And thank you, thank you, thank you, Governor Cain and thank you all very much. And let me offer my special thanks to John Renna, the Italian Americans of Essex County, and the Italian Tribune for your hospitality here tonight. My friends, grazie. And thanks also to Bob Franks, Beau Sullivan, and Victory88 for helping make this dinner possible. It really is great to be here, and you sure know how to make a fellow from out of town feel welcome. When Columbus discovered America, I can't believe that he got as warm a reception as you've given me. And I doubt there was a delicious plate of baked ziti waiting for him either. Now contrary to what you may have heard, however, I was not with Columbus on that trip. Now certainly I wanted to go along, but as he was getting ready to depart, he just didn't have the heart to wake me. Well that was almost 500 years ago, and few people could imagine where we would be today. Tonight for example, we're eating a delicious hot meal, sitting on top of an ice skating rink, listening to a speech by the President. This could only happen in America. Now I also want to give special mention to my friend Pete Dawkins. He's an athlete, scholar, soldier, and businessman running for the United States Senate. He shares our values, he has a record of leadership, and New Jersey needs him in Washington. He's one of the finest candidates I've known, and I think he deserves your support, and sounds like he has it. You know with this great reception you've given me, it's hard to believe that once upon a time, to be a Republican around here felt a little like Gary Cooper in High Noon, outnumbered in a big way. But I remember the story of a fellow who was running for office as a Republican once in a rural area, and he stopped in at a farm and thought he'd do a little door-to-door campaigning, and when the farmer heard he was a Republican, his jaw dropped, and he said, wait right here till I get maw. She's never seen a Republican. So he got her, but while he was going for her, the candidate was looking around and figured he'd make a little speech, and he was looking for something he could use as a platform, and the only thing he could find was a pile of that stuff that best Truman took 35 years trying to get Harry to call fertilizer. So he got up on a mound, and there they were, and he gave his speech. And at the end of it, the farmer said, that's the first time I ever heard a Republican speech, and the candidate said, that's the first time I've ever given a Republican speech from a Democratic platform. Well, all that, as they say, is history, or should I say ancient history, which at my age is a subject that I'm regarded as an expert in. You know, for a short time, I was also regarded as an expert in economics. They named an economic policy after me. It was the thing that we had started eight years ago, and they were making fun of it, and so they called the program Reaganomics. And then it became clear that the program was working beyond anyone's expectations. Funny thing is they stopped calling it Reaganomics. You know, we are now in the longest peacetime expansion ever recorded. We are now in the 71st month of growth. And since the recovery began, the unemployment rate in the Essex County area has fallen by well over half, down to just 3.6 percent. And statewide, real personal income is up by some 28 percent. We've shown that record economic growth, more jobs than ever before, and a greater decline in the unemployment rate than any other major economy, not only can be achieved, but that we could do it while also reducing tax rates, slashing inflation by two-thirds, and cutting interest rates in half. And I would add that over the last two years, without much help from Washington's big spending liberals, we have also cut the federal budget deficit by a third, continue to reduce the trade deficit, and we've still kept the economic expansion going, and we've done it without raising taxes. Now with regard to the federal budget deficit and all the campaign rhetoric, I think our critics ought to read Article I, Sections 8 and 9 of the Constitution. Congress passes the budget each year. I don't. The President of the United States can't spend or borrow a dime. Only Congress can do that. And every dime of deficit spending over the last eight years has been mandated by Congress line by line. And that's why I want for the President to have what 43 governors already have, the line item veto. Let me interject something here. When I said that every dime of deficit spending over the last eight years, how many of us have stopped to think that in 58 years, including this as the 58th years, the Democratic Party has had the majority in the House of Representatives for 54 of those 58 years and has had both houses of the Congress for 48 of the 58 years? And in all of that time, there were only eight scattered years in which the budget was balanced. The last time was 1969. And yet they keep on pretending that somebody else, somebody at this podium is responsible for the deficit. Well, you see our program has helped middle-income families make their paychecks go further. The drop in interest rates has made home ownership more affordable. A drop in inflation has protected the citizens or the savings of the citizens and has helped those who live on fixed incomes. And our tax reductions and indexing have guaranteed that a family's purchasing power will not be eroded by tax bracket creep. I think it's important to note that today, when hardworking people like you put in long days to provide for your family, to give them a better future, the government lets you keep more of what you've earned instead of confiscating it through higher taxes and runaway inflation. But back in Washington, the liberals already are saying they want to raise taxes and they have all kinds of inflationary spending programs in the works. Well, I think the people in New Jersey know what to do with tax and spend liberals. All you need to do is just walk into the polling booth, put your hand on the lever, and say, read my lips, no new taxes. Of course, the liberals still don't understand how we were able to get rid of their economic crisis. Their malaise, remember that word from back eight years ago? Their inflation, their gas lines, and turn this economy around. So in this campaign they're treating the good times as if they're a given, as if they just automatically happen. Their message is you can take prosperity for granted, it's time for a change, so take a chance on us. Well, you know that's sort of like someone telling you that if you've stored up all the cold beer you could want, now it's time to unplug the refrigerator. But whether it's a well-stocked refrigerator or our pro-growth economic policies, you can't unplug what's working and expect things to stay the same. And there's another point I want to make here. What we've done with the economy is very important, and we must make sure that it continues. But our special strength as a nation, as you all know so well, is that, yes, we can march into the future, leading the world into a new age of growth, technology, and innovation. But we can do so without leaving behind the vital moral foundation, the basic values of faith and family that make ours a great nation, and on which all that we've accomplished has been built. Yes, the family is the bedrock of this nation. But it's also the engine that gives our country life. It is the reason that we produce. It's for our families that we work and labor, so that we can join together around the dinner table, bring our children up the right way, care for our parents, and reach out to those less fortunate. It's the power of the family that holds the nation together, that gives America her conscience, that serves as the cradle of our country's soul. But as I've said before, there are really only two things the liberals don't understand, the things that change and the things that don't. The economy, technology, these things change, and under us for the better. But America's basic moral and spiritual values, they don't change. No, no, the truth is that on issue after issue, the liberals have, in the words of G.K. Chesterton, submitted to, quote, the modern and morbid weakness of always sacrificing the normal to the abnormal. They've turned principles at the core of our common culture and common history into partisan issues that hang in the balance as we prepare to elect a new president in Congress. For example, some liberal organizations believe that separation of church and state requires ending the Catholic Church's tax exemption or removing the words under God from the Pledge of Allegiance. Is that what you believe? They favor the right to retail what they call non-obscene child pornography and think we should repeal the criminal penalties for selling marijuana. Is that what you believe? They think tuition tax credits for children in parochial schools are unconstitutional, that prostitution should be legalized, but the children should be denied the right to begin their school day by joining with their classmates in a voluntary prayer. Is that what you believe? No, that's not what we or most Americans believe. And without standing judges like Anthony Kennedy, Sandra Day O'Connor and Antonin Scalia, we're showing that despite what the liberals may think, America's most basic fundamental values are not unconstitutional. Now I'm not saying that all or even most liberals agree with all of these far out views, but these issues and there are other examples raise an important question. You recall a few years back, political figures had to disassociate themselves from groups on the right with crackpot far out views. Well, isn't it now time for responsible people to do the same thing with far out groups on the left? Let me take a moment to tell you something I've never said before. You know, I'm a former Democrat and it's often said that the once proud Democratic Party of FDR and Harry Truman is dead and gone, that the Democratic Party has been taken over by the left, that the departure from the mainstream that we began to see at their 1968 convention now defines the party at the national level, especially the liberal leadership in Congress. But there's something you should know. The party of FDR and Harry Truman couldn't be killed. The party that represents people like you and me, that represents the majority of Americans, this party hasn't disappeared. The fact is we're stronger than ever. You see the secret is that when the left took over the Democratic Party, we took over the Republican Party. We made the Republican Party into the party of working people, the family, the neighborhood, the defense of freedom, and yes the American flag and the pledge of allegiance to one nation under God. So you see the party that so many of us grew up with still exists except that today it's called the Republican Party and I'm asking all of you to come home and join me. You know I cast my first vote for Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 and his platform then was to cut federal spending by 25 percent, to restore authority and autonomy to the local communities and states from which it had been unjustly seized by the federal government, to eliminate useless boards and commissions. Well now which party does that represent today? That has to be our party. Those are the things we've been doing and trying to do. Well the liberals may try to mouth some of our words but they often mean something very different. When they talk about family they mean big brother in Washington. When we talk about family we mean honor thy father and mother. I'll give you an example that at first may sound incredible but remember when it comes to the liberal leadership in Congress nothing is incredible. The liberals recently proposed a federal child care assistance program but under their program if you want assistance and wish to leave your child with his or her grandmother that day grandma will have to be licensed by the federal government. One of the liberal congressional staff members behind the bill was asked by a reporter if this was true that grandmothers would have to get federal licenses to take care of their own grandchildren and the reply came yes of course it's true after all and here's the quote how else can you design a program that receives federal funds. Licensing grandmothers can you believe it? Next thing you know they'll say that grilling sausage is an environmental hazard. What in fact is the big news of the 1988 campaign that this campaign is developing on the issues and the American people are finding out what I said sometime back that the policies of the opposition can be characterized as liberal, liberal, liberal and the darndest thing about the liberals is no matter how many times you defeat them they just can't take the hint. You know I'm reminded of a story it's yes it's one of my stories it's about a man who aspired to an operatic career and he got a job in pictures acting in motion pictures in Hollywood but he was there just long enough to put it money together that he could go and realize his real ambition and so he left Hollywood and he went to Milan to study opera and he was studying there in Italy for two years and then received a very great honor he was invited to sing at La Scala the very spiritual fountainhead of opera they were doing Pagliacci and he in his part sang the beautiful aria Vestila Giuba when he'd finished singing the applause from the orchestra seats and the balconies and the galleries was so sustained and so thunderous that they couldn't continue the opera until he stepped back and repeated the aria as an encore and again the same sustained and thunderous applause and again he sang Vestila Giuba and finally he motioned for quiet and he tried to tell them how much this welcome meant to him in this his first appearance in opera but he said i have sung Vestila Giuba nine times now my voice is gone i cannot do it again and a voice from the balcony says you do it till you get it right well today as we think about america as we think about columbus discovery of the new world and all that it's meant for mankind we should realize how our one nation with its special destiny has brightened the hopes and possibilities of every country and people on earth from our inception we have represented the hopes of freedom for all humanity and we've learned important lessons along the way i think many of you know that we recently marked the 50th anniversary of the munich pact the naive act of appeasement that brought us the great nightmare of this century the second world war the vain boast that we had achieved peace in our time was followed 11 months later by hitler's invasion of poland the lesson from munich is too clear and too important to be forgotten the sad lesson is that to be weak is to invite war and that's why i say to you america must never be weak we must always be strong but but the liberals would break faith with anti-communist freedom fighters they oppose a strategic defense against nuclear missiles they would cancel essential defense systems and receive nothing in return they're against the b1 bomber and they would wipe out two carrier battle groups with their proposal and even when they say they now favor weapons like the new trident missile in the stealth bomber listen closely and you hear them whisper that it's just in theory that they favor these systems they're not prepared to deploy them oh but in a dangerous world weapons that don't exist don't count let's remember the soviets did business because they saw that we meant business but today there are those who have forgotten the ancient principle of peace through strength and their innocence and naivete would put in question all that we've achieved since vice president bush and i took office all the progress toward ending the twin evils of totalitarianism and nuclear terror you know when i see our tanks i think of the defense of the free world of course other people now look at our tanks and think of what a boston newspaper columnist him not me called peewee's armored adventure well over the last eight years america has begun a great enterprise of resurrection we have worked to recover the bedrock values that you and most americans never departed from we've rebuilt our defenses our country is at peace our economy is strong and our future is bright and there's one last issue yes more important than even all the other crucial matters we've already discussed ladies and gentlemen just a few years ago i wonder how many of us could really have believed then that so many of our fondest dreams for america would come true and of those things that have happened how many of us could have imagined eight or even four years ago that one day a president of the united states would have an opportunity to stand as i did a few months ago there in the lennon hills at a podium at moscow state university and tell the young people of the soviet union about the wonder and glory of human freedom and they listened and applauded what a great moment we have before us and oh how future generations will dishonor us if now in a moment of sudden folly we throw it all away so let's go forth then you and i to tell the american people what is really at stake the fate of generations to come a hopeful vision of a world of freedom and a bountiful future of reverence and peace for our children and the children of all the world so yes some say that it's time for a change but ladies and gentlemen let us remember we are the change we started at eight years ago they'd had almost 50 years of their policy we're going to continue it and extend our policy i mean extend that to congress if you do the right thing at the polls on november 8th now is a time for action not complacency it's a time to keep the progress moving not to sit tight or slip backwards i think george bush had it right at the convention if you have to change horses in midstream doesn't it make sense to get on one that's going the same direction you are new jersey will be a critical state this year it could be the key to victory for everything we believe in we need everyone to turn out to elect george bush president to send pete dawkins to the senate to give us to give us a 1988 republican landslide across the board and to send the liberals packing now now before i quit i'm going to do something it's become a hobby of mine i've been collecting stories jokes that i can absolutely prove are created by the people of the soviet union among themselves and that they tell to each other and they reveal a great sense of humor and also a little cynicism about how things are there i even i've got quite a collection now and i even told two of them to gorbachev and gotta laugh there's several others i wouldn't tell him but i'd just like to close by telling you one that i did tell him and he laughed at you know less than one family out of seven in the soviet union owns an automobile most of the automobiles are driven by the bureaucrats the government furnishes them and drivers and so forth so an order went out one day to the police that anyone caught speeding anyone no matter who gets a ticket well gorbachev came out of his country home his dacha he was late getting to the kremlin there was his limousine and driver waiting he told the driver to get in the backseat he'd drive and down the road he went they passed two motorcycle cops one took out after him and pretty soon he's back with his buddy and his buddy says well did you give him a ticket and he said no well he said why not oh he says that too important well he said we're told to give anybody a ticket no matter who it is oh he said no no this one was too i could well he said who was it he said i couldn't recognize him but his driver was gorbachev thank you all very much you're sending me out of here i think three inches taller than i think god bless you all thank you


class we have seen the different characteristics and properties of hydrogen which are important to know before we look at the hydrogen safety related aspects. In this lecture, we will see the different hazards associated with hydrogen. Broadly, we can categorize the type of hazards into three categories like the physiological hazards, physical hazards and chemical hazards. Now, among the physiological hazards, if a person is present at either a hydrogen leak or at a hydrogen fire or explosion site, then because of the flammable mixture of air and oxygen resulting into ignition and then leading to fire explosions or maybe leakages, maybe that could cause a severe injuries to the person. Now other than the direct injuries, it is also possible that hydrogen leak can displace oxygen if it is in a confined space and that displacement of oxygen if it reduces to below 19.5% by volume in that case that can lead to asphyxiation. At the same time, the blast waves which comes because of explosions, blast waves which are result of explosion and can be due to over pressurizations and the time of exposure, duration of its exposure can result into several different types of injuries or organ failures. Thermal burns which are because of the heat released, the emitted heat radiations from a fire which is because of a hydrogen accident that can lead to injuries to the person, damage to the property and many other losses. Now, these thermal burns that depends upon several parameters like how long the exposure has been to that thermal burn, what was the burning rate, what was the environmental temperature and pressure conditions, what was the burning surface area and there are several parameters that can lead to damage because of the thermal burns. There can be cryogenic burns when the skin comes in contact with cold fluids or cryogenic fluids that can lead to cryogenic burns, frostbite or even hypothermia. There could be physical hazards which is primarily because of embrittlement. Now we have already seen embrittlement, that embrittlement it is the change in the mechanical properties that can lead to failure, rupture or leakage from the different materials. Now there are different types of embrittlement, we will see that in more detail or there could be chemical hazards which can be because of chemical reactions taking place with the material or when it is oxidation or combustion of hydrogen air mixture that can lead to fire or it could be even rupture of the tank because of different chemical reactions or vapor cloud explosion. So all these we will see in little more detail. Let us first understand certain terms before we see the different types of hazards, there is a difference between fire and explosion. Explosion may not always be leading to fire or fire may not always leading to explosion. Explosion term is used when it is loss of confinement. Initially that is confined if there is an unusual pressure rise and then there is a release of the fuel inside from the containment vessel then it is an explosion. Another term which is used in hydrogen related hazards is the deflagration. Now this deflagration refers to the process where the flame front moves through a flammable mixture in the form of subsonic wave and that is with respect to the unburnt mixture of hydrogen and the oxidant. Another term is detonation where in the flame front it coupled with the shock wave propagates through a detonable mixture in the form of supersonic wave and that is with respect to the unburnt mixture. However, detonation cause much more devastation compared to the deflagration and it propagates 1000 times more faster than the deflagration. BLEBE that is boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. This is a sort of sudden release of a large mass of pressurized liquid into the atmosphere which can lead to two incidents it can be a fireball or it could be a flash fire. Now if flammable mixture it ignites that forms a spherical burning cloud it is known as fireball. It could be in a confined space or it could be in a unconfined space. So it is accordingly unconfined vapor cloud explosion or it could be confined vapor cloud explosion depending upon whether it is confined or unconfined release. It could be flash fire in flash fire is very dilute or very concentrated fuel air mixture but which is within the flammability limit if it ignites then in that case it forms a sort of flash fire and that flame travels in cloud at a low speed and at very less pressure. Now let us see what are the different issues related to hydrogen hazards. Like the hazardous issues could be broadly classified into two classes like which could be either arising because of the material property related or it could be because of hydrogen handling related. Now these can be evaluated the hazards which leads to different accidents these can be either evaluated through experimental techniques or through the computational techniques. Experimental techniques they provide a valuable insight at the same time these are expensive and sometimes becomes impossible especially when these are large scale incidents that needs to be replicated. However, the competitive CFD techniques are widely used as predictive tools in order to understand the influencing parameters and at the same time to know what could be the physical phenomena that could result into hazard risk components. So these are several tools which are being used to understand the hazards, what are the risk associated and what could be the possible consequences because of these hazards. Now let us look at the different risk components related to hydrogen hazards at different hydrogen facilities and at different hydrogen applications. Let us first see the materials related hazards. The first and foremost is hydrogen embrittlement. Now hydrogen embrittlement we know that this is the change in the mechanical properties of metals or non-metals when these are exposed to hydrogen. So the material becomes brittle, it changes its characteristics from ductile to brittle. Now this hydrogen embrittlement this is a complex phenomena and it depends upon several parameters like it depends upon the exposure time, it depends upon the purity of the metal, it depends upon the concentration of the gas, it depends upon what are the temperature and pressure conditions, it depends upon what are the surface properties of the material, mechanical properties of the material, what is the, what alloy we have selected, what is the grain structure, microstructure of that material so it depends upon several characteristics. And hydrogen embrittlement is in fact it is of three types, so one is environmental hydrogen embrittlement wherein the embrittlement of the crack propagation starts from the outer surface. Internal hydrogen embrittlement in which the cracks they start to propagate from the inner side or the inner surface. And hydrogen reaction embrittlement in which the hydrogen which gets absorbed into the metal, it reacts with the metal forming metal hydride or it can react with the carbon resulting in decarbonization of the steel and leading to failure. So the environmental hydrogen embrittlement and internal hydrogen embrittlement they are seen in the temperature range of 200 to 300 Kelvin or they maximize in this range while the hydrogen reaction embrittlement that occurs at temperatures above the room temperature. And it has been found that hydrogen embrittlement it increases with the increasing strength of the steel, increasing exposure time with the increase in the hydrogen pressure. Now there are different ways to address the challenges related to hydrogen embrittlement or to reduce the impact of hydrogen embrittlement and that could be done by either having oxide layer coating or it could be reduction in the stress concentrations inside the material confinement vessel or the piping and all. And it could be having adding additives to the hydrogen, it could be proper selection of the material as well as the grain structure. So all these can be used as a means to reduce the hydrogen embrittlement. Now another material property related hazard could be hydrogen permeation. Now we know that hydrogen is a very small molecule and this can migrate through the permeable materials. Now this hydrogen permeation is actually defined as the flux of hydrogen or the rate of hydrogen migrating into the permeable material in such a way that this can cause into later on hydrogen embrittlement. Now this permeation of hydrogen this is insignificant in case of type 1, type 2 or type 3 containers. However in type 4 containers this is also restricted but this hydrogen permeation it depends upon the temperature, it depends upon pressure and it also depends upon aging. So in case of type 4 vessels as the vessel age this permeation increases. Now the another property material property related hazard could be the change in the properties at low temperature or the cryogenic temperature. When materials they are subjected to liquid hydrogen or low temperature hydrogen like the containment vessels or pipelines in that case there is a change in their mechanical properties. Like at low temperatures there could be a change from ductile to brittle behavior, there could be certain unprecedented plastic deformations that can occur or it is also possible that there could be a phase transformation resulting into a change in the elastic and mechanical properties of the material. At the same time it is also possible at such low temperatures there could be thermal contraction of the materials and that varies from material to material. So at such low temperatures of liquid hydrogen both the embrittlement and thermal contractions they play a important role. Now this thermal contraction for metals this is like less than 1% while for structured plastics this range is in the range of 1 to 2.5%. Such an accident has related to the hydrogen embrittlement for with the low temperature hydrogen embrittlement has occurred in Cleveland in US where in a LNG vessel it got raptured and that has spilled of its content and that the process it started as a domino effect. So there a nearby vessel got the fires or the missiles from the nearby vessel initiated rupture of this tank and that spilled up the entire vessel and it got exploded and ignited. And that cost lot of damage not only property damage but that has resulted into 128 lives and 200 to 400 injuries. So the impact of low temperature on to the properties that needs to be monitored and this can lead to hazards as well. Another important material property related hazard is liner blistering in pressure vessels. We have already studied type 4 vessels which has an overwrap of carbon fibre composite and an inner polymer liner. Now in these type of tanks when hydrogen is spilled at higher pressure certain amount of hydrogen gets absorbed into the inner polymer. And if the depressurization rate is greater than the rate at which the hydrogen escapes by diffusion during depressurization in that case there could be a delamination or blistering of the polymer liner that can take place. Now this blistering of liner it depends upon parameters like what was the initial filling pressure, what is the discharge rate, what is the dwell time and that could lead to failures in the type 4 tank. Another possibility could be damage to the carbon fibres. We know that type 4 tanks these are highly complicated structures, these are highly complicated equipment storage vessels and they actually are meant for certain safety requirements. In such a way that they should avoid matrix cracking, fibre breakage, delamination and the dome structure should be such that it should bear the over pressure and any sort of impact from the environmental condition. Now the characteristics of the vessel, the filling characteristics all that are determined by the fibre density and stacking phenomena of the carbon fibres. Sometimes that carbon fibre damage can lead to catastrophic incidents. Now these were the material property related hazards, however handling of hydrogen related hazards can also give rise to accidents at hydrogen facilities and applications. Usually these handling related hazards these are associated with loss of confinement or loss of containment in which either a gaseous hydrogen or liquid hydrogen this is released because of the loss of confinement and that can lead to several types of hazard. The first one let us consider is the gaseous hydrogen leakage. Now we have seen in the properties of hydrogen, we know that hydrogen is the smallest molecule and it is much more prone to leakages. So hydrogen can leak through small joints, these can leak through walls, pipings, through vessels, through different cracks that is a hydrogen leakage. However if there is certain deformities or crack formation maybe because of the embrittlement that can lead to rapid release of gaseous hydrogen and that rapid release of gaseous hydrogen could either be followed by immediate ignition or it could be followed by a delayed ignition and that will have different impacts. So it could be gaseous hydrogen leakage that can arise and can lead to later hazards which could be in the form of either hydrogen jet fire or it could be in the form of delayed ignition leading to explosion. So one of the phenomena which results because of this gaseous hydrogen leak is hydrogen jet fire. If the ignition occurs immediately after the gaseous hydrogen release and that ignition can occur from any of the source, it could be either an open flame, it could be an electrical short circuit, it could be an electrical equipment nearby electrical equipment, some spark, it could be a hot instrument, a heating device present or a person smoking nearby that can lead to hydrogen jet fire. So immediate ignition after the hydrogen release can lead to hydrogen jet fire. Now hydrogen jet fire, it is a sort of high velocity turbulent flame which arises because of combustion of hydrogen air mixture in a flammable range and in such a way that if the release in a certain direction then it takes place with very high momentum and then it can lead to damage of property as well as it can lead to several injuries. However, if the ignition takes place which is after a certain time, so if there is a delayed ignition after the gaseous hydrogen leakage in that case explosion can occur. Now in case of delayed ignition and explosion, hydrogen gets time to mix with the air and that finally leads to thereafter if there is an ignition source present, it can result into explosion. It could also be a thermal radiation, by thermal radiation here we mean if there is a high temperature or if there is a flame hydrogen or a high temperature or a fire nearby that is taking place that can lead to catastrophic events. Now this usually is it can lead to the damage to the property to the equipment, it can lead to damage to the structure of the different hydrogen facilities. This flame, fire or thermal radiation or high temperature can lead to loss of confinement in compressed gaseous hydrogen vessel or liquid hydrogen vessel. Now what happens is like in compressed gaseous hydrogen vessel because of the increase in the temperature, there is an expansion that can occur and finally it can lead to the rupture of the vessel. In case of liquid hydrogen tanks, we know that these tanks are not made to bear very high pressures. So, if there is a nearby high temperature which is caused by some other fire or flame nearby flame, in that case it will increase the temperature of the liquid hydrogen tank. Not only changes the mechanical properties of the vessel or the tank, but it also provides the required heat for evaporation of the liquid hydrogen. Now the change in the both the mechanical properties of the vessel at the same time evaporation of liquid hydrogen will increase the pressure inside the vessel finally leading to rupture of the liquid hydrogen tank. Now this is the after effect if there is a thermal radiation. Now this thermal radiation could be because of a nearby incident wherein a primary incident would be a fire or a rise in temperature could have led to a secondary incident or it can lead to a series of accidents such that the final outcome are much more high temperature, high pressure or more devastating than the primary accident. This is known as domino effect. It is also possible that there could be temperature variation. Now by temperature variation here we mean that when hydrogen is filled to high pressure in an onboard hydrogen storage tank, in that case when it is pressurized to fill in the tank and we want that filling process should be as fast as possible or comparable to the conventional gasoline based vehicle, in that case when the filling process is made faster there is an increase in the temperature while compressing. At the same time when there is a release of hydrogen and then there is a cooling effect which is observed. So that heating effect as well as cooling effect these temperature variations can lead to change in the mechanical properties of the liner material or the fiber there could be stress concentrations in the regions between the liner and the composite and all that can in long run lead to catastrophic events or it could reduce the life of the storage tank. It is also possible that there could be a liquid hydrogen release. Now this liquid hydrogen release can be from a containment vessel or liquid hydrogen tank like in the form of a flow jet wherein the liquid hydrogen is released, it forms a pool onto the ground, thereafter the vaporization will take place, it will form a cloud of liquid hydrogen and that cloud will either flow horizontally to the ground or it will flow downward. Now in this case what happens is there could be several phenomena that could be possible either it could be flash evaporation wherein the vaporization of the liquid hydrogen takes place in such a way that immediate vaporization will occur that will cause a flash or there could be a partial vaporization wherein the partial vaporization can lead to the formation of a pool of liquid hydrogen. Now this pool of liquid hydrogen which is formed vaporization will form a sort of boiling vapor film and when it is close to the ground it will freeze the ground. In the due course of time because the temperature of the liquid hydrogen is very low it what will happen is it will contains the surrounding nitrogen, oxygen, humidity in the environment and that condensation will add up to the moisture content to the liquid and solid particles into the liquid hydrogen cloud making it more dense. Now there are two competing effect that are taking place one because of this condensation of the atmospheric humidity, moisture content, the nitrogen, oxygen the cloud will become more dense and then there will be a negative buoyancy effect. At the same time because of the phase transition there will be a there will be a increase in heat and that will have a positive buoyancy effect. So there will be these two competing effects that will occur however that will be driven by the wind speed environmental conditions like wind speed, what is the external temperature, what is the other condition environmental conditions prevailing. Another handling hydrogen handling related issue which is also associated with liquid hydrogen is boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion. Then hydrogen rapid hydrogen release takes place from a containment vessel in such a way that the hydrogen is released at atmospheric pressure however it is at a temperature higher than the boiling point. In that case the first release of hydrogen will be taking place this is actually of explosion phenomena that will occur because of rupture of the vessel. Here in the internal pressure of hydrogen it increases beyond the bearing strength of the pressure of the liquid hydrogen vessel and that results into explosion. Now we need to remember here that this is a physical explosion that takes place rather than a chemical reaction explosion and this can be in confined space this can be in unconfined space. So it could be a confined vapor cloud explosion or it could be an unconfined vapor cloud explosion. However we need to remember that vapor cloud explosions these are much more hazardous compared to jet fire or flash fire. So these are the different possible hazards that can result from hydrogen related accidents at the point of application or different facilities. Thank you.


The most distinct differences between American and British English. When it comes to learning English, non-native speakers can feel quite torn on whether they should learn British English or American English. They have their similarities, but can contrast each other strongly. The differences can be confusing for English speakers as well. The diversity and spelling, pronunciation, and vocabulary can really throw you off. In this article, I will be focusing on these three topics. Let's explore spelling, shall we? Important Spelling Differences Growing up in the USA, I learned to spell in a simplified form. American English focuses on how the words are pronounced, therefore the words are spelled according to their sounds. KLR in the British is spelled color while in the USA it is spelled color. The USA had dropped the U which gives an elongated sound to the word. The same has been done with the British cancelled and the British organized. In the USA, it is spelled cancelled and organized. These changes in spelling are due to Noah Webster, the curator of Webster's dictionary. He believed that while gaining independence in a political form, we should also gain independence through our spelling and vocabulary. This brought around the dropping and changing of letters in the American English language. Differences in Word Choice Americans vocabulary differs from their British counterparts as well. You will never hear an American mother tell her children to Hoover up the Carpator to put the groceries in the boot. This is due to the word choice. Hoover is a vacuum cleaner company widely used in the British. The company is so popular that the British has substituted the word Carpet Cleaner for Hoover. Which, if I said such a long-winded word, I would change it to Hoover as well. Moving on to the boot. In the British, they aren't referring to something you wear on your foot. They mean their cars. In the USA, we say trunk whereas the British calls their trunks a boot. Quite confusing for an American. In the British, they also call their trash cans dust bins, which could possibly make an American child think that a disposal bin is only for dust. Same word, different pronunciation. Americans fight with British natives about the pronunciation of words all of the time. One of the most popular pronunciations to fight over is the USA tomato versus the British tomato for the word tomato. Another popular pronunciation fight is over the word vitamin. Do you prefer the USA vitamin or the British vitamin? One of the least fought over pronunciations would be the USA privacy and the British privacy for the word privacy. What do you think? Are these pronunciation differences worth fighting over? Other things to consider. As you can see, there are some varieties to English. Many parts of the world use British English, due to the vast empire Great Britain once had. Though, American English is slowly taking the place of British English in parts of Asia and South America due to the widespread popularity of American celebrities. Which English style do you prefer? The posh English of Great Britain? Or the neutral tone of American English? Growing up, I thought British English sounded so fancy. Now, as an adult, I like my American English. I'm a firm believer that it is not the accent you have when speaking, it is how you articulate and convey emotion in your voice. Feel free to experiment with the differences and see which speech works best for you. Are you ready to teach English abroad? Speak with an ITTT advisor today to put together your personal plan for teaching English abroad. Send us an email or call us toll free at 1-800-490-0531 to speak with an ITTT advisor today.


What's going on everyone? Sam here with late in sports cards ripping 22 panini phoenix football hobby 4 box break number 10 Random team style got to look at our random results as always you can find these uh In the uh on the website under the results tab as well as the link that's in chat So good luck here everybody Let's do it phoenix. I love phoenix dude. I'm such a big phoenix fan A lot of people say that it should be yeah, I saw that coca. That's actually kind of funny It's actually kind of cool. I gotta be honest with you. Where you were here yesterday. We were talking about Brady's gonna get a first, right? green out of feeling to 25 that is 13 of 25 Silver is Derek Henry. There's oh gold vinyl. You got a one-on-one gold vinyl Or gold I should say Crystal lava it is to a tag of iloa Going to the dolphins One of one congrats on that Brendan w with miami That's awesome dude. The golds look so sick in this. I'm calling it gold vinyl personally It is technically called gold on the checklist, but that's gold vinyl. That's a gold that's a gold vinyl Congrats nice to uh, there's uh flame throwers matt corral Yeah, yeah, yeah pretty much unless it's a Um printing plate usually pretty much any one-on-one that even like lanes like mags for one-of-ones Uh 17 of 25 at Trey McBride on the green three-color three-color patch auto. There you go Cardinals John L Brad's buddy nice Trey McBride say Juan Silver AJ Dillon 41 out of 50 onto the veteran jersey auto nice one there for the Packers No, I just thought of for no reason at all Sauce Cardner silver You hold McDonald's commercial and they had the fish McBytes Fishy McBytes McBytes that's stuck in my head dude fishy fishy McBytes fishy McBytes McBytes There's uh, Joe name it on the fire forge to 175 Silver mark Andrews Does anybody else remember that? I can't be the only one Uh, let me take a look for you really quick burger Carl Aftis we've got George Pickens 90 of 99 nice one there three-color patch 325 a box. Thank you Vaughn Nice patch there for the Steelers and a Kyle Pitts Color burst there's uh red 2250 Silver fire forge Peyton Manning Yeah, no, it's not bad honestly get a bunch of numbered stuff Potentials at Case Hits like very very super short prints Trayvon Walker Mac Jones to at 125 purple for the Patriots And Silver Brain Than Cooks Thomas there's a nice Trayvon Walker teal Color match for the Jags to 150 Silver rookie rising Kenneth Walker Stefan Diggs purple hot routes that is 22 of 35 30 for Brunson at half time Silver James Cook contours like I said I have to accept that I was completely wrong about Jalen Brunson Yeah, I thought that was like the worst overpay of all time and I was wrong I'll admit it Lava Ty Chandler rookie to 175 For the Vikings and hot routes Chris Olava The last pack we get two autos in this Yeah, we did okay pink is Jacobi Myers another pink Jacobi Myers 21199 Silver Lamar Jackson flame throwers Oh look it's on Highlights are on Oh Do that horn it's course terrible. Yeah, that's super distracting Okay So weird seeing him in the Sun Jersey This is like it's like 2k, dude. Yeah, it literally looks like a creative team. Yeah That's Reg Coby Myers this time Vaughn's favorite wide receiver to 250 and Dylan's favorite wide receiver They both said he should be throwing the ball. There's Brock Lesnar consours Probably better than I'm catching it That's what I'm saying loosely This guy's is linked to iMac WWE again Breaking a little bit later on 18 spots to go guaranteeing yourself a hit in the break Purple Christian Harris for the Texans to 125 125, right? Yes 125 hot routes Dibo Going to the Niners Niners It's like like mint chocolate chip ice cream It really did Traylon Burks Christian McCaffrey on the teal to 150 Nice one there to have him as a niner in this very cool Silver Ryan Tannehill flamethrowers. It's got a cool like half of the products this year have McCaffrey as a panther and like the newer ones coming out. He's a niner Marvin Leal Lamar on the uh, um lava 45 out of 175 And Traylon Burks hot routes That's an hill. There's cave on tibit oh 32 of 50 on the orange auto owner of the cave on tibit ohm Silver Snoop Connor red flamethrowers Matt Corral to 199 silver Malik Willis rookie rising Orange Mitch Tripisci for the Steelers to 99 And a flamethrowers Kirk Oh Kirk cousins. I thought that I swear to god. I thought that was Matthew Stafford for a second. Wait, hold on There's a contours Aaron Rodgers to 125 on the purple silver Tray Lance flamethrowers Kyle Hamilton. There's Traylon Burks to 299 rookie jersey auto going to the Titans. There you go, Vaughan Nice one there, buddy. Traylon Burks to 299 Silver Brandon I pretty much every patch we've gotten out of this so far to regardless of the numbering has been pretty solid Jameson Williams, uh, 74 out of 99 Breece Hall. Yep. That is two color nice one there on the red Yeah, phoenix patches are some of the best in the game for sure. Oh, dude. That's so cool Roke one Smith as a raven Oh, dude, that's awesome I didn't think he'd have any ravens cards until next year. Congrats baltimore color burst Now I gotta That changes everything right there that he is a raven in this checklist unbelievable There's a pink Cameron Thomas to 199 And Joe Nate fire forge. That's awesome person strong There's a kind of picket red contours to 199 and silver contours. Joe burrow going to the bingles All right on to the next one And guys ww iMac at the end of the night. That's the only group rake we have currently with spots tonight Kind of like color burst from last year. I think it looks great this year. Don't get me wrong. I don't I don't think it's I think it's Pretty on par with last year. I I did enjoy last year's color burst.  There's uh Pat Tillman contours nice to 50. That's awesome. The cardinals silver Contours james cook rookie cook rook Danny gray. There's john mechie to 299 rookie jersey auto for the texans Nice one there. I have to agree on that silver tom brady. I agree on that roosley Iron ice tom brady for the bucks 49 of 50 nice one there. Congrats. Uh tampa bay lucy there you go lucy I know frank was in here. Congrats on that frank and lucy is a silver flamethrower's james winston interesting. You get uh throw the um Brady in the recap greg dulcet teal to 150 Silver dj more there's kind of golly day on the pink to 199 Silver brandon cooks to 9 and 9 You're seeing that video The mr. Brandon cooks to 9 and 9 James cook red to 250 There's kind of walker james winston flamethrowers Uh red to 199 silver matt corral for the panthers trimmer bride Uh 49 of 50 a breeze hall again nice one there on the uh phoenix patch. That's three color. What's up brine? Three color phoenix patch For the jets that is breeze song Rashad penny on the color burst. Yeah, I see what you're saying vaughn. This one's kind of cool I do like to call it the color burst looks kind of fire this year See a sprinkle come out of here drone ford. There's matt corral flamethrowers to 150 And hot routes mark andrews Opening some cards that's about it Drake we got london on the track. There he is t higgins purple to Jeff I apologize man Sorry about that. Yeah, it was a good case. So for all sorry, I didn't hit something Uh nicobe dean to 150 Silver is uh contours derrick henry george pickens. There's cave on tibidil 95 of 99 on the pink auto owner of the cave on tibidil going to the giants And silver furious george carlaft is that checks out Just opening cards. That's about it Nothing too crazy. Hey, Matthew. I'm taking two spots in the uh iMac. We're down to 16 on iMac wwe now Thank you guys knocking that one down a little bit again only group break currently with spots available Is wwe iMac at the end of the night? Showing some myself. Yeah, I feel that Uh pink james cook rookie 2199 Silver flamethrowers kurt cousins There's dallas goddard nice one there on the silver base. That is super damaged, unfortunately Uh, we'll send that empty box and ratter wrapper with the um eagles. Yeah, that's really bad Sorry about that eagles. They're extremely silver Looks like somebody just dropped it in water I had jail in petri There's a matt corral purple on the contours to 125 Silver drake london hot routes I'm kidding Vaughn Walker there's a kenneth walker to 149 On the jersey card nice one there for the ceilings chad j nachy harris on the uh Color uh color burst Like I said, you're a smart guy. You got it. Smart guy. Say my names. It really is trail on perks Uh to 199 red Yeah, what's up ryan silver randall cunningham. What do you need? Yeah question on something or great dulcich 39 out of 50 tyquan thorton on the purple three colored rpa It's one there for the pats going to james beat per cup silver 23 points on almost 70 shooting in 24 minutes. Good lord. This is so good, dude Uh yellow nick benito that is to 75 for the broncos silver matt corral contours How pits teal to 150 Falcons silver jalen hurts flame throwers Yeah Yeah, I got you. I'll let them know I'll let them know for sure There's red jahan dots and hot routes to 199 Malik willis. Yeah, I'll let them know for sure brine. I could text them right now if you want to Once the break's over there's terrian davis price lava to 175 The nine silver contours brock lesnar to the go two and ten Got mr. Biskey red Uh to 250. Yeah, I got you. No problem bruh silver flame throwers at wilson got purple garret wilson Nice one there six of 35 congrats on that jets low numbered wilson and george kiddle hot routes I'll do it for the break guys got a quick recap going here. We had a Tom brady to 50. Kenneth walker brissol brissol george pickens. That was goddard cave on tibidow cave on tibidow tyquan thorton john mechie aj dylan treylon berks trey mcbride and one of one Gold vinyl to attack a byloa. That'll do it for the break guys. Thanks again for the fill next up. We've got number 11


Hi, my name is Terri Anacot and I'm the Program Manager for Google Web Creators. Today I want to talk about how we can make the web more visual with Web Stories. Many of us are already familiar with Stories. They're always full-screen, portrait, and immersive. Stories allow readers to tap to go forward and backward and you drag up to open a page attachment. And of course, Stories allow you to swipe to go to the next story if there is one and so on. Web Stories keeps this consistent experience that you've come to love but offers some great benefits to you as a creator and reader. So why has the style of producing content become so popular? Current implementations focus on ephemerality and ultra-low barrier to creation. But our bet is that the Stories format works beyond the ephemeral use case and can become its own pillar in the web in the media landscape. So now that we understand the common characteristics of a Story format, let's take a closer look at Web Stories. Web Stories are a web-based version of the popular Stories format that blend video, audio, images, animation, and text to create a dynamic consumption experience. So why should you create Web Stories? One, for creative control. Web Stories are entirely under your direction just like any other content on your website. Each Story can be designed to fit your brand. Two, they're monetizable. Story authors retain 100% of any monetization with ads or affiliate links and are in full control of hosting, sharing, and linking to those Stories. Three, they don't expire. The Stories live on your website as long as you want them to. Tappable Stories have become a major part of the way consumers engage with content. In fact, 60% of weekly mobile content users now consume Tappable Stories daily on social media. We've seen studies that show that they're more engaging than a text article. There's a unique opportunity for publishers to reach their audiences with a familiar Tappable Stories format. Web Stories bring that format to the open web and allow publishers to take control of their content without being confined to a single ecosystem. Stories are also more structured and cheaper to make than video. They can be ranked, they can be crawled, and they're scannable as a text article. A fundamental characteristic of the web is openness, specifically open access, consumption, and creation. Simply put, Web Stories are web pages. And since Web Stories live on the web, they don't just live in an app, but can be accessed anywhere the web can be accessed. Sharing a Web Story is as simple as sharing any other link on the web. Not only are Stories easy to share and embed, you can also link to your other content. We've already seen other publishers linking to Stories from their home pages on social channels and in newsletters. And because of that, we're seeing Web Stories adopted by a range of publishers around the world as a medium for a broad range of content, from the topical and deep to the fun, personal, and interesting. We're also seeing Web Stories adopted by independent creators for their sites via creation platforms and by brands for user engagement and as immersive landing pages for ads. So now that we understand what Web Stories are, let's talk about where you can see them. Stories are web pages and can be seen anywhere a web page can be seen. But at Google, we're going the extra mile to let them shine. Just recently, we announced a new home for Web Stories on Discover. Discover is a possible feed experience for users to stay up to date with the topics, trends, publishers, and creators they care about. The Web Stories Carousel on Discover showcases some of the best visual content from the web. You might ask, how's Discover different from Search? With Search, users enter a search term to find helpful information related to their query, but Discover takes a different approach. Instead of showing results in response to a query, Discover surfaces content primarily based on what may be a good match based on a reader's interest. In addition to Discover, we continue to service more Web Stories across Google Search results globally on mobile. So at this point, you're hopefully either interested in consuming stories or making your own. Building a Web Story can be broken out into five simple steps. Step one is to select a story creation tool. Just like for regular web pages, it's important to have the right tools at hand to create Web Stories. Tools that help you speed up the content creation process and allow you to achieve better results, thanks to visual editing and guidance along the way. For most people, drag and drop tools like the Web Story Editor for WordPress, Make Stories, and Use Room AI make it easy to create Web Stories in minutes to your website. These editors require no coding skills and pages can be dragged together and configured similar to a design tool. But you're not most people. The chance is very high that you're a web developer. You can use it to your advantage and hand code stories from scratch, which will give you more flexibility and a chance to play around with features that's not yet available in the what you see is what you get tools I just talked about. Step two is to draft your storyline.  Now comes the hardest part, sourcing the right content. The right imagery or videos are the make or break of a good Web Story. If you've been blogging on the web before, this is kind of counterintuitive. With a typical blog post or article, you start with a copy and then find some image to visualize a point. With a Web Story, you start with an image and then write some copy to clarify your point. Step four, make it your own. Take the time to customize your story and make it feel like your personal brand. And don't worry, the more you use these editors, the faster you can create stories. Number five is to optimize it. Learn from engagement stats or your next story reaches an even greater audience. Google Search Console will provide additional details about how your web stories are performing in Search and Discover. And lastly, join the Google Web Creators community. The web is an amazing and enormous platform, but creating for it can be difficult and it lacks the support community. Google Web Creators exists to provide tools, guidance, and inspiration for people to make awesome content on the web. You can check us out on our blog, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. To summarize, Web Stories keep the great UX you already know. Stories meet their widest audience ever, the web. And since these stories live on the open web, it provides content creators and publishers an immersive format for delivering content and visually rich, tap through, and easy to share experience. But there's more. Great story experiences are coming to the web and we're making them so much better. We're building out a rich open-store story player to help you integrate Web Stories into your side experience. We'll help you craft the right user experience for your stories, ranging from highlighting contributors to an interactive grid or a story carousel. Once users start consuming stories on your site, they'll be able to continue swiping to your other stories and react to them just like any other content on your site. Getting started with a Web Story player is easy. A few lines of code will get you up and running with a rich, swippable experience. You can also embed a Web Story within an article, customize immersive consumption experience with your branding, and even personalize what story to show next to your users in real time. And of course, we're making the core story experience itself richer and more interactive with a number of new components. You can integrate interactive quizzes to engage your users and build a sense of community and even pull them for their opinion on the questions that really matter. We're also continuing to help you bring stories to life by integrating rich support for 360 images and videos. You can direct your users to points of interest or allow them to explore the space on their own. And we're just getting started. We're working in innovative ways to take storytelling to new heights. Soon you'll be able to embed audio from services like SoundCloud or Spotify. Allow users to easily browse all your story content. Enable your users to interact more deeply with products and wow them with even richer animations and immersive transitions. To end, here's a list of resources in our social handle so you can stay connected. We can't wait to see what stories you tell. Thank you for your time.


The commander of the grouping of Russian troops, sent her in the war in Ukraine, Colonel General Alexander Lipin, was removed from his post. This was confirmed by the TV channel Grozny. Also, this information was confirmed by a RBC agency source familiar with the personal decision. The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has not yet commented on the information about the removal of this general from his post. The head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzam Khadirov, previously accused Lipin of being absent from combat positions. Khadirov announced that he informed the Chief of the General Staff, Valery Gorassimov, about the threat of Russian troops becoming an open target in Liman city. Two weeks ago, the Major General of the Ahmad Special Forces, my dear brother, Apti Aloudinov, told me personally that our fighters can become an easy target. I, in turn, informed Valery Gorassimov, Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, about the threat. But the general assured me that he did not doubt Lipin's talent as a military commander and did not consider it possible to retreat in and around Krasny Liman. A week later, Lipin moves his headquarters to Starobelsk, which is a hundred kilometers away from his subordinates, and he himself sits in Lugansk. How can you efficiently manage units that are 150 kilometers away? Due to the lack of basic military logistics, we have abandoned several settlements and a large part of the territory. It's not a shame that Lipin is incompetent, it is a shame that it was covered up by the higher-ups at headquarters. If I had it in my power, I would demote Lipin to the rank of private, deprive him of his awards, and hand him a gun and send him to the front to wash away his shame in blood. Army nepotism will not lead to good. It is necessary to appoint people with a strong character, brave, principled, who care about the warrior, who know that the subordinate cannot be left without help and support. Nepotism has no place.


Hypothermia as the term indicates is a decrease in core body temperature. So when the core body temperature becomes less than 35 degree Celsius then this term hypothermia is used. And here we are talking about accidental hypothermia because for certain surgeries the induction of hypothermia is also done. So here we will talk about accidental hypothermia. If we consider the causes then the cause can be primary cause where the person is actually exposed to cold environment, too cold environment and exposure of a healthy person to cold environment where his body is not able to produce as much heat as is required or there is excessive heat loss. So that is primary cause of accidental hypothermia or there can be secondary causes which are very common actually because what happens in primary cause exposure of individual to cold environment, healthy individual to cold environment he can know about that and he can take precautionary measures to cause decrease in heat loss and the preventive measures will help the person. So in secondary causes when we say then there are certain predisposed individuals in which hypothermia can occur and the presence of basically systemic diseases predisposes individual to this secondary hypothermia then basically if you try to categorize them then maybe that the person is more susceptible to hypothermia. So more susceptible who will be the people first of all there will be elderly people and especially immobile people because when immobility is there then obviously the metabolic activity is less and if you are suffering from systemic illness then it becomes more predisposing then there can be new needs because in new needs what happens that there is increase in surface area to mass ratio and increased surface area means that there are more predisposed to heat loss because more of their surface area will come in contact with the environment plus in new needs there is lack of effective shivering as well you know that new needs have actually brown eddy post issue which is protective but the shivering mechanism is not that developed. Then the causes which lead to hypoglycemia you see shivering requires adequate presence of neutrons that neutrons will be metabolized during shivering so if there are causes which predispose to hypoglycemia then the person becomes more susceptible and what can be these causes first of all obviously malnutrition because in malnutrition there is a decrease in glycogen reserve so they cannot shiver for very long time so that is malnutrition also in malnutrition there is decreased subcutaneous tissue so when this is there then there is high chances of energy being transferred from the core to the surface so subcutaneous tissue actually is preventing heat loss from the body so in malnutrition decreased subcutaneous tissue is a factor then there can be some endocrine abnormalities which can lead to hypoglycemia as example is adrenal insufficiency hypopiturism so these can also predispose the individual to accidental hypothermia then hepatic failure hepatic failure also what happens that there is decrease in glycogen reserve so that is also one predisposing cause so these are certain conditions which lead to hypoglycemia and hence predispose the individual to hypothermia obviously if the person is exposed to cold environment and especially remember just want to add if cold environment and there is presence of water right suppose if the person falls in water then it is very high chances that they can be accidental hypothermia because there is too much heat loss when the environment is water also the water keeps moving so the conviction also is added so say suppose a cold rainy day and plus cold winds are also blowing so that is going to also add to the wind chill effect for all these terms of wind chill effect and how the body is generating heat or losing heat there is another video on physiology of temperature regulation that you can see but here we will restrict our set to accidental hypothermia coming to other causes say psychiatric disorders in certain psychiatric disorders the person is predisposed to hypothermia because the patient doesn't want to actually defend himself from excessive cold then occupational hazard occupational hazard in this basically it is a primary cause that the person for long duration is exposed to cold environment so these were certain causes of accidental hypothermia with this let us go into the pathophysiology of hypothermia and what are the stages of hypothermia first fundamental you should remember that when we are talking about hypothermia that is decrease in cold body temperature what will happen that decrease in temperature is going to decrease the metabolic rate understanding so here we are talking about the effects of hypothermia one thing is that decrease metabolic rate as in case of hypothyroidism can itself lead to hypothermia the person is becoming susceptible but once hypothermia develops because of decrease in temperature there will be decrease in metabolic rate because all the enzymatic reactions in our body depend on the temperature so this decrease in metabolic rate is further going to decrease the heat production so now what happens actually it's kind of positive feedback which is developing because further decrease in heat production it is further making the person more hypothermic because in actual physiological response to decrease in temperature should be increasing the metabolic rate like increase in the shivering so when everything is working normally then what will happen increase thyroid hormones will be released increase sympathetic activity will be there so that will need to increase in heat production but once this state starts of decrease in body temperature then this process can go into a positive feedback and thus there are various stages of hypothermia from mild moderate to severe so what are these various stages of hypothermia and what is their path of physiology and what are the bodily responses in these various changes so when one fundamental you remember when we are talking about different stages in mild stage the symptoms and signs which you will see are basically related to the body's responses to hypothermia that is the body is trying to correct the hypothermia in mild stage that you will see while in moderate and severe you will see what is happening there is progressive decrease in the body temperature and hence there is depression of the various body systems and hence you see deteriorating science in moderate and severe hypothermia so we will talk about each system one by one let's talk about central nervous system what will be the science when we talk about central nervous system what we see is that there is decrease in the cns metabolism obviously because temperature is decreasing so there is a decrease in cns metabolism and hence leading to cns depression and there is a particular order in which we see the various signs and symptoms the order is in terms of you see first there is decrease in the motor function okay then there is progressive decline in higher order function and then there is further there is decrease in the reflexes so that is how the progression of symptoms we see in different stages of hypothermia so in milder stages what will be the symptoms there will be ataxia okay motor symptoms will start there will be ataxia there will be slurred speech we will see in mild hypothermia plus there will be some minor cognitive impairment also so there will be impaired judgment this is actually higher functions but we start seeing the sign so motor signs appear first and then there is this slight decrease in cognitive impairment also see that is impaired judgment and why we are seeing this because you see that decrease in temperature what it causes it causes decrease in the motion of the molecule so everything in body starts working slowly so there is a decrease in the opening of the ion channel as the speed which to open up is decreased and hence there is decrease in the conduction velocity so this decrease in conduction velocity what will happen there will be decrease in action potential generation or conduction of the action potential impulse also will be impaired and once that conduction velocity is less what we will see slower movement because the impulses are coming from top to the muscles so they are traveling very slow so there will be slower movement however shivering will be intact okay shivering is intact slowly slowly fatigue will settle but shivering remember in mild hypothermia is intact coming to moderate stage what we will see in moderate stage now we start seeing progressive loss of consciousness okay so progressive decrease in consciousness is occurring plus other higher order disturbances will occur so we have talked about impaired judgment which is occurring in mild hypothermia here the person will develop apathy apathy is basically he doesn't want to respond to the environment so that is apathy and there is something known as what is seen is paradoxical undressing so instead of clothing himself the person undresses so hence making him more prone to hypothermia so that is known as paradoxical undressing and what I said what will be the third thing there will be decrease in reflexes so that will start coming in moderate stage however it will not be total loss of the reflexes but less response of the reflexes which will we will see so there will be pupil dilation and sluggish responses will occur sluggish responses okay finally what we see here is this loss of shivering because this the motor symptoms have started here though shivering was intact in moderate hypothermia loss of shivering will occur right so the person will not be able to generate heat as well so you see how it is going into a positive feedback and finally in severe hypothermia what we see there is further decrease in metabolism and when there is further decrease in metabolism there will be decrease in carbon dioxide production and carbon dioxide is very important factor which is responsible for cerebral blood flow regression so once carbon dioxide production decreases there is decrease in cerebral blood flow and this decrease in cerebral blood flow further will decrease in the oxygen supply to the neurons so what is going to happen loss of the reflexes so what we see is loss of conial reflexes right so we don't see any responses then loss of any ocular reflexes we will not see pupillary reflexes so that will also disappear and other motor reflexes also will be gone so there will be generalized air reflex here will be present plus what will be the state of consciousness you see here in moderate there was progressive decrease in consciousness so there will be development of coma in case of severe stage so that was signs and symptoms in central nervous system coming to cardiovascular system in cardiovascular system in mildest hypothermia what we see is the responses which are going to preserve the heat so because of increase in sympathetic activity there is vasoconstriction which is actually the normal response which we see for conservation of the heat so there is vasoconstriction now once this vasoconstriction happens there will be movement of the blood for the core right that means on the superficial surfaces there will be less blood and obviously this will cause less heat loss plus due to some increase in sympathetic activity there will be increase in heart rate and vasoconstriction there will be increase in peripheral resistance there will be increase in blood pressure increase heart rate leads to increase in cardiac output again causing increase in the blood pressure so what we see is tachycardia and increase in the blood pressure so these are the normal responses but then there will be movement to depression stage that means all these functions will start decreasing so what we see in moderate hypothermia that because of decrease in the generation of the nerve impulse from SA node and conduction also is affected so these all decrease okay conduction of nerve impulse decrease decrease in generation of SA node impulse why same reason decreased opening of the ion channels will decrease this conduction velocity as well as generation of the impulse so there will be development of bradycardia so the pulse rate is going to fall when we talk about moderate stage of hypothermia and with this the functioning of the heart is also going to decrease so there will be decrease in the cardiac output decrease in the cardiac output what it will lead to decrease in the blood pressure so you see how their progression is occurring here we are seeing how the body responses are trying to conserve the heat so that kind of cardiovascular responses we are seeing but in moderate stage because of the depression of the working of the organ system we are seeing bradycardia and decrease in the blood pressure plus because of decrease in the conduction through the muscle itself the person gets pre discourse to the development of the arrhythmia okay so how decrease in conduction through the cardiac muscle can lead to arrhythmia that you can see in my video on mechanisms of arrhythmia but whenever there is slow conduction time through the cardiac muscle then it can lead to arrhythmia and here in this case actually the all the muscle fibers it is not that conduction time decreases through all the muscle fibers it is kind of a patchy state somewhere it is less conduction time somewhere it is more conduction time and that is the case where the predisposition to arrhythmia happens that is the reentry arrhythmia further what we will see in severe hypothermia now actually the catecholamine response becomes too much blunted the sympathetic system gets depressed the catecholamine response is the blunted there is decrease in the release of the catecholamine so further there is decrease in the cardiac output further there is decrease in the heart rate and ultimately the vasodilation occurs and when vasodilation occurs you see what is happening now the person can no longer conserve that heat the blood volume which was kept to the core now has come to the surface and then there will be more and more heat loss so you see that positive feedback how it works the depression of the system and then loss of the mechanism to maintain the body temperature moreover in severe hypothermia now there will be development of the arrhythmia so there is risk of ventricular tibrelation and the person can die due to cardiac arrest so that was about serious changes coming to renal system in renal system what is going to happen we will just discuss here itself so in renal initially what we are seeing because of vasoconstriction and central movement of the blood what happens that there is something known as cold diuresis so initially we will see increase in the urination so there is cold diuresis because the central volume is increasing so venous return to the heart is increasing and what we see is release of iterative peptide and hence which causes diuresis then in moderate stage what we see is that due to decrease in the cardiac output there will be decrease in the GFR right but because local auto regulation is intact we see due to local changes in the renal circulation renal auto regulation which is there renal blood flow actually increases so as to maintain this GFR so there is increase in renal blood flow despite decrease in the cardiac output because of intact renal auto regulation but in severe stage what happens that this cardiac output decrease ultimately decreases renal blood flow too much and there is decrease in GFR so there will be oligouria and the symptoms of renal failure will start moving on to the next system that is the respiratory system what will be the features in respiratory system again there will be neuronal depression and neurons are the one which initiate the respiration remember that okay so initially in mild stage because of the body trying to generate heat by shivering and increase in the oxygen requirement because of the shivering there will be increase in the respiratory rate so there will be tachypnea however remember that due to decrease in the body temperature the functioning of the respiratory system is now going to decrease so cilia especially their function decreases the kind of parallels and there is accumulation of the mucus secretions in the bronchus and that is known as bronchoria so accumulation of this viscous secretions within the bronchus occurs because of paralysis of the cilia further what will happen as we saw in other systems that there will be respiratory depression because of the decreased functioning of the neuron so what we get is decrease in respiratory rate and then there is decrease in the ventilation also the depth of ventilation also decreases so if this causes hypoventilation thus there is further decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues and obviously more and more these are bronchus secretions are going to accumulate then what will happen in the severe stage see there is going to be hypoxia there is the decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues yeah their requirement is also decreased because of decreased functioning but this depression in the respiratory system is further exaggerating that and because of decrease in oxygen delivery to the tissues what will happen there will be increase in capillary permeability yes this is going to happen throughout the body this increase in capillary permeability but we are seeing what will be the effects in the respiratory system because of this increase in capillary permeability there will be development of pulmonary congestion and edema right so further whatever oxygen is there it will not be able to diffuse as well and further it will lead to hypoxia so you see how positive feedbacks are developing again and again so that was about respiratory system coming to the last part that is the endocrine system what is going to happen initially in mild stage again the body is trying to respond so there is increase in the sympathetic activity increase sympathetic activity means there will be increase in the norepinephrine and epinephrine release in the body then there is increase in thyroid hormone secretion as well this leads to increase in the metabolism then sympathetic activity is responsible for uncoupling at the level of the mitochondria so that is also going to increase right so this is trying to increase the heat production but later on again as I told you before in cardiovascular system there is decrease in the sympathetic response and decrease in norepinephrine and epinephrine release so that is going to further decrease the basal metabolism so ultimately all the systems are getting depressed so that was all about hypothermia I hope you understood how there is progression to the mild to moderate to severe stages of hypothermia and what is the pathophysiology behind it thanks for watching the video if you liked it do press the like button share the video with others and don't forget to subscribe to the channel physiology open thank you


Hey what's up you guys, welcome back to my channel. If you're new here, hi, hello, I'm Lydia, and today I'm doing an update video. But before I get inside, if you are new here, make sure you hit the subscribe button, do the growing family. We are aiming to hit 10k on this channel this year, and I believe we can do it if we work together, so... So, today I'm doing an update. I haven't done an update in a while. I think I've done it at the start of the month. Since then I've had physio, I've had a diabetic appointment, I heard back from a care coordinator who suddenly came back from the dead. So we've got a bit to talk about. Let's start with physio. So I started physio on the... when did I start physio? I don't know where it was because my phone doesn't have the information on it. Thanks for me. But I was given three exercises to do and I'll put them on screen now. So as you can see, I have three exercises and I have to do them three times a day. What we'll try and do is try and strengthen my knee back up because I tore a tendon last year. Painful? Yes. Did I have to use a cane? Yes. Do I still have to use a cane? Yes. My knee is very weak and I can't put much weight on it. If I try and stand on it, it just gives way. And it did when me and my family went to a pub to get a drink. I had Pepsi because I'm still sober. So a lot of variety. I posted a Tweet saying I was a monster yesterday and my God, it's got 1,600 plus likes. But my knee is very weak and there's not really a lot I can do but do exercises to strengthen it back up. So I ain't running for no buses at the time. So let's talk about the diabetic appointment. We have to. My HPA1C is still below the line. So that's amazing. My trillicity dose got increased because I'm going up to the highest dose on that. It's due four weeks of each trillicity level. I'm on 0.75 and going up to 1.5 milligrams.  So diabetes-wise, I'm doing okay. So now let's talk about my mental health. But this isn't all. I'm doing okay. I'm not having any expressive moments. Which is good. I do miss my family. Now I'm not with them. And God knows how far I'm going. But I am also glad to be home. My way, a blanket's coming tomorrow. Yay! It cost me £300. No one warned me about the customs payment. Which was £93. £93. The blanket was £220. Oh, hey hidden beers. Oh, phone. One step closer to the window. So yeah, all in all, I'm doing fine. And I don't really have much to complain on. My care coordinator actually called me last week, which was amazing. I haven't heard from him in three months. Called me to say we were going to arrange to meet up, but I was going to be up to his three weeks leave. Oh, I've also got to do my PIP review paper that I really don't want to do. I had help doing it the first time because I was in hospital. So that's the update. I know it's not much, but it's something. So thank you for watching. If you are new, subscribe, join our own family. If you haven't seen my last two videos, there was one on psych-water abuse. I'll link part one up there. Thank you for watching and I'll see you in my next video. Peace.


Lawyers in defense of the democracy of human rights injustice have expressed outrage over the midnight invasion of the Lagos residents of the central bank of Nigeria, Governor Dr. Gaudwine Mefale, as he is forceful arrest by men of the DSS, describing the developments as undemocratic. They urge all levels of democracy to prevail on the DSS to release Mefale out of respect for the court and the rule of law. The state security service from arresting Mr. Gaudwine Mefale on exactly some issues for which has now been arrested by the DSS at the wee hours of today, around 2 a.m. in the morning, that is in the midnight. He was arrested like a common criminal. In a country where the rule of law operates. It's the governor of the central bank. You are arrested, you are charged with suspicion, merely one or two hours after the arrest he was arrested in the wee hours of today by 2 a.m. like a common criminal. Comrade Justice M. A. Hassan of the High Court of the Federal Capital Directory, Abuja, had on the 29th of December 2022 restrained the state security service from inviting, harassing, intimidating, harassing, detaining, interrogating or interrogating Mr. Gaudwine Mefale on any issues bordering on the pro-delete, falsely-concorted terrorism charges. It is on this note that we call on President Bola Mertinumbu to immediately order the unconditional release of Gaudwine Mefale from illegal detention of the state security service. It is illegal because there is a pending judgment of the Court of Confidential Justice which the DISS participated throughout the proceedings and the judgment was against them. They have not, hope to today they have not appealed against them. Hello, hope you enjoyed the news. Please do subscribe to our YouTube channel and don't forget to hit the notification button so you get notified about fresh news updates.