeccable not bad for a Saturday night especially how busy we were yesterday so and like I mentioned earlier guys I will post a more certified if Nick hasn't already I just wasn't gonna post it until I was done with all this stuff so just kinda stay up a little bit if you're gonna want to potentially win by some of your teams almost likely post it right when I'll have to hit off I mean that's the same for me I mean I'm sure I haven't pulled nothing for people today and then he pulled people stuff today too you know it happens alright here we go Malik Willis whoa look at that patch two out of five new generation say the Titans logo that is Chad Wright with the Tennessee Titans nice patch Mark Andrews 99 Gevante Williams Adam Thielen Kenny Pigot new generation Relic that one's for the Steelers and Jared George Piggins whoa there's your ink break for London Drake London one out of 25 solid solid we got Cam Jordan Ingram and Hassan Haskins what a box that's out of 25 three color patch and autograph one of 25 and if that was Malik Willis that would have been awesome a lot of Breeze Hall today guys especially in this break we got a good break for the Jets Matt Johnson alright last one here folks good luck Dalvin Cook another Ritter right there more Ritter little patch to 99 Drew Blutzo Mirror signatures to 25 for the Patriots Min Koo with the Patriots CD Lamb for the Cowboys to 249 we got Nick Shubb to 275 we got a Kyler Gordon to 199 wow oh I thought that was an autograph there sorry buddy a little too excited but two Desmond Ritter Relics though not too shabby Kyler Murd to 25 Rex I've never seen anything Star Trek that's what a Star Trek is yeah what a Stargate no anything has to do with stars I've only seen Star Wars it was never into anything else and ended up here with a little little Carson Strong nice four color patch to 75 and again sucks I know he's not even on the Eagles anymore but he's gonna be all over Eagles products cause he was part of the rookie premiere for them inspection number three is not sold out we have to sell out that pack filler that's down to 23 and that's probably gonna happen tomorrow and inspection number four is not even sold out I'll get either we have 12 teams left remaining man so we don't break it until it officially sells out I would say definitely number three tomorrow and maybe number four tomorrow but there's no guarantee of course but uh yeah sorry about that buddy I can't really give you exact date and time but I think three should definitely go tomorrow alrighty guys and there you go that was the break very nice stuff popping out of here so here's all the autos really quick a little Bletzo out of 25 right there gold Drake London nice patch there Willis Romanowski and number one overall pick trade on Walker CJ2K, Breeze Hall Jamison Williams more Breeze Hall some very very nice ones so I appreciate it guys this is break number six number seven and eight I'll post them later tonight jaspyscasebricks.com sorry I think you'd like to start it's Richard Dean Anderson he was a guy who was okay but is it like a start kind of like you know thing or is it just its own thing strap metal cocoon oh okay gotcha where uh where could I watch this at I'm gonna have Sunday afternoons open after this weekend House of Dragons season finales this Sunday although it already leaked online like two three days ago but not watching it alright I'll take a look at it man for a second I thought you were actually serious bro I was like damn bold Kurt Russell can you hear me remember when they sent Kurt Russell in South Park I haven't seen South Park any new episodes in probably like ten years I'm not even kidding you maybe like yeah maybe like eight I think I stopped watching like in 2014 maybe around the 2014-2015 but man I used to love that show very uh controversial so just a lot of people but Steve but uh really good one though sometimes Origins is a little bit more price here but I think it'll actually be probably around the same price honestly cause I think Origins you only still get one to two autographs as well so I can't envision it being more than like 300 dollars if this was like 2021-2020 draft class yeah it'd probably be like a four or five hundred dollar box but I don't I don't think I don't expect to be more than 300 I'd be shocked if it was more than four like I'd be blown away but I think it'll be between the two to three hundred dollar range honestly cause I mean this this past year certified 2021 was like a four hundred dollar box at one point so it was doubled of what we had here so I think football boxes this year will be as pricey as they once were because you know quarterback class is a little weak so that kind of drives down the price but that's been bringing up anything 2021 and definitely 2022 you know but yeah I don't expect it to be more than 300 I'd be very shocked if it was like over that and especially as high as four hundred but yeah it'd probably be between two to three hundred which is good for the wallet you know good for the wallet exactly yeah I think I already went through it actually that's the one streaming service that I don't have all of them Peacock, Netflix Hulu, Amazon Prime did I say Peacock already? yeah Peacock, Apple TV that comes with my phone already though Peacock, Apple TV, Netflix, Hulu Amazon Prime I think that's the one I don't pay for and I hope I never do my sister actually has that one so there was times where I would use her password like a year ago but I can't do it man that's like the only one I don't have alright so we're going to do this here really quick guys which is going to unlock that uh which is going to unlock that to unlock NT and R&B so that's what we'll be doing right now and then we'll call it a night guys pretty much alright so um good luck let me go grab this UK pack though shit Rex good good for me and my wife we don't have to share it with my mom her parents or her sister we're the ones that actually pay for it I hope they do that then that's the excuse that we can be like sorry guys you guys can't have our password no more and I'm going to lie to them and tell them Amazon's the same thing Hulu's the same thing sorry no more password sharing alright here we go what up Oliver how you doing buddy are you back over here are you still in the Philippines what's up everybody J's here for jaspyscasebase.com so our last filler guys sell out the last six spots in NT baseball R&B with this 2020 top UK baseball one pack break round of teams number three and again guys first we do the break randomized because of our names team to shoot the hits out and at the end we'll take all the names that bought it in, randomize them and top six get into the R&B nice we did that for like three weeks maybe I feel like it's been a week since you've been there right oh well you've never you've never met Oliver Rex I'm sure he'll tie right now alright roll it sorry my thing got froze but it is the right time alright so one into two three times good luck guys names in teams for the pack one two three three times Ryan H down on Michael Phillies down on the angels alright again guys three times three times let me copy and paste this in there again no trades either guys there will be no need oh sorry that's not what I needed yeah we're going to be shipping to the Philippines soon Oliver is that even an option I'm sure we can alright there's the tops UK edition alright Brewstar grad roll Zach Gallin Arce de Zekina and Gleevertours there you go alright so now let's switch scenes and again guys top six get into the NT R&B roll five into one six times top six get in one two three four five six five into one six just missing out with Steven Kendrick sorry buddy but Nicholas you're in Steven Kendrick you're in Ryan Ryan Jeremy and Ryan H wow what a randomizer for you Ryan H so there you go guys top six are in and coming up next now is NT R&B which of course like I said sells out NT baseball appreciate you guys Jaspyscasebreaks.com well Oliver happy birthday buddy it's awesome to be enjoying it over there in the Philippines especially with family you know alright so this is UK UK3 so Oliver just Liddy Liddy Liddy did you take the whole family with you oh just you damn now what are you the president of the Liddy committee that's cool man I know I figured obviously kids are in school anyways right I mean kind of tough for them to be gone for X amount of time especially with sports going on football and stuff alright so I'll start this right now like at 10.55 I gotta do the random number block really quick it is 23 teams so let me see really quick alright guys here we go let's do this randomizer now sorry I just wanted to make sure I got all the correct so this coming up once and everybody Jaspyscasebreaks.com this helps sell out Panini National Treasures Baseball 2 box picketing number 32 with this 23 team R&B and again guys 23 teams they only sold 17 straight up and then we gathered up all 23 teams and just sold them random number block style and again guys you get a piece of all of these teams just once Angels, Mariners, Braves, Dodgers, Red Sox White Sox, Laurels, Padres, Pirates, Cardinals, Rays Blue Jays, Nationals, Cubs, Tigers, Astros, Reds Mets, A's, Rangers, D-Vex, Rockies Brewers all of those teams combined for 180 a spot and of course we divided that times that by 10 and of course everybody gets a random number for the break if any of these 23 teams hit which most likely will happen I have to assume so you'll get of course the card will be distributed by serial number break so of course we go by the first number on the left side the serial number dash so there you go and of course any number damage will go to spot 0 and then non-numbered cards get randomized to the group I know I actually did I didn't mess up actually I was hoping I was hoping I did it alright so here we go guys here's the dice roll Steve Burch got the first four straight up these guys won it from the UK Tows Pack break number three and sorry I forgot to put the numbers in there zero one two three four five six seven eight nine alright and here we go guys dice roll two and one three times good luck guys one two three Steve Burch at the top Donna Nick was at the bottom and then there's the 23 teams guys I just have them there just for the shipping teams record sorting team and three times here one two three three times eight down to zero let me make this a little bit bigger so Steve Burch you got eight Steve with five Ryan with three Steve Burch with four as well as Stephen Kendrick with seven Ryan with two Jeremy with one Steve Burch with nine Ryan with six and Nicholas with zero so I'm gonna actually take out this right here so I can alphabetize it so it doesn't move around oops just on the side and I'll paste it back in here now and of course guys coming up next is the break itself let's definitely get that rolling guys can I get all the teams in there oh wow that actually did fit alright cool appreciate you guys I was actually watching Ted2 the other day it was actually here in the store playing I think we had it like on TNT or something like that after the baseball game or basketball game and then it started playing those ten movies are really funny actually man it's like the one part that made me laugh really the other day was number two when they're meeting when they're meeting the the lawyer which is what's his name it's a fucking mesmerizing voice the older man I don't know it's blanking in my head right now but he's over here like Ted's had a great influence on me he's like oh really there's a marijuana possession charge back in 2003 he's like well how the hell do you prepare for a foo-fire disconsert man when they get stuck in the barn they find the crops of weed they do move in herds they play the Jurassic Park theme song alright folks here we go last break of the night so are we rooting for the Phillies guys over the Astros unless you're an Astros guy I don't think anybody else is rooting for them right I think the Phillies could beat the Astros alright here we go guys I think that's like the biggest random number block we've ever made like with that many teams right has to have been what's up everybody, Jason here for jazzbeastcasebase.com last break of the night guys 2021 Pineda National Charges Baseball 2 box half case break picketing number 32 which is the second half of the case and here we go guys National Charges Baseball 32 remember we only sold 7 straight up that's why Oliver's here right watching the break I see everybody else bought in straight up and I really appreciate it to the 7 other customers 23 teams in this random number block I think this is the biggest R&B we've ever done as you can see there's all the teams there with the customer names and the numbers so I have to say that there's probably most likely going to be a lot of hits for the R&B but I could be wrong now this is break number 32 uh Joe uh number 33232 so let's go here we go I don't think we have any more NT after this so I took it off the website for now alright friends what we have is for Houston Christian Javier to 99 and that's part of the 23 team R&B 5 one is Steve Birch and then a little Justin Turner that's 45 another one for spot 5 and Steve Birch we have a relic there Craig Kimbrel that's 39 out of 99 another one there spot 9 Steve Birch and we got a Bob Gibson number 299 that is 2 out of 99 it's about 2 going to run we have redemption number 32 which I think Logan Gilbert is a diamond back right no actually sorry Marin and Seattle Mariners that's part of the R&B that's going to spot 0, Nicholas that's number 299 as well alright first one we got is Raphael Palmera for the Texas Rangers part of the random number block 44 spot 4 that is going to Steve Birch and we have a Casey Meis Detroit RPA to 25 that is for the Detroit Tigers also part of the random number block and that RPA is number 6 spot 6 going to Ryan and then we got Bartolo Cologne we have 29 out of 99 that is New York Mets edition going to the 23 team R&B spot 9 Steve Birch and last one here is a dual booklet looks like autograph maybe dual signature, yeah Alex Kuerloff from Minnesota which is Sanford actually and then Joe Adele Angels which is part of the 23 team R&B so if the Minnesota Twins win this randomizer it's going to go straight to Sanford if the R&B Wednesday it's going to go to 69 spot 9 we'll do that over there for a little randomizer after next one we got Dylan Carlson from St. Louis that is part of the 23 team R&B spot 6 going to Ryan Paul Goldschmidt from St. Louis part of the R&B that is 90 going to 0 then Mookie Betts 65 out of 99 Dodgers 23 team R&B so far no hits for the customers the booklet wins for Sanford that would be the first one right there but we won't know until the end we have for Cleveland actually I spoke too soon Oliver with the Guardians that is Daniel Johnson that is 90 out of 99 there we go then we got Debbie Garcia 74 out of 99 that is Yankees going to Nicholas then we got a nice jumbo RPA Mattie 23 team R&B that is 99 another one for Steve Burch in spot 9 we got a Noah Cindergaard that's 2 out of 10 that's for the Mets 2 Ryan and last one is another book it's Legendary Silhouettes CeCe Sabathia and Andy Pettit both for the Yankees and Yankees that's going to Nicholas nice solid and there you go folks that was the break that was Pikachu number 32 so again we have to do one randomizer here between the Angels and the Minnesota Twins then that's it folks so let's switch scenes really quick and got a dice roll with the list and it is Angels Twins roll it 5 out of 1 6 times good luck 1 2 3 4 5 6 goes to the Angels 5 out of 1 6 times that's going to go to the random number block that was going to go to spot 9 which is Steve Burch so I appreciate it folks I'll get some more soon jaspyscasebreaks.com alright then folks well like I said that was it for me I'm going to post up some more certified right now so as I go off air I'm going to post up more certified so if you're thinking about grabbing some certified be ready and that's it guys like I said I think Joe's out tomorrow called off so Chris is covering for him so you'll see Chris again from today earlier and again thank you Chris for covering me earlier I appreciate it but that's it for me folks I'm not back until next Wednesday if there's a new release morning or sorry Friday Saturday next week so I'm off for the next couple days so have a great night guys have a good Sunday my Eagles don't play tomorrow so I don't have to worry about NFL tomorrow but I'll see you guys on Wednesday if not Friday I'll be back on Instagram on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday so have a great