هل هي مقبولة؟ هل يحدث؟ هل يحدث مفتوحاً في القرآن؟ هل يحدث مفتوحاً؟ في المتحدة عن أهل البيت وفي المتحدة لم يكن لديها مفتوحاً مفتوحاً وشعيين في العالم الإنجليسي هناك مباشرات ورقص التي تدعم هذا المتحدة في العربية ولكن ليس كثيراً في العالم الإنجليسي ماذا يعني؟ ماذا يعني؟ ماذا يعني؟ ماذا يعني؟ هذا المتحدة could be somewhat confusing it could be new for some while others might have a good background الرجعة according to Shi'a theology is the return of some of some good people who are dead but they will return when Imam al-Mahdi عجر الله تعالى فرجه الشريف reappears when Imam al-Mahdi عجر الله تعالى فرجه appears reappears two kinds of people this is the meaning of الرجعة two kinds of people will also come back with him come back from the dead they will come back to life who? the very good and the very bad the very good amongst us of the believers they will also return and the very bad from the people throughout the generations they will also return the very best and the very worst why? okay the return now what? the goal of الرجعة the return is for the very good for the very good people the best of people to seek vengeance and revenge from the very bad and from the worst especially if there were enemies let me give you an example we believe that after the return of Imam al-Mahdi عجر الله تعالى فرجه Imam al-Hussain will also return he will return along with his 72 companions they will come back to life and Yazid and his gang those who? they will also come back to life and Allah will give the opportunity for Imam al-Hussain and his followers to take revenge from their killers from their enemies this is just one example of the very good and of the very bad there are others as you can imagine others include other imams those who are oppressed those who are extremely pious very righteous but they were oppressed Allah will bring them back along with their oppressors those who killed them those who hurt them and have the good doers seek vengeance and revenge from the bad there are some who reject the idea of the return of the Raja they say this is nonsense this will not happen this is a Shi'i this is a Shi'i superstition it's nonsense and it won't happen the vast majority of Sunni scholars hold this opinion that this will not happen Shi'i scholars the majority believe in Raja they believe in the return it might not be discussed as much perhaps for some of you this is new it's not discussed as much why because it raises a lot of questions it confuses some people however certain things must be mentioned they must be told this exists in our books this is one of our beliefs and today we'd like to analyze it we'd like to find proof and evidence for it should we believe in it or should we not believe in it there are some Shi'i scholars that believe the return is the return of Imam Al-Mahdi and that is something that everyone accepts even our Sunni brothers and sisters they also believe in Al-Mahdi but the difference is we believe that he's already born in the year 256 they believe that he will be born in the future or some of them believe that he is Jesus Jesus, Isa, is the Mahdi they have various opinions some of our scholars believe that the return of Imam Al-Mahdi that's it there are some contemporary scholars that contest this theory the theory of Al-Raja that the very good and the very bad shall return and they claim that it has no proof and no evidence while those that argue those who argue for Al-Raja they have their arguments now tonight my dear brothers and sisters first of all we'd like to examine is Al-Raja rationally possible number one is it rationally possible because if it's not rationally possible then why come in trying to find proof and evidence let's see is it rationally possible or is it rationally not possible to have a second coming to have a return to have two kinds of people the very good and the very bad the very evil will come back to life and the very good will seek vengeance and revenge for their oppression from their enemies is this rationally possible or no this is one two is this idea compatible with the Quran what does the Quran say about you know people who will live another life in this life not in the next we're talking about in this life is it possible for a person to die and they come back to life again and die again and then be resurrected for the day of judgment is this idea compatible with the Quran or not number three is there any proof and evidence in the way that we believe in it that the very good and the very bad will return and the very good will seek vengeance from the very bad does this have any proof and evidence from the Quran number four is there any proof and evidence from the narrations of Ahl al-Bait what do the Ahl al-Bait have to say about this number five what is the philosophy of the Raja what is the point what is the purpose of the return number six is it necessary and compulsory to believe in Al-Raj'a what if it doesn't make sense to me what if I'm not convinced will I be committing a sin if I don't believe in Al-Raj'a the return or do I have to accept it the same way that for example I accept the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad and the Imam of Imam Ali A.S and number six or number seven rather who will be the first to return after Imam Al-Mahdi we shall try to touch upon these points briefly without taking too much of your time tonight صلى الله عليه وسلم you know a complicated topic like this requires a lot of salawat صلى الله عليه وسلم number one is Al-Raj'a the return rationally rationally and logically possible is it possible for someone to have two lives to live die and then come back to life again die and then be resurrected on the day of judgment is it possible to come back again to life Sunni scholars say this is not possible rationally it is not possible for you to have a second life for you to come back to life after death how is that logically and rationally rationally possible the answer is that it is very much rationally possible and it is very much logically possible what do you say about resurrection if you deny the Raj'a the return because it's not possible to come back to life after death then you as mine as well you should deny also what resurrection the day of judgment because what is resurrection of the day of judgment is coming back to life after death so if this is not possible for you you think it's not possible then resurrection is also not possible the day of judgment is also not possible by the way there are some that deny resurrection they deny resurrection how there are some philosophers they say that المعاد الجسماني is not possible that bodily resurrection physical resurrection is not possible does that mean that they deny resurrection under the day of judgment no they say we believe in resurrection we believe in the day of judgment but it's spiritual it's not physical why they say well because when we die when we're buried we turn into what we turn into sand that soil turns into plants and trees and those plants and trees they go to people's stomach it's an animal's stomach so we essentially become part of an animal and that animal gets slaughtered and is eaten by another human being and that human being dies and gets you see so how is it possible that Allah will return us with our exact bodies that's impossible because our bodies will be part of other bodies either animals or other humans and obviously humans are animals so how is it possible to be resurrected with these bodies they say it's impossible thus resurrection is only spiritual not physical and this is called المعاد الجسماني there are some that deny المعاد الجسماني there are some philosophers of course we believe that it's possible and in Surah Al-Yasin in Surah Yasin Allah SWT I'll lose to this point that a person asked how is it possible that when a person dies when his bones have deteriorated they turn into sand Allah will return him وضرب لنا مثلا ونسي خلقه قال من يحيي العظام وهي رميم قل يحييها الذي أنشأها أول مرة he will say a man will say how can these bones come back to life how can a human being come back to life the Quran says say the one who gave it life the first time will give it life the second time is that too hard the one who gave us life the first time and created us from nothing right he gave us life and he gave us this body is it hard for Allah to bring this body back alive again absolutely not if it was easy the first time it's easy the second time thus the return is very much rationally possible it's logically possible the day of judgment and the body and that we will be resurrected with these bodies then you have no objection you cannot have any objection to the return this is one number two the idea of having a second life to come back to life after death in this life in the world the other world meaning to live die and then come back to life again here before the day of judgment before the other world is this possible we said rationally logically it's possible does this conform to the Quran is it compatible with the Quran when does the Quran say about this when we read the Quran because in order to test any theory to see if any theory is compatible with Islam we have to see if it's compatible with what first the Quran the Quran tell me anything if you want to know is it Islamic or non Islamic I'll tell you let's come to the Quran and let's see what the Quran has to say about it Islamic democracy Islamic pluralism Islamic communism Islamic so and so Islamic human rights Islamic women's rights let's come and see what the Quran says the first test is the Quran let's see are these theories compatible with the Quran or not now let's come and see is the return of the very good and the very bad is it compatible with the Quran or not when we read the Quran we see that coming back to life is something very much possible in the Quran the Quran tells us of many people that came back to life in this life after dying the Quran is full of stories not one, not two, not three it's full of stories these are not a hadith by the Ahl al-Bayt for some people to contest them if you don't accept the Ahl al-Bayt you're gonna say well I don't accept your narrations I'm not arguing with narrations now we're arguing with the Quran our evidence is the Quran the Quran tells us of several people that came back to life after death one the Quran tells us about the story of Prophet حزقيل in the bible known as Isaacal in the Quran known as حزقيل ألم ترأل الذين خرجوا من ديارهم وهم ألوفون حذر الموت فقال لهم الله موتوا ثم أحيهم the Quran says do you not see those who left their city by the thousands fearing death and then Allah told them to die so they died and then he brought them to life what is this story there was a city that the residents of that city were from Ben Israel Ben Israel there was an epidemic there was a major disease in that city so people started fleeing they started running away they started fleeing death Allah told them you're running away from death I could get death to reach you so Allah killed them Allah made them die Prophet حزقيل he came and he saw thousands dead their corpses and their remains they were there so Prophet حزقيل he started thinking you know how did these people die and how will they be resurrected how will these remains and corpses and skeletons and bones how will they be brought back to life Allah wanted to show Prophet حزقيل he brought all of them back to life and this is mentioned in تفسير الطبري and تفسير الدر المنثور and تفسير السيوطي these three sources these books of تفسير are Sunni books of تفسير they mentioned that these people were brought back to life فقال لهم الله موتو ثم أحياهم he told them to die so they died and then he brought back brought them back to life this is one incident another incident that the Quran tells us is about the story of موسى عليه السلام when a man was killed innocently and two tribes were about to fight because there was a feud between two tribes and an innocent man died from one tribe that tribe was accusing whom the other tribe that you killed our man and there was about to be a major war so they came and asked Prophet موسى though what should we do bring this man back to life let's ask him who killed you Prophet موسى said okay الله says كلاوات بقرة صورة البقرة the longest صورة in the Quran is mentioned is named after this cow this story they came and asked which kind of cow so he came you know he told them kill any cow slaughter any cow but they kept on asking questions I don't know I give them more details you know sometimes people make it harder on themselves the more they ask questions the harder Allah will make it right so sometimes just don't ask questions someone tells you do this do it don't ask for details how should I do it how should I do this how should I do this just do it like you're told right finally they found the cow that yellow cow that Allah told them and yellow I mean where do you find a yellow cow finally they found a yellow cow they came they slaughtered it they bought the blood they put it on the man's feet the man came back to life and he said here's my murderer he pointed to his murder they grabbed that man and they executed him this is another verse فقلنا ضربوه ببعضها كذلك يحيي الله يحيي الله الموتى ويريكم آياته العلكم تعقلون this verse reverse to the story of mousa alaihi salam what happened the man came back to life he was dead he came back to life so this is very much possible another story that pertains to prophet mousa alaihi salam when prophet mousa this is the third incident prophet mousa took his companions to meet Allah supposedly they were going to meet Allah they were that ignorant thinking that they were going to see Allah right they told him we will not believe in you unless we get to see Allah this was bani israel وإذ قلتم يا موسى لنؤمن لك حتى نرى الله جهرة موسى تولم okay come with me he took 70 of them they went to the mountains what happened a major what would you call it a lightning major lightning major storm they all died when they died they said mousa remained alive mousa told him oh Allah please bring them back to life because if I go back to the rest of bani israeel they will say what you kill them they will accuse me of murder so bring them back to life الله answered the dua of mousa and he brought them back and he brought them back and he brought them back and he brought them back it's like then we brought you back to life after your death so that you may be thankful so that you may be thankful this is in clear plain arabic it doesn't need translation anyone who knows arabic will understand that these people came back to life after death right this is the Quran in another incident fourth incident the story of عزير and the holy temple اوك الذي مر على قرية وهي خاوية على عروشها قال اننا يحيي هذه الله بعد موتها فأماته الله مئة عام ثم بعته قال كم لبث prophet عزير or ارمية ناريشن say either عزير or ارمية one of them passed by the holy temple in jerusalem that was destroyed by whom by an arabic نبو خد نصر in english نبك نزر right the famous king in Iraq he came and he destroyed the holy temple in jerusalem the holy temple of the jews عزير or ارمية he came he passed by the holy temple and it was destroyed right that's why the jews they have the weeping wall wailing wall why they will for the destroyed temple the temple that they believe was built by prophet suleyman saulman anyhow عزير he came he saw the destroyed temple the holy temple it's destroyed so he thought to himself this place is in ruins how is it possible that it could ever be you know reconstructed it could be brought back Allah makes him die Allah made عزير or ارمية died and then he brought him back to life he was asked how long were you gone for he said a day or two days و بعض يوم I was gone for a day or two years a day or two years بل then he is told بل بثمائة عامن you died for a hundred years for a hundred years and then you came back to life it's very much possible for someone to die and then come back to life this is the fifth example this is the fifth example أبراهيم asked Allah و يتقال أبراهيم ربي أرني كيف تحيل موته أبراهيم asked Allah to show him how he will resurrect the dead قال أولم تؤمن أبراهيم you don't believe that we could bring back the dead قال بلا he said I do believe ولكن ليطمئن قلبي I do believe but I want to be rest assured I want to be sure you know sometimes when you you believe in something logically you believe in it but your heart needs it needs reassurance right your heart needs reassurance أبراهيم get four kinds of birds four kinds of birds a peacock a crow get them slaughter them cut them into pieces mix them together mix the four different kinds of birds mix them together قال فأخذ أربعة من الطير فصر هن إليك ثم جعل على كل جبل من هن جزء get these four birds cut them into pieces mix them together and then divide them into ten parts and put every part on ten mountains ten hills and then call the peacock call the dove call the pigeon call the crow someone is paying attention and they will come back to you ثم ادعوهن يأتينا كساعة وعلم ان الله عزيز وحكيم and indeed أبراهيم he called one by one he called the peacock the peacock came together he called the dove the dove came together he called the crow he called the pigeon they all came back together life after death this is life after death and this life before the next and finally there's a lot of examples I'm just giving you some one of his miracles was what to bring back the dead to bring back the dead why some people thought that he was God because of such miracles because of such miracles because of such miracles that people thought he was God even Imam Ali A.S Imam Ali A.S there were some people that thought he was God they claimed that he was God why because he performed certain miracles وصلى الله عليه وسلم محب غال ومبغض قال he says two people will be punished because of you I mean not because of you but because of their position from you one is a Mughali the one who declares that you're God will be punished because this is kufr this is disbelief and another who hates you so much who considers you a kaffir he will also be punished you know subhan Allah there's two extremes there were some that declared him God and there were some that declared him a kaffir anyhow بافر عيسة would bring back the dead so it's very much possible now صلى الله عليه وسلم life after death in this life we saw that according to the Quran is it impossible or is it possible it's possible we saw that there were various individuals or groups that were brought back to life in this life before the next they lived twice and they died twice and then they were resurrected right we saw this in the Quran now but you might say this is not enough to prove to me that the very good people and the very bad people will what will be brought back will be resurrected in this life and the good people will seek vengeance from the bad now I say let's take a step further now we saw that coming the return coming back to life as possible let's try to find some proof and evidence from the Quran before they're back no come with me in one verse و يوم نحشر من كل أمة فوجن من ما يكذب بأياتنا in a day we will resurrect from every nation a group from every nation we will resurrect a group from those who denied our signs meaning those who disbelieved in our signs some scholars say this is talking about what? the return this is not talking about the day of judgment because most scholars Sunni scholars they say this verse is talking about whom about what? the day of judgment و يوم نحشر من كل أمة some of our scholars say this verse is talking about not the day of judgment because it says we will resurrect from every nation a group only a group while on the day of judgment there will be a group you see و يوم ينفخ فصوري فأفزع من في السماوات والأرض و من في الأرض regarding the day of judgment الله says when the day that person blows in the horn everyone will be resurrected that's the day of judgment but this verse says that a day will come from every nation a group will be resurrected that group are the very bad the most evil this is one verse if you can test if you can test this verse you say it's not very convincing there's another verse let's see كيف تكفرون بالله و كنتم أمواتا pay attention follow up with me الله says how can you reject how can you not believe while و كنتم أمواتا you were dead فأحياكم he gave you life ثم يومي تكم then he takes away your life makes you dead ثم يحييكم then he brings you back to life ثم إليه ترجعون then you will return to him how many lives is that and how many deaths that's two lives and two deaths and then we return to him كيف تكفرون بالله و كنتم أمواتا you were dead and then he gave you life you were dead meaning you were not created he gave you life فأحياكم ثم يومي تكم then you will die ثم يحييكم then you will come back to life ثم إليه ترجعون meaning what you will die that means two lives two deaths this is talking about الرجع if you can test if you say no we were dead and then Allah brought us back to life and then we die ثم أحياكم ثم إليه ترجعون then he gave you life then you return that means this is talking about ربنا يومي تناثنتين و أحياي تناثنتين if this verse is not so clear we have another verse ربنا أمت تناثنتين و أحياي تناثنتين oh Allah you gave us life twice and you made us die twice twice well if you can say gave us life twice that could mean gave us life in this life وانه سوف يعطينا الحياة في حياته. لكنك قلت لك دائما دائما، كيف تتكلم؟ قالوا ربنا، أمت تناثنتين وأحييت تناثنتين، قلت لك دائما دائما وقلت لك دائما وانه سوف نعيق دائما، أين هو أخر دائما؟ هذا هو أمت تناثنت؟ بالتأكيد هذا ليس لكل يوم ولم أعرف أولاً بأنه ليس لكل يوم أعلم، أعلم، سوف أعلم، سوف أعلم سوف نتكلم أنه فقط جيد وما جداً جيد وانت another verse there's a verse that says اننا لننصر رسولنا والذين آمنوا في الحياة الدنيا ويوم يقوم الأشهد we will support our prophets and those who believe in this life we will support them in this life our prophets many of them they were killed they were oppressed Prophet Zakaria he was cut in half Prophet Yahya his head was cut and sent to a tyrant very similar to him Imam Hussein says I mentioned a couple of days ago that bani Israel in some days from dawn till sunrise they would kill how many prophets who remembers 70 prophets they would kill the verse says we will support our prophets in this life how were they supported how was Prophet Zakaria supported how was Prophet Yahya supported how was our prophet supported how was Imam Hussein supported all these prophets that were killed how were they supported to support means to avenge to give vengeance to give that person the ability to revenge to get revenge our scholars say this verse it's talking about what the return these prophets will come back to life along with their killers along with their enemies and they will be able to seek vengeance they will be able to take revenge some might say some might contest this verse as well some might say well to support doesn't necessarily mean to kill their oppressors or to slaughter them or to kill them Imam Hussein the millions that remember Imam Hussein during these days the millions who will walk to this grave to his shrine isn't that supporting the Imam isn't that Allah's support for Imam Hussein that's better than having Yazid come back to life and kill Yazid isn't it which one is really support for the Imam the millions who walk to the Imam inspired by the Imam or to kill Yazid that's there are some who can contest this view however there's a narration by the Ahl al-Bayt by Imam Sadiq Al-Salam regarding this verse إنّا نلنصر رسول الله واللذين أمنوا the Imam says this is pertaining to the return because many prophets were killed they were massacred they were hurt but they were not supported they will be supported in the second coming and incidentally in Sunni books of Tafseer they mentioned this for example in Tafseer Al-Kashaf by Az-Zamaqshari which is a very authentic book of Tafseer for them they teach it in their houses it's taught in Al-Azhar Al-Azhar University they teach this Tafseer Tafseer Al-Kashaf he says ويتوح الله من يقتصه من عدائهم ولو بعدحين he will allow Allah how does he support his those who believe in the prophets he will get someone to seek vengeance for their death from those who kill them that means those people will come back to life and they will seek vengeance now this is all pertaining to the Quran if you have some doubt if you believe that these verses are not too convincing I'm still not convinced come to the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt صلى الله عليه وسلم we have over 200 narrations by the Ahl al-Bayt that talk about the Raja'a that talk about the coming the return 200 narrations by over 40 narrators these 200 narrations they're not all by one narrator one or two or three so that you may say these narrations are not reliable we've never heard of the Raja'a before there's over 40 narrations I'm sorry over 40 narrators these people couldn't have conspired all together to come up with such a theory at various generations during various generations at times that narrates regarding the Raja'a there are several scholars throughout history in the history of Shi'a'zam that wrote about the Raja'a Ahmed ibn Dawood al-Jurjani حسن ibn Ali ibn Abi Hamza al-Bata'ini who might not be such a reliable narrator according to scholars but there's others الفضل ابن الشاذان who's a very reliable scholar and narrator he has a book on the Raja'a الشيخ الصدوق العياشي these all have books on the Raja'a that prove the Raja'a will occur there's so many narrations I'll just recite to you some of them إمام البانقر أيام الله ثلاثة there are three days of God يوم قيام القائم the day that Al-Mahdi will return ويوم الكرة the day of the return when the good and the bad return ويوم القيام and the day of judgement إمام صادق أن الرجع ليست بعم وهي خاصة the second coming the return is not for everyone it's for only a designated group of people ولا يرجع الا من محظ الإيمان محظن the very very good the very righteous the believers the very good believers they will return وما أو محظ الشركي محظن those that are very bad and very evil so the very bad and the very evil they will come back the verse إن الذي فرض عليك القرآن لرادك إلى معاد he the one that revealed the Qur'an to you will return to you the apparent meaning of the verse is that he will return you back to Mecca because this verse was revealed when the prophet was leaving Mecca to go to Medina he will bring you back the Imam says may Allah bless Jabir جابر ابن عبد الله العنصالي the first to visit Imam why because he knew the real meaning of the verse he will bring back the prophet he will bring back the prophet not to Mecca he will bring him back to what to life he will bring him back to life we see the concept of a رجعة in many of the ziaras the ziaras that we recite for the أهل البيت we see that the رجعة plays a major role for example in a زيارة الجامعة the very long ziara that is for all of the معصومين that is narrated by Imam Al-Hadi we see that the رجعة plays a major role و جعل إلي من من ينتقل من من يقتصوا آثاركم و يسلكوا سبيلكم و يحتدي بهداكم و يحشروا فيه زمرتكم the dua says oh Allah I want to be among those that will come back that will live another life with the أهل البيت to see the أهل البيت again و يملكوا فيه دولتكم انزيارة الأربعين and in زيارة وارث you know sometimes we recite these statements and we don't know what it means that's a shame that's a shame one of the sections in زيارة وارث and in زيارة الأربعين أشهد أني بكم مؤمنون و بإيابكم موقن what is إياب إياب means your return I believe in your return you the أهل البيت that you will return we believe that our imams will return after the return of Imam al-Mahdi they will all come back one by one and they will seek vengeance from their enemies right in زيارة الرجبية the one that is recommended to reciting in رجب now after all of this what is the purpose of the return you might say now you prove to us from the Qur'an and the Sunnah from the narrations of Ahl al-Bayt but I don't get it why why is there a second coming why is there a return why are the Ahl al-Bayt going to return why is Imam Hussein going to return why are the very good and the very bad are they going to come back to life before the day of judgment why to answer صلى الله عليه وسلم محمد و آله محمد you see the return is a manifestation of Allah's justice why do we have the day of judgment why do we have the day of judgment because on the day of judgment is a manifestation of Allah's justice the good doers will be rewarded the evil doers will be punished that's the day of judgment the same idea belongs to the return the return is a manifestation of Allah's justice where the very good doers with a very good will come back and seek vengeance and revenge from the very bad that's a manifestation of Allah's justice we believe Allah is just how can you know the companions of Imam Hussein die unjustly Imam Hussein die such a cruel death without seeking vengeance for his death without his enemies they should pay the price for it they should pay the price for it in this life if they don't that means there is no revenge there is no vengeance so the whole point of the return is divine justice so that the very good can get their revenge from the very bad okay you might say well what's the purpose of the day of judgment why shouldn't that happen in the day of judgment I thought that will happen in the day of judgment but the very good to get their vengeance from the very bad on the day of judgment why in this life Allah is just we know that but his justice could be revealed on the day of judgment why in this life the answer you see when someone hurts you very badly when someone hurts you very badly let's say someone spreads a rumor about you someone hurts your family God forbid someone kills a family member of yours someone really hurts you really really hurts you you want your revenge right you want your revenge and you want it now you want it now you don't want to wait you don't want to wait 30 years 40 years you don't even want to wait until the day of judgment you want your revenge now you want to see it with your own eyes that's only fair that would be justice nothing will make you as comfortable as seeing the person who hurt you punished now in this life before the next I'm sure some of you when someone hurts you and you want that person punished you say oh Allah I want to see that person punished now you don't want to wait until the day of judgment you want to see it with your own eyes because that will make your faith in Allah even stronger because you see it in your own eyes right that's justice that's justice but for the punishment to be delayed you know some people are not satisfied with that imagine if someone kills one of your family members and that person should be executed right eye for an eye life for life that person should be executed the government says yes will execute him but not now 30 years from now 40 years from now that's not fear why because he killed someone young and if you were to be executed 30 years from now he's going to be what he's going to be old it's only fear that he also dies young plus you want to be you want to see it yourself perhaps 30 years from now you're not going to be alive the parents of that victim might not be alive they want to see it with their own eyes that is justice they'll say we want to see the murder of our son or daughter executed in front of our eyes we want to see it here in this life that is justice you see some people want justice in this life before the next yes on the day of judgment there will be justice but they want to see justice here as well you know you might not understand this fully well unless you've been oppressed and wronged if you've been really oppressed really wronged you'll understand the concept of الرجعة that you want to see justice in this life before the next you know for the people of Iraq for all the families that have victims that were killed at the hands of Saddam you know almost in every household in Iraq especially in the household households in the south in every house there's a martyr there's a Shahid Saddam left his imprints in almost every house and sometimes in every house he took more than one martyr one two three you know I know so many families there's a couple of brothers that were killed couple right you know you know when was the happiest moment in some of in the lives of some of the Iraqis when was the happiest moment when they saw Saddam hung when he was when he was what executed that was the happiest moment for some I remember some elders I would hear them say I ask Allah to keep me alive the day that Saddam dies the day that Saddam is executed some people prayed to be alive when you have your young son or some sons my aunt my aunt she has two sons that were killed at the hands of Saddam why because in in the year 91 in the rides that took place in Karbala they participated and there were some spies that came and said you know they participated in the rallies they were killed they had young children small children this is just one family I know so many families maybe you know families they were killed at the hands of Saddam the day that they saw Saddam died it was a happy day for them that was justice what was happier was the day that his two sons were killed the day that his two sons were killed that's divine justice the same way that he took the children of people Allah took his children that was divine justice for some people that was happier that was better than seeing Saddam die because they saw justice in this life that proves to them that Allah exists if you have you know if your faith is shaky you're not sure when you see it with your own eyes that's divine justice that's divine justice that proves that Allah exists one day one day Musa when he was standing on a mountain Allah told him there's a river or there's a lake look at that lake I just want you to look Subhan Allah Allah sometimes works in amazing ways so Musa was looking at the lake he saw a man come at night with a riding a horse he came he took off his clothing he bathed in the lake and then he got up he put on his clothing his belt he forgot it next to the river and he left he got on his horse and he left back then you know people didn't have wallets where would they keep their money in the belt just like Hajj for those of you that have been to Hajj and Umrah you know the belts that we wear in the Haram it's basically pockets where you keep your money this first and he forgot his belt he forgot his belt which had his money in it and he left moments later a young man came to drink water from this lake he drank water and then he saw a belt he opened it he saw it's full of money he took it and he left couple of minutes later an old man came to also drink or bathe in this lake who returned that night he returned to look for his belt he came he didn't see it he asked the old man he said where's my belt he told him which belt he said my belt I left it here you took it he said I have no idea what you're talking about I didn't see a belt he said if you don't give me my belt I will kill you the man started swearing that I haven't seen your belt he looked out his sword and he kills that old man and he leaves Musa said Oh Allah what sort of oppression is this I forgot to say that Musa asked Allah to show him his justice he said Oh Allah I want to see your justice he told him look at the lake after seeing this Musa he said Oh Allah I told you to show me your justice not your oppression what I saw I didn't see justice he said yeah Musa take it easy you don't know what happened as for the night you know when he left his money that second man who came and took the money he actually that was his money the night had stolen it from him but he wasn't able to get it from him because this is a night this is a soldier who has a sword who has a weapon and the other man couldn't take his money so this was the best way to get him to get his money he said ok well what about the old man that died innocently Allah said you think he died innocently but he didn't because this old man 30 years ago he killed the father of that night innocently after 30 years we had his son seek vengeance for his father's death that's justice that's justice see people want to see justice sometimes when you see justice you believe your faith in Allah is strengthened now the belief in الرجعة the return is it necessary is it part of أصول الدين just like believing in توحيد العاد النبوة الإمامة المعادية also have to believe الرجعة is it part of أصول الدين or not is it a sin if you don't believe in it or not we believe that we have sufficient proof for الرجعة we have sufficient proof that it will take place that it will happen from the Quran and from the narrations of Ahl al-Bait however if a person is still not convinced maybe you're still not convinced maybe others are not convinced you might be convinced you might not be convinced if you're not convinced no Allah will not punish you Allah will not it is not part of أصول الدين it's not part of أصول الدين it's not like توحيد العاد النبوة الإمامة no it's like as in the words of الشيخ محمد حسين كاشف الغطاء he says as the الرجعة is one of the things that will happen in the future for example the appearance of the دجال if you deny the existence of the دجال because you don't have sufficient proof is that disbelief won't you be punished or believing some of the signs of the return of إمام المهدي do you have to believe in them no it's not a sin if you're still not convinced it's not a sin it's not a part of أصول الدين basically it's not part of أصول الدين and finally we believe that the first person that will return after إمام المهدي is إمام حسين إمام حسين will come back with his 72 companions along with 70 profits they will come back and he will seek vengeance for his death for his martyrdom from those that killed him from those that oppressed him not just those who physically killed him and who were present in كربلة but those who let his death those who let his death and I know and I think you know who I'm talking about those who paved the way for the death of إمام حسين عليه السلام those who paved the way for عاشورة they will also be punished and إمام حسين will seek vengeance and when إمام المهدي dies when he will become a martyr إمام حسين عليه السلام will wash him and shroud him and pray over his body and he will bury إمام المهدي in his own grave of إمام حسين كربلة and the shrine of إمام حسين will become the shrine of إمام المهدي and إمام حسين will become the إمام and he will be in charge he will lead


みなさん、このプレゼンテーションは小さなキャラクターを使用しました。このキャラクターを読んでください。では、ルビイインターフリターのインクレメントガープチコレクションを始めましょう。私の名前はコイチササダです。私は日本で住んでいます。ここで11時で10時、13時です。まず、2014年は私の年が重要です。初めてのアニバーサリーについては、アニバーサリーについては、このアイプリについては、今年は、アニバーサリーで、ヤルフのデビューを始めました。10年前に、ヤルフのバーチマシンを始めました。2004年のルフカーファイの初のプレゼンテーションです。10年は、このプレゼンテーションを始めました。特に、最近、ガーバッジクロクターが増やされています。そのため、スループの増やさを増やして、ポーズの時間を減っています。この kind of improvement will be included to ruby 2.2 released this Christmas, next Christmas.Generational Garbage Collection,I was introduced as ruby 2.1 last year.We improved the throughput of the garbage collection dramatically by using the Generational Garbage Collection,but seeing the pause time,it is a problem.Generational Garbage Collection separates the young generation and the old generation,JC for young generation,it is enough small pause time.So these bars show the minor GC pause time,but several times there is a long pause time,it is caused by the major GC.Blue lines are simple mark and sweep GC,so it is 2.0 and before,and the orange lines are the pause time of ruby 2.1. ruby 2.1 reduce the pause time,but sometimes if we do the major GC,there is a long pause time several times.So if it is a problem for response time,so to improve such a long pause time,ruby 2.2 is using the incremental GC algorithm.Incremental GC algorithm is well known algorithmto reduce the pause time,but throughput is not so good,so throughput doesn't change.so Generational Garbage Collection achieves the high performance,but there is some long pause time.Incremental GC reduce short pause time,so our goal is mixing the Generational Garbage Collectionand Incremented Garbage Collection,and we can achieve the high throughput and short pause time.So the result of our trial,orange line is only Generational GC,but we introduce Incremented GC,the gray line is the pause time with Incremented GC.so there are no long,we can see there are no long short time,pause time with Incremented GC.so this is our achievement,and this is the conclusion of this presentation.after,so we have some more time,so I want to introduce how to implement Incremented GC on Ruby.so if you are purely Ruby programmer,so you can move to another room.if you have any interest to the technical side,so please sit here,continue to here.nobody goes.thank you.so let's introduce myself.my name is Koichi Sasada.I'm a C Ruby Committer since 2007,and originally I've developed since 2004.and I'm from Japan.and I'm an employee of Heloku.thank you Heloku.Heloku employees are three Ruby,Ruby Coaching.means our full-time C Ruby developer.so we three are working in Japan.and our mission is to improve the quality of C Ruby interpreter.quality means there is no bugs,there is no regression to the next version,small amount of memory consumption,and speed up the Ruby interpreter.this is our Matsu Shin. Matsu is our boss,and he decides everything,and Nobu.so yesterday,there is a Ask Nobu BOX session.So Nobu is a well-known patch,well-known great Ruby developer,Ruby interpreter developer.so many patches,so many fixing by himself.and last one is me.my main concern is to improve the performance.before introducing Ruby,I want to introduce the upcoming Ruby 2.2.there is no note of changes.there is one change.I want to show you that there is some change for the symbol syntax.so from Ruby 2.2,we can write this style of hash literal.and it means it's a symbol to something hash literal.so it is not a string to the value literal.so it is confusing.so JSON represent with this syntax.it will be a string,but it will be a symbol.so it is trap behavior,I think.and I already misunderstood this behaviorand I wrote something but programbecause of this syntax.so please care about that.there are some class methods,there are some classes and methods changes,but maybe not a lot of changes.but we have many internal changesfrom Ruby 2.2.for example,we remove the obsolete functions.so if you maintain some old gemor some old extensions,so please check it.and we hide the internal definition of the typessuch as the big number zone.and we have many improvements of the internals.for example,we improve the garbage collection performanceusing the symbol GC.the symbol GC is very criticalfor some symbol rubber programmers.and it improves the performanceof the generation GCand the incremental GC.today I want to show you.and it improves the performanceof parameters and keyword argumentused for the Perseval stringto support it.for example,we wrote such a program.so this program showsthe symbol number1ミリのセンボを生じて、センボの数を確認しますRuby 2.2のセンボの数を確認しますRuby 2.2のセンボの数を確認しますRuby 2.2のセンボを生じて、センボの数を確認しますRuby 2.2のセンボを生じて、センボの数を確認しますRuby 3.2のセンボを生じて、センボの数を確認しますRuby 2.2、このオプティマイゼーションは17秒前に必要ですが、オプティマイゼーションは1秒前に必要ですので、15秒前に必要です。なので、キーバーのプラメリターを使ってください。このオプティマイゼーションは、オプティマイゼーションは1秒前に必要です。では、ガーバッジクロクターを使ってください。このオプティマイゼーションは、エンシェンテクニック・テクノロジーオーグスのガーバッジクロクターです。このオプティマイゼーションは、ガーバッジクロクターを使ってください。まず、マッツを使って、ガーバッジクロクターを使って、GCを使ってください。このオプティマイゼーションは、エンシェンテクニック・テクノロジーオーグスを使ってください。ここには、ガーバッジクロクターのダイジュースが必要なのです。このマッツを使って、ガーバッジクロクターの台詞は必要です。 termite動然後動の姿をみましょう。どのようにガーバッジクラクターを作るかを紹介します簡単なガーバッジクラクターは非常に簡単ですルートセット、ルートオブジェクトでルートオブジェクトをマークしていますルートオブジェクトはルートオブジェクトをマークしていますトラバーサーの指トラバーサーを使わせてクラッシュバンとオブジェクトを売ることができますもっと簡単に理解することができますジェネレーションガーバッジコレクションはこのハイポテシスで作られています多くのオブジェクトが大若い多くのテンポラリオブジェクトがストリングやアレイなどがあります多くの長いオブジェクトがありませんだから、 we can concentrate on reclaimingユアングオブジェクト only for young objectsバラティングユアングオブジェクトゼネレーションとオブジェクトオブジェクトを作り、ユアングオブジェクトゼネレーションを伝え、そして、常に GCH1を young spaceで only on Young Space only,Wecall is a minor GCH1当時、 displays have no memoryand then it corrects everythingもう全てを理解し、全てを目指していないと全てのスループを増やすことができますジェンシュGCのフィギュアを紹介しますまずは、シンプルマーカンスイープアグリスムのようなフィギュアを確認することができます2つ目は、サンプションを作りますこのオブジェクトはオッジオブジェクトの配置ができますオブジェクトの配置まで行くと表現が良くなりますそのため、表現が良くなりますオブジェクトの配置には使わないといけませんしかし、Rubyプログラムは新しいオブジェクトに関することができますRubyプログラムは新しいオブジェクトに関することができますこのようなものを、新しいオブジェクトに関することができますクリティカバークに関することができます新しいオブジェクトに関することができますこの新しいオブジェクトに関することができますRubyプログラムは新しいオブジェクトに関することができますこの技術は無いです新しいオブジェクトに関することができますこれから新しいオブジェクトには、新しいオブジェクトに関することができますRuby 2.0やRuby Before implementation does not have the right values, so we need to introduce the right values, but it is a very difficult thing, especially for the compatibility.If we need to decide to require the right values, then we need to rewrite the implementation of the interpreter core and see extensions.If we have infinite time and many money, we can rewrite the interpreter everything with many efforts, but we don't have such resources.And also, we cannot touch third-party extensions, so if we have, we can see the source code on GitHub or something, we can send a patch, but some third-party extensions is not opened, is not published, so we cannot touch it.So, it will be a big issue about compatibility.So, this is why we cannot use the general garbage collection before Ruby 2.0, sorry, before Ruby 2.1.RGNGC using the right-valued unprotected object.So, this idea enables to use the general garbage collection without any breaking compatibility before Ruby 2.0 and before.The key idea is to separate objects into two types, right-valued protected object and right-valued unprotected object, and decide this type as a creation type.For example, string object can be right-valued, we can easily introduce right-valued to the strings.So, if there is a string creation, we can check its right-valued protected object.And for example, proc object.If you make a proc object, proc object is very difficult to introduce the right-valued, and now we cannot introduce the right-valued for such a proc object.So, we check this proc object is right-valued unprotected object.So, we separate right-valued protected object and right-valued unprotected object.And correctly with right-valued protected object, right-valued unprotected object, we find that we can make a general garbage collection.Without any compatibility breaking with this rule.For example, usually traversing the new object, then this object will be an old object.But if traversing the right-valued unprotected object, then we do not promote the right-valued unprotected object.This right-valued unprotected object to the old object.But instead of promoting this object, we remember this object.And at the second garbage collection, minor garbage collection, we choose, we use this unprotected object as a root object.And we can traverse correctly.So, technically details, I, today I skip technically details.So, please, if you have any interest about details, then please ask me after this.This is a post time of, consuming time of each GC.So, blue line is normal mark and sweep GC, marking time.And this gray line is marking time with minor GC.So, as you can see, so huge dramatically reduce such a marking time.Sweeping time is not changed.Total amount of marking time is reduced, so huge change.But there is no change about sweeping time.This is a micro bench marking result.This is the last year's presentation.Not current achievement.And so, with application, with big application, we can see the reduce of the total time.So, the total execution time can be reduced.I have several other data to write my paper.So, if you have any interest, please ask me after this.So, RGNGC, Gensho GC, this shows the time chart of Gensho GC.So, normal marking, marking sweep with lazy sweep then consumes a long marking time.And short sweep and run Ruby program and sweep and run Ruby program.With Gensho GC, we can short the marking time like that.So, we only need short marking time and short sweep time, part of sweep time,and run Ruby program, and do sweep, run Ruby program, and so on.But the major GC, major GC consumes a long pause time at the marking time.So, this is why we need to try to implement the incremental GC.So, RGNGC achieves a high throughput and minor GC stops only short pause time.But major GC still stops long pause time.So, we decide to introduce incremental GC to reduce major GC pause time.So, only for major GC, not for minor GC.So, this is today's topic, how to implement restricted incremental garbage collection algorithm.Incremental GC is a well-known GC algorithm to reduce the pause time.So, it simply says, do GC steps incrementally.So, interweaving with Ruby execution, we say Ruby execution as a mutator and GC process.So, marking some parts and run Ruby program and continue marking phase and do the Ruby program and so on.Rage sweep, sweep, sweep, we already implement the rage sweep.So, rage sweep is incremental GC, part of incremental GC for sweeping phase.So, we do a small, so the goal is to make such a interweaving the GC process and mutators process.To explain the incremental garbage collection, we want to introduce tricoloring garbage collection algorithm, terminology.So, define three colors of objects.White is, white object is an traversal object.And gray object is, gray objects are marking objects.So, we have, the gray object can point white objects.And black objects are marked objects.So, white, gray, black.And the incremental GC algorithm we, so we say, at first we need to color all objects as white objects.This presentation, I use this point as animation.It's a very tough thing with PowerPoint.And gray root objects.Gray root objects and choose gray object.So, there are only one gray object.So, choose this gray object and gray white object as gray.Gray, reachable object from this, choosing gray object.And after that, there is no white object reachable from this gray object.So, we can color, we can block this gray object, choose object.And repeating this process and go back to Ruby program.Go back to Ruby program and continue Ruby program.And after that, back to this GC process.So, this step three, this step three can be incrementally, can do incrementally.And so, after that, there is no gray object.There is no gray object.So, we can finish the GC marking phase.And sweep white objects as unmarked objects.So, we can collect such white objects.So, there is a similar problem as the GC.So, when, so stop the garbage collection marking phase and run Ruby program.Ruby program can make a reference from the black object,this black object to this white object.So, mutator can add reference from the black object to a white object.So, it will become a marking phase, marking means,because we do not traverse from black object.So, we need to remember this black object.Or gray object as this object.So, black to gray.And we can traverse this white object correctly.So, this is what the incremental GC do.Incredible incremental GC does.But, as I introduced, there is a right barrier protected objectand right barrier unprotected object.So, we cannot make this algorithmwithout considering the right barrier unprotected object.So, we decide to use this technique.So, introducing the new rules.Can all black object,all black right barrier unprotected objectat the end of incremental GC at once.At once means stop the world GC.So, right barrier protected object can point white object.So, scan from all black and whiteright barrier unprotected object at once.So, this is a modified one.Please consider that there is a black objectand black right barrier unprotected object.Right barrier to unprotected,to right barrier unprotected object.And black right barrier unprotected objectand there is a situation we need to considerabout creating the differencefrom the black right barrier unprotected objectto the white object.But, we cannot detect such a differencebecause there is no right barrierfor this object.So, this time there is no grey object.So, finish the marking phase.And after that scan all black right barrier unprotected object.So, there is two such objects.So, we need to think it is a root object.And try again the scanning.And we can make, we can traverse all white objectsall reachable white objects at last.And sweep the untroversed objects.So, this algorithm has a problembecause the post time is...So, this approach can increase the post timerelative to the number of right barrier unprotected objects.So, if there is many many right barrier unprotected objectsthen the post time will be very long time.So, this is why we name this algorithm as a restrictednot a complete incremental GC.But, this post time is similar or shorterthan the minor GC's post time.So, I think if you are satisfiedby minor GC's post timeit will work for you.If the minor GC post time is not satisfiedyou, so this Ruby 2.2 is not satisfiedis not enough.So, there is some implementation details.I name the GC function like thatand making the right barrier unprotected objectwith one bit.And introduce the three one bitsto represent these state changes.And these bits are managed by the bitmap techniques.So, bitmap techniques is easy to manageremember set and fast traversingand easy to get the set of thefor example the marked right barrier unprotected object.So, it means the black right barrier unprotected object.We need to scan at last of theincremented GC but it is easy to dowith bitmap marking.Sorry, bitmap technique.Thank you for Arron.So, I use a benchmark programwritten by Arron Pattersonand try to check the incremental GC performance.So, this figure is the sameas I show at firstof this presentation.So, we can see theorange line is a long post timebecause of the major GC forgenital GC but there are nosuch a long post timefor incremental GC.This line is a plot of the2500 plots of the GC post timeat the major GC.So, this first line isthe post time of the major GCbut with incremental GCwe can see only a small amount of post time.And do the lazy sweep.Lazy sweep only consumesonly few minutes.And this small peak isminor GC marking time.And so,maximal post time we can reduce.So, general GC we need tothis time but onlythis time incremental GC needs.So, we need to say one more thing.So, incremental GC is notso, does not throw everything.So, incremental GC does not guaranteeimproving your applicationapplications response time.So, if your applicationso, increment GC does not reducethe total time.So, that is the big task.So, for example, the web applicationone request needsseveral times major GCthen the total requestresponse time is not changed.So, please check the GC countwith this method for each requestif you need toconsider about the response time.So, today I show youRuby 2.2 hasvery fancy incremental garbage collectionand I talk abouthow to implementsuch an incremental GCfor Ruby interpreter.Thank you very much.


back down like we would not leave at all. Yeah this is still one in the morning and this is the first conversation of the day if you just drink and so you're still on time. This is sport on tech where we talk about technology innovation and any issues around that area of policy and you know matters that concern us and today we want to talk about data protection and privacy compliance in Kenya. So when you talk about data protection it's about your personal data. How is it being used out there and why do you need to be concerned about how your data is being used? So this is a conversation that we are going to have with Linda. She is a professional working. Linda Gishohe is a professional lawyer and that's her protection specialist at Kektonets. Thank you so much. Let's have you with us. Thank you for having me. Okay so let's start this conversation with what do we mean? Why do we need to talk about data protection and privacy compliance? Thank you so much. In terms of data protection you can see that this is currently the trend actually at the moment. We know that the future is digital so it is very important for you to know where your data is going, what your data is being used for because we've seen trends in terms of even you find you get unsolicited messages you find trends where your data when your data is taken your phone can be hacked you can even lose some money people can get into your account when your data is also taken we also find there's some fishing skins that are there currently where you receive maybe phone calls people saying they're banks so that they can get some data out of you so it's very important for you to protect your data so that you cannot eventually have losses. So now I'm trying to get the difference between data security because this is around data security and cyber security is that difference now is it can they be used interchangeably? Well I would say cyber security is more broad because it talks about everything in the cyber space but when you talk about data you talk about information your personal information is your personal information secure enough so when you talk about data security is the same as talking about let's say digital security and from there is when you talk about data protection how do you protect your personal data how do you protect your personal information so we find that there are various aspects in which you even when you get into a building you give out your data data is something that can be used it's currently it's actually currently that can be used as a whip on yeah. How so? So you'd find that for example let's say you have someone hacks into your phone you have certain sensitive information that could eventually jeopardize we have sensitive information that is that includes let's say health we have biometrics this personal data that is very sensitive such that it can it can cause severe damage when it is abused or when it is used incorrectly okay even your bank details yes yes for sure there are certain data that is sensitive and there's others that is not so when you talk about names your name your email that is not necessarily sensitive but when you talk about your health let's say if someone leaks that maybe you have a certain kind of disease and all that that can also jeopardize in terms of your workplace even in terms of insurance so those are the data that is considered as sensitive all right yes so when we talk about you put the data protection do we have laws that let's govern that for people that don't know yes yes in Kenya for example we have the data protection act 2019 which also mandates the office of the data protection the office of the data protection commissioner which oversees all issues around data protection and also in to investigate they have certain roles and responsibilities and a regionally we have the Malabo convention it's an AU con AU regional convention and data protection so this is talks about everything about data protection and also it's for for now we have about 35 countries which have ratified the Malabo convention in Africa yeah all right so we have laws that that govern this yeah so when your data is misused that the places you can go and report this talking about the data protection act 2019 we know that there's a new legislation to it so tell us about it what's what's in this new legislation that that was not captured in the act so I wouldn't say it's a new legislation per se but the office of the data protection are releases are a certain regulations not it's not exactly an act but they are regulations so we also have guidance notes so some of the regulations include on consent it's talks about also registration of data protection controllers and data processors it also talks about data protection impact assessment which I can talk they'll be on it later on okay yes so we'll get to to all that the content beaten and whatnot but as a person is an ordinary citizen who's watching why do they need okay to to be mindful about how that data is used giving content to you know the data controllers and whatnot and so the data controllers are as we go on so why do they need to to care about how you know the data is used so as I said before or first of all I would say you as a person you're known as a data subject so you're the one who's you who to whom your data is being used so we have the data protector pro controllers and that are protect processors so as a person you can talk about maybe let's say when you go somewhere and someone asks for you your data maybe even your location maybe when you fill in your email your for yeah exactly so when they take all this data do you do you wonder what do they use for that data exactly so they are they're also there are certain instances where people even sell your data so that they can be used for various purposes and right now when you are going to the edge of even AI you'd find that they're other issues that can come about with it even you can be persecuted for a crime that is not yours just because of your data being leaked okay so they can use my data maliciously yes for crime yeah okay yeah so me going to let's say a building and then ask for my details is it okay for me now to give my details or do I need to know what whether using my details for yes so first of all I would like to highlight that recently there was a statement that was issued in terms of security guards being mandated to take your ID also certain information and retain your ID there so this is this are this it's important for you as a data subject or as a person to be able to ask the right questions so when someone is asking you for your data it's your right to say what are you going to use this data for is is this mandatory and it's it shouldn't be because for someone to collect your data you need to consent to it so when it comes to certain issues if it was not recently that the statement was issued that it is mandatory for that so you find that it's also a conversation in the privacy and data protection space whether this will jeopardize your right privacy the right to have your data protected and where where is that data safe because you'll find that even security guards holds a lot of information what happens when that that's book is leaked that is that's why you you find that you sometimes you receive very unsolicited messages and your you want to get my number yeah that's exactly where they get your number some they get some of it maybe it's through your digital footprints your website the the amount of information that you put out there for some of them it they get from certain aspects where you you go to an event you write your name you write your email yeah then okay then that's how you they get your information but it's okay for you to actually ask what exactly is my data and give content for it or you cannot just refuse to give it yes okay yes all right so when we talk about the data processors we now we know that these are the people who actually process takedown and then the controllers who are the data controllers so we have the data controllers and the processors so a data controller is the one that determines for what purpose that your data is being collected for and determines what is it's going to be used for so and the data processor is the one that takes the instructions from the data controller and processes that data so for example when it comes to let's say it's just a company and they need certain data from their clients so they say you should take maybe the email the water that person is a data controller but the one who actually processes that data and takes those emails and all that is known as the data processor yes okay so companies we can we can categorize companies as the data controllers exactly what information yes those people that actually doing it and the processes yes and you are the data subject yes that's clear enough so now for people that have businesses you know we have young entrepreneurs who are watching and they are not very knowledgeable about about these things you know so why is it important for them as business owners as entrepreneurs to know that they need to protect their customers data if they're taking it and they need to get content from their customers so first of all I would like to say that it's in the law as you know most people say that ignorance is no defense but at the same time we acknowledge that there is need for more awareness and advocacy in terms of data protection because as you can see our act is 2019 2019 is pretty recent so there is still an awareness campaign that is going on in terms of data protection and data processing so according to the Office of the Data Protection they mandate various businesses organizations and all that to be to register with the Office of the Data Protection Commissioner why this is because you'll hear certain cases where there are certain cases where people have gone to court and say that my data was used for this purpose and I did not consent to it so you find that those are scenarios that you as a business person you you can prevent yourself from when you comply with some of these data protection laws that are there so for example there was a case there was a case on Wajirah I don't know if you've heard about it Wajirah versus Machako's University so her data her photo was posted in their website so what she for exactly so she went to court and the judgment was rendered that there was no consent there was the issue of intellectual property because the data was also used for commercial purposes for advertising yeah and also she was given damages so you as a business person you prevent such issues and also you protect yourself from certain legal repercussions I love that you've mentioned that because people might assume it's just the information that you take in but it's also the you know the photos because we have content creators out here and you might just be on the street and you take a video of people you know but they have not consented to it so that you might also face legal charges for that yes yes yes exactly so I think you also saw in I think there was a recent case where someone was took a video in a public space and they were not allowed to do that I think you know I'm talking about so it was an airport space so there are certain areas where you're not supposed to take photos and also when you take photos in any place you should consent at least consent to it so ask someone I should I should I do this you know you don't want to end up facing certain repercussions and all that yeah okay but is that not too too dire if you can put like that because if you know public space this is a content creator and maybe you know you are focusing on a certain thing but someone just passes by you know you that they were not the main the main focus but they just happened to be part of that video so in that instance do you have you know a case you know always are you still liable oh what I can say is that it depends on will that video show their face and will that person complain it shows their face and they complain then yes exactly so it's it's generally just talks about that someone's data someone's personal information you have the right to privacy that is according to the constitution that's also one of the laws that is considered in terms of data protection and privacy so when you talk about the right to privacy you're limiting someone else's right to privacy because I for example you you have the right not to be such your your place not to be searched you as a person you have the right not to have certain information revealed about you in in the public space when you've not consented so while you do that maybe you you infringing someone else's rights yeah so your rights will end where someone else's rights that's begin I love that you're right to privacy ends where someone else is right to privacy begin yes I love that that's very clear so now when we talk about the data protection impact assessments so how is that done for a small business owner do you need to do you need to do it so that's a impact protection impact assessment is done necessarily to evaluate whether the information you're collecting is high risk so this is majorly done in companies that are collecting lots of data and data that would probably be high risk because also according to the data protection act there are certain exemptions in terms of registering also so for example you're still a startup and you have less than nine nine employees and your turnover is below a certain amount there are certain exemptions you're actually exempted from registering with them because they also look at what is your turnover and your capabilities as well however there are certain areas in which regardless of the number of employees regardless of the turnover you still mandated to you still mandated to register for example the health sector hospitality yeah and all that yeah and what is the who does the assessment for now for the big companies who is tasked to do the impact so for example a data protection officer at data protection specialist is mandated as a company you will hire a data protection officer because also that's one of the requirements that you could do and if you're not there yet you're not a big company you're still starting out you can actually outsource data protection officer yeah to do that for you so so that you can get at least a data protection experts who can conduct all the risk assessments that is necessary and be able to just tell you forward what are some of the organizational and security measures you can take yeah for more you seated and you know you said that our data protection act is still young we have not really stayed with it so the awareness isn't that we haven't really reached a reach where we can say everyone knows about it but how would you what is the compliance rates you know how would you say people have taken it so far you'd find that mostly the major companies who have the most risk and also who will face the most repercussions in terms of personal data are mostly compliant but when you find that for example this SMEs the compliance rate is still a bit low you find for some they will claim it's because of the capacity maybe some some some of these people cannot maybe afford however this is something that you still mandated to do so for SMEs it's still low for major companies like Sappariko, Miyate which process a lot of personal data it's mandatory and most of them have complied but you'll also see for example in the organizations there still a few organizations that have not done that we've also found that apart from the small smaller medium enterprises you find that there's still there's still more awareness that it that needs to be done in terms of data protection so majorly the uptake with big companies it's on a big scale all right so now we've talked about me giving my data and it being used without my consent and you know how you know the repercussions that are there but now there's this case where I did not even give you my data and you have my data and you're sending me news and texts you know those betting farms that send you messages and this I got from one of our viewers the message the question so he's asking what do we need to do you know what do you what do you do to stop those kind of messages from getting to you I would say for example there was a case where someone a lot of people have received such myself have received a lot of unsolicited messages and you wonder where your data was taken yeah so for that you actually raise you go and complain at the office of the data protection commissioner they have their website they have a section on complaint where you will read your information the details where you got that info that a text unsolicited text from and also it's important to also document the evidence that they actually sent you that so you find that even the office of the data protection I have played a huge role in terms of data protection awareness because you find that for most companies unless I receive a penalty notice or enforcement notice that is when I will take action and actually comply with that protection laws so in such a scenario just complain to the office of the data protection commissioner on their website write the details and they will investigate and they will take the necessary action to stop it okay and is this the same also when you have any other complaint you when you know your data like or what happened in that university when you know that your data has been used wrongly do do use the same routes go to the office of the data protection commissioner or the website and issue a complaint or do you need to go physically which one is more effective physically to the office of the data protection okay as you can see most of our services right now government services so majority mostly you'll just go to their website all the information will be there they also do a certain amount of awareness campaigns however they only deal with issues on data protection so if it's around it's not around that scope you can just seek judicial regress and go to a lawyer will institute that case in court yeah so far what are some of the data issues data privacy issues and trends that have emerged recently we have the issue of surveillance and it's actually a major topic right now in terms of for example as you saw because of some of these family side cases you saw that it's most of them are mandated that they are BCC TV so there was also an issue around that how do you balance privacy and security at the same time so there's the issue of AI and automated decision-making so you find that for example in certain videos or automated AI kind of fake deepfakes they have raised certain issues in terms of privacy concerns so you would you mind explaining deepfakes for those that don't know about it okay okay so deepfakes are mostly as you can see there are certain videos that you see and it's not that person who has said that yeah so it's something that was generated through artificial intelligence yeah and that also bring other issues of misinformation and disinformation so that is a major issue right now and that's why there's the need of an AI policy because you only have one in the in the whole world we have very few guidelines and also just one EU AI act so the issue of AI and privacy has also been something that is major and also for example when you use certain even when you use some of this AI apps also some of this machine learning like charge gbt so you know you put all your information there exactly so that is also another issue they have your information they have all your information okay and we don't know how you know how they're going to use it exactly accountable to how they use it and there's our data protection act also you know put into hold accountable those companies that the international companies that have our information like we use google use you know do they hold them accountable also so as you can see from the case of the world coin yes yeah so that was actually one of the major cases that came around in terms of data protection how are they using their data it's a company that is not from Kenya that is collecting some of our sensitive information because biometrics are also very sensitive information and those are instances it's actually included in the data protection act in terms of cross border transfers in terms of international cooperation and all that so there are certain procedures that the office of the data protection I will take to hold certain to be able to hold certain companies accountable and in that case it's by let's say limiting them limiting not giving them the registration certificates if if they do the investigation and see that this is actually infringing your rights to privacy and also your data protection your data is not protected enough so those are some of the instances where the law has put in place to be able to protect your personal data from some of these international companies yes okay I think we're doing great on that and before we come to a close you tell us about the best practices to follow to protect our data I know there's this you know elements of implementing data protection by design or by default so kindly elaborate on this so privacy by design essentially talks about while you're developing let's say any any app or any tech tech that is going to be used you ensure that in the development stage in the in the initial stages that you incorporate the the privacy aspect okay in it so this is this is also actually one of the principles in terms of privacy by design privacy by default so by design is you design the innovation itself by ensuring that it is incorporated in the beginning stages and it's the privacy by default now it's later on by ensuring that you take the necessary measures actions like what most companies are doing exactly all right yeah okay so as we close on this what are some of the best practices as an individual to to follow in order to make sure that our data is safe yes um first of all I would like to say this might seem like these things that you do but they hold significant aspects so for example your password to not use a very easy password yeah exactly just put your expected as it says put an uppercase a lowercase a numeral yes do all that and let it not be very predictable also another thing you can do is and do not save it in your computer oh yes okay yeah so you're not supposed to click on remember password no you'd rather like just write somewhere all your passwords because when you say remember there are certain aspects there there are hackers out here that can be able to access because you've saved it through um maybe your computer or anything so that is also something that you you could take okay so you'd rather log in every time that you're using a website or whatever okay it can't protect your data also another thing is use the two-factor authentication method that is there and um also anywhere you go it's very necessary that you know your rights as a data subject ensure that um you have the right to consent anywhere you feel like someone is asking for your data you have the right to ask what how are you using this data because one of the requirements for data controllers and data processors is that uh when you're collecting any data for a data subject and that means any company that is taking your data for whatever purpose they're supposed to tell you what they're using that data for for what purpose they're going to use it for for how long they're going to retain it because that's also an issue and also if you feel like um they're taking too much data that is not necessary that is also one of the principles that you as a data subject you're you're mandated to to tell them no this is too much uh I don't think I can give uh use this data and yeah all right so it's just the small basic things that we can you know we can implement and it makes all the difference yes as an individual as an individual as a company you have a broad aspect that uh there's a lot you have to do first of all it's very important to have a data protection officer or outsource the serve if um compared to your capabilities it's very important to register with the officer of the data protection commissioner because they also mandate if there's any data breach you're supposed to um you you you just let them know and indicate to them within 72 hours that there was a data breach and this and this happened so that they can be able to also look into it okay and also as a company just put the necessary organizational and company measures you're you have to have also privacy policies privacy and data protection policies to ensure that um as the if any data subject comes they they're able to read look also you as a person when you log into certain uh apps when you download download them websites I know a lot of people are just to get this but just look at the privacy policy what it says and ensure that your data is not going to be used for whatever purpose yeah so we shouldn't say no you want to say agree you know you just got rights to agreeing without knowing how exactly they're going to use your data so it's very important thank you very much Linda do you have anything that you want to add us to ask before we close um just be aware and sure be aware about your data protection rights as a data subject and if you don't know where to find some of these laws you can just go to the office of the data protection commissioner website and look at some of these guidance notes some of these issues in terms of data protection for us as king ICT action network we do a lot of awareness and advocacy on data protection so to ensure that we also have a safe online environment and be able so that as we as the future digital we are able to take advantage of some of this take what the technology offers and by that ensuring that also our data is safe and we are not just leaving our data out there for for whatever purposes okay thank you very much Linda for coming on board and sharing such amazing insights on this topic we hope to have you again thank you so much thank you for having me most welcome so that has been uh Linda who's a lawyer and also a data protection specialist at kickton at talking to us about data protection and privacy compliance in Kenya I hope you've taken a lot from this remember you are a data subject there's the data protection uh you know uh the data processor rather the data controller and we all have our duties on this if you are a data subject know how you uh take care of your personal data so that it's not used anyhow only give consent to your data if you are an owner of a company if you're into the prenuah SME uh you know make sure that you are compliant to the data protection act register with the office of the data protection uh commissioner and uh do your due diligence on everything that has been it on sport of tech my name is we take a short break and then we are back with entertainment stick with us


Good morning lab students. It is Wednesday, May 6th.  If you do have any outstanding work such as course evaluations or some late labs from this last half of the semester since we've been online you have to get those to me by Friday to have them included in your grades. I may be sending out a few messages to some students in particular about some work that's missing that you were supposed to get me that I haven't gotten yet but otherwise I'm just going to be focused on grading. Once I have your final grades calculated, I will let you know before I put them into the system as official grades. I hope you have a good day and start relaxing as you are winding down from final exams. If you have any questions, please do contact me.


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