It is a very early morning here in Colorado, but we're up early because it is adventure time. Ali, where are we going? We're going to Mexico. Yes, it's official, my friends. I have a girlfriend and it's crazy I haven't had a girlfriend in a long time because she's amazing. And we're gonna go to Mexico. Why are we going to Mexico? Well, turns out we both love Mexico. We met in Mexico and now we're going back to Mexico. We didn't actually meet in Mexico. We met at my birthday three years ago. Why are you wearing sunglasses? Because I get headaches from the lighting in the airport. She just wants to look cool at all times. Things I'm learning about Ali, she always opts out at the security line, which is probably a good thing. But it does take a lot longer. All right, Ali. So I'm curious about this and I'm sure you're all curious. Why do you opt out? I choose to opt out because the technology for those body skinners hasn't been thoroughly tested. And I don't feel comfortable going through them. There you go. It usually doesn't take this long, right? No, usually it's really fast.  Not exactly clear why. You are pretty explosive. What's up? One of the things I really appreciate about you is that we have zero plans. We don't know where we're going. We don't know anything. And you're cool with that. Oh, it's the best way to do it. It's hard to find somebody like this. And I found her. Welcome to DeCanca, Uncle Kyle 1240. We have both been allowed into Mexico. We're getting closer. Our first order of business is to rent a car because you know how much I love cars. I'm going to drive. Traveling without too many plans because it leaves room for adventure. All right, cenote time. We're at one with nature right now. This is a truly symbiotic relationship that I have with these fish. They are making my feet soft as can be. And I'm feeding the fish, which according to that sign over there, you're not supposed to do. This is a pretty good start to our little adventure. Straight from the airport to Paradise Cenote.  That is untrue. What do you think? I'm not scared. I'm not scared at all. No, the best food I've ever had in Mexico is right here on the street. And we found the street with all the good stuff like quesadillas and tacos and burritos and yum, yum, yum, yum, yum. And if something smells questionable, you have two options. You're going to either throw it away or you can put a lot of hot sauce on it. Yeah. Good point. Hot sauce cures everything. Cheers. Enolotes are essentially just corn and mayonnaise. They put a little bit of cheese on it and some picante, some hot sauce. And don't forget the lime. And a little bit of lime. What did you get, Ali? I got dos tacos de asada de res. Yeah. Another reason I really love the street food scene is because they set out all these tables and chairs. And there's like families out here and kids and everybody of all ages outside. And it's a big community gathering. So I have two blank canvases right here, some quesadillas. And every one of these carts has a toppings, extravaganza section, the salsas, and onions. That dog right there, he knows where to hang out. Right next to people dropping food. Running, kissing, running, kissing. One of the great things about Ali is that she loves running as much as I do, maybe even more. We're running through Tulum, all the hippie villages, all the smoothie shops. We need to get a little exercise. We gotta earn, we gotta earn our cocos, locos later. Do a little sweating. It can't just be pure vacation. It's also really challenging to find parking in this part of Tulum. So if you're running through it, you save yourself 100 pesos, I'm parking. So Ali and I have been together about two and a half months now. And we're pretty excited about things, aren't we? Yeah. Yeah. I have not had a girlfriend in a long time. Neither has Ali. Ha ha. Ha ha. We're both very, very picky people. We don't settle. We've both met lots of amazing people the last few years, of course, but we just didn't go for it. And I wasn't even looking for a girlfriend. In fact, I was really enjoying my life the way it was. And then I met Ali and I was like, wow, life is gonna be better now. Way better. And now we're running in the jungle in the middle of nowhere. And you know what's interesting is that on my birthday this year, on January 21st, I yelled out to the world that I was ready for love. Finally, it had been so long that I was, I felt really ready and open to love and lifting the barriers that I had put up. And then I met Ali like a month later. Isn't that crazy? I heard you. You heard me. I heard you yelling, I was like, shoot, am I ready for love? Ha ha. Every day I wake up, I feel more and more grateful and excited that I'm waking up next to her. Like every day gets better. And I, man, I don't know if I've ever felt that way before. It's pretty exciting. Yeah, when I wake up, we like having some really good dream and I wake up and roll over and there's Ryan. I'm like, man, my life is even better than a dream. I just woke up from the dream to something even better. Oh, here's another very cool thing. I said to the world, I want a girlfriend that can like hang with me and do athletic endeavors with me. I've never had that before. Until her, and she's a total, total badass, she can probably outdo me in most sports. So that's exciting that we can do this together. I've never shared these types of things with anybody that I've been in an intimate relationship with. And a moment where I'm excited to be alone for sure to enjoy this, but I would love to share it with somebody like my future wife if you're out there. If you wanna come and do this kind of stuff with me, this is the kind of stuff we're gonna do. And we're gonna make beans and tortillas on the beach and watch the sunset and it's gonna be a beautiful life.


I am K Radhakshan Rao currently working in Texas Instruments India in Bangalore. I am going to talk about analog circuits and systems a basic course in electronics. An electronic system you can see a large number of these electronic products which are popular today you can easily identify the significance of all these products they are made up of two basic parts these can be classified as analog mostly today analog front end and analog back end and in between we have digital signal processors. So most of the products that are mentioned here are comprising of this kind of architecture out of this we are going to concentrate on depart on analog and the interface. So in order to understand the current role of analog signal processing we are going to first present you the various products okay and the architecture the structure of these various products and even before that we should really know what is signal processing in analog domain what is it in digital domain what portion of signal processing is still done in analog domain in fact earlier all these products used to be totally analog circuit and analog system based today it is so that the digital signal processing has dominated over analog signal processing and most of the signal processing activity is confined to only digital signal processors then we may wonder where analog signal processing comes into picture it is these areas which are going to be touched upon in this course. So what is the influence of current day technology on product design that also we should know and therefore first we will concentrate on why is it that digital signal processors have become popular in signal processing as against analog signal processing and how the product cost has come down because of adoption of DSPs and how the product cost is getting concentrated mostly on analog signal processing parts and how significant it is necessary for us to learn analog signal processing even today. So let us consider these products what do you think is the product that is going to be ah profitable to produce it will be a product which is popular with the masses okay it is important that the demand for the product should be large in order to bring down the cost of the product itself and therefore the technology today technology of fabrication of integrated circuit today has helped us to bring down the cost of most of these electronics that is necessary for these products considerably and just take why the cost of the product has come down and the integrated circuit technology also has facilitated reliability to increase and the signal processing power has been refined to that extent that it can be done mostly by digital signal processing okay very accurately precisely and totally. Now let us consider these some of these products cell phone for example is one of the product that has become most popular today almost everybody would like to possess a cell phone because it is helping the individual in planning his day to day activity regarding his office or home or entertainment anything is possible with the cell phone it is nothing but a transmitter and a receiver facilitating communication with anybody anywhere and it is also a means of gathering information. So all these facilities made available in such small space okay which can be easily carried by an individual that is why this product has become very popular and each individual has nowadays at least one or two cell phones with him. So likewise the other products are also popular but not so popular as that of cell phone computers for example another product that is very popular with the masses is the wrist watch the wrist watch production got revolutionized with the advent of integrated circuit fabrication and digital signal processing activity becoming prominent. So electronic product what do they do they have to send signals will let us see what signals mean send signals and then process signals and preserve signal in some form or other right in memory for example sense process present and display for example audio signal it can be also outputted using oscilloscope okay it can be sort of preserved in the memory it can be displayed okay in a recorder so preserve process storage these are the activities of signal processing you can see an ECG equipment with this indicating the recording okay and this is the sensor okay some of the other electronic products are for storing information these days you can see the memory cards and then USB a drives okay and USB stick DVD etc other electronic products are for entertainment radio and television these have been in existence for long originally these are totally analog these days digital transmissions also will be happening all over the world and most of the signal processing activity of both audio and video these are called base band signals take place okay digitally. We have an important industrial robot robotics where these sensed signals are processed and activate okay for operating machinery okay these are the other electronic products transmission and reception this is a transceiver right primarily for a transmitting your telephone call and receiving your friends message okay as a telephone information or message and further it has also FM receiver in it okay and mp3 player okay and video production and display all these things are made possible within this piece of equipment this is the satellite communication that is prevalent today electronic products these primarily process signals and what are these signals primary function is processing signals and data signals can be identified as that that carry information information can be speech information music information scenery chipping of birds gestures these are all signals chemical signals that control body functions these also are signals electronic products deal with electrical signals which are voltages and currents so these naturally formed signals have to be converted into electrical voltages or currents that is done by what is called a transducer electric signal electrical signals are derived from the real world through trans users which convert a physical or chemical variable into an electrical signal trans users produce electric analog signals which are continuous functions of independent variables independent variables can be just pressure force okay and acceleration okay and sound picture so these are converted by transducers to analog signals the real world has only analog signals available as the output of the transducer if tomorrow you can get from the transducer directly digital signal then analog does not have any role in signal processing such a thing is unlikely to happen. So we have here an example of a strain gauge which is primarily used for force acceleration pressure measurement so here what is done is it is having the trans users arranged in the form of a bridge these are all strain gauges with resistance R as nominal values when some force changes the value of the resistance to R – delta R R press delta R depending on where you are placing the strain gauges one can be subject to compression another expansion and therefore we have the change in a resistance happening and that is sensed as a differential signal this is the common practice so here this voltage difference is called the differential signal and it will be V naught plus minus V naught minus these are called the actually node voltages at these points and the variation in the resistance appears as a voltage across this the common node voltage at these two nodes is rejected is supposed to be rejected by the amplifier that is amplifying the differential signal so output difference signal is equal to delta R by R into V excitation so here V excitation by 2 is the common mode signal at both the points so this is one form of transducer giving an output which can be amplified further some of the other transducers are microphone which is converting the audio signal in signal into electrical signal this is the charge couple device which converts the image into electrical signal right camera now talking of nature of signals there are what are called periodic signal this is a periodic signal it repeats itself with a time period of T or a frequency of omega this is the time duration called time period one over time period is the frequency now you can see that this frequency is lower than this this is a higher frequency signal these are sine waves sine wave simply means it is producing a single tone suppose I whistle this whistle appears if you apply to the oscilloscope apply the output of the microphone to the oscilloscope will see it appearing as a sine wave so that is the periodic signal these are these signals are necessary to be generated in electronics in order to test your amplifier okay these are therefore called test signals which are primarily used to understand how linear your amplifier is if the amplifier is not linear this signal apart from getting amplified just gets distorted also which means it produces harmonics so looking at the harmonic content one can say whether it is linear or not how linear it is now this is almost double the frequency of this actually I think for one period here you have almost two such harmonics appearing so if you add these two you will get this kind of periodic signal which is having fundamental which is this and its harmonic now other test signals are which are popular are the triangle as shown here this is called the saw tooth this is called the square these are primarily generated in order to test most of the electronic components if you place your finger at the input terminal of an oscilloscope what do you see you normally pick up the power line frequency signal which is at 50 hertz or 60 hertz depending upon the region where you are living and therefore the signal that you get picked up is of this frequency it is about 20 milliseconds time period 50 hertz corresponds to 20 milliseconds okay and it may have as you see here symmetry around this half the time period indicating predominant occurrence of second harmonic so this mathematical expression that I had put here is 0.1 sign 100 pi t plus 0.05 sign 200 pi t so it has certain amount of harmonic content in it introduced so this is somewhat looking like what gets picked up when you put your finger to the oscilloscope input terminals so you have to understand signals before you start processing them that is why we are going through first understanding what is signal processing what are the signals what is noise okay later on we will see what it is a periodic waveform is shown here estimate the frequency of the waveform and the harmonic content of the waveform now you can just look at this waveform the time period is again 20 milliseconds so immediately you can conclude that the frequency is 50 hertz and you can see that if I draw the waveform here like this right it gives me a third harmonic okay and that harmonic content will get added to the fundamental here and get subtracted from the fundamental here so it gives a dip like this and the dip is symmetric around half time period so this clearly indicates that there is a third harmonic content dominating you had seen earlier how when second harmonic content dominates the waveform as a symmetry around this okay whereas here the symmetry is occurring around this point t by 4 okay so this is the kind of what is that intuitive approach that you should take in understanding what is happening okay without really going into the mathematics of it now the same thing can be mathematically indicated as 0.1 sin 100 pi t plus 0.05 sin 300 pi t so you will see that this is the third harmonic content what is an a periodic signal now when I just ring the bell the bell sound keeps on decaying you can see that this is the process of decay with respect to time the signal strength the decay is okay exponentially with respect to time such a signal is called a periodic signal there is no periodicity associated with it this is a randomly varying signal there is no time period that I can identify okay at any point of time so that is called a periodic signal okay so there is no periodicity associated now this is the mathematical expression a to power minus 1000 t sin 2 pi 1000 t means this is a sort of oscillation sin wave decaying exponentially you can see exponential decay which is the envelope okay so this is a decaying envelope this kind of sound gets produced when bell is rang or when you activate cantilever okay so it resonates and the amplitude of vibration keeps on decreasing exponentially now you have to also learn about spectrum and bandwidth every signal has a certain limited bandwidth spectrum is the distribution of power as a function of frequency power of the signal components okay as a function of frequency analog signals are characterized by their spectrum the frequency range over which most of the signal power is concentrated is called the bandwidth of the signal it is an important thing in practice that you should know about if you just take a sine wave this is a sine wave it has a sort of spectrum uniquely defined at a specific frequency that is 100 for example this is 100 hertz okay sine wave so it has a power only at 100 hertz these are called tones right this is the double the frequency 100 200 so it has a spectrum here right this one is I think triple the frequency no 4 times the frequency we have spectrum at 400 hertz so a combination of all these 3 is the composite time signal as indicated here and it has spectrum at all these points add addition of all these powers so this is the way you will be able to identify the various types of signals that you will encounter in fact this is a problem here so here you can see that this is the spectrum of some general signal what can you say about this corresponds to the spectrum of what is called white noise it is going to be uniformly distributed all over the frequency range this is what is available as white noise and over that normally you have this which is called narrow band noise that is it is having power mostly concentrated around this single frequency distributed on either side of that particular center frequency so it is spread over a band so this is called narrow band signal most of the machine vibrations for example air conditioner vibration etc produce this kind of narrow band noise now let us consider a voltage which is 5000T into sign 10000T that is a multiplication of two frequencies 1000 and 10000 what happens to the spectrum of the signal you can just see that sign A sign B is cos A – B – cos A plus B by 2 that means this kind of multiplication of two frequencies produces A – B okay component frequency component and A plus B component so here is it is indicated this 1000 multiplied by 10000 has produced 1.1 which is A plus B and 1 – 0.1 which is 0.9 K these are called side bands this is what is produced by double side band kind of modulation double side band carrier is absent in AM for example this carrier is going to be present okay predominantly to facilitate detection and these two side bands also get transmitted by the signal speech signal characteristics of some signal speech signal which is important not music this is confined to 300 hertz to 3 kilo hertz where you are able to identify the individuals voice okay and identify the message exactly the quality of the speech may not be all that good okay but it is decipherable as the correct message video signal has a bandwidth on the other hand starting from very low frequency 25 hertz up to about 5 to 5 mega hertz till 100 mega hertz for high definition images high free music on the other hand has bandwidth from 20 hertz to 30 kilo hertz these are the range of frequencies that earlier with okay before starting signal processing activity you should be able to identify what is quality music what is speech what is video easy the signals have very low frequency 0.04 hertz to 150 hertz the message is contained in that the rest of the band contains noise okay and that noise has to be removed when you are processing these signals some base band signals of interest are biomedical ECG is what we have shown audio and video signal these are called base band signals base band signals are pretty normally wide band and therefore cannot be transmitted directly over long distances output from transducer is used to modulate a carrier for transmission over long distances this technique of giving the message on to a carrier so that that can be carried for a large distance is called a coding technique that you are transferring the message from one frequency domain to another frequency domain by shifting it using a carrier so output from transducer is used to modulate you consider so in order to get back the information you have to demodulate okay which is again shifting it from the carrier to the base band let us try to understand what noise is noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy that interferes with wanted signal when we measure ECG signal using electrodes they also pick up the noise at 50 hertz 50 or 60 hertz when the ambient audience creates created noise picked up by the microphone okay in a music performance music is the information that we want to listen to however the ambient audience also create some kind of noise which gets picked up by the same microphone that is amplifying the musicians music so that is noise similarly in the case of ECG signal when the electrodes pick up the ECG waveform we will see later on when we are discussing the transducer arrangement in a ECG it also picks up the 50 hertz power line frequency which is a close to it internal noise generated by electronic components of the electronic circuit also add to the noise this can occur as a white band noise all over the frequency range white noise it is called let us look at this this is the typical ECG signal which most of you would have seen in your ECG recording okay and this is of great help for the doctor to diagnose some problem with your heart now this signal gets mixed up with these 50 hertz power line pickup and you can see that the signal strand may be of the order of hundreds of micro volts is sitting on the power line pickup which may be of the order of tens of millivolts so the power line frequency is 50 hertz therefore it is a narrow band noise within the bandwidth of the ECG signal so this is pretty troublesome to remove we will see how to remove it using a filter later on. So in that case before amplifying it is better to get rid of these predominant noise for example 50 hertz signal in our this thing it is better to sort of get rid of this even before amplification of the wanted signal is done otherwise the amplifier itself may go to saturation because of the noise so this is the important aspect this has to be done using analog filters only okay we cannot postpone this to digital filtering etc. Signal with noise but noise is not so dominant this is the noise this is not so dominant compared to the signal you see this may be the predominant signal that we want to amplify in this case you can actually effort to amplify straight away the signal because the noise is not going to drive it to saturation in this particular case. So however if you have noise dominating over signal it is important that you have to somehow get rid of this noise either by filtering or cancellation okay before you amplify a signal is most of the time contaminated by noise the unwanted noise will have to be suppressed that suppressing the noise is done by filtering or reduced that is by cancellation right wanted signal may be strengthened with respect to noise okay that is called amplification. Improvement to signal to noise ratio SNR is one of the purposes of signal processing SNR improvement 10 log signal power a noise power in decimal right. So this is always expressed in terms of decibels of power ratio of signal and noise now what is signal processing using a megaphone to communicate with crowd that is a non electronic way of straight away amplifying a megaphone but we like to use electronic means of doing this eliminating or reducing the ambient noise filtering this is called filtering and noise cancellation and subtraction that is if it is possible to cancel this without using electronic means that has to be done first we will see how this can be done selecting a radio station that is if you want to particularly receive a specific station that is selection that is done by filtering again band pass filter. So you will see that filtering is a major function of a front end that is to improve signal to noise ratio. Smoke signal this is a way of encoding most code was the first one to almost deploy a digital communication okay for most of the time communicating telegraphically drum beats that is again coding the information in some form and transmitting over distance as sound okay. Smoke signal is a video or picture signal right. Now similarly a to D conversion okay or multiplication is a means of coding okay analog to digital conversion is a technique for coding analog information in digital form and that is normally adopted in present day signal processing. Reading smoke signals and message sent by most code is equivalent to demodulation digital to analog conversion again it is involving mathematical process which is multiplication. So multiplication is a technique of coding basically the mathematical aspect of modulation demodulation mixing all these things mean the same thing multiplication that is why it is imperative that we should learn about how signal processing involves multiplication most of the time. Amplification of microphone output that is analog signal processing filtering 50 hertz interference from power line in ECG signal this also is signal processing modulating a carrier with an audio signal or multiplication storing music on a magnetic tape as against this in digital it is stored in memory after getting it converted to digital form. So the analog form of storage has almost vanish okay and we have digital storage media DVDs CDs and other things that are becoming important today. Now why would one go for digital signal processing predominantly complexity in accuracy can be greatly improved in if signals are processed in their digital coded form. So DSPs today have advanced so much that most of the accurate precise signal processing activity can be carried out in DSPs. Analog signals are encoded therefore to digital form using A to D converters powerful digital signal processing devices are currently available and after conversion the digital form of storage okay is most reliable because it is amenable to error correction and then ahh resurrection okay of the original signal. So these are all possible in the case of DSPs and therefore DSPs are doing now 99.99% of the signal processing activity that is required in any system it is that 0.01% of the activity which is carried out that is carried out by analog signal processing but it is still important because it is different than and the back end design of analog circuits and systems require performing of these following functions signal processing functions including amplification addition subtraction integration comparison filtering multiplication and these are the signal processing activity I have already pointed out how ahh filtering comes into picture how multiplication is nothing but modulation demodulation mixing frequency transition frequency multiplication and all these things mean the same thing multiplication signal generation is important for test purposes generating sinusoidal signals clock signal is an important aspect of signal processing in DSPs. Now it is almost imitating signal processing activity in the human body that even the human body has a clock so there is nothing but the heartbeat okay which makes most of the ahh other parts function in synchronism with the heartbeat okay. Similarly the DSPs also work with predominantly ahh important clock okay and this clock is to be generated at signal generation then sign waves required for testing amplifiers etc A to D converters D to A converters all these things are to be tested out and signal generation is an important activity of signal processing interfacing including sample hold A to D conversion D to A conversion ahh the so called mixed mode activities which are important power supply management this is something that has been ahh mostly ignored but this is the predominant the electronic ahh part that is important in almost every electronic equipment okay and these are the analog circuits and system that we have to understand the aim of the course analog circuits and systems part 1 is to design analog circuits and systems that perform signal processing functions and signal generation using the devices including op amps amplifiers multipliers and comparators. So ahh you might be seeing that ahh mention of transistor is not there but it is included in what is called amplifiers transistors and that is both bipolar and MOSFETs form part of our active devices which are amplifiers okay. Course outcomes is important to know beforehand what are the ahh outcomes of the course okay as we go through the entire course understand the characteristics of linear one port okay one port means two terminal and two port that is four terminal signal processing networks. So we are starting with a generalized ahh sort of network theory approach towards understanding signal processing activity. So we are starting with one port and two port signal processing networks model one port devices including RLC and diodes and amplifiers op amps comparators multipliers BJTs and FETs how to model this we are dealing with millions billions of these active devices in most of the electronic systems today. So how simply understand these models in order to understand the complex behavior of our electronic systems today that is the important part understand how negative and positive feedback influence the behavior of analog circuits and systems. Negative feedback and positive feedback are the concepts which have to be totally understood in electronics okay in order to understand most of the system design that we are confronted with right almost every system today has feedback okay both negative and positive we have to understand where these concepts are important. Design voltage amplifiers called voltage control voltage sources current amplifiers called current control current sources trans resistance amplifiers and trans conductance amplifiers these are called current control voltage sources and voltage control current sources these are the basic amplifiers that we have to understand how to design using available ahh components like transistors. Design analog filters we have already seen how to design a band pass filter tunable band pass filter or tunable band stop filter to select certain band of frequencies or reject certain band of frequencies design waveform generators like sine wave generator square wave generator triangular wave generator etc for testing purposes and ahh the competencies what are the things that you should understand in the course at the end of the course the students should be able to understand the structure of present day electronic products you should know what is the architecture of any particular product identify analog signal conditioning and processing functions in instrumentation control and communication these are the three things instrumentation control and communication right ahh activities that go on in electronic systems today model 1 port devices these resistors inductors and capacitors and diodes characterized linear 2 port networks by YZGH parameters and this is called immittance parameter which is also a common parameter which is used by micro engineers macro model amplifiers op amps comparators and multipliers we are going to use transistors to devise these amplifiers op amps and comparators and multipliers before even we understand what transistor is we should know how to use these blocks these are the sub blocks which make up most of the in fact 100% of analog signal processing activity can be carried out just by using these blocks and one should be able to understand how these can be used macro model BJT and FET in a very simple manner so that we can handle millions of these devices and still become comfortable understand how negative and positive feedback influence the behavior of circuits using op amps comparators and multipliers design VCVS VCCS using op amps VCVS means voltage amplifier VCCS is a transconductance amplifier the CCVS is the dual of VCCS VCVS dual of that is CCVS how to design these current amplifiers and trans resistance amplifiers using any device active device today it is MOSFET tomorrow it may be some nano device it does not matter once we know how these are designed we can actually use these devices in most of the electronic applications and therefore these are technology independent definitions of active devices understand the concept of ideal filters and approximate mathematical representation of filters design first order and second order passive filters design active filters also understand why active filters are important today design active filters using bike quads we will come to know what these bike quads are using switched capacity techniques how to design IC filters understand how frequency stable sinusoidal oscillations can be generated how amplitude stable and frequency stable tunable sinusoidal oscillators which are I mean basically VCOs okay which are nothing but FN generators can be obtained understand the role of regenerative feedback in comparators positive feedback how it can be used to obtain an important block called speed trigger design amplitude stable frequency stable tunable non-sinusoidal oscillators like square wave triangular wave etc. Now these are the references the references deal with primarily okay op amp application this is a multiplier application all integrated circuit applications are done well in this book analog integrated circuit another book by Jacob this is an Indian book on application of linear integration so it is application of integrated circuit which is first to be thought in understanding analog systems op amp circuit design right so application of op amp is primarily dealt with very well in this book and another good book on application of op amp is by Robert this is to deal with function circuits mostly multiplier applications done very well this is a companion value this along with this deal with most of the system applications analog system applications done well we have to understand that in this lecture we have learnt it is important to know what portion of analog signal processing is still important like the front end filtering then noise cancellation and also back end filtering and distortion reduction in power amplifiers is still done in analog and communication users multipliers or mixers or modulators as different and signal processing activity to bring down the information in the carrier down to the base band and that is an important activity that is still done by analog circuits and we have also seen something about signals that are important signals like biomedical signals audio signals video signals what are the bandwidths for these signals the rest of the region we will eliminate the noise that is occurring in the rest of the outside the band thereby improve signal to noise ratio we also know now something about the sensors like the bridge sensor strain gauge sensor how instrumentation amplifier becomes necessary to be designed for rejecting the common mode signal and amplifying only the differential signal so these are the various activities that become necessary and the need for understanding signals and noise is imperative okay before we start anything on active devices understanding active devices that do signal processing.


What's up everybody welcome back to the channel I'm Evil Rabbit here on Forza Motorsports 7 We're hitting here selecting a car because today we are going to try to run some FD laps on some of the FD circuits like Long Beach Road Atlanta and see if we cannot get a good Good run trying to practice up trying to find out what car I want to be running in possibly ESTA this year to try to get some actual FD run practice in play To try and see if I want to be running this alpha or if I want to be running another car in ESTA this year definitely thinking about running ESTA So look forward to trying to figure out what car that I want to run right now We're in the alpha tune this tune is up if you guys want to try it It's probably the car that I'm most comfortable in right now But will it be able to do what I want it to do here? No, but so far I mean so far it looks like it is As I say that we wreck and We're on some damage We'll just send it or maybe not I probably shouldn't send it because Well, I need to make sure I have a good car to start off with at least We are here in the alpha from Mayo. I Don't like how like when you first start off in like one step Like floor it without me even on the throttle. So I Guess it expects me to keep yelling, but I'm actually gonna flip it around So I do want to thank everybody who came out for the live stream Earlier this week. That was a lot of fun in Horizon 3 definitely gonna be doing a lot more Livestreaming on either fours more for seven or I see three PUBG in all those games So big thank you to everybody who came out to watch it everybody who joined in it was a lot of fun That's a really nice doors. That's a really awesome tandem. So Like I said, we're here to run The Long Beach section here with the streets of Long Beach not too far away You know, definitely gonna be excited for the FTC's and let's start over again So, uh, we're gonna send it and hopefully we can Get a decent run here Go throw it in throw it in it kind of early probably too early not too bad. I Always flick this way too early, but this time not all As I say that a little bit on the wall tap, but Surprisingly other than that wall tap that was not a completely bad run Totally forgot I am on Simulation right now So I'm trying to keep track of my trying to wear so If you guys run simulation, let me know down in the comment section down below if you guys run normal Simulation cosmetic whatever you guys run. Let me know down there I like I've been running simulation recently because I've been doing some raising to try to unlock some more cars and You know with those Cards, you know simulation damage gives you a lot more credit and Stuff like that for those bonuses. All right, so we're gonna try this again See if you can't get a good run in here this time the last word wasn't too too bad So I'm pretty excited with that run Here we go throw it in hard on the brakes. That's too much We're gonna try and save some whatever run out of this just get screwed up there I always you know do too much break or too much you break on that hairpin I need to figure that hairpin out But I also need to figure this entry in getting on the ladder middle part of the track getting closer to that outside wall Pretty excited about how this alpha runs. So if this alpha meets all these specs for The ESDA which I still haven't been able to find out what specs they're gonna be running. I would definitely like to run this alpha So we're gonna give this a shot here again third Look it in that's quite too late tap on the wall and I couldn't see where I was going Broke my tail light Tap that wall broke the other tail light. I mean other than It's probably and once again, I screw up on the hairpin. Oh, right Definitely can need a little more practice here on Long Beach but you know The fact that I can somewhat get consistent lines I Just got to work on my entry I may have to drift this in first person because of the fact that I can't See if I'm really close to that wall as I grind my gears if I'm really close to that wall on entry I cannot see because the wall still in but it may be hard to run ESDA in first person, but Give us a shot throw it in not as close to the walls.  I think an ESDA round one. I'm not sure though We got yellow tires. What are our tire percentage yet? I'm only 18% where we should be okay We should be okay to send it one more time as I stall the car get wrecked All right, we go on a run here then we'll switch up the road Atlanta It's like three hundreds a good entry point only messed up our angle Gonna somewhat salvage the run though somewhat salvageable run So not too horrible definitely gonna get some more practice, but we're gonna switch up tracks here Go to road Atlanta and see how we can do on the downhill entry and We'll see what happens there Road Atlanta, there we go.  So That's how I will be running the cars probably completely is no assists. Maybe ABS probably not I'm not a hundred percent sure on that but this alpha's definitely a Definitely a really nice car and it's very stable and Not sure if I have any other cars that are just as stable because I haven't found a really good tune I've been trying to nest their team to get really stable, but uh Still kind of eludes me a little bit So we're gonna flip this car around Slowly save our tires We're gonna warm up at least So if you guys are running FD section, what's your favorite safety section in fours and worth worth seven? Are you guys can be competing in the estate or ESTA or watching ESTA also? Let me know down so road Atlanta definitely Have never really been good at road Atlanta With the grip change in fours of six and all that when you hit into that horseshoe So hopefully they changed it. We're probably gonna try running both both versions of the track so we're gonna start up and We're gonna send it. We're gonna try the original version and the new version. So throw it in there we go Wasn't bad entry at all old version first Clipping points are probably horrendous and right there is where I get screwed up because I can never link it Definitely gonna need a lot of practice if I'm gonna be trying to compete ESTA But other than that, it's Not too horrible. Definitely just need to get a car that I'm really comfortable in I am kind of seeing the first person is a little better for me drifting, but When it comes to tandem, they won't be able to see So I'm gonna send this one again. I'll see that. I think there's a grip change level that just kind of threw me off In the third there we go Boy right on that and in the grass. I mean that was not too horrible to run could have been a whole lot better but uh it wasn't Completely horrible now. I am curious if first person is better than third person. So we're probably gonna run for a little time I'm gonna do a little test See which version I drift in better Do a little bit of a test Too fast All right, we can't end it on that.   I think I ran that a little bit too wide Yep, so definitely need a little bit more practice But I'm gonna be wanting to get some of my buddies online and try and do some actual, you know, FD Tandems here at road Atlanta and Such like that. So now we're gonna do a little test here first person verse Third person changes up Changes to drift eight minutes. We're gonna go to People Valley I think we're gonna change it to the short course Valley short. Nope There we go Yep, except changes We're gonna drift this alpha in third person from one lap see what kind of points we can get and then we'll drift it in First person and see what kind of points we get and see if there's any difference at all or maybe, you know I'm just thinking to myself that I slide a little better in first person Or maybe I'm crazy and maybe I'm better than third person I don't know. Well, we're about to find that out just a little bit do a little test here get a little sideways So we're gonna do it in third person first since we're already in third person, I believe We should be so we're gonna rip it third person power, but Had to get the feel for the super again This alpha tune is extremely nice. Okay, so 21,000 now we're gonna rip it in first person see What our difference is trying to keep Sibler speed and entry this car does not stick in first person though here to judge angle Harder to judge throttle speed that happens. You have no idea where you are alpha Can hold its own for sure. And so maybe We guys wasn't crazy. Maybe First person. I may be a little bit better drifting in But when it comes to tandems First person may be a bad idea. So we switch to this view here Since I am actually having a little bit of fun drifting first person that pillar just gets in a way. I can't see Yo, I Think it's better in first person because you can judge the angle. Oh And it wasn't run that grass Stay in there keep the points my s13 that I've been having some fun drifting in first person Maybe better it just change of views while sliding put action going there So I think I do like I do like it with the steering wheel I know my biggest pet peeve is a fact that it only Turns 90 degrees, but we're too fast for that So let's switch up cars and give one less as I break my first never put your hand through your steering Well case in point never put it through there wait because it will set her back and you know hit your wrist. I Should know this by now, but you know button for punishment apparently so we're gonna go switch back to My s13 and Try and drift that in first person see if we can't get some good Good lines with that. Where are you? You are very similar pain to the other one, but now it's gray on my screen. So I'll work All right S13 first person. Let's uh See what kind of drift points we can get here might feel a different because it's right hand drive the bull track Would have been sweet Definitely gonna try that now So I do like drifting in first person. I just wish I could turn a little bit more But you know, we don't have that ability and forza the brakes on the e-brake to get it sideways Little clutch kick to keep it going and go lock. I don't know how I didn't spin out I just cut the grass with this s13 right there a little break wait transfer over See and throw That was too much angle went full lock so This car definitely slides very well now This will prove like I think I might actually be better at drifting in first person than I am third So we're gonna give this a run one final run here. I Think that'll do it here for today's episode here on forza more split seven I hope you guys enjoyed this episode once again. I want to thank everybody that came out for that live stream Definitely will be doing more live streams here in the future There's a lot of fun to drift with subscribers on for the most Of course the most first for the horizon three. I'm getting sideways. I'm not even thinking what I'm saying right now That was a full lock snap Take it back Get it back and we all look break top. Don't lose it. No handbrake there. Just brakes and wait transfer And lose it All right, this s13 does drive really nice But I did have fun driving it in first person. So I think we're gonna finish one more lap in this front first person view and Then we'll end it there. So you guys know you can follow me on Facebook Twitch Twitter and Instagram all that you found in the description box below. That's a really long entry I didn't think we were actually gonna do that. Nope So until next time guys, I like thank you guys for watching. I'm evil rabbit. I'm out


Hello, I am Mark Thornton and this is minor issue number 11. Today's minor issue is toilet paper. The average American family spends almost $500 a year on toilet paper, but we all know it's much more important to us than that budgetary item. Recently, inflation and shortages, supply chain disruptions have led to increased difficulty obtaining toilet paper and empty shelves in the grocery store. I'd like to take a look at the wholesale price of corrugated boxes in the U.S. because the raw material is the same raw material for corrugated boxes, toilet paper, paper towels, etc. And in 1980, when they started this price index series, corrugated boxes were 7% higher priced than the average prices, the consumer price index. By 2004, during the housing bubble, corrugated boxes were 40% higher than the consumer price index, the CPI. And today corrugated boxes are 60% higher than the consumer price index. So the relative price of cardboard boxes and its raw materials has increased significantly over the last 40 or 50 years. A lot of that recent increase is not just the Federal Reserve's inflation, but of course the COVID lockdowns and the fact that there's been so much buying online through companies like Amazon who deliver their packages in cardboard boxes. What we see today is companies like Amazon in the post-COVID era suffering a decline in sales and increased costs so that the shares of Amazon have fallen from a peak of about $175 to less than $94 today. And it looks like that could fall even further, maybe not as much as other companies like Apple, but the outlook for Amazon and other online retailers is not strong. So that means fewer boxes that they're going to purchase and a softening of the cardboard box market and its price. Now given that the raw materials used in cardboard boxes are the same ones used in paper towels and toilet paper, what we can expect is that the price of toilet paper could come down relative to other prices as we go into recession. So cardboard boxes and toilet paper and paper towels in a sense are substitutes on the production side and toilet paper, the demand for it is relatively inelastic, which means we buy the same amount of toilet paper no matter what its price. So with an increase in supply, what we would expect to see is noticeable fall in the price of toilet paper. So that's a good thing. And while it looks like our luck may be beginning to hit the fan here, the market provides a silver lining and this provides an opportunity to talk about economics and the market economy. It means that the market will reallocate those resources, those raw materials from cardboard boxes into toilet paper that it will reallocate to the highest consumer wants and will result in noticeable declines in the relative price of toilet paper. So while toilet paper is a minor issue when prices are really low, it also is an opportunity to talk about what happens as we go into a recession and how does the market economy help us survive and eventually thrive in the recovery.


It's graduation day. We've been looking forward to this for two years now since we started and we're here. And I'm thankful. My name is Maria Pozo and I am studying paralegal studies at Western Technical College. Everyone was welcoming at Western Tech when I went into the Welcome Center. Everyone was happy. They seemed like they just wanted me to come to the school. My name is Nicholas Iverson and I'm graduating from Western in the Wood Techniques program. The way they have the program set up, it really touches all the bases. I had some expectations of what I wanted to learn and coming to the program, they had met and exceeded all things I had hoped to try to get out of it. It was really incredible.  My mom's been crying since seven o'clock this morning. So it's been an emotional morning for me and her and the whole family. I would definitely recommend Western Tech to anybody. It's an amazing school. The teachers at Western Tech are amazing. Thank you. They want to get to know you. They want to make sure that you succeed. I just signed up for Viterbo so I want to get my bachelor's degree in criminal justice. And then I hope to attend UW Madison and become an attorney. I'll be starting in the field right away. And I re-enrolled at Western to continue schooling while I work. I'll be taking the supervisory management position, which will work around me while I'm going and working full-time. So I'm pretty excited about that. I knew that going and getting a college education would make the world of a difference with that. Coming to Western is the best choice I've ever made.


All right. Well, the title of our sermon is the workman's hammer part three in Judges chapter four So when our first look at this text now We considered the ongoing need of the people in verses one through three the need of the people the children of Israel are locked Trapped you could say enslaved Fixed into a desperate Destructive and ongoing pattern of sin Ongoing pattern of rebellion that once again finds them under the judgment of God Jabin both the king of Canaan and the instrument of God's judgment against them has them under a harsh severe and violent oppression And apart from the mercy of God his iron grip over the nation will certainly absolutely not be broken His 900 chariots are an indication of that right his 900 chariots representative is of his strength representative of his power and so for 20 years Jabin under strong military power has successfully subdued and subjected the people of God to severe oppression We noted from Understanding their circumstances though as we look at the children of Israel we look at the nation We look at the circumstances that they continue to find themselves in we noted that it's their own sin Their own rebellion against God that is actually the real Destructive force in Israel as much as they might like to as we might in our sin like to blame someone else or Blame our circumstances or worse yet some actually blame God for the things that happen to them This the the problem they find themselves in the circumstances that they find themselves in or actually their own fault It's their own sin their own rebellion Sin is what has a destructive violent? Enslaving grip oppressive iron grip on the nation right there's a moral restraint enforced under the law while the while the judge governs the people but when the judge dies The intent of the heart is to do evil They're under oppression from their own Sin and sin has led them into the circumstances in which they now find themselves The people don't need mere deliverance from an oppressive enemy named Jabin They need deliverance from their sin. They don't need a mere moral reformation. They need Regeneration right they need to trust in the Lord for his promise and they need to put their faith in the seed of the woman Who will one day deal a death blow to the head of the serpent and that death blow is pictured here Isn't it in Judges chapter 4? We get a little foreshadowing a little foretaste of victory in the death blow that the seed of the woman will inflict Upon the serpent and that at the hand of the workman's hammer Jail Now in our second look at this text we then considered The command of the Lord in verses 4 through 10 The Lord has heard the cries of his people God's merciful, isn't he? long suffering Patient and kind and God continues even in their sin and rebellion. God hears the cries of his people He has a covenant loving kindness toward them and God will keep his covenant He is a God of mercy God of grace So we issues then a clear command and a clear promise that we see repeated in verse 6 He says to them listen go Deploy troops at Mount Tabor take with you 10,000 men of the sons of Naphtali and of the sons of Zebulun and against you I will deploy Cicera the commander of Jabin's army with his chariots and his multitude at the River Kishon And I will deliver him into your hand the Lord commands and the Lord promises now It's up to faith to believe the Lord to take him at his word and to go in and see the Lord Work mightily against their enemies. Well Where in the world then? Where are the godly men of Israel who are going to take the word the Lord at his word? Where are the godly men of Israel who are going to obey the command? Where are the leaders? Where are the men who are going to go out against this? Uncircumcised Canaanite and deliver God's judgment against them. Where are the men? this promise Goes unrealized to this point in Judges chapter 4 because the command of God to this point is Disobeyed like we tell our kids right delayed obedience is disobedience, right? He has been delaying Obedience to the Lord's command and a fear there's no other explanation right Barak is timid Barak is faithless He's not trusting the word of the Lord that's come clearly to him from Debra the prophetess that the Lord will deliver Cicera into your hand go out and take it Reminds us doesn't it of the Israelites on the border of the Promised Land and They sent out the spies the spies come back ten of them with an awful report They're giants of the land fortified cities, and we're not going to be able to take it Certainly, we're going to die. They're too strong for us Yet Caleb Joshua say no the Lord is with us The Lord is with you is any fortified city going to stand No, they're like dust on the scales to God and yet Barak here is faithless and fearful the men of Israel the men of Israel are fearful and Faithless and so what happens the Lord then raises up a faithful a faith filled woman in verse 4 Debra the prophetess Sits in the seat of Moses as it were judging Israel at this time in the leadership vacuum Left behind by weak and faithless feckless and cowardly men. There are often many times there are Disappointed and discouraged women. Isn't that true? Often in the absence of male leadership there are disappointed and discouraged and Dejected women who love the Lord and want to serve him But often in the vacuum of leadership left behind by weak and faithless men. There are often domineering Often deluded women who want to take control of themselves Against the command against the instruction against the clear plan that God has laid out but sometimes as here the Lord raises up a fearless and faithful woman to Follow to follow the Lord and to lead the people so Debra here is that one who's been raised up Debra sends for Barak and Debra reminds Barak of the command has not the Lord God of Israel commanded Barak go Deploy troops at Mount Tabor so here at Debra's reproof you could say Barak musters a little faith Maybe just about the size of a mustard seed and Barak Says to Debra, I'll go But I don't want to go alone. I don't want to go alone. Will you hold my hand? Will you go with me? I'll go, but only if you go with me and What we see what we see is not great faith on display. We don't see great faith on display We see a great God who does great things even through weak and sometimes fearful failing faith so God is going to win the victory God is going to win the victory, but there will be no glory in it for Barak and God has chosen the weak things of the world to Put to shame the things which are mighty you've got the Canaanites 900 chariots all his cohort his troops mighty and God has chosen weak Barak to go up against Cicera and God is going to route the Canaanites Before the eyes of Barak. Let's see how the Lord does it. Let's see how he does it Point one we looked at the need of the people right point two we considered the command of the Lord now point three Look at the salvation of the Lord the salvation of the Lord Now God is Obviously the champion of the story he wins the victory. He delivers the people he leaves Absolutely no question that the glory is entirely his and leaves no question Again that we can put our trust entirely in him and one of the ways in which he does that is by Decreating the ends from the beginning. He says in verse seven. I will deliver Cicera into your hand. How many times does the Lord have to do that for us to get it, right? He decrees the end from the beginning. He calls his agent from a far country And he accomplishes all his purpose right the Lord has said it and he will absolutely do it But in decreeing the end from the beginning the Lord also Decrees the means that he uses to bring about that end everything in the middle He doesn't just say here's how it's going to end up But the Lord being sovereign over all things whatsoever that come to pass the Lord decrees Every means laid out like breadcrumbs right along the way he Sovereignly decrees all the means that will bring about that appointed end and we see those pieces now being arranged beginning in verse 10 Look at verse 10 first Arranging these pieces we have entering stage right so to speak Barak and Deborah and the troops of Israel finally obeying the command of the Lord verse 10 Barak called Zebulun and naftali to Kadesh He went up with 10,000 men under his command and Deborah went up with him and notice Barak is keeping the commandment of the Lord. He calls Zebulun calls naftali and 10,000 men Calls them to Mount Tabor only Deborah is with him now We know from the command that the Lord has given they were to gather at Mount Tabor in Kadesh Which is southwest of the Sea of Galilee south west of the city this is positioned on the river Kishon Where the battle is going to take place? Okay, so first the Lord arranges Barak Deborah and the troops of Israel on Mount Tabor second verse 11 seemingly out of nowhere and With no explanation as of yet Hebrew the Kenite is introduced where does Hebrew come from look at verse 11 Hebrew the Kenite of the children of Hobab the father-in-law of Moses Had separated himself from the Kenites and pitched his tent near the terabinth tree at Zah Anayam, which is beside Kadesh This is unusual. We don't know where Kibar Kibar or where why he's important to the story at this point We don't know what's gonna happen with him at this point if you're reading it for the first time you wouldn't know We know from chapter 1 verse 16. We know that the Kenites lived in the south. They were Gentiles They were not of the nation of Israel and Hebrew was a bit of a nomad and probably a bit of an outlier He separates himself from his family separates himself from the Kenites and he moves his family far north now Above Judah far north near Galilee and it says in verse 11 there near the Elon The word literally means the great tree the great tree that tree is at Zah Anayam and many of your translations say oak The word was often used of any large tree Any Elon was a large tree and oftentimes large trees just marked an important location Oftentimes a sacred or a spiritual location a location that had some type of spiritual significance And most likely in that area that Geography the tree was either a terabinth or an oak. So that's why you see your translations say terabinth or oak Okay, it was a great tree the great tree. It's not Anayam. It's not foreign to us, right before GPS Somebody would tell you go down the road turn at the big tree at that corner and go It was a landmark the big tree. They're using it in the same way now What a coincidence The tree was beside Kadesh where Barak just showed up with 10,000 men. Is it a coincidence now? There's no such thing as coincidences. We talked about that this morning. No such thing God is arranging the pieces of the battleground. He's putting them in Position for the fight, right? God is arranging his great victory as we'll see And that reminds us that the Lord Executes his decrees through providence Lord has decreed the end from the beginning and he executes what he decrees through acts of providence Right through acts of providence. We know that toward believers that that providence includes all things good His providence is good toward us. He works all Things together for good to those who love him who are the called according to his purpose, right? So God is working out all things according to his good Providence toward his people certainly declaring the end from the beginning as it says in Isaiah 46 10 and then Isaiah 46 11 Working all things toward that decreed end calling as he says there the man who executes my counsel from a far country Indeed, I have spoken it the Lord says I will also bring it to pass. I have purposed it I will also do it in those statements. You see the decreed end and the providence of God. God says I have spoken it That's what's going to happen and I will bring it to pass right? I will execute my providence to make sure that it comes about I have purposed it I've set the ends. I've decreed the ends and I will also do it I will bring about those ends by executing my decrees through providence God doesn't just decree the ends. He decrees the means now Why would that be important for us today to think about right? We don't often understand the circumstances of our life We don't always Understand what's going on in our circumstances often. That's very confusing What in the world is going on right now, right? I feel absolutely tossed about Confused and if we're not careful that can lead us to doubt can lead us to worry Can can lead us to fret and sweat and toil And we shouldn't why because God is working all things together For our good bringing about his decreed ends, which were always perfect always good Right, we can trust the Lord in that so although it may look to you like your life is in tempest Who's in control? God's in control right God's in control Reminded of the disciples on the boat right the boat is being tossed on the sea They believe that they're going to die and what's the Lord doing the Lord is sleeping. That's called faith That's called trust. It's called understanding that God is in control The Lord says I've purposed I will also do it now In chapter 4 if someone were reading this account for the first time It's impossible to know at this point what the role the house of Heber plays in the Lord's plans We just don't know you can be sure you can be sure that the Lord is working all of this together We don't always understand our circumstances and many examples of that in the Bible aren't there many examples? Joseph Couldn't have foreseen what the Lord would do through his slavery in Egypt You can imagine Joseph sitting in the bottom of that pit right thinking what in the world is going on right now Couldn't have seen the Lord spared him sent him into Egypt so that many lives could be saved right that God's people Could be delivered Jacob Couldn't have foreseen what the Lord would do when he was fleeing his brother Esau right? He runs for his life away from his brother Esau says it go he goes out of the country when he comes back in He comes back in with two companies. He leaves with nothing but his staff He comes back with two companies of people with him the Lord blessed Jacob Moses had no idea what the Lord intended by running him into the wilderness and out of the house of Pharaoh Here's what Moses knew here's what Moses knew That he would rather suffer affliction with the people of God to enjoy the passing pleasures of sin That's what Moses knew Moses knew that he esteemed the reproach of Christ as greater riches than all the treasures in Egypt That's what Moses knew so Moses what did Moses do Moses just lived trusting the Lord Lived and the Lord directed his steps and the Lord used Moses the Lord had already decreed the ends and the Lord by driving Moses out into the wilderness fleeing after he had killed the Egyptian right God drove Moses out into the wilderness to Accomplish his purposes and Moses like the rest of us find out later exactly what all that entails That's all that Moses knows often. We know just as little we just need to trust the Lord The Christian life is a matter of faith the Christian life is a matter of faith God knows we need to trust him, right? okay The Puritan Richard Rogers says this great commentary on the book of Judges the Puritan Richard Rogers says this all Things shall be in time directed by him to a good end though even though we see it not buy and buy and It being so with us though We see not the mind and purpose of God toward us in the particulars at the first and What will fall out through the course of our lives yet? We are sure that his special providence watches over us for our good So that we need not doubt, but that God directs all things to that good end We simply need a sound understanding of his word don't we a sound Understanding of the way in which God operates what God does on behalf of his people and we need faith We need the faith to apply his word in our circumstances We need faith to trust him to work in them We need faith to know that God will work through them for our good And we need to believe it and live according to it, right? Don't worry. Don't fret. Don't sweat Start applying worldly wisdom. Don't do it. God is providentially working trust him so first In our scene Preparing for battle. We have Deborah Barak the troops of Israel second We see Hebrew the Kenite. Not sure what he's doing here yet. We'll find out third The Lord puts in place Cicera the commander of Jabin's army Cicera is invited to our scene and we know from verse 17 That there was peace between Hebrew the Kenite and Jabin king of Hazor Hebrew had no plans to take out Cicera. There was a shalom a peace between them That's a a covenantal word. It implies a peace treaty between the two of them This was an arranged peace. There doesn't appear to be any animosity at all In fact, there was a treaty so verse 12 They reported who reported Heber reported to Cicera That Barak the son of Abinohum had gone up to Mount Tabor and so verse 13 Cicera gathered together all his chariots 900 chariots of iron and all the people who were with him from Heresheth Hagoyim to the river Kishan now the centerpiece of Cicera's arsenal was the iron chariot 900 of them, but Josephus the Jewish historian records that he also had 30,000 infantry in 10,000 horses So 900 iron chariots, they were the the Blitzkrieg tank the technological advanced warfare of the time 900 chariots, but he also had 30,000 men 10,000 horses. What do you think from all this that Cicera is trusting in? Does it matter ultimately how many troops Cicera has? No, it doesn't matter a hoot He walks in darkness. Cicera walks in darkness. Do you see? Cicera is trusting in his might. God These people the people of the nations gathering themselves to get together against the Lord and against his anointed and what does God do? He sits back in the heavens and he laughs He holds them in derision. They're like grasshoppers The Bible says before him as nothing before him as dust on the scales and our God sits in heaven in Omnipotent power and he laughs And so the scene is set then the actors are in place Berek Deborah the army of Israel on Mount Tabor Hebrew the Kenite nearby in Kadesh Cicera and his cohort near the river Kishon and then verse 14 Deborah rings the bell let the battle royale begin right so Deborah said to Berek verse 14 up Up this is the day in which the Lord has delivered Cicera into your hand Has not the Lord gone out before you that may have been Berek Situated on Mount Tabor Looking down upon this vast army and all of Jabin's chariots in the in the riverbed of the river Kishon So to speak and he sees Cicera's force arrayed against them and Berek hesitates Right Berek is fearful Berek is a little faithless So it took the voice of faith to press Berek into action Whereby his own faith would be strengthened for the fight now you and I We know if you've been in Christ for any length of time exactly what that's like, right? How many times have I to my shame been fearful, but some strong brother some outspoken sister comes alongside me and Charges me up and we're ready to charge hell together with a square gun, right? It just motivates you charges you to obey the Lord to put your faith and trust in him That's Deborah right now to Berek up up Berek This is the day the Lord is gonna deliver Cicera into your hand and look has not the Lord gone out before you We often need the encouragement of others. We often need Exhortation to persevere in the faith the Bible is full of those one another's isn't it full of those one another's Exhort one another while it is called today and even more so as you see the day of the Lord approaching We need to do that for one another exhort one another challenge one another It's one of the reasons we have an evangelism testimony in our service, right? So to testify the Lord's goodness and grace in the preaching of the gospel and to encourage one another in that good work That we're supposed to do it's often a difficult work or a fearful work We need to be about that business the Lord says up, right? This is the day I've delivered the nations into your hand through the gospel. We want to see people saved We need to be about that work. We often need that encouragement believe God Take him at his word has not the Lord gone out before you Deborah says so Berek then hearing Deborah Taking faith now himself Goes down from Mount Tabor with 10,000 men following him In summary fashion verse 15. We don't get many details What we do get is this and the Lord routed Cicera and all his chariots and all His army with the edge of the sword before Berek and Cicera Alighted from his chariot and fled away on foot Now Berek as we've discussed shows up later in the New Testament in the Hall of Faith in Hebrews chapter 11 What does it say in Hebrews chapter 11 verse 34, but this by faith Berek turned to flight the armies of the aliens By faith Berek turned these men subdued kingdoms right turned to flight the armies of the aliens But notice at the beginning of verse 15 here. Who was it who routed Cicera and all his chariots And all his army verse 15 the Lord did that The Lord did that the Lord routed Cicera took out all his chariots took out all his army with the edge of the sword The notice notice verse 15 the Lord routed the army with the edge of the sword before Berek in other words before his eyes Berek I'm sure had a sword in his hand. He had pulled out his sword. They were charging down the mountain right they were charging down the mountain and The army all his chariots are taken out as it were before Berek's eyes If you've ever seen the Lord work that way before we've thought about that here before In talking to a new believer like you would see the Lord working in them before our eyes, right? Somebody comes in there They're gloriously saved. You see a transformation in their life Maybe you're married to someone who's been saved and you've seen the work of the Lord in them It's like the Lord did this miracle right before our eyes. That's Berek Berek's got a sword out and the Lord routes Cicera before his very eyes Before him in other words the Lord did it the Lord did it the word routed humum means to cause motion and Confusion that's interesting the Lord caused a motion in confusion Same word is used in Exodus chapter 14 verse 24 of the Lord Troubling where it says they're in Exodus 14 24 the love the Lord Troubled the army of Pharaoh and he troubled them by the pillar of fire and by the cloud the Lord troubled their army the Lord here troubled Cicera He caused motion caused confusion interesting There's some kind of miraculous occurrence here That has been brought about by the Lord to cause motion to cause Confusion to cause trouble for Cicera and his army and the Lord does it more about that in a moment look at verse 16 then But then Berek He pursued the chariots and the army as far as Harasheth Hagoyim and all the army of Cicera fell by the edge of the sword Not a man was left in case you didn't get the all He adds not a man was left in absolute miraculous victory miraculous victory Behold the victory that God delivered through obedient faith weak and delayed as it may have been Is there any doubt the Lord God did this the Lord God did this Is there any doubt that he can and that he will Accomplished all that he is purposed for you through the same means. Is there any doubt that God would do that? God Delights to give victory through faith. God delights to give victory through faith up right up Obey the Lord. He has delivered your enemies into your hand. Obey the Lord This is a great victory, but the details are a bit sparse. How did God do it or we're given a little indication in chapter 5 Beginning in verse 19 flip the page. Look at judges chapter 5 and drop down there to verse 19 verse 19 and verse 19 the kings came and fought Then the kings of Canaan fought in ta'anak by the waters of Megiddo That's how this is this location is referred to here in verse 19. They took no spoils of silver They took no spoils because they were routed They had no spoils, right? They lost In verse in chapter 4 verse 13. It's the river Kishon. That's the Marker if you will of the location the Kishon was a river that ran through the Jezreel Valley We know that geography from the Bible the Jezreel Valley here. It's the waters of Megiddo Megiddo was a stronghold or a fortress that was along the river in that Jezreel Valley Ta'anak was the town nearby often Ta'anak and the stronghold of Megiddo were associated with one another and the river Kishon was often called the waters of Megiddo That was the river that fed the stronghold at Megiddo That says in verse 20 then they fought from the heavens. That's interesting the stars From their courses fought against Cicera in other words heavenly forces are at work here This is a way of describing that God was at work fighting from the heavens the stars from their courses fought against Cicera and Verse 21 here it is the torrent of Kishon swept them away that ancient torrent the torrent of Kishon. Oh My soul Deborah sings right march on in strength go forth and Conquer that should be our response. We read a story like this. We see the Lord work as he does our Response should be oh my soul. Oh My soul today, maybe in our colloquialism. It might be oh my goodness. We don't have any goodness They would be better to say oh my soul. Oh my soul. What has the Lord done? March on in strength right behold the victory that the Lord has won the Lord has conquered our enemies as well Hasn't he Lord has conquered our enemies as well. Oh my soul march on in strength the word translated river in reference to the Kishon Better refers to a wadi the word is wadi a wadi Was a dry riverbed in a valley as this one was in the Kishon Valley the Jezreel Valley Was a dry riverbed that acted like a channel water would pour out of the mountains and would flow through that channel So when there were heavy rains, where did the rain go especially on those mountaintops? The rain would pour down off the mountains into that channel into that valley and it would rush through like a flood Right. That's the torrent the torrent of the Kishon Wadi was a dry riverbed That dry riverbed as it would begin to get wet would turn into a bog It was saying that you've seen a dry riverbed before right it would turn into a bog Things would sink down into the dry riverbed old westerns Referred to this as a gulch or a gully washer. This was a gulch or a gully washer Easy to cross when dry clear Open easy to get an iron chariot across when that thing got wet when there was water beginning to collect What would happen to an iron chariot? They're made of iron a thing would have sunk would have been absolutely Useless in the soft sand the dirt of the basin would have turned into a bog When the water began to collect when the torrent and the heavy rains came when the flood came well What was a wadi in chapter 4 verse 13 became a torrent in chapter 5 verse 21 Sweeping the army of Cicera away and we see the weapon that the Lord used so to speak to take out Cicera and his armies it's not unlike the Lord taking out Pharaoh and his armies in the Red Sea isn't it Lord used those waters Certainly those chariots made of iron Became uselessly bogged down in the mud of that riverbed and the water like a torrent sweeping most of the infantry Sweeping the horses away those that were left were pursued the Bible says put to the edge of the sword until not a man Was left the Jez the Jezreel Valley became a death trap a Death trap the Jezreel Valley became a death trap for all except one Look at verse 17 chapter 4 verse 17. However Cicera had fled away on foot To the tent of Jez the wife of Heber the Kenite For there was peace between Jaban king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite Why is it in chapter 4 verse 17 that Cicera would leave the safety of his chariot and flee away on foot? It's because his chariot was bogged down in the mud So Cicera had to alight from his chariot and flee on foot. He left it stuck in the mud of the wadi and Cicera's chariots then what were What did the Lord do with the might and power of Cicera and the Kenites? What did the Lord do he brought them to literally nothing in a moment?  Ahithophel committed suicide Cicera's chariots served him no better than Haman's favor with the king Haman was hung on the guillotine on the The structure that he built It served Cicera no better than the Pharisees formalism and It served Cicera no better than will your bank account Your job your wealth your strength your health your family your anything It can be brought to nothing in a moment What matters the Lord matters faith in him What has happened all those things in which Cicera has placed his trust they are bogged down in the mud Just remember How easy it would be for the Lord to sink your trusted idols into the mud and make them literally worthless So Cicera in chapter 4 verse 17 seeks refuge then with a known alley ally and here enters Heber the Kenite Right the Kenites were allies of Israel in the south But Hebrew it obviously broken ties with the Kenites in the south moved north And there in the north he's made a covenant of peace a shalom with Jabin the Canaanite king Well, we'll consider what happens to Cicera Next week as we conclude our study of the workman's hammer But suffice it to say for now that his dreams of a peaceful retreat his dreams of a peaceful rest from battle Turn into a violent and disturbing nightmare With a tent peg through his head The victory won over Cicera that day was to be sure the Lord's victory however The Lord chose to provide that deliverance Chose to provide that salvation through faith weak as it was That brothers and sisters should serve to strengthen our faith that should strengthen embolden your faith my faith Should serve to embolden us strengthen us when we face the armies of our enemies arrayed in all our Air force before our eyes when we fall into fear doubt confusion discouragement the Lord is our anchor The Lord is our triumph faith is Apart is our part in the victory our part in the triumph the Lord has decreed it so Lord's gonna get the victory But he's also decreed the means Through which the victory will come about and that means is our faith And it's interesting how faith gives all the credit all the glory to God God gets all the glory God gets all the credit and we can sit back and say oh my soul But oh my soul march on in strength march on in strength first John chapter 5 verse 4 John says for whatever is born of God Overcomes the world and this is the victory that has overcome the world our Faith who is he who overcomes the world, but he who believes that Jesus is the son of God It's easy often easy isn't it for us to sit back and say well these are just Bible stories these are Nice that we can listen to him that way And when you were a kid and you sat down in a circle and teacher came for story time and she opened a little book and gave you a little story Easy to think about Bible stories that way. This is not this is not that way These are not just little quaint Bible stories to capture our imagination or capture our attention It's easy to detach ourselves from the people and the places and the times and the events and the circumstances and the very real Judgment and the very real faith and the very real victory We can detach ourselves from those things and when you do you render These as nothing more than stories to you These are not just stories These are historical accounts and the Lord has recorded them the Lord has decreed them in his word For our example for our admonition upon whom the end of the ages has come We're not to see them as just quaint little stories. We are to be charged up by them. We are to think to ourselves. Oh my soul March on in strength And it has been this way throughout the ages throughout the ages God has magnified his word God has magnified his will God has magnified his purposes God has magnified his strength and his power and his might Through these biblical accounts in this way through faith It will be in this same way that God will magnify his word and magnify his will in our day in our Circumstances, he will magnify his will. He'll magnify his purposes He'll magnify his decrees through his word through faith through our faith in our day He'll magnify himself. He'll magnify the Lord Jesus Christ, right? He'll glorify the work of God in us through your faith in him And what hardship have you faced in your life that rises to the level of hardship faced here by the Israelites under Jabin king of Azor and what trials have we faced at? What point have you ever have you ever faced? 900 iron chariots, 30,000 men, 10,000 horses flying off Mount Tabor with a sword in your hand to go to battle When have we ever even come close to anything like that? And sometimes we get fraught with worry and distrust just on the drive to work in the morning, right? Mercy, are we not often as weak in faith and weaker, weaker than Barak? Barak through faith turned alien armies to flight Hebrews chapter 11 Let the wicked mock and laugh, let this world heaps scorn upon you He who has begun a good work in you will complete it Until the day of Jesus Christ. He will Complete it. I am persuaded that he is able to keep that which I have committed to him against that day So let this Let this account of God's greatness. Let this account of God's power Let this account of God's sovereignty God's providence God's working in history Let this account of God's faithfulness his covenant loving kindness Let this account of God's deliverance God's salvation strengthen and Bolden your faith to obey the Lord our God and to go forth and conquer, right? Oh my soul march on in strength We'll close with the words of David from Psalm chapter 20 verse 6. He says now I know I know It's such confidence right such faith easy to pass over those words David says I Know I know that the Lord saves his anointed He will answer him from his holy heaven with the saving strength of his right hand Some trust in chariots some trust in horses, but we will remember the name of the Lord our God They have bowed down and fallen look They've been bogged down in a gulch, right? Their iron chariots have come to nothing their inventory is gone their horses are gone They have bowed down and fallen David says, but we have risen and stand up, right? Put your faith and trust in the Lord who always leads us in triumph All praise honor and glory to the Lord our God and the saving strength of his right hand amen Amen, let's pray Father in heaven praise be to your name Praise be to you Lord all honor and glory and praise and worship and might and dominion and power be to you our Victorious and conquering King Thank you Lord that you go before us. Thank you Lord that you are the one who gains the victory your might your power Your right hand is earned for us secured for us the victory in Christ Jesus our Lord and Praise you praise be to you Lord that you use the means of our faith to bring that about just trusting you Looking at you work and watching your glorious might your glorious power at work. Oh My soul Lord, we love you. We praise you. We worship you. We thank you for this Help us Lord to be charged up in bold and fueled in our faith Lord Strengthen us help our unbelief Help us to trust in you to follow hard after you to obey you to march on in victory to march on and conquer Because you Lord have secured Peace from our enemies all around you've won the victory in Christ We praise you and thank you for that Lord help us to be strong in the power of your might and to walk in Triumph in Christ Jesus our Lord. We love you. We praise you. We thank you for these things often in this world We're faced with circumstances that will cause us to fear and to doubt We praise you that you are our strength help us Lord by your spirit to look to you and Gift us faith Lord to live the Christian life to persevere to the end in obedience to your word and Lord I pray that you would encourage your people with fruit in their battle Lord lay the enemies in the valley before them They might see the victory of our God and glorify your great name and glorify the Lord Jesus Christ in it for your everlasting Praise we pray these things in his name. Amen


Attention Jefferson Park residents. This is a community notification of a new sexually violent predator in your area. Please stay tuned to the following short program for more information. Hi I'm technician Ron Hackett with the Denver Police Department. The sex offender registration and compliance unit at DPD is responsible for the registration monitoring and tracking of all registered sex offenders and sexually violent predators who live in the city and county of Denver. Here's a brief history of sex offender legislation in Colorado. Our state laws trickle down from federal government mandates. In 1994 we had the Jacob Wetterling Act which mandated that states would establish a sex offender list. Megan's law of 1996 said that the public would have access to those sex offender registration lists. The Pam Litchner Act of 1996 stated that some offenders might have to have lifetime registrations. And the Adam Walsh Act of 2006 unified sex offender laws across the country. In Colorado the legislature has determined that sexually violent predators by definition pose a higher risk to the community at large and therefore mandated that upon their release from the Department of Corrections the community must be notified. Sex offender notification in Colorado happens in two ways. The first is passive and ongoing through the sex offender registration process which is a list maintained by local police departments. The second way is active via community notification for those offenders determined to be sexually violent predators by the courts or by the parole board. Most sex offenders in Colorado are supervised by the criminal justice system in our communities. Most sex offenders engage in crossover behavior which means they may have been arrested for one type of crime but be apt to commit another.  There is no typical sex offender but all tend to be deceptive, manipulative and secretive. 80 to 93 percent of sex offenses are committed by someone known to the victim. Sexual deviancy begins in mid to late adolescence. Sex offenses are not impulsive.  The community has a vested interest in helping offenders to be successfully managed in the community. Sex offenders have the same need for housing and employment as any other citizen.  There are approximately 16,500 registered sex offenders in the state of Colorado. About 65 percent of convicted sex offenders are placed in the community on probation. The remainder are in the Department of Corrections or Community Corrections. Offenders may be caught for one type of offense but be at a high risk to commit another type. Crime of conviction is only one indicator of risk.  The offender's residence must be verified quarterly by the Denver Police Department. The full sex offender registration list is available by calling the Denver Police Department Identification Bureau at<PHONE_NUMBER>. Convicted felons and those with multiple convictions are posted online at denvergov.org slash police.   Now, here's a look at the newest sexually violent predator living in Denver. Here's an overview of the registered sex offenders currently living in Denver. There are 2,607 total living within city limits. In Denver Police District 1, there are 316. Precinct 121 has 59 registered sex offenders. Of those, 38 have felony convictions and 21 have misdemeanor convictions. William Demery Gillette is a sexually violent predator currently living in Denver. He's 67 years old and was born on September 12, 1953.  He's currently living at 2,700 Federal Boulevard number 107 in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Denver. Schools located within one mile of this offender include Fred N. Thomas Career Education Center at 2,650 Federal Boulevard, Strybe Prep Excel and North High School both at 2,960 Spear Boulevard, Strybe Prep Lake and Lake International School both at 1,820 Lowell Boulevard. The Boy School of Denver at 2,401 Alcott Street, Academy of Urban Learning at 2,417 West 29th Avenue, Valdez Elementary at 2,525 West 29th Avenue, Brown International Academy at 2,550 Lowell Boulevard, Academy Anna Marie Sandoval at 3,655 Wine Dot Street. Parks located within one mile of this offender include Commons Park, Sloan's Lake Park, Spear Boulevard Park, Gates Crescent Park, Viking Park, Fishback Park, Alec Park, Confluence Park, Highland Senior Center Park, Hirshhorn Park, Centennial Gardens, Jefferson Park, Highland Park, Diamond Hill Promenade, Platte River at Elich Gardens. Recreation centers located within one mile of this offender include Ashland Rec Center at 2,475 West Dunkirk Place, Highland Rec Center at 2,880 Osceola Street. Bus routes located within one mile of this offender include Route 31 Federal Boulevard and West 29th Avenue, Route 28 West 26th Avenue and Irving Street, Route 32 West 32nd Avenue and Clay Street.  He's currently on parole and registered with the Denver Police Department on September 1, 2020 to 2700 Federal Boulevard number 107 in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Denver. Past charges against this offender include fraud, DUI, contributing to the delinquency of a minor, enticement of a child, sexual assault, child pattern, position of trust. William Demery Gillette has been determined as sexually violent predator after meeting the following criteria. Criteria 1, age 18 or older on the date of the offense or under 18 and tried as an adult. The offender was age 57 at the time of the offense. Criteria 2, the crime must have been committed honor after July 1, 1997 and convicted honor after July 1, 1999.  The offender was convicted on April 25, 2011 for sexual assault on a child. Criteria 3, the relationship to the victim was one of the following. Victim was a stranger to the offender or the offender established or promoted a relationship with the victim primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization. The victim was an 11-year-old female. The offender was known to the victim. Criteria 4, positive results are the passing of a risk assessment instrument administered by probation parole staff and a qualified treatment evaluator. Positive results include an assessment for the presence of a mental abnormality, a level of denial regarding the offense, treatment appropriateness and motivation, presence of sexual deviant interests. The offender was evaluated by the El Paso County courts with positive results, determining him to be a sexually violent predator.