Let us start our today's lecture on our course geotechnical earthquake engineering. We were going through this module three of geotechnical earthquake engineering course that is on engineering seismology, a quick recap what we have studied in the previous lecture like water force shocks and after shocks of main earthquake or major earthquake we have seen. Then we have seen how to measure the earthquake quantitatively through the use of seismograph and the olden days seismograph is nothing but the first one is the Dragon Jar type seismograph which was invented by Chinese scientist as shown in this picture. We have also learned that there are three major devices by which we can estimate the earthquake one is by Richter magnitude scale another modified Markley intensity scale and another is moment magnitude scale. Truly speaking we can divide this measurement of earthquake in two major categories one is the quantitative measurement through some magnitude scale and another is through the intensity scale. Then we have also learned that during the earthquake when energy gets released it travels as waves and the modern day seismograph can measure the intensity as well as duration of all the different types of waves which are getting generated or released during this process of energy release of an earthquake and seismographs records this travel of wave during and after an earthquake and seismogram is the visual record of the arrival time and the magnitude of that shaking which are associated with that seismic waves. So in modern days seismograph we have seen how it looks like for the measurement of the horizontal directional waves this is the way the modern day seismograph records the vibration or the seismic waves in the horizontal direction as well as we have seen the modern seismograph which records the movement in the vertical direction in this fashion. And then a seismogram looks like this that is with respect to time on that paper what we have seen on the seismograph that records all the arrival time of this different types of waves like p wave s wave and surface wave. Then we have also discussed about the depth of an earthquake and with respect to depth we have seen that earthquake can be categorized into three major categories one is called shallow earthquake when the depth of earthquake is less than 70 kilometer from ground surface intermediate earthquake when earthquake focus is within 72 300 kilometer from the ground surface and deep earthquake when the earthquake focus is within the depth of 300 to 700 kilometer from the ground surface and also we have seen as can be expected 90 percent of the major earthquake or more larger magnitude of earthquake are all shallow earthquake which is quite obvious because closer to the ground surface more will be its devastating effects. Then the topic which we are starting today like whether we can predict earthquake or not. So, regarding the predicting of earthquake people say different categories like strange animal behavior like whenever there are stresses in the rocks which causes this tiny hairline crack during the earthquake process that is the rocks get ruptured or whenever there is a plate tectonic movement if there is a breakage between the two boundaries of the plates or movements or there is a breakage in the rocks then that tiny hairline fracture they create a sound which is of high pitched that can be imperceptible to the human audibility range, but it may be noticeable to animals. But we also can say that many animals behave erratically during any changes of the nature like whenever there is some eclipse mainly the solar eclipse that time also suddenly during day time when the sun vanishes or gets covered during the solar eclipse that time also animals like birds etcetera behave erratically. So, any kind of natural disturbances even a big storm is coming that sound also the animals can record which is imperceptible to human audibility range to a certain extent. So, that is why we cannot strictly say that using the strange animal behavior we can predict earthquake. It is just a kind of behavior which does not give us the exact date or time of an future earthquake whereas if we take the example of four shocks like there can be unusual increase in the frequency of small magnitude earthquake before a main or major earthquake arrives at a particular station that can be an indication that one major earthquake is going to occur. But again in this case also we cannot say what is the exact future date of an earthquake and magnitude of an earthquake. Also changes in the water level like porosity increases or decreases with changes in the strain and the seismic gaps that is based on the chronological distribution of major earthquake people can say a range of earthquake which is expected to occur, but not the exact one. So, during earthquake we have already learned this that arrival of seismic wave at surface occurs in this wave like whenever the earthquake energy gets released at a particular depth below the ground surface that is the focus of the earthquake. So, from that point during the energy released through this fault rupture various seismic waves gets formed. So, they travel in all the directions and finally they arrive at the ground surface. So, the seismic waves which travels through this interior of the earth these are nothing but called body waves and the waves which travels through the surface of the ground or close to the ground surface those are called surface waves. So, these are two basic types of seismic waves which gets created or travel during and after an earthquake one is body wave another is surface wave and you can see it may pass through various geologic strata as well as the soil below the ground and finally it affects the super structure resting on the ground. Now, let us come back to that issue whether the earthquakes can be predicted or not. What do we understand by this term that earthquake prediction? If we want to predict an earthquake successfully then what are the things we require to obtain like for a correct prediction of an earthquake one must know these three important things location of the future earthquake magnitude of the future earthquake and duration of the future earthquake. So, these three are the important parameters which must be known if we say that we want to make a successful prediction of an earthquake, but this still eludes scientist and engineers. However, some people feel that earthquakes may be predicted with fair accuracy with the following approaches may be it is not yet proved by scientist and engineers. So, there can be two major approaches by which people can think about a successful prediction of earthquake. Let us see what are those two approaches one is non engineered approach like short term prediction of earthquake is possible based on anomalous animal behavior as we have discussed just now. There is an example like in 1975 in China many people spotted snakes emerging from their burrows a month before the city was hit by a large earthquake. So, this report is available in this site, but still if you see or look at the scientific background of this prediction it is not a purely scientific one that is why it says it is a non engineered approach. It may be because of some other reason also snakes may come out of the ground because of several other natural changes or changes in the nature. It earthquake can be one of the reason. So, it is not necessary that snakes coming out of the ground will always indicate that a future earthquake is going to occur may be another type of disaster is going to occur. So, it we cannot say that this is a successful prediction of an earthquake whereas, there is another methodology which we called engineered approach. So, how using the scientific or engineered approach whether we can predict earthquake or not let us see. So, it says it can be predicted to certain extent not fully by using GIS by studying the faults around a particular area preparing the seismic risk maps etcetera and in connection by studying and applying methods like probabilistic seismic hazard analysis in short we call that PSHA and deterministic seismic hazard analysis in short we call DSHA etcetera through determination of earthquake return period. So, these are basically the mathematical or scientific or engineered procedure by using the concept of probability distribution by which using the historical earthquake data the fault map and other relevant input parameters we can estimate what can be earthquake return period that is after how many years or how many months a particular magnitude of earthquake is expected to arrive at that particular location. Again I am telling this is a probabilistic estimation. So, always there is a chance that it may happen or may not happen with a certain amount of probability we can never say that 100 percent probability will be there that this magnitude of earthquake can occur at this site on this date. So, that exact classification or estimation of future earthquake date with its magnitude and duration is not yet possible scientifically. We can only give a probability that is a chances of occurrence of a particular magnitude or range of magnitude at a particular site for a particular range of dates or months or even a year it depends on how well probabilistic distribution you are using for your analysis. Now, let us learn the few basic things which is necessary for us to save ourselves during and soon after the earthquake. So, let us look at here that is preparing house for earthquake how to handle this issue when we face ourselves the earthquake because as an earthquake engineer or whether you are a geotechnical earthquake engineer or structural earthquake engineer we must know how to save first of all ourselves during the earthquake and soon after the earthquake from the damages. Also we should know that how to save other people those who got trapped during the earthquake. So, FEMA outlines some key preventive steps which one can take to protect the house interior during an earthquake like repair always repair the defective electrical wiring because if you have a defective electrical wiring some electrical lines etcetera cables are hanging just abruptly during the earthquake process when any damage everything occurs those are the first thing to gets affected or fall down and there is a high chance that the electrical short circuiting from those hanging connections etcetera may create a severe damage. So, that is why repair the defective electrical wiring then leaky gas lines if there are any chances of leakage through your gas line of course you must repair that one because again it may create a fire hazard after the earthquake due to large breakage of various structures etcetera and inflexible utility connections that is those are inflexible or not properly connected fixing and features in your inside the house during an earthquake or shaking process those are the things which are going to fall first. Suppose if you have a piping system inside your house if it is not properly fixed those are going to fall first and it can hit you and other people staying in the house. So, those has to be fixed properly now get appropriate professional help that is wherever it is required get the professional help appropriately to fix all these things and do not work with gas or electrical lines by yourself unless you are an expert which is quite obvious that is we must not work with this gas system electrical line system during an earthquake process if you we are not an expert then bolt down and secure to the wall studs your water heater refrigerator furnace and gas appliances that is all these utilities must be fixed properly with the wall. So, that if they are not properly connected there will be always a chance that these things can fall during the shaking process of an earthquake. It recommend if recommended by your gas company have an automatic gas shut off valve instead that is triggered by strong vibrations.  So, beyond a certain level of vibrations if the automatic shut off valve is connected to your gas line it will get automatically disconnected which will save the further damages during the earthquake process. Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves that means never keep the heavy items or large items at a higher level because chances of falling those large objects during an earthquake process if it falls obviously those are going to damage more those who are staying inside the house. So, try to keep the heavy and large objects as low as possible close to your floor level. Then fasten the shelves, mirrors and large picture frames to the walls. So, these things should be connected properly and brace high and top heavy objects. So, everything should be connected in a proper manner. Next like store bottle foods, glass, china and other breakables items on lower shelves or in the cabinets that has been fasten properly. That means all the glass items bottle items that is which are easily breakable items those things you should also keep them at a lower height as possible that is close to your floor level. Because if you keep them at a higher level during the earthquake shaking process there is a chance that these glass objects and breakable objects may fall very easily and that can create the damage and chaos in the side the house. Anchor overhead lighting fixtures as I have already mentioned all the electrical fixtures should be fixed properly. So, it includes your lighting fixtures which are typically on the overhead even in our Indian condition like a ceiling fans etcetera needs to be fixed properly. So, that during the shaking process it can always feel or see the earthquake or whenever earthquake is coming the ceiling fan from the overhead will try to swing because it is will start to act like a pendulum system. So, there is a high chance that it can fall or come down if the connection is not proper. So, to avoid that one must connect that overhead lighting fixture system and this ceiling fan etcetera properly to the top. Now, install flexible pipe fittings to avoid gas or water leaks flexible fittings are more resistance to breakage that is instead of rigid fittings to this pipe and water connections you use the flexible fittings because flexible fitting can take a certain amount of displacement during the earthquake process which will still hold those pipe lines and water lines etcetera, but will not break. But if it is a rigid connection there is a high chance that it will be broken during the vibration process or shaking process. Now, locate safe spots in each room under a study table or against an inside wall reinforce this information by moving to these places during each drill. That means inside the room always you should have a place which is more safer than the other place that is typically below a study table or close to a study table where chances of falling objects are minimum and things are pretty strong or restrained properly. So, that if necessary during a large magnitude earthquake one can take a shelter below that study table etcetera a strong a shelter which itself will not move much and also it will protect from other objects which are falling during the vibration or shaking process. Now, hold earthquake drills with your family members that is drop cover and hold on these earthquake drills. So, this picture clearly shows how to behave during an earthquake because obviously when any disaster comes generally people try to get scared and because of their erratic behavior the many damages will occur. So, to avoid that this is a guideline which says how to behave during an earthquake. So, that you can protect yourself and also other people from the large damages during earthquake. First thing is to remain calm which is very difficult of course when a large disaster or large earthquake occurs, but one must remain calm because then only they can utilize their brain properly to how to react to that event. Do not panic and do not jump out of the window or from the balcony because when large amount of vibration or shaking occurs during an earthquake to get out of the room because it is always advisable to go to an open ground than inside a house because if the house various parts of the building etcetera is going to collapse soon you may get trapped or even killed due to the process of the breakage or damage of the building. So, that is why it is advisable to move out of the house and go to a open ground, but during that process you should not try to reach to that open ground by jumping out from windows or balconies then there itself you are going to heat yourself with a severe damage may be. So, that is why these are the steps you can see as I was mentioning find out a typical shelter point in your house always get ready in the very large earthquake prone areas you drop down below this then cover yourself and hold on that relatively stable structure during the process. So, that falling objects etcetera will protect you from that event and also this will give you some kind of a shelter. Now, during earthquake if you are traveling in the train the best thing is to hold the relatively stiffer or the fixed seats in front of you like this. Now, if you are near water body you must move out from the water body because there will be a hydrodynamic waves gets generated and also there may be a chance to get tsunami wave generated if there is a condition which can create tsunami during the earthquake. We have already learned that only few type of earthquake can generate tsunami not all. So, always it is better to move out from the water body during the process of an earthquake and the best thing is run away to an open space that is instead of any structural boundary or building etcetera. You try to move out from those places and go to an open space during a major earthquake. The more facts how to behave during an earthquake you must check yourself for injuries that is you have to protect yourself then only you can protect others as well. Administer first aid or try to get help from others nearby if necessary that is first aid should be readily available in the nearby places and if at your house also you should keep the first aid closest to that stable corner and once you have tended to yourself then check for others in your immediate area for injury and administer first aid help to them. So, see here it shows open a window or door to secure your exit. So, that during the earthquake process if you feel do not worry about the household items etcetera you can move out of the house very easily. Check for first aid or rescue equipment is needed like fire extinguisher if there is a fire damage etcetera you have to keep this items readily available in those earthquake prone areas and once you are secure by yourself then help for others those who got trapped in that process. Now, you have to be careful about the falling items the contents of high shelves and cabinets can shift during the earthquake. So, you have to be very careful when you are trying to open any cabinet door or pulling items of the high shelves it may have shifted from its position and there is high chance when you are opening the cabinet door everything can fall on you and it can damage you. So, you have to be very careful about that. Now, listen to an emergency radio or use a battery powered television to receive the latest emergency information and instructions whichever is available at the place because many a times at large earthquake prone areas government or various NGOs they try to give information that is which are the places to avoid where you should go where you can get help medical help etcetera rescue team and all other details. So, you have to listen to this emergency radio and for that a battery operated because you cannot expect that power line will be working properly. So, the battery operated television or radio you should use to get all the information and be aware of chimneys the damaged walls balconies and high placed signage or items hanging from the building that might fall on you. So, all these structures you have to be very careful you should not stand in the balcony because those overhang part are always more susceptible to damages during the earthquake process. So, those places has to be avoided during an earthquake and most importantly you must pay attention to aftershocks. You may feel that I have saved myself from an earthquake, but there may be some more shocks are coming very soon or within couple of days and even months also. So, you have to be very careful and get ready for the aftershocks you should never take it account that I have already faced a big earthquake. So, nothing is going to happen very soon it is not. So, there may be a chance of about this aftershocks also and these are also sometimes more dangerous because may be their magnitude may be less than your main earthquake or major earthquake, but already the damages which has partially occurred during your major earthquake those will now fully fall down that is suppose inside your interior house some part got damaged got cracked etcetera, but had not fallen during the major earthquake during the aftershock there is a high chance that those parts will fall down. So, one has to pay attention to this aftershocks of earthquake. So, the protecting against the earthquake damage as I said that engineering way to protect ourselves is to first step is prepare a seismic risk map that is at a place how much hazard earthquake hazard is going to come that can be two different ways one deterministically one probabilistically we can find out once you get the hazard map you need to find out the risk map that takes care of the vulnerability of an area that is how much people how many people what are the different structures are getting exposed to that exposure effect etcetera and all together will give you the seismic risk map of a particular locality. So, once you know the seismic risk map of a particular site or particular locality that will help you for further protection of your structures in that vicinity. So, it for which globe identifies rock types liquefaction potential landside potential etcetera. So, extensive geologic surveying has to be done to identify the all active falls that is whatever falls can be subjected to earthquake in future those are active falls we have to find out including the hidden falls that is the falls which are not appearing to the ground surface probably they got lost with another fault plane inside the ground surface itself. So, those hidden falls also has to be identified through geologic investigation or geologic survey and next step for the protection against earthquake damages of course earthquake resistant design and construction. So, for earthquake resistant design and construction of both sub structure that is underground structures as well as the superstructures or above ground structures. So, enact the building codes to design and build earthquake resistant structure in high seismic risk areas that is in the first step what you are doing you are finding out the seismic risk map that is you are dividing various locality of an area or a country or a state or a city with respect to the seismic hazard vulnerability exposure all these things taking into consideration. Once you have that seismic risk map available with you now whenever you are going to a particular high risk zone for a construction of a building or any sub structure with a its foundation and sub structure you have to be automatically careful that for high risk what are the extra measures should be taken for the earthquake resistant design and construction of a particular building or structure at that locality compared to another zone where earthquake hazard may be or earthquake risk may be minimum or lower. So, like wood still reinforced concrete are preferred as they tend to move with the shaking ground whereas unreinforced concrete and heavy masonry tend to move independently and in opposition to the shaking battering one another until the structure collapses. So, in single words in high seismic risk area it is better to avoid unreinforced concrete and masonry building you should go for either wooden building still structures or reinforced concrete structures which are preferred that is they can take more amount of movement during the shaking compared to unreinforced concrete and masonry building. But of course for that you need to design this structures whether RCC or steel or wood structure properly to take care of all the clauses of design codes and the issues involved with super structure and underground structures of during that earthquake resistant design process and the construction process whereas some critical facilities critical are very important facilities for example, like nuclear power plants dams concrete dams or earthen dams etcetera should be built on a stable ground as far as possible from those active falls why because damage of a building is always not expected to occur of course we should design the building accordingly. But it is more so for important structures like nuclear power plant and dams why because damage of these structures are associated with more severe damage afterwards that is if a nuclear power plant fails it creates the problem of several other coincidental events of say radiation problems like what happened during the Tohoku earthquake of 2011 in Japan that is after the breakage of nuclear power plant severe radiation start occurring and that does not create problem only in that locality but it creates problem spread over worldwide also like that is why we have seen during that after Tohoku earthquake the major damage of that nuclear power plant of Japan that created the problem far away up to the Hawaii island because of the movement of the air direction etcetera. So, we have to be very careful while we are designing such important structure because breaking of those structure not only creates problem in that locality or that place it creates a sometimes even a global problem same for the dams if a dam fails then it creates a huge problem in the downstream of the dam the entire downstream may get flooded washed away damaged everything right. So, that is the reason these are called very critical structures or important structure where extra measures has to be taken like of course we do not want buildings also to collapse bridges also to collapse, but for dams nuclear power plant we never ever will design such a structure which can fail in an earthquake. So, extra measure extra factor of safety extra things needs to be taken care of for this important or critical structures. Now let us come to the next sub topic that is plate tectonics. So, before we understand the plate tectonics let us discuss how the universe were formed that is origin of the universe which all of us must have learnt in our basic high school geography or other related courses geology courses like there are two basic theory or hypothesis which are believed behind the origin of universe. The one is called big bang model and this model says that the universe began with an explosive expansion of matter which later became what we know as present day stars planets moons etcetera. Now this event of big bang is thought to have occurred about 10 to 15 billion years ago. So, this is one theory or one hypothesis or one model which is thought behind the origin of universe. The second hypothesis says it is called nebular hypothesis it says that earth and the other bodies of our solar system like sun moon and other planets etcetera. They were formed from a vast cloud of dust and gaseous which are called as nebular that is why it is called nebular hypothesis. Let us see further like nebular hypothesis as you can see full of dust and cloud through that through the process of rotation the different parts of this solar system got created like the heavy or larger or major portion like sun get into the center and other planets starts moving around this. So, according to this nebular hypothesis the nebular that is the cloud consisted of hydrogen and helium and a small percentage of the heavier elements we find in that solar system A. So, this is A. So, within the rotating disc within this rotating disc the rocky material and gaseous began to nucleate and accurate into the protoplanets this is the protoplanets. So, these rocky materials they nucleate or form a nuclear type of thing which finally gets created in the formation of the planets or protoplanets that is the belief behind this nebular hypothesis. Now, how our earth's interior was formed like when earth was formed through that nebular hypothesis process as it is believed it was extremely hot from the bombardment of the space debris like big rocky materials etcetera and the radioactive decay and high internal pressure and these processes caused earth's interior to melt and then to differentiate into the regions of chemical and physical differences as it cooled down with time. So, the inner part of the earth's interior is hot and larger specific gravity or weight and as you go out or come close to the ground surface they become cooler and cooler and a lighter weight material as it is spins. So, the various layers of earthquake various layers of the earth are defined in three major categories one is called crust another is called mantle and another is called core of the earth. Now, crust can be subdivided into two different types one is called continental crust the thickness of the continental crust is typically about 25 to 40 kilometer from the ground surface. So, you can see from this ground surface crust is from 5 to 40 kilometer to cover all the ranges of crust. So, continents that is present in the crust which are of thickness about 25 to 40 kilometer whereas, the oceans the oceanic crust is the thickness of about 6 kilometer 5 to 6 kilometer these are typical ranges. So, that is why you can see the thickness of entire crustal plate or crust thickness of earth is about 5 to 40 kilometer. Next part of earth's interior is called mantle and mantle also can be subdivided into two parts one is called upper mantle which is having a thickness of about 650 kilometer and next part is called lower mantle which is having a thickness of about 2235 kilometer. So, that is why all together the thickness of the mantle you can see approximately about 2885 kilometer or so. So, upper mantle is the portion close to this crust and lower mantle is the portion close to this earth's interior or next layer which is called core of the earth. So, next part of earth's interior is core in this core we again can subdivide it into two parts one is called outer core outer core is nothing but full of liquid that is it is in the fluidized state it is not in the solid state and thickness of that layer is typically about 2270 kilometer and the inner core is heavy solid material which typically is having a thickness of about 1216 kilometer. So, you can see in this picture after mantle then the inner part is outer core which is of this thickness which is fully in the molten state or fluidized state and the inner core which is heavy solid material that is of this thickness here. So, you can see as we go deeper and deeper the unit weight and specific gravity of material increases also there is a increase in the temperature drastically from the ground surface to the inner of the earth. So, the layers of the earth as we have just now seen major four main layers we can say inner core outer core because they are of different types of material one is fluid another is heavy solid. So, inner core heavy solid outer core is fluid material then mantle and then crust the core is composed mostly of iron and is. So, hot that the outer core is molten that is why we mentioned just now it is in the fluid state with about 10 percent of the sulphur. The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it always remains solid because the inner part of the earth is always under the heavy pressure of outer layers. So, that remains always under the solid state, but outer core is in the molten state. So, most of earth's mass is in the mantle that is majority of the earth's weight or mass is located in this mantle region which is composed of iron, magnesium, aluminium, silicon and oxygen, silicate compounds at over 1000 degree centigrade. So, you can see the amount of temperature compared to the ground surface very, very high temperature. The mantle is solid, but can deform slowly in a plastic manner that is it is in a fully solid state, but it is under huge pressure as well as at a very high temperature. So, it can behave in a plastic manner that is it can deform in a plastic manner whereas the crust is much thinner compared to the other thickness you have seen all are in the order of 1000s whereas this crust is just in the order of 10s. So, much thinner than the other layers and it is composed of the least dense material that is lightweight material which are calcium, sodium, aluminium, silicate etcetera. These minerals are predominant in the crustal level and being close to the outer surface or the air they are relatively cold and the crust is rocky and brittle. So, they can be broken into parts very easily because they are brittle and so that is why it can get easily fractured creating this earthquakes. Is it clear why the earthquake can get generated from the crustal plates etcetera and if you have noticed carefully let us see over here what we have said typically the earthquake shallow earthquake they occur within the depth from the ground surface about 70 kilometer which is shallow earthquake which is essentially the earthquake occurring in the crustal plate or in the thickness of the crust mostly and the intermediate and deep earthquake the maximum depth of earthquake the seismologist mentioned is up to 700 kilometer. So, you can see at this thickness you can add the crustal thickness to that what does it mean that earthquakes can occur up to a depth of that upper mantle layer that is layer close to that crust beyond that there will be no chance of getting earthquake why because energy getting released from that layer to reach to ground surface is quite unusual because of its thickness by that process it gets dissipated fully is that clear. So, with this that what are the various layers of earth and the composition of various parts of the earth interior we come to the closure of this session we will start again in the next lecture.


Welcome to the Ory County Schools Teacher Vlog series. In this series, we will be spotlighting the work of some of our amazing teachers, and they will be sharing and reflecting on various lessons, tech tools, and teaching strategies. Join us for a peek into their classrooms. Hi there, and welcome to my video. Teaching is a work of heart. One of my passions is teaching math. I absolutely love teaching every math lesson to my students and making them as interactive as possible. And today, I hope to show you that in a lesson from Everyday Math 4, and it's lesson 5.3, place value application pennies and dimes. So let's jump right in. So here is my near pod lesson for Everyday Math 4, lesson 5.3, place value application pennies and dimes. I'm in the preview mode only, just so I can show you in general terms what I did to create this lesson, but you'll still be able to see a lot of what I did to make this lesson for my students. So on the first slide, I always put an objective and my district has a pacing guide in which we all use to get our ICANN statements from. This has been official for both teacher and students. It keeps us very focused on what we're supposed to be doing and also the students know what they're going to be doing during the lesson. I always try to include important vocabulary words. In this case, the word is exchange and this word I've already introduced informally to my students as we first had learned about place value and how whenever they get 10 cubes, they can trade or exchange for a long. So I always try to make sure to say that word a few times before they've ever had it formally. And next is my students' favorite thing. They love time to climb. I actually created this one myself, but I use the problems from the mental math from this lesson from everyday math. And I can show you in a different video exactly how to make the time to climbs, but they are very easy to do. Next, I included an open-ended question for my students. And as you can see, this is what it says. And this is getting the students geared up and ready for whatever we're going to be doing for the lesson. So we're going to be making coin exchanges, but also relating that back to place value. So I always give my students a few minutes to think of this, talk about it with a partner and record what they think. And next I have a video that I included and this one has an interactive mode. So everywhere you see a blue dot at the bottom of the screen, it's going to pause there and ask the students some type of interactive question. As you can tell, I can actually toggle this button off when I create the lesson and make it so that they just watch the lesson straight through. This video is about coins and their values. So it actually goes through pennies, nickels, dimes and quarters. Even though the focus of this lesson is on dimes and pennies, it never hurts to expose students that are ready to just a little bit more. And this was a great video as far as going over coins and their values. Next, I have a teacher slide. And this is basically for my teachers that I team teach with in order for them to not have to carry their book around the classroom, they can actually do these little activities with their students. And so this part of the lesson, the students actually need to get out their own pennies and dimes. And I had my students bring in their own pennies and dimes from home. And then what we did is we associated the penny with the cube, the dime with the long. And we talked about the coins, values, and they're actually getting to touch the real coins. So it's great experience for the students. We also talk about exchanges on this slide or trades. And so we talk about how we can trade 10 pennies for one dime. And again, just relating that back to place value. This was a fantastic boom card that I found. So after I've talked about pennies and dimes and related them back to tens and ones in place value, the students are able to do this one. And I can actually, when I click on it in class, it'll pull up on my screen and I can actually model for the students pulling over the dimes and then the pennies counting how many tens, how many ones, and then writing that answer or typing the answer in the last box. And so the students get some practice with that. This is not an everyday math, but it's a fantastic way just to kind of bridge that gap and give the students a little more interactive practice right in front of themselves on their screens. And then again, we're talking about modeling, exchanging 10 pennies for one dime. You can use everyday math. They have longs and cubes and they have pennies and dimes.  This is by the Math Learning Center. And it's actually considered an app, but it will work on your computer and it will also work on student devices. So instead of having the students having to get out of near pod and go into everyday math, the students can just stay in this one streamlined lesson. And then as you can see, I'm working with dimes and pennies. And I just make sure to reiterate that with my students that we're working only with dimes and pennies today. And then if you were to tell the students to bring over nine pennies, they can actually bring over nine pennies, which are also on the cubes. And they can even just touch them and it'll bring them over. So as my students and I, we kind of played around with this the day that I used it in class and we learned lots of really cool things about the program. So there's my nine pennies. And then let's say that I asked the students to bring over one dime. And then as you can see, as it brings the dime over, the dime is attached to a long. So the students can very quickly see that connection between dimes and longs and pennies and cubes. And then what I'd even have my students do is drag them over and match them up with the long. So then they can also see whenever they get 10 pennies that they need to make an exchange. So as you can tell, it's actually hooking all of my pennies together. So it's really easy, even though I don't have the place value mat, it's still easy for the students to be able to see when they can make exchanges. So if we kept dragging these over, and again, as long as I get them close, it's gonna drag them right over. And I must have pulled 10 by accident, but happy mistake for me, because now you can clearly see that 10 pennies equals a dime or a long. And so we can make an exchange or a trade. So this was a fantastic resource that really enhanced my lesson. You could absolutely, because there's a few lessons later where it gets into the trading the dimes, 10 dimes for $1. And you can clearly see the dollars are on the flats as well. There were lots of other really neat tools down here at the bottom if you look. This one has the pennies on each of the place value items. However, if you click this coin, it switches it straight to dollars and dimes and pennies. So once your kids get the hang of exchanging and the base 10 and how it relates, then you can actually have them take away the base 10 blocks. And now they only see the money. So it was just a really, really neat resource that we found. It really streamlined my lesson again because the students were not having to get in and out of things. And it was just a fantastic way just to kind of associate dimes with pennies because I didn't have enough dimes and pennies or even longs and cubes to give all of the students many more that they would need in order to count. Each student in my class has about five longs and about 20 cubes. And that's great. But when you get to making the larger exchanges then they can't do those. So this was a great tool that I found that let every kid interact with as many blocks as we needed to. So then I always close out my lesson. This was a would you rather have three dimes or 30 pennies and why? And the students is a collaborate board so they can actually type right here. And I've even taught my students how to image search so they can even hunt for images using Google and put those in there. They can also because they're on their iPads use different emojis. So the students would be able to explain what they liked and why or what they thought was better and why. And then of course we discussed the answers on the collaborate board and then we went on to do our journal pages. So this was a fantastic tool that I found that really streamlined my lesson. As you know, we don't have time to lose in our classrooms right now. So this was a fantastic way to not lose any instructional time and to give all students an opportunity to work with dimes and pennies, longs and cubes. Again, thank you so much for watching. I hope that this video was able to give you some tips and some strategies and maybe some online resources that you can use in math with your students. Thanks so much again for watching and I hope to see you next time on teaching is a work of art. Thanks for watching an episode of our Ori County Schools Teacher Vlog series. Make sure to like, follow and subscribe to all of our dear diss social media pages.


an exercise that you can do for your shoulders.  And what I'm trying to do is I'm trying to feel for any restrictions in movement, and I'm trying to feel for where those show up. When I have restrictions in my movement, they are going to cause me to use my aids, to use my seat, my legs, my reins, in ways that are going to be different on that side because there's a restriction.


We got some very unfortunate news last night out of Kings Dominion, they posted on their blog that they will officially be removing volcano with a blast coaster after being open for 20 years. This really isn't that big of a surprise. It was closed for most of 2018 and this is really unfortunate as I am going to be visiting Kings Dominion in June and I didn't count on this ride being open but it just stinks that we're not going to have the opportunity to ride it now. Looks like it was truly an awesome ride. Very unique. So it's going to be a great loss but I think Kings Dominion is really making the right choice here. I mean it hasn't been working properly for a long time and it was always breaking down. From what I've heard it wasn't open for a lot of 2017 either. So I think they're going to use this area to make some great future investments into the park. I believe it's a little too early to speculate on what exactly is going to replace it. I mean we could only hope for something awesome like a nice B&M wing coaster or an awesome B&M invert or something like that but I just want to focus on this closure and I just wanted to let you guys know if you haven't heard already. Have you guys ridden volcano with a blast coaster and what do you think about it. Be sure to stay tuned for more videos. Thanks for watching guys. This is Coaster Daddy.


As you guys heard the news today, first and foremost, I'd like to thank Steve and Leela and the entire Nash family for their commitment, their sacrifice, friendship, and everything they've done, not only for the Nets organization, but for the borough of Brooklyn. I think you guys all know that Steve and I have a very close relationship. We will continue to have a very close relationship. It dates back more than 20 years. That relationship has made this a very difficult decision, but at the same time it's made it a one that I could come to, or we could come to together with an understanding and honest understanding and appreciation for each other and where we stand. So we both felt this was time. It was certainly trending in that way and to be quite frank, the team was not doing what it was supposed to be doing. We've fallen from our goals, of meeting our goals, and it was time now because we still have lofty aspirations of where we need to get to. So with that said, we wish again, we wish Steve and Leela all the best and commend them for everything he's done. And I will also state that just his humility and his leadership throughout his entire time has been something that we've all learned from.  So I thank him and his whole family for that. Sean, considering that long-standing relationship, how much input did you solicit from the players, particularly your stars like Kevin and Kyrie in making this decision? And what changed, I guess, from seven games from training camp to now? Yeah, zero, there was zero input from many of the players on this. I think this was a decision that we didn't need that. Steve and I didn't need that. Obviously, I've talked to Joe about this, but the players were not consulted. They were told ahead of time that this was the direction we were going to today, but I don't think we needed that input right now. What changed? I thought our coaching staff, I mentioned, you know, media day our coaching staff had done a hell of a job and continued to do a heck of a job. Getting this group ready and preparing throughout the summer, the sweet equity was the best I've seen to be quite frank. Now, it just, it wasn't panning out on the court and whether it was a voice in the locker room, a change needed, you know, I can list the distractions, you know, and I don't want to get in there because I think I know how competitive Steve is. I think if I sat here and listed one by one and all the things that he had to go through over his tenure here, I'd be doing him a disservice because he doesn't want an excuse. That's not who he is. So he has certainly not had an even playing field, you know, over two and a bit years here. And for that, you know, I certainly feel definitely some responsibility because this does not fall on him. I mean, I take a great deal of responsibility and, you know, in creating the roster, hiring staff, bringing people in, whether that's free agency or draft and what have you. So it's completely unfair to state the fact of where we are as a team and as an organization purely on Steve.  Did one bring the idea up to the other at first and just how long of these conversations are going on leading up to today? You know, I think that was probably the unique thing the unique thing with Steve and I is we had, we talked daily, if not hourly, you know, on a variety of different topics, subjects all the time, enjoyed the conversations. I learned a ton from him, you know, he's an incredibly intelligent man and has a great feel and a great poise, you know, his character is impeccable. So, you know, when we're having these conversations, he's aware of, hey, they're not responding to me right now or, you know, that was not the performance I needed to see out there and so forth. So we were open with our dialogue, always having. And so, you know, over the course of, you know, the last week, 10 days, we've just been talking and talking and I think it came to a head. Sean, there are multiple media reports that you've already determined to your next head coaches. Have you? No, absolutely not. What are expectations that you will be looking for in a replacement that you did not get in the first couple of weeks of the season? You know, I think when I look at the group of guys out there, I'd love to see them competing at the highest level. I mean, we saw games this year where I'll be honest, I don't think we brought it, you know, and I'm not going to sugarcoat it.  We didn't compete. And it's not just the players. I think it's all of us. I talk about being a competitive organization, a competitive environment that falls on all of us and we've got to bring that. So, you know, the candidates that we're looking for are going to be bringing that, that's going to be one of their attributes, competitive and having a voice and being able to hold guys accountable, the same things we've mentioned, you know, over the course of the last few years, that that's what we want to do. The franchise has long preached the importance of culture and accountability. When you are making the decision about your new head coach, how much will you factor in those things? Whenever you're bringing anybody in here, you know, it doesn't matter if it's a new head coach or whether it's an intern, it doesn't matter. You're doing, you do diligence on everybody's background. You're looking at past relationships, prior relationships, current relationships, you name it to make sure that you're bringing in the right people at the right time for the right job. Hey, Sean. There are a lot of people, us included have said you've sent it in already on email with Doka. Are you comfortable that he could be a candidate for you and given what happened, you know, less than a couple of months ago that he would be accepted here if you go that route? Yeah, look, I really don't think it's up to me right now to give a list of candidates who we're talking to and where we're going to arise and where we're going to fall on this. But I would say I will reserve that for when those decisions are made. And, you know, I couldn't give you a timeline of that. Like, you know, obviously there's a reason why we made this move when we did because time is ticking. So we do want this process to be a thorough one. We're not going to skip steps in that. And we'll do our due diligence like on anybody. Like, you know, when I was hired, when anybody was hired here, you know, the organization does, you know, a very, very thorough due diligence on anybody and you rise at the best possible outcome. What do you say to fans right now who don't want to cheer for the team given the way the organization has handled a variety of different issues, including the Kyrie situation in the last few days? Look, it's understandable, you know? I'm completely empathetic to what's going on here. I'm certainly not proud of the situation we find ourselves in, you know?  I'd like to get back to basketball. I think that's what our players would like to get back to. They'd like to focus on the things that are important here and that's competing at the highest level and playing basketball games.  I know from the highest levels, you know, we are involved with the ADL and getting their advice and just hopefully they can advise us. We can bring something to the table that both parties, all parties, can be at least understandable to one another here and understand that there is no tolerance and no room for any hate speech, any anti-Semitic remarks whatsoever, whether it's in this organization or any organization to that matter. Understand, there is precedent in the league for players being fined or punished for hate speech. Why haven't you guys disciplined Kyrie? You know, I think we are having these discussions behind the scenes. I honestly don't wanna really get into those right now. We're taking the advice, as I mentioned before, you know, we are talking to the ADL right now. That's on the Joe Si level, our CEO and myself and a group. And really just trying to weigh up exactly what the best course of action is here. Part of it is going to be getting the sides together so they can understand, you know, where people are coming from. It's, there's an education piece for everybody here. There's, as I've mentioned before, there's an empathetic piece to this and understanding that, you know, we need to move on and we need to do the right thing without a doubt. Question. Sean, does the organization still have faith that this can be a championship season? Well, I think we would not have made moves like this at this juncture.  You can use whatever sort of buzzword you wanna use. But at the end of the day, my job here is to put this team, this organization, the best possible place to succeed. Not only now, but long term. You know, we don't wanna skip steps. We wanna fast track it here, but we do realize as of me, I'm gonna be honest, we have a window here. And when we have this group of players and this salary cap and where we are, we hope to achieve that, you know? And I think we've all seen what's happened over the course of the last few years. There's been plenty of teams that at one point, you know, look a certain way and make some moves and then change. And that's, you know, we hope to arise, we have to be one of those teams. And we had to, you know, by arising at the decision we will in the next few days, hopefully, that'll be a catalyst for a turn around. Sean, Coach Vaughn's gonna be the next.  I know he's been in this situation before. Can you just describe what you see in him and why he's the best choice to kind of move this team forward? You know, JV and I are very close. I admire him immensely.  So it's honestly, it's an easy choice for him to step into that seat right now and I commend him for it. It's not an easy day for that coaching staff because I can attest to the work that they've done and we've got a great group of guys in there that have really worked extremely, extremely hard.  Two things quick. Did the events of the last few days have anything to do with what happened today? Did any of the events of the past few days lead up to the decision by you or Steve to decide to part ways today? Are you specifically referring to Akai? Yeah. No, no, there's, we try and separate the two things. You know, I mean, I think that's good question and it's easy to sort of lump it all in but I think for where we're at, we're trying to separate, you know, the basketball side of things and what's best for this team moving on and address that and then, again, not to sugarcoat it, we need to address, you know, the other pieces to, not only this, the organization, but just honestly, how can we be a catalyst for what's going on in the world? How can we help here? You know, how can we, whether it's through education, you know, or whatever we're doing, but I think there's a piece to that that hopefully the Brooklynness can be and BSC Global can be a part of. And understanding that Joe is working with the AD Illinois as a prior relationship with them also, why was it decided that in the light of that, it makes sense for Kyrie to continue to be playing and around the team right now while that is going on?   He's not going to do media tonight. And at some point he will come up here and do media again. But I think at this point it's, you know, we don't want to cause, you know, more fuss right now, more interaction with people, like let's let him simmer down and let's let this whole, I guess let's the cooler minds prevail.  Hey, Sean, two things. The conversations of the ADL, is Kyrie taking part in this? I don't want to get into who and how and when these conversations are happening, they're ongoing. I think at the right point and the right time, I mean, you know, Ky can address these for himself and our group will as well. And the reason he won't be talking to us tonight, you said, so there's no fuss, is that, because it's a distraction from ASPALWISE? Is that because he doesn't want to answer more questions about this issue? I think everybody knows he's going to have to answer these questions at some point and he's gonna have to, and he hasn't sort of shied away in the past, but I think the last, you know, post-game meeting, you know, didn't go well and, you know, I think we're not trying to, you know, cover it up. I think this is something that needs to be addressed, but let's address it in the right form and fashion when that is, you know, we'll let you guys know. Hey, Sean, during the off-season, KD had mentioned that the reason why he was uncertain about staying in Brooklyn is because of the uncertainty and he wanted to make sure that he was in a stable culture that's building towards a championship future. Are you afraid of how things will play out for a new head coach that this could jeopardize on his feelings of staying here? You know, I think we have to factor all of these things in. I mean, it's certainly not an easy decision to get to this particular juncture right now and when we make the decisions on who we will hire, I think we have to look at it like what's best for us now, but also long-term. I mean, what's gonna be best for this organization long-term from where we find ourselves in a year from now, two years from now, three years down the road, and who can help steer that ship for sure? Thanks, Sean. Thank you guys.


Welcome everyone, this is an entirely different thing than the previous two presentations and indeed let's get up to speed here. So we're told that facial recognition allows systems to recognize and identify people on images and AI certainly has made big strides in this domain. But a few steps further down the road and we can no longer enter stores and access public places anonymously. We're told that Google is very smart at guessing what we're looking for and indeed it is scaringly so but with that it also propagates the most awful stereotypes. We're told that self-driving vehicles will take us everywhere without us having to worry about steering the car and the AI car will know how to navigate empty streets. But then at one point the car will have to decide whether to hit superfido or stock photo guy who appear out of nowhere or crash our car into the lamppost. We're told that our children no longer have to go to the battlefields because anonymous weapon systems or killer drones can and will do the killing for us. But that may gamify warfare to the point of indifference about human life. Do we want all of this? Well I don't think so. So what to do about it? Well given that I'm a regulation scholar or regulatory scholar I would say regulate as in control the whole thing. We have to set boundaries for AI development and use. Now of course I wasn't born yesterday literally and I understand that we're told a lot also in AI land. Not all the AI promises are met not all the positive or negative effects materialize but still serious issues are and will be materializing. So what to do? Well that is not entirely straightforward. AI is a disruptive technology on many accounts. Relations, work, society, life everything will change. We're facing an unknown future positive and negative and with that there is a need to carefully balance interests which sometimes means calling in ethics frameworks to the rescue. Abstract principles as in frame ethics frameworks typically go provide flexibility and room for actions appropriate to the context and these ethics frameworks for AI have indeed been enacted in the European Union, in China, in the US, India, everywhere. Now our problem with these frameworks is that they're hardly enforceable and may lead to ethics washing. I and more importantly others think we need to do more. We need to take careful but bolder steps and that is where the law comes in. In all its variety of subtlety, hard law, soft law, self-regulation, experimental regulation everything will be put on the table. Law may incorporate sanctions which makes it harder than ethics, harder in the sense as more enforceable and the sanctions being in place makes that people will move in certain directions and that may also be the reason why industry is not too fond of law and regulation. Now resorting to law is an approach, it's not the answer because law itself may become disrupted by AI. In some cases, problems simply aren't problems at least not from a legal perspective. There are many rules out there that equally apply to AI as they do to other things. Now if that's the case bring out the whip and enforce. Sometimes the simple legal answers are unsatisfactory but a simple fix may bring the topic back in known territory. So in the past we've had issues with windsurfing boards and segways because they didn't fit the existing categories that we had in law. Now resolving this issue was fairly simple, simply classify the segways where you want them to ride be it on the road or on the pavement and classify them accordingly. Sometimes the issues are bigger and we need more constructive or reconstructive work. So we know for instance that the classical distinction that holds in many legal domains between agents, humans and objects things is breaking down because AI is increasingly taking the middle ground. It's not exactly an object but it's also not exactly an agent and this may require significant legal overhaul but that's for another occasion. Now yesterday we've actually entered another domain and that is the domain of what I've called harder regulation on this slide meaning more significant than simple easy fixes but less than major legal overhaul. So what happened? Now last week the draft, a draft of the European Commission proposal for an EU AI regulation was leaked and really that hit me hard. I didn't see that coming, my mistake but that happens. So now the EU AI regulation may have the same impact as the GDPR had a couple of years ago. Now the draft was leaked last week and I had to teach last Monday and had to do this talk today so I scrambled this weekend to get my head around the leaked draft and on Sunday I came up with this applicability diagram which features the first eight or so articles in the leaked draft and this simple diagram helps you determine whether this thing is for you. Now if it looks complicated to you then that's because it is. Then yesterday 12 o'clock the official proposal was published and we're talking about 107 pages of dense text containing 85 provisions and 17 pages of very relevant annexes that you need to incorporate in trying to understand what this is and yes to my dismay the actual proposal is different from the one that I studied over the weekend. Significantly different event. Now obviously I haven't had time to go through the entire thing and get my head completely around it but I did my best and I'll try to give you a flavor of this whole thing and remember I first saw the actual text 29 hours ago. So what does it try to do? Well the regulation aims to make sure that AI systems that are developed and deployed treat us humans as humans and that they fit in with established fundamental rights in the European Union. So much of it is preventing us from being succumbed to computers that simply say no and if we leave things to to be handled by AIs then only if we're damn sure that they're reliable and robust and in that sense Leica's presentation provided an interesting sort of twist here that we may come come back to. Okay what does the regulation do? Well basically it provides a risk-based approach to AI regulation and that means that more serious measures are taken when the systems are more dangerous and at the core of the whole regulation is the concept of high-risk AI systems and high-risk systems are defined and I'll come back to that a little later but for now note the relatively simple definition of AI on the top and right. So it talks about AI techniques and basically it incorporates everything that we have out there connectionist approach, traditional symbolic logic-based approach but also statistical approaches and then the AIs have to take human defined tasks as a starting point and they generate output and that could be content predictions or decisions. So also things that we see online such as deepfakes which is content fall under this definition and that are clearly addressed in the regulation. Also noteworthy is that certain systems are completely prohibited there is a ban on certain AI systems. Okay let's zoom in a little bit. So prohibited systems are systems that manipulate or exploit vulnerable people or groups for instance through deepfakes but also in a number of other occasions. What is also prohibited is the type of Chinese social scoring applications where people's behavior online and offline is being tracked and where people are assessed or assessed trustworthy or not based on their activities and also what is prohibited is real-time remote biometric identification by law enforcement agencies and real-time remote biometric identification is basically things like facial recognition. There are a lot of exceptions that are deeply troubling to me but maybe we'll get that in the Q&A. Okay the main course deals with higher risk systems and these are defined in an annex and basically there are eight domains in which these are being predesignated and they're listed here on the slide and I've really condensed the annexes but let me pick out one and they're primarily addressing public sector things but let me pick out employment. So clearly within the scope of the regulation are HR type of applications for recruitment, assessing employees and what have you. Now if you have, are deploying or building a high-risk AI system then you must meet requirements and obligations outlined in the regulation and these center around two core concepts. One is risk data and quality management that basically help you but also require you to make system that do what as they're actually advertising and the second mechanism is that of accountability and transparency and an interesting thing here is the the central role that conformity assessment plays so systems will have to be assessed in view of hard standards to be drawn up by standard setting bodies and then leading to CE marks that we see all over products and services and you have to register your system. Sorry to interrupt it. I know I have your time is running out could you kindly wrap up. So okay this is what the new scheme looks like now if you're confused by the whole thing then understand I am too but we have some time we're still at the beginning so the the proposal was launched yesterday and now we will have a lot of opposition from industry from European Parliament from the member states that will lead to changes and maybe significant ones and my bad is that it will take up to 25 2025 2026 for this to turn into real legislation if we get to the point of harmony at all. Now if you're interested in keeping up with my adventures in trying to frame the regulation follow me on twitter.


Hello, and welcome to the session in which you would look at the enterprise risk management, which is the COSO framework, the integrated COSO framework to be specific. This is part three of five, we already covered two part two components, today we're going to be covering the third component, performance. Before we start, I would like to remind you about the definition ERM is the cultural capabilities and practices integrated with strategy, setting and performance that organization rely on to manage risk in creating, preserving and realizing value. So this is the definition and as I told you when we looked at part one of five, we're going to be going over this definition as we cover the five components today, we're going to learn how the organization manage risk. So performance is about managing risk. So how do we manage risk there are five, there are going to be five steps in analyzing or in studying risk within the COSO framework. Now if you're studying for your CPA exam, most CPA review courses, what they do is they give you a mnemonics to remember the ERM. Well, first certain topics mnemonics are not bad. But when the mnemonics became too many, then they defeat the purpose of being a mnemonic. Therefore, what I'm going to do is try to explain to you in details what you need to understand. This way it's easier for you to remember the material. Therefore if you are a CPA candidate, I strongly suggest you visit my website, farhatlectures.com. I don't replace your CPA review course. Any CPA review course you are taking, you can keep. Add me as a useful addition, as an alternative explanation, as a backup system. And by doing so, I can help you add 10 to 15 points to your grade by helping you understand the material better. Why? Because I explain it differently. I may spend 30 minutes only on performance. The CPA review course may spend 30 minutes on all five components. So that's the difference between what I do, tell you the information in detail. So once you learn it, then you can go to your CPA review course and review it in 30 minutes and it will make more sense and it will be more efficient. This is how I can help you. Now, your risk is one month of subscription. Your potential gain is passed in the exam. And if not for anything, take a look at my website to find out how well your university doing on the CPA exam. If you are taking accounting courses in college, please take a look at my menu. I have resources and lectures for other courses. Connect with me on LinkedIn if you haven't done so. And take a look at my LinkedIn recommendation students who use my system to pass the CPA exam. Please like this recording, share it, connect with me on Instagram and Facebook. So as I stated, today we're gonna be focusing on the performance section, which is this section of ERM. And this section has five different principles. We're gonna identify risk, assess risk, prioritize risk, respond to risk, and look at a risk from a portfolio perspective. And most of the CPA questions about ERM or a lot of them comes from this part, from those principles. And those principles, in my opinion, are the easiest for me to teach you because I think they make most sense and a sense that students can relate to them because we can all relate to risk and what is risk, how to identify risk. So simply put, let's walk through them on this page real quick. We're gonna first identify, how do you identify risk? Find out what the risk is. Once we know our risk, we're gonna assess it. How severe, how important, how likely it to happen. And once we know our risk, we're gonna prioritize them. Which risks are the most imminent? And we're gonna respond to them. And that's basically it. Then at the end, we would look at the company from a portfolio view of risk, which is an overall risk. So that's why it's the most, in my opinion, the section is the one that make most sense, starting with identifying risk. The first are five principles. So how do we identify risk? Well, remember, we have strategies and businesses. And any risk that disrupts our operation from reaching our strategies and objectives is considered a risk. But how do we know that something is a risk? We really don't know, but we can have a list of things that could be potential risks. One thing could be changes in technology. Changes in technology might make us obsolete. Like big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning. Well, if we don't really use them and other companies are using them, then we are behind. That's a risk, that's the risk. Changes in consumer taste, people don't like what we're selling anymore. Why? Because there's a switch for healthier product and we don't sell healthy product. Therefore, that's a business risk. Depleting natural resources. Well, guess what? If we rely on natural resources, whether we rely them as a source or we sell them and they are being depleted, that's a risk for us. Changing mobile workforce, especially with COVID-19 now, that's a risk, especially if our labor force is not mobile. Labor shortage. We don't have enough employees to do the work for us. Changes in demographics. We service people in the 60s and above in the average population where we operate is 35. Well, we're going to have issue with this because the product that we sell, it's not for demographic. Climate change, it could be something that's going to affect our business. Government regulation, changes in taxes, liquidity, our cash position. Are we liquid enough? Can we borrow money easily? So those are all risks that could affect our businesses. Now, how to identify those risks? So how do we identify, let's say this risk is, how do we kind of look for them basically? Well, we have many approaches. For example, we could use big data. Notice here that big data could be a risk and big data could be a way to identify the risk. For example, if we are operating online, we have a website and if we notice a drop in visitation or a visitation from a particular area. For example, we used to have a lot of visitation from Europe. Now, that visitation is no longer, it's dropping. So we can use the data to our advantage to identify the risks. So just like the data is, big data could be a risk for us and it could be, we could use it, leverage it to our own advantage. We could have a risk officer, people or a risk committee, people who specialize in risk and identifying risk. That's all what they do. This is how we can identify risk. We can look our day-to-day activities and see what's going on to identify risks. Like when we prepare a budget, when we do some business planning, review on customer complaint. For example, there is one hotel, I forgot its name because a long time ago, when my wife books a hotel, what they do is what she does is she reviews the cost. Obviously, she reviews the customer and what she looks for, she wants, we usually pick a hotel's where the manager respond to the complaints. So think about it. The manager of this, and we always select that hotel where the manager responds to the customer's complaint. And this is what's called day-to-day activity. So what's happening, the manager is constantly monitoring the customer's complaint and identifying the risk. For example, not enough towels, something is, you know, the breakfast was cold or whatever the reason is, they're identifying the risk from day-to-day operation, the risk to the business. Simple questionnaires with key employees, a key staff and employee, ask your employee, what do you think the risk is for our business? Attend the COSO framework, the COSO have framework, they have workshops, attend those to learn about risks, interviews, talk to people, data track, and look at the business industries, what's going on. Questions, your assumption under different scenarios. Change your assumptions, this is how you can identify risk. And you should have a risk inventory. Risk inventory means a list of all the risks that could happen. So the first thing is you have to do is identify risks. You know, risks could take many forms and this is how you can identify them. Are these the only thing? Absolutely not. But the key is of all of the slide, you have to identify risk. You know what risk is, anything that affects your business objective and you have to find a way to identify it. Once you identify the risks, you're going to have many of them. Then you're going to have to assess them. What is assessing risk? You assess it at multiple level. Not all risks are the same. You can assess it on the entity level, on a division level, operating level, function level and link it to your business strategy and business objective. So certain risks affect the company on a large scale. Certain risks affect the company on a small, limited scale. Let me give you an example. Airline company. Could you name how many risks could affect airline companies? Here's a list that I just kind of thought about. Okay. The airplane crash, that's a big risk. The economy, GDP, the technology, zoom, business spending, restroom not clean in the plane, constantly not arriving on time, customer service reputation, quality of food on intercontinental flight, website not user friendly, COVID-19, foreign currency, cost of oil. These are all business risks that could affect an airline company and those are not limited, just thought of them. What do you think that all these risks, they have the same level of threat? Of course not. For example, an airplane crash could basically devastate the whole company. It's an entity risk. COVID-19 is an entity risk. Okay. Well, restroom not clean. Well, it's not good, but it's not going to put us out of business. It might affect our customer reputation. Okay. It's a risk, but not like an airplane crashing, right? Or the headphones and your seat are not working. Well, that's not good. Well, website is not user friendly. That's not good, but it's not as severe as of the cost of oil, skyrocket, or of deferring currency in which we operate and where we get our money, lost value, so different risks will affect your business differently. So you have to assess this risk. You have to assess what's called the severity of a risk, because it's going to vary across different levels of the company. Okay. So a risk with a high severity and an operating unit may have a low or moderate severity at the entity level. Again, restroom not clean. Well, it's not good, but it's not going to affect the whole company. Okay. Or website is not user friendly. It may not affect the whole company, because we have other sources of selling tickets. Maybe our website is not user friendly, but we sell tickets on many other airline, on many other travel websites. So it's not that users don't only buy tickets from our website. Okay. So it's a high on the operating, the risk is severe on the operating level, but it's not going to affect the company overall. However, COVID-19, it's a high severity and affect the whole company. Okay. So remember, not all risks are the same. The organization assesses the severity of the risk. So what is the severity of the risk? I keep throwing this term. It's the impact, likelihood and the time to recover from the event. The impact is, if it happens, what is the result of this risk? And obviously we're talking about the negative result. What is the impact? That's important. What is the impact of the risk? Not all risks are equal. All these risks are not equal. Okay. The likelihood. What is the likelihood of that happening? Well, hopefully in airplane crash, the likelihood is 0.0001, right? Of that happening. Well, the cost of oil, there's a 20%, the cost of oil could go up. What is the likelihood? What's the possibility of that occurring? You can quantify this qualitatively, like low, medium, high, or you can put a probability on it, 10%, or frequency every six months or whatever. So the likelihood is how often it's going to happen. The time horizon is also important. The time horizon to assess risk should be identical to the related strategy and business objective. So when you assess the risk, you have to know, okay, I'm assessing the risk, but for how long this risk is going to be with us? Because depending on how long it's going to be, I'm gonna have to adjust my strategies and business objective. So assessing risk is important, and we're gonna see why it's important soon. So also, you can use quantitative or qualitative method, qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative method are more efficient, less costly. Examples will be interview, survey, and benchmarking to assess the risk. Or you could use quantitative method. They're more precise. Here you are dealing with maybe Monte Carlo simulation, which basically, fancy software, probabilistic and non-probabilistic studies, decision and tree modeling. So the organization should reassess severity, not once they should always reassess severity when something happened, when there's a reduction in sales, new competitors, employee turnover, consumer taste, because the severity of the risk could change as the business context changes. So risk assessment should also consider inherent risk, target residual risk, and actual residual risk. And inherent risk is the risk that exists without the management, without the company intervening, mitigating that risk. And remember, the actual risk, the actual residual risk, and what's the residual risk? We have the inherent risk minus what the management does will give us the actual residual risk. The actual residual risk should be less than our target residual risk. So it should always be taken less risk than what we can absorb. So our target, for example, 10 unit, the actual should be nine, or eight, or seven, the lower, the better, should be less. Also what companies do is have what's called a heat map. And this is what a heat map looks like. We have the likelihood, remember the likelihood is what are the chances of that happening, and the impact. If that happened, what are the negative results? Let me tell you what I mean by this. For example, if a likelihood of an event is very high, and the risk of that event is very high, so if we are in this quadrant here, that's a problem. So what does that mean? It means something that's happening often, and when it happens, it devastates us. Let me give you the extreme of them. Something doesn't happen often, and if it does happen, the impact of the company is very low. We're in this quadrant, okay? So notice we have different risks. We have risks that the likelihood is here, low, low, and the impact is very low. So we can live with these risks. And we have the risk of the likelihood of it is high, and the severity of it is high as well. For example, this one here, this yellow, this one right here, I would say this is an airplane, if we're talking about a company, this is an airplane crash. The impact of likely, the, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I would say a plane crash will be, the likelihood is very low, but the impact will be very high. This will be like an airplane crash, okay? Why? Because it should not happen, but if it does happen, the impact is very high, the impact is very high. So again, you can draw scenarios to find out what word do you want to be. So the company should have these heat map to manage risk. Now, what they want to do is they want to move down here. They want to move down as much as possible to low likelihood and low impact, okay? That's what they want to do. That's your goal. So once you assess the risks, now you have, you identify them, you say, these are my risks. I assess them. These risks are more important than others. No, I assess them. Now I need to prioritize them, and say which one are they have to deal with now? And which one I can kind of defer for later? Maybe because why do you have to prioritize them? Because you don't have unlimited resources. If the company will have unlimited resources, they will deal with all the risks all at once. But since you have limited resources, limited amount of money, you have to prioritize. So in addition to assessing, identifying, you have to prioritize them. And prioritize them is basically, what's the risk severity to our risk appetite? So if we cannot really handle the risk, we have to deal with it, okay? And again, we have the idea behind prioritizing is you have limited resources. If you're studying for the CPA exam, well, guess what? And you don't have enough time. You say, which topics you think are the weakest and I have to study them? So I, at least I can answer some questions on the exam. You have to prioritize your questions and your study time. Now, there are five factors in prioritizing risk. First thing is the complexity of the risk. How difficult or how hard is it to respond to address that risk? That's one, the velocity, the speed of the risk occurring. For example, certain risks, they can spread very quickly. For example, if you're experiencing social media, bad reputation, well, guess what? That's, they might go viral. The velocity of it is very high. The persistence of the risk. How long a risk affect the entity, including the time it takes for the entity to recover? For example, a good question, a good example for today is COVID-19. How long can airline companies deal with that risk without government help? Obviously, adaptability. How able are we to adjust? Again, think about COVID-19. For example, universities were able to adopt quickly. They switched to online learning. Well, airline companies, they cannot go to online flight. So that depends on your business contacts, but those are the factors that you have to take a look at. Also recover, how quickly can we remove this risk and recover from it? Those are the things that's gonna help us in prioritizing the risks that we have to deal with. Now remember, risk with similar severities may receive similar different priorities. So even though it might have the same severity, but it have different priority. For example, an airline company, for example, customer reputation and labor negotiation, they're both important. You're negotiating with your employees, but also have a business reputation, a customer reputation. Well, you want to focus on the customer reputation more than negotiating with your labor union because if you lose your customers, you're not gonna have the revenue. So although they're both severe, they affect the company negatively, but they can receive different priority. And obviously you have to assign higher priority to risks that's greater than your risk appetite. You cannot tolerate certain risk or certain risk that's not gonna allow you to perform well, cause performance level to approach to the outer limit or tolerance. Simply put, it's like we're like really stressing ourselves because of this risk. And risk, especially that affect the entire company, like an airplane crash COVID-19, just COVID-19 is something there's nothing you can do about, right? But airplane crash, of course, you gotta make sure your maintenance people are maintaining the airplane and you are giving them enough money. So now we prioritize the risks, now we know, now what we have to do, we have to respond to that risk. What are we going to do about those risks? So we identified, assessed, prioritized, time to respond. So how do we respond? The following are five categories of risk responses. And usually those topics are tested on the exam. Like for example, they'll give you a scenario, what type of response is that? The first response is acceptance. Okay, why do we accept the risk? It's either within our risk appetite or there's nothing we can do about this risk. Again, a good example, if I was teaching this before 2020, before 2021, it'll have hard time coming up with a good example. COVID-19 is a risk that companies will have to accept and deal with. They cannot change. They cannot change that COVID-19 risk. It's out of their control. Avoidance, you'll take action to remove the risk. So for example, if you are not in compliance with certain regulation, you comply with them. If a product is losing money, sell it, if a subsidiary is losing money, sell it, close it, discontinue it. You avoid the risk. You pursue it, okay? As long as pursuing more risk does not exceed your acceptable level of tolerance, you pursue more risk. For example, you may wanna go over a bigger market share, but that's risky. Why? Because you might have to invest more in marketing and that's risky, but you are pursuing the risk. You are going as long as that risk is acceptable. Reduction, what is reduction? You remember that heat map?  You try to reduce the severity of that risk from one level to the other. That's reducing the risk. And you could do what's called sharing of the risk or transfer, transfer or sharing in some time. It comes under the term transfer. And the good example of it is insurance. When you buy insurance, you either transfer the risk or share it. Transferring a portion of the risk to another party, okay? For example, buying insurance, hedging, joint venture, outsourcing, this is examples of sharing. So on the CPA exam, they'll give you an example and they'll tell you what type of a risk response the company is utilizing here and you'll have to decide what are they utilizing? Okay, so also the following are the factor considered in selecting and implementing risk responses. So you will take a look at the following additional factors. The business context, what environment are you dealing with? That's important. Not all environments are the same. Cost and benefit, that's easy said but easier said than done. Why? Because when you are dealing with risk responses, it's easy to identify the cost. It's easy to quantify the cost. It's very hard to see the benefit. Extremely difficult to see the benefit of the risk response. And that's a problem in the real world. I'll give you an extreme example just to kind of, I want you to think about it. What does that mean cost versus benefit? Let's assume on September the 10th, 2001, someone in the FDA said, look, going forward, we're gonna have a new rule for safety of the airlines, all pilots, they have to lock the door from the inside and they can never open the door for anyone. From the time the flight takes off until the flight, until the flight lands. And because of that, each company will have to invest an additional $50,000 in new doors. If their decision was taken and implemented by September the 10th, September 11th would never happen. So guess what? Everybody will be looking at the cost. Well, whoa, they made us pay an additional $50,000 for every door we installed. Well, that's the cost but you did not see the benefit. We could have avoided September 11th because of that. So this is not an extreme example. Actually it's a very applicable example to show you when you're dealing with risk, the cost, it's easy. Anybody can tell you this is how much it costs you, but they cannot tell you the benefit.  This is what the benefit is from responding to risk. You really don't know the benefit. The benefit could be large but since you did not see the damage, you don't see the benefit because you avoided this. I went on a tangent here, but remember cost and benefit is important. Compliance, sometimes you just have to invest. Oh, go back to my September 11th example. Well, if you have to comply, you have no choice. Then you have to comply. Then it doesn't matter. The business context, it doesn't matter. Cost does not matter. Also risk should reflect risk severity, risk response. So you don't want to go crazy on certain things and spend a lot of money because the risk is not as severe. So you should respond within reason. Let's use the word reason. The last thing is the portfolio view of risk. The portfolio view of risk is basically the entity view of the risk, the whole risk of the company. So it's the culmination, the total of risk identification, assessment, prioritization and response. So how does the company handle risk? How does the company handle risk? Because they can handle it in so many different ways and we're gonna look at them. Using a portfolio view of risk management, determine whether the entity residual risk profile align with their overall risk appetite. So just looking at the overall picture. Now why are we saying this? Because certain companies deals with risk differently. There are four risk views that have different level of risk integration. The first one is called minimal integration or risk view. What happened here? The company might have, okay, we only deal with risk on an event by event basis. So something happened, we'll deal with it. We don't link risk to our business objective. So we don't say, this is our business objective and these are the risks. Now we don't do that. The way we look at risk and our company, well, once a risk happened or once we know a risk, we deal with it. Not we don't link it to any business objective, which is minimal integration like case by case basis or we could have limited integration. It's called risk category view. We identify and assess risk by categories. For example, an operating structure. What is your operating structure? And you will identify and prioritize the risk on the operating structure. Or you could have a partial integration. Here what you do, your risk is linked to your business objective. Now you are trying to integrate more. For example, you would look at the objective of increase sales, also depend on the objective of introducing a new product line. So you're looking at new product line and sales at the same time, the risk of running both versus not looking at the risk until the sales started to occur. You have a new product, then you will deal on a risk by risk basis, like an event base rather than business objective. Here on the contrary, you're looking at the product line and you're looking at the increase in sales. It's a partial integration.  This is the portfolio view. Now here you are looking at the risk. This composite view of risk related to the entity wide strategy. So you're not only looking at one thing, you are looking at the whole strategy. It's like a web. And once you pull one string, the whole web will changes. So you're looking at the changes, okay? So you're looking at business objective and their effect of the only entity performance. So here's what's happening. You say, okay, if I undertake this option, what's the cascading effect through the entity because of that? So you're looking at the complete view. And obviously ERM wants you to be on this level, to have risk strategy on an entity level, not on minimal integration or limited integration or even partial integration. ERM, this is ERM is a full integration because it looks at every aspect of the company and how does it affect the risk from a different perspective? Now we have qualitative and quantitative method can be used to evaluate how changes in risk may affect the portfolio view of risk. They may include benchmarking, scenario analysis and stress testing. Stress testing means you will create different scenarios like scenario analysis, same thing. And you will see what's the effect on my risk? What's the changes in risk that might affect the portfolio view of my risk? What happened if sales goes down 10 to 15%? What's gonna happen to other product? Well, if I'm well diversified, it doesn't matter. I might have other product, but what if I don't? Or you might use quantitative method like statistical analysis. Again, here both using numbers. I said qualitative, although it's qualitative, you would be using numbers for stress testing and scenario analysis, benchmarking. There are many ways that you can use to evaluate how changes in risk affect your whole portfolio. Now in the next session, because the next thing we're gonna do is to have two more sessions in ERM, review and revision and in the review and revision we have three principles. And I believe information communication and reporting another three as well, which will make it 25, 10, 14, 17, 20. Yes, we have three and three. Once again, ERM, many CPA review courses, they give you a lot of mnemonics. I'm not against mnemonics, but to a degree. So it's very important that you understand it rather than memorize in it because you don't have to remember everything pervade them but you have to kind of apply what you know in a multiple choice setting.  Good luck.