Hi everybody, Joe for Jasper's case breaks.com coming at you with 2021 tops five-star baseball eight box pick your team 13 However that works Very big. Thanks everybody who picked their teams right here on a Tuesday night Tuesday the 16th Appreciate everybody getting in TJ. You ended up with last bottom mojo star next to your name 70% of the time last bottom mojo hits a hundred percent of the time Now there were some random number block teams to we pulled some teams out for random number blocks and there they are right here We pulled those teams out and turn it into a serial number break. So those are the results there Now there is a chance there may be non numbered cars for those teams So if that happens the first one we pull will be randomized and the name on top will get it if we pull Multiples and the second name will get the second one we pulled third one gets the third one and pulled so on and so forth All right, so let's pop this guy open Let's see what we can get and we're looking for two autographs per box Thanks everyone for making this happen and guess what? We posted another one. So if you're watching live, we can get into the action on jasky's case breaks calm I don't have a blank card to hide this hit. So you're gonna see the first one right here And that's Alejandro Kirk and we'll use this King of diamonds to slow play some of the hits a little bit There's the rookie auto Alejandro Kirk for the Blue Jays Nick Morgan with Toronto You thought all the non-number cards go to you Rex. You you thought wrong You thought wrong Oh Moe Mariano Rivera 13 out of 15. Wow. That is nice Carl got the Yankee straight up Gets rewarded with the Mariano Vera one of the nicest Autos in the biz Someone let CJ know that he's lagging by about five ten minutes. All right got a redemption on the back here See they're they're they're they're coming here for that Mariano Vera Carl too hot Oh, we got the wizard 20 out of 25 Ozzie Smith Carlos with the cards Nice stands first all time with forty four point two defensive wins above replacement. That's pretty good All right, and the redemption you were doing to receive a base auto of I Like that tops has the city on here now. So we can see the team It's gonna be T Tampa Toronto, Texas Only three three T cities E Texas Rangers Sam Huff Huff and puff and blow that house down that goes to Oliver and the Texas Rangers There you go, Oliver. I won't Carl Going going directly to you Next up is more Yankees. That's Esteban Floriel rookie auto for Carl and the Bronx bombers I number seven Yankees prospect and Next one is Dylan Carlson rookie auto for the Cardinals and Carlos with the Carlson for the Cardinals Nice Next box. I know it's gonna help see John. Huh? I'll help just double check that you make sure you're watching live boys and girls Ryan Jeffers rookie auto for the twins Sean D with Minnesota first home run versus Detroit Organizational All-Star It's pretty solid Next is Silverson more twins personal box For Sean 15 out of 15 Torrey Hunter Silver signatures Silver six Silver six Nice there you go, SD Next box Next one is a 10 out of 10 leotie Tavares Nice That's another one for Oliver. There you go Ali and The leotie top five Texas prospect according to baseball America Rob two home runs in just 33 games 32 minor league stolen bases named top prospect and a pair of 2017 leagues Let's go Nice And back here is there's the Ryan Mount Castle rookie auto for tj and the Orioles 70% of the time tj Last spot mojo hits 100% of the time. He's pretty good too Three boxes to go You're welcome tj. Thanks for grabbing those that the Orioles straight up. I appreciate it Jose Garcia rookie auto for the Reds That's going to go to Chris Walker and Cincinnati. We're on to Cincinnati youngest player to debut Since 2014 I mean him and Jonathan India. They've got a pretty good young core going a leotie Tavares 10 out of 10 wrecks for the Rangers was the card before the mount castle And then we've got a Dave Parker 10 out of 20 Old school pirate Kind of matches the The top of their helmet too. That's pretty cool pirates Martin with the buckos Nice two more to go Remember folks. We got another case loaded up on jasper's case breaks.com Let's go and get it. We could run that back tonight We've got plenty of time to fill and break. All right, and there's Jesus Elizardo Rookie auto for the A's CJ just saying sweet Aussie. He's about 10 minutes behind but he'll he'll catch up He'll catch up All right, Jesus Elizardo Nick Morgan on the Oakland A's And the last one in this second the second last box is pentamorous penmanship. Jose Altuve 13 out of 25 That's for king d and his astros Could have a new uh, new double play partner for korea Does not stay with the astros a lot of free agents out there and the last box Another astro a christian Javier 43 out of 50 for king d and the last one here is matt olsen for the A's nick With matt solid break ladies and gentlemen That was five star picker team 13. I'm joe for jasmiescasebreaks.com. Thanks for watching Thanks for breaking with us and I'll see you next time for another case. Bye. Bye


Steve, I'm just going to drop yours a tiny bit if that's all right, mate. He's still going to say something first, right? So we're right? They might have a different view, so we'll be democratic and go down the centre. Nothing if not centrist. It is very poignant to be here with the Foreign Minister and to see the work that our Australian trainers are doing. Our Australian trainers are doing in training Ukrainian soldiers. It's really important to understand that this is a citizen army which is in place now in Ukraine. The people that we're seeing who are being trained have come from normal jobs throughout their country, have volunteered in order to defend their country. And what they face is intense danger when they go home. And the training that Australians are providing are going to help make them safer. It will save lives and it will make an incredible contribution to enabling Ukraine to stay in this fight for as long as possible so that they are able to resolve this conflict on Ukraine's terms, which is so important for the world. It really is and it very much goes to Australia's national interests. I think Penny and I have an intense sense of pride about what our Australian servicemen and women are doing here and they are making a real difference to what's happening in Ukraine. Thanks Richard. We've spoken a lot in Australia about what Ukraine means to us in Australia and means to the world community. And it is a fight that is about protecting the rules that have protected us for many decades. And it is a fight against an illegal and immoral war being waged by Mr Putin. And I've had moving moments before talking about this issue and I've met with members of the Australian Ukrainian community. But to be here and to speak with those brave Ukrainians who have come here in order to learn better how to defend their country is profoundly humbling. And I want to acknowledge them and I want to acknowledge as Richard has the Australians who are here working with others to better prepare and train these brave men and women. Thank you. I don't think anyone would say that of the contribution that Australia has made. There's an ongoing question of balancing the support that we provide Ukraine and ensuring that we maintain our own capabilities in Australia for our own national purposes. But it's worth remembering that Australia is one of the largest non-NATO contributors to the effort in Ukraine. And in all the meetings that we've had wherever we go there is an incredible sense of gratitude from countries in Europe but from Ukraine itself for the contributions that Australia is making. Now we know this is going to be a prolonged conflict. We will continue to assess what we need to do to make sure that we stand with Ukraine but be sure that that is what we will do and obviously the training effort that you're seeing here today is part of that. You've been charged with tanks, they've asked for tanks. We have a beyond Abrams tanks that are going to be replaced next year. Why can't we send any of them? Well again we will continually assess the contribution that we make. We'll keep the dialogue going with Ukraine. But if you take a step back and look at the overall contribution that we have made and have been making and we'll continue to do it we stand as one of the largest non-NATO contributors to supporting Ukraine and that should be a source of pride for all Australians. We will continue to have an assessment about how we can best support Ukraine. Now right now the support that's making a real difference is what you are seeing around us here. Just think about the soldiers who are being trained. Think about the environment that they're going to go into in the near future. Think about the difference that is being made for them by the skills and the proficiency which is being passed on to them by the Australian trainers. That is a huge contribution and that is our focus right now. Are the Australian trainers going to be part of this? We're not putting a time frame on it, it's a completely fair question and obviously we're not putting a time frame on it because you can't put a time frame on the conflict. And to be frank we're being coy about that for a whole lot of important reasons. But I think in the general sense we will stand with Ukraine for as long as it takes and we understand that this is going to be a protracted conflict. Again we're not talking about numbers publicly for operational reasons but the point I would make about the delivery of the bushmasters is that the schedule of delivery is on target. Do you think the position of sending the Australian army and personnel to train people in World War I tactics to control them? Well tactics have evolved and I think one of the things we'd want to point out and you can see it with what we're witnessing today they're very sophisticated training which is underway but I guess the kind of import of your question speaks to the brutality of the conflict that these people are about to go back to and that's right. It is brutal and those who are being trained here now in the very near future are going to find themselves in a very dangerous and brutal environment. And the answer to your question is no, I wouldn't have imagined that. And I think when you speak to the Australians who are doing this training I'm not sure they would have either but in speaking to them what's really clear is the sense of moment that they had about what they're doing, about the seriousness of this and the difference that they're making and it's impossible not to feel a real sense of pride about that. Well look, we considered this very carefully, looked at the range of security issues and the decision at the moment is that we will continue to provide assistance from I think it's Poland. Obviously that will continue to review that but the safety of Australian personnel obviously is the priority we have to apply to that decision. Thank you.


So we've already done, you know, lots of arithmetic operations, calculations, plots and things like that. And we have not explicitly included units in anything that we're doing. Now I have to make a couple of, let's say, caveats or warnings about using units. If you're doing very complicated or somewhat complicated to very complicated manipulations, it's probably best to leave the units out. And in fact, in most of the things that I'm going to ask you to do this quarter, you probably shouldn't include units. Although, in the next homework, I will ask you to explicitly include units. The reason is because as we'll see here, they're like excess baggage that gets carried around as you're doing manipulations. And if you're not really careful about keeping them consistent and properly formatted, they could actually screw up something that shouldn't be very easy to screw up, all right? If you want to use units, and in general, of course, units are extremely important when you make calculations, my suggestion is that you do them at the end of your calculation. You figure out, you know, what's the units in the final answer. But don't necessarily carry them around with you during the whole thing, okay? All right, so hopefully that'll become more obvious as time goes on. But in any case, I'm going to show you two different ways to include units in your manipulations, all right? The first one I'll refer to as symbolic units, okay? So symbolic units are ones that you define yourself. And then if you include them in your calculations, they'll be carried around as if they were unassigned variables. Okay, so let's do a simple example to see how it works. All right, so I'm going to define a quantity of variable, distance, and set it equal to 10. And then I'm going to put a space and put an M after it, okay? So this is an example of a symbolic unit. I've decided that I'm going to use the letter M to stand for meters, okay? Now, the next thing I'm going to do, let's put a little semicolon there, is I'm going to define time equals to space seconds, okay? So this is another symbolic unit. I've just put the S in there. And I know that to me, that means seconds. And now I'm going to calculate a speed, all right? So speed equals distance divided by time. And if I enter that, you'll see that it gives me the answer 5 meters per second, all right? So Mathematica just, you know, did this division and the M and the S ended up in the right place as they should because all I did was divide 10 M by 2S so I get 5 times M over S. So this is symbolic units. Mathematica does not necessarily know, in fact, doesn't know what M and S mean except that they're just symbols that get included and carried around in the expression, all right? Let's do another example. So I'm going to define C, the speed of light equals 2.998 space 10 to the minus, or 10 to the 8 space meters per second, okay? So I've defined the speed of light in meters per second, all right? Now I'm going to define a wavelength. Lambda equals 1.0 space 10 to the minus 6 meters, okay? So it's like an infrared photon, all right? And now I'm going to calculate the frequency of that photon. New equals C over lambda. Enter. Actually, I have to spell it right. B. And sure enough, I get 2.998 times 10 to the 14 inverse seconds, or hertz, okay? So here the M's canceled and they didn't show up. Again, it's just symbolic units. But they get properly handled when I do these manipulations. All right, let's do one more. Actually, we'll do a couple more. All right, now I'm going to define Planck's constant. H equals 6.626 space 10 to the minus 34. Does anybody remember what the units are? Joules times, so space second, all right? And now I can define the energy of the photon. A la Planck, E equals H times nu. Enter. And so I get an energy in J, which I've used to symbolize joules. All right, let's do an ideal gas calculation. And we'll do it in the common units. So I'm going to define the number of moles. N equals 1.00 space mole, semicolon. And the gas constant R equals 0.08206. And this is, I'm going to use parentheses to keep things properly together. Leaders space atmospheres, parentheses divided by kelvin space mole, okay, semicolon. The temperature T equals 273 space kelvin. And the volume equals 1.00 space liters. All right, now I'm going to calculate the pressure. P equals N times R times T divided by V. It's ideal gas law. And so what I get is an answer in atmospheres. All right, so there you have it, symbolic units. Now, I'm going to show you one little thing that, you know, obviously this can be kind of nice, but sometimes you get funny results and you do have to remember sometimes how to interpret the units. So let's do one where you get a funny result and then we'll convince ourself that it's actually correct. Okay, so now I'm going to calculate the average speed of a gas molecule using a formula that you learned in general chemistry, okay? So I'm going to do this in SI units. So I'm going to redefine R. R is going to equal 8.314 space and then it's joules per parentheses, K space mole, okay? I'm going to define the temperature equals 300 kelvin. I'm going to define the mass equals 0.02802 kilograms per mole. So this is nitrogen, N2. And now I'm going to define my average speed which is U average equals parentheses, parentheses 8 times R times T parentheses divided by pi times M, parentheses, parentheses. And then I'm going to raise the whole thing to the one half power. This is the kinetic theory expression for the average speed of a gas molecule in an ideal gas. Okay, now what should the units be in SI units for a speed? Meters per second. So let's see what we get. Well, the number looks reasonable, right?  So you're getting bombarded in the head at 476, well that's the average speed of the N2 molecules hitting you in the head right now. Good thing they're light. Anyway, so what do you think of the units? The square root of joules per kilogram. Is that right? Well, let's see if we can figure that out. So what's a joule? Kilograms, meters, squared. Over second squared, all right? So then a joule per kilogram is equal to meters squared per second squared and the square root of that is equal to meters per second. So it's correct. But this shows you one of the things that you have to keep in mind when you're working with symbolic units. See, Mathematica doesn't know that the joule we've defined which is just the letter J is actually equal to kilograms meters squared per second squared, okay? All right, so there's a little intro to symbolic units. Any questions on that? Okay, well now I'm going to show you another kind of units. These are units that Mathematica actually knows what they mean, okay? And this is another thing that you have to load in via a package, okay? And the package has the very nonintuitive name of units, okay? So let's go ahead and load that in. So we say less than, less than. It's capital U, N-I-T-S. And then the backwards single quote, upper left-hand corner of your keyboard. Enter. We can do dollar packages to see if we got it. And we see that there it is. Okay, now I'm going to show you how you can actually find out what's in a package, all right? There's a command called names with capital N, bracket. And then what you do is you put the name of the package in there, so in quotes. So this is units, left single quote. And then we want to see everything that's in there, so that's, we put an asterisk here. And then double quotes, square bracket. In general, if you do this and put a package name here, you'll find out everything that's in that package. It'll be a list of everything in the package. So if we enter that, you get this long list. And these are all the units that are defined in Mathematica. And some of them look familiar, like here's a week. And here's a tablespoon. And maybe some more chemistry ones. Here's a kilogram. Okay, but some of them are kind of weird. Like, look at this one, a butt. What's a butt? Well, we can find out. So how do you find out? Question mark. And then put in the name. But a butt is a unit of volume.  Let's see how to find. You can click on this thing and it gives you more information. Butt is a unit of volume. See also, hog's head. We'll check that one in a minute. But let's have a look here. All right, so it turns out a butt is 126 gallons. See, you learn something new every day. I'm curious about hog's head. Let's check that one out. Also a unit of volume. And that's one half of a butt, so it's like one cheek. All right, let's go back to the list here. How about a newton? See what a newton is. We should know what a newton is, but let's just make sure we know what it is. Newton is the SI unit of force. And we see here, it's kilogram meter per second squared. Okay. Now, what can you do with these units? Well, for one thing, you can actually convert between them. That's kind of a useful thing to be able to do from time to time. So for example, suppose we want to convert between atmospheres and Pascal's. We want to know what's the conversion. Okay, so we have, first of all, you have to make sure that you know how it's spelled because if you don't spell it exactly as Mathematica lists it here, it won't know what it is. All right, so we go up here and we see atmosphere has a capital A. And then we go down here and we see Pascal has a capital P. Okay? So here's how we use the convert command. So we say convert, bracket, and then we say what thing we want to convert, so I want to convert one atmosphere. And then I put a comma and say what I want to convert to. So P-A-S-C-A-L, Pascal. And if I enter that, I see that it's 101,325 Pascal's, which is something that you, that may sound familiar to you from when you studied gases in GCAM. Okay? Let's do another one. Anybody in here ever run a 10K race? Okay. Do you know how many miles it is? Oh, we need more significant figures. Well, let's figure it out. All right, so let's convert 10 and we have to spell it right and that means capital K I-L-O and then capital M E-T-E-R. Wait, is that right? Better check this. Kilo. Oh, yeah, there should be a space because look, we don't have kilometer here, right? We have kilo and meter, all right? So a good thing I checked. So I have to put a space in here and then I want to convert that to mile, all right? So we let it rip and lo and behold, there's an exact conversion and if we want to know that to a few decimal places, we can do N bracket percent and we find out that it's more than 6.2 miles, not much, but a little bit. Okay. Let's go up here and I'm very curious about this guy here. How many miles per hour is that nitrogen molecule moving on average in this room right now? Let's convert that number 476 meters per second to miles per hour, 474 meter per second, comma, mile per hour, N percent, over 1,000 miles an hour, pretty impressive. Okay, so this shows you a couple of examples of how you can use the predefined units and these actually mean something. They're not just symbols, all right? Obviously, we can convert between them. All right. Now, there's one other type of conversion that I want to mention to you and this one is a little bit idiosyncratic and that's the temperature conversions, all right? And the reason that this one is a little bit more complicated is because the different temperature scales have different reference points, all right? So Kelvin only goes as low as zero, whereas Fahrenheit and Celsius can be negative, okay? So there's not a common connection between them. So there's a special command for converting temperatures. It's called convert temperature, okay? And what you do is you say the number. So let's suppose we want to, let's suppose this room is 72 Fahrenheit and we want to know how many Celsius is that. So we say 72 and then we put in the units of that number and then we put in the name of the unit that we want to convert to which is in this case Celsius and then we enter and then so it's 200 over 9 so we can end percent and we see that 72 degrees Fahrenheit is 22.2 Celsius. All right? Let's do one more, convert, temperature, bracket. This time we're going to convert zero Celsius to Kelvin. What should the answer be? 273.15, okay? So there you have it, units conversions. All right, now there's one other thing that I want to tell you that's related and this is the set of physical constants. So we have Planck's constant, Boltzmann's constant, the gas constant and there are various constants that are commonly used in chemistry and physics and there is a package that includes those also and believe it or not it has the name physical constants. Okay, so if we want to load that package we say less than, less than physical, capital C, left single quote, enter, all right? Now we can see what's in it, names, bracket, double quote, physical constants, left single quote, star double quote, bracket. All right, so there you have it. So there are ones that make sense like acceleration due to gravity, that's the G constant, the age of universe, Avogadro's constant, Boltzmann constant, lots of familiar things in here, okay? All right, so let's have a look at a couple of those. I'll type in Avogadro constant, enter. Looks familiar doesn't it? How about the molar gas constant? That's our gas constant in SI units. How about the Faraday constant? Which you've learned about in electrochemistry, 96,485 coulombs per mole of electrons and one more speed of light, lots of precision in this one, okay? All right, so that's how you can refer to and if you ever want to look them up while you're in a mathematical session, you can have them at your fingertips here once you load the physical constants package. Okay, now let's see how we can use these things in calculations, okay? So I'm going to redo some of the calculations that we did previously with symbolic units, except this time we'll use the real units, all right? And we'll see that Mathematica does know how to convert these. All right, so let me define, actually Lambda is already defined but we want to define it differently now because we're not going to use a symbolic unit. We're going to use a real unit. So I'm going to say Lambda equals 1.0 space, 10 to the minus 6 and instead of putting a little M, I'm going to say big M meter, all right? Oh, yeah, I forgot the B, thank you, all right? Semi-colon and now I'm going to say the frequency nu is equal to not C but I'm going to use the one defined in the physical constants package, speed of light divided by Lambda, okay? And if I enter, I get the same number that we got before except now I have a real meaningful unit here, 1 over second or it hurts, okay? Now if I want to calculate the energy, I can say E equals Planck constant times nu and I get the same number as I got before but now instead of a J, a symbolic unit, I actually have the meaningful joule, all right? So there's some simple examples of using the units and physical constants as defined by Mathematica. Any questions on that? Now keep in mind my little warning to you, you don't necessarily always want to use units. In fact, most of the time I would recommend you don't use them and you only put them in at the end when you need them, if you need them, okay? You can try but sometimes bad things happen and you can trace it to the units, not getting properly handled through complicated calculations. All right, so what else are we going to do? The next thing we're going to do is I'm going to show you something that most, I know most students love to use and again I'm going to issue a caveat and that is if you use this, you may find that troubleshooting is more difficult than if you do at the old school way like I do and type things in explicitly. So what I'm going to show you now is how to actually format your input so that it looks nice, looks a lot more say like what you might see in the book or on the homework sheet, okay? And this is using what we call a palette, the math assistant palette and basic palette, okay? So let's go up here and have a look at this palette, all right? So notice under the palettes menu, there's three things up at the top, math assistant, classroom assistant, writing assistant, okay? So these, let's have a quick look here. Just pull that one up and we can scroll down, I think. Oh, I'm sorry, there's nothing to scroll. So there's this thing that comes up first and then there's additional things that you can get to by unlocking these additional palettes. And so as you can see, there's lots of little things that you can mouse or click on that will allow you to format your input, okay? So I want to show you a couple of examples how to use this and another thing that I'll point out to you is that if you hold the mouse over one of these buttons, so for example, pie here, there's keyboard shortcuts, right?  Some people really like to use these things. Okay, well anyway, let's see how to use them. So let's calculate the square root of 2. So to do that, I type that and notice I get a square root sign and then a little box where I can put my argument. So I type 2 and enter and I get the unremarkable answer, square root of 2 and I could say N percent and see that in fact it's the familiar square root of 2, okay? How about a cube root? Here I have two boxes, so I put the argument and then if I hit tab, it takes me to the other box and now I can put 3, so I can get the cube root and if I enter, I get 3, which is the cube root of 27, okay? Suppose I want to define an angle and I want to use the usual symbol, which is theta, I can go down here, click on this little guy here and now I get a little keyboard that has Greek letters and things in it, so I can choose theta and now I can define it as 2 times pi. Now for pi, I can go up here to the mathematical constants and this is important to do especially for things like E and I because those are special. Remember normally we would use capital letters for them, so you need to make sure that you're actually really getting the mathematical constant. So I click on the pi and semicolon and now I can ask for the cosine of theta and I get 1, okay? So what's the point of using these palettes while you can make your inputs look a lot more like the way they look in books and things like that? Okay, so now what we're going to do is we're actually going to format a function. We're going to define a function and we're going to use the palette to make it look pretty and then we'll just plot it, okay? And the function that I'm going to plot, I'll write it on the board, this is going to be the equation that defines the radial part of the hydrogen 1s orbital, okay? So you learned in G chem that the orbitals are the solutions of the Schrodinger equation for, in this case, the hydrogen atom, so an electron moving in the field of a positively charged nucleus and you're used to seeing the pictures of these things and we'll learn actually how to make those in about a week or so. And you can talk about both the radial part, in other words, how does the orbital vary as you, as a function of distance from the nucleus as well as the angular part? That's the, you know, the lobes in the orbitals that have greater than zero angular momentum, L greater than zero, okay? Anyway, the equation for the wave function of hydrogen 1s orbital looks like this, psi of r, r is the distance of the electron from the nucleus, is equal to 1 divided by pi times a constant, which is known as the Bohr radius, a zero, cubed, all right? And that's square root and then its dependence on the distance r from the nucleus is e to the minus r divided by the Bohr radius, okay? So this is the hydrogen 1s radial part. So we're going to use the palette to make something that looks a lot like this. We'll define the function and then we'll plot it. Okay, so we go over here to our Greek characters. We find our lowercase psi and since we're defining a function, we have to still obey the rules of defining functions. So I use a square bracket and an r. What else do I have to do here? Underscore, bracket, and then what's next? Colon equals, okay? All right, now, now I can do some fancy type setting. All right, so I go to this guy and I have this parentheses thing here, okay? And then within that parentheses, I want to put a fraction so I can go over here, all right? And in the numerator, I just put a 1 and then I hit tab, okay? And then in the denominator, I want to put pi and now I have to put a space or a star, an asterisk because remember, we have to still follow some rules and if I put a space in here, that will multiply, okay? Now I can type set my symbol. It's just going to be, you know, a variable by using the subscript character here, okay? So I can say a tab zero and now what I want to do is raise that whole guy to the power 3, okay? And now I want to raise this whole guy to the power a half, okay? All right. And now I have to put a space and then I can go up here and get my Mathematica E or I could have typed capital E, okay? Notice it's the correct one because it has this little line through it and I can make that a superscript and now I say minus r and then divided by a tab zero and now I can put a semicolon there, whoops, not there. You have to get out of the whole thing, see? Put a semicolon, all right. Now I want to plot this. If I want to plot it, what do I need to specify? Well, I'm going to have to specify in the plot command a range of r but if I try to plot this, it won't work because I need to actually say what a zero is, okay? So I'm going to type in a value for a zero. So I come over here and I say a tab zero. Equals, whoops, not in subscript mode, equals and it turns out that that number is 0.0529 and I can make a little comment to myself that this is the Bohr radius in nanometers, okay? All right and now finally let's go ahead and plot it. And we have to refer to the function by its proper name so we have to go get the psi bracket r comma and then I want to plot this between r equals zero and four times the Bohr radius.  Oops, wrong bracket, okay? All right, now if we did everything right, we should get a plot and hopefully you can recognize from the equation that it's just going to be an exponential decay as a function of r and we didn't get anything. All right, hmm, well, what do you suppose is wrong? Did anybody get anything? So what did I do wrong then? Huh? You don't have the asterisk here? I think it should, that's not probably not the problem. Hmm? It's probably something in the way my equation is formatted here, isn't it? Oh, you know what? So I can tell you what I did wrong. I didn't enter this cell. My psi is not defined, okay? Now let's try it. Ta-da. See? I accidentally clicked out of that cell and never entered it so my function was not actually defined. And so whenever you try to plot something and it doesn't come up like that, there's a couple of things to look at immediately. One is, did you enter the definition of the function? And then after that, well, you have to troubleshoot your function if you make sure you've formatted it or typed it incorrectly, okay? All right, so that looks kind of like what we expected, no? All right, well, let's make this plot look a little nicer. So suppose we want to put labels on our axes. What should we put? Axes, label, arrow, curly. I'm going to say that the x-axis is r in nanometer and the y-axis is just simply psi, which does not have units. So we go down to type setting and we go down to psi. Double quote, curly. And I want to put a title on my plot. So what should I type here? Plot label, arrow. Curly and then type in my title. So radial part of the hydrogen 1s orbital. Oops, double quotes. Curly. Okay. Oh, right, we don't need the curly brackets for plot label. Okay, so now you see we have a nice handsome plot. Very informative. What if, okay, so there's another quantity that you might remember from GCAM. There's a quantity called the radial distribution function or radial probability. And that's proportional to r squared times psi squared in general, psi is complex. So you normally put an absolute value. Why don't we plot that? Because that's the thing that's meaningful to tell us where's the electron. The wave function doesn't have a direct physical meaning, it's the probability that does. All right, so we can do that pretty easily here by just saying r squared times parentheses, parentheses squared and change the title. Oops. Aha, I didn't put a squared in here. Okay. And that you may, that may look familiar to you from your GCAM textbooks also. Okay. What does this tell us? Tells us we do not find the electron at the nucleus. And the most probable place to find it is here. That happens to be the definition of the Bohr radius. 0.0529177 nanometers. Okay. All right. So anyway, the main point of this little exercise was to show you how to use this palette to make your formulas look really nice. Now, the main warning that I already gave you and that I'll just, I'll give it to you again is that, you know, this looks right, doesn't it? But you have to be careful because it's a lot harder to troubleshoot complicated expressions that have been formatted. Okay. I can tell you that from experience. So suppose, for example, I didn't put a space in here. Okay. If I enter that and then try to plot it, I get nothing. Now, it's probably obvious what I did wrong because you just saw me remove the space. But in general, if you have a very complicated thing, you may stare at it for a while before you actually see that. One way to sort of get around that potential problem is you could just use the asterisk. It doesn't look quite as nice, but then you definitely know that you're multiplying. And that obviously should work. All right. Okay. Now, one more little thing. So as time goes on, you know, you'll be, well, you already did it in your first homework, but you'll be defining lots of equations and functions and you'll be plugging numbers into them. And sometimes you'll want to use them over and over. And so now I want to show you a nice little thing that you can do so as to maintain the integrity of an equation and be able to use it over and over with different values for the numbers, the parameters that are in the equation. Okay. So I want to illustrate this, the idea behind this, which is, it's called a replacement rule, with a simple example. All right. So I'm going to start just by clearing some things that we've used previously so I can start fresh and new. I'm going to say clear, E, nu, and H. We used those previously. All right. And now I'm going to redefine E equals H times nu. Okay. So I just have a simple equation there defining the variable E as being H times nu. And right now H and nu are just symbols. They don't have any values associated with them. Okay. Now I can put in a value for H, 6.626 space 10 to the minus 34. And I can ask for E again. And now I have what I expect. E is now, because I put in a value for H, it's equal to that value times the symbol nu. Okay. Now if I want to plug a number in, for nu, so for example, 3 space 10 to the minus 14 hertz and get E, notice that E is just a value now. Actually I meant to put in 10 to the 14 because 10 to the minus 14 is not a very reasonable frequency. In any case, you see that E is no longer an expression. It's a number. But what if I wanted to, you know, reuse the expression for E multiple times without converting it into a number every time? Well, this is the idea behind what's called a replacement rule. Okay. So I'm going to go back and clear E and nu, start fresh and define E equals H times nu. Okay. So we're back to where we were. A couple of steps ago. And now I want to plug in a value for nu and get a value for E, but do it in such a way that I don't ruin this expression. Okay. So the way that works is I say evaluate E and then there's this little sequence of characters slash dot. And then I say nu arrow and then I put in a value. So for example, this one here, control V, enter. And notice I get the same numerical result as I did here, but if I look at E, E is still defined in terms of nu as a variable. All right. So what's the interpretation of this? This construction slash dot variable arrow value, that's what's known as a replacement rule. What it means is evaluate E but replace the symbol nu with this value. Okay. And replacement rules are very, very useful in Mathematica and we will be using them a lot this quarter. So everybody understand it? It's kind of weird looking, but it's always the same. Variable or whatever, expression slash dot variable arrow value. It's always the same. Any questions on that? You see why it's useful? Now I can put in a different value of nu. So I could say E slash dot arrow and then I could say nu, I'm sorry I put the arrow in the wrong place, E slash dot nu arrow, I can put in some other number like 5 times 10 to the 15. And now I see as expected I get a different value for E but I maintain the integrity of my expression. So let me show you another useful thing you can do with the replacement rule. So what I'm going to do now is I'm going to make a plot of the ideal gas law for a given volume, given number of moles but at three different temperatures. So I can see how the pressure versus volume curve changes with temperature. All right. So let's go ahead and clear PV and T and I'm going to define R, the gas constant in terms of the common units, 0.08206, so that's in liter atmospheres per mole Kelvin. And now I'm going to define a function, pressure as a function of volume underscore colon equals N times R times T divided by V. Okay. Now what I want to do is I want to plot this guy as a function of volume at three different temperatures. So tell me, let's see if you guys can help me to figure out what the plot command should look like. And I'm going to use replacement rules to put in the temperatures. I want to plot pressure as a function of volume at three different temperatures on the same plot. Yeah. Yep, exactly, exactly. So what he said is I should say plot P of V slash dot V, I mean T arrow some value, comma P of V slash dot arrow T, I mean T arrow another value, et cetera. Okay. So that's kind of a nice thing, right? So let's go ahead and do that then. So we'll say plot and I need, since I'm making a list, I need a curly brace. So I'm going to say P of V slash dot T arrow. And so the first one I'm going to do at 100 Kelvin, okay. And then P of V slash dot T arrow 200 Kelvin and then P of V slash dot T arrow 300. Okay. My curly brace. And then I need to specify the range of volume. So I'm going to say do that for V goes from zero to 100 liters, all right? Something happened, something bad, it didn't work. What do you suppose it is? My function's N times R times T over V. I've specified T in the, using the replacement rules. V is the plotting variable so that gets values. I've actually defined R but I never defined N. So N is zero or it's a symbol here and the plot doesn't make sense. So let's go up here and put in a value for N. N equals 1. One mole and now it works. So which curve is which? Hmm? Yeah, blues is the first one. But does that make sense? So let's consider a given volume, 20 liters. What happens to the pressure as I increase temperature at a specified volume, at a given volume? It goes up. So we know then that this should be the lowest temperature, intermediate temperature and highest temperature. What else could we do? We could put a legend. Let's do it. How do we put legends? Let's go up here before we actually use the legend command we have to define. So we say less than, less than, plot, legends, backward single quote and now down here what was the command? Let's, so we don't get freaked out by the red. Let's go ahead and put this in a different cell above there. Make sure we got it loaded in. Okay. Now it turns black because we've got the legends package loaded in. All right. So now I have a curly. I'll say T equals 100 K for the first curve. T equals 200 K for the second curve. T equals 300 K for the third curve. Curly. And there you have it. And as we've seen previously, what we really should do is move that guy to a more sensible position. But in any case, there you have it. The main point of this little exercise was to show you another application of the replacement rules. As I said, we're going to use them a lot so get used to that notation. Okay. Any questions on the use of replacement rules? Yes. The first label, let's say only 200 and 300, we put like, how do we define the second one that we're only using? I don't know. Let's try this. Oops. I need a comment there. Oh, I need a quote here. I got a little too carried away with my backspacing. All right. Well, it looks like it's still going to put something there. Well, first of all, I'm not quite sure why you would ever want to do that. If you did really insist on wanting to do that, you could always make a custom legend yourself using, there's a bunch of graphics directives. You can make it by hand. Okay. Well, without seeing what you did, I guess I can't help you. But if you want, we can talk about it later. There is a way that you could do that, actually. We're going to learn shortly, soon, how to plot multiple plots in the same frame. Okay. And in that case, you could create one plot with two of these curves and legend. And then you create the second plot with the third curve and then just display them in the same plot. Again, I'm not quite sure why you'd really want to do that, but it is possible. Any other questions? Alrighty. So, our next subject has to do with lists and tables, which can also be thought of as vectors and matrices. And we'll learn how to manipulate them mathematically using vector and matrix operations later in the quarter. But for right now, I want to introduce them to you as what we might call data structures. So, convenient objects for storing data. Alright? So, for example, if you make a series of measurements, you may be making a series of measurements as a function of time. So, maybe you're measuring something like the concentration of a product in a chemical reaction as a function of time. So, what you would do is write in your lab notebook time zero, concentration one, time 10 seconds, concentration 1.6, et cetera. So, what these are, these are lists of numbers, okay? And the combination of those two lists, concentration versus time, you can think of as a table of numbers which has two columns and whatever number of rows, how many ever time points you recorded, okay? So, these are very nice things to be able to work with and I want to show you now how to define them and manipulate them using commands in Mathematica. Alright? So, the way you define a list is similar to the way you define a variable. You start out with a name. So, I'm going to say letters equals. And then a list in Mathematica is defined by something enclosed in curly brackets with commas separating the elements. Curly bracket and I can say A, B, C, D, E. Whoops, E. Okay? And then if I close my curly bracket, that's the end of the list and then I can enter it. Oh, that's interesting. Notice I've got values for C and E. So, what do I need to do if I want to get rid of those values? Clear? C and E. And now I'm back to just a pure list of letters. Okay? I could define integers. One, two, three. Okay? Just regurgitates it. But this actually means something. Mathematica knows what this means. Okay? It's keeping track of this list and it refers to it in the same way that we defined it. Okay? How about reels equals? Whatever you want, 61.3, 76.5, 88.1. Enter. Okay? So the point of this is lists can be of whatever you want. It can be objects like plots. It could be letters. It could be names. It could be numbers, integers. It could be complex numbers. It could be real numbers. Okay? It's just a list of something. Alright. Now, there's many ways in which we can actually manipulate lists. We can also automatically create them. Okay? And one of the ways to automatically create a list is to use a command called table. This is a quite useful command. And so what I'm going to do is show you how to use that by I'm going to create a list of the squares of the first 10 integers, but I'm not going to do it by actually calculating them in my head and then typing them in. I'm actually going to do them automatically using the table command. So here's how this works. So I'm going to say squares equals and then capital T table. Okay? And the way table works is you put in an expression that you want to have evaluated and then you put a list of the objects on which you want that evaluation to take place. Okay? So for example, if I want to square some number, I could put in a dummy variable. So let's just say I and square it. Okay? And then I just need to define what's the range of I. So I could say I, for example, goes from 1 to 10. Okay? So what this is going to do is it's going to create, in this case, a list because it's only got one dimension where for each value of I in this range here, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, it's going to square it and give that to me in the list called squares. All right? So if you enter that, you see that you get that. 1 times 1 is 1, 2 times 2 is 4, 3 times 3 is 9, et cetera, et cetera, but that's kind of cute, right? You've generated that easily. You can make it longer if you want just by changing that. Okay? All right. What if I wanted to do the same thing but in reverse order? Well, what I can do is say now I is going to go from 10 to 1. Now let's try that and see what happens. It doesn't work. Why doesn't it work? Because the mathematical looks at this and says, well, 1 is less than 10 so I don't need to evaluate this thing because I'm used to stepping 1 at a time in increasing order. Well, we can force it to go backwards by putting in, by actually defining the increment. So the increment is understood to be 1 unless otherwise noted. So if we put in here a minus 1, what that means is start with 10, i equals 10, and then subtract 1 from it, 9, subtract 1, 8, and go down until you reach 1. And if you do that, you see that you get the list of squares but now it's in the order from high to low. All right, so now let's suppose we want to define a list of reciprocals of odd numbers between 1 and 10. What should I do? All right, let's see. So I want to say table and then what should I put first? 1 over i. By the way, I could use x, I could use k, I could use my name to define the variable. It doesn't matter, but i is a convenient one. Okay, and then i, 1 to 10, but what if I only want the odd numbers? I put an increment of 2. So then it'll be 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and then it doesn't do 10. Okay, so if I put in a 2 and there you have your reciprocals, 1, 1 over 3, 5, 7, 9. Okay, so you can see this table command is very versatile. Another thing you can do is you can tabulate values of functions. All right, so I could define f of x underscore colon equals 1 divided by x squared. And then I can ask for a table. I don't have to assign it to a variable if I don't want to. Of f of x, x ranging from 1 to 10. Whoops, I need a curly bracket. So like I say, I mean you can tabulate pretty much anything you want. Later on in the quarter we'll see a convenient application of tabulating graphs, actual plots and making a movie out of them. Okay, now I'll just show you a couple more commands. Once you have lists, there's lots of things you can do with them. One of the things that you can do is query their elements, find out information about them. So for example, if I want to know the number of elements in a list, in other words it's length, there's a command called length. So length of letters is 5, a, b, c, d, e. Length of squares is 10 because I made it from 1 to 10. What if I want to know the first element? First of letters is a. What if I want to know the last element? Last letters is e. What if I want to know the second? Is there a command second? No. But I can refer to a particular element using a certain format and the format is the following. So suppose I want to know the second element of letters. The way I do that is I say letters and then I give a double bracket and put in the number of the element that I want. Two. Oops. I have a capital here where I shouldn't have a capital. Sorry. And you see that the second element is b. And the third element is c. What if I want to create another list by using part of a list that I've already made? So for example, I want to make another list of letters but I only want to have a, b, and c in it. So I want the first three elements of letters. So I could say letters two equals, there's a command called take. And then I refer to the list and say how many of the elements I want to take. And you see now that letters two has been assigned to a, b, and c. What if I want the last three? I can say take letters and if I say minus three, that's an indication to start at the third from the last and give me the last three. So I get c, d, e. All right. So I think that's about it for today. So what we're going to do next time is we'll see a few other ways of manipulating lists and then we'll look at more than one dimension. So tables, essentially matrices. And then we will also start working on some curve fitting. Okay? So see you next time.


called Wynard in Kerala. Both of them were from the family. They were doing college work at the age of 10. They did my school. The motivation factor was the government's midday meals scheme. 310 meals was a thrill during my childhood days. Breakfast was a luxury. I was a school rocker, a 6th standard. I became a school rocker. Did my engineering in computer science from a native area. Count us over. Mandiri salary of my dad failed. It was my unimpacted. Because much more than his life time was saving him. He cried seeing my first month salary. Because he had never seen that kind of money in his life time. Few of them see this in India, Europe, and Middle East. I said to come back to India with an objective of creating employment for rural kids. I'm an MBA from IAA back in 11,000 years. I did fresh food, a thousand crore fresh food brand. Serving the world's best breakfast in the Middle East. To a million Indians, every single day. What's cool about this will help you in your unwarranted. So here comes my three stories and three messages. I've got this circuit innovation, deep fried snack. It looks like a savoury, dead donut. Circular disc with a hole in the center. What I was best with Italy, because in South India, we have breakfast as Italy vada. Kids like vada. It's a great snack. But it's one of the most difficult snack to make anymore. What I started is simply from Indian forms, including my mom, it was vada. I have a consistency of the challenge. But me, in a story about making vada, we were able to solve it quickly. Provide vada batter to a homemaker. She still won't be able to make vada at home. It's a basic job. And vada batter is sticky, as we call it. But then they had no idea how to get the board in between. We will not eat vada without a board in between. We'll end up frying fingers rather than frying the vada. This is essentially what we want. We identified it. We then started working to solve it. We talked to industry experts, including engineers from IITs. They were going to ask the important ingredient for innovation called common sense. In the proper shape and proper size, just like expert made vadas, without touching the batter, with a proper hole in the middle. And that too, 100% natural, no chemicals, no preservatives, no artificial flowers. So today, everybody can vada. Now it takes just one minute for a homemaker to make vada at home. It was not a easy job. It took us three years to build it. We didn't lose the hope. Many in the team suggested dropping this project. But then we were confident to solve it. I'm sure you're all curious to know about this magical vada pack. Vada making is a science now. Not an art anymore. Let us see it in action. And we call it common sense. Because common sense is the most ingredient for innovation. My first message to you is look around. Identify such issues. And use common sense to solve it. Do not complicate. That's the best way to stay ahead of competition. My second message to you is about shortcuts and compromises in life. All of us have a tendency to take shortcuts in life. This story happened to me in summer of 2008. We had started ID. And we were doing a revenue of a crore business per year. I had quit a well-paid job. And I was drawing a very small salary from ID. Because ID could not afford to pay me more. We had huge expenses to purchase rice and dal and to pay salary for employees. It was a very tough situation to live in. This was just nine years ago. It was very tough to live in Bangalore with that kind of income, with family. We needed more capital to expand the business. We didn't have the fund. And we didn't want to take interest based loan because it was against my ethical principles. The only option was to sell more using available vehicles. So we started trying some new products. We started two snacks. One was called roast cookies. And another one was called diamond cuts. And diamond cuts had two flavors, chili and sweet. It was doing OK in the market. And we were still doing a crore revenue per year. And I was still doing similar salary. I was finding a difficult manage my expenses in Bangalore. One day I got a call from Taj Hotel. They wanted to buy thousands of cages of chili diamond cuts from us. I was so excited. My entire team was energized. It was like a dream come true for an entrepreneur at that stage. My biggest problem was to live in Bangalore with that kind of a salary. Taj's first order value was actually more than our six month sales. We were all set to fulfill this order. It was a profitable deal which could have helped me to take home a salary of a lakh per month and manage my expenses. We were seeing the light at the end of the tunnel. I was very curious to know about the usage of this thousands of cages of diamond cuts for Taj. And this is what he told me. We are unique. We wanted to serve something special to our consumers. We wanted to serve it as a bar snack. Bar snack? I was confused. Do I want to promote liquor business by any chance? Is it the right thing to do for me? Should I be building a product to be an assistant to a chef in a bar counter? Or should I be doing something to help mothers at home? We didn't want to be part of the liquor industry. Our ethics were not aligned with the liquor industry. It was not an easy situation. I came back. We debated. On one hand, I had a huge order which would fulfill my immediate issues, which would solve my immediate issues. On the other hand, I had my value system. Business was conflicting with my value system. So we debated. And finally, with a broken dream, I took my phone and called Taj Chef. I told him, sir, unfortunately, we will not be able to fulfill this order. He was surprised. He asked, you rejected such a decent order from Taj? I then apologized to him and told him, sir, unfortunately, we will not be able to fulfill this order. I felt crying. I felt like crying, not because I lost the order.  Looking back, it's one of the best decisions that we have taken. It helped us to focus on the most important part, which is building a fresh food brand targeting India's breakfast market. We didn't compromise on ethics. We avoided shortcuts. I'll be proud to narrate the story to my grandchildren one day. My dear friends, I know how easy it is for all of us to take shortcuts deep inside us. We want to reach somewhere faster, easier. In that journey, we end up making compromises. My sincere request to you is avoid shortcuts. Do not compromise. Let me tell you my last story. Next, three minutes. The story of trust. How many of you believe that a product comes in a packed form is healthy? It has no chemicals, no preservatives. How many of you believe my product, ID, is natural? That's a common issue. People won't believe it. Even though my products are 100% natural, people won't believe it. They don't trust. Even though I was telling all this story, they still won't trust. Because anything in the packed form is considered unhealthy by Indians. So we want to build trust with the customers. We tried many campaigns. It didn't work. So finally, we tried something different. What's the best way for someone to trust you? Trust them, so that they can trust you. Even in India, felt that we cannot trust people.  We set up 40 unmanned shops in four cities. We kept all ID fresh products in those chillers, stores. It had no salesman, it had no security, it had no cameras, it had no technology, it had no vending machine. There was no one watching it except the Almighty God. Customers were expected to open the chiller, take the product, deposit money in the money box next to it, go home, and have dosa. Customers were surprised with the campaign. They couldn't believe it. It got us a great brand mileage. Our campaign video went viral. We were initially receiving monopoly currency from some stores. The same customers started paying us 500 rupee notes and later on, and compensated for the losses that we made during this process. Indians are trustworthy. This idea was rated as the best marketing idea last year. We were trying to build a brand which test our customers here, not just here. So when a plain solution doesn't work, think differently. Think simple ways to solve complicated problems. Trust others so that they can trust you. Let me summarize. Look around, identify burning issues, and use common sense to solve it. That is the best way to build a business and stay ahead of competition. Do not compromise, avoid shortcuts, and respect our Indian value system. Trust your customers. If you trust them, they will trust you. Take a leap of faith. It is such a coincidence that today, a young boy who started working as a cooly in a remote village of Kerala, and for whom having breakfast was a luxury, runs a campaign that serves, runs a company that serves world's best breakfast to million Indians every day. It happens in India, only in India. Jai Hind.


Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss the transitional adulthood from age 18 to 29. Transitional adulthood is a period of exploration and transition as young adults navigate the challenges of entering the workforce, forming relationships and establishing their own sense of identity and purpose. The age of 18 to 29 is considered to be a time to practice what you have learned in your previous life, the norms, behaviors, attitudes, and particularly the life skills you have learned in your profession or in your different relationships. While building your relationships, it also becomes very important that those life skills reach you through the process of socialization and how effective these life skills are when you are exploring those relationships. And in Pakistan, young adulthood is often a time when individuals face significant pressure to establish themselves in their careers and find appropriate spouse for the marriage. Because this time period has a lot of social expectations from you, especially from the family. It is expected from the male that they start their professional career as soon as possible and it is expected from the female that they complete their education as soon as possible and then come into the context of marriage. Transitional adulthood is a time when individuals may experience significant socialization through their work, romantic relationship, and peer group. So, in this time period, as we have new avenues, new opportunities to explore, new relationships are also built up. So the experience of transitional adulthood can vary widely depending on an individual's social background, economic status, and cultural context. In rural areas, children are married as compared to urban areas. So, life experiences vary. Similarly, in different ethnic groups, we see that your different experiences vary according to your own cultural context. It is not necessary that all 18 to 29 years old adults in Pakistan behave the same way or have the same expectations. So, these expectations are changed according to your cultural context. So, transitional adulthood is marked by significant changes in the brain, including increased cognitive abilities and ability to form abstract thoughts and concepts. So, this age is also called a productive age. In this, you have the potentials to learn new skills, to express them, and to construct new ideas related to them. So, this is why it is called one of the most productive ages. In which you are at the beginning of your career or you are about to start your career, in this process, you can have a career in which you can excel later on or in the later parts of your life. Then transitional adulthood is a relatively new concept in the human history as young people in many cultures historically transitioned directly from adolescence to adulthood. So, traditionally, we considered this age bracket as adulthood. We thought that since after 18, the period of adulthood begins and the previous experience of socialization is the practice time. But by the passage of time, as the knowledge increases, we see that even in this period, there is a special transition happening, you are learning new skills, you are also practicing with it, and many things are desocialized and resocialized. So, this becomes a very crucial aspect of your life later on, not only for your personality building, but also for your future career.


Hey guys, it's Monica. Thank you so much for joining me. I'm going to share with you some lipsticks. Now, I'm sort of like I, you know, I love what I love. I don't really go out and explore a bunch of different shades and stuff like that. I like lighter colors on my lips. I don't like my lips to be dark and bold and things of that nature. I just, I'm boring. But I bought the, I think it was a three-pack or a four-pack of lipsticks, four different shades I think it was initially, of lipsticks and they're from the color of the world. Now, I had seen them advertised. I was intrigued by them. They claimed that your lipstick won't go into your lines and if you're not an older chick, you won't know what we're talking about or what I'm talking about, but us old chicks do know that we have lip wrinkles and those wrinkles can go right up your upper lip, especially if your upper lip is very wrinkled. Maybe you were a smoker. Maybe you sucked on a lot of straws, but you have a lot of wrinkles there. So it is an area, by the way, that I've been treating for quite a while or trying to treat. But anyway, so at 66, and I think, well, it would have been 65 when I bought them. I think I bought them at the tail end of last year. I figured, you know what, if I could find some shades that I really liked that didn't make my lips look older than they are and actually made them look good, why not? So I'm going to share with you some of the color of the world lipsticks that I bought and the shades that I've bought and I'm going to try to do a decent job of swatching them. So if you're interested, stay tuned. Thank you so much for joining me. Before I actually get into the lip colors, I just want to welcome you to my channel. If you're new to the channel, please subscribe. Please consider liking the video, thumbs up and leaving me a comment. I love engaging with you all and for the rest of you folks that are with me video after video after video, thank you all so much for being with me and sticking with me on this journey of anti-aging. And I'm going to say anti-aging because I don't care. I mean, there are probably other prettier ways you can say it but it is, that's what I'm trying to do. I'm trying to stay as young as I possibly can and has that journey been perfect? No. Have I had a lot of missteps? Yeah, I have but I'll save all that for another video. I just want to thank you for being here. And today in this little video, I'm going to try to share with you the color of the world lipsticks. First of all, this is not sponsored. I don't have an affiliate link. I'm not being compensated by any way at all by color of the world. They don't even know I exist. I'm just a customer who happens to have a YouTube channel. So this is actually my third batch of lipsticks. If there is a drawback to these lipsticks, the drawback for me would be the formula is extremely soft. And so you don't want to be leaving them sitting in your car. You don't want to have them prolonged sun exposure in a bag. You just want to be mindful of that because they are very, very soft. They are very, very creamy.  They literally do not run up into the wrinkles around my lips or the crevices around the corners. They literally stay put. Does that mean the color lasts all day? No, no. And that's not what I'm going to try to say. And I don't think that's what they're saying. They're just saying, meet the lipstick that I believe they're and I'm going to superimpose their website a little bit so you can see what I'm talking about right now. But it's meet the lipsticks that have actually changed the world. And you can see some of the colors and of course their model on the website is a mature woman. So I really like that. They have a intense story. Each lipstick or each color, lip color is going to help support a charity. They are very, very much into natural, into animals and into things of that nature. And I just love this story. Their lipsticks are all hand poured. They're all original. They're natural. They're vegan, cruelty free. And they are extremely moisturizing. And that is, that is the truth. They are extremely moisturizing. I think their lipsticks not on sale probably run about $14 or $15 a lipstick. Like I said before, I buy them like in a three pack where you can get it a little bit cheaper by buying it in a three pack. It's a little bit more affordable, but they have an amazing color guide and they really will share a lot of their formulas with you and allow you to really take a look at the colors of their hand poured lipsticks.  You can check it out. I also have their lip treatment and that is probably the least amount that I've gone through with their lip treatment, which is just a, it smells really, really nice. It's clear. It doesn't have any color. And I will put this on whenever I feel like having just a little bit of surge of moisture or just to make my lips feel really good. I really like that a lot. But as far as their hand poured, their originals, the ones that I like that I have repurchased, I think twice now, and last I looked, they were actually, I think they were out of stock and maybe they'll be back in stock soon because I do believe that they are, they continue to make them. But I would say that Flawless, and you can see I have a little bit left in this one, Flawless. And this is the second tube of Flawless that I've gone through. But I would say that Flawless is my favorite. Well, I don't know. I don't know if you can see that or not. That's Flawless. So Flawless, I love Flawless. I have this new Flawless that just came in and this one is absolutely Flawless. Looks picture perfect. Hasn't been used yet, obviously. Let me see. No, that's the wrong one. That's empowerment. Here it is, Flawless, the new Flawless. And as you can see, it's picture, picture perfect, Flawless. I've just really, and I just put it on there as well. I just really love this color. So almost done. Really love this one. And the other one, and I totally ran out of the one I was using, and this is actually called Empowerment. Yep. And this is a little bit darker. I'm going to put it right under here. Not much, but a little bit darker. Empowerment right there. So it's more of a mauve color. Mauve your color. I hope you can see that right there. I'm not, I'm not an expert at swatching. That's for sure. Then the third one that I have, which is really also very pretty, is called Independent. And Independent, now you're going to say, Monica, all these shades are so similar. Well, they really are. But these are the shades that I wear. That's Independent. And I have my replacement for Independent right here. I really love it. I love these colors. I love these lipsticks. I just think they're so beautiful. I love the formula. Anyways, this time I did venture out and I got another color. And this is called Pretty in Pink. Pretty in Pink. And I'm going to give you that down here. Now it's interesting, it looks darker here, but it is really very, very pink. I can talk this off and make it look really, I can bring it down. I'm terrible with doing these color swatches like this. And what else? I think those are the only ones. So those are the three that I got. Actually, I got four. The other one must be in my pocketbook. And when you buy them in a bundle, if you buy them in a bundle of three, they're often on sale. You can get some really good coupon sales. And I think the Empower package, I believe, is what they had called it originally. But if you go through their website, you'll see all of these amazing, different colors for every skin tone, for every type of pink, neutral, mauve color theme that someone wants. I absolutely love these lipsticks. Their story is really fascinating. They are really, I think, trying to bring passion back into, oops, passion back into raising the bar and pioneering ways to improve people's lives through the expression of color. So I really like that. These lipsticks are fantastic. Now the reason I'm sharing these colors with you, sorry, is because so many of you have asked. You often ask what's on my lips. And I do have a few Maybelline, Revlon, and Rimmel lipsticks that I use. But the ones that I really gravitate other than the two becas when I'm out and about that I have, have got to be the color of the world. I just think their lipsticks are really pretty. And I think the formula is amazing. It is very soft, like I said, so you don't want to keep them out in the sun. They are all hand poured and they're 100% vegetarian. They're cruelty free. They're made with organic ingredients. I mean, there's so much to love about this brand. And I think if you take a look at the different colors they have, you'll be, you'll fall in love too. So you can save like, I think 45% off on the bundles if you buy a bundle of three, which is what I did. And you can choose the colors that go into that bundle. I think there's just an amazing, amazing price difference in that. Okay, so $43 for a bundle of three. Then you can get a five pack. I don't know if you can get a six pack, but you, you can, oh, you can get up to an 11 pack. And of course, the more you buy, the prices go down. And they're also doing a little bit in skincare. I have not, have not done, have not explored any of their skincare items. So I really don't know, but, you know, take a look at their website and, and see if there's anything of interest that you might want to take, you know, take a shot at trying, so to speak. But I can't, I can't talk about their lipsticks enough. I really like them. And, and this is my third, maybe my third order, my fourth order. So that, that's going to tell you something. I just keep buying these lipsticks. And now I do get a lot of lip products. And I get some other skincare and things that are sent to me complimentary in exchange for review, obviously. So there are other lipsticks that I've talked about that I've worn, but I just keep coming back to these. I just think they're beautiful and I love the formula. And for me anyways, I absolutely love the colors that I got. I just, I do. I love the colors, which is why I've repeatedly bought some of the same colors over and over again. I love them. So anyways, that is the color of the world. I hope you enjoyed the little visit through their website. And if you're interested, go ahead, check them out. Like I said, this is not an affiliate link. I, I get no compensation from them at all, although I'd love it if they decided to send me lipsticks or something. But I just happen to love the product. And I love the story of the brand. I love what they're doing. I love how they're supporting, you know, wildlife and other endeavors and things of that nature. It's just a, just a really nice company and they have really nice lipsticks. So thank you guys so much for watching. And I look forward to engaging with you in the comments. Bye, guys.


introduction. So you all know my name, I work for Adobe, and I'm deeply interested in language, culture, type, and these days emoji, and these are the things that I want to talk to you about today. So one of the things that I wanted to talk about is to basically counter some of these arguments that started popping up with the advent of emoji, that emoji is destroying language. But concerns about language always have to do with our identity. And the narrative that emoji or destroying language tries to put language in a privileged position and show that the author of the previous article that I showed sees himself as part of a higher echelon of society. So narrative is always something that is very personal. And as I give my narrative today, it will say a lot about me and my point of view of the world. And in fact, the argument that emoji or destroying language is a very old argument that goes back all the way to Socrates and Plato, who told the story of the Egyptian god Thoth, who invented writing, was telling King Thamus about how wonderful his invention was, that it would make people smarter and it would improve their memories. But King Thamus counters this statement saying that writing would make people have a lot of knowledge but not very much wisdom. And this is a very old anti-technology argument where we tend to be wary of any new technology and we can either focus on their good aspects or we can focus on what we view as negative aspects. So Thamus actually said that, where Thoth said that writing would be a new magical cure Thamus saw it as a potential poison. So language all has to do with transcendence and cooperation and that's why we developed language as a species and that's one of our great strengths, is to be able to cooperate and transcend ourselves and to work together with others and language is this amazing tool that helps us to do that. And it's all built up from a basis of signals that mean various things like stop, slow down and go. And even before we evolved into modern humans, we had what were called play signals that helped us to determine the difference from aggressive play and real aggression. So these play signals were later becoming humans laughter and smiling. So this speaks to the importance of gesture as part of our communication and in fact modern studies show that up to 70 percent of our communication with others has to do with nonverbal content. So things like gesture and tone of voice and touch. These are all important aspects of communication and other studies also have shown that when our ability to move is limited that also increases levels of disfluency. And this is an example of some of the earliest representative art. Once mankind was able to preserve gesture in the form of art and representations of the natural world, it allowed for them to transcend space and time. Although we may not know exactly what the people who made these paintings, how they saw the world, we can start to sense, have a sense of how they may have seen it. And this is the crux of the message that I want to point out today that although we like to make divisions such as language and emoji between script and visual representation, these things are not that different. And in fact I'm going to start with the development of the alphabet and starting with the Egyptians who saw the world in this kind of mythopoetic way, basically meaning that they made sense of the world by telling stories which is not really any different from the way we make sense of the world today. I already mentioned Thoth and how the Egyptians saw him as the creator of the alphabet. But Thoth himself is a symbol and he symbolizes human intelligence in our ability to do such things as measure, make measurements to make marks and to and writing. And as you can see here we have Thoth writing but we also see a larger version of his character so that you can see that in this particular example at the beginning of writing there's not really a big distinction between the writing and the picture carvings. They're identical, they're just on a different scale. And one of the powerful things that language does is it allows for us again to tell stories and to come up with fictions and these fictions do have impact on our realities. And in fact our language and our concept system is all based on metaphors. So even our most abstract concepts have some basis in our physical reality. So giving the history of writing here we have our friend the Ibis again and the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system works in such a way that you'll be given the the drawing of something and then not only did they have the pictographic representation but they also had phonetics. So this is a letter, a phonetic letter and it corresponds to the Ibis that we saw in the previous slide. The name of this letter is Ib which is the name of the Ibis in Egyptian and then the early Semitic tribes took the Egyptian writing system and they adapted it for their own languages. They repurposed the Ibis here on the right for their letter bit which meant that they had to come up with another letter to represent the glottal stop sound which the letter Ib represented. So they used Alp, the head of the ox on the left to represent that glottal stop sound. Later the Phoenicians took this writing system and they simplified it. You can see the ox head on the right and the bent the house on the left and you can see that the shapes are becoming more abstract. This allowed this is two things, excuse me, simultaneously. It provided iconic abstraction which actually allowed for greater semantic expansion meaning that having a more abstract presentation allowed for these letters to encapsulate greater meaning. And this is a form of aniconism which was a trend among the earlier Semitic people that corresponds with things such as the development of monotheism and a greater identification away from the body and towards our thoughts. And the Greeks developed this to a high level in their idea of logos and you can see a corresponding visual representation where they took the Phoenician script and made it even more rationalized and simplified. So here we see the head of the ox which becomes the letter alpha and the beta which is the bet. So the names of the letters even correspond to the previous protosynactic names of letters but you don't really see an ox and you don't really see a house there anymore. Next came the Romans and this is from the Trajan inscription and now we have letter forms that are identical to the other case letters that you'll find in modern forms today. And this whole process can be summarized by this quote, this famous quote by Eric Gill. So as typographers and type designers we typically think of the Trajan column as the letters but this is actually what the Trajan column looks like. Only a very small portion of this giant monument is letters and in fact most of the Trajan column looks like this. It's more of a pictorial representation of a narrative. Later we adapted other symbols such as numbers and punctuation taking them from other cultures to help us to provide in the case of numbers even greater level of abstraction to our language and we can look at punctuation as some of the various very first forms of emoji. Things that allowed for us to start to introduce pauses and different tones of voice to writing. And so if we keep abstracting our writing we take the letter A and we turn it into unicode binary code and this is the underlying code that your computer sees when you're sending a capital letter A to someone and if we abstract it even further we can interpret the zeros as being often dark and the ones as being on and light and so the letter A can be represented this way which speaks back to seeing things in terms of opposites and binary ways of thinking. And the reason why binary thinking is so powerful is because the way the human brain works is that it we're constantly simulating our own version of reality based on the inputs that the brain is getting from our senses and in order to be efficient in doing this work our brain develops the ideas of opposites so it thinks of things in terms of up versus down white versus black happy versus sad, mind versus body, white and male versus black and female, science versus religion and in economics one of the first things that they teach you is about rationality and I'm going to have a sip of water now and rationality is this concept that we all have preferences and that we can rank those preferences and if we do a little bit of linguistic analysis we see that this is these are kind of the predominant metaphors in the English language and you can start to see some interesting patterns emerging where obviously in English we're very concerned with time and we rank things such as we talk about things such as men and children much more than we do about women and when we start to see these patterns and how we correlate things within our concept in the West we see that we tend to give preference to what we see on the top we like to identify more with our thoughts we prefer language to imagery we often see civilization as being preferable to nature and we devalue things such as emotion and magic and our feelings and this way of kind of approaching the world and kind of favoring one aspect of ourselves over another aspect or seeing someone in a way where you split their good attributes from their bad attributes is called splitting and it's usually ego response to uncertainty and this goes back to kind of making those split decisions but in this great book by Yvonne O'Harris he makes this statement that breakups are just a roadblock on the way towards unity which brings us to emoji and part of the reason why I am passionate about emoji is because I believe that it helps us to revalue our physical reality and our senses and not necessarily prioritize our concepts and our ideas and our intellect over these things. Emoji developed in a similar path to what I just showed to the Latin alphabet but it comes to us from the east so starting with the Chinese Han writing system you can see how they developed from picture writing on the top left to a more stylized character of a horse so this is a character ma in Chinese for a horse I probably used the wrong tone you can see here that how it kind of correlates to the shape of the actual horse and then we now have emoji representations of the same thing but where did emoji come from? Emoji was created by Shigitaka Kurita who developed this set of picture symbols to act as characters because as we just saw in Japanese which uses the Chinese Han symbols it's very common to use a single character to express a whole idea and that was the original intention of emoji but one of the great aspects of emoji is that it allows us to reintroduce into our communication more empathy these are some of the top metaphors that are used in emoji according to emoji tracker and you can see that these correspond with feelings of love and affection and only one or two what we commonly think of as negative emotions and so this speaks to the importance of actually what I want to say is that some people as in the title of the article at the very beginning some people want to pit emoji and language against each other but in fact when used together they help us to have a better communication and so this is just an example message that shows how the emoji can be used to kind of be a sort of emotional glue that holds things together I'm just going to skip a bit emoji also seeing things visually can help us to see some underlying biases that we may not have realized when emoji was first rolled out people immediately noticed the apple's depiction showed men is active and women is negative but now we have gender parity in emoji and this speaks to the importance of our narratives and our stories and our metaphors one of my favorite examples is how Disney switched up their narrative for what it means to be a Disney princess as someone who needs to be rescued to someone who helps heal others by acknowledging and helping them through their trauma and this non-binary view of the world is what led me to advocate for a more androgynous form of emoji I see this as to me androgyny is the transcendence of our own selves and being able to combine our masculine and feminine aspects and although I may look like and present as the emoji on the left I generally feel inside that I relate to the emoji more in the center and when I'm at my best this is my favorite emoji so thank you very much